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EDWARD   STANIFORD  ROGERS 


State  of  New  York  —  Department  of  Agriculture 

Fifteenth  Annual  Report  — Vol.  3  — Part  II 


THE 


GRAPES  OF   NEW  YQRK 


BY 

U.  p.  HEDRICK 


li'i' 


1 


ASSISTED    BY  ^,-     v_*^ 

N.  O.  BOOTH  '^  jlJ^- 
O.  M.  TAYLOR  ^ 

R.  WELLINGTON  ,  ^  O    /\ 

M.  J.  DORSEY  ^   ^       \ 

H 


Report  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  Year  1907 

II 


ALBANY 

}.  B.  LYON  COMPANY,  STATE  PRINTERS 

19  0  8 


"p-o'ii'i 


ML  PLEASANT  I 


I  r'y  r-v   •» 


NEW  YORK  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION, 

Geneva,  N.  Y.,  December  31,  1907. 

To  the   Honorable  Board  of  Control  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station : 

Gentlemex. —  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  Part  II  of  the 
report  of  this  institution  for  the  vear  1907,  to  be  known  as  The  Grapes  of 
New  York.  It  is  the  second  in  tlie  series  of  fruit  pubhcations  whicii  is  now 
being  prepared  under  your  authority. 

This  volume  is  the  result  of  years  of  recorded  observations  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Station  staff,  to  which  has  been  added  the  collection  of  a  large 
amount  of  information  from  practical  growers  of  the  grape.  E\^ery  effort 
has  been  made  to  insure  completeness  and  accuracy  of  statement,  and  to 
make  the  work  a  reliable  guide  as  to  all  the  varieties  of  grapes  that  are 
likely  to  meet  the  attention  of  New  York  grape-growers.  It  is  believed 
that  this  volume  will  occupy  a  usefvil  place  in  grape  literature  and  will  be 
serviceable  to  an  important  industry  in  this  State. 

W.  H.  JORDAN, 

Director. 


f 


■l>^f 


of 


PREFACE 


The  purpose  of  The  Grapes  of  New  York  is  to  record  the  state  of 
development  of  American  grapes.  The  title  implies  that  the  work  is  being 
done  for  a  locality  but  in  this  matter  New  York  is  representative  of  the 
whole  country.  The  contents  are:  Brief  historical  narratives  of  Old  World 
and  New  World  grapes;  an  account  of  the  grape  regions  and  of  grape- 
growing  in  New  York,  with  statistics  relating  to  the  grape,  wine  and  grape 
juice  industries  in  this  State;  a  discussion  of  the  species  of  American  grapes; 
and  the  synonymy,  bibliography,  economic  status,  and  full  descriptions  of 
all  of  the  important  varieties  of  American  grapes.  In  the  footnotes  will  be 
found  brief  biographical  sketches  of  those  persons  who  have  contributed 
most  to  the  evolution  of  the  grape  and  to  grape-growing  in  America  and 
some  historical  and  descriptive  notices  of  certain  things  pertaining  to  the 
grape  which  do  not  belong  in  the  text  and  yet  serve  to  give  a  better  under- 
standing of  it  or  otherwise  add  to  the  completeness  of  the  book.  Color- 
plates  are  shown  of  varieties  which  from  various  standpoints  are  considered 
most  important. 

In  the  brief  account  of  the  Old  World  grape  there  is  little  that  is  new. 
Its  history  is  on  record  from  the  earliest  times  in  the  literature  of  nearly 
all  civilized  peoples.  A  few  facts,  selected  here  and  there,  have  been  taken 
to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  accounts  of  the  New  World  grapes.  So, 
too,  the  history  of  the  American  grape  has  been  written  by  others  and, 
here,  only  the  main  facts  have  been  set  down  as  recorded  in  the  score  or 
more  books  dealing  with  this  fruit.  A  few  excursions  have  been  made  in 
hitherto  unexplored  fields.  The  purpose  of  these  historical  sketches  is  to 
give  the  reader  a  proper  perspective  of  the  work  in  hand. 

The  grape  is  probably  influenced  to  a  greater  degree  by  soil,  climate, 
and  culture  than  any  other  fruit,  and  a  discussion  of  its  status  cannot  be 
complete  without  due  consideration  of  the  environment  in  which  it  is  grow- 
ing. Hence  there  is  included  as  full  an  account  of  grape-growing  and  of 
the  grape  regions  in  New  York  as  space  permits.     This  part  of  the  work  may 


VI  PREFACE. 

serve  the  prospective  planter  somewhat  in  selecting  soils  and  locations  Vnit 
as  it  is  not  written  with  this  as  a  chief  end,  it  falls  far  short  of  some  of  the 
standard  treatises'on  grape  culture  in  this  respect. 

Comparatively  few  statistics  are  given,  only  those  which  are  necessary 
to  show  the  volume  of  grape  products  and  the  extent  of  the  vineyards  in 
the  State  and  country  at  the  present  time.  The  figures  for  the  whole 
country  are  surpassed  by  those  of  no  other  native  fruit,  and  only  by  corn 
and  tobacco  among  all  the  domesticated  native  plants. 

The  botany  of  the  grape  has  been  the  most  perplexing  problem  to  deal 
with  in  the  preparation  of  this  work.  The  variability  of  the  grape  is  so 
great,  and  the  variations  are  so  often  toward  closely  related  species,  that 
it  is  difficult  to  tell  where  one  species  ends  and  another  begins.  This,  of 
course,  has  led  to  differences  in  opinions.  Tlien,  too,  the  several  mono- 
graphers have  not  had  the  same  specimens  to  work  with ;  men  do  not  have 
the  same  powers  of  discrimination;  and  the  arrangement  of  botanical 
groups,  based  upon  the  characters  of  the  plants  and  the  theory  of  descent 
with  adaptive  modifications,  is  not  governed  by  definite  rules;  hence 
liotanical  divisions  are  arbitrary  and  differ  with  the  judgments  of  the 
botanists  who  make  them.  For  these  reasons  we  liave  as  many  different 
arrangements  of  species  of  grapes  as  there  are  men  who  have  worked  them 

over. 

Since  this  work  is  not  written  from  the  standpoint  of  the  botanist 
but  of  the  horticulturist,  no  effort  has  been  made  to  revise  the  botany  of 
the  grape.  But  it  has  been  necessary  to  select  some  arrangement  of  species 
in  order  to  make  such  disposition  of  the  cultivated  varieties  that  their 
characters  and  relationships  can  best  be  shown.  In  making  a  choice  of 
the  several  recent  classifications  of  American  grapes,  three  main  considera- 
tions have  been  in  mind:  First,  that  the  arrangement  should  separate  the 
species  in  the  genus  freely,  thus  decreasing  the  size  of  the  groups  so  that 
they  may  be  more  easily  studied.  Second,  that  it  should  show  as  clearly 
as  possible  the  relationships  of  the  various  groups  and  of  their  development — 
the  evolution  of  the  grape.  Third,  that  it  be  an  arrangement  in  good  stand- 
ing with  botanists  and  horticulturists.  After  having  examined  all  American 
classifications  of  grapes  and  all  recent  European  ones,  Bailey's  classifica- 
tion, as  set  forth  in  his  monograph  of  the  Vitaceae  in  Gray's  Synoptical 


PREFACE.  Vll 

Flora,  in  the  Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits,  and  in  the  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Horticulture,  was  adopted. 

The  Grapes  of  New  York  makes  its  chief  contribution  to  the  pomology 
of  the  country  in  the  description  of  varieties.  The  authors  have  tried  to 
study  varieties  from  every  point  of  view,  not  alone  nor  chiefly,  it  must  be 
said,  with  regard  to  their  cultural  value;  for  most  of  the  varieties  pass  out 
of  cultivation  and  such  information  would  be  worthless  within  a  few  years 
at  most.  But,  rather,  the  effort  has  been  to  determine  what  elementary 
or  unit  characters  the  grape  possesses  as  shown  in  its  botanical  and  horti- 
cultural groups.  The  Twentieth  Century  begins  with  the  unanimous  judg- 
ment of  scientists  that  the  characters  of  plants  are  independent  entities 
which  are  thrown  into  various  relationships  with  each  other  in  individuals 
and  groups  of  individuals.  This  conception  of  unit  characters  lies  at  the 
foundation  of  plant  improvement.  We  are  Vjut  beginning  the  breeding  of 
American  grapes  and  it  has  seemed  to  the  writer  that  the  most  important 
part  of  this  undertaking  is  to  discover  and  record  as  far  as  possible  these 
tmit  characters  of  grapes,  thereby  aiding  to  furnish  a  foundation  for  grape- 
breeding.  The  great  problem  of  plant-breeding  in  the  future  will  be  to 
correlate  the  characters  known  to  exist  in  the  plant  being  improved :  we 
must  know  what  these  are  before  we  begin  to  combine  and  rearrange  them. 

The  varieties  are  arranged  alphabetically  throughout,  though,  were 
present  knowledge  exact  enough,  it  would  be  far  better  to  arrange  them 
in  natural  groups.  Such  a  classification  is  probably  possible,  but  it 
remains  for  future  workers  to  search  out  the  relationships  which  the  stnic- 
tures  and  qualities  of  plant  and  fruit  indicate  and  to  group  the  varieties 
naturally  rather  than  alphabetically.  Wherever  possible  in  this  work, 
however,  the  relationships  of  varieties  have  been  indicated  as  fully  as 
knowledge  permits,  thus  making  a  start  toward  natural  classification. 

In  the  lists  of  synonyms  given,  all  known  names  for  a  variety  used  in 
the  American  literature  of  the  grape  are  brought  together.  These  lists 
ought  to  be  useful  in  correcting  and  simplifying  the  nomenclature  of  the 
grape  which,  like  that  of  all  of  our  fruits,  is  in  more  or  less  confusion.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  work  may  become  a  standard  guide,  for  some  time  to  come 
at  least,  in  the  identification  of  varieties  and  in  nomenclature,  and  that 
it  will  aid  originators  of  new  grapes  and  nurserymen  in  avoiding  the  dupli- 


via  PREFACE. 

cation  of  names.  In  matters  pertaining  to  nomenclature,  the  revised 
rules  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  have  t>een  followed,  though  in 
a  few  cases  it  has  not  seemed  best  to  make  changes  which  their  strict 
observance  would  have  recjuired.  The  necessity  for  rules  is  shown  by  an 
examination  of  the  synonymy  of  any  considerable  number  of  varieties  as 
given  in  the  body  of  the  work.  In  .some  cases  varieties  have  from  ten 
to  twenty  names  and  very  often  different  varieties  are  found  to  have  the 
same  name.  This  chaotic  condition  is  confusing  and  burdensome  and  it 
has  been  one  of  the  aims  in  the  preparation  of  the  work  to  set  straight  the 
horticultural  nomenclature  of  the  grape,  thus  lessening  the  difficult}'  and 
uncertainty  of  identification  and  making  the  comparative  study  of  varieties 
easier. 

It  would  be  impossible,  and  not  worth  while,  could  it  be  done,  to  give 
all  of  the  references  to  be  found  in  even  the  standard  grape  literature. 
Only  such  have  been  given  as  have  been  found  useful  by  the  writers  or  as 
would  serve  to  give  the  future  student  of  the  literature  of  grape  varieties 
a  working  basis. 

A  brief  history  of  each  varietv'  is  given  so  far  as  it  can  be  determined 
by  correspondence  and  from  grape  literature.  In  these  historical  sketches 
the  originator  and  his  method  of  work  justl)'  receive  most  attention.  The 
place,  date  and  circumstances  of  origin,  the  distributor,  and  the  present 
distribution  of  the  variet}%  are  given  when  known  and  are  of  about  equal 
importance  in  the  plan  of  this  work. 

The  technical  descriptions  of  grapes  are  all  first-hand  and  made  by 
members  of  the  present  horticultural  department  of  the  Station  from 
living  plants.  But  rarely  has  it  been  necessary  to  go  to  books  for  any  one 
character  of  a  vine  or  fruit  though  the  leading  authorities  have  been  con- 
sulted in  the  final  writing  of  the  descriptions  and  modifications  made  when 
the  weight  of  authoritv  has  been  against  the  records  of  the  Station.  Some 
differences  mvist  be  expected  between  descriptions  of  varieties  made  in 
dift'erent  years,  different  localities  and  by  different  men.  For  most  part 
the  varieties  described  are  growing  on  the  Station  grounds  but  every  oppor- 
tunity has  been  taken  to  study  several  specimens  of  each  variety  and 
especialh'  of  the  fruit.  In  many  instances  the  descriptions  have  been  sub- 
mitted to  the  originators,  introducers,  or  to  some  recognized  grape  specialist. 


PREFACE.  IX 

A  number  of  considerations  have  governed  the  selection  of  varieties 
for  full  descriptions.  These  are:  First,  the  value  of  a  variety  for  the  com- 
mercial or  amateur  grower  for  any  part  of  the  State  as  determined  by  the 
records  of  this  Station,  by  reports  collected  from  over  2000  grape-growers, 
and  by  published  information  from  whatever  source.  Second,  the  prob- 
able value  of  new  sorts  as  determined  by  their  behavior  elsewhere.  Third, 
to  show  combinations  of  species  or  varieties,  or  new  characters  hitherto 
unknown  in  fruit  c^r  vine,  or  to  portra)'  the  range  in  variation,  or  to  suggest 
to  the  ])lant-breeder  a  course  of  future  development.  Fourth,  a  few  sorts 
have  been  described  because  of  their  historical  value  —  for  the  retrospec- 
tion of  the  grape-grower  of  the  present  and  the  future.  It  is  needless  to 
say  that  manv  of  the  varieties  described  are  worthless  to  the  cultivator. 

In  all  of  the  descriptions  the  effort  has  been  to  depict  living  plants 
and  not  things  existing  only  in  books;  to  give  a  pen  picture  of  them  that 
will  show  all  of  their  characters.  An  attempt  has  been  made,  too,  to  show 
the  breeding  of  the  plants,  their  relationships;  to  show  what  combination 
of  characters  exist  in  the  different  groups  of  varieties;  to  designate,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  plastic  types;  in  short  to  show  grapes  as  variable,  plastic 
plants  capable  of  further  improvement  and  not  as  unchangeable  organ- 
isms restricted  to  definite  forms. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  color-plates  will  be  of  great  service  in  illustrating 
the  text.  All  possible  means  at  the  command  of  photography  and  color 
printing  have  been  used  to  make  them  exact  reprodtictions.  The  speci- 
mens, too,  have  Vjeen  selected  with  the  utmost  care.  In  preparing  these 
illustrations  the  thought  has  been  that  technical  descriptions,  however 
simply  written,  are  not  easily  understood,  and  that  the  readiest  means  of 
comparison  and  identification  for  the  average  reader  would  be  found  in 
the  color-plates.  Through  these  and  the  accompanying  descriptions  it  is 
hoped  that  all  who  desire  may  accj^uire,  with  time  and  patience,  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  botanical  characters  of  grapes  and  thereby  an  understanding 
of  the  technical  descriptions.  The  plates  have  been  made  under  the  per- 
sonal supervision  of  the  writer. 

With  all  care  possible,  due  allowance  must  yet  be  made  for  the  failure 
to  reproduce  nature  exactly  in  the  color-plates.  The  plates  are  several 
removes  from  the  fruit.     Four  negatives  were  taken  of  each  subject  with 


X  PREFACE. 

a  color  filter  between  the  lens  and  the  fruit.  A  copper  plate  was  made 
from  each  negative,  one  for  each  of  the  fot;r  colors,  red,  yellow,  black  and 
blue.  The  color-plates  in  the  book  are  composed  of  these  four  colors,  com- 
bined by  the  camera,  the  artist,  the  horticulturist  and  the  printer.  With 
all  of  these  agencies  between  the  fruit  and  the  color-plate  they  could  not  be 
exact  reproductions.  It  must  ever  be  in  mind,  too,  that  grapes  grown  in 
different  localities  vary  more  or  less  in  all  characters  and  that  the  repro- 
duction can  represent  the  fruit  from  but  one  locality.  The  specimens  from 
which  the  plates  were  made  came  for  most  part  from  the  Station  grounds. 
The  illustrations  are  life  size  and  as  far  as  possible  from  average  specimens. 
Acknowledgments  are  due  to  Professor  Spencer  A.  Beach  of  Ames, 
Iowa,  who,  while  in  charge  of  this  Department  previous  to  August,  1905, 
had  begun  the  collection  and  organization  of  information  on  grapes,  much 
of  which  has  been  used  in  this  volume;  to  Mr.  F.  H.  Hall,  who  as  Station 
Editor  has  read  the  manuscripts  and  proof  sheets  and  given  much  valuable 
assistance  in  organizing  the  information  presented;  to  Zeese- Wilkinson  & 
Co.,  through  whose  zeal  and  painstaking  skill  the  color-plates,  which  add 
so  much  to  the  beauty  and  value  of  the  book,  have  been  made;  and  lastly 
to  the  grape-growers  of  New  York  who  have  given  information  whenever 
called  upon  and  who  have  generously  furnished  grapes  for  descriptive  and 

photographic  work. 

U.  P.  HEDRICK, 

Horticulturist,  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE. 

Preface v 

Index  to  Illustrations xiii 

Chapter      I.— The  Old  World  Grape i 

Chapter    II. —  American  Grapes. 26 

Chapter  III.— The  Viticulture  of  New  York 68 

Chapter  IV. —  Species  of  American  Grapes 95 

Chapter     V. —  The  Leading  Varieties  of  American  Grapes 157 

Chapter  VI. —  The  Minor  Varieties  of  American  Grapes 433 

Bibliography  and  References  with  Abbreviations  Used 531 

Index 537 


XI 


INDEX  TO  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Portrait  of  Edward  Staniford    Rogers :  .  .  .  .      Frontispiece 

FACING   PAGE 

Agawam 158 

America 168 

Aminia 170 

August  Giant 172 

Bacchus 174 

Barry 178 

Berckmans 182 

Black  Eagle 184 

Black  Hamburg  (reduced  size) 186 

Brighton 192 

Brilliant   194 

Campbell    Early 196 

Canada 200 

Carman 202 

Catawba 204 

Champion 210 

Clinton 214 

Colerain 218 

Concord 220 

Cottage 222 

Creveling 2-24 

Croton 226 

Cynthiana 228 

Delaware 232 

Diamond 236 

Diana 238 

Downing 242 

Dracut  Amber 244 

Dutchess 246 


XIV  INDEX    TO    ILLUSTRATION'S. 

FACING   PAGE 

Early  Ohio 248 

Early  Victor 250 

Eaton 252 

Eclipse 254 

Elvira 260 

Empire   State 262 

EUMELAN 266 

Goethe 276 

GoFF 278 

Grein  Golden 282 

Hartford 284 

Headlight 288 

Herbert 292 

Hercules 294 

Hidalgo 296 

Highland 298 

Hybrid  Franc 300 

loNA 302 

Ironclad 306 

Isabella 308 

Ives 312 

James 314 

Janesville 316 

Jefferson 318 

Jewel 320 

Kensington 322 

Lady 324 

Lady  Washington 326 

Lindley 330 

LUCILE 33^ 

Lutie 334 

McPiKE 336 

Manito 338 

Marion 340 

Massasoit 342 

Merrimac 346 


INDEX    TO    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XV 

FACING  PAGE 

Mills 348 

Missouri  Riesling 350 

montefiore 352 

Moore  Early 352 

MOYER 354 

Muscat  Hamburg  (reduced  size) 356 

Nectar 358 

Niagara 360 

Noah 362 

Norton 366 

Othello 3  74 

pocklington 380 

Red  Eagle 384 

Rochester 388 

Rommel 392 

Rupestris  du  Lot 114 

Salem 398 

Senasqua 402 

Triumph 412 

Ulster 4^4 

Vergennes 416 

VlTIS  AESTIWALIS,  ShOOT    OF. 138 

ViTis,  Canes  of  Species  of loo 

ViTis,  Flowers  of 104 

VlTIS   LABRUSCA,  ShOOT  OF 150 

ViTis  RiPARiA,  Shoot  of ii8 

VlTIS  ROTUXDIFOLIA,    ShOOT    OF 108 

VlTIS,  Seeds  of  Species  of 102 

VlTIS  VINIFERA,  ShOOT  OF 154 

Walter 420 

Wilder 424 

Winchell 426 

Woodruff 428 

WORDEN 430 

Wyoming 432 

Wyoming,  Shoot  of 152 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK 


CHAPTER  I 

THE  OLD  WORLD  GRAPE 


A  single  species  of  the  grape  is  cultivated  in  the  Old  World.  This  is 
Vitis  vinifera,  the  grape  of  ancient  and  modern  agriculture,  the  vine  of  the 
allegories  of  sacred  record  and  of  the  myths,  fables  and  poetry  of  the  Old 
World  countries.  It  is  the  vine  which  Adam  and  Eve  cared  for:  — 
"  *  *  *  they  led  the  vine 
To  wed  his  elm;  *  *  *."  Milton. 
It  is  the  vine  which  Noah  planted  after  the  deluge;  the  vine  of  Judah 
and  Israel,  and  of  the  promised  land.  Dionysus  of  the  Greeks,  Bacchus  of 
the  Romans,  found  the  grape  and  devoted  his  life  to  spreading  it;  for  which 
he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  deity  — •  god  of  vines  and  vintages.  The 
history  of  this  grape  is  as  old  as  that  of  mankind.  It  has  followed  civilized 
man  from  place  to  place  throughout  the  world  and  is  one  of  the  chief  culti- 
vated plants  of  temperate  climates.  This  fruit  of  sacred  and  profane 
literature  has  so  impressed  itself  upon  the  human  mind  that  when  we  think 
or  speak  of  the  grape,  or  vine,  it  is  the  Old  World  species,  the  vine  of 
antiquity,  that  presents  itself. 

The  history  of  the  Old  World  grape  goes  back  to  prehistoric  times. 
Seeds  of  the  grape  are  found  in  the  remains  of  the  Swiss  lake  dwellings  of 
the  Bronze  Period  and  entombed  with  the  mummies  of  Egypt.  Its  printed 
history  is  as  old  as  that  of  man  and  is  interwritten  with  it.  According  to 
the  botanists,  the  probable  habitat  of  V-itis  vinifera  is  the  region  about  the 
Caspian  Sea.'  From  here  it  was  carried  eastward  into  Asia  and  westward 
into  Europe  and  Africa.  It  is  probable  that  the  Phoenicians,  the  earliest 
navigators,  tradesmen  and  colonizers  on  the  Mediterranean,  carried  it  to 
the  countries  bordering  on  this  sea.     Grape  culture  was  developed  in  this 


'  De  Candolle,  Alphonse.     Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants:  191.     1882. 

I 


2  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

region  a  thousand  years  before  Christ,  for  Hesiod,  who  wrote  at  this  time, 
gave  directions  for  the  care  of  the  vine  which  need  to  be  changed  but  httle 
for  present  practice  in  Europe.  PHn}',  writing  a  thousand  years  after, 
quotes  Hesiod  as  an  authority  on  vine  culture.  Vergil  and  Pliny,  during 
Christ's  time,  gave  specific  directions  for  the  care  of  the  vine.  Vergil 
describes  fifteen  varieties  while  Pliny  gives  even  fuller  descriptions  of 
ninety-one  varieties  and  distinguishes  fifty  kinds  of  wine. 

The  authentic  written  history  of  the  grape  and  of  its  culture  really 
begins  with  Vergil.  Many  other  writers,  Greeks  and  Romans,  had  dis- 
cussed the  vine,  but  none  so  fully  nor  so  well  as  Vergil  in  his  Georgics,  of 
which  the  parts  having  to  do  with  the  vine  may  still  be  read  with  profit  by 
the  grape-grower;  as,  for  example,  the  following'  in  which  he  tells  how  to 
cultivate  and  train:  — 

"  Be  mindful,  when  thou  hast  entomb'd  the  shoot, 

With  store  of  earth  around  to  feed  the  root; 

With  iron  teeth  of  rakes  and  prongs,  to  move 

The  crusted  earth,  and  loosen  it  above. 

Then  e.xercise  thy  sturdy  steers  to  plow 

Between  thy  vines,  and  teach  the  feeble  row 

To  mount  on  reeds,  and  wands,  and,  upward  led, 

On  ashen  poles  to  raise  their  forky  head, 

On  these  new  crutches  let  them  learn  to  walk, 

'Till,  swerving  upwards  with  a  stronger  stalk, 

They  brave  the  winds,  and,  clinging  to  their  guide, 

On  tops  of  elms  at  length  triumphant  ride."- 

His  directions  for  pruning  are  equally  fitting  for  present  practice:  — 

"  But  in  their  tender  nonage,  while  they  spread 
Their  springing  leaves,  and  lift  their  infant  head, 
And  upward  while  they  shoot  in  open  air. 
Indulge  their  childhood,  and  the  nurslings  spare; 


'  Translation  of  Dryden. 

^  Perhaps  the  most  marked  distinguishing  feature  between  ancient  and  modern  grape-growing 
is  the  training  of  vines  to  trees  as  indicated  in  the  above  verse.  Pliny  says  of  this  practice:  "  In 
Campania  they  attach  the  vine  to  the  poplar;  embracing  the  tree  to  which  it  is  thus  wedded,  the 
vine  grasps  the  branches  with  its  amorous  arms,  and  as  it  climbs,  holds  on  with  its  knotted  trunk 
till  it  has  reached  the  very  summit ;  the  height  being  sometimes  so  stupendous  that  the  vintager 
when  hired,  is  wont  to  stipulate  for  his  funeral  pile  and  grave  at  the  owner's  expense." 


THE    GRAPES    OF   NEW    YORK.  3 

Nor  exercise  thy  rage  on  new-born  life; 
But  let  thy  hand  supply  the  pruning  knife, 
And  crop  luxuriant  stragglers,  nor  be  loth 
To  strip  the  branches  of  their  leafy  growth. 
But  when  the  rooted  vines  with  steady  hold 
Can  clasp  their  elms,  then,  husbandman,  be  bold 
To  lop  the  disobedient  boughs,  that  strayed 
Beyond  their  ranks;  let  crooked  steel  invade 
The  lawless  troops,  which  discipline  disclaim. 
And  their  surperfluous  growth  with  rigor  tame." 

The  history  of  the  development  of  the  vine  from  Vergil's  time  through 
the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  Era  and  of  the  Middle  Ages  to  our  own 
day,  is  largely  the  history  of  agriculture  in  the  southern  European  countries; 
for  the  vine  during  this  period  has  been  the  chief  cultivated  plant  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  nations.  This  history  should  furnish  most  instructive 
lessons  in  grape-growing  and  in  grape-breeding. 

But  interesting  and  profitable  as  a  detailed  account  of  the  development 
of  the  Old  World  grape  would  be,  the  brief  outline  in  the  few  preceding  para- 
graphs must  suffice  for  this  work.  The  reader  who  desires  further  informa- 
tion may  find  it  in  the  agricultural  literature  in  many  languages  and  dating 
back  two  thousand  years. 

What  are  the  characters  of  the  European  grape  and  how  does  it  differ 
from  the  native  grapes  of  America?  The  Old  World  grape  is  grown  for 
wine;  the  American  grapes  for  the  table.  The  differences  in  the  fruit  of 
the  vines  of  the  two  continents  are  largely  the  differences  necessary  for  the 
two  distinct  purposes  for  which  they  are  grown.  The  varieties  of  Vitis 
vinifera  have  a  higher  sugar  and  solid  content  than  do  those  of  the  American 
species.  Because  of  this  richness  in  sugar  they  not  only  make  better  wine 
but  keep  much  longer  and  can  be  made  into  raisins.  The  American  grapes 
do  not  keep  well  and  do  not  make  good  raisins.  Taken  as  a  whole  the 
European  varieties  are  better  flavored,  possessing  a  more  delicate  and  a 
richer  vinous  flavor,  a  more  agreeable  aroma,  and  they  lack  the  acidity 
and  somewhat  obnoxious  foxy  odor  and  taste  of  many  American  varieties. 
It  is  true  that  there  is  a  disagreeable  astringency  in  some  Vinifera  grapes 
and  that  many  varieties  are  without  character  of  flavor,  yet,  all  and  all, 
the  species  produces  by  far  the  better  flavored  fruit.     On  the  other  hand, 


4  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

American  table  grapes  are  more  refreshing;  one  does  not  tire  of  them  so 
quickly  as  they  do  not  cloy  the  appetite  as  do  the  richer  grapes;  and  the 
unfermented  juice  makes  a  much  more  pleasant  drink.  The  characteristic 
flavor  and  aroma  of  the  varieties  of  Vitis  labrnsca,  our  most  commonly 
cultivated  native  species,  are  often  described  by  the  terms  "foxy"'  or 
"  musky."  If  not  too  pronounced  this  foxiness  is  often  very  agreeable 
though,  as  with  the  flavor  in  many  exotic  fruits,  the  liking  for  it  must 
often  be  acquired,  and  of  course  may  never  be  acquired;  }-et  the  universal 
condemnation  of  this  taste  by  the  French  and  some  other  Europeans  is 
sheer  prejudice.  The  bunches  and  berries  of  the  European  grape  are 
larger,  more  attractive  in  appearance,  and  are  borne  in  greater  quantity, 
vine  for  vine  or  acre  for  acre.  The  pulp  and  skin  of  the  berries  of  Vitis 
vinifera  are  less  objectionable  than  those  of  any  native  species  and  the  pulp 
separates  more  easily  from  the  seeds.  The  berries  do  not  shell  from  the 
stem  nearly  so  quickly,  hence  the  bunches  ship  better. 

In  comparing  the  vines,  those  of  the  Old  World  grape  are  more  compact 
in  habit,  make  a  shorter  and  stouter  annual  growth,  therefore  require  less 
pruning  and  training.  The  roots  are  fleshier,  and  more  fibrous.  The 
species,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  adapted  to  far  more  kinds  of  soil,  and  to  much 
greater  differences  in  environment,  and  is  more  easily  propagated  from 
cuttings,  than  most  of  the  species  of  American  grapes.  The  cultivated  forms 
of  the  wild  vines  of  this  country  have  few  points  of  superiority  over  their 


^  Bailey  gives  the  following  interpretation  of  the  word  "  fox  "  and  its  derivatives  as  applied 
to  grapes:  "  The  term  fox-grape  was  evidently  applied  to  various  kinds  of  native  grapes  in  the  early 
days,  although  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  Vitis  labrusca  of  the  Atlantic  slope.  Several  explanations 
have  been  given  of  the  origin  of  the  name  fox-grape,  some  supposing  that  it  came  from  a  belief  that 
foxes  eat  the  grapes,  others  that  the  odor  of  the  grape  suggests  that  of  the  fox  — ■  an  opinion  to  which 
Beverly  subscribed  nearly  two  centuries  ago  —  and  still  others  thinking  that  it  was  suggested  by 
some  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  a  fox's  track.  William  Bartram,  writing  at  the  beginning  of  this 
century,  in  the  Medical  Repository,  is  pronounced  in  his  convictions:  '  The  strong,  rancid  smell  of 
its  ripe  fruit,  very  like  the  effluvia  arising  from  the  body  of  the  fox,  gave  rise  to  the  specific  name 
of  this  vine,  and  not,  as  many  have  imagined,  from  its  being  the  favourite  food  of  the  animal;  for 
the  fox  (at  least  the  American  species)  seldom  eats  grapes  or  other  fruit  if  he  can  get  animal  food.' 
I  am  inclined  to  suggest,  however,  that  the  name  may  have  originated  from  the  lively  foxing  or 
intoxicating  qualities  of  the  poor  wine  which  was  made  from  the  wild  grapes.  At  the  present  day 
we  speak  of  '  foxiness  '  when  we  wish  to  recall  the  musk-like  flavor  of  the  wild  Vitis  labrnsca;  but 
this  use  of  the  term  is  of  later  origin,  and  was  suggested  by  the  name  of  the  grape."  Bailey,  L.  H. 
Evolution  of  Our   Native  Fruits:   5.      1S98. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  5 

relative  from  the  eastern  hemisphere,  but  these  few  are  such  as  to  make 
them  now  and  probably  ever  the  only  grapes  possible  to  cultivate  in  America 
in  the  commercial  vineyards  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Indeed,  but 
for  the  fortunate  discover\-  that  the  vine  of  Vitis  vinifera  could  be  grown 
on  the  roots  of  any  one  of  several  species  of  the  American  grapes,  the  vine- 
5'ards  of  the  Old  World  grape  would  have  been  almost  wholly  destroyed 
within  the  last  half  century  because  of  one  of  its  weaknesses.  This  destruct- 
ive agent  is  the  phylloxera,'  a  tiny  plant  louse  working  on  the  leaf  and  root 
of  the  grape,  which  in  a  few  years  wholly  destroys  the  European  vine  but 
does  comparatively  little  harm  to  most  of  the  American  vines.  Three  other 
pests  ai^e  much  more  harmful  in  the  Old  World  vinevards  than  to  the  vines 
of  the  New  World;  these  are  black-rot  {Giiignardia  bidwellii  (Ell.)  V.  &  R.), 
downy  mildew  (Plasniopara  viticola  (B.  &  C.)  Berl.  &  De  Toni),  and  powdery 
mildew  (  Uncinnla  nccator  (Schw.)  Burr.). 

The  susceptibility  of  the  Old  World  grape  to  these  parasites  debars 
it  from  cultivation  in  eastern  America  and  so  effectually  that  there  is  but 
little  hope  of  any  pure-bred  variety  of  it  ever  being  grown  in  this  region. 
American  viticulture  must,  therefore,  depend  upon  the  native  species  for 
its  varieties,  though  it  may  be  hoped  that  by  combining  the  good  qualities 


'  The  phylloxera  {Phylloxera  vastatrix  Planch.)  has  four  forms:  the  leaf-gall  form,  the  root 
form,  the  winged  form,  and  the  sexual  form.  Individual  leaf  insects  produce  from  500  to  600  eggs, 
the  root  insect  about  100,  the  winged  insect  from  3  to  8,  and  the  sexual  insect  but  i.  The  last  is  laid 
in  the  fall  on  old  wood;  the  following  spring  a  louse  hatches  from  it  and  at  once  goes  to  the  upper 
surface  of  a  leaf  and  inserts  its  beak.  The  irritation  thus  produced  causes  a  gall  to  form  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  leaf.  In  fifteen  days  the  louse  becomes  a  full-grown  wingless  female  and  proceeds  to  fill 
the  gall  with  eggs  after  which  it  dies.  In  about  a  week  females  hatch  from  the  eggs  and  migrate  to 
form  new  colonies.  Several  generations  of  females  occur  in  a  summer.  At  the  approach  of  winter 
the  lice  go  into  the  ground  where  they  remain  dormant  until  spring  when  they  attack  the  roots 
forming  galls  analogous  to  those  on  the  leaves  and  passing  through  a  series  of  generations  similar  to 
those  above  ground.  In  the  fall  of  the  second  year  some  of  the  root  forms  give  rise  to  winged 
females  which  fly  to  neighboring  vines.  These  lay  eggs  in  groups  of  two  or  four  on  the  wood  of 
the  grape.  The  eggs  are  of  two  sizes;  from  the  smaller  size,  males  hatch  in  nine  or  ten  days; 
from  the  larger,  females.  In  the  sexual  stage  no  food  is  taken  and  the  insects  quickly  pair.  The 
female  produces  an  egg  which  fills  its  entire  body  and  after  three  or  four  days  lays  it,  this  being  the 
winter  egg,  the  beginning  of  the  cycle. 

There  are  no  remedies  worthy  the  name  and  the  only  efficient  preventive  is  to  graft  susceptible 
varieties  on  resistant  stocks.  Species  are  resistant  about  in  the  order  named:  V.  rotundifolia,  V. 
Ttparia,  V.  rupestris,  V.  cordijolia,  V.  bcrlandicri,  V.  cinerea,  V.  aestivalis,  V.  candicans,  V.  labrusca, 
V.  vinifera. 


6  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

of  the  foreign  grape  with  those  of  one  or  several  of  the  species  of  this  country, 
or  by  combining  and  rearranging  the  best  characters  of  the  native  species, 
we  may  in  time  secure  varieties  equal  in  all  respects  to  those  of  the  Old 
World.  The  comparative  resistance  of  the  American  species  to  the  phyl- 
loxera, the  mildews,  and  black-rot  has  been  due  to  natural  selection  in  the 
contest  that  has  been  waged  for  untold  ages  between  host  and  parasite. 
The  fact  that  the  native  species  have  been  able  to  survive  and  thrive  is  a 
guarantee  of  the  permanence  of  the  resistance  thus  acquired. 

We  have  said  that  the  Old  World  grape  is  debarred  from  cultivation 
in  eastern  America.  It  is  worth  while  considering  how  thorough  the 
attempts  to  grow  it  in  this  region  have  been  and  to  give  a  more  exact  account 
of  the  failures  and  their  causes,  for  there  are  yet  those  who  are  attempting 
its  culture  with  the  hope  that  we  may  sometime  grow  some  offshoot  of 
Vitis  vinifera  in  the  region  under  consideration. 

It  is  probable  that  the  first  European  grapes  planted  in  what  is  now 
American  soil,  were  grown  by  the  Spanish  padres  at  the  old  missions  in 
New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  California.  Early  accounts  of  some  of  these 
missions  speak  of  grapes  which  must  have  been  planted  before  settlements 
were  made  in  eastern  America.  We  need  take  no  further  account  of  these 
vineyards  except  to  say  that  in  this  region  the  European  grape  has  always 
been  grown  successfully,  and  that  under  the  skilled  hands  of  the  mission 
fathers,  ever  notable  vineyardists  and  wine-makers,  these  early  plantings 
must  have  succeeded. 

The  English  were  the  first  to  plant  the  Old  World  grape  in  the  territory 
in  which  this  species  fails  because  of  the  attacks  of  native  parasites.  Lord 
Delaware  seems  to  liave  been  the  original  promoter  of  grape-growing  in  the 
New  World.  In  1616  he  wrote  to  the  London  Company  urging  the  culture 
of  the  grape  as  a  possible  source  of  revenue  for  the  new  colony.'  His 
letter  seems  to  have  been  convincing,  for  it  is  on  record  that  the  Company 
in  16 19  sent  a  number  of  French  vine-dressers  and  a  collection  of  the  best 


'  Delaware  wrote  as  follows:  "  In  every  boske  and  hedge,  and  not  farr  from  our  pallisade  gates 
we  have  thousands  of  goodly  vines  running  along  and  leaving  to  every  tree,  which  yealds  a  plentiful 
grape  in  their  kinde.  Let  me  appeale,  ':hen,  to  knowledge  if  these  naturall  vines  were  planted,  dressed 
and  ordered  by  skilfull  vinearoons,  whether  we  might  not  make  a  perfect  grape  and  fruitfuU  vintage 
in  short  time?"     Delaware's  Relation.      Brown's  Genesis  of  the    United  States.      1611. 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK.  7 

varieties  of  the  grapes  of  France  to  Virginia.  The  Colonial  Assembly 
showed  quite  as  much  solicitude  in  encouraging  the  cultivation  of  the  vine 
as  did  the  Company  in  London.  The  year  of  the  importation  of  vines  and 
vine-dressers,  1619,  the  Assembly  passed  an  act  compelling  every  house- 
holder to  plant  ten  cuttings  and  to  protect  them  from  injury  and  stated  that 
the  landowners  were  expected  to  acquire  the  art  of  dressing  a  vineyard, 
either  through  instruction  or  by  observation.  The  Company,  to  increase 
the  interest  in  vine-growing,  showed  marked  favors  to  all  who  undertook 
it  with  zealousness;  promises  of  servants,  the  most  valuable  gifts  that 
could  be  made  to  the  colonists,  were  frequent.  Under  the  impulse  thus 
given  vineyards  were  planted  containing  as  many  as  ten  thousand  vines.' 

In  spite  of  a  rich  soil,  congenial  climate,  and  skilled  vine-dressers, 
nothing  of  importance  came  from  the  venture,  some  of  the  historians  of 
the  time  attributing  the  failure  to  the  massacre  of  1622;  others  to  poor 
management  of  the  vines;  and  still  others  to  disagreements  between  the 
English  and  their  French  vine-dressers,  who,  it  was  claimed,  concealed  their 
knowledge  because  they  worked  as  slaves.  It  is  probable  that  the  latter 
explanation  was  fanciful  but  the  former  must  have  been  real  for  we  are 
told  that  the  farms  and  outlying  settlements  were  abandoned  after  the 
great  massacre.  But  the  colony  could  hardly  have  recovered  from  the 
ravages  of  the  Indians  before  efforts  to  force  the  colonists  to  grow  grapes 
were  again  made;  for  in  1623  the  Assembly  passed  a  law  that  for  every 
four  men  in  the  colony  a  garden  should  be  laid  off  a  part  of  which  was  to  be 
planted  to  vines.' 

In  1639  the  Assembly  again  tried  to  encourage  vine-growing  by  legis- 
lative enactment,  this  time  with  an  act  giving  a  premium  to  successful  grape- 
growers.'  Later,  about  1660,  a  premium  of  ten  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco 
was  offered  in  Virginia  for  each  "  two  tunne  of  wine  "  from  grapes  raised 
in  the  colony.     Shortly  after,   some  wine  was  exported  to  England  but 


'Discourse  of  the  Old  Company,  British  Stale  Papers,  Vol.  111:40.  See  Virginia  Magazine 
of  History,  Vol.  I ;  1 5  9 . 

-Laws  and  Orders  of  Assembly,  Feb.  16,  1623.  McDonald  Papers,  Vol.  1:97.  Va.  State 
Library. 

'  The  clause  in  this  act  reads:  "  That  all  workers  upon  corne  and  tobacco  shall  this  spring  plant 
five  vyne  plants  per  pol,  and  the  next  year,  before  the  first  day  of  March,  20  per  pol,  upon  penaltie 
to  forfeite  one  barrell  of  corne  for  every  one  that  shall  make  default." 


8  THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW   YORK. 

whether  made  from  wild  i^lants  or  cultivated  ones  does  not  appear.  In 
spite  of  the  encouragement  of  legislative  acts,  grape-growing  did  not  flourish 
in  Virginia.'  The  fact  that  tobacco  was  a  paying  crop  and  more  easily 
grown  than  the  grape  may  have  had  something  to  do  with  the  failure  to 
grow  the  latter.  Or  it  may  have  been  that  the  cheapness  of  Madeira,  "  a 
noble  strong  drink,"  as  one  of  the  Colonial  historians  puts  it,  had  a  depressing 
influence  on  the  industry.  But  still  more  likely,  the  foreign  plants  did 
not  thrive. 

Encouragement  of  the  home  production  of  wine  did  not  cease  in  Virginia 
for  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  years;  for  in  1769  an  enactment  of  the 
Assembly  was  passed  to  encourage  wine-making  in  favor  of  one  Andrew 
Estave,  a  Frenchman.  As  a  result  of  the  act  of  this  time,  land  was  pur- 
chased, buildings  erected,  and  slaves  and  workmen  with  a  complete  outfit 
for  wine-making  were  furnished  Estave.  The  act  provided  that  if  he  made 
within  six  years  ten  hogsheads  of  merchantable  wine  —  land,  houses,  slaves, 
the  whole  plant  was  to  be  given  to  him.  It  is  stated  that  this  unusual 
subsidy  is  made  "  as  a  reward  for  so  useful  an  improvement."  Estave 
succeeded  in  making  the  wine  but  it  was  poor  stuff  and  he  had  difficulty  in 
getting  the  authorities  to  turn  over  the  property  which  was  to  be  his  reward 
This  was  finalh^  done  by  an  act  of  the  Assembly,  however,  the  failure  to 
make  good  wine  being  attributed  by  all  parties  to  the  "  unfitness  of  the 
land." 

An  attempt  was  made  to  cultivate  the  European  grape  in  Virginia 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century  on  an  extensive  scale.  Soon  after  taking 
office  as  governor  in  17 10,  Alexander  Spotswood  brought  over  a  colony  of 


'  Roger  Beverly,  writing  a  century  later,  describes  the  early  grape-growing  in  Virginia  as  follows: 
"  The  Year  before  the  Massacre,  Anno  1622,  which  destroyed  so  many  good  projects  for  Virginia; 
some  French  vignerons  were  sent  thither  to  make  an  experiment  of  their  vines.  These  people  were 
so  in  love  with  the  country,  that  the  character  they  then  gave  of  it  in  their  letters  to  the  company 
in  England,  was  very  much  to  its  advantage,  namely:  '  That  it  far  excelled  their  own  country  of 
Languedoc,  The  vines  growing  in  great  abundance  and  variety  all  over  the  land;  that  some  of  the 
grapes  were  of  that  unusual  bigness,  that  they  did  not  believe  them  to  be  grapes,  until  by  opening 
them  they  had  seen  their  kernels;  that  they  had  planted  the  cuttings  of  their  vines  at  Michaelmas, 
and  had  grapes  from  those  very  cuttings,  the  spring  following.  Adding  in  the  conclusion,  that  they 
had  not  heard  of  the  like  in  any  other  country."  Neither  was  this  out  of  the  way,  for  I  have 
made  the  same  experiment,  both  of  their  natural  vine,  and  of  the  plants  sent  thither  from  England."' 
Beverly's  Virginia,  Second  Edition:  107.      1722. 


THE    GRAPES    OF   XEW    YORK.  9 

Germans  from  the  Rhine  and  settled  them  in  Spottsylvania  County  on  the 
Rapidan  river.  The  site  of  their  village  on  this  river  is  now  marked  by  a 
ford,  Germania  Ford,  a  name  which  is  a  record  of  the  settlement.  That 
they  grew  grapes  and  made  wine  is  certain,  for  the  Governor's  "  red  and 
white  Rapidan,  made  by  his  Spottsylvania  Germans  "  is  several  times 
mentioned  in  the  pul^lished  journals  and  letters  of  the  time.  But  the  venture 
did  not  make  a  deep  nor  lasting  impress  on  the  agriculture  of  the  colony.' 

Several  early  attempts  were  made  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  to 
grow  the  Vinifera  grape.  It  was  thought,  in  particular,  that  the  French 
Huguenots  who  settled  in  these  states  in  large  numbers  toward  the  close  of 
the  seventeenth  century  would  succeed  in  grape-growing  but  even  these 
skilled  vine-growers  failed.  Their  failures  are  recorded  by  Alexander 
Hewitt  in  1779  as  follows:  "  European  grapes  have  been  transplanted,  and 
several  attempts  made  to  raise  wine;  but  so  overshaded  are  the  vines 
planted  in  the  woods,  and  so  foggy  is  the  season  of  the  year  when  they 
ripen,  that  they  seldom  come  to  maturity,  but  as  excellent  grapes  have  been 
raised  in  gardens  where  they  are  exposed  to  the  sun,  we  are  apt  to  believe 
that  proper  methods  have  not  been  taken  for  encouraging  that  branch  of 
agriculture,  considering  its  great  importance  in  a  national  view."  In 
Georgia,  Abraham  De  Lyon,  encouraged  by  the  authorities  of  the  colony, 
imported  vines  from  Portugal  and  planted  them  at  Savannah  early  in  the 
eighteenth  century  but  his  attempt,  though  carried  out  on  a  small  scale 
in  a  garden,  soon  failed. 

In  Maryland,  if  the  records  are  correct,  a  greater  degree  of  success 
was  attained  than  in  the  states  to  the  south.  Lord  Charles  Baltimore, 
son  of  the  grantee  of  the  territory,  in  1662  planted  three  hundred  acres  of 
land  in  St.  Mary's  to  vines.  It  is  certain  that  he  made  and  sold  wine  in 
considerable  quantities  and  the  old  chroniclers  report  that  it  was  as  good 
as  the  best  Burgundy.  Efforts  to  grow  the  European  grape  in  Maryland 
continued  until  as  late  as  1828  when  the  Maryland  Society  for  Promoting 
the  Culture  of  the  Vine  was  incorporated  by  the  State  Legislature."  The 
object  of  the  Society  was  to  "  carry  on  experiments  in  the  cultivation  of 
both  the  European  and  native  grapes  and  to  collect  and  disseminate  all 


'  Fiske,  John.      Old   Virginia  and   Her   Neighbors.     Vol.  11:372,  385. 
'American   Farmer,  Baltimore,   11:35.      1829-30.     76.,   12:396.      1830-31. 


10  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

possible  information  upon  this  interesting  subject."  The  organization  was 
in  existence  for  several  years  and  through  its  exertions  practically  all  of  the 
native  sorts  were  tried  in  or  about  Baltimore  as  well  as  many  seedlings. 
Besides  the  achievements  of  the  Society  as  a  body,  their  Secretary  reports 
in  1 83 1  that,  through  the  individual  efforts  of  its  members,  there  were 
then  under  cultivation  near  the  city  of  Baltimore  several  vineyards  of 
from  three  to  ten  acres  each  and  a  great  number  of  smaller  ones.  This 
was  several  years  after  the  introduction  of  the  Catawba  and  Isabella  for 
which  grape-growers  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States  had  largely  given 
up  the  Vinifera  sorts.  Seemingly  in  every  part  of  the  Union  the  grape 
of  the  Old  World  was  tried,  not  once  only,  but  time  and  again  before  its 
culture  could  be  given  up. 

The  Swedes  made  some  attempts  at  an  early  day  to  grow  grapes  on 
the  Delaware.  Queen  Christina  instructed  John  Printz,  governor  of  New 
Sweden,  to  encourage  the  "  culture  of  the  vine  "  and  to  give  the  industry 
his  personal  attention.  Later  when  New  Sweden  had  become  a  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  William  Penn  encouraged  vine-growing  by  importing  cut- 
tings of  French  and  Spanish  vines;  and  several  experimental  vineyards 
were  set  out  in  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia,  but  all  efforts  to  estab- 
lish bearing  plantations  came  to  naught.  Penn's  interest  in  grape-growing 
seems  to  have  been  greatly  stimulated  by  wine  made  by  a  friend  of  his 
from  native  grapes  which  grew  about  Germantown. 

There  are  no  detailed  accounts  of  grape-growing  by  the  Dutch  of  New 
York  but  the  following  taken  from  the  writings  of  Jasper  Dankers  and 
Peter  Sluyter,  two  Hollanders  who  visited  New  York  in  1679,  soon  after 
the  English  took  possession  of  New  Netherland,  indicates  that  there  had 
been  attempts  to  cultivate  grapes.'  "  I  went  along  the  shore  to  Coney 
Island,  which  is  separated  from  Long  Island  only  by  a  creek,  and  around 
the  point,  and  came  inside  not  far  from  a  village  called  Gravesant,  and 
again  home.  We  discovered  on  the  roads  several  kinds  of  grapes  still  on 
the  vines,  called  speck  (pork)  grapes,  which  are  not  always  good,  and  these 
were  not;  although  they  were  sweet  in  the  mouth  at  first,  they  made  it 
disagreeable  and  stinking.     The  small  blue  grapes  are  better,  and  their 


'  Dankers,  Jasper,  and  Sluyter,  Peter.     Journal  of  a   Voyage  to  New   York  in  1679-80:  130. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  II 

vines  grow  in  good  form.  Although  they  have  several  times  attempted  to 
plant  vineyards,  and  have  not  immediately  succeeded,  they,  nevertheless, 
have  not  abandoned  the  hope  of  doing  so  by  and  by,  for  there  is  always 
some  encouragement,  although  they  have  not,  as  yet,  discovered  the  cause 
of  the  failure."  The  ''speck  "  grape  was  without  question  Vitis  labrusca 
and  the  small  blue  grape  was  probably  Vitis  riparia. 

Thirty  years  before  the  visit  of  Bankers  and  Sluyter  the  people  of 
New  Netherland  addressed  a  remonstrance  to  the  home  government  regard- 
ing certain  abuses  in  the  colony.  This  document '  is  headed  with  a  chapter 
on  the  productions  of  New  Netherland  in  which  the  wild  grapes  are  men- 
tioned and  their  cultivation  is  suggested.  "Almost  the  whole  country,  as 
well  the  forest  as  the  maize  lands  and  flats,  is  full  of  vines,  but  principally 
—  as  if  they  had  been  planted  there  —  around  and  along  the  banks  of  the 
brooks,  streams  and  rivers  which  course  and  flow  in  abundance  very  con- 
veniently and  agreeably  all  through  the  land.  The  grapes  are  of  many 
varieties;  some  white,  some  blue,  some  very  fleshy  and  fit  only  to  make 
raisins  of;  some  again  are  juicy,  some  very  large,  others  on  the  contrary 
small;  their  juice  is  pleasant  and  some  of  it  white,  like  French  or  Rhenish 
Wine;  that  of  others,  again,  a  very  deep  red,  like  Tent;  some  even  paler; 
the  vines  run  far  up  the  trees  and  are  shaded  by  their  leaves,  so  that  the 
grapes  are  slow  in  ripening  and  a  little  sour,  but  were  cultivation  and 
knowledge  applied  here,  doubtless  as  fine  Wines  would  then  be  made  as 
in  any  other  wine  growing  countries." 

NicoUs,  the  first  English  governor  of  New  York,  greatly  desired  to 
grow  the  vine  for  wine-making.  In  1664  he  granted  Paul  Richards  a 
monopolv  of  the  industry  for  the  colony  stipulating  that  he  could  make 
and  sell  wines  free  of  impost  and  gave  him  the  right  to  tax  any  person 
planting  vines  in  the  colony  five  shillings  per  acre.-     Richards  lived  in  the 


^Documents  Relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of  tlie  State  of  New  York,  Holland  Documents, 
1603-1656.     Vol.  I;277. 

^  The  grant  of  the  bounty  is  recorded  in  Volume  II,  Deeds  of  New  York,  page  87,  on  file  in  the 
ofHce  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at  Albany.      It  runs  as  follows: — 

"  Whereas  Paul  Richards  an  inhabitant  of  this  Citty  of  New  York  hath  made  knowne  to  mee 
his  intent  to  plant  vines  at  a  certaine  Plantation  that  hee  hath  upon  Long  Island,  called  the  little 
fRefe,  which  if  it  succeed,  may  redound  very  much  to  the  future  benefitt  and  advantage  of  the  inhabit- 
ants within  this  Government;  and  in  regard,  it  will  require  much  labour  and  a  considerable  charge 


12  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

city  of  New  York  but  his  vineyard,  as  indicated  in  the  grant,  was  located 
on  Long  Island.  It  may  be  assumed  that  this  was  the  first  attempt  to 
grow  grapes  commercially  in  the  State  of  New  York.  It  would  seem  that 
the  governor  by  granting  a  monopoly  of  the  grape  and  wine  industry  took 
the  surest  means  of  killing  the  infant  industr\'.  The  Earl  of  Bellomont,  a 
later  governor  of  the  Colony,  wrote  to  London  with  assurances  of  a  great 
future  of  viticulture  in  the  Colony.'  For  over  a  century  after,  there  were 
spasmodic  efforts  to  grow  the  Old  World  grape  in  and  about  New  York 
Citv,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War  there  were  a  few  small 
vineyards  and  some  wine-making  on  Manhattan  Island. 

There  were  many  attempts  to  grow  foreign  grapes  in  New  England. 
John  Winthrop,  governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony,  had  planted  a 
vineyard  in  one  of  the  islands,  known  as  "  Governor's  Garden,"  in  Boston 
Harbor  before    1630.     Vine-planters  were   sent   to  this  colony   in    1629.- 


to  provide  vines  and  to  p'pare  the  ground  and  make  it  fitt  for  production  of  wines ;  fifor  an  Encouragemt 
to  the  said  Paul  Richards  in  his  proceedings  therein,  I  have  thought  fitt  to  grant  unto  him  these 
following  privileges  (viz.) 

"  That  all  wines  of  the  growth  of  such  vines  as  the  said  Paul  Richards  shall  plant,  or  cause  to 
bee  planted  at  the  place  aforesaid,  shall  be  free  from  any  kind  of  impositions  for  ever  if  sold  in  grosse, 
and  not  by  retaile: 

"  That  the  said  Paul  Richards,  his  heirs,  executors,  or  assignes  shall  have  the  privilege  to  have 
such  wines  sold  by  retaile  in  any  one  house  in  New  York  for  the  term  of  thirty  years  to  come,  from 
the  time  of  the  first  selling  of  his  wines,  free  from  all  imposts  or  excise : 

"  That  every  person  who  shall  hereafter  for  thirty  years  to  come,  plant  vines  within  any  place  in 
this  Government,  shall  upon  the  first  yeares  improvement  pay  unto  the  said  Paul  Richards,  his  heirs, 
executors,  or  assignes,  five  shillings  for  every  acre  so  planted  as  an  acknowledgement  of  his  being 
the  first  undertaker  and  planter  of  vines  in  these  parts.  For  the  confiirmacon  of  the  privileges  above 
specified,  I  have  hereunto  put  my  hand  and  seale. 

"  Given  at  ffort  James  in  New  York  this  loth  day  of  January,  1664.  RIC.   NICOLLS." 

'  Bellomont's  letter  is  as  follows:  "  As  to  propagating  vines  in  these  plantations  to  supply  all 
of  the  dominions  of  the  Crown,  I  can  easily  make  that  appear.  In  the  first  place  Nature  has  given 
us  an  index  in  these  Plantations  that  points  to  us  what  may  be  done  in  that  by  the  help  of  art.  There 
grows  wild  grapes  in  all  of  the  woods  here  in  very  great  abundance ;  I  have  observed  them  in  many 
places  but  especially  above  Albany  on  the  side  of  the  Hudson  river  where  the  vines  all  along  twine 
around  great  trees  and  fair  clusters  of  grapes  appear  som'--times  above  30  foot  from  the  ground.  I 
have  eaten  of  the  wild  grapes  which  I  thought  tastefull  enough,  only  somewhat  harsh  as  an  effect 
of  their  wildness."  Then  follows  an  account  of  how  the  French  had  previously  made  wine  in  Canada 
but  that  the  Court  of  France  had  forbade  its  being  made  fearing  that  it  might  be  prejudicial  to  the 
•wine  trade  of  the  French.  Earl  of  Bellomont  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  Nov.  28,  1700.  Documents 
Relating  to  Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  Neu.'    York,  4:787- 

■  Francis  Higginson  wrote  in  1630:  "  excellent  Vines  are  here  up  and  downe  in  the  Woods. 
Our  Governour  hath  already  planted  a  Vineyard  with  great  hope  of  encrease." 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  I3 

There  were  plantations  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  in  Maine  as  early 
or  before  Winthrop's  plantings  were  made.  In  granting  a  charter  to 
Rhode  Island  in  1663,  Charles  II  sought  to  encourage  viticulture  in  that 
State  by  offering  liberal  inducements  to  colonists  who  would  grow  grapes 
and  make  wine.'  But  if  grapes  were  grown,  or  wine  made  from  the  foreign 
grape,  no  great  degree  of  success  was  attained.  Wine  was  made  in  plenty 
from  the  wild  grapes  in  all  of  the  New  England  colonies  so  that  it  was  not 
because  of  Puritanical  prejudices  against  wine  that  the  grapes  were  not 
grown.  The  glowing  terms  in  which  travelers  returning  to  England 
spoke  of  the  native  grapes  and  of  the  wine  from  them  undoubtedly  stimu- 
lated those  founding  the  colonies  to  make  every  effort  to  introduce  the 
cultivated  grape  even  though  the  cold,  bleak  climate  and  thin  soils  of  this 
northern  region  were  inhospitable  to  a  plant  which  thrives  best  in  the 
sunny  southern  portions  of  Europe. 

In  only  one  of  the  states  east  of  the  Rockies  is  grape-growing  recorded 
to  have  gained  even  a  foothold  before  the  introduction  of  varieties  of  native 
grapes.  In  this  instance  there  is  much  doubt  as  to  whether  the  varieties 
grown  were  pure-bred  Vitis  vinijera.  Louisiana,  while  owned  by  France, 
grew  grapes  and  made  wine  in  such  quantities,  and  the  wine  was  of  such 
high  quality,  so  several  of  the  old  chroniclers  say,  that  the  French  govern- 
ment forbade  grape-growing  in  the  colony.  Since  the  wine-making  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits  who  had  learned  the  art  in  Europe,  and  since 
there  were  no  cultivated  varieties  of  native  grapes  at  that  time  of  which 
there  is  record,  the  presumption  among  the  early  writers  was  that  these 
vineyards  were  of  European  grapes.  Louisiana,  however,  was  a  vast  and 
undefined  region  and  it  is  not  known  where  these  oft-mentioned  vine- 
yards were  located.  It  is  probable  in  the  light  of  what  we  now  know 
that  these  Louisiana  Jesuits  made  wine  from  native  grapes  either  wild  or 
cultivated. 

The  time  covered  so  far  is  the  two  hundred  years  in  which  America 
was  being  colonized.  We  have  seen  that  all  of  our  European  forefathers 
brought  with  them  a  love  of  the  vine,  or  more  correctly,  a  love  of  wine,  and 


'  Bellomont  records  that  a  company  of  French  immigrants  had  made  good  wine  in  Rhode  Island 
toward  the  close  of  the  1 7th  century  but  they  were  driven  out  of  the  Colony  by  the  English  and  the 
industry  ceased.      N.    Y.  Col.  Doc,  4:787. 


14  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

that  tnroughout  the  period  many  experiments  were  made  in  all  parts  of  the 
eastern  United  States  to  grow  varieties  of  Vitis  vinifera.  The  experiments 
were  on  a  large  scale  and  in  the  hands  of  expert  vine-growers,  as  well  trained 
as  their  fellow  colonists  in  South  Africa,  New  Zealand,  Australia  and  South 
America,  countries  where  the  colonists  grew  the  Old  World  grapes  as  easily 
and  as  well  as  they  are  grown  in  the  most  favored  parts  of  Europe.  It  is 
certain  that  the  failures  recorded  for  these  two  hundred  years  were  not 
due  to  lack  of  effort  on  the  part  of  the  settlers.  We  now  pass  to  more 
recent  efforts,  even  more  thoroughly  carried  out,  to  grow  the  grape  of  the 
Old  World  in  this  part  of  the  New  World.  The  discussion  of  these  later 
attempts  cannot  be  full.  The  reader  can  readily  turn  to  the  horticultural 
literature  of  the  century  just  closed  and  find  much  fuller  records  of  them 
than  space  permits  in  this  work. 

One  of  the  first  and  most  notable  of  the  vineyards  in  the  eighteenth 
century  was  that  of  Colonel  Robert  Boiling  of  Buckingham  County,  Virginia. 
An  account  of  his  undertaking  written  by  one  of  the  Boiling  family  some 
years  later  reads  as  follows:  "  It  is  now  but  little  known  that  this  gentleman 
had  early  turned  his  attention  to  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  and  had  actu- 
ally succeeded  in  procuring  and  planting  a  small  vineyard  of  four  acres, 
of  European  grapes,  at  Chellow,  the  seat  of  his  residence:  that  he  had  so 
far  accomplished  his  object  as  to  have  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  vines 
in  a  most  flourishing  condition,  and  arrived  at  an  age  when  they  were  just 
beginning  to  bear;  promising  all  the  success  that  the  most  sanguine  imagi- 
nation could  desire,  when,  unfortunately  for  his  family,  and  perhaps  for 
his  countrv,  he  departed  this  life  while  in  the  Convention  in  Richmond,  in 
July,  1775.  Thus  all  his  fond  anticipations  of  being  enabled,  in  a  short 
time,  to  afford  to  h'S  countrymen  a  practical  demonstration  of  the  facility 
and  certainty  with  which  grapes  might  be  raised,  and  wine  made,  in  Vir- 
ginia, were  suddenly  frustrated;  all  his  hopes  and  prospects  blasted;  and 
owing  to  the  general  want  of  information,  in  the  management  of  vines, 
among  us  at  that  time;  and  the  confusion  produced  by  the  war  of  the  revo- 
lution, which  immediately  followed,  this  promising  and  flourishing  little 
vineyard  was  totally  neglected  and  finally  perished."' 


^  Atnerican   Farmer,  Baltimore,   10:387.      1828-29. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  IS 

At  the  time  of  Boiling's  death  he  was  preparing  to  send  to  press  a 
book  on  grape-growing  entitled  ^4  Sketch  of  Vine  Culture.  The  book  was 
never  printed  but  the  manuscript  was  copied  several  times  and  parts  of  it 
were  printed  contemporaneously  in  the  Virginia  Gazette,  and  subsequently 
in  the  Boiling  Memoirs  and  in  the  American  Farmer ?  Boiling's  book 
was  largely  a  compilation  from  European  sources  but  it  contained  the 
experiences  and  observations  of  the  atithor  in  cultivating  European 
grapes  in  America  and  though  not  printed,  was  sufficiently  distributed 
through  manuscript  copies  and  through  the  papers  and  books  mentioned 
above,  to  give  its  author  the  honor  of  being  the  first  American  writer  on 
grapes. 

In  an  essay  on  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  published  in  the  first  volume 
of  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Pliilosopliical  Society-  printed  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1 771,  a  Mr.  Edward  Antill  of  Shrewsbury,  New  Jersey,  gives 
explicit  directions  for  grape-growing  and  wine-making.'  Antill  describes  only 
foreign  varieties  and  leads  the  reader  to  infer,  though  he  does  not  say  so, 
that  he  has  grown  many  varieties  of  these  grapes  successfully.  But  neither 
his  essay,  nor  his  efforts  at  grape-growing,  seemed  to  have  stimulated  a 
grape  industry  worthy  of  note.  This  essay  of  Antill's  is  the  second  American 
treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  was  for  many  years  the  chief 
authority  on  grape-growing  in  America.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that 
a  treatise  which  was  to  be  quoted  for  fifty  years  could  not  have  been  more 
meritorious.  The  eighty  quarto  pages  written  by  Antill  give  little  real  or 
trustworthy  information.  It  is  a  rambling  discussion  of  European  grapes, 
wine-making,  the  temperance  cjuestion,  patriotism,  "  wellfare  of  country," 
and  "  good  of  mankind  ".  He  quotes  Columella,  gives  methods  of  curing 
grapes  for  raisins,  and  winds  up  with  a  discussion  of  figs.  Yet  a  hundred 
years  ago  it  was  the  chief  work  on  grape-growing. 

A  Frenchman,  Peter  Legaux,  founded  a  company  in  1793  for  the  cul- 
tivation of  grapes  at  Spring  Mill  near  Philadelphia.    In  1800  he  published 


^American   Farmer,   Baltimore,   10:387.      1828-29.     ■^^•'   11:172-      1829-30. 

'  Vol.  I  ;i  17-198.      1769-71. 

'  All  that  is  known  of  the  life  of  Edward  Antill  is  found  in  Johnson's  Rural  Economy  where  he  is 
spoken  of  as  "  Mr.  Antill,  late  of  Middlesex  County,  New-Jersey,  a  gentleman  who  cultivated  the 
grape  with  sedulous  attention."     Johnson's  Rural  Economy:   164.      1806. 


l6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

an  account  of  his  venture.'  A  vineyard  of  European  grapes  was  set  out 
and  the  prospects  seemed  favorable  for  the  success  of  the  undertaking. 
But  the  grapes  began  to  fail,  dissensions  arose  among  the  stock-holders, 
the  vineyards  were  neglected  and  the  company  failed.  Legaux  speaks  of 
his  experience  in  grape-growing  as  follows:^  ''  But  if  the  native  grapes  of 
America  are  not  the  inost  eligible  for  vineyards,  others  are  now  within  the 
reach  of  its  inhabitants.  Some  years  since  I  procured  from  France  three 
hundred  plants  from  the  three  kinds  of  grapes  in  the  highest  estimation, 
of  which  are  made  Burgundy,  Champagne  and  Bordeaux  wines.  These 
three  hundred  plants  have  in  ten  years  produced  100,000  plants;  which, 
were  the  culture  encouraged,  would  in  ten  years  more,  produce  upwards 
of  thirty  millions  of  plants;  or  enough  to  stock  more  than  8000  acres,  at 
3600  plants  to  the  acre,  set  about  three  feet  and  a  half  apart.  I  have  also 
about  3000  plants  raised  from  a  single  plant  procured  a  few  years  since 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  of  the  kind  which  produces  the  excellent 
Constantia  wines.  The  gentlemen  who  at  different  times  have  done  me  the 
honour  to  taste  these  wines  can  bear  testimony  to  their  good  quality. 
Although  made  in  the  hottest  season,  (about  the  middle  of  August)  yet 
they  were  perfectly  preserved  without  the  addition  of  a  drop  of  brandy  or 
any  other  spirit.  And  in  this  will  consist  one  excellency  of  the  wines  here 
recommended  to  the  notice  of  my  fellow  citizens ;  that  being  made  wholly  of 


'  Legaux's  paper  is  found  as  a  treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  the  vinj  in  The  True  American  of 
March  24.  1800.  The  article  contains  about  2000  words,  the  main  part  of  it  being  'A  Statement  of 
the  Expense  and  Income  of  a  Vineyard,  Made  on  Four  Acres  of  Land,  situated  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  40th  Degree  of  Latitude." 

Of  Legaux's  life,  little  is  known,  other  than  that  he  was  a  French  vine-grower  with  an  experi- 
mental vineyard,  as  he  says  in  the  above  article,  at  "Spring  Mill,  13  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Philadel- 
phia." Johnson  speaks  of  L'.-gaux  as  a  philanthropist;  McMahon  calls  him  a  "  gentleman  of  Worth 
and  Science  " ;  while  Rafmesque  accuses  him  of  fraud  and  deception  in  the  matter  of  calling  the  native 
grapes  Bland  and  Alexander,  Madeira  and  Cape. 

Judging  the  man  from  his  article  in  The  True  American  and  from  the  words  of  his  contemporaries, 
he  was  a  capable,  enthusiastic  and  intelligent  grape-grower.  His  philanthropy  is  more  doubtful. 
It  is  true  that  he  distributed  many  grape  plants  but  as  he  himself  says  to  "  fellow  citizens  possessing 
pecuniary  means."  That  he  practiced  deceit  in  the  matter  of  the  introduction  of  the  Alexander 
as  the  Cape  is  probable.  However,  his  deceit,  if  such  it  were,  may  be  forgotten  and  he  should  be 
remembered  as  the  chief  disseminator  of  the  Alexander,  the  first  distinctive  American  variety  of 
commercial  value. 

'  T}ie  True  Americait,  March  24,  1800. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  17 

the  juice  of  grapes,  they  will  be  light,  wholesome,  and  excite  an  agreeable 
cheerfulness,  without  inflaming  the  blood,  or  producing  the  other  ill  effects 
of  the  strong  brand ied  wines,  imported  from  the  southern  parts  of  Europe. 
Since  1793,  I  have  confined  my  attention  chiefly  to  the  multiplication  of  my 
vines,  to  supply  the  demand  for  plants,  and  to  furnish  an  extended  vine- 
yard under  my  own  direction,  whenever  my  fellow  citizens  possessing 
pecuniary  means,  should  be  inclined  to  encourage  and  support  the  attempt." 

Out  of  this  venture,  however,  came  the  Alexander  grape,  an  offspring 
of  a  native  species,  and  not,  as  Legaux  held,  a  foreign  variety,  which,  as  we 
shall  see  later,  was  the  first  variety  to  be  grown  on  a  commercial  scale  in 
eastern  America.  Johnson,'  writing  of  Legaux's  work  with  the  grape,  says 
that  in  1801  cuttings  were  sent  from  the  Spring  Mill  vineyards  in  quantities 
of  fifteen  hundred  to  Kentucky  and  Pennsylvania  and  smaller  quantities 
to  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Ohio,  and 
indicates  that  these  cuttings  in  their  turn  were  multiplied  so  that  many 
diverse  experiments  with  foreign  grapes  arose  from  Legaux's  efforts. 

Chief  of  the  experiments  which  Legavix's  partial  success  in  vine-growing 
stimulated  was  carried  on  in  Kentucky  by  The  Kentucky  Vineyard  Society 
of  which  John  James  Dufour,  a  Swiss,  was  leader.-  It  was  to  this  Company 
that  Legaux  had  sent  the  fifteen  hundred  cuttings  mentioned  above  as 
going  to  Kentucky.  Before  founding  his  grape  colony,  Dufour  had  made  a 
tour  of  inspection  of  all  the  vineyards  that  he  co'ald  hear  of  in  what  then 
constituted  the  United  States.  His  account  of  what  he  saw,  given  in  his 
book  The  Vine  Dresser  s  Guide,  is  the  most  accurate  statement  we  have  cf 
grape-growing  in  America  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Dufoiir  s  account,  pages  18-24,  runs  as  follows:  "  I  went  to  see  all  the 
vines  growing  that  I  could  hear  of,  even  as  far  as  Kaskaskia,  on  the  borders 
of  the  Mississippi;  because  I  was  told,  by  an  inhabitant  of  that  town,  whom  I 
met  with  at  Philadelphia,  that  the  Jesuits  had  there  a  very  successful  vine- 


'  Johnson,  S.  V.'.,  Rural  Economy:  156.     Xew  Brunswick,  X.  J.,  1806. 

-John  James  Dufour,  bom  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  in  1763,  came  to  America  in 
1 796  to  engage  in  grape-growing  and  wine-making.  An  account  of  his  work  is  given  in  the  text.  In 
1826  Dufour  published  the  ViTie  Dresser's  Guide,  which  became  the  authority  on  the  culture  of  this 
fruit  at  that  time.  Dufour  must  be  remembered  for  this  book,  for  the  dissemination  of  the  Cape  or 
Alexander  grape,  and  as  one  of  the  pioneer  vinej'ardists  and  wine-makers  of  the  X'ew  World. 
2 


1 8  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

yard,  when  that  country  belonged  to  the  French,  and  were  afterwards 
ordered  by  the  French  government  to  destroy  it,  for  fear  the  culture  of  the 
grapes  should  spread  in  America  and  hurt  the  wine  trade  of  France.  As  I 
had  seen  but  discouraging  plantations  of  vines  on  that  side  of  the  Alleghany, 
and  as  the  object  of  my  journey  to  America,  was  purposely  to  learn  what 
could  be  done  in  that  line  of  business ;  I  was  desirous  to  see  if  the  west  would 
afford  more  encouragement.  I  resolved  therefore  on  a  visit  to  see  if  any 
remains  of  the  Jesuits'  vines  were  still  in  being,  and  what  sort  of  grapes 
they  were;  supposing  very  naturally,  that  if  they  had  succeeded  as  well  as 
tradition  reported,  some  of  them  might  possibly  be  found  in  some  of  the 
gardens  there.  But  I  found  only  the  spot  where  that  vineyard  had  been 
planted,  in  a  well  selected  place,  on  the  side  of  a  hill  to  the  north  east  of 
the  town,  under  a  cliff.  No  good  grapes,  however  were  found  either 
there,  or  in  any  of  the  gardens  of  the  country.  *  *  *  In  my 
journeying  down  the  Ohio,  I  found  at  Marietta  a  Frenchman,  who  was 
making  several  barrels  of  wine  everv  year,  out  of  grapes  that  were  growing 
wild,  and  abundantly,  on  the  heads  of  the  Islands  of  the  Ohio  River,  known 
by  the  name  of  Sand  grapes,  because  they  grow  best  on  the  gravels;  a 
few  plants  of  which  are  now  growing  in  one  of  our  vineyards,  given  by 
the  Harmonites  under  the  name  of  red  juice.  *  *  *  The  various 
attempts  at  vineyards  that  I  heard  of,  which  I  went  to  see,  at  Monti- 
cello,  President  Jefferson's  place;  which,  in  1799,  I  perceived  had  been 
abandoned,  or  left  without  any  care  for  three  or  four  years  before,  which 
proved  evidently,  that  it  had  not  been  profitable:  At  Spring  Mill,  on  the 
Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia,  planted  by  Mr.  Legaux,  a  French  gentleman, 
and  afterwards  supported  by  a  wealthy  Society  formed  by  subscription  at 
that  City,  for  the  express  purpose  of  trying  to  extend  the  culture  of  the 
grape.  I  saw  that  vineyard  in  1796,  1799  and  1806.  On  the  estate  of  Mr. 
Caroll,  of  CaroUton,  below  Baltimore,  in  Maryland;  whither  I  went  on 
purpose  from  Philadelphia  in  1796,  there  was  a  small  vineyard  kept  by  a 
French  vinedresser,  and  where  they  had  tried  a  few  sorts  of  the  indigenous 
grapes.  At  the  Southern  Liberties  of  Philadelphia,  I  saw  in  1806,  a  planta- 
tion of  a  large  assortment  of  the  best  species  of  French  grapes;  which  a 
French  vinedresser  had  brought  over  the  Atlantic.  They  were  at  their  2d 
or  3d  years:  they  had  not  been  attacked  by  the  sickness:  their  nurse  was 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  1 9 

yet  full  of  hope. — In  1796,  I  saw  also,  near  the  Susquehannah  river,  not  far 
from  Middletown,  a  vineyard  that  had  been  planted  by  a  German;  but  who 
having  died  sometime  Vjefore,  the  vineyard  had  been  wholly  neglected.  I 
was  told,  it  had  produced  some  wine;  but  it  had  suffered  so  much  delapi- 
dation,  that  I  could  not  recognize  the  species  of  grapes." 

With  full  knowledge  of  the  failures  of  the  past  in  growing  grapes, 
and  after  his  disheartening  visits  to  a  score  or  more  of  worthless  vineyards 
planted  with  the  grapes  of  his  native  country,  Dufour  embarked  in  the 
Kentucky  Vineyard  Society  enterprise  and  gave  the  Old  World  grapes  a 
thorough  trial  on  an  extensive  scale,  with  an  abundance  of  capital,  and, 
to  care  for  the  vines,  as  skilled  labor  as  could  be  obtained  in  the  vine- 
yards of  Europe.  As  was  the  case  with  all  past  undertakings  of  the  kind 
so  this  one  proved  a  failure.  In  the  words  of  Dufour  "a  sickness  took 
hold  of  all  otir  vines  except  a  few  stocks  of  Cape  and  Madeira  grapes." 
The  promoters  became  disheartened  and  the  vineyard  after  being  cultivated 
for  several  years  was  abandoned. 

Members  of  the  colony,  thinking  that  a  more  favorable  location  might 
be  found  elsewhere  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  settled  at  Vevay,  Indiana,  in 
1802.  Dufotir  and  several  of  his  relatives  were  granted  the  privilege  of 
purchasing  lands  with  extended  credit  by  an  act  of  Congress  May  ist,  1802. 
They  purchased  2500  acres  at  the  location  of  the  new  colony  in  Indiana 
and  began  anew  the  culture  of  the  vine.  For  a  time  there  was  an  element 
of  prosperitv  in  the  enterprise  but  the  vines  became  diseased  and  died, 
onh'  one  sort,  the  Cape  or  Alexander,  gave  returns  for  the  care  bestowed 
and  by  1835  the  Vevay  vineyards  ceased  to  exist.  Could  Dufour  have 
foreseen  the  value  of  the  native  grapes  for  cultivation  and  dcT'oted  the 
capital  and  energy  spent  on  European  sorts  to  the  best  wild  plants  from 
the  woods,  grape  culture  in  America  would  have  been  put  forward  half  a 
century. 

Other  experiments  with  Old  World  grapes  were  tried  in  1803  by  the 
Harmonists,  a  religious-socialistic  community  founded  in  Germany,  but 
which  finally  settled  in  America.  After  temporary  sojourns  in  other  settle- 
ments, the  Harmonists  founded  a  permanent  colony  in  Pennsylvania  near 
Pittsburg.  Here  they  planted  ten  acres  of  European  grajjes  and  grew 
them  with  but  temporary  success,  if  any,  for  Dufour  in  1826  visited  the 


20  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

colony  and  says:  "None  of  the  imported  grapes  do  well  there  except  the 
Black  Juice,  of  which  I  saw  but  one  plant;  it  is  too  small  a  bearer  to  be 
worth  nursing."'  Again  there  was  disaster  to  an  extensive  experiment  in 
the  hands  of  skilled  men.  Besides  having  tried  grape  culture  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Harmonists  made  plantations  at  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  where 
they  settled  for  a  time;  but  exact  accounts  of  this  experiment  are  wanting. 

One  other  of  the  many  organized  attempts  to  grow  the  foreign  grapes 
needs  mention.  When  the  Napoleonic  wars  were  over  a  number  of  Bona- 
parte's exiled  officers  came  to  America.  They  were  impoverished,  and 
in  order  to  help  them,  as  well  as  to  insure  their  becoming  permanent  settlers 
in  the  United  States,  the  exiles  were  organized  by  American  sympathizers 
into  a  society  for  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  and  the  olive.  The  society 
was  organized  in  the  early  fall  of  1816  in  Philadelphia  and  the  remainder 
of  the  year  was  spent  in  prospecting  for  a  suitable  location  for  the  venture. 
The  colony  finally  decided  to  settle  on  the  Tombigbee  river  in  Alabama 
and  petitioned  Congress  for  a  grant  of  land  in  that  region.  In  the  end 
the  refugees  obtained  a  grant  from  Congress  of  four  contiguous  townships, 
each  six  miles  square-  for  the  culture  of  the  vine  and  the  olive. 

In  1817,  an  installment  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  French  settlers  left 
Philadelphia  taking  with  them  an  assortment  of  grape  and  olive  plants. 
December  12,  1821,  Charles  Villars,  one  of  the  company,  reported  to  the 
American  government^  that  there  were  then  in  the  colony  eighty-one  actual 
planters,  327  persons  all  told,  with  iioo  acres  in  full  cultivation,  including 
10,000  vines  and  that  the  company  had  spent  about  $160,000  in  the  venture. 
Villars  tells  in  full  of  the  ups  and  downs  of  the  Society.  It  was  apparent 
from  the  start  that  the  olive  could  not  be  grown.  The  history  of  the  vine- 
yards on  the  Tombigbee,  as  he  tells  it,  is  but  a  record  of  misfortune.  All 
efforts  to  cultivate  the  foreign  vines  resulted  only  in  failure.  The  few  vines 
that  the  vintners  made  grow  yielded  a  scant  crop  of  miserable  quality  which 
could  not  be  made  into  wine  because  of  ripening  in  the  heat  of  summer. 
The  land  was  not  adapted  to  growing  grapes.  The  Society,  meeting  failure 
at  every  tm-n,  finally  disbanded  and  the  colonists  were  scattered.     For  a 


'  Dufour,  John  James.      Vine  Dresser's  Guide:  307.      1S26. 

^  U.  S.  Statutes  at  Large.  3:374. 

^  American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  3  :3o6. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  21 

half  century  after,  there  were  records  in  the  southern  agricultural  literature 
of  the  attempts  of  stragglers  or  descendants  of  this  colony  to  grow  European 
grapes  in  the  South.  Yet  these  grapes  are  not  now  cultivated  in  this 
region,  which  seemingly  has  the  climate  and  the  soil  of  France. 

The  history  of  these  French  settlers  on  the  Tombigbee  is  a  most  pathetic 
one.'  Many  of  the  leaders  had  been  officers  of  high  rank  in  Napoleon's  armies 
unaccustomed  to  field  work  and  the  hardships  of  a  new  country.  Here, 
in  a  rough  and  hardly  explored  country,  part  of  which  was  overflowed  half 
of  the  year,  visited  by  all  the  sicknesses  inherent  to  such  a  location,  they 
passed  several  years  in  their  attempts  to  grow  European  grapes.  Failure 
was  predestined  because  of  natural  obstacles  which  by  this  time  were 
apparent,  and  was  foreshadowed  by  so  many  previous  unsuccessful  attempts 
that  it  would  seem  that  this  culminating  tragedy  in  growing  European 
grapes  could  have  been  prevented.  The  certain  failure  of  the  attempt 
makes  all  the  more  pathetic  the  story  of  the  Vine  and  Olive  Colony  on  the 
Tombigbee.^ 

In  closing  the  record  of  the  Old  World  grape  in  America  a  few  of  the 
later  individual  attempts  to  grow  this  grape  must  be  recounted. 

Three  generations  of  Princes  experimented  with  European  grapes  at  the 
famous  Linnsean  Botanic  Garden,  Flushing,  Long  Island.     Wm.  R.  Prince' 


'  For  fuller  accounts  of  this  dramatic  episode  in  French  and  American  history,  and  in  .American 
agriculture,  see:  The  Napoleonic  Exiles  in  America,  J.  S.  Reeves,  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies, 
23  Series,  pp.  530-656;  The  Bonapartists  in  Alabama,  .A.  B.  Lyon,  Cidf  State  Historical  Magazine, 
March,  1903;  The  French  Grant  in  Alabama,  G.  Whitfield  Jr.,  Ala.  Hist.  Soc,  Vol.  IV-  Tlte  Vine 
and  Olive  Colony,  T.  C.  McCorvey,  Alabama  Historical  Reports,  April,  1885. 

-  The  last  official  account  of  this  colony  in  the  records  of  the  United  States  Government  is  found 
in  American  State  Papers,  Vol.  III.  "  In  a  letter  of  Frederick  Ravesies  to  the  treasury  department 
dated  January  18,  1828,  is  the  following:  '  We  have  suiTered  severely  from  the  unparalleled  drought 
of  the  last  summer;  many  of  our  largest  and  finest  looking  vines,  which  had  just  commenced  bearing 
luxuriantly,  were  totally  killed  by  the  dry  hot  weather.  Yet,  notwithstanding  this  misfortune,  the 
grantees,  with  increased  diligence,  are  using  every  exertion  to  procure  others  which  are  thought  to 
be  more  congenial  to  the  soil  and  climate,  and  are  now  generally  engaged  in  replanting.'  '  Quoted 
from  Studies  in  SoiUliern  and  Alabama   History,   1904:131. 

^  William  Robert  Prince,  fourth  proprietor  of  the  Prince  Nursery  and  Linnaean  Botanic  Garden 
Flushing,  Long  Island,  was  born  in  1795  and  died  in  1869.  Prince  was  without  question  the  most  capa- 
ble horticulturist  of  his  time  and  an  economic  botanist  of  note.  His  love  of  horticulture  and  botany 
was  a  heritage  from  at  least  three  paternal  ancestors,  all  noted  in  these  branches  of  science,  and  all 
of  whom  he  apparently  surpassed  in  mental  capacity,  intellectual  training  and  energy.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer,  being  the  author  of  three  horticultural  works  which  will  always  take  high  rank  among 


22  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

author  of  -4  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  devoted  his  hfe  to  promoting  the  culture 
of  the  grape  in  America.  He  tried  all  of  the  European  sorts  obtainable, 
"  reared  "  as  he  tells  us,  "  from  plants  imported  direct  from  the  most  cele- 
brated collections  in  France,  Germany,  Italy,  the  Crimea,  Madeira,  etc. ; 
and  above  two  hundred  varieties  are  the  identical  kinds  which  were  culti- 
vated at  the  Royal  Garden  of  the  Luxembourg  at  Paris,  an  establishment 
formed  by  royal  patronage  for  the  purpose  of  concentrating  all  the  most 
valuable  fruits  of  France,  and  testing  their  respective  merits."'  After 
nearly  a  half  century  of  experimentation  he  gave  up  the  culture  of  foreign. 
grapes  and  largely  devoted  the  last  years  of  his  life  to  growing  and  dissemi- 
nating native  varieties,  exercising,  probably,  a  greater  influence  on  the 
culture  of  American  grapes  than  any  other  of  the  many  men  who  have 
helped  improve  the  grapes  of  this  country. 

Nicholas  Longworth,'  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  experimented  with  the 
European  grapes  for  thirty  years.  His  experience  is  best  told  in  his  own 
words  written  in  1846:  "  I  have  tried  the  foreign  grapes  extensively  for 
wine  at  great  expense  for  many  years,  and  have  abandoned  them  as  unfit 
for  our  climate.     In  the  acclimation  of  plants  I  do  not  believe.     The  white, 


those  of  Prince's  time.  These  were:  A  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  Pomological  Manual,  in  two  volumes, 
and  the  Manual  of  Roses,  beside  which  he  was  a  lifelong  contributor  to  the  horticultural  press.  All 
of  Prince's  writings  are  characterized  by  a  clear,  vigorous  style  and  by  accuracy  in  statement.  His 
works  are  almost  wholly  lacking  the  ornate  and  pretentious  furbelows  of  most  of  his  contemporaries 
though  it  must  be  confessed  that  he  fell  into  the  then  common  fault  of  following  European  writers 
somewhat  slavishly.  During  the  lifetime  of  Wm.  R.  Prince,  and  that  of  his  father  Wm.  Prince,  who 
died  in  1842,  the  Prince  Nursery  at  Flushing  was  the  center  of  the  horticultural  nursery  interests  of 
the  country ;  it  was  the  clearing-house  for  foreign  and  American  horticultural  plants,  for  new  varieties 
and  for  information  regarding  plants  of  all  kinds. 

'Prince,  Wm.  R.   .4  Treatise  on  the  Vine:  337.      1830. 

'  Nicholas  Longworth,  known  as  the  '  father  of  American  grape  culture  ",  was  born  in  1783, 
in  Newark,  New  Jersey.  At  an  early  age  he  went  West  making  his  home  in  Cincinnati  where  he 
became  a  lawyer,  banker,  and  a  man  of  large  business  affairs  in  what  was  then  the  far  frontier.  From 
his  boyhood  Longworth  w.-iS  interested  in  horticulture  and  as  a  young  man  became  greatly 
interested  in  native  grapes.  He  was  one  of  the  men  to  whom  John  Adlum  sent  the  Catawba  and  he 
became  its  disseminator  and  a  promoter  for  the  region  in  which  he  lived,  making  this  grape  the  first 
great  American  grape  and  Cincinnati  the  center  of  the  foremost  grape-growing  region  of  the  Continent. 
He  was  the  first  vineyardist  to  make  wine  on  a  Jarge  scale  and  perfected  methods  of  making  wine 
from  the  native  grapes  so  that  the  product  was  comparable  to  that  from  the  best  wine  cellars  of 
Europe.  Longworth  introduced  the  first  cultivated  variety  of  the  wild  black  raspberry,  Riibus 
occidcntalis.  under  the  name  of  the  Ohio  Everbearing.  His  interest  in  the  strawberry  was  second 
only  to  that  in  the  grape  and  he  not  only  did  much  to  encourage  its  cultivation  in  America  but  also, 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  23 

Sweetwater  grape  is  not  more  hardy  with  me  than  it  was  thirty  years  since, 
and  does  not  bear  as  well.  I  have  tried  them  in  all  soils  and  with  all 
exposures. 

"  I  obtained  5,000  plants  from  Madeira,  10,000  from  France;  and  one-half 
of  them,  consisting  of  twenty  varieties  of  the  most  celebrated  wine  grapes 
from  the  mountains  of  Jura,  in  the  extreme  northern'  part  of  France,  where 
the  vine  region  ends;  I  also  obtained  them  from  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  Bor- 
deaux, and  from  Germany.  I  went  to  the  expense  of  trenching  one  hundred 
feet  square  on  a  side  hill,  placing  a  layer  of  stone  and  gravel  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  drain  to  carry  ofE  the  water,  and  to  put  in  a  compost  of  rich  soil  and 
sand  three  feet  deep,  and  planted  on  it  a  great  variety  of  foreign  wine  grapes. 
All  failed ;  and  not  a  single  plant  is  left  in  my  vineyards.  I  would  advise  the 
cultivation  of  native  grapes  alone,  and  the  raising  of  new  varieties  from 
their  seed."^ 

The  French  Revolution  drove  a  wealthy  and  educated  Frenchman,  M. 
Parmentier,  to  New  York  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.  He 
planted  about  his  place  in  Brooklyn  a  large  garden  in  which  there  were 
many  grapes.  This  garden  afterward  became  a  commercial  nursery  from 
which  was  distributed  a  considerable  number  of  European  grapes.  Mr. 
Robert  Underbill  at  Croton  Point  on  the  Hudson  was  induced  to  plant  a 
vineyard  of  these  but  they  soon  went  the  way  of  all  their  kind,  leaving 
Mr.  Underbill  only  a  consuming  desire  to  plant  grapes.  This  desire  bore 
fruit,  as  we  shall  see.  When  the  reign  of  terror  had  ceased,  Parmentier 
returned  to  France  from  whence  he  sent  many  grapes  to  friends  in  America. 


after  a  long  controversy  with  horticulturists  and  botanists,  fully  established  the  fact  that  many 
varieties  of  this  fruit  are  infertile  with  themselves  and  that  under  cultivation  infertile  varieties  must 
have  sorts  planted  near  them  capable  of  cross-pollinating  them.  Longworth  took  a  deep  interest 
in  horticulture  generally  and  gathered  about  him  a  group  of  pioneer  horticulturists  who  did  much 
for  American  fruit-growing  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century,  in  many  respects  molding  and 
guiding  the  horticulture  of  that  time  in  this  country.  Longworth  wrote  much  for  the  contemporary 
horticultural  magazines  and  published  two  small  books,  "  The  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  and  Manu- 
facture of  Wine"  and  "  Character  and  Habits  of  the  Strawberry  Plant."  He  died  in  1863,  aged  80, 
at  Cincinnati,  one  of  the  most  distinguished,  enterprising  and  wealthy  citizens  of  his  State.  For 
further  discussion  of  his  life  see  Bailey's  Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits:  61-65.      1898. 

'Probably  the  northern  part  of  the  vine  region  of  France;  the  Jura  mountains  are  in  the  east 
central  part. 

-  Transactions  New   York  State  Agricultural  Society,  6:689.      1846. 


24  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

He  left  a  lasting  impress  on  the  horticulture  and  viticulture  of  America, 
through  his  experimental  efforts  with  plants  and  his  contribution  to 
American  horticultural  literatuie.  The  Underhills  (the  father  had  been 
joined  by  his  sons  R.  T.  and  W.  A.  Underhill)  planted  a  vineyard  of 
Catawbas  and  Isabellas  in  1827.  These  vineyards  grew  until  they  covered 
seventy-five  acres,  the  product  of  which  was  marketed  in  the  metropolis 
and  nearby  cities.  The  grapes  from  this  vineyard  often  sold  for  twenty-five 
cents  a  pound  and  supplied  the  whole  market  of  the  region.  The  grape 
industry  of  the  Hudson  River  Valley  began  with  Parmentier  and  the 
Underhills. 

Another  Frenchman,  Alphonse  Loubat,  planted  a  vineyard  of  forty 
acres  at  Utrecht,  Long  Island,  containing  about  150,000  plants  of  foreign 
varieties.  Here,  we  are  told,  "  he  strove  against  mildew  and  sun-scald 
for  several  years,  but  had  to  yield  at  last,  as  the  elements  were  too  much 
for  human  exertions  to  overcome."'  Loubat  attempted  to  protect  his 
grapes  from  mildew  by  covering  them  with  paper  bags  and  was  probably 
the  originator  of  the  practice  of  baggmg  grapes. 

Not  infrequently  one  may  still  find  some  varieties  of  the  Old  World 
grape  grown  out  of  doors  with  a  fair  degree  of  success  in  favored  locations 
but  always  by  the  amateur  and  never  in  a  commercial  vineyard.  These 
few  pages  rehearsing  repeated  failures  without  a  single  success,  serve  to 
show  the  uselessness  of  attempting  to  grow  foreign  grapes  in  eastern  Amer- 
ica. Their  culture  has  been  tried  by  thousands  on  a  small  scale  and  by 
many  individuals  with  experience,  knowledge  and  capital  on  a  large  scale. 
With  all,  the  results  have  been  tlie  same;  a  year  or  two  of  promise,  then 
disease,  dead  vines  and  an  abandoned  vmeyard. 

The  causes  for  these  failures  have  been  indicated.  As  Dufour  savs, 
''  a  sickness  takes  hold  of  the  vines."  Phylloxera,  mildew,  rot  —  native 
parasites  to  which  native  grapes  are  comparatively  immune—  ''  take  hold  " 
of  the  foreign  sorts  and  they  die. 

It  is  probable,  too,  that  our  climate,  at  the  North  at  least,  is  not  well 
suited  to  the  production  of  the  Old  World  grape.  As  a  species,  the  Vinifera 
grapes  thrive  best  in  climates  equable  in  both  temperature  and  humidity. 


Fuller,  Andrew  S.  Record  of   Horticulture:  21.      1866. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  25 

The  climate  of  eastern  America  is  not  equal^le;  it  alternates  between  hot 
and  cold,  wet  and  dry.  The  range  in  both  temperature  and  humidity  is 
far  greater  than  in  the  grape-growing  regions  of  Europe,  California,  South 
Africa  or  Australia.  The  fleshy  roots  of  Viiis  vinifera  are  more  tender  to 
cold  than  are  those  of  the  species  of  northern  United  States  and  this  would 
prevent  its  culture  becoming  very  general  in  many  regions  where  native 
grapes  can  be  grown. 

It  is  only  in  the  regions  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  more  particu- 
larly in  California,  that  the  varieties  of  Vinifera  are  successfully  crrown  in 
America.  The  great  viticultural  interests  of  the  far  West  are  founded  upon 
the  success  of  this  one  species.  The  native  grapes  can  be  grown  but  they 
cannot  compete  in  California  with  Vitis  vinifera  for  any  purpose.  Never- 
theless American  species  are  indispensable  in  this  western  region  for  stocks 
upon  which  to  graft  the  Vinifera  varieties,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  time 
is  not  far  distant  when  all  California  vines  will  be  upon  American  roots. 
Within  the  boundaries  of  latitude  in  which  Vinifera  varieties  are  grown  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  grape  shows  wonderful  adaptability;  it  is  found 
at  all  elevations  permitting  fruit  culture;  it  grows  on  practically  all  soils;  it 
thrives  under  irrigation  or  under  dry  farming;  it  is  given  various  kinds  of 
treatment,  including  total  neglect,  and  still  thrives;  the  number  of  varieties 
grown  for  wine,  raisin  and  table  grapes  runs  into  hundreds.  The  truly 
wonderful  success  met  with  in  the  cultivation  of  this  species  west  of  the 
great  continental  divide  makes  all  the  more  remarkable  the  fact  that  in  no 
place  east  of  the  divide  will  varieties  of  it  thrive. 

We  now  pass  to  a  consideration  of  the  American  grapes,  their  characters, 
the  early  notices  of  them,  their  rise,  their  success,  and  their  future  —  a  more 
pleasing  task  than  to  record  disaster  after  disaster  in  growing  the  grape  of 
the  Old  World. 


26  THE    GR.\PES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CHAPTER  U 

AMERICAN  GRAPES 

The  grape  is  preeminently  a  North  American  plant.  The  genus  Vitis  is 
a  large  one,  from  thirty  to  fifty  species  being  distinguished  for  the  world; 
more  than  half  of  these  are  found  on  this  continent.  But  few  other  plants 
in  America,  or  in  the  world,  inhabit  such  varied  and  such  extended  areas.  In 
North  America  wild  grapes  aljound  on  the  warm,  dry  soils  of  New  Bnms- 
wick  and  New  England,  about  the  Great  Lakes  in  Canada  and  in  the  United 
States,  and  on  the  fertile  river  banks  and  in  the  valleys,  rich  woodlands 
and  thickets  of  the  eastern  and  southern  States.  They  thrive  in  the  dry 
woods,  sandy  sea-plains,  and  reef-keys  of  the  Carolinas,  Georgia  and  Florida 
where  the  vines  of  the  Scuppemong  often  run  more  than  a  hundred  feet 
over  trees  and  shrubs,  rioting  in  natural  luxuriance.  They  flourish  in  the 
mountains  and  limestone  hills  of  the  Virginias,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 
They  are  not  so  common  in  the  West,  yet  found  in  almost  all  parts  of  Mis- 
souri and  Arkansas,  and  from  North  Dakota  through  Kansas  to  southern 
Texas.  Some  wild  grape  is  found  in  each  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  States  on 
plain  or  mountain,  or  in  river  chasm  or  dr}-  canon.  Several  species  are 
found  in  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  California,  where  if  they  did  not  furnish 
the  Spanish  padres  of  Santa  Fe  and  San  Diego  with  fruit  for  wine,  they 
suggested  to  them  the  planting  of  the  first  successful  vineyards  in  the 
United  States. 

How  did  the  grape  spread  from  the  Carolinas  to  California  and  from 
subtropical  Mexico  to  the  barren  plains  of  Central  Canada?  Why  divide 
into  its  manifold  forms  in  the  distriluition?  These  questions  are  of  practical 
import  to  the  grape-grower  and  Ijreeder  who  seeks  to  improve  this  fruit. 
The  knowledge  of  the  distribution  and  evolution  of  plants  obtained  in  the 
last  half  century  is  so  complete  that  these  questions  present  few  difficulties 
to  the  naturalist  of  today.  In  answering  them  no  one  would  now  hold  that 
the  numerous  species  and  their  sub-divisions  were  created  separately  for 
the  regions  in  which  they  grow.  All  would  take  the  ground  that  the  differ- 
ent wild  forms  come  from  one  ancestral  species.  We  can  waive  the  question 
as  to  what  the  original  species  was  and  as  to  where  it  first  grew. 

It  is  certain  that  grapes  have  not  been  distributed  over  North  America 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  27 

by  the  hand  of  man.  Probably  they  have  been  growing  in  the  regions 
where  they  are  now  found  since  before  the  migration  of  the  first  savages. 
The  agents  of  distribution  have  been  natural  ones,  such  as  animals,  birds, 
and  lake  and  river  currents.  These  have  widened  the  area  of  a  species  to 
limits  imposed  by  the  hostile  action  of  other  plants  and  of  animals  and  by 
geographical  and  physical  conditions.  As  a  species  has  encroached  upon  a 
new  region,  climate,  soil,  all  of  the  conditions  of  environment,  and  the  con- 
test with  other  living  things,  have  gradually  modified  its  characters  until  in 
time  it  became  so  changed  that  it  constituted  a  new  species. 

This  descent  from  an  original  species  with  plants  changed  by  environ- 
ment has  given  us,  in  America,  types  of  the  wild  grape  as  widely  diverse  as 
the  regions  they  inhabit.  The  species  found  in  the  forests  have  developed 
long  slender  trunks  and  branches  in  their  struggle  to  attain  sunlight  and 
air.  At  least  two  species  are  dwarf  and  shrubby,  or  infrequently  climbing, 
two  to  six  feet  high,  growing  in  dry  sands,  on  rocky  hills  and  mountains 
where  roots  must  cling  to  rocks  and  penetrate  into  interstices.  Still  another 
form  runs  on  the  ground  and  over  low  bushes  and  is  nearly  evergreen, 
but  in  the  herbarium  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  a  grape  whose  habit 
of  growth  is  strikingly  different.  Some  are  long-lived,  growing  and  bearing 
fruit  for  two  or  more  centuries,  while  others  reach  no  greater  age  than  the 
ordinary  shrub.  Some  have  enormous  stems,  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter, 
gnarled  and  picturesque  and  supporting  a  great  canopy  of  branch  and 
foliage,'  while  others  are  slender  in  stem  and  graceful,  almost  delicate,  in 
character  of  vine.  Not  less  remarkable  than  the  differences  in  structure  is 
the  adaptability  of  the  genus  and  some  of  the  species  to  varied  climatic 
conditions.  Several  of  the  wild  grapes  develop  full  size  and  display  natural 
luxuriance  and  fruit-bearing  qualities  only  in  the  Middle  States,  but  may 


'  There  is  a  wild  grape  vine  (probably  Vitis  aestivalis)  near  Daphne,  Alabama,  on  the  shores  of 
Mobile  Bay,  known  as  the  "  General  Jackson  vine  "  because  of  General  Jackson  having  camped  under 
it  during  the  war  with  the  Seminole  Indians  in  1817-18,  which  for  age  and  size  is  truly  remarkable. 
Mr.  E.  Q.  Norton  of  Daphne  writes  of  this  vine  as  follows:  "  There  is  little  known  regarding  the 
Jackson  grape  vine  beyond  the  fact  that  the  oldest  man  living  here  when  I  came  here  —  20  years 
ago  —  told  me  that  the  Indians  told  him  when  he  came  here  as  a  boy  —  90  years  ago  —  that  the 
vine  was  at  that  time  an  old  one,  which  had  been  growing  longer  than  any  of  them  could  remember. 
It  was  27  inches  through  the  trunk,  four  feet  above  the  ground,  when  I  measured  it  ten  years  since, 
and  the  vines  were  running  over  the  surrounding  trees  for  many  rods.  The  grapes  were  very  small, 
quite  hard  and  not  very  juicy." 


28  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

be  found  on  dry,  gravelly,  wind-swept  hills  far  to  the  north  or  in  some  hot 
and  humid  atmosphere  of  the  South,  as  if  to  show  indifference  to  wet  or 
dry,  heat  or  cold. 

On  the  other  hand  there  are  many  strong  points  of  resemblance  between 
the  score  or  more  of  species.  The  organs  and  characters  that  do  not  bear 
the  strain  of  changed  environment,  nor  suffer  in  the  perpetual  warfare  of 
nature,  are  much  the  same  in  all  of  the  species  of  Vitis.  Thus  the  structure 
of  flowers,  fruits  and  seeds  is  practically  identical;  all  have  naked-tipped 
tendrils;  leaves  and  leaf -buds  are  very  similar;  and  the  various  species 
usually  hybridize  freely.  They  are  alike  in  the  unlikeness  of  individual 
plants  in  any  of  the  species;  that  is,  all  of  the  individuals  of  the  genus  are 
most  variable  and  seeds  taken  from  the  same  vine  may  produce  plants 
quite  unlike  one  another  and  quite  unlike  the  parent. 

These  few  facts  regarding  the  evolution  and  distribution  of  American 
grapes  lead  to  two  important  conclusions: 

First,  the  species  are  so  distributed  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  individuals  of  the  species  grow  in  such  abundance  and  luxuriance, 
as  to  suggest  that  we  shall  be'  able  to  improve  and  domesticate  some  one 
or  more  of  them  for  all  of  the  agricultural  regions  of  the  countr^^  For 
it  is  proved  that  nearly  all  of  the  wild  grapes  have  horticultural  possibilities; 
and  experience  with  many  plants  teaches  that  the  boundaries  of  areas 
inhabited  by  the  wild  species  of  a  given  region  coincide  with  those  suited 
to  the  production  of  the  domesticated  plant  in  that  region.  It  is  not  possible 
to  tell  where  the  grape-growing  regions  of  the  future  are  to  be  located; 
for  sjDecies  and  individuals  of  this  fruit  are  so  common  that  no  one  can 
say  where  the  grape  is  most  at  home  in  America. 

Second,  grapes  are  so  variable  and  plastic  in  nature  that,  were  it  not 
known  from  experience,  it  could  be  assumed  that  they  would  yield  readily 
to  improvement.  Besides  being  variable  they  hybridize  freely  and  thus 
the  plant-breeder  can  obtain  desirable  starting  points.  There  are  indica- 
tions that  some  of  the  characters  of  grapes,  at  least,  follow  Mendel's  Law, 
and  when  once  these  have  been  determined,  and  the  more  important  unit 
characters  segregated  and  defined,  it  ought  to  be  possible  to  combine  and 
rearrange  the  characters  of  this  fruit  with  some  system  and  surely  with 
more  certainty  than  in  the  past. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  2g 

This  brief  introduction  leads  us  to  the  consideration  of  American 
grapes  as  cultivated  plants.  We  have  seen  that  it  is  an  absolute  impossi- 
bility to  grow  the  Old  World  grape  in  eastern  America.  The  fruit-growers 
in  this  great  region  are  forced  to  plant  the  native  grapes  if  anv.  It  required 
two  hundred  years  to  establish  this  fact  and  it  is  less  than  a  Iiundred  years 
since  grape-growers  have  generally  acknowledged  it  as  a  fact.  What  was 
known  of  American  grapes  during  the  two  hundred  years  wasted  in  attempt- 
ing to  grow  the  foreign  Vinifera?  And  what  has  been  accomplished  in  a 
century  in  ameliorating  the  native  grapes? 

The  earliest  European  visitors  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  delighted  in 
the  wild  grapes  which  they  found  everywhere  and  which  reminded  them 
of  the  Old  World  vineyards.  Had  they  never  seen  such  a  fruit,  the  wild 
grapes  could  not  long  have  escaped  their  attention;  for  the  Indians  knew 
and  used  them  as  they  did  potatoes,  corn,  and  tobacco.  In  the  narratives 
of  the  early  voyages  the  grape  is  often  in  the  lists  of  the  resources  and 
treasures  of  the  new-found  continent.  Unfortunately  it  was  not  considered 
of  great  intrinsic  value  but  only  suggested  to  the  explorers  that  the  grape 
of  the  old  home  might  be  grown  in  the  new  home.  Could  a  part  of  the 
exaggerated  esteem  given  by  the  early  European  travelers  and  home- 
seekers  to  sassafras,  ginseng  and  other  such  plants,  have  been  bestowed  upon 
the  wild  grapes  which  over-run  the  country,  viticulture  would  have  taken 
rank  with  the  tobacco,  lumber  and  the  fish  industries  of  the  early  settlers. 

In  the  history  of  Vinland,  or  more  properly  Wineland,  we  find  the 
first  record  of  American  grapes.'       Biarni  Heriulfsson,  a  Norseman,  while 


'  The  following  is  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  grapes  in  Vinland  translated  from  the  Icelandic 
manuscript  by  Reeves: 

"  When  they  had  completed  their  house  Leif  said  to  his  companions,  '  I  propose  now  to  divide 
our  company  into  two  groups,  and  to  set  about  an  exploration  of  the  country;  one  half  of  our  party 
shall  remain  at  home  at  the  house,  while  the  other  half  shall  investigate  the  land,  and  they  must  not 
go  beyond  a  point  from  which  they  can  return  home  the  same  evening,  and  are  not  to  separate. 
Thus  they  did  for  a  time;  Leif  himself,  by  turns,  joined  the  exploring  party  or  remained  behind  at 
the  house.     *     *     * 

"  It  was  discovered  one  evening  that  one  of  their  party  was  missing,  and  this  proved  to  be  Tyrker> 
the  German.  Leif  was  sorely  troubled  by  this,  for  Tyrker  had  lived  with  Leif  and  his  father  for  a 
long  time,  and  had  been  very  devoted  to  Leif,  when  the  latter  was  a  child.  Leif  severely  reprimanded 
his  companions,  and  prepared  to  go  in  search  of  him,  taking  twelve  men  with  him.  They  had  pro- 
ceeded but  a  short  distance  from  the  house,  when  they  were  met  by  Tyrker,  whom  they  received 
most  cordially.     Leif  observed  at  once  that  his  foster-father  was  in  lively  spirits.     *     *     *     Leif 


30  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

making  a  voyage  from  Iceland  to  Greenland,  986  A.  D.,  was  driven  by  a 
storm  to  the  coast  of  New  England  but  did  not  touch  land.  Leif  the  Lt;cky, 
son  of  Eric  the  Red,  about  1000  A.  D.,  visited  the  country  discovered  by 
Biarni.  One  of  Leif's  men,  Tyrker,  a  German  who  "was  born  where  there 
is  no  lack  of  either  grapes  or  vines,"  discovered  grapes,  whereupon  Leif 
named  the  country  "  Wineland."  Other  Norsemen  in  at  least  two  expedi- 
tions visited  Wineland,  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  Rhode  Island  or  Massa- 
chusetts, and  for  centuries  after,  the  land  discovered  by  Leif  the  Lucky 
was  known  in  Icelandic  literature  as  "  Wineland  the  Good."  The  first 
European  to  touch  the  New  World  christened  it  after  its  grapes. 

The  next  record  we  have  of  American  grapes  comes  from  an  English- 
man, one  Captain  John  Hawkins,  who  visited  the  Spanish  settlements  in 
Florida  in  1565.'  In  his  account  of  the  colony  he  speaks  of  the  wild  grapes, 
comparing  them,  as  did  all  the  early  explorers,  with  those  of  Europe.  He 
indicates  further  that  the  Spaniards  had  discovered  the  value  of  the  wild 
grape  for  domestic  purposes  and  says  that  they  had  made  twenty  hogsheads 
of  wine  in  a  single  season.  It  is  almost  certain  that  this  grape  was  Viiis 
rotundifolia,  best  represented  by  the  Scuppernong,  which  is  commonly 
found  on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast  from  Maryland  to  Florida. 

The  first  English  colonists,  like  the  Norsemen,  declared  the  new-found 
world  to  be  a  natural  vineyard.  Amadas  and  Barlowe,  sent  out  by  Raleigh 
in  1584,  described  the  land=  "  so  full  of  grapes  as  the  very  beating  and  surge 
of  the  sea  overflowed  them,  of  which  we  found  such  plenty,  as  well  there  as 
in  all  places  else,  both  on  the  sand  and  on  the  green  soil,  on  the  hills  as  on 


addressed  him,  and  asked:  '  Wherefore  art  thou  so  belated,  foster-father  mine,  and  astray  from  the 
others  '  In  the  beginning  Tyrker  spoke  for  some  time  in  German,  rolling  his  eyes,  and  grinning, 
and  they  could  not  understand  him;  but  after  a  time  he  addressed  them  in  the  Northern  tongue;  '  I 
did  not  go  much  further  [than  you],  and  yet  I  have  something  of  novelty  to  relate.  I  have  found 
vines  and  grapes.'  '  Is  this  indeed  true,  foster-father?'  said  Leif.  '  Of  a  certainty  it  is  true  ',  quoth 
he,  '  for  I  was  born  where  there  is  not  lack  of  either  grapes  or  vines.'  They  slept  the  night  through, 
and  on  the  morrow  Leif  said  to  his  shipmates;  '  We  will  now  divide  our  labours,  and  each  day  will 
either  gather  grapes  or  cut  vines  and  fell  trees,  so  as  to  obtain  a  cargo  of  these  for  my  ship.'  They 
acted  upon  this  advice,  and  it  is  said,  that  their  after-boat  was  filled  with  grapes.  A  cargo  sufficient 
for  the  ship  was  cut,  and  when  the  spring  came,  they  made  their  ship  ready,  and  sailed  away;  and 
from  its  products  Leif  gave  the  land  a  name,  and  called  it  Wineland."  Finding  of  Wineland  the  Good: 
65.     Oxford  University  Press,  London,   1800. 

'  Winsor,  Justin.      Narrative  and  Critical   History  of  America,  Vol.  III;6i. 

'  First  Voyage  to  Virginia,    Hakluyt's   Voyages,  3;3oi-3o6. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  3^ 

the  plains,  as  well  as  on  every  little  shrub  as  also  climbing  towards  the 
top  of  high  cedars,  that  I  think  in  all  the  world  the  like  abundance  is  not 

to  be  found." 

Ralph  Lane,  in  a  subsequent  expedition  of  Raleigh's,  in  a  letter  to 
Hakluyt,  pronounced  the  grapes  of  Virginia  to  be  larger  than  those  of 
France,  Spain  or  Italy.' 

The  region  described  by  Amadas  and  Barlowe  is  that  of  the  two  great 
sounds,  Albemarle  and  Pamlico,  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  and  more 
specifically  Roanoke  Island.  It  was  to  this  place  that  Raleigh  sent  his 
expeditions,  with  one  of  which  Amadas  and  Barlowe  were  connected,  and 
established  the  earliest  colony  of  Englishmen  in  the  New  World.  The 
first  home  of  Europeans  in  America  was  in  Vinland,  named  for  its  grapes. 
The  first  home  of  Englishmen  was  on  Roanoke  Island,  "so  full  of  grapes 
that  the  very  sea  overflowed  them." 

A  few  years  later,  Thomas  Hariot,  in  a  description  of  Virginia  which 
must  have  done  much  to  decide  the  English  as  to  the  advisability  of  estab- 
lishing colonies  in  America,  gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  merchantable 
commodities  the  new  countries  afforded.  Among  these  he  mentions  grapes 
which  he  describes  as  being  of  two  kinds  that  the  soil  yields  naturally  and 
abundantly,  of  which  one  was  small  and  sour  and  of  the  bigness  of  the 
European  grape  while  the  other  was  of  greater  size  and  more  sweet  and 
luscious.  Hariot  concludes  his  description  with  the  statement  that  "when 
they  are  planted  and  husbanded  as  they  ought,  a  principal  commodity  of 

wine  may  be  raised." - 

Of  the  later  accounts  given  of  grapes  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas 
by  the  colonizers  and  adventurers  of  the  seventeenth  century  there  are 
so  many  that  it  is  impossible  to  present  all  and  difficult  to  sort  out  those 
most  apt,      A  few  more  may  be  given : 

Captain  John  Smith,  soldier,  colonizer  and  Virginian  planter,  writing 
in  1606  describes  two  sorts  of  wild  grapes.  He  says:^  "Of  vines  great 
abundance  in  many  parts  that  climbe  the  toppes  of  highest  trees  in  some 
places,  but  these  beare  but  few  grapes.      Except  by  the  rivers  and  savage 

'  Hakluyt' s  Voyages,  3  13 1 1 . 

2  Discourse  of  Thomas  Hariot,    Hakliiyt's   Voyages,  3:326. 

^Smith's   History  of   Virginia,   1:122   (1629)   Reprint  1819. 


32  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

habitations,  where  they  are  not  overshadowed  from  the  sunne,  they  are 
covered  with  fruit,  though  never  pruined  nor  manured.  Of  those  hedge 
grapes  we  made  neere  twentie  gallons  of  wine,  which  was  like  our  French 
Brittish  wine,  but  certainely  they  would  prove  good  were  they  well  manured. 
There  is  another  sort  of  grape  neere  as  great  as  a  Cherry,  this  they 
[Indians]  call  Mcssamins,  they  be  fatte,  and  the  juyce  thicke.  Neither 
doth  the  taste  so  well  please  when  they  are  made  in  wine." 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  first  English  colonist  in  the  New  World 
noticed  that  the  vines  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Indian  habitations  and  along 
the  edges  of  creeks,  rivers  and  swamps,  where  not  overshadowed  from  the 
sun,  were  covered  with  fruit.  The  statement  of  this  fact,  coupled  with  the 
one  following,  "  but  certainely  they  would  prove  good  were  they  well 
manured,"  indicates  that  the  possibility  of  successful  cultivation  of  the 
wild  grapes  was  considered  at  this  early  time.  In  fact,  as  we  have  seen, 
Lord  Delaware  at  once  sought  to  test  the  virtues  of  the  native  grapes  by 
bringing  over  a  number  of  French  vine-dressers,  who  not  only  planted  cut- 
tings imported  from  Europe  but  proceeded  at  once  to  transplant  the  vine 
of  the  country.'  A  few  years  later,  according  to  Bruce,  Sir  Thomas  Dale 
"  established  a  vineyard  at  Henrico  not  long  after  the  foundation  of  that 
settlement,  covering  an  area  of  three  acres,  in  which  he  planted  the  vines 
of  the  native  grape  for  the  purpose  of  testing  their  adaptability  to  the  pro- 
duction of  wines  that  could  be  substituted  for  those  of  France  and  Spain.  "^ 

Francis  Maguel,  who  visited  Virginia  in  1609,  stated  that  the  wine  made 
in  the  colony  reminded  him  of  the  Alicante  which  he  had  drunk  in  Spain.' 

The  first  Secretary  of  the  Colony,  William  Strachey,  was  somewhat 
fulsome  in  his  praise  of  the  new  found  fruit.  Writing^  in  16 10,  he  says  that 
the  vines  burden  every  bush,  climb  to  the  top  of  the  highest  trees  and  are 
always  full  of  clusters  of  grapes  though  never  pruned  or  manured.  He 
declares  that  the  grapes  are  as  good  as  those  to  be  found  between  Paris 
and  Amiens  and  that  the  wine  made  by  the  settlers  from  the  wild  grapes 
was  equal  to  French  or  British  wine,   "  being  strong  and  headdy."       In 


'  Works  of  Capt.  John  Smith,  p.  502. 

"  Bruce,  Philip  Alexander.     Economic  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century,  Vol.  i  :2i9. 
1896. 

'Report  of  Francis  Maguel,  Spanish  Archives,  Brown's  Genesis  of  tite   United  States :  395.      1610. 
*  Tlic  History  of  Travailc  into  Virginia:  120.      1610,  printed  1849. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  33 

closing  his  description  he  states  that  by  art  and  industry  skillful  vignerons 
could  bring  viticulture  unto  such  perfection  as  will  enable  the  colony  to 
export  wine  to  the  mother  country. 

An  anonymous  writer  in  1649,  who  sets  out  to  give  a  "  full  and  true 
relation  of  the  present  state  of  the  plantations,  their  health,  peace  and 
plenty,"  etc.,  etc.,  thought  that  the  colony  needed  only  some  one  to  set 
an  example  to  the  ordinary  settlers  to  induce  them  to  grow  grapes.  This 
writer  says:  "  Vines  in  abundance  and  variety,  do  grow  naturally  over  all 
the  land,  but  bv  the  birds  and  beasts,  most  devoured  before  they  come  to 
perfection  and  ripenesse;  but  this  testifies  and  declares.  That  the  Ground, 
and  the  Climate  is  most  proper,  and  the  Commodity  of  Wine  is  not  a  con- 
temptible Merchandize;  but  some  men  of  worth  and  estate  must  give  in 
these  things  example  to  the  inferior  inhabitants  and  ordinary  sort  of  men, 
to  shew  them  the  gain  and  Commodity  by  it,  which  they  will  not  believe 
but  by  experience  before  their  faces:" ' 

A  hundred  years  later,  according  to  Beverly,  the  grape  was  scarcely 
cultivated,  the  masses  of  the  people  being  content  with  the  fruit  of  the  wild 
vines  which  grew  everywhere  in  the  forest.  So  far  as  is  known  there  were 
in  Beverly's  time,  1722,  no  named  varieties  and  there  had  been  no  efforts 
to  improve  the  wild  grapes  in  any  way.  There  are  no  indications  from 
the  early  writings  to  show  that  the  Virginian  settlers  even  knew  how  to 
propagate  grapes.  The  reason  for  this  neglect  is  largely  to  be  sought  for 
in  the  last  sentence  in  the  subjoined  footnote  from  Beverly .=      This  neglect 


'  Anonymous.     A  Perfect  Description  of  Virginia.     1649,  Peter  Force's  Tracts,  Vol.  II,  1838. 

^  "  Grape  vines  of  the  English  stock,  as  well  as  those  of  their  own  production,  bear  most  abundantly, 
if  they  are  suffered  to  run  near  the  ground,  and  increase  very  kindly  by  slipping;  yet  very  few  have 
them  at  all  in  their  gardens,  much  less  endeavor  to  improve  them  by  cutting  or  laying.  But  since 
the  first  impression  of  this  book,  some  vineyards  have  been  attempted,  and  one  is  brought  to  per- 
fection, of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  a  year.  The  wine  drinks  at  pr^jsent  greenish,  but  the  owner 
doubts  not  of  good  wine,  in  a  year  or  two  more,  and  takes  great  delight  that  way. 

"  When  a  single  tree  happens  in  clearing  the  ground,  to  be  left  standing,  with  a  vine  upon  it,  open 
to  the  sun  and  air,  that  vine  generally  produces  as  much  as  four  or  five  others,  that  remain  in  the 
woods.  I  have  seen  in  this  case,  more  grapes  upon  one  single  vine,  than  would  load  a  London  cart. 
And  for  all  this,  the  people  till  of  late  never  removed  any  of  them  into  their  gardens,  but  contented 
themselves  throughout  the  whole  country  with  the  grapes  they  found  thus  wild."  Beverly,  Robert. 
The  History  of  Virgi)iia  :   260.      1722,  Reprint,   1855. 


34  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

was  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  from  the  first  the  settlers  had  noted  that  when 
the  vines  were  open  to  the  sun  the  crop  was  improved. 

In  the  northern  colonies,  as  in  Virginia,  about  the  first  object  to  attract 
the  attention  of  the  early  settlers  was  the  wild  grape.  The  grape,  possibly 
more  than  any  other  natural  product  of  the  soil,  is  mentioned  in  the  pre- 
liminary surveys  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  as  offering  reasonable  ground  for  the 
expectation  that  American  soils  would  furnish  all  of  the  supplies  necessary 
for  the  sustenance  and  comfort  of  settlers.  A  few  statements  from  the 
early  explorers  and  visitors  in  the  Middle  and  New  England  States  will 
serve  to  show  how  plentiful  wild  grapes  were  in  these  regions  and  the  esti- 
mation in  which  they  were  held. 

In  Delaware,  Beauchamp  Plantagenet,  describing  a  "Uvedale  under 
Websneck,"  in  his  account  of  New  Albion,  says  that  it  contains  "  four  sorts 
of  excellent  great  vines  running  on  mulberry  and  sassafras  trees;  there  are 
four  sorts  of  grapes,  the  first  is  the  Thoulouse  Muscat,  sweet  scented,  tlie 
second  the  great  fox  and  thick  grape,  after  five  months  reaped  being 
boiled  and  salted,  and  well  fined,  it  is  a  strong  red  Xeres;  the  third  a  light 
Claret,  the  fourth  a  white  grape  creeps  on  the  land,  maketh  a  pure  gold 
color  white  wine;  Tenis  Pale,  the  Frenchman,  of  these  four  made  eight 
sorts  of  excellent  wine,  and  of  the  Muscat  acute  boiled  that  the  second 
draught  will  fox '  a  reasonable  pate  four  months  old :  and  here  may  be 
gathered  and  made  two  hundred  ton  in  the  vintage  month,  and  replanted 
will  mend." 

In  New  England  the  seventeenth  century  notices  of  the  wild  grape  are 
even  more  numerous  than  similar  records  to  the  south  luit  they  are  briefer 
and  the  northern  observer  did  not  recognize  the  possibilities  of  their  domes- 
tic use  and  of  bringing  them  under  cultivation.  This  seeming  neglect  of 
the  Puritans  was  not  because  the  northern  wild  grapes  are  inferior  to  those 
of  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas,  but  more  likely  because  of  the  social  and 
industrial  conditions  of  the  colonists.  The  richer  planters  in  the  South 
had  time  for  wine-making,  the  only  purpose  for  which  grapes  were  then 
grown,  and  for  growing  the  grapes.  The  New  Englanders  had  to  struggle 
for  the  necessities  of  life. 


'  "  Will  fox,"  i.  e.  intoxicate.     See  footnote  on  page  4. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  35 

It  is  significant,  too,  that  the  Southerners  were  fond  of  wine,  and 
imported  Madeira  in  large  quantities.  In  New  England,  rum  seems  to 
have  been  preferred  to  wine,  and  as  its  manufacture  from  molasses  is  very 
simple  and  the  latter  was  to  be  had  from  the  West  Indies  at  small  cost, 
wine-making  and  grape-growing  received  small  attention. 

Yet  nearlv  all  of  the  writers  on  the  resources  of  the  New  England  Colo- 
nies mentioned  grapes.  Thus  Governor  Edward  Winslow  writing  in  162 1 
of  the  country  in  which  the  Puritans  had  found  a  home  says:  "here  are 
grapes,  white  and  red,  and  very  sweet  and  strong  also."  We  have  seen 
that  Winthrop  was  so  impressed  with  the  possibility  of  grape-growing  in 
the  new  colony  that  he  secured  a  grant  of  Governor's  Island  in  Boston 
Harbor  upon  which  to  plant  a  vineyard.  In  Thomas  Morton's  New  English 
Canaan  is  found  the  best  account  of  the  wild  grapes  of  New  England  as 
the  Puritan  found  them.  He  says: '  "  Vines,  of  this  kinde  of  trees,  there 
are  that  beare  grapes  of  three  colours,  that  is  to  say:  white,  black,  and  red. 

"  The  Country  is  so  apt  for  vines,  that  (but  for  the  fire  at  the  spring  of 
the  yeare)  the  vines  would  so  over  spreade  the  land,  that  one  should  not  be 
able  to  passe  for  them,  the  fruit  is  as  bigg  of  some  as  a  musket  bullet,  and 
is  excellent  in  taste." 

John  Josselyn  in  Nczv  England's  Rarities,  speaks  of  a  grape  having  "  a 
taste  of  gunpowder,"  a  short  but  vivid  description  of  Vitis  lahrusca}  Wil- 
liam Wood  in  New  England's  Prospect  gives  still  another  account  of  the 
grapes  of  New  England.' 


'  New  English  Canaan,   1632.      Reprinted  in  Force's  Tracts,   1838. 

^  Vine,  much  differing  in  the  fruit,  all  of  them  very  fleshy,  some  reasonably  pleasant;  others 
have  a  taste  of  Gun  Powder,  and  these  grow  in  swamps,  and  low  wet  Grounds.  Josselyn,  John, 
Gent.    New  England's  Rarities:  66.     London,   1672. 

^  Speaking  of  the  Horne-bound  tree  (probably  hornbeam  from  his  description)  he  says:  "  This 
Tree  growing  with  broad  spread  Armes,  the  vines  winde  their  curling  branches  about  them;  wnich 
vines  affoard  great  store  of  grapes,  which  are  very  big  both  for  the  grape  and  Cluster,  sweet  and  good: 
these  be  of  two  sorts,  red  and  white,  there  is  likewise  a  smaller  kind  of  grape  which  groweth  in  the 
Islands  which  is  sooner  ripe  and  more  delectable;  so  that  there  is  no  knowne  reason  why  as  good  wine 
may  not  be  made  in  those  parts,  as  well  as  in  Biirdeiiax  in  France;  being  under  the  same  degree.  It 
is  a  great  pittie  no  man  sets  upon  such  a  venture,  whereby  he  might  in  small  time  inrich  himselfe, 
and  benefit  the  Countrie,  I  know  nothing  which  doth  hinder  but  want  of  skilfull  men  to  manage  such 
an  employment:  For  the  countrey  is  hot  enough,  the  ground  good  enough,  and  many  convenient 
hills  lye  towards  the  south  Sunne,  as  if  they  were  there  placed  for  the  purpose."  Wood,  William. 
New  England's  Prospect:  20.     London,  1634. 


36  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  references  given  are  sufficient  to  show  that  the  value  of  the  native 
grapes  as  a  source  of  food  and  for  wine  was  recognized  by  the  first  settlers 
in  practically  all  of  the  colonies  and  that  their  possibilities  as  cultivated 
pjants  were  considered  by  some  of  the  colonizers.  Yet  for  two  hundred 
years  there  were  no  zealous  efforts  made  to  cultivate  American  grapes. 
Indeed,  there  are  far  fewer  references  to  the  wild  grapes  of  the  country  in 
the  eighteenth  century  than  in  the  seventeenth.  The  reasons  for  this 
neglect  of  a  plant  which  could  so  easily  have  Ijeen  improved  by  cultiva- 
tion, and  this  must  have  been  apparent,  are  several.  During  all  of 
this  period  the  European  grape  was  being  tried  and  all  hopes  for 
viticulture  were  centered  about  it.  Again,  fruit  of  any  kind  was  not  a 
common  article  of  diet  with  Americans  until  even  so  recently  as  a  genera- 
tion ago,  and  native  grapes  are  dessert  fruits,  not  wine  fruits,  and  wine 
was  the  purpose  for  which  all  grapes  were  grown  until  the  Catawba,  the 
Concord  and  the  Delaware  whetted  the  appetites  of  fruit  eaters  for  a 
dessert  grape. 

In  the  historv  of  the  amelioration  of  the  American  grapes  we  can  skip  the 
period  from  the  early  settlement  of  the  country,  a  period  represented  by  the 
above  quotations,  to  the  first  years  of  the  United  States  as  a  lapse  of  time 
in  which  there  were  no  steps  forward  and  in  which  even  information  con- 
cerning grapes  was  scarcely  increased.  The  evolution  of  American  grapes 
began  with  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century,  about  the  only  accounts 
of  grapes  during  the  eighteenth  century  worthy  of  note  being  those  of  John 
Lawson,  171 4;  Robert  Beverly,  1722;  Col.  Robert  Boiling,  1765;  Edward 
Antill,  1769;  and  Peter  Legaux,  1800.  All  of  these  writers  excepting  Law- 
son  were  concerned  with  European  grapes,  and  their  relations  to  grape- 
growing  were  therefore  discussed  in  the  chapter  on  the  Old  World  grape. 
It  remains,  however,  to  call  attention  to  such  statements  as  were  made  by 
them  of  American  grapes. 

John  Lawson,  a  Scotch  engineer,  spent  eight  years,  Ijeginning  in  1700, 
exploring  and  surveying  North  Carolina.  A  part  of  this  time  he  was  Sur- 
veyor General  for  the  State  and  through  natural  desire  and  vocation  he 
became  familiar  with  the  flora  of  North  Carolina.  In  his  history  of  that 
State,  written  in  1714,  he  gives  an  account  of  its  natural  resources  in  which 
the  grapes  of  the  region  are  several  times  described.     He  distinguishes  six 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  37 

kinds,  three  of  which  he  mentions  as  having  been  removed  to  the  gardens. 
His  fullest  account  runs  as  follows:' 

"  Among  the  natural  fruits,  the  vine  takes  first  place,  of  which  I  find  six 
sorts,  very  well  known.  The  first  is  the  black  bunch  grapes  which  yield  a 
crimson  juice.  These  grow  common  and  bear  plentifully,  they  are  of  a 
good  relish,  though  not  large,  yet  well  knit  in  the  clusters.  They  have  a 
thickish  skin  and  large  stone,  which  makes  them  not  yield  much  juice. 
There  is  another  sort  of  black  grapes  like  the  former  in  all  respects,  save 
that  their  juice  is  of  a  light  flesh  color,  inclining  to  a  white.  I  once  saw  a 
spontaneous  white  bunch  grape  in  Carolina ;  but  the  cattle  browzing  on  the 
sprouts  thereof  in  the  spring,  it  died.  Of  those  which  we  call  fox  grapes, 
we  have  fotir  sorts;  two  whereof  are  called  summer  grapes,  because  ripe  in 
July;  the  other  two  winter  fruits,  because  not  ripe  till  September  or  October. 
The  summer  fox  grapes  grow  not  in  clusters  or  great  bunches,  but  are  about 
five  or  six  in  a  bunch,  about  the  bigness  of  a  damson  or  larger.  The  black 
sort  are  freijuent,  the  white  not  so  commonly  found.  They  aWays  grow 
in  swamps  and  low,  moist  lands,  running  sometimes  very  high  and  being 
shady,  and  therefore  proper  for  arbours.  They  afford  the  largest  leaf  I 
ever  saw  to  my  remembrance,  the  back  of  which  is  of  a  white  horse  flesh 
color.  This  fruit  always  ripens  in  the  shade.  I  have  transplanted  them 
into  my  orchard  and  find  they  thrive  well,  if  manured.  A  neighbor  of  mine 
has  done  the  same;  mine  were  by  slips,  his  from  the  roots,  which  thrive  to 
admiration,  and  bear  fruit,  though  not  so  juicy  as  the  European  grape,  but 
of  a  glutinous  nature.     However  it  is  pleasant  enough  to  eat. 

"  The  other  winter  fox  grapes,  are  much  of  the  same  bigness.  These 
refuse  no  ground,  swampy  or  dry,  but  grow  plentifully  on  the  sand  hills 
along  the  sea  coast  and  elsewhere,  and  are  great  bearers.  I  have  seen  near 
twelve  bushels  upon  one  vine  of  the  black  sort.  Some  of  these,  v/hen  thor- 
oughly ripe,  have  a  very  pretty  vinous  taste  and  eat  very  well,  yet  are  glu- 
tinous. The  white  sort  are  clear  and  transparent,  and  indifferent  small 
stones.  Being  removed  by  the  slip  or  root,  they  thrive  well  in  our  gardens, 
and  make  pleasant  shades." 

In  another  part  of  his  history,  Lawson  says  that  in  1708  the  French 


'  Lawson,  John.      History  of  North  Carolina:  169-171.     1714,  Reprint  1S60. 


38  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Huguenots  on  Trent  River,  North  Carolina,  were  cultivating  European 
grapes  for  wine-making.*  Again  he  devotes  several  pages  to  the  subject 
of  grape-growing  in  North  Carolina.^  He  held  that  this  "noble  vegetable" 
could  be  brought  to  the  same  perfection  as  in  similar  latitudes  in  Europe. 
He  states  that  Nathaniel  Johnson  had  rejected  all  exotic  vines  and  was 
cultivating  native  sorts  from  which  he  was  making  excellent  wine.  Lawson 
admonishes  his  readers  that  in  a  new  country  the  settlers  are  under  the  neces- 
sity of  making  use  of  the  natural  products  of  the  soil  of  which,  in  Carolina, 
the  wild  grape  is  most  worthy  of  notice.  He  calls  attention  to  the 
fact  that  conditions  are  so  different  in  America  that  European  methods 
of  cultivation  and  care  cannot  be  followed.  Lastly  he  states  that  he  had 
planted  seeds  from  the  white  grapes  of  Madeira  from  which  he  hoped  to 
raise  a  vineyard.  Lawson  is  deserving  of  esteem  as  an  energetic  pioneer, 
an  accurate  historian,  as  one  of  the  first  American  naturalists,  and  as  an 
early  vineyardist  and  horticulturist,  for  he  experimented  with  other  fruits 
than  the  grape.  Poor  Lawson  was  burned  to  death  In'  the  Indians  in  the 
prime  of  his  career,  cutting  short  experiments  which  might  have  materially 
hastened  the  establishment  of  viticulture  in  America. 

The  best  account  of  the  grapes  of  Virginia  given  in  the  later  colonial 
times  is  that  of  the  historian  Robert  Beverly  who  is  very  explicit  in  his 
description  of  the  sorts  growing  wild  in  that  State.  He  describes  them  as 
follows:^  "Grapes  grow  there  [Virginia]  in  an  incredible  plenty,  and  variety; 
some  of  which  are  very  sweet  and  pleasant  to  the  taste,  others  rough  and 
harsh,  and  perhaps  fitter  for  wine  or  brandy.  I  have  seen  great  trees  covered 
with  single  vines,  and  those  vines  almost  hid  with  the  grapes.  Of  these 
wild  grapes,  besides  those  large  ones  in  the  mountains,  mentioned  by  Batt 
in  his  discovery,  I  have  observed  four  very  different  kinds,  viz: 

"One  of  the  sorts  grows  among  the  sand  banks,  upon  the  edges  of 
the  low  grounds,  and  islands  next  the  bay,  and  sea,  and  also  in  the  swamps 
and  breaches  of  the  uplands.  They  grow  thin  in  small  bunches,  and  upon 
very  low  vines.  These  are  noble  grapes;  and  though  they  are  wild  in  the 
woods,  are  as  large  as  the  Dutch  gooseberry.    One  species  of  them  is  white, 


'  Lawson,  John.      History  of  North  Carolina:  141.     17 14.  Reprint  i860. 

^  lb.:  1S4-1S9. 

'Beverly,  Robert.      History  of  Virginia:   105-107.     1722,  Reprint  1855. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  39 

others  purple,  blue  and  black,  but  all  much  alike  in  flavor;  and  some  long, 
some  round. 

"A  second  kind  is  produced  throughout  the  whole  country,  in  the 
swamps  and  sides  of  hills.  These  also  grow  upon  small  vines,  and  in  small 
bunches;  but  are  themselves  the  largest  grapes  as  big  as  the  English  buUace, 
and  of  a  rank  taste  when  ripe,  resembling  the  smell  of  a  fox,  from  whence 
they  are  called  fo.x  grapes.  Both  these  sorts  make  admirable  tarts,  being 
of  a  fleshly  substance,  and  perhaps,  if  rightly  managed,  might  make  good 
raisins. 

"There  are  two  species  more,  that  are  common  to  the  whole  country, 
some  of  which  are  black,  and  some  blue  on  the  outside,  and  some  white. 
Thev  grow  upon  vast,  large  vines,  and  l)ear  very  plentifully.  The  nice 
observer  might,  perhaps,  distinguish  them  into  several  kinds,  because  they 
differ  in  color,  size  and  relish;  but  I  shall  divide  them  only  into  two,  viz: 
the  early,  and  the  late  ripe.  The  early  ripe  common  grape  is  much  larger, 
sweeter,  and  better  than  the  other.  Of  these  some  are  quite  black,  and  others 
blue,  and  some  white  or  yellow;  some  also  ripen  three  weeks,  or  a  month 
before  the  other.  The  distance  of  their  ripening,  is  from  the  latter  end  of 
August,  to  the  latter  end  of  October.  The  late  ripe  common  grapes  are 
less  than  any  other,  neither  are  they  so  pleasant  to  the  taste.  They  hang 
commonly  to  the  latter  end  of  November,  or  till  Christmas ;  all  that  I  have 
seen  of  these  are  black.  Of  the  former  of  these  two  sorts,  the  French  refugees 
at  the  Monacan  Town  made  a  sort  of  claret,  though  they  were  gathered 
oft"  of  the  wild  vines  in  the  woods.  I  was  told  by  a  very  good  judge  who 
tasted  it,  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong,  and  full-bodied  wine.  From  which 
we  may  conclude,  that  if  the  wine  was  but  tolerably  good,  when  made  of 
the  wild  grape,  which  is  shaded  by  the  woods  from  the  sun,  it  would  be 
much  better,  if  produced  of  the  same  grape  cultivated  in  a  regtilar  vineyard." 

Beverly  could  write  with  some  authority  on  grapes  for  he  was  at  that 
time  much  interested  in  the  general  question  of  grape-growing.  Besides 
he  was  of  an  inquiring  mind  and  seems  to  have  been  an  untiring  experi- 
menter with  the  agricultural  plants  of  his  own  and  other  lands.  Charles 
Campbell  in  his  introduction  to  the  reprint  of  Beverly's  Virginia  in  1S55, 
gives  the  following  account  of  a  vineyard  planted  by  the  historian:  "John 
Fontaine,  son  of  a  Huguenot  refugee,  having  come  over  from  England  to 


40  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Virginia,  visited  Robert  Beverly,  the  author  of  this  work,  in  the  vear  171 5, 
at  his  residence,  near  the  head  of  the  Mattapony.  Here  he  cultivated 
several  varieties  of  the  grape,  native  and  French,  in  a  vineyard  of  about 
three  acres,  situated  upon  the  side  of  a  hill,  from  which  he  made  in  that 
3'ear  four  hundred  gallons  of  wine.  He  went  to  very  considerable  expense 
in  this  enterprise,  having  constructed  vaults  of  a  wine-cellar.  But  Fontaine 
comparing  his  method  with  that  used  in  Spain,  deemed  it  erroneous,  and 
that  his  vineyard  was  not  rightly  managed.  The  home-made  wine  Fontaine 
drank  heartily  of,  and  found  it  good,  but  he  was  satisfied  by  the  flavor  of 
it  that  Beverly  did  not  understand  how  to  make  it  properly.  *  *  * 
He  had  laid  a  sort  of  wager  with  some  of  the  neighboring  planters,  he 
giving  them  one  guinea  in  hand,  and  they  promising  to  pa}^  him  each  ten 
guineas,  if  in  seven  years  he  should  cultivate  a  vineyard  that  would  yield  at 
one  vintage  seven  hundred  gallons  of  wine.  Beverly  thereupon  paid  them 
down  one  hundred  pounds,  and  Fontaine  entertained  no  doubt  but  that  in 
the  ne.xt  year  he  would  win  the  thousand  guineas."  And  Beverly  won 
the  guineas. 

Boiling  in  his  Sketch  of  Vhw  Culttire,  1765,  mentions  native  grapes 
only  as  they  indicate  to  him  the  adaptability  of  the  country  for  the  Euro- 
pean sorts.  Yet  he  suggests,  and  was  probably  the  first  to  do  so,  the  pos- 
sibility of  hybridization  between  American  and  the  European  species.  He 
says:  "Would  it  not  be  well  for  us  to  attempt  the  raising  of  new  varieties, 
by  marrving  our  native  with  foreign  vines?  "  He  then  gives  a  plan  whereby 
the  vines  mav  be  planted  as  to  "so  interlock  their  branches  as  that  they 
shall  be  completely  blended  together."  He  says,  "they  will  then  feed 
from  the  blossoms  of  each  other,  and  when  the  fruit  is  ripe,  and  if  seeds 
are  saved  from  it  and  sown  in  nurseries,  *  *  *  it  is  probable 
that  we  shall  obtain  other  varieties  better  adapted  to  our  climates  and  better 
for  wine  and  table,  than  either  of  those  kinds  from  which  they  sprung. 
Beyond  these  brief  mentions  Boiling  does  not  discuss  native  grapes, 
though  he  tells  of  the  origin  of  the  Bland  grape,  which  we  now  know  to  be  a 
native,  and  wrongly  says  that  it  grew  from  the  seed   of  a  European  raisin. 

Antill,  in  his  Essay  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine,  a  treatise  discussed 
in  the  previous  chapter,  gives  no  varieties  of  native  grapes,  though  he  says 
that  he  had  just  entered  upon  a  trial  of  them.     His  brief  discussion  of 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  4^ 

American  vines  is  well  worth  quoting  in  full  as  showing  the  status  of  the 
species  known  to  Antill  just  previous  to  the  Revolutionary  War:' 

"  The  reason  for  my  being  silent  about  vines  that  are  natives  of  America, 
is,  that  I  know  but  little  of  them,  having  but  just  entered  upon  a  trial  of 
them,  when  my  verv  ill  state  of  health  forbade  me  to  proceed:  From  what 
little  observation  I  have  been  able  to  make,  I  look  upon  them  to  be  much 
more  untractable  than  those  of  Europe,  they  will  undergo  a  hard  struggle 
indeed,  before  they  will  submit  to  a  low  and  humble  state,  a  state  of  abject 
slavery.  They  are  very  hardy  and  will  stand  a  frame,  for  they  brave  the 
severest  storms  and  winter  blasts,  they  shrink  not  at  snow,  ice,  hail  or  rain; 
the  wine  they  will  make,  I  imagine  from  the  austerity  of  their  taste,  will  be 
strong  and  masculine. 

"The  Fox-Grape,  whose  berries  are  large  and  round,  is  divided  into  three 
sorts,  the  white,  the  dark  red  and  the  black;  the  berries  grow  but  thin  upon 
the  bunches,  which  are  plain  without  shoulders.  They  delight  most  in  a 
rich  sandy  lome,  here  they  grow  very  large  and  the  berries  are  sweetest,  but 
they  will  grow  in  any  grounds,  wet  or  dry;  those  that  grow  on  high  dry 
grounds  generally  become  white,  and  the  colour  alters  to  a  dark  red  or 
black,  according  to  the  lowness  and  wetness  of  the  ground;  the  situation  I 
think  must  greatly  affect  the  Wine,  in  strength,  goodness  and  colour;  the 
berries  are  generally  ripe  the  beginning  of  September,  and  when  fully  ripe 
they  soon  fall  away;  thus  much  I  have  observed  as  they  grow  wild.  What 
alteration  they  may  undergo,  or  how  much  they  may  be  improved  by  proper 
soils  and  due  cultivation  I  cannot  say. 

"  There  is  a  small  black  Grape,  a  size  bigger  than  the  winter  Grape,  that 
is  ripe  in  September;  it  is  pleasant  to  eat,  and  makes  a  very  pretty  Wine, 
which  I  have  drank  of,  it  was  four  years  old,  and  seemed  to  be  the  better 
for  its  age;  the  colour  was  amber,  owing  to  the  want  of  knowing  how  to 
extract  the  tincture;  this  Grape  is  seldom  to  be  found;  theie  is  a  Vine  of 
them  near  John  Taylor,  Esq;  at  Middletown,  Monmouth,  and  there  are 
some  of  them  in  Mr.  Livingston's  Vineyard  at  Piscataqua  in  New- Jersey. 
I  think  they  are  well  worth  propagating. 

"  The  frost  or  winter  Grape  is  known  to  every  body,  both  the  bunches 


^Transactions  American   Philosophical  Society,   1:191-193.      1769-71. 


42  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  berries  are  small,  and  yield  but  little  juice,  but  the  richness  of  the  Wine 
may  make  up  for  the  smailness  of  the  quantity;  the  taste  of  the  Grape  is 
austere  till  prett}'  hard  frosts  come,  and  then  it  takes  a  favourable  turn  and 
becomes  very  sweet  and  agreeable ;  this  Vine  shoots  forth  great  numbers  of 
slender  branches,  and  might  do  very  well  for  the  south  and  southeast  sides 
of  a  summer-house  or  close  walk,  if  all  the  viseless  and  barren  branches  were 
cut  away. 

"  The  Vines  of  America  are  fit  for  strong  high  espaliers,  but  if  I  mistake 
not,  he  must  watch  them  narrowlv,  must  take  away  every  unnecessary  and 
unprofitable  branch,  and  trim  them  sharp  and  close,  that  means  to  keep 
them  within  bounds." 

Peter  Legaux,  in  his  patriotic  address  "  To  the  People  of  the  American 
States,"'  wherein  he  admonishes  them  the  culture  of  the  vine  is  a  national 
duty,  was  intent,  as  we  have  seen,  on  making  the  Old  World  grape  grow  in 
America  —  even  if  it  were  necessary  to  palm  off  an  American  sort  as  an  Old 
World  kind.  He  dismisses  American  grapes  with  even  less  attention  than 
Antill  gave  them,  his  sole  notice  of  them  being  embodied  in  the  remarks 
that  "  with  skillful  management  many  of  them  would  make  good  and  whole- 
some wines"  and  that  "if  the  native  grapes  of  America  are  not  the  most 
eligible  for  vineyards,  others  are  now  within  the  reach  of  its  inliabitants." 
Indirectly  he  was,  however,  of  great  service  in  distril^uting  the  first  native 
varieties,  for  as  Rafinesque  says,  "by  calling  our  Bland  and  Alexander 
grapes  Madeira  and  Cape,  he  was  instrumental  in  diffusing  them  among 
those  who  would  not  have  noticed  nor  bought  them  if  known  as  native 
vines." 

Following  Legaux's  address  of  1800  several  treatises  were  written  within 
a  few  years  which  give  us  a  very  clear  idea  of  the  status  of  the  American. 
grapes  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.     Chief  of  these,  and 
probably  in  chronological  order,  is  a  paper  in  TJie  Domestic  Encyclopedia  on 
the  vine,  written  by  James  Mease,  M.  D.-     It  appears  that  Dr.  Mease  wrote 


'  The   True  American,  Philadelphia,  March  24,   1800. 

-  But  little  is  known  of  Dr.  James  Mease  other  than  that  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  The  Domestic 
Encyclopedia,  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  and  Vice-President  of  the  Philadelphia 
Agricultural  Society.  That  he  was  a  student  of  American  grapes  is  shown  in  his  letter  of  transmissal 
of  Bartram's  paper  to  the  Medical  Repository  in  which  he  says :  "  It  is  my  present  intention  to  publish 
the  description  of  one  species  of  vine  every  year  in  Latin  and  English,  with  a  coloured  plate,  and  I 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  43 

in  1802  but  the  Encyclopedia  did  not  appear  until  1804.'  Embodied  in  the 
article  is  an  "  interesting  paper  on  the  vines  of  the  United  States  drawn  up 
by  William  Bartram  at  the  request  of  the  editor."  Bartram's  paper  was 
written  in  the  spring  of  1802.  Mease's  discussion  of  the  vine  merits 
especial  attention.  While  the  best  of  Antill's  and  Legaux's  observations  are 
made  use  of,  yet  much  is  added  to  them  and  the  paper  is  far  more  reasonable 
in  every  respect  than  those  of  either  of  the  two  previous  Vv-riters,  and  is 
wholly  lacking  in  the  ostentatious  modesty  and  circumlocution  of  Antill 
and  the  grandiloquence  and  self  esteem  of  Legaux.  It  may  justly  be  con- 
sidered the  first  rational  discussion  of  the  culture  of  the  grape  in  America. 
Mease's  paper  deserves  attention  for  another  reason.  It  contains  the 
first  public  utterance  condemning  the  culture  of  the  Old  World  grape  and 
recommending  the  cultivation  of  native  grapes.  He  says:  "From  the 
experience,  however,  of  the  editor  and  his  friends  who  have  found  much 
difficulty  in  naturalizing  foreign  vines,  he  recommends  the  cultivation  of 
the  native  grapes  of  the  United  -States,  particularly  the  Vitis  sylvcstris, 
[Vitis  aestivalis]  or  small  blue  or  bunch  grape;  Bland's,  Tasker's  or  Alex- 
ander's, and  the  bull-grape  of  Carolina  and  Georgia."  It  appears  from 
the  whole  discussion  by  Mease  and  Bartram  in  this  treatise  that  the  only 
varieties  of  native  grapes  cultivated  in  1804  were,  Alexander's  or  Tasker's 
grape,  Bland's  grape,  the  Bull  grape-  of  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  the 
Raccoon  grape. 

Two  years  later,  1806,  S.  W.  Johnson^  and  Bernard  McMahon  ■*  pub- 
had  made  arrangements  for  the  publication  of  the  first  fascicle  last  year;  but  the  very  unfavourable 
season,  which  had  prevented  the  ripening  of  the  species  (Bland's  Grape)  I  had  resolved  first  to  describe, 
obliging  me  to  defer  the  task  until  the  present  year,  when  I  hope  the  weather  will  prove  more  favour- 
able. Medical  gentlemen,  and  others  fond  of  natural  history,  and  anxious  to  have  the  description  of 
American  vines  and  their  classification  completed,  will  have  it  much  in  their  power  to  assist  my 
undertaking.  I  have  taken  measures  to  have  the  Bull  or  Bullet  grape  of  Carolina  and  Georgia  sent 
me ;  but  I  shall  nevertheless  be  much  indebted  for  any  specimens  of  the  plant  that  may  be  transmitted," 

'  The  sime  year,  1S04,  Mease  published  Bartram's  paper,  with  some  omissions,  in  the  Medical 
Repository  (Second  Hexade,  1:19)  under  the  heading,  "  Account  of  the  Species,  Hybrids,  and  other 
Varieties  of  the  Vine  of  Xorth-America.  By  Mr.  William  Bartram,  of  Pennsylvania."  The  same 
paper  was  again  published  in  1830  in  Prince's  .4   Treatise  on  the  Vine.  pp.  216-220. 

-  Bartram  states  that  "  bull  "  is  an  abbreviation  of  bullet;  the  grapes  being  so  called  because  they 
were  of  the  size  of  a  bullet.     He  held  that  the  name  '   taurina  "  applied  to  the  species  was  not  proper. 

^Johnson's  Rural  Economy:  155-197.     New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1806. 

*  McMahon's  Gardening:  226-241.     Philadelphia,  Pa.,   1806. 


44  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

lished  accounts  of  the  cultivation  of  the  vine.  Johnson  mentions  three 
American  varieties,  the  "  Bull  or  Bullet  grape,  Bland's  grape  and  the 
Alexander's  or  Tasker's  grape."  Johnson  has  nothing  to  say  of  the  desira- 
bility of  cultivating  the  above  or  other  native  sorts  and  confines  his  discus- 
sion largely  to  Legaux's  work  with  European  grapes.  McMahon  advocates 
the  introduction  of  foreign  grapes  and  says  almost  nothing  about  the  native 
species.  As  American  varieties  he  mentions  those  given  by  Johnson, 
omitting  the  Bull  grape. 

One  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  extensive  centers  of  native  grape- 
growing  in  America  was  about  York,  Pennsylvania.  In  iSi8,  Mr.  Thomas 
Eichelberger,  an  enterprising  German  vine-grower,  set  out  four  acres  of 
grapes  at  this  place  and  demonstrated  that  grapes  could  be  grown  success- 
fully. The  original  vineyard  was  increased  to  about  twenty  acres  and 
other  plantations  were  made  until  in  1S26  there  were  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  borough  of  York  one  hundred  and  fift}'  acres  of  vine- 
yards. The  account  of  these  vineyards  states  further:'  "  In  Adam  and 
Westmoreland  the  culture  of  the  vine  is  also  attended  to  and  one  gentleman 
in  Chester  has  a  vineyard  of  thirty  acres."  The  grape  most  commonly 
grown  in  this  region  was  known  to  the  growers  as  "  Black  or  York  Madeira  " 
and  was  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  the  Island  of  Madeira. 
Prince  pronounced  the  grape  to  be  a  native  and  the  then  commonly  grown 
Alexander.  Other  popular  sorts  in  this  region  were  the  York  Claret,  a 
native  resembling  Alexander;  and  York  Lisbon,  described  as  "  having 
considerable  affinity  to  Alexander  but  having  a  larger  and  more  acid  fruit." 
Beside  these  there  were  several  less  well  knov/n  sorts  none  of  which  is 
heard  of  now.  Before  the  industry  began  to  wane  about  York  the  Catawba 
and  Isabella  had  taken  the  place  of  the  first  named  sorts  and  these  eventually 
succumbed  for  most  part  to  grape  diseases.  In  looking  up  the  history  of 
varieties  of  grapes  for  this  work,  a  surprisingly  large  number  have  been 
traced  back  to  this  early  center  of  the  industry,  so  many  that  York  and 
Lancaster  Counties,  Pennsylvania,  must  be  counted  among  the  starting 
places  of  American  viticulture. 

We  have  seen  that  for  some  years  previous  to  Johnson  and  McMahon 


^American  Farmer,  8:ii6.     Baltimore,  1S26. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  45 

there  had  lieen  efforts  to  grow  Vitis  vinijcra  in  many  widely  separated 
regions.  The  futihty  of  attempting  to  grow  the  Old  World  grape  became 
apparent,  so  far  as  we  may  judge  from  written  accounts,  to  but  few  men, 
however.  To  Dr.  James  Mease  must  be  accorded  the  honor  of  first  perceiv- 
ing and  setting  forth  in  print  the  fact  that  American  viticulture  must  rise 
from  native  grapes.  Possibly  the  second  man  to  voice  the  same  sentiment 
was  Thomas  Jefferson,  ever  alert  for  the  agricultural  welfare  of  the  country, 
who  wrote  to  John  Adlum  in  iSog,  speaking  of  the  Alexander  grape:' 
"  I  think  it  will  be  well  to  push  the  culture  of  that  grape  without  losing 
time  and  efforts  in  search  of  foreign  vines,  which  it  will  take  centuries  to 
adapt  to  our  soil  and  climate."  It  is  probable  that  Jefferson,  who  it  appears 
was  a  frec^uent  correspondent  of  Adlum's,  stimulated  the  latter  to  the 
publication  of  a  book  on  grape  culture.  This  appeared  in  1823,  "  for  the 
purpose  ",  as  the  author  says  in  his  preface,  "  of  diffusing  some  practical 
and  iiseful  information  throughout  the  country  on  the  best  method  of 
cultivating  the  native  grape  and  of  making  Wine  ". 

Thus  Adlum's-  Cultivation  of  the  Vine  was  the  first  American  book  on 
American  grapes.  The  author's  intentions,  as  indicated  in  his  preface, 
quoted  above,  were  good ;  but  his  book,  as  an  exposition  on  native  grape 
culture,  is  a  failure.    The  work  is  concerned  for  most  part  with  wine-making 


'Adlum,  John.     Cultivation  of  the  Vine:  149.     Second  Edition,  Washington,   1S28. 

^  John  Adlum,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  1759  and  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  in 
1836.  Adlum  was  one  of  the  first  men  to  see  clearly  the  possibility  of  improving  the  wild  grapes  of 
America  and  of  bringing  them  under  cultivation.  He  published  accounts  of  this  fruit  in  his  Cultivation 
of  the  Vine  and  in  the  agricultural  papers  of  his  time,  thereby  aiding  in  bringing  it  into  public  notice 
as  a  cultivated  plant.  At  "  The  Vineyard  ",  near  Georgetown,  he  established  an  experimental  plan- 
tation of  grapes  from  which  he  distributed  many  vines,  chief  of  which  were  those  of  the  Catawba, 
a  variety  for  whose  dissemination  he  is  largely  responsible.  Adlum  tried  without  avail  to  have  the 
national  government  found  an  experimental  farm  for  the  culture  of  grapes  and  his  effort  was  one 
of  the  first  to  secure  governmental  aid  in  agricultural  experimentation.  Beside  his  work  with  the  grape, 
Adlum  was  deeply  interested  in  other  phases  of  agriculture  and  in  the  scientific  movements  of  his 
time.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  a  brigadier-general  in  the  militia  of  Pennsylvania,  a  county 
judge,  and  a  civil  engineer  and  surveyor.  In  spite  of  his  work  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century 
for  agriculture  and  for  his  State  and  country,  Adlum  was  practically  unknown  to  the  present 
generation  until  a  sketch  of  his  life  and  work  appeared  in  Bailey's  The  Evolution  of  Our  Native 
Fruits  from  which  this  sketch  is  written.  Adlum's  memory  is  perpetuated  in  the  name  of  the 
beautiful  climbing  fumitory  of  one  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  Adlumnia  cirJiosa,  bestowed 
upon  him  by  his  contemporary,  Rafinesque.  (For  a  more  complete  account  of  Adlum's  life,  see 
Bailey's  Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits,  pp.  50-61.) 


46  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  his  cultural  directions  are  taken  almost  wholly,  such  as  they  are,  from 
European  books.  In  the  last  four  pages  of  the  treatise  he  describes  twenty- 
two  varieties  of  grapes  of  which  perhaps  a  dozen  are  native  sorts.  In  this 
edition  the  Catawba  is  described  as  the  Tokay  but  in  a  second  edition, 
published  in  1828,  the  name  is  changed  from  Tokay  to  Catawba.  Adlum 
was  one  of  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  Catawba  and  was  at  the  time 
its  chief  distributor.  He  advocated  in  his  book,  and  in  the  papers  of  the 
time,  the  establishment  of  an  experimental  farm'  upon  which  could  be 
grown  "  cuttings  of  the  different  species  of  the  native  Vine  to  be  found 
in  the  United  States,  to  ascertain  their  growth,  soil,  and  produce,  and  to 
exhibit  to  the  Nation,  a  new  source  of  wealth,  which  has  been  too  long 
neglected." 

Adlum  did  not  write  from  theory  alone  for  he  was  the  owner  and  cul- 
tivator of  vineyards  near  Georgetown,  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  where 
he  grew  both  native  and  foreign  grapes.  The  latter  he  finally  discarded 
with  the  statement  that  the  way  to  success  in  America  "is  to  drop  most 
kinds  of  foreign  vines  at  once  (except  a  few  for  the  table)  and  seek  for  the 
best  kinds  of  our  largest  native  Grapes  ".  The  best  information  from 
Adlum's  pen  regarding  native  grapes  and  their  culture  is  to  be  found  in  the 
American  Farmer,  published  in  Baltimore.  He  wrote  mainly  during  the 
years  1824  to  1830.  He  was  neither  a  clear  nor  an  accurate  writer  and  his 
imagination  and  enthusiasm  had  full  sway  at  all  times;  yet.  notwithstanding 
these  faults,  he  must  be  counted  as  one  of  the  geniuses  of  his  day,  as  devoted 
to  the  welfare  of  the  country,  as  having  almost  a  prophetic  vision,  and  as 
actuated  by  the  best  of  motives.  His  struggle  for  a  national  experimental 
vineyard,  the  work  of  his  pen,  his  dissemination  of  the  Catawba  and  other 
grapes,  and  his  vineyard  experiments,  give  Adlum  a  high  place  among  the 
improvers  of  American  grapes. 

John  James  Dufour  gives  the  next  glimpse  of  the  beginnings  of  Ameri- 
can viticulture  in  his  Vine  Dresser's  Guide  published  in  Cincinnati  in  1826. 
It  is  but  a  glimpse,  however,  for  Dufour  was  a  foreigner,  and.  as  we  have 
seen,  came  to  America  to  grow  the  Old  World  grape.  His  efforts  at  grape- 
growing  furnished  the  climax  to  the  two  centuries  of  failures  in  growing 


'  Adlum,  John.     Cultivation  of  tlic  Vine.     Preface.      1823. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  47 

Vitis  vinifera  in  America  but  did  not  benefit  the  new  viticulture  of  the 
country  greatly.'  His  only  contribution  of  note  was  one  made  in  spite 
of  himself,  namely  the  introduction  of  the  Alexander,  which  he  incorrectly 
called  Cape,  an  American  grape,  as  a  commercial  variety,  Legaux  having 
first  brought  it  prominently  to  notice.  Dufour  would  never  admit  that 
this  variety,  the  only  one  to  succeed  in  his  vineyards  in  Kentucky  and 
Indiana,  was  a  native  grape  and  says  of  it  in  the  preface  of  his  book:  "  I 
will  also  trv  to  save  the  character  of  our  Cape  grapes  from  being  made 
merely  wild  grapes,  because  some  are  now  found  in  the  woods;  and,  to 
put  any  one  in  the  way  to  distinguish  wild  from  tame  grapes,  I  will  give  the 
description  of  the  botanical  characters  of  the  blossom  of  both  sorts."  In 
his  text  he  fulfills  the  promise  in  the  preface  and  devotes  some  pages  to 
"  save  the  character  of  our  Cape  grapes." 

Dufour's  visit  of  inspection  of  the  vineyards  of  the  country  in  1 799  has 
been  noted  in  discussing  the  Old  World  grape.  In  this  trip  only  foreign 
grapes  interested  him  and  he  mentioned  the  wild  species  but  to  condemn 
them  for  cultivation.  In  his  book  published  twenty-seven  years  later  he 
shows  no  change  of  opinion  and  though  at  this  time  there  were  a  number 
of  meritorious  native  sorts  he  describes  only  European  varieties.  Dufour 
was  a  true  foreigner  and  could  find  little  of  value  in  the  New  World  that 
did  not  come  from  the  Old  World. 

Rafinesque,  writing  in  1830,  in  his  American  Manual  of  the  Grape  Vines, 
gives  an  account  of  forty-one  species  of  native  grapes.  Unfortunately  his 
"  species  "  are  founded  upon  the  slightest  differences  in  vine  or  fruit  and 
his  observations  were  so  poorly  made  that  his  botanical  studies  of  the  grape 
are  now  wholly  discredited  by  botanists.  He  gives  an  account  of  the 
acreage  in  vineyards  existing  in  the  United  States  in  1825  and  1830.  This 
is  the  earliest  estimate  of  the  vineyard  acreage  of  the  country  and  is  there- 
fore a  landmark  in  American  viticulture.  It  is  as  follov.-s:"  "In  1825  I 
collected  an  account  of  our  principal  vineyards  and  nurseries  of  vines. 
They  were  then  only  60  of  i  to  20  acres  each,  altogether  600  acres.      While 


'  For  a  full  account  of  Dufour's  attempts  to  grow  European  grapes  see  Bailey's  Evolution  of  O.tr 
Native  Fruits,  pp.  21-42. 

^  Rafinesque  has  also  preserved  for  us  the  names  of  many  of  the  vine-growers  of  his  time.  The 
following  is  his  list : 


48  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

now,  in  1830,  they  amount  to  200  of  3  to  40  acres,  or  nearly  5000  acres  of 
vineyards.  Thus  having  increased  tenfold  within  5  years,  at  which  rate 
they  promise  to  become  a  permanent  and  increasing  cultivation." 

Viticulture  took  its  place  in  the  literature  of  American  pomology  with 
the  advent  of  William  Robert  Prince's  ,4  Treatise  on  the  Vine.  This  work, 
magnificent  compared  with  similar  books  of  the  time,  introdiices  native 
grapes  to  the  fruit-growers  of  America.  Prince  was  the  fourth  proprietor 
of  the  same  name  of  the  Prince  nurseries  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and 
he  with  his  predecessors  had  assiduously  cultivated  European  varieties 
of  grapes  hoping  to  acclimatize  them  to  American  conditions.  It  is  not  a 
matter  of  wonder  therefore,  that  much  of  his  book  is  devoted  to  foreign 
grapes.  His  collection  at  Flushing  consisted  of  over  four  hundred  and 
fifty  sorts  and  many  of  these  he  describes.  In  spite  of  his  attraction  to 
the  foreign  varieties,  some  of  which  had  been  tested  in  his  nursery  for  two 
or  three  generations.  Prince  admitted  the  impossibility  of  growing  them 
successfully  and  recommends  to  his  readers  and  patrons  the  cultivation 
of  native  varieties.  In  the  latter  regard  he  says:  "*  *  *  after  all 
my  own  experiments  I  have  come  to  this  conclusion,  that  to  establish 
vineyards  of  the  most  profitable  description,  with  a  certainty  of  regular 
crops  in  localities  north  of  the  highlands  in  this  state,  native  varieties  alone 
should  be  selected;  and  the  whole  of  the  eastern  states  will  of  course  be 
comprised  in  this  remark." 


"  Wishing  to  preserve  the  names  of  the  public  benefactors  who  had  in  1825  established  our  first 
vineyards,  I  herewith  insert  their  names.  They  are  independent  of  the  vineyards  of  York,  Vevay, 
and  Vincennes. 

"  In  Xew  York,  George  Gibbs,  Swift,  Prince,  Lansing,  Loubat,  etc. 

"  In  Pennsylvania,  Carr,  James,  Potter,  J.  Webb,  Legaux,  Echelberger,  E.  Bonsall,  Stoys, 
Lemoine,  Rapp. 

"  In  Delaware,  Broome,  J.  Gibbs,  etc. 

"  In  Maryland,  Adlum,  W.  Bernie,  C.  Varle,  R.  Sinclair,  W.  Miles,  etc. 

"  In  Virginia,  Lockhart,  Zane,  R.  Weir,  Xoel,  J.  Browne,  J.  Duling,  etc. 

"  In  Carolina,  Habersham,  Noisette,  etc. 

"  In  Georgia,  Maurick,  James  Gardiner,  S.  Grimes,  Chccteau,  M'Call. 

"  In  Xew  Jersey,  Cooper  at  Camden.     Another  at  Mount  Holly. 

"  In  Ohio,  Gen.  Harrison,  Longworth,  Dufour,  etc. 

"  In  Indiana,  Rapp  of  Harmony,  the  French  of  Vincennes. 

"  In  Alabama,  Dr.  S.  Brown,  at  Eagleville." 

Continuing,  he  gives  an  idea  of  grape  production  in  1830: — 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


49 


In  his  treatise,  Prince  described  about  seventy  varieties  of  native  grapes 
and  several  of  the  native  species.  Prince's  descriptions  of  these  grapes 
are  comprehensive  and  judging  from  the  sorts  described  by  him  which  we 
now  have  they  are  accurate.  He  grew  seedhngs  from  many  of  them.  He 
showed  a  knowledge  of  the  possibilities  of  hybridization  of  American  species 
with  Vitis  vinijera.  He  solicited  and  obtained  seeds  and  vines  from  all  the 
settled  portions  of  the  Union.  His  grape  correspondents  in  different  parts 
of  America  and  of  the  world  must  have  numbered  hundreds.  Prince's 
enthusiasm  and  perseverance  in  grape  culture  attached  to  him  votaries  in 
all  fruit  regions  and  to  him  more  than  to  any  other  man  was  due  that 
friendly  interchange  of  knowledge  and  sentiment  regarding  grapes  which 
characterized  the  half  century  after  the  appearance  of  his  book.  Such 
co-operation  as  was  manifested  in  grape-growing  in  the  second  and  third 
quarters  of  the  nineteenth  centur}-  has  never  l^een  known  in  the  culture 
of  any  other  species  of  plant  in  this  country  and  to  it  is  largely  due  the 
progress  of  viticulture  in  leaps  and  bounds  dating  from  Prince's  time. 

With  the  close  of  the  year  1830,  we  may  consider  viticulture  a  firmly 
established  industry  in  America  with  the  native  grapes  as  a  basis. 
Rafinesque's  estimate  of  the  acreage  at  this  time  is  given  on  a  preceding 
page  (47).  It  is  worth  while  considering,  very  briefly,  the  types  of  grapes 
under  cultivation  at  this  stage  of  the  industry,  with  some  discussion  of  the 
origin  of  the  leading  varieties. 


"  The  average  crop  of  wine  with  us  is  300  gallons  per  acre.  At  York,  where  2700  vines  are  put 
on  one  acre,  each  vine  has  often  produced  a  quart  of  wine,  and  thus  675  gallons  per  acre,  value  $675 
in  1823,  besides  $200  for  5000  cuttings.  One  acre  of  vineyard  did  then  let  for  S200  or  300,  thus  value 
of  the  acre  about  $5000:     This  was  in  poor  soil  unfit  for  wheat,  and  for  mere  Claret. 

"  Now  in  1S30,  that  common  French  Claret  often  sells  only  at  50  cents  the  gallon,  the  income 
must  be  less.  I  hope  our  claret  may  in  time  be  sold  for  25  cents  the  gallon,  and  the  table  grapes  at 
one  cent  the  lb.  and  even  then  an  acre  of  vineyard  will  give  an  income  of  S75,  and  be  worth  $1000 
the  acre. 

"  The  greatest  check  to  this  cultivation  is  the  time  required  for  grapes  to  bear  well,  from  ^  to  6 
years:  our  farmers  wishing  to  have  quick  yearly  crops;  but  then  when  a  vineyard  is  set  and  in  bearing, 
it  will  last  forever,  the  vines  themselves  lasting  from  60  to  100  years,  and  are  easily  re-placed  as  they 
decay. 

■'  The  next  check  is  the  precarious  crops  if  badly  managed.     Every  year  is  not  equally  plentiful 
and  sometimes  there  is  a  total  failure  when  rains  drown  the  blossoms;  but  an  e.xtra  good  crop  of  500 
or  600  gallons  commonly   follows   and   covers   their  loss."      Rafinesque,  C.  S.   American  Manual  of 
the  Grape  Vines.,  Philadelphia.      1830.     pp.  43-45. 
4 


50  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  first  grape  to  become  generally  distributed  as  a  commercial 
variety,  was,  as  has  been  remarked  before,  the  Alexander,  or  Cape.  It  came 
into  prominence,  through  the  deception  of  Legaux  and  the  credulity  of 
Dufour,  as  one  of  the  Viniferas  commonly  grown  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
It  proved,  however,  to  be  an  offshoot  of  the  fox  grape  of  the  woods,  Vitis 
labrusca,  and  had  been  grown,  long  before  Legaux  palmed  it  off  as  the 
Cape,  under  the  names  Alexander  and  Tasker's,  Alexander  because  of  its 
having  been  grown  by  a  gardener  of  this  name  and  Tasker's  through  its 
cultivation  on  a  somewhat  extensive  scale  by  a  Mr.  Tasker  in  Maryland. 
Its  history  dates  back  to  the  years  before  the  Revolutionary  War  and  its 
origin  was  probably  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  in  Pennsylvania,  hence 
another  of  its  many  synonyms,  Schuylkill  Muscadell. 

Of  the  several  other  native  varieties  of  the  Labrusca  type  cultivated  in 
1830,  two  deserve  attention  for  their  intrinsic  and  historical  value.  The 
Catawba,  of  uncertain  origin,  as  we  shall  see  in  its  history,  and  the  Isabella, 
a  native  of  South  Carolina,  are  both  classed  by  most  viticulturists  as  of  the 
fox  or  Labrusca  type.  The  two  varieties  were  distributed  among  vine- 
growers  at  about  the  same  time  but  the  Catawba,  because  of  its  superior 
merits,  soon  took  the  lead  and  at  the  time  of  which  we  write  was  by  far 
the  most  popular  native  grape.  These,  with  the  Alexander,  may  certainly 
be  considered  the  forerunners  of  the  cultivated  grapes  of  the  species  to 
which  they  belong.  The  Catawba  is  still  in  several  great  grape  regions 
of  the  country  the  standard  commercial  variety. 

While  varieties  of  Vitis  labrusca  were  first  cultivated  in  the  North,  it  is 
probable  that  l'///5  rotundijolia  furnished  the  first  domesticated  varieties 
for  the  South,  and  likely,  too,  before  the  northern  kinds  were  cultivated. 
Among  these  are  the  white  and  black  Scuppemongs,  or  bullet  grapes. 
Vitis  rotundijolia,  while  it  refuses  to  grow  out  of  its  habitat,  runs  riot  from 
Maryland  to  Florida  from  seashore  to  mountains  and  in  many  diverse  soils. 
The  Scuppemongs'  are  natural  offshoots  of  this  species  and  are  known  in 


'  Tradition  relates  that  the  first  Scuppernong  vine  known  by  civilized  man  was  found  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina  by  Amadas  and  Barlowe  in  15S4  and  was  transplanted  by  them  to  Roanoke 
Island.  An  old  vine  of  great  diameter  of  stem  and  spread  of  vine,  gnarled  in  trunk  and  branch, 
evidently  of  great  age,  is  known  as  the  "  Mother  Scuppernong  "  and  is  supposed  to  be  the  vine  trans- 
planted in  15S4. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


51 


the  South  in  legend,  tradition  and  history.  Undoubtedly  they  were  culti- 
vated for  their  fruit  or  as  ornamentals  in  garden  or  vineyards  from  the 
earliest  colonial  times.  It  is  certain  that  wine  was  made  from  the  different 
wild  types  of  Vitis  rotundifolia  from  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  and  if  not 
brought  under  cultivation  at  an  early  day  it  was  because  the  bountifulness 
of  the  wild  vines  obviated  the  necessity  of  domesticating  them.  It  was  of 
this  grape  that  Amadas  and  Barlowe  wrote  in  1584  "  in  all  the  world  the  like 
abundance  is  not  to  be  found." 

The  word  Scuppernong'  is  often  used  to  designate  a  group  of  grapes 
rather  than  as  a  varietal  name;  for,  there  are  the  black  Scuppernong,  the 
white  or  green  Scuppernong  and  the  red  Scuppernong,  all  much  alike  except 
in  color  of  fruit  and  in  a  few  minor  characters  of  vine.  Indeed,  where 
Vitis  rotundifolia  grows  wild,  all  of  the  forms  are  often  included  in  the  term 
Scuppernong.  The  species  is  often  known,  too,  as  the  Muscadine  or  Southern 
Muscadine. 

While  the  Labruscas  were  becoming  established  in  the  North  and  the 
Scuppernongs  in  the  South,  two  other  species,  one  northern  and  one  southern, 
came  into  prominence  with  varieties  which  for  wine-making  at  least  were 
far  superior  to  any  other  native  sorts.  The  southern  species  is  Vitis  aesti- 
valis, best  represented  then  and  now  by  Norton  while  the  northern  species 
is  Vitis  riparia  and  its  variety  under  cultivation  was  the  Clinton,  which 
still  remains  one  of  the  best  representatives  of  the  species.^  It  is  strange 
that  these  four  species  v/ere  brought  under  cultivation  only  when  wild 
forms  of  them,  so  striking  in  value  that  they  still  remain  a  hundred 
5'ears  later  standard  cultivated  varieties,  had  l-)een  found.  Vitis  labntsca 
represented  by  Catawba,  Vitis  rotundifolia,  by  Scuppernong,  Vitis  aesti- 
valis, by  Norton,  and  Vitis  riparia,  by  Clinton,  are,  after  a  century  of 
improvement,  with   several  hiindred    varieties,  scarcely  excelled  by  others 


'Calvin  Jones  writing  June  17,  1817,  in  the  American  Fanner,  3:332,  from  Raleigh,  North 
Carolina,  gives  the  following  account  of  the  n.-ime  Scuppernong:  "  This  grape  &  wine,  had  the  name 
of  Scuppernong,  given  to  them  by  Henderson  &  myself,  in  compliment  to  Jas.  Blount,  of  Scuppernong, 
•who  first  diffused  a  general  knowledge  of  it  in  several  well  written  communications  in  our  paper  —  and 
it  is  cultivated  with  more  success  on  that  river,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  state,  perhaps,  except 
the  Island  of  Roanoke."  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  Scuppernong  is  largely  a  sea-board  name  for 
Vitis  rotundifolia  and  is  not  commonly  applied  to  it  outside  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

'  There  is  some  evidence  to  show  that  the  Clinton  contains  Labrusca  blood. 


52  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

of  their  species.  Yet  it  is  not  so  much  the  wonder  that  grape-breeders 
have  so  httle  improved  ujDon  these  first  varieties,  as  that  our  forefathers 
could  allow  them  to  grow  comparatively  neglected  at  their  doors  for  two 
centuries  while  they  wasted  time  in  the  attempt  to  grow  a  foreign  grape 
that  had  been  a  failure  from  the  very  start. 

Other  species  had  also  been  tried  at  this  time.  Those  indefatigable 
botanists  and  horticulturists,  the  Princes,  had  grown  plants  of  what  we 
now  know  as  Vttts  aestivalis  lincecmnii  Munson,  Vitis  longii  Prince,  and 
Vitis  cordifolia  Michx.,  but  without  finding  them  of  value.  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  the  first  named  species,  the  Post-oak  grape,  now  promises  to 
furnish  valuable  varieties  for  the  South  and  that  it  has  some  characters 
desirable  for  the  North  if  they  can  be  combined  with  those  of  our  northern 
species. 

We  have  followed  the  grape  through  the  settlement,  colonization  and 
first  statehood  days  of  the  United  States.  We  have  seen  that  it  had  its 
part,  and  no  mean  one,  in  these  dramatic  periods.  We  have  found  that 
the  wild  grapes  of  the  country,  valued  but  uncultivated  for  two  hundred 
years,  became  through  mere  transplanting  from  the  woods  into  the  vine- 
yards, without  the  slow  modifications  which  nearly  all  other  plants  have 
had  to  undergo,  one  of  our  most  important  fruits.  The  domestication  of 
four  species  of  American  grapes  has  been  briefly  traced.  The  beginning 
of  American  viticulture  has  been  set,  somewhat  arbitrarily,  at  1830,  the 
date  of  the  puljlication  of  William  Prince's  Treatise  on  the  Vine.  It 
remains  now  to  discuss  the  econonTic  progress  of  the  mdustry  we  have 
seen  launched. 

The  twenty  years  following  1830  comprise  a  period  of  expansion  in  grape- 
growing  unmarked  by  the  introduction  of  new  types  or  of  any  new  varieties 
of  particular  note.  During  this  time  a  grape  and  wine  industry  of  con- 
siderable magnitude  was  developed  about  Cincinnati,  and  the  Ohio  River 
became  known  as  the  Rhine  of  America  —  a  title  long  since  lost  and  now 
applied  to  the  Keuka  Lake  region  in  New  York.  According  to  Buchanan," 
there  were  1550  acres  of  grapes  in  the  Ohio  Valley  within  twenty  miles  of 
Cincinnati;  between  forty  and  fifty  acres  near  Hermann,  Missouri;  a  few 


'  Buchanan,  Robert.      Grape  Culture:  6i.      1S50. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  53 

vineyards  at  Belleville,  Illinois;  and  wine  was  being  made  from  the  Scupper- 
nong  grape  in  North  and  South  Carolina.  The  inference  from  Buchanan  is 
that  the  above  plantations  were  for  the  production  of  wine ;  for  he  specifies 
that  a  few  vineyards  were  in  cultivation  about  New  York,  Philadelphia  and 
Burlington,  New  Jersey,  "but  more  with  a  view  to  supply  the  market  with 
grapes,  than  to  make  wine." 

The  last  statement  is  significant  for  it  indicates  a  change  in  the  grape 
industry  which  really  gave  life  to  the  viticulture  of  eastern  America. 
Until  about  1S50,  grapes  were  considered  valuable  and  were  cultivated  only 
for  wine-making.  Previous  to  this  time  the  literature  on  the  grape  was 
concerned  more  with  wine-making  than  with  cultivation,  varieties  or  any 
other  phase  of  the  industry.  The  American  grapes,  with  few  exceptions, 
do  not  make  good  wines;  there  were  few  men  in  the  country  until  within 
recent  years  who  understood  wine-making;  and  the  American  people  do  not 
take  kindly  to  wines.  It  was  not,  therefore,  possible  to  establish  viticulture 
as  an  indastry  of  any  magnitude  in  eastern  America  when  grapes  were  used 
for  \v'ine  alone.  It  was  onlv  when  the  demand  for  table  grapes  was  created 
and  when  transportation  and  market  facilities  permitted  the  supplv  of  the 
demand  that  the  industry  took  form  and  substance.  It  is  a  significant  fact 
that  in  those  regions  in  the  eastern  United  States  in  which  grape-growing 
has  been  founded  and  which  are  chiefly  dependent  on  wine-making,  the 
industry  has  not  prospered  or  has  flourished  but  temporarily. 

We  have  had  Rafinesque's  survey  of  the  grape  industry  of  the  country 
in  1830  and  Buchanan's  in  1850.  The  next  record,  and  a  far  more  complete 
one  than  either  of  the  above,  is  found  in  a  consular  report  made  by  E.  M. 
Erskine,  Secretary  of  the  British  Legation  at  Washington,  to  the  British 
government  in  1859.  Mr.  Erskine  reported  the  acreage  as  follows:'  "  The 
banks  of  the  River  Ohio  are  studded  with  vineyards,  between  1.500  and 
2,000  acres  being  planted  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  with 
every  prospect  of  a  vast  increase.  At  Cleveland,  Ohio,  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  there  are  100  acres  under  vine  culture;  at  Hermann,  on 
the  Missouri,  80  miles  west  of  St.  Louis,  150  or  200  acres  are  cultivated 
almost  entirely  by  Germans;  at  Booneville,  higher  up  the  same  river;  at 


*  British  Parliamentary  Papers  (Library  of  Congress),  Vol.  30.      1859. 


54  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Belleville,  on  the  '  rolling  prairies  '  of  Illinois;  at  Reading,  in  Pennsylvania; 
in  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  generally,  in  at  least 
twenty-two  out  of  the  thirty-two  States  now  constituting  the  Union,  vine- 
yards of  more  or  less  promise  and  extent  have  been  planted.     *     *     * 

"About  3,000  acres  are  cultivated  as  vineyards  in  the  state  of  Ohio; 
500  in  Kentuckv;  1,000  in  Indiana;  500  in  Missouri;  500  in  Illinois;  100  in 
Georgia;  300  in  North  Carolina;  200  in  South  Carolina,  with  every  prospect 
of  a  rapid  increase  in  all.  It  is  calculated  that  at  least  2,000,000  gallons  of 
wine  are  now  raised  in  the  United  States,  the  average  value  of  which  may 
be  taken  at  a  dollar  and  a  half  the  gallon." 

Grape-growing  in  New  York  was  not  considered  worthy  of  mention  by 
Erskine;  and  Buchanan  nine  years  before  reported  only  a  few  vineyards 
about  New  York  City.  In  the  regions  of  this  State  now  almost  wholly 
devoted  to  grape-growing  a  start  had  hardly  been  made  in  1850.  Yet 
there  were  some  commercial  vineyards  at  this  time.  Deacon  Elijah  Fay, 
the  ]jioneer  grape-grower  in  what  is  now  the  great  Chautauqua  region, 
planted  the  first  vines  in  that  district  in  1818  and  though  grape-growing 
did  not  become  of  importance  until  three  or  four  decades  later  yet  this 
planting  was  the  foundation  upon  which  Deacon  Fay  built  until,  largely 
through  his  efforts  and  example  and  those  of  his  children,  grapes  were 
grown  everywhere  about  his  home.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  there  were  a 
hundred  acres  of  commercial  vineyards  m  this  region  when  Erskine  made 
his  report  in  1859. 

The  first  plantings  made  about  Keuka  Lake,  now  called  the  "  Rhine  of 
America  ",  were  made  by  the  Rev.  William  Bostwick  at  Hammondsport 
about  1830.  He  grew  the  Catawba  and  Isabella  in  a  small  way  in  his  garden 
and  for  years  was  the  only  grape-grower  in  this  part  of  New  York.  The 
commercial  industry  in  this  region  was  not  started  until  1853  when  Andrew 
Reisinger,  a  German  vintner,  planted  two  acres  of  Isabellas  and  Catawbas 
at  Harmonvville  in  the  town  of  Pulteney.  From  this  start  viticulture  in 
the  Keuka  region  grew  apace  and  there  must  have  been  four  or  five  hundred 
acres  of  grapes  planted  when  Erskine's  report  was  made  in  1859.  The 
fact  that  the  region  was  not  mentioned  in  this  report  may  be  accounted 
for  by  assuming  that  Erskine's  figures  came  from  men  engaged  in  making 


THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  55 

wine  and  at  this  time  wine  was  not  made  in  large  quantities  in  the  Keuka 
district. 

There  had  been  experimental  vineyards  about  New  York  City  and 
along  the  Hudson  for  a  century  before  the  time  of  which  we  are  writing, 
but  these,  as  we  have  seen,  being  largely  of  foreign  grapes,  came  to  naught. 
Probably  native  grapes  were  first  planted  there  in  a  commercial  way  by 
the  French  Huguenots  who  settled  in  Ulster  and  Orange  Counties.  At  any 
rate  there  is  record  of  a  vineyard  planted  by  a  Frenchman,  John  Jacques, 
near  Washingtonville  in  1837.  The  varieties  were  Isabella  and  Catawba 
and  there  were,  all  told,  about  half  an  acre.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
this  vinevard  is  still  producing  grapes  and  that  some  of  the  vines  are  as 
vigorous  as  in  their  first  maturity-.  Wine-making  as  an  industry  has  existed 
in  this  region  since  the  vineyard  of  1837  came  into  bearing  but  it  was  not 
until  several  years  later  that  table  grapes  were  grown  for  the  market.  In 
1859  there  must  have  been  two  or  three  hundred  acres  of  grapes  in  com- 
mercial vineyards  in  the  country  adjacent  to  the  Hudson. 

Adding  five  hundred  acres  from  New  York  to  the  6500  reported  for  the 
United  States  by  Erskine  in  1859  we  have  7000  acres  for  the  whole  country  — • 
a  small  estimate,  for  several  other  states  known  to  have  considerable  acre- 
ages of  commercial  vineyards  were  not  taken  into  account  in  Erskine's 
survey. 

Before  passing  to  a  further  consideration  of  grape  statistics  we  must 
note  two  important  events  for  American  viticulture  which  took  place  just 
previous  to  the  survey  which  we  have  been  discussing.  One  of  these  brought 
about  a  revokition, —  almost  brought  into  existence  commercial  grape- 
growing;  the  other  stimulated  and  laid  the  foundation  of  grape-breeding  in 
this  country.  The  first  was  the  introduction  of  the  Concord  grape;  the 
second  was  the  production  of  hybrids  between  the  European  and  the  native 
grapes. 

The  history  of  the  Concord  will  be  found  in  the  discussion  of  that 
variety  in  the  chapter  on  Varieties  of  American  Grapes.  Its  advent  is  noted 
here  that  it  may  be  set  as  a  landmark  in  the  development  of  American 
grape-culture.  It  is  first  recorded  in  1852  by  the  Massachusetts  Horticul- 
tural Society  as  a  seedling  exhibited  by  E.  W.  Bull.  The  qualities  that 
have  made  the   Concord  so  important  in  commercial  grape-growing  are: 


56  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Adaptability  to  varying  sets  of  cultural  conditions;  fair  shipping  qualities; 
hardiness,  productiveness  and  comparative  immunity  to  fungi  and  insects. 
Its  influence  on  the  grape-growing  of  the  country  has  been  great,  too, 
because  from  it  have  come  a  considerable  number  of  the  most  valuable 
varieties  of  American  grapes;  as  Worden,  Moore  Early,  Pocklington, 
Martha  and  Cottage,  all  pure-bred  seedlings  and  many  cross-breds. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  Philadelphia  in 
1852,  Dr.  William  W.  Valk  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  exhibited  several 
bunches  of  fruit  from  a  seedling  grape  which  he  had  grown  from  seeds  of 
Black  Hamburg  produced  from  blossoms  fertilized  by  Isabella.'  The  cross 
had  been  made  in  1845,  the  first  fruit  was  borne  in  1850,  and  in  1851  speci- 
mens of  it  were  examined  by  Downing  who  wrote,  "  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  is  the  first  genuine  cross  between  the  foreign  grapes  and  our 
natives."-  The  name  of  the  variety,  given  by  the  originator,  is  Ada.  Dr. 
Valk  gave  full  accounts  of  his  hybrid  seedlings  in  the  Horticulturist  in  1851,' 
and  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1852.''  He  had 
previously  written  on  the  subject  of  hybridization,  an  interesting  paper  hav- 
ing been  contributed  to  Hovey's  Magazine  as  early  as  1845.'  All  available 
information  shows  that  Valk's  is  the  first  recorded  hybrid  between  a  native 
and  the  foreign  grape.  Yet  the  honor  of  such  a  production  has  usually  been 
given  to  John  Fisk  Allen  and  to  the  grape,  Allen's  Hybrid.  For  the  con- 
ception of  hybridity  between  species  we  can  go  back  to  the  beginning  of  the 
cultivation  of  native  grapes.  Nearly  thirtv  years  before,  Nuttall,  the 
then  famous  botanist  of  Harvard  University,  had  recommended  such 
hybridization  to  American    grape-growers.®      Dufour    mentions  its  possi- 


'  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1852:45. 

-  Horticulturist,  6:445.      1851. 

^  Horticulturist,  6:444.      1851. 

*  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1852:45. 

^  Magazine  oj  Horticulture,  11:134.      1845. 

'Nuttall  says:  "  It  is  probable  that  hybrids  betwixt  the  European  Vine  (Vitis  vinifcra)  and 
those  of  the  United  States  would  better  answer  the  variable  climates  of  North  America,  than  the 
unacclimated  vine  of  Europe.  When  a  portion  of  the  same  industry  shall  have  been  bestowed  upon 
the  cultivation  of  the  native  vines  of  America,  which  has  for  so  many  ages  and  by  so  many  nations, 
been  devoted  to  the  amelioration  of  Vitis  v-inijcra,  we  cannot  imagine  that  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  will  be  longer  indebted  to  Europe  for  the  luxury  of  wine.     It  is  not  however  in  the  wilds  of 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  57 

bilities  in  his  Vine  Dresser's  Guide}  In  1S30,  Prince  discussed  the  whole 
matter  and  gave  specific  directions  for  hybridizing.-  Indeed  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  Prince,  who  says  he  grew  ten  thousand  seedling  plants  "from 
an  admixture  under  every  variety  of  circumstance"  grew  the  first  such 
hybrid  but  we  have  nothing  more  definite  as  to  this  than  the  above 
statement. 

In  1854,  two  years  following  its  report  of  E.  W.  Bull's  'new  seedling," 
the  Concord,  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  showed  in  its  exhibits 
another  grape  scarcely  less  worthy  of  note  than  the  Concord.  It  was  a 
hybrid  between  the  Golden  Chasselas  and  the  Isabella  produced  by  John 
Fisk  x\llen  of  Salem,  Massachusetts.  The  new  variety,  the  Allen's  Hybrid, 
mentioned  in  a  preceding  paragraph,  had  some  intrinsic  value  but,  of  more 
importance,  was  the  first  introduction  of  its  kind  and  started  similar  work 
which  gave  us  many  interesting  and  some  valuable  grapes. 


uncultivated  nature  that  we  are  to  obtain  vines  worthy  of  cultivation.  Were  this  the  case,  Europe 
would  to  the  present  have  known  no  other  Malus  than  the  worthless  austere  crab,  in  place  of  the 
finest  apple;  no  other  Pyrus  than  the  acerb  and  inedible  Pyraster  or  stone  Pear,  from  which  cultiva- 
tion has  obtained  all  the  other  varieties.  It  is  from  seed  that  new  and  valuable  varieties  are  invariably 
to  be  obtained.  There  is  however  at  the  present  time,  a  variety  of  one  of  the  native  species  cultivated 
under  the  name  of  '  Bland's  grape  ',  a  hybrid  no  way  in  my  opinion  inferior  to  some  of  the  best 
European  grapes." 

'  "  People  who  have  a  good  deal  of  leisure  time,  ought  to  make  those  experiments  which  take 
many  years  to  know  the  result.  If  any  where  in  the  United  States  a  public  Botanic  garden  should 
be  established,  there  would  be  the  proper  place,  to  have  a  corner  of  it  appropriated  solely  for  the 
purpose  of  trying  the  raising  of  new  species  of  grapes,  either  by  seeds  or  grafts;  and  if  there  was  a 
green  or  hot  house,  several  species  of  the  best  grapes,  and  even  a  male  plant  of  the  most  vigorous 
indigenous  ought  to  be  introduced  in  it,  and  trained  so  that  the  crossing  of  the  breed  may  be  easily 
done,  by  bringing  two  different  sorts  of  grapes  together  in  time  of  blossoming,  and  sow  the  seeds. 
I  think  we  may  anticipate  some  very  good  results  from  such  an  arrangement."  Vine  Dresser's 
Guide:  228.      1826. 

^  Of  hybridization  he  says:  "  In  all  attempts  at  artificial  fecundation,  I  would  recommend 
that  one  of  the  varieties  selected  be  of  native  origin,  as  there  exists  no  want  of  hybrids  between 
European  varieties  alone;  a  large  proportion  of  those  now  in  cultivation  having  been  doubtless  pro- 
duced by  natural  admixture  of  the  pollen,  in  the  vineyards  where  they  originated.  For  the  purpose 
of  hybridizing,  the  varieties  of  Vitis  aestivalis  should  be  selected  in  preference  to  those  of  Vitis 
labrusca,  on  account  of  the  much  higher  vinous  properties  of  the  former;  and  there  cannot  exist  a 
doubt  but  that  we  may  readily  produce  well  acclimated  hybrids  between  the  native  and  foreign 
varieties,  without  the  trouble  of  continuing  the  course  of  reproduction  for  many  generations,  although 
such  reproduction  from  species  so  dissimilar  may  continue  to  present  additional  modifications  of 
character."     A  Treatise  on  the  Vine:  253-254.      1S30. 


58  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Soon  after  the  production  of  Allen's  Hybrid,  E.  S.  Rogers  of  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  and  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  began  to  give 
grape-growers  varieties,  the  results  of  hybrids  between  Vitis  vinijera  and 
Vitis  labrusca,  so  promising  that  for  a  time  enthusiasm  and  speculation 
ran  riot.  Possibly  at  no  other  period  has  the  interest  in  grape-growing 
been  so  keen  as  during  the  decade  succeeding  the  introduction  of  these 
hj^brids.  It  was  the  "golden  era"  for  the  grape  propagators.  One 
old  nurseryman  tells  of  carrying,  during  this  boom,  over  a  thousand  dollars 
worth  of  rooted  grape  cuttings  on  his  back  from  the  nurser\-  to  the  express 
office. 

Though  there  was  no  panic  among  grape-growers  as  the  result  of  specu- 
lation in  hybrids,  lovers  of  grapes  the  country  over  were  greatlv  disap- 
pointed in  the  h\-l)rid  varieties.  The  fruit  of  man_\-  of  the  hybrids  produced 
at  this  time  is  of  superior  quality  and  many  of  them  are  still  grown  by 
amateurs.  But  the  vines  of  all  first  generation  hybrids  with  \'inifera  pro- 
duced so  far,  lack  hardiness,  vigor  and  usuallv  productiveness;  thev  are 
susceptible  to  fungi  and  the  phylloxera  and  man>'  of  them  must  be  cross- 
pollinated  to  secure  fruit.  It  is  only  when  the  blood  of  the  native  species 
greatly  predominates,  as  in  Delaware,  Brighton  and  Diamond,  that  we  have 
obtained  sorts  of  commercial  value  through  the  admixture  of  foreign  blood. 
But  the  interest  aroused  by  Allen's  Hybrid  still  continues  and  in  every 
part  of  the  country  may  be  found  some  man  who  h\-bridizes  grapes  with 
the  hope  that  through  well  planned  crosses  or  a  lucky  chance  he  may  obtain 
the  grape  of  grapes  for  America.  Such  attempts,  stimulated  by  the  hybrids 
of  the  fifties,  have  produced  most  of  our  American  varieties. 

The  time  between  1853,  the  date  of  the  introduction  of  the  Concord, 
and  1880  can  be  singled  out  as  the  period  in  which  viticulture  made  its 
great  growth  in  eastern  America.  The  first  limit  is  set  because  the  Concord 
gave  commercial  grape-growing  its  initial  impulse;  the  second  limit  is  put 
at  1880,  because  at  about  that  time  grapes  and  wine  from  California  began 
to  compete  with  the  eastern  product  to  such  an  extent  that  prices  fell  and 
plantings  were  curtailed.  Curtailment  did  not  begin  so  early  as  this  in 
New  York  but  for  the  country  at  large  the  period  of  great  expansion  ended 
at  about  1880.      Fortunately  we  have  an  accurate  statistical  report  of  the 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  59 

condition  of  grape  culture  in  the  United  States  at  this  time.  It  is  found  in 
a  work  entitled,  .4  Report  Upon  the  Statistics  of  Grape  Culture  and 
Wine  Prodviction  in  tlie  United  States  for  iSSo.^  The  report  was  com- 
piled by  Dr.  William  McMurtrie  under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture. 

Statistics  are  given  for  all  of  the  states  of  the  Union  but  a  glance  at 
the  tables  shows  that  by  this  time  viticulture  had  become  a  specialized 
industry  and  that  the  areas  devoted  to  it  are  more  or  less  localized.  The 
main  areas,  with  their  acreage  for  1880,  may  be  set  forth  as  follows: 

The  Eastern  region,  comprising  the  States  of  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, 14,590  acres. 

The  Middle  region,  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  17,634  acres. 

The  Western  region,  Kansas  and  Missouri,  10,918  acres. 

The  Southern  region,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  North  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  10,707  acres. 

The  Pacific  region,  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  35,518  acres. 

Outside  of  these  five  regions  there  were  in  the  United  States,  according  to 
McMurtrie's  report,  12,316  acres.  The  total  acreage  for  the  United  States 
in  1880  was  101,683  acres;  the  production  of  wine  was  23,453,827  gallons. 
Unfortunately  the  total  production  of  grapes  is  not  given. 

The  following  data  are  taken  from  the  agricultural  statistics  of  1890  and 
show  well  the  growth  of  viticulture  in  ten  years  though  it  is  probable 
that  the  figures  for  1880  were  far  too  low.  For  the  Eastern  region, 
51,000  acres;  the  Middle  region,  42,633  acres;  Western  region,  17,306  acres; 
Southern  region,  17,092  acres;  Pacific  region,  213,230  acres;  for  the  territory 
outside  of  these  divisions,  60,000  acres.  Total  area,  401,261  acres. 
Excluding  the  acreage  of  the  Pacific  division  we  have  188,031  acres  for 
American  grapes,  assuming  that  all  of  the  grapes  grown  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  belong  to  Vitis  vinifera. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  1890  four-fifths  of  the  grapes  grown  in 
the  Eastern  region.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  were  for  table  use  and  that 
in  round  numbers  the  production  for  this  purpose  amounted  to  60,687  tons, 
requiring  5000  cars  for  transportation.     Of  grapes  sold  to  wineries  there 


'  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.     Special  Report,  No.  36.      1880. 


6o  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

were  15,172  tons.  The  varieties  most  largely  grown  were,  in  order  named, 
Concord,  Catawba,  Delaware,  and  Niagara. 

In  the  Middle  region,  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  about  half  the  grapes 
grown  were  for  table  use  and  half  for  wine.  By  far  the  largest  part  of  the 
grapes  grown  in  this  region  was  in  Ohio,  only  about  one-fourth  of  the  total 
area  being  in  the  other  two  states.  Between  1880  and  1890,  viticulture 
scarcely  held  its  own  in  this  division.  The  decrease  in  the  value  of  the 
product,  competition  with  California,  and,  more  particularly,  ravages  of 
insects  and  fungi  were  the  causes  of  the  falling  off  in  planting.  In  some 
localities  many  vineyards  were  destroyed.  The  grapes  sold  for  table  use  in 
this  region  amounted  to  50,337  tons;  to  wineries,  14,456  tons. 

So,  too,  in  the  Western  region,  Missouri  and  Kansas,  but  little  progress 
was  made  during  this  ten  years  and  for  the  same  reasons,  though  the  devas- 
tation in  Missouri  was  caused  chiefly  by  black-rot,  which  begun  to  be  trouble- 
some about  1875.  The  plantings  in  Missouri  were  largely  for  wine-making 
but  in  Kansas,  which  contained  5542  of  the  17,306  acres  for  this  region, 
about  half  of  the  crop  was  sold  for  table  use.  The  grapes  for  table  use  in 
this  region  amounted  to  30,794  tons,  for  wineries,  8290  tons. 

The  crop  in  the  Southern  region  was  about  equally  divided  between  wine 
and  table  grapes,  the  production  in  1889  amounting  to  1,165,832  gallons  of 
wine  and  14,539  tons  of  table  grapes.  The  new  plantings  about  equalled 
the  acreage  destroyed  so  that  in  total  area  the  region  was  about  holding 
its  own.  The  chief  market  for  the  table  grapes  was  in  the  North  where 
they  were  sold  early  in  the  season  at  prices  ranging  from  fifteen  to  twenty- 
five  cents  a  pound. 

We  are  concerned  with  the  Pacific  region  in  that  its  grape  products, 
especially  its  wines,  compete  with  those  of  eastern  America.  The  growth 
of  viticulture  in  the  Pacific  region  in  the  decade  we  are  discussing  was  little 
short  of  marvelous.  In  1880  the  acreage  was  35,518  acres  and  in  1890, 
213,230  acres  —  much  greater  than  that  of  all  the  eastern  regions,  and  the 
production  of  grapes  being  more  than  proportionately  greater  because  of  the 
greater  productiveness  of  the  vines.  In  this  region  43,414  tons  were  sold 
for  table  grapes;  173,037  tons  for  wine;  41,166  tons  were  made  into 
raisins    and   23,252  tons  used  for  dried  grapes  and    other    purposes    than 


iSpo 

1900 

Tons  of 

Tons  of 

grapes  grown 

grapes  grown 

75-859 

147,411 

64-793 

58,917 

39,084 

14,784 

21-534 

16,886 

280,869 

362.323 

THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  61 

table  grapes.  The  grand  total  for  the  region  was  280,869  tons  against 
201,270  for  all  of  eastern  America.  These  figures  give  an  idea  of  how 
formidable  a  competitor  to  eastern  America  California  had  become  by 
1890. 

The  census  of  1900  shows  but  little  increase  in  the  total  production  of 
American  grapes.  A  few  figures  will  show  the  relative  status  of  viticulture 
in  the  several  regions  in  1890  and  1900. 


Eastern  region  .  . 
Middle  region  .  .  . 
Western  region.  . 
Southern  region  . 
California  region. 


All  of  the  regions  we  have  been  discussing,  in  which  native  grapes  are 
grown,  show  a  considerable  falling  off  in  production  excepting  the  eastern 
one  where  the  increase  more  than  counterbalances  the  decrease  in  the 
other  regions.  The  census  report  for  1900  shows  three  new  states  in  the 
list  of  those  producing  grapes  in  commercial  quantities.  In  the  decade 
preceding,  Michigan  came  up  from  an  insignificant  commercial  production 
in  1890  to  fifth  rank  in  1900  with  20,765  tons.  Iowa  and  Oklahoma,  states 
from  which  grapes  were  not  reported  in  commercial  ciuantities  in  1890, 
produced  3701  and  3055  tons  in  1900. 

The  shifting  of  grape  areas  indicated  in  the  above  paragraph  was  caused 
for  most  part  by  the  grape  diseases.  The  mildew  and  rot  had  ruined  the 
grape  industry  in  some  of  the  older  regions.  The  newer  regions,  as  in 
Michigan,  either  enjoy  comparative  immunity  from  these  troubles  or  the 
vineyards  had  not  yet  been  attacked  by  them.  In  the  case  of  the  eastern 
region.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  in  the  Chautauqua  district,  along  the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie  in  both  states,  where  the  production  increased  greatly 
during  this  decade,  the  vineyards  are  almost  wholly  immune  to  black-rot 
and  are  comparatively  free  from  the  mildew.  In  the  other  grape  districts 
of  this  region  these  troubles  are  kept  well  in  check  by  spraying. 


62  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  statistics  given  in  the  last  few  paragraphs  show  how  greatly  the 
grape-growing  of  eastern  America  has  increased  in  the  last  half  century. 
When  one  considers  that  at  the  time  Erskine  made  his  survey  in  18^9  there 
were  but  6100  acres  of  grapes  in  the  whole  of  this  great  region  and  that  the 
culture  of  the  European  varieties  was  impossible,  the  total  acreage  grown 
in  1900,  namely,  237,998  acres,  makes  an  astounding  figure.  The  results 
achieved  seem  all  the  greater  when  one  considers  that  many  of  the  best 
varieties  now  grown  are  the  first  and  scarcely  any  are  further  removed  than 
the  second  generation  from  wild  plants.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  other  culti- 
vated plants  have  attained  such  importance  as  our  native  grapes  in  so  short 
a  time  from  the  wild  state.  Yet  their  domestication  has  scarcely  begun 
and  few  who  grow  them  realize  their  possibilities. 

THE   wine'    AXD  GRAPE   JUICE   INDUSTRIES. 

For  over  200  years  the  grapes  grown  on  this  continent  were  almost 
wholly  for  wine-making.      Yet  the  production  of  grapes  was  not  sufficient 


'  Wine  is  the  fermented  juice  of  the  grape.  When  the  juice  or  must  of  the  grape  is  exposed  to 
temperatures  ranging  from  55°  to  65°F.  the  micro-organisms  which  accompany  the  fruit,  the  yeast 
of  the  wine-maker,  are  transformed  from  a  comparatively  dormant  state  to  one  of  great  activity. 
The  action  of  the  organisms  on  grape  must  is  called  fermentation  and  through  it  certain  physical 
and  chemical  changes  take  place  whereby  the  must  is  changed  in  taste  and  in  color,  and  a  part  or 
all  of  its  sugar  is  changed  into  alcohol.  The  methods  of  making  wine  differ  in  different  countries 
and  in  different  localities  depending  upon  the  climate,  kind  of  grapes  grown,  condition  of  growth, 
and  the  kind  of  wine  produced,  yet  the  principles  and  chief  processes  are  much  the  same  and  may 
be  briefly  described  as  follows : 

In  general  grapes  are  not  picked  for  wine-making  until  they  have  reached  full  maturity  thus 
insuring  a  higher  sugar  content,  richness  of  flavor  and  perfect  color.  It  is  customary  to  determine 
the  composition  of  the  must  as  to  sugar  and  acid  content  by  various  instruments  devised  for  the 
purpose  and  if  it  lack  sugar  this  ingredient  is  added;  if  it  be  too  acid  water  is  added:  or  the  composi- 
tion may  be  otherwise  changed  depending  upon  a  number  of  circumstances  though  manifestly 
reputable  wine-makers  change  the  natural  grape  juice  as  little  as  possible.  Soon  after  harvest- 
ing the  grapes  are  crushed.  The  ancient  method,  which  still  prevails  in  many  parts  of  Europe, 
was  to  tramp  the  grapes  with  bare  feet  or  wooden  shoes.  Tramping  is  for  most  part  superseded  by 
mechanical  crushers  which  break  the  skins  but  do  not  crush  the  seeds.  For  some  wines  the  stems 
of  the  grapes  are  removed ;  for  others  it  is  essential  that  the  grapes  be  not  stemmed.  Stemming  may 
be  done  by  hand,  by  a  rake  over  a  screen,  or  by  specially  devised  machines.  If  white  wine  is  to  be 
made  the  juice  is  separated  from  skins  and  pulp  at  once;  if  red  wine  is  desired  fermentation  takes 
place  in  the  crushed  grapes  or  marc. 

Fermentation  is  carried  on  in  large  tanks  or  vats  varying  in  capacity  from  1000  gallons  to  10,000 
gallons  or  more.     Some  wine-makers  prefer  open  vats,  others  keep  them  closed.     The  duration  of 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  63 

to  sustain  a  wine  industry  until  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
When,  with  the  introduction  of  new  varieties  of  grapes  and  of  better  meth- 
ods of  growing  them,  the  crop  became  sufficient  in  volume  to  support  wine- 
making  as  an  industrv,  its  progress  was  checked  bj'  the  enormous  demand 
for  table  grapes,  a  demand  not  known  in  other  countries,  and  by  the  cheap- 
ness of  California  wines.  Furthermore  the  grapes  most  commonly  culti- 
vated, as  the  Concord,  Worden  and  Niagara,  do  not  make  good  wines; 
and  knowledge  and  facilities  for  wine-making  have  not  lieen  such  that  the 
best  wines  could  be  made  with  varieties  adapted  for  the  purpose.  All  of 
these  obstacles,  to  which  we  may  add  the  fact  that  Americans  are  not  a 
wine-drinking  people,  have  prevented  the  building  up  of  a  wine  industry 
as  it  exists  in  other  grape-growing  countries. 

Although  the  United  States  stands  second  or  third  in  the  list  of  grape- 
producing  countries  it  took  lowest  rank  in  wine  production  in  1900,  falling 


fermentation  depends  upon  many  conditions  and  varies  from  two  or  three  to  fifteen  or  twenty  days, 
depending  upon  the  amount  of  sugar  in  the  must,  the  temperature,  activity  of  ferments,  etc.,  etc. 
Wine-makers  observe  several  distinct  stages  of  fermentation  which  must  be  closely  watched  and 
controlled.  A  most  important  influence  is  exerted  on  fermentation  by  temperature.  The  limits 
below  which  and  above  which  fermentation  does  not  take  place  are  55°  and  9o°F.  In  general  it  is 
desirable  that  fermentation  take  place  at  temperatures  ranging  about  70°.  When  it  is  found 
that  the  sugar  is  practically  all  converted  into  alcohol,  or  that  such  conversion  has  proceeded 
far  enough,  the  new  wine  is  drawn  or  pumped  from  the  fermenting  vats  into  casks  or  barrels  where 
it  ages  though  it  may  require  special  treatment  for  clearing.  Before  bottling  it  is  usually  necessary 
to  rack  the  wine  into  new  barrels  twice  or  three  times  to  stop  secondary  fermentations  which 
invariably  take  place. 

Special  treatments  result  in  several  distinct  classes  of  wine.  Thus  we  can  divide  wine  into  nd 
and  white  as  to  color.  Red  wines  are  produced  from  colored  grapes  the  color  being  extracted  in  the 
process  of  fermentation.  White  wines  are  made  from  light  colored  grapes  or  if  from  colored  fruit 
the  must  is  not  allowed  to  ferment  on  the  marc  and  so  extract  the  color.  We  may  again  divide 
wines  into  dry  and  sweet.  Dry  wines  are  those  in  which  the  sugar  is  practically  all  converted  into 
alcohol.  Sweet  wines  are  those  which  retain  more  or  less  sugar.  These  are  often  fortified  by  the 
addition  of  alcohol.  A  third  division  is  that  of  still  and  sparkling  wines.  Still  wines  are  those  in 
which  the  carbonic  acid  gas  formed  by  fermentation  has  wholly  escaped.  Sparkling  wines  retain 
a  greater  or  less  amount  of  this  carbonic  acid  gas. 

All  of  the  above  classes  are  further  divided  into  well  marked  types  according  to  their  color  and 
taste,  their  alcoholic  content,  and  the  countries  in  which  they  are  produced.  The  following  are  the 
leading  wines  made  from  native  gjapes:  Catawba,  Delaware,  Concord,  Norton's  Virginia,  Ives, 
Sciippernong,  lona.  Claret,  Port  and  Champagne.  Of  these  Claret,  Norton's  Virginia  and  Ives  are 
red  dry  wines.  Catawba,  Delaware,  lona  and  Scuppcrnong  may  be  either  dry  or  sweet  white  wines. 
Port  is  a  red  sweet  wine. 


64  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

below  the  small  countries  of  Greece  and  Switzerland  and  such  compara- 
tively undeveloped  countries  as  Chili  and  Argentine.  Since  by  far  the 
greater  proportion  of  American  wines  come  from  the  European  grapes  of 
the  Pacific  coast,  it  can  be  seen  that  wine  made  from  American  grapes  is 
but  a  drop  in  the  bucket  in  the  world's  production.  Reliable  statistics 
of  viticulture  in  the  United  States  were  not  taken  until  1890,  but  careful 
estimates,  as  we  have  seen,  had  been  made  by  several  men  at  different 
periods.  These  with  the  last  two  census  reports  show  the  output  of  wine 
in  this  country  to  be,  in  round  numbers,  as  follows: 

Gallons 

1850 250,000 

i860 500 , 000 

1870 5,000,000 

1 880 15, 000 , 000 

1890 24, 000 , 000 

1900 30,000,000 


According  to  the   American  Wiiw   Press,'   the  leading  authority  on 
wines  in  this  country,  the  vintage  of  1907  shows  the  following  figures: 

Gallons 

Southern  States i ,  000 ,  000 

New  Jersey 250, 000 

New  York 4 ,  000 ,  000 

Ohio 2  ,  500 ,  000 

Missouri i ,  500 ,  000 

California,  dry 30 ,  000 ,  000 

"          sweet 10 ,  000 ,  000 

Western  States 500 ,  000 

All  other  States 500 ,  000 

Total  wine  yield 50 ,  250 ,  000 


Subtracting  the  product  of  California  from  the  total  we  have  approximately 
the  yield  of  wine  from  native  grapes. 


'  Vol.  22:  No.  3:22. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  65 

The  manufacture  of  champagne'  from  native  grapes  is  beginning  to 
be  an  important  adjunct  to  grape-growing  and  is  of  especial  importance  in 
New  York  which  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  new  industry.  According  to  sta- 
tistics from  the  Bureau  of  vStatistics  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,-  more  than  two  milhon  bottles  of  genuine  champagne  wine  are  now 
produced  annually  in  the  United  States.  The  figures  compiled  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics  show  that  the  manufacture  of  champagne  has  quad- 
rupled in  ten  years  and  that  New  York  is  by  far  the  largest  producer  in  this 
class  of  wines.  It  is  held  by  the  writers  of  the  circular  quoted  above,  and 
a  careful  study  seems  to  have  been  made  of  the  subject,  that  the  American 
product  compares  favorably  with  that  produced  in  other  countries  and  that 
native  champagnes  are  steadily  improving  with  the  increased  experience 
of  the  American  producer. 

The  largest  manufacturers  of  champagne  are  located  about  Keuka 
Lake,  Steuben  County,  New  York.  About  75  per  ct.  of  the  total  output 
of  the  country  is  manufactured  here.  The  process  used  is  the  French  one 
of  fermentation  in  the  bottle  and  a  number  of  distinct  brands  are  made 
which  in  color,  taste,  sparkle  and  purity  are  rapidly  approaching  the  high 
quality  of  the  celebrated  French  champagnes.     Considerable  champagne  is 


'  Champagne  obtains  its  name  from  the  fact  that  it  is  chiefly  produced  in  the  Province  of  Cham- 
pagne in  France.  Its  special  characteristic  is  that  during  fermentation,  which  is  usually  brought 
about  in  the  bottle,  the  carbonic  acid  gas  generated  is  absorbed  by  the  wine.  When  the  bottle  is 
opened  the  gas  is  disengaged  and  the  wine  effervesces  or  "  sparkles  ".  Good  champagne  requires 
grapes  of  high  quality  and  of  special  adaptability;  the  fruit  must  be  well  ripened,  free  from  decayed 
berries,  and  clean.  The  first  fermentation  takes  place  during  a  period  of  several  months  in  the 
regular  receptacles  for  this  purpose  after  which  the  wine  from  several  varieties  of  grapes  is  blended. 
Good  champagne  usually  contains  some  old  wine.  After  bottling,  the  wine  is  held  at  slightly 
different  temperatures  for  varying  lengths  of  time  to  secure  proper  fermentation  in  the  bottle  until 
at  the  end  of  several  months  it  is  held  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature  in  which  the  bottles 
remain  from  three  to  four  years.  The  bottles  must  then  receive  some  treatment  which  will  remove 
the  sediment  which  has  been  formed  by  fermentation.  This  is  usually  done  by  placing  them  in 
racks  cork  down  at  about  an  angle  of  45  degrees  or  a  little  more.  By  dexterously  shaking  and  jarring 
the  bottles  the  sediment  is  loosened  and  deposited  in  the  neck  of  the  bottle.  Lastly  the  sediment  is 
disgorged  by  skillfully  withdrawing  the  cork,  a  small  portion  of  the  wine  being  wasted  in  the  opera- 
tion. The  bottles  are  then  filled  with  a  dosage  of  rock-candy  dissolved  in  an  old  dry  wine,  the  amount 
used  determining  the  sweetness  of  the  champagne.  The  bottles  are  then  corked,  wired,  capped, 
labelled  and  cased,  after  which  the  champagne  is  ready  for  the  market. 

-  Champagne:   Decrease  in  Imports  and  Increase  in  Domestic   Production,    April  25,  1907,  p.  427. 

5 


66  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

also  made  in  Orange  County  in  the  southeastern  part  of  New  York,  in 
Northern  Ohio,  in  Missouri,  and  a  small  amount  from  European  grapes  in 
California. 

The  manufacture  of  unfermented  grape  juice'  is  becoming  an  industry 
in  New  York  and  promises  to  substantially  increase  the  production  of 
grapes.  Grape  juice  is  what  its  name  purports,  the  juice  of  the  grape 
undiluted,  unsweetened  and  vmfermented.  A  good  grade  of  grape  juice 
contains  no  preservatives,  the  necessity  for  such  being  removed  in  the  proc- 
ess of  making,  the  chief  operation  of  which  is  sterilization  by  heat  whereby 
the  germs  of  fermentation  are  killed.  The  product  is  an  ancient  one,  as 
the  Greeks,  Hebrews  and  Assyrians  used  it  as  new  wine ;  but  the  process 
of  making  an  unfermented  grape  juice  that  could  be  kept  for  an  indefinite 
length  of  time  is  quite  modern,  and  is  the  outcome  of  the  discoveries  of  the 
last  half  century  regarding  the  control  of  the  agents  of  fermentation. 

The  grape  juice  industry  of  the  countr}-  is  largely  confined  to  New  York 
and  to  the  Chautauqua  grape  belt  in  the  western  part  of  the  State.  About 
one-fifth  of  the  grape  crop  of  this  region  was  turned  into  grape  juice  in  1907. 
The  output  of  the  Chautauqua  region  is  as  follows:  1904,  400,000  gallons; 
1905,  600,000  gallons;  1906,  1,000,000  gallons;  1907,  1,500,000  gallons.  The 
Concord  is  used  almost  entirely  in  the  manufacture  of  grape  juice  though 
a  few  other  dark-colored  grapes  make  a  ver}'  good  product.  There  is  but 
little  demand  for  a  light-colored  grape  juice  but  some  is  made.  Since  the 
European  grape  does  not  make  a  good  unfermented  juice  there  is  no  fear 


'  Grape  juice  is  made  from  clean,  sound  but  not  over-ripe  grapes.  The  juice  is  pressed  out  by 
machinery  in  commercial  practice  but  in  the  home  manufacture  of  the  product,  the  grapes  may  be 
pressed  by  the  hands.  If  a  light-colored  juice  is  desired  the  liquid  is  extracted  without  heating  the 
grapes;  for  a  red  juice  the  pulp  is  heated  before  pressing  and  the  grapes  must  be  dark  in  color.  In 
either  case  the  heating  is  done  in  a  double  boiler  so  that  the  juice  does  not  come  in  direct  contact 
with  the  fire.  The  proper  temperature  ranges  from  i8o°  F.  to  200°  F.  and  must  never  exceed  the 
200°  mark  if  the  flavor  of  uncooked  grapes  is  desired.  After  heating,  the  juice  is  allowed  to  settle 
for  twenty-four  hours  in  a  glass,  crockery  or  enameled  vessel  after  which  it  is  carefullv  drained  from 
the  sediment  and  strained  through  some  sterilized  filter.  In  home  practice  several  thicknesses  of 
flannel,  previously  boiled,  will  do  for  a  filter.  The  liquid  is  then  filled  into  clean  bottles  leaving  room 
for  expansion  in  the  second  heating.  The  bottled  juice  is  now  heated  a  second  time  after  which  it 
immediately  corked  and  sealed.  The  principles  involved  in  making  grape  juice  are  the  same  as  those 
observed  in  canning  fruit  and  the  operation  may  be  varied  in  the  former  as  it  is  in  the  latter  if  only 
certain  fundamental  processes  are  followed. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  67 

among  growers  of  native  grapes  of  competition  from  California  or  Europe. 
The  rapid  growth  which  this  industry  has  made  is  most  encouraging  to 
grape-growers  for  it  promises  to  furnish  a  permanent  and  profitable  demand 
for  good  grapes. 

Raisins'  are  not  made  from  American  grapes.-  So  far  no  varieties  of 
the  native  species  have  been  developed  with  sufficient  sugar  and  solid 
contents  to  make  a  raisin  acceptable  to  the  markets.  Even  were  there 
varieties  from  which  raisins  could  be  made,  it  is  very  doubtful  if  the  climate 
of  eastern  America  during  picking  and  curing  time  is  such  that  raisins 
could  be  made  in  competition  with  the  product  of  California,  now  the 
greatest  of  the  world's  raisin  producing  regions,  where  the  climate  is  almost 
perfectly  adapted  to  the  industry. 


'  A  raisin  is  a  dried  and  cured  grape.  Raisin-making  is  a  simple  process.  The  grapes 
are  arranged  on  shallow  trays,  and  placed  in  the  sun  to  dry,  being  turned  now  and  then  by  placing  an 
empty  tray  on  a  full  one  and  turning  both  over  after  which  the  top  tray  is  removed.  When  the  grapes 
are  properly  dried  they  are  put  in  bins  to  sweat  preparatory  to  packing  and  shipping.  The  finishing 
touch  in  the  drying  is  sometimes  given  in  curing-hou.ses,  however,  to  avoid  injury  from  rain  or  dust. 
Seeding,  grading,  packing  and  selling  are  now  separate  industries  from  growing  and  curing.  At 
present  all  raisins  are  made  from  varieties  of  the  Old  World  grape,  no  American  sort  having  been 
found  suitable  for  raisin-making.  A  variety  adapted  for  making  a  raisin,  something  better  than 
simply  a  "dried  grape  ",  must  have  a  large  percentage  of  sugar  and  solids,  a  thin  skin,  and  a  high 
flavor.  American  grapes  lack  in  sugar  content  and  have  a  skin  so  thick  and  tough  that  the  fruit  does 
not  cure  properly  for  a  good  raisin.  The  raisin  industry  in  the  United  States  is  carried  on  only  in 
California,  the  great  bulk  of  the  crop  coming  from  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  a  few  of  the  southern 
counties  of  that  State.  Formerly  the  raisins  used  in  this  country  were  wholly  imported;  now  this 
product  of  the  grape  is  exported  and  in  increasing  quantities.  The  annual  production  of  raisins  is  in 
the  neighborhood  of  100,000,000  pounds. 

-  According  to  Bartram,  the  aborigines  of  eastern  America  made  raisins  from  the  wild  grapes. 
He  describes  the  process  they  used  as  follows:  "  The  Indians  gather  great  quantities  of  wild  grapes 
which  they  prepare  for  keeping,  by  first  sweating  them  on  hurdles  over  a  gentle  fire,  and  afterwards 
dry  them  on  their  bunches  in  the  sun  and  air,  and  store  them  up  for  provisions." 


68  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAPTER  m 

THE  VITICULTURE  OF  NEW  YORK 

The  history  of  the  viticulture  of  eastern  United  States  shows  that  the 
regions  in  which  grapes  have  been  most  largely  grown  in  the  past  have  come 
into  prominence,  had  their  day,  and  then  suffered  a  decline.  The  reasons 
for  the  more  or  less  temporary  character  of  grape  regions  are  becoming 
more  and  more  apparent  as  our  knowledge  of  grape-growing  increases. 
The  grape,  more  than  most  other  domesticated  plants,  is  profoundly  influ- 
enced by  climate,  soil,  cultural  treatment,  and  insect  and  fungus  pests. 
In  any  region  in  which  the  grape  succeeds  at  all  well,  conditions  aie  more 
favorable  at  the  start  of  the  industry  than  later;  this  is  especially  true  as 
regards  soils,  and  the  insect  and  fungus  pests.  In  a  discussion  of  any  phase 
of  grape  culture,  in  a  Inroad  sense,  the  conditions  under  which  the  fruit  is 
grown  must  receive  careful  consideration.  We  therefore  include  in  this 
chapter  a  discussion  of  the  characters  which  most  strongly  influence  grapes 
in  vine,  fruit  and  general  adaptability;  also  a  brief  discussion  of  the  regions 
in  which  native  grapes  have  been  successfully  grown  in  America;  and,  more 
particularly,  an  account  of  the  viticulture  and  the  grape  regions  of  New 
York. 

In  their  wild  state  the  various  species  of  native  grapes  seem  adapted 
to  a  great  diversity  of  soils  and  conditions.  But  under  successful  cultivation 
varieties  of  the  several  species  are  confined  to  somewhat  restricted  regions 
and  even  localities.  Often  a  grape  variety  will  succeed  on  one  shore  of  a 
lake  or  river  and  not  on  the  other;  on  one  slope  of  a  hill  but  not  another. 
It  is  difficult  to  point  out  the  determinants  of  successful  grape  culture. 
Adaptability  can  be  known  positively  in  many  cases  only  by  trial;  for 
neither  conditions  of  soil,  nor  climate,  nor  lay  of  land  determines  with 
certainty  the  adaptability  of  a  given  locality.  Oftentimes  one  variety 
of  a  species  may  not  be  successful  while  another  is  completely  so.  Many 
varieties  reach  perfection  in  one  region  or  locality  but  not  in  another 
though  the  conditions  may  seem  very  similar.  So  great  is  the  influence 
of  local  environment,  oftentimes,  that  a  variety  grown  in  one  locality 
might  not  be  recognized  as  the  same  grape  when  produced  under  other 
conditions. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  69 

The  chief  natural  factors  which  govern  the  distribution  of  varieties 
of  grapes  are:  Latitude  and  altitude;  temperature  of  air  and  soil;  water 
supply;  the  chemical  and  physical  properties  of  the  soil;  air  currents;  and 
insects  and  fungi. 

Latitude  and  altitude  very  largely  determine  the  annual  temperature, 
the  amount  and  intensity  of  sunlight,  and  the  length  of  the  growing  season  — 
all  very  important  factors  in  growing  grapes.  Species  and  varieties  of 
grapes  are  usually  adapted  to  regions  having  about  the  same  latitude; 
northern  types  do  not  succeed  in  the  South  nor  the  reverse.  Length  of 
season  has  more  to  do  with  the  adaptation  of  grapes  than  the  degree  of  heat 
or  cold,  for  some  southern  sorts  are  hardy  in  vine  in  the  North  but  the 
seasons  in  the  northern  latitude  are  not  sufificiently  long  for  the  fruit  to 
mature.  On  the  other  hand,  northern  varieties  mature  too  quickly  in  the 
South  and  pass  through  maturity  to  decay  with  too  great  rapidity.  The 
metes  and  bounds  of  latitude  are  often  set  aside  in  grape-growing  by  local 
modifications.  Thus  it  often  happens  that  valleys  in  regions  not  generally 
adapted  to  viticulture  are  so  protected  from  cold  winds,  so  open  to  sunshine, 
or  are  so  free  from  fogs  or  frosts  as  to  furnish  ideal  conditions  for  grape- 
growing. 

Probably  the  chief  factor  in  determining  the  adaptability  of  a  region 
to  grape  culture  is  temperature.  Each  of  the  different  species  and  varieties 
of  grapes  requires  a  certain  amount  of  warmth  for  its  best  development 
and  can  endure  but  a  certain  degree  of  cold.  The  temperature  of  a  region 
is  chiefly  determined  Ijy  latitude,  altitude  and  proximity  to  large  bodies  of 
water,  though  variations  in  the  surface  of  the  country  are  often  important 
modifying  agents  of  temperature  and  especially  influence  spring  and  fall 
frosts. 

The  grape  does  best  in  an  equable  temperature  and  does  not  thrive  in 
regions  where  there  is  a  great  daily  range.  Regions  and  seasons  in  which  the 
temperature  is  comparatively  low  in  the  growing  months  of  May,  June  and 
July  and  high,  with  much  sunshine,  in  the  maturing  months  of  August, 
September  and  October,  produce  the  best  grapes  in  the  latitude  of  New  York. 
An  average  of  from  55°  to  65°  for  the  first  named  period  and  of  from  65° 
to  75°  for  the  second  are  ideal  temperature  conditions  for  the  grape. 

This  fruit  is  very  sensitive  to  moisture  conditions.     Not  only  must  the 


70  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

total  rainfall  for  the  3'ear  be  taken  into  consideration  but  its  distribution 
throughout  the  seasons  must  be  considered.  The  grape  does  best  with 
comparatively  little  rainfall.  When  the  rainfall  is  the  least  possible  amount 
for  a  good  growth  of  vine  the  grape  crop  will  be  the  largest,  of  best  quality 
and  most  free  from  fungi.  Wet  seasons,  and  especially  wetness  during 
the  months  of  maturing,  are  disastrous  to  both  quantity  and  quality  of 
grapes.  Thus,  in  New  York  it  is  not  possible,  with  most  varieties,  to  produce 
good  grapes  if  the  average  is  above  six  inches  each  for  the  three  growing 
months  and  five  inches  each  for  the  maturing  months.  It  is  far  better  for 
the  crop  that  it  be  as  low  as  four  inches  for  the  first  named  period  and  two 
inches  for  the  second  period. 

Superfluous  moisture  in  the  soil  favors  too  great  a  growth  of  vine,  checks 
and  weakens  the  root  system,  prevents  proper  setting  of  fruit,  and  favors 
fungi,  but  hinders  the  multiplication  of  phylloxera.  In  particular,  a  com- 
paratively dry  soil  is  desirable  for  grapes  because  of  its  influence  on  the 
development  of  the  root  system.  In  dry  soils  large  root  systems  are  devel- 
oped in  the  search  for  the  water  that  the  plant  must  have.  When  intense 
droughts  occur  plants  that  have  stood  in  damp  soils  have  not  sufficient 
roots  to  supply  the  necessary  water  to  the  aerial  parts  and  the  vines  suffer 
in  consequence.  Some  species  and  varieties  are  better  fitted  for  withstand- 
ing an  excess  of  moisture  than  others. 

The  soil  exercises  a  great  influence  in  determining  the  suitability  of 
a  region  for  viticulture.  Several  factors  act  as  soil  determinants:  (i)  Fer- 
tility; (2)  physical  characters;  (3)  soil  heat.  It  is  necessary  to  study  each 
species,  and  even  their  varieties,  to  discover  their  powers  of  adaptation  to 
different  soils  and  it  is  possible  to  indicate  here  the  good  and  bad  qualities 
of  soils  only  in  the  most  general  way.  In  the  discussion  of  species  and 
varieties  the  soil  preferences  of  the  different  botanical  and  horticultural 
groups  will  be  stated  more  fully. 

Great  fertility,  as  a  natural  characteristic,  is  not  necessarv  in  grape 
regions.  Fertilizers,  and  especially  the  use  of  stable  manures  and  cover 
crops,  can  be  made  to  supply  very  largely  a  lack  of  fertility.  Soils  nat- 
urally too  rich  produce  an  overdevelopment  of  vine.  Some  species,  as 
Vitis  rupcstris,  grow  naturally  in  very  poor  soils,  the  habitat  of  the  latter 
being  dry  ravines  and  stony  places  having  comparativelv  little  organic 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  7 1 

matter.  The  varieties  of  Vitis  ritpestris  promise  well  for  stocks  upon 
which  to  grow  other  varieties  in  certain  soils.  In  Europe  calcareous  or 
limy  soils  are  not  considered  well  adapted  to  grape-growing,  but  in 
America  we  often  find  very  good  vineyards  on  such  soils. 

The  physical  character  of  a  soil  has  more  to  do  with  the  welfare  of 
the  grape  than  fertilitv.  Sand  and  clay  are  the  two  distinct  types  of  soils 
usually  found  in  general  agricultural  regions.  As  one  or  the  other  pre- 
dominates soils  take  their  character.  So  far  as  growth  alone  is  concerned 
these  two  types  of  soil  do  not  influence  the  vines  much  differently,  but 
the  fruit  in  quantity  and  equality  is  greatly  influenced  by  them.  According 
as  to  whether  sand  or  clay  is  in  excess  a  soil  is  loose  or  compact,  retains 
or  gives  up  water,  and  is  warm  or  cool.  A  compact  soil  is  made  so  by  an 
e.Kcess  of  clay  or  of  verv  fine  sand.  Grapes  require  a  light  friable  soil  and 
compactness  is  often  a  serious  defect.  Usually  species  and  varieties  with 
large,  thick  roots  are  better  adapted  to  compact  soils  than  those  with 
small  root  systems,  probably  because  the  strong  roots  have  greater  pene- 
trating power  than  the  weak  ones.  Lightness  and  permeability  of  the  soil 
may  be  influenced  b}-  subsoiling  and  through  the  use  of  stable  manure 
and  cover  crops,  but  a  hard  soil  is  generally  so  ill  adapted  to  grape- 
growing  that  this  fruit  should  not  be  planted  on  it. 

The  heat-retaining  properties  of  a  soil  must  always  be  taken  into 
account  in  growing  grapes.  The  great  preference  which  many  varieties 
of  grapes  show  for  sands,  loams,  shales  and  gravels,  depends  largely  upon 
the  greater  amount  of  heat  found  in  such  soils.  In  northern  regions  it 
is  especially  needful  that  the  soil  furnish  an  abundance  of  bottom  heat 
for  the  grape.  The  removal  of  an  excess  of  moisture  is  helpful  in  regulating 
soil  heat;  and,  other  things  being  equal,  a  well-drained  soil  is  warmest. 

Grapes  grow  more  or  less  well  in  any  soil  adapted  to  fruit-growing. 
It  is  not  true,  even,  that  the  grape  is  more  particular  as  to  soils  than  other 
fruits.  But  the  necessity  of  having  great  quantity  and  high  quality  of 
fruit  in  profitable  viticulture  makes  it  very  necessary  to  take  their 
preferences  as  to  soil  into  strict  account. 

Air  currents  are  of  minor  importance  compared  with  the  other  factors 
discussed  yet  are  worthy  of  attention.  They  are  chiefly  of  importance  m 
grape-growing  in  the  suppression  of  fungi.     It  has  long  been  noticed  that 


72  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

in  regions  where  there  are  strong  currents  of  air  the  dreaded  black-rot 
and  the  mildew  are  not  nearly  so  harmful.  Winds  may  be  beneficial,  too, 
when  they  bring  warm  air,  when  moisture  laden,  when  thev  keep  frostv 
air  in  motion,  and  possibly  they  have  an  effect  on  some  small  insects  as 
the  leaf-hopper.  On  the  contrary  they  may  be  detrimental  when  too  dry, 
strong  or  cold.  Natural  or  artificial  windbreaks  may  greatly  modify  the 
effects  of  wind  currents  though  their  value  is  usually  overestimated  as 
their  benefits  arc  often  offset  by  the  undesirable  conditions  caused. 

Lastly,  the  prevalence  or  lack  of  insects  and  fungi  in  a  region  may 
decide  its  value  for  viticulture.  In  several  instances  flourishing  viticul- 
tural  industries  have  been  destroyed  in  this  country  by  insects  or  fungi, 
or  both.  In  other  regions  the  present  supremacy  of  commercial  grape- 
growing  is  almost  wholly  due  to  the  fact  that  neither  insects  nor  fungi  are 
seriously  troublesome.  The  advent  of  spraying  and  a  better  knowledge 
of  the  life  histories  of  insects  and  fungi  are  lessening  the  importance  of 
the  parasite  factor  in  determining  the  value  of  a  region  for  grape-growing, 
but  it  is  still  of  high  importance. 

We  are  now  prepared  to  take  up  a  discussion  of  the  grape  regions  of 
New  York. 

The  states  in  which  the  growing  of  American  grapes  takes  the  rank 
of  an  industry  are,  according  to  the  census  of  1900,  in  order  of  production: 
New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas,  ]\Iis- 
souri,  Georgia  and  Oklahoma.  The  value  of  the  product  in  the  leading 
state  was  $2,763,711;  in  the  last  named  state,  $128,500.  American  viti- 
culture, so  far  as  native  grapes  are  concerned,  is  almost  wholly  confined 
to  twelve  states.  But  viticultural  interests  are  still  further  localized.  In 
New  York  the  industry  is  divided  into  four  great  regions,  the  Chautauqua 
district,  the  Central  Lakes  district,  the  Hudson  district,  and  the  Niagara 
district.  In  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  grape-growing  is  largely  confined  to 
the  shores  of  Lake  Erie;  in  Michigan  to  a  small  district  about  the  towns 
of  Lawton  and  Paw  Paw;  m  Missouri,  Hermann  is  the  representative 
point  for  grape  culture. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  73 


THE    CHAUTAUQUA    DISTRICT. 


Of  the  four  grape  regions  of  New  York  the  Chautauqua  district  is  by 
far  the  most  important  though,  excepting  the  Niagara,  the  most  recent 
in  development.  The  Chautatiqua  grape  belt  lies  along  the  southeastern 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  It  averages  about  three  miles  in  width  and  is  about 
fifty  miles  long.  Its  northeastern  boundary  is  in  Erie  County  but  not  far 
from  the  line  dividing  Erie  and  Chautauqua  Counties;  its  western 
boundary,  in  New  York,  is  the  Pennsylvania  line,  an  arbitrary  division, 
for  the  district  passes  into  Pennsylvania.  This  narrow  belt  passes 
through  the  towns  of  Hanover,  Sheridan,  Dunkirk,  Pomfret,  Portland, 
Westfield  and  Ripley  in  Chautauqua  County.  Not  all,  but  much,  of 
the  land  is  suital)le  for  grape-growing. 

The  topography,  geology,  and  soils  of  this  grape-belt  have  been  care- 
full  v  mapped  and  studied.'  - 

The  grape  land  is,  as  we  have  seen,  a  narrow  strip  of  comparatively 
low  land  which  borders  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  On  the  southern  boundary 
of  this  low  plain  is  a  high  hill  or  escarpment  parallel  to  the  lake  and  sur- 
mounting the  grape  belt  throughout  its  entire  length.  This  escarpment, 
the  "  Hill  ",  ranges  from  500  to  700  feet  above  the  plain  and  from  500  to 
1000  feet  above  the  lake.  The  plain  is  gently  rolling  and  ascends  from 
the  bluff  of  the  lake  to  the  escarpment  with  a  grade  of  from  one  to  two 
hundred  feet  to  the  mile,  forming  in  some  places  well-marked  foot-hills 
to  the  escarpment  proper. 

The  bed  rock,  according  to  Tarr'  is  upper  Devonian  shales  and  sand 
stones  in  both  plain  and  escarpment.  On  the  face  of  the  escarpment  and 
on  the  table  lands  of  some  of  the  foot-hills  the  soil  is  so  thin  that  the  plough 
frequently  touches  bed  rock.  This  seldom  comes  to  the  surface  on  the  plain 
except  in  stream  beds  and  in  shale  ridges,  but  is  to  be  found  in  fragments 
of  greater  or  less  size  and  in  more  or  less  abundance  throughout  the  soils 
of  the  entire  district.  Everywhere  on  the  plain  may  be  seen  ancient  beach 
lines.     These  rise  usually  in  two  well-detined  terraces  but  not  infrequently 


'  Tarr.  R.  S.,  CorncU  (.V.    Y.)  Exp.  Sta.  Bid.,  log.      1S96. 

■  Burke,  R.  T.  Avon,  and  Marean,   Herbert,   Field  Operations,  Bureau    of  Soils,  U.   S.   Dept.  of 
Agriculture,      igoi. 


74  THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK. 

there  are  from  two  to  five  distinct  terraces  between  the  lake  and  the  escarp- 
ment. All  conditions  point  to  the  theory  that  these  ridges  are  wave  built 
and  therefore  of  lake  origin.  The  plain,  the  gravel  ridges,  the  foot-hills  and 
the  high  escarpment  are  the  chief  topographical  features  of  the  grape  belt. 

The  grape  soils  of  the  district,  as  mapped  by  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,'  are  Dunkirk  clay,  Dunkirk 
gravel,  Dunkirk  gravelly  loam,  Dunkirk  sandy  loam  and  Dunkirk  shale 
loam.  The  grapes  grown  upon  the  several  soils  vary  somewhat  as  to  quan- 
tity per  acre,  as  to  flavor  and  sugar  content  and  as  to  shipping  quality. 

The  largest  areas  of  Dunkirk  cla\'  are  found  running  back  from  the 
lake  east  and  west  from  Barcelona,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Van  Buren 
Point  and  about  Dunkirk.  In  these  regions  the  soil  is  a  clay  loam  from 
several  inches  to  a  foot  deep  resting  upon  a  stiffer  and  more  tenacious 
clay.  Vineyards  located  on  this  soil  are  very  productive  but  the  qualitj^ 
is  not  as  high  as  in  the  fruit  growm  on  the  shale  loam,  though  for  most 
part  superior  to  that  produced  on  the  gravel  and  sandy  loams. 

Dunkirk  gravel  soils  are  foimd  on  the  ridges  at  the  foot  of  the  escarp- 
ment on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  district  from  Pennsylvania  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  grape  district.  Throughout  most  of  this  distance 
there  are  from  one  to  three  parallel  ridges  varying  from  a  few  rods  to  a 
half  mile  in  breadth;  at  many  places  the  ridges  run  into  each  other  or 
have  been  brought  together  by  cultivation.  It  was  upon  this  gravel  that 
vines  were  first  successfully  grown.  Grapes  upon  this  soil  ripen  a  week 
or  more  earlier  than  upon  other  soils  and  these  lands  are  therefore  largely 
planted  with  vineyards  to  supply  the  early  market  and  they  have  a  larger 
proportion  of  early  varieties  than  vineyards  on  other  soils.  The  Niagara 
is  thought  to  do  especially  well  on  Dunkirk  gravel. 

Dunkirk  gravelly  loam  is  found  running  through  practically  the 
whole  grape  belt  at  the  base  or  on  the  top  of  the  gravel  ridges;  if  at  the 
base,  to  lakeward  of  the  ridges.  It  is  a  sandy  loam  with  much  fine  gravel 
and  is  underlaid  at  a  depth  of  three  feet  with  sand  and  shale  fragments. 
On  the  surface  it  much  resembles  the  gravel  soils  having  had  considerable 
top  gravel  brought  there  by  washing  and  by  cultivation.  The  grapes 
grown  on  these  soils  are  very  similar  to  those  produced  on  the  grav^els 


'  Burke,   R.  T.  Avon,  and  Marean,   Herbert,   Field  Operations,   Bureau  of  Soils,  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture.      1901. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  75 

though  there  are  some  minor  differences.     Some  varieties  produce  larger 
berries  on  this  soil,  and  some  sorts,  it  is  claimed,  a  greater  amount  of  wood. 

The  Dunkirk  sandy  loams  occur  in  large  irregular  areas  bordering  the 
lake  or  running  from  the  lake  bluff  back  to  the  escarpment.  By  far  the 
largest  of  these  areas  is  found  al:)Out  Fredonia  and  Dunkirk  and  running 
east  and  west  of  these  towns.  A  second  area  is  found  in  the  neighljorhood 
of  Brocton  and  Portland  and  especially  to  the  north  and  west.  There  are 
smaller  areas  east  of  Barcelona  and  northwest  of  Ripley.  Nearly  all  of 
the  sandy  loam  soils  are  found  on  undulating  or  rolling  land.  The  soil  is 
a  brownish-yellow  loam  from  a  half  foot  to  a  foot  in  depth.  There  are 
some  deviations  from  the  type  and  yet  the  true  sandy  loams  can  be  very 
easily  recognized.  The  soil  is  of  rather  heavy  texture  making  good  farm- 
ing land  and  producing  large  crops  of  grapes  of  slightly  inferior  quality. 

The  Dunkirk  shale  loams  are  found  upon  the  hill  or  escarpment. 
These  form  the  grape  lands  farthest  removed  from  the  lake.  This  soil  is 
comparatively  thin,  not  averaging  more  than  a  half -foot  in  depth  and  is 
hardly  ever  found  a  foot  deep.  It  is  brown  in  color  with  much  coarse 
fragmentary  shale  on  the  surface  and  underlaid  with  a  considerable 
body  of  heavy  clay.  Part  of  the  shale  loam  land  lies  on  slopes  too 
steep  and  rough  for  cultivation  but  the  hillside  table  lands  of  this  soil 
are  especialh'  well  adapted  to  grape-growing.  The  grapes  grown  here 
contain  much  sugar,  therefore  keep  and  ship  well,  have  a  high  flavor,  and 
are  especially  sought  for  in  wine-making;  grapes  on  these  soils  mature 
early,  have  tough  skins,  but  are  only  medium-sized  berries.  The  yields 
are  much  more  variable  on  this  soil  than  on  the  others  because  of  the  great 
variation  in  the  depth  of  soil.  On  deep  soils  of  this  loam  the  yield  is  all 
that  could  be  desired.  Because  of  the  lay  of  the  land,  and  the  nature  of 
the  soil,  there  is  much  washing  and  cultivation  must  be  done  judiciously. 

The  climate  is  exceptionally  favorable  for  the  grape-grower  in  the 
Chautauqua  district.  It  is,  if  anything,  of  more  importance  than  the  land ; 
for  grape  soils  are  not  uncommon,  but  a  grape  climate  as  near  perfection 
as  that  of  this  region  is  indeed  rare.  The  influence  of  the  lake  in  modifying 
the  temperature  of  the  region  is  the  chief  climatic  factor.  This  influence 
need  not  be  dwelt  upon  here  for  it  is  common  knowledge  that  large  bodies 
of  water  temper  cold  winter  weather,  hold  back  vegetation  in  spring,  equalize 
night  and  day  temperatures  of  summer,  lengthen  the  growing  season  and 


76  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ward  off  autumn  frosts.  Each  of  these  influences  is  highly  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  the  grape.  The  escarpment  on  the  southeastern  boundary 
of  the  belt  has  a  most  decided  influence  on  the  climate  chiefly  because  it 
confines  the  influence  of  the  lake  to  a  narrow  belt.  When  the  escarpment 
becomes  low,  as  at  the  two  extremities  of  the  belt,  grape-growing  ceases 
to  be  profitable.  When  the  distance  between  the  lake  and  the  escarpment 
is  great,  the  climatic  conditions  are  not  so  favorable. 

The  air  currents  and  rainfall  of  the  region  are  especially  favorable. 
The  in-shore  breeze  of  the  day  and  the  oft'-shore  breeze  at  night  keep  the 
air  in  constant  motion,  thus  preventing  frosts  in  .spring  and  autumn,  and 
probably  cause  in  part  the  great  degree  of  immunity  to  black-rot  and 
mildew.  Unfortunately,  data  to  determine  accurately  the  rainfall  of  the 
district  cannot  be  had  but  such  as  have  been  taken  indicate  that  the  rain- 
fall is  comparatively  light  for  the  maturing  months  of  August,  September 
and  October  and  not  heavy  for  the  three  preceding  growing  months. 
Residents  of  the  grape  belt  claim  that  most  of  the  heavy  showers  pass 
over  the  hills  or  down  the  lake.  The  whole  region  is  proverbially  free 
from  heavv  dews.  Rain  and  dew  are  favorable  to  black-rot  and  other 
fungi  and  the  lack  of  them  still  further  accounts  for  the  immunity  to 
these  pests  in  the  region. 

The  history  of  the  rise  of  grape-growing  in  Chautauqua  County  forms 
an  interesting  chapter  in  the  economic  development  of  New  York.  The 
first  vines  in  the  Chautauqua  district  were  planted  by  Elijah  Fay'  in  1818, 
near  the  present  town  of  Brocton.  These  were  wild  vines  of  Vitis  labrusca 
from  Deacon  Fay's  boyhood  home  in  New  England.  The  vines  grew 
luxuriantly  but  the  fruit  was  not  satisfactory  and  in  1822  this  worthy 
pioneer  obtained  at  great  trouble  roots  of  Miller's  Burgundy,  Sweetwater 


'  Elijah  Fay  was  born  in  Southborough,  Massachusetts,  in  1781.  He  moved  to  Brocton,  Chau- 
tauqua County,  New  York,  in  the  fall  of  1 8 1 1 .  The  early  history  of  not  only  the  viticulture  but  of 
the  horticulture  of  the  Chautauqua  region  is  interwritten  with  that  of  the  Fay  family.  Elijah  Fay's 
children  and  grandchildren  inherited  a  love  of  horticulture  from  their  ancestor  and  several  of  them, 
as  mentioned  in  the  te.xt,  have  been  noted  for  their  horticultural  work  in  this  region.  Lincoln  Fay, 
a  nephew  of  Elijah  Fay,  one  of  the  first  men  to  grow  and  sell  grape  vines  in  the  region,  originated 
the  Fay  currant  which  was  afterwards  introduced  by  him  and  his  son  Elijah  H.  Fay.  Of  the  Fay 
family,  noted  in  the  annals  of  grape-growing  in  this  region,  only  G.  E.  Ryckman  and  L.  R.  Ryckman, 
grandchild  and  great-grandchild  of  Elijah  Fay,  are  now  living.  Elijah  Fay  lived  to  the  ripe  age  of 
eighty,  dying  in  1S60.  His  memory  should  be  long  cherished  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  viticulture 
of  New  York. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  77 

and  Black  Hamburg.  But  the  second  experiment  was  even  more  disastrous 
than  the  first  as  he  got  no  fruit.  The  real  start  was  made  in  1824  when 
Mr.  Fay  obtained  vines  of  Catawba  and  Isabella  from  Prince  of  Flushing, 
Long  Island.  The  vines  were  trained  on  trellises.  The  vineyard  covered 
a  plot  two  bj'  eight  rods  in  extent.  From  a  rise  of  land  near  this  spot  one 
now  sees  grapes  everywhere,  probably  a  greater  acreage  of  them  than  can 
be  seen  from  any  other  spot  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  1830  Deacon  Fay  made  ten  gallons  of  wine,  the  first  for  the  region. 
In  I  S3  4,  Lincoln  Fay,  a  nephew  of  Elijah  Fay,  started  the  sale  of  grape 
vines  but  not  many  vines  were  sold  for  commercial  plantings  until  as  late 
as  1850.  In  1859  there  were  in  the  town  of  Portland  but  twenty  acres  of 
bearing  grape  vines  where  now  are  thousands.  During  the  decade  that 
followed,  the  Concord  v.-as  generally  introduced  giving  the  viticulture  of 
the  region  a  great  impetus.  Grapes  were  not  yet  grown  for  table  use 
to  any  great  extent  and  a  large  acreage  could  not  be  used  for  wine-making. 
In  1859  a  wine-cellar  was  built  by  Fay,  Ryckman'  and  Haywood  at  Brocton 
and  for  a  long  while  this  company  used  almost  the  total  crop  of  the  region. 
It  was  not  until  the  early  seventies  that  the  grape-growers  sought  other 
markets  than  the  wine-cellars.  In  1870  there  were  about  600  acres  of 
vineyards  in  Chautauqua  County. 

The  first  talile-grapes  of  the  region  were  packed  in  twenty-pound 
splint  baskets.  Dunkirk  was  the  primary  marketing  place  and  the  fruit 
was  shipped  from  here  to  various  large  cities  by  through  freight.  The 
transportation  facilities  were  not  satisfactory  and  in  1880  Jonas  Martin 
of  Brocton  tried  the  experiment  of  shipping  a  carload  of  grapes  to  Phila- 
delphia. This  was  the  first  carload  of  grapes  sent  from  Chautauqua  County. 
In  1906,  4690  carloads  were  shipped  and  844  were  converted  into  wine  and 
grape  juice,  representing  all  told  $2,482,822.^  Until  1883  the  markets  were 
confined  to  nearby  cities  but  in  this  year  a  carload  was  safel}'  sent  to  Spokane, 
after  which  time  markets  were  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and 
from  the  Gulf  to  Upper  Canada.  The  first  grape-growers'  union  was  formed 
in  1886  as  the  Chautauqua  Grape  Growers'  Shipping  Association  and  its 
organization  marked  a  new  epoch  in  the  grape  industry  of  the  district. 


'  The  writer  is  indebted  to  Mr.  G.  E.  Ryckman  of  this  firm,  for  the  information  given  here, 
^  The  Grape  Belt,  i6:  Xo.  20,  Feb.  26,  1907. 


78  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Smaller  and  larger  organizations  have  since  been  formed  and  at  the  present 
time  about  80  per  ct.  of  the  entire  crop  is  handled  by  a  growers'  union 
known  as  the  Chautauqua  and  Erie  Grape  Company. 

According  to  Mr.  G.  E.  Ryckman,  in  the  early  days  of  the  grape 
industry  in  this  region  the  fruit  was  shii>]:)ed  in  round  paper  baskets  hold- 
ing from  three  to  five  pounds;  later  these  were  made  of  wood.  Sometime 
in  th.3  early  seventies  twenty-pound  splint  baskets,  which  were  supposed 
to  be  returned  to  the  owners,  were  introduced.  These  were  superseded 
by  the  twelve- pound  climax  basket;  tlie  size  of  this  basket  was  soon 
reduced  to  ten  pounds,  then  to  nine,  then  to  eight.  Meanwhile  a  small 
five-potmd  basket  made  on  the  same  lines  as  the  larger  one  came  into  use 
but  soon  shrunk  into  a  four-pound  receptacle.  The  eight  and  the  four- 
pound  climax  baskets  are  now  generally  used  throughout  the  region. 
Increasing  quantities  are  now  being  shipped  to  large  cities  in  trays  with 
slatted  tops  holding  about  forty  pounds  each;  these  grapes  are  used  by 
the  purchaser  for  wine-making.  The  wine  and  grape  juice  industries  cif 
the  region  have  been  touched  upon  in  the  general  discussion  of  these 
industries. 

An  actual  canvass  made  by  this  Station  in  the  winter  of  1906-7 
shows  there  are  in  the  Chautauqua  grape  belt  at  this  time  30  000  acres  of 
grapes.  The  census  report  of  1900  gave  the  number  of  vines  for  the  county 
as  11,914,706,  which  at  the  usual  number  of  vines  per  acre  gives  about 
20,000  acres  for  the  district.  This  figure  was  probably  low,  though  that  of 
the  Station  for  1907  may  be  somewhat  high.  The  acreage  is  distributed 
in  towns  approximately  as  follows:  Portland  9500;  Westfield  5700;  Ripley 
5700;  Pomfret  4600;  Hanover  1950;  Sheridan  1950;  Dunkirk  600.  A 
correspondent  writes  that  the  grape  shipments  for  1907  indicate  a  con- 
siderably larger  acreage  for  the  towns  of  Hanover  and  Sheridan  than  are 
here  given.  The  average  yield  of  grapes  is  a  little  less  than  two  tons  per 
acre  for  the  region.  The  value  of  vineyards  varies  from  $100  to  S400 
per  acre. 

The  crop  for  the  past  seven  years  calculated  by  The  Grape  BclV  from 
figures  secured  from  the  railroads  are  as  follows: 


'  The  Grape  Belt,  i6:  No.  20,  Feb.  26,  1907. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  79 

"Season  of  1900 8000  carloads 

"  Season  of  190 1 6669  carloads 

"Season  of  1902 5062  carloads 

"Season  of  190:; 2952  carloads 

"  Season  of  1904 7479  carloads 

"  Season  of  1905 5362  carloads 

"Season  of  1906 5634  carloads' 

The  seeming  decrease  in  carloads  shipped  as  the  years  progress  is  far  more 
than  made  up  by  the  greater  use  of  the  fruit  in  local  wineries  and  grape 
juice  factories. 

According  to  figures  gathered  in  the  preparation  of  this  work  about 
90  per  ct.  of  the  grape  acreage  of  the  region  is  set  to  Concord  followed  by 
3  per  ct.  of  Niagara,  2  per  ct.  of  Worden  and  i  per  ct.  each  for  Moore 
Early  and  Catawba  with  the  remaining  3  per  ct.  made  up  of  a  dozen  or 
more  sorts  among  which  Delaware  leads. 

The  shipping  season  in  this  district  begins  early  in  September  and  lasts 
well  into  November  though  late  varieties,  as  Catawba,  and  small  lots  of 
Concord  are  held  some  weeks  longer.  Improved  storage  facilities  are 
yearly  lengthening  the  season. 

Several  systems  of  pruning  and  training  are  in  vogue  in  the  district 
but  the  majority  of  the  vineyards  are  pruned  and  trained  in  a  system 
peculiar  to  Chautauqua  County.  The  posts  are  from  six  to  eight  feet  in 
height,  one  to  each  three  vines;  two  wires  complete  the  trellis.  The  lower 
wire  is  from  28  to  32  inches  from  the  ground  and  the  second  from  22  to  36 
inches  above  the  first,  the  distance  being  changed  as  the  vine  comes  to 
maturity.  The  grapes  are  trained  according  to  the  upright  system  and 
the  vines  are  renewed  to  short  horizontal  arms  and  but  few  canes  are  taken 
out  each  year;  the  trunk  reaches  only  to  the  lower  wire.  The  arms  are 
loosely  tied  to  the  lower  wire  and  the  canes  and  bearing  shoots  to  the  wire 
above.  Cultivation  varies  greatly  but  the  best  growers  practice  close 
cultivation  and  make  use  of  fertilizers;  the  cover  crop  is  growing  in  favor. 
Spraying  is  not  very  general  as  the  region  has  been  remarkably  free  from 
pests.     The  chief  insects  now  encountered  are  the  grape-vine  fidia,'   the 

'  The  grape-vine  fidia  (Fidia  viiicida  Walsh)  is  a  robust  beetle,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length, 
brown  in  color  but  whitened  by  a  thick  covering  of  yellowish-white  hairs.     The  beetle  lays  its  eggs 


8o  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

flea-beetle,'    the    grape    leaf-hopper''   and    the    grape    berry    moth.^     The 
several  fungal  diseases  found  in  this  region  are,  about  in  order  of  importance. 


in  the  cracks  and  crevices  of  the  bark  of  the  grape  vines  well  above  ground.  The  eggs  are  produced 
in  large  numbers,  often  as  many  as  several  hundred  to  the  vine.  Upon  hatching,  the  larvae  quickly 
worm  their  way  into  the  ground  and  begin  to  feed  upon  the  fibrous  roots  of  the  \'ine,  passing  from 
these  to  the  larger  roots.  Possibly  the  chief  damage  is  done  on  the  larger  roots  which  are  often  entirely 
stripped  of  bark  for  a  length  of  several  feet.  The  larvae  attain  their  full  size,  a  half  inch  in  length, 
by  the  middle  of  August,  and  then  hibernate  until  the  following  June.  The  winter  is  spent  in 
earthen  cells.  After  about  two  weeks  as  pupae  in  June,  the  full  grown  beetles  emerge  from  the 
ground  and  begin  to  feed  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  eating  out  the  cellular  tissue,  thus 
skeletonizing  the  foliage.  The  adults  disappear  the  succeeding  August.  The  most  efficient  means  of 
checking  the  fidia  so  far  found  is  an  application  of  an  arsenical  spray  applied  during  the  time  the 
beetles  are  feeding  on  the  foliage. 

'Grape-vine  flea-beetle  {Haltica  chalybca  111.). — The  adult  insects  are  shining  steel-blue  flea- 
beetles  measuring  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  in  length.  They  live  during  the  winter  under  the  bark 
of  the  old  vines  or  in  rubbish  in  the  fields.  They  emerge  from  their  winter  quarters  during  the  first 
warm  days  of  spring,  and  feed  upon  the  opening  buds  and  young  leaves.  Egg-laying  begins  late  in 
April  or  early  in  May.  The  eggs  are  placed  singly  near  the  buds  or  upon  the  leaves  and  hatch  m 
about  ten  days.  The  young  larvae  are  dark  brown  in  color  but  soon  become  prominently  marked 
■with  black  dots  and  patches.  They  are  full  grown  in  from  three  to  four  weeks  at  which  time  they 
measure  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length.  They  feed  on  the  leaves  devouring  only  the  soft  parts 
at  first,  but  finally  eating  irregular  holes  through  the  leaves.  When  ready  to  pupate  they  go  a  short 
distance  into  the  ground.  Tlie  adults  emerge  during  the  latter  part  of  June  or  early  in  July.  They 
probably  feed  during  all  of  the  summer,  finally  seeking  shelter  for  the  winter  as  above  indicated. 

The  vines  shou'd  be  sprayed  with  paris  green,  one  pound  to  fifty  gallons  of  water,  just  before 
the  buds  begin  to  swell  or  with  some  other  arsenite.  Much  pains  should  be  taken  to  make  this 
application  thorough.  Later  when  the  worms  appear  on  the  leaves,  paris  green  may  be  applied  at 
the  usual  strength,  one  pound  to  150  gallons  of  lime  and  water,  or  combined  with  bordeaux  mi.\ture_ 
Both  upper  and  under  surfaces  of  the  leaves  should  be  covered.  Applications  of  arsenicals  for  the 
grape-vine  fidia  will  help  greatly  to  keep  this  insect  in  check. 

^  Grape  leaf-hopper  (Typhlocyba  comes  Say). —  There  are  several  species  of  leaf-hoppers  which 
attack  the  grape  but  this  species  is  probably  the  most  common  in  this  State.  These  little  leaf-hoppers 
are  often  erroneously  called  thrips.  The  adult  insects  measure  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  length. 
They  vary  gre-atly  in  color  but  the  prevaihng  color  is  usually  light  yellowish-green.  The  back  and 
wings  are  ornamented  with  bright  red,  yellow  and  brown.  They  are  found  upon  the  vines  from 
spring  until  fall.  They  feed  together,  sucking  the  sap  from  the  leaves,  principally  from  the  under 
surface,  causing  them  to  turn  brown  in  patches.  The  eggs  are  deposited  singly  in  the  tissue  of  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves.  The  young  resemble  the  adults  in  form  but  are  not  provided  with 
wings  and  are  green  or  yellowish-green  in  color.  There  are  several  broods  during  the  season.  Some 
of  the  adults  of  the  last  brood  hibernate  in  any  convenient  rubbish  about  the  vineyard.  Treat- 
ment for  young  hoppers  should  be  made  early  in  July.  To  obtain  the  best  results  use  whale-oil  soap 
at  the  rate  of  one  pound  to  ten  gallons  of  water,  directing  the  spraying  with  the  hand.  Vinevards 
and  adjacent  land  should  be  kept  as  free  as  possible  from  grass  and  weeds  as  they  afford  shelter  to 
the  insect. 

'  Grape  berry  moth  (Polychrosis  viteana  Clem.). — The  young  caterpillars  feed  w-ithin  the  grapes 
finally  causing  them  to  turn  dark  colored  and  to  wither.     This  injury  is  sometimes  mistaken  for  che 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  8l 

black-rot,  downy  mildew,  or  "  brown-rot,"  powdery  mildew,  and  anthrac- 
nose,  or  "  bird's-eye  rot." 

THE    CENTRAL   LAKES   DISTRICT 

Several  important  areas  of  vineyards  are  grouped  about  the  central 
lakes  in  western  New  York.  While  there  are  at  least  three  distinct  localities 
in  this  district,  namely,  the  areas  about  the  three  lakes,  Keuka,  Canandaigua, 
and  Seneca,  yet  the  soils,  climate,  varieties  and  methods  of  caring  for 
vineyards  and  product  are  so  nearly  alike  that  all  may  be  treated  as  one 
district.  The  vineyards  are  in  five  counties,  Ontario,  Yates,  Schuyler, 
Steuben  and  Seneca.  The  Keuka  area,  in  Yates  and  Steuben  Counties,  is 
bv  far  the  largest;  and  the  region  is  often  called  the  Keuka  grape  district. 
Vinevards  surround  Keuka  Lake  and  all  but  the  northern  end  of  Canan- 
daigua Lake,  but  only  on  the  banks  of  the  southern  half  of  Seneca  Lake 
are  grapes  grown.  The  somewhat  extensive  vineyards  about  Naples, 
south  of  Canandaigua  Lake;  Bath,  sotith  of  Keuka  Lake;  and  of  Romulus 
between  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes,  belong  in  the  Central  Lakes  district. 

The  geology  of  the  Central  or  Finger  Lakes  has  been  studied  by  many 
workers  and  the  geologicaf  history  of  these  remarkable  bodies  of  water  is 
now  well  known.'  It  is  very  generally  agreed  that  these  lakes  fill,  in  part, 
preglacial  valleys  and  that  the  valleys  were  transformed  into  lakes  by 
glacial  action.    The  basins  of  the  lakes  may  have  Ijeen  and  probably  were 


black-rot.  After  devouring  the  soft  parts  of  one  grape  the  caterpillar  goes  to  another,  fastening  the 
two  together  by  a  silken  thread.  This  may  be  continued  until  several  in  a  bunch  have  been  destroyed 
by  one  caterpillar.  The  young  caterpillars  are  very  Hght  green  in  color  with  a  brown  head.  When 
full  grown  they  measure  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  and  are  dark  olive  green  in  color  tinged 
slightly  with  red.  The  cocoon  is  formed  on  a  leaf  and  is  partially  composed  of  two  small  pieces  cut 
out  of  the  leaf.  The  adults  of  the  spring  brood  emerge  in  from  twelve  to  fourteen  days.  The  fore- 
wings  have  a  bluish  tinge  and  are  marked  with  brown,  while  the  posterior  wings  are  dull  brown. 
The  moths  are  small  measuring  nearly  half  an  inch  from  tip  to  tip  when  the  wings  are  spread. 
The  eggs  are  probably  laid  late  in  June  or  early  in  July.  There  are  two  broods  annually  in  this 
State.  As  the  caterpillars  spend  most  of  their  lives  within  the  grape  berries,  spraying  does  not 
entirely  control  the  pest.  Yet  the  arsenicals  applied  for  the  grape-vine  fidia  %vill  help  much  in  keep- 
ing it  in  check.  Picking  and  destroying  the  infested  fruit  and  the  leaves  containing  the  cocoons 
helps  much. 

'  For  a  full  account  of  the  geology  of  these  lakes  and  the  valleys  in  which  they  lie,  see  the  Physical 
Geography  of  New   York  State  by  Ralph  S.  Tarr.     New  York.      1902. 


82  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

deepened  by  the  erosive  action  of  glaciers  but  it  is  fairly  certain  that  there 
were  pre-existing  valleys  which  were  dammed  by  glacial  deposit. 

The  topography  is  more  or  less  rough  and  broken.  The  steep  hillsides 
of  the  lakes  were  formed  not  only  liy  erosion  but  by  the  tilting  of  the  land. 
Beside  these  hillsides  of  the  lakes  to  give  character  to  the  topography  of 
the  region,  there  are  ranges  of  hills  and  the  remains  of  some  moraines,  so 
that  m  general  the  land  is  very  uneven.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  parts 
of  it  devoted  to  grape-growing  though  in  some  grape  sections  there  are 
many  stretches  of  smooth  and  regular  vineyards. 

The  soils  of  this  great  region  vary  much,  as  is  always  the  case  when 
land  is  made  by  glacial  erosion  and  deposit  of  glacial  drifts.  On  a  single 
farm  the  soil  may  V)e  thick  and  fertile  in  one  part  and  thin  and  poor  in 
another;  it  may  consist  largely  of  clay  in  one  part  and  of  sand  and  gravel 
in  others.  The  grape  soils  in  the  Central  Lakes  region  are,  in  particular, 
of  miscellaneous  types,  embracing,  in  one  place  or  another,  nearly  all  of 
the  soils  in  the  Dunkirk  series  described  in  the  discussion  of  the  Chau- 
taucjua  district.  Probably  the  Dunkirk  clay  loam,  often  very  shaly  and 
stony,  is  the  most  common  of  the  several  soils  of  the  region.  There  are 
also  considerable  areas  of  a  shaly  soil  which  possibly  do  not  belong  to  the 
Dunkirk  types,  not  having  been  influenced  by  water  action  as  are  true 
Dunkirk  soils.  On  the  slojDes  and  hillsides  the  land  is  sometimes  rough 
and  stony  with  but  a  thin  covering  of  soil  and  with  out-croppings  of  bed 
rock.  The  influence  of  the  various  soils  on  the  grape  has  not  been  studied 
as  in  the  Chautauqua  district  but,  as  noted,  the  soils  in  the  two  districts 
are  in  many  cases  similar  so  that  the  discussion  of  the  influence  of  the 
several  types  given  for  the  Chautauqua  district  will  apply  in  large  part 
to  the  Central  Lakes  district. 

The  Central  Lakes  have  a  very  perceptible  influence  on  the  climate 
of  the  region.  The  lakes  are  deep  and  conserve  warmth.  The  water  of 
Seneca  Lake  is  so  deep,  and  consequently  warm,  that  it  has  been  known 
to  freeze  over  only  a  few  times  in  the  past  hundred  years.  The  winter 
climate  in  this  region  is  much  less  severe  than  in  adjacent  territories. 
Not  only  does  the  water  modify  the  severity  of  the  winter  climate  but  the 
enclosing  highlands  materially  assist  in  keeping  in  the  warmth  of  the  val- 
leys.    Since  the  lakes  run,  generally  speaking,  north  and  south,  the  wmds 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  83 

are  deflected  to  these  directions  very  largely.  In  the  summer,  both  days 
and  nights  are  cooler  and  the  climate  more  equable  near  the  lakes.  These 
modifications  of  climate  are  all  favorable  to  grape-growing. 

The  first  grapes  grown  in  this  district,  so  far  as  records  show,  were 
set  by  the  Rev.  William  Bostwick  at  Hammondsport  in  1830.  The  vari- 
eties were  Isabella  and  Catawba  and  these  he  succeeded  in  raising  to  per- 
fection. From  this  time  onward  scattering  vines  were  planted  in  gardens 
about  the  three  lakes.  About  1836  Mr.  J.  W.  Prentiss,  originator  of  the 
Prentiss  grape,  planted  a  small  vinej-ard  at  Pulteney  from  which  consid- 
erable fruit  was  sent  to  market  from  time  to  time  and  the  vineyard  was 
constantly  enlarged.  In  1853  a  commercial  vineyard  was  set  out  by 
Andrew  Reisinger,  a  German  vine-dresser,  consisting  of  two  acres  of  Isa- 
bella and  Catawba  at  Harmonyville  in  the  town  of  Pulteney.  Reisinger 
trained,  primed  and  tilled  his  vines,  operations  unheard  of  before  in  the 
district,  and  was  rewarded  with  crops  and  profits  which  stimulated  grape 
culture  in  his  and  nearby  neighborhoods. 

In  1855  the  Hon.  Jacob  Larrowe  and  Mr.  Orlando  Shephard  planted 
small  vineyards  of  Isabella  and  Catawba  in  Pleasant  Valley  near  Ham- 
mondsport and  were  so  successful  that  in  1858  their  vineyards  were  greatly 
increased  and  others  in  the  valley  embarked  in  the  business  of  vine-culture. 
Viticulture  was  now  fairly  started  and  the  industry  grew  apace  from  1858 
onward.  In  i860  two  hundred  acres  of  grapes  were  set  in  Pleasant  Valley 
alone  and  elsewhere  on  Keuka  Lake  large  plantings  were  made.  Grapes 
brought  from  fifteen  to  thirty  cents  per  pound  and  a  bearing  vineyard  at 
this  time  was  as  good  as  a  gold  mine. 

Plantings  were  begun  in  the  Yates  Cotmty  portion  of  the  Keuka 
district  in  1855  when  Mr.  W.  W.  Shirland  set  a  small  vineyard  of  Isabella 
in  Benton  township. 

There  seem  to  be  no  records  as  to  the  first  plantings  about  Seneca 
and  Canandaigua  Lakes  but  all  available  information  indicates  that  plant- 
ings about  these  two  lakes  came  in  the  spreading  of  the  industry  from 
Keuka  Lake.  E.  A.  McKay  of  Naples  seems  to  have  had  a  vineyard  of 
some  extent  as  early  as  1S48  from  which  he  sold  fruit.  There  must  have 
been  vineyards  of  considerable  size  about  Avon  in  Livingston  County  in 
the  early  fifties;  for  Larrowe,   Shephard  and  others  obtained  cuttings  at 


84  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

this  place  in  1855  for  their  vine\'ards  in  Pleasant  Valley.  Who  owned 
these  Avon  vineyards,  and  what  their  extent  was,  does  not  appear. 

The  first  commercial  shipment  of  any  considerable  amount  beyond 
the  towns  nearby  was  made  in  1854  when  Mr.  J.  W.  Prentiss  shipped  a 
ton  of  Isabella  packed  in  tubs  to  New  York  City.  The  tubs  were  made 
by  cutting  apple  barrels  in  half  and  were  packed  half  full  when  a  thin 
board  partition  was  put  in  after  which  the  tub  was  filled  and  covered. 
The  consignment  reached  the  city  in  fair  condition  and  brought  fifteen 
cents  per  pound  but  a  second  ton  shipped  in  the  same  way  "  broke  "  the 
market. 

John  Mead  of  the  town  of  Benton  introduced  the  Concord  in  this  region 
in  1 86 1  and  the  same  year  Henry  Rose  of  Penn  Yan  set  the  first  Delaware 
to  be  planted  commercially  in  the  district.  The  Concord  soon  took  the 
place  of  the  Isal^ella  but  could  not  displace  the  Catawba  as  it  did  in  the 
Chautauqua  district.  The  Delaware  grew  in  favor  and  rapidh"  assumed 
third  place  in  the  list  of  varieties  about  the  three  lakes,  a  position  which  it 
still  maintains,  though  it  is  closely  followed  by  the  Niagara. 

B)-  1S60  grape-growing  had  become  so  general  that  the  need  of  further 
outlets  for  the  fruit  was  felt  and  the  Pleasant  Valley  Wine  Company  was 
formed  for  the  manufacture  of  wine  and  brandy.  For  several  years  fol- 
lowing, this  company  used  about  one-third  of  the  output  of  Pleasant  Val- 
ley, helping  very  materially  to  steady  the  market  for  the  whole  district. 
A  few  years  later  another  large  company,  the  Urbana  Wine  Company, 
was  formed;  and  when  still  later  it  was  discovered  that  the  champagne 
made  about  Keuka  Lake  was  superior  to  that  made  in  any  other  part  of 
America  and  that,  with  experience  in  making,  it  rivalled  the  champagne 
in  France,  wine-making  became  an  important  adjunct  to  grape-growing 
in  this  district.  Now  there  are  about  twenty  five  companies  making  wine 
and  champagne  on  or  near  the  shores  of  the  three  lakes,  the  industry  hav- 
ing its  center  on  Keuka  Lake.  Wine-making  is  still  in  its  infancy  and 
because  of  the  demand  it  creates  for  grapes,  and  the  high  prices  paid  by  the 
wineries,  will  continue  to  exert  a  most  favorable  influence  on  the  viti- 
culture of  the  district.  There  is  but  little  unfermented  grape  juice  made 
about  the  Central  Lakes. 

A  valuable  asset  of  this  district  is  its  long  range  of  season.     Grapes 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  85 

ripen  from  one  to  two  weeks  earlier  about  these  lakes  than  they  do  in  the 
Chautauqua  belt.  Thus  the  Concords  grown  here  are  well  out  of  the  way 
of  those  grown  in  the  Chautauqua  distiict.  The  Catawba,  which  ripens 
late  and  is  a  "  good  keeper  ",  can  be  kept  in  fine  condition  until  midwinter 
or  later.  The  range  of  season  in  this  district,  then,  is  from  the  first  part 
of  September  until  February  or  even  March. 

Though  there  have  been  grape-growers'  unions  for  marketing  the 
fruit  of  this  district  at  various  times,  most  of  it  now  goes  through  the  hands 
of  individual  buyers.  An  exception  is  the  product  of  the  large  vineyards 
of  Niagaras  in  Seneca  County,  the  fruit  of  which  is  marketed  with  that  of 
the  product  of  other  Niagara  vineyards  of  the  Niagara  district  of  western 
New  York  through  a  union  of  growers. 

The  grapes  in  this  district  are  variously  trained  but  the  high  renewal 
system  is  used  chiefly.  In  this  system  the  head  of  the  trunk  is  from  twenty 
to  thirty  inches  from  the  ground.  Usually  the  trellis  has  three  wires,  the 
lowest  about  twenty  inches  from  the  ground  and  the  others  at  distances 
of  eighteen  inches  apart.  New  canes  are  brought  out  from  renewal  stubs 
and  once  in  two  or  three  years  an  attempt  is  made  to  bring  them  directly 
from  the  head  of  the  main  trunk.  This  system  is  particularly  well  adapted 
to  the  Catawba  and  Delaware  so  generally  grown  in  the  lake  region. 
Thorough  cultivation  is  practiced  and  the  fall  cover  crop  of  oats,  barley  or 
clover  is  coming  into  favor. 

It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  acreage  in  this  district.  Taking  the 
figures  of  the  census  of  1900  and  those  of  a  canvass  made  by  this  Station 
in  the  winter  of  1906-7  the  acreage  in  the  several  counties  is  about  as  fol- 
lows: Yates,  7940;  Steuben,  5570;  Ontario,  2630;  Schuyler,  1014;  Seneca, 
1540;  total  18,694.  These  figures  are  slightly  larger  than  the  estimates 
of  grape-growers  and  buyers  but  chiefly  so  because  they  take  in  scattered 
plantations  throughout  the  several  counties.  Thus  in  all  of  these  counties 
there  are  a  surprisingly  large  number  of  Niagara  vineyards  in  out-of-the- 
way  places,  set  during  the  Niagara  boom  of  the  eighties.  To  this  Central 
Lakes  district  might  also  be  added  500  acres  of  commercial  vineyards  in 
Livingston  County;  250  in  Cayuga  and  250  in  Tompkins  Counties.  The 
total  valuation  of  the  crop  in  this  district  in  1900  was  $943,964. 

Insects  are  not  as  troublesome  in  the  Central  Lakes  district  as  in  the 


86  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chautauqua  district.  The  grape-vine  fidia,  or  root-worm,  one  of  the  worst 
of  the  insect  pests  of  the  grape,  is  not  yet  destructive  in  this  region.  The 
grape  leaf-hopper  and  the  grape-vine  flea-beetle  are  possibly  the  worst  of 
the  insects  infesting  the  grapes  about  these  lakes. 

But  fungi  are  more  troublesome  than  in  the  Chautauqua  district; 
probably  because  the  climatic  conditions  are  more  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  these  pests  about  these  smaller  lakes  than  near  Lake  Erie.  The 
five  most  troublesome  diseases,  named  about  in  order  of  importance  are 
black-rot,'   down>'  mildew,^  or    "  brown-rot  ",  powdery  mildew,-'   anthrac- 


'  Black-rot  {Guignardia  bidwellii  (Ell.)  V.  &-  R.)  usually  appears  first  on  the  leaves  where  it  foniis 
circular,  reddish-brown  spots  on  which  black  pimples,  or  spore  cases,  develop.  Within  these  spore 
cases,  at  maturity,  are  the  summer  spores.  These  are  distributed  by  the  elements  to  the  growing 
parts  of  the  plant  and  form  new  centers  of  infection.  The  diseased  berries  show  analogous  circular 
spots  bearing  spores  and  as  the  disease  progresses  the  grapes  wither,  turn  black,  and  become  hard 
and  shrivelled,  sometimes  clinging  to  the  vine  until  the  following  spring.  Growing  shoots  are  attacked 
as  well  as  leaves  and  fruit.  During  the  winter  and  spring  the  resting  spores  are  formed,  usually 
upon  the  shrivelled  berries. 

Treatment  consists  of  destroying  as  far  as  possible  all  diseased  fruit,  old  leaves  and  prunings 
and  in  spraying  thoroughly  with  bordeau.x  mixture  as  follows: — 

1.  Just  as  the  pink  tips  of  the  first  leaves  appear. 

2.  From  ten  days  to  two  weeks  after  the  first  spraying. 

3.  Just  after  the  blossoming. 

4.  From  ten  to  fourteen  days  after  the  third  spraying. 

5.  After  an  interval  of  from  ten  to  fourteen  days  from  the  fourth  spraying. 

2  Downy  mildew  {Plasmopara  vilicola  (B.  &  C.)  Berl.  &  De  Toni)  is  a  troublesome  fungus  attack- 
ing all  of  the  tender  growing  parts  of  the  grape.  It  does  most  damage  to  the  leaves,  upon  the  upper 
surface  of  which  it  produces  greenish-yellow  spots  of  irregular  outline.  At  the  same  time  a  loose 
white  downy  growth  appears  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  This  growth  consists  of  short  filaments 
bearing  spores,  the  summer  spores,  which  are  carried  by  the  elements  to  other  growing  parts  of  the 
plant,  thus  spreading  the  disease.  Affected  berries,  if  young,  first  show  a  brown  spot,  and  become 
covered  with  the  gray  down  which  distinguishes  the  fungus.  On  older  berries  the  fungus  causes  a 
brown-purple  spot  which  spreads  until  it  takes  in  the  whole  berry,  which  then  becomes  soft  and  often 
falls,  or  they  may  become  hard  and  persist.  At  this  stage  the  disease  is  commonly  known  as  '  brown 
rot  ".  The  winter,  or  resting,  spores  are  produced  in  the  tissue  of  fruit  and  leaves  and  with  a 
thick  protective  covering.  The  vi-inter  spores  are  dark,  almost  black,  in  color.  Downv  mildew 
spreads  and  does  most  damage  in  hot  wet  weather.  Spraying  with  bordeaux  mixture  as  indicated 
for  black-rot  will  keep  downy  mildew  in  check. 

^  Powdery  mildew  (  Uncintda  necator  (Schw.)  Burr.)  is  caused  by  a  fungus  which  lives  on  the 
surface  of  the  leaves.  It  subsists  by  means  of  sucker-like  organs  which  penetrate  the  walls  of  the 
surface  layer  of  cells.  The  vegetative  portion  of  the  parasite  consists  of  fine  white  filaments  which 
spread  over  the  surface  of  the  leaves,  shoots  and  fruit.  In  the  summer  these  filaments  send  up 
short,  irregular  stalks  upon  which  large  numbers  of  barrel-shaped  spores  are  produced  in  chain-like 
arrangement.     These  are  the  summer  spores  of  the  fungus.       They  are  borne  in  greatest  quantity 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  87 

nose/  or  "  bird's-eye  rot  "  and  chlorosis,^  or  "  yellow-leaf  ".  Vineyards 
are  very  generally  sprayed  in  this  district  and  usually  with  satisfactory 
results.  Grape-growers  have  learned  that  certain  varieties  are  much  more 
susceptible  to  some  of  the  diseases  than  others  and  plant  accordingly. 


on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves  and  give  the  leaf  a  gray,  powdery  appearance  —  hence  the  name, 
powdery  mildew.  Affected  leaves  finally  become  light  brown  and  often  fall.  Diseased  fruits  are 
gray  in  color,  scurfy,  become  specked  with  brown,  fail  to  develop  and  often  burst  on  one  side  thereby 
showing  the  seeds.  The  winter  or  resting  spores  are  borne  in  sacs,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season. 
The  spore  sacs,  in  their  turn,  are  borne  in  small,  black,  spherical  spore  cases,  each  furnished  with  a 
number  of  slender  appendages  having  curled  tips.  The  powdery  mildew,  unlike  most  other  fungus 
troubles  of  the  grape,  is  most  prevalent  in  hot  dry  weather.  The  disease  is  combatted  by  dusting 
with  flowers  of  sulphur  or  by  spraying  with  bordeaux  mixture  as  for  black-rot. 

■  Anthracnose  (Sphaccloma  ampclitinm  De  By.). — This  disease  attacks  any  of  the  tender  portions 
of  the  growing  vine.  When  the  leaves  are  affected  dark  spots  are  first  formed  on  their  surface.  As 
the  disease  advances  these  spots  enlarge,  and  irregular  cracks  are  often  formed  through  the  dead 
tissue.  Frequently  many  of  these  small  cracks  run  together,  forming  a  long  irregular  slit  through 
the  leaf.  Similar  marks  are  formed  on  the  tender  shoots,  though  they  are  not  so  noticeable.  When 
the  fruit  is  attacked  the  disease  is  sometimes  called  bird's-eye  rot.  Circular  spots  are  formed  on  the 
surface  of  the  berry.  The  spots  may  be  of  different  colors  and  usually  have  a  dark  border;  as  the 
spots  enlarge  and  eat  in,  a  seed  is  often  exposed  in  the  center.  In  rotting  the  tissue  becomes  hard 
and  wrinkled.  Sometimes  the  disease  girdles  the  stem  of  a  fruit  cluster,  cutting  off  the  supply  of 
sap  from  the  grapes  beyond  the  diseased  line  and  causing  them  to  shrivel  and  die. 

Anthracnose  does  not  spread  as  rapidly  as  some  other  vineyard  diseases,  neither  does  it  yield 
as  readily  to  treatment.  When  a  vineyard  is  badly  infested  with  anthracnose,  it  requires  prompt 
attention  and  a  careful  treatment  to  control  the  disease.  It  is  not  satisfactorily  controlled  by  bor- 
deaux mixture  alone.  It  is  suggested  that  in  addition  to  such  treatment  with  this  mixture  as  is 
given  for  black-rot  the  plan  be  followed  which  is  advocated  by  certain  European  authorities,  of 
applying  a  warm  saturated  solution  of  copperas  (iron  sulphate)  in  spring  when  the  buds  are  swelling 
but  before  they  begin  to  open.  One  per  ct.  or  more  of  sulphuric  acid  may  be  added  to  the  solution 
before  it  is  applied.  This  solution  must  be  handled  with  care  as  it  is  very  caustic.  It  is  applied 
with  swabs  or  if  the  acid  is  not  used  it  may  be  sprayed.  It  is  essential  that  the  work  be  done  thor- 
oughly, covering  all  the  surface  of  the  canes. 

-  Chlorosis  or  yellow  leaf. — The  name  is  applied  to  a  grape  disease  in  which  the  foliage  turns 
yellow,  later  becoming  brown.  It  is  common  in  several  parts  of  the  State  but  more  particularly  in 
the  Central  Lakes  district.  Chlorosis  is  more  likely  to  appear  in  wet  seasons.  Some  varieties,  as 
the  Diamond,  are  much  more  susceptible  than  others.  In  some  seasons  portions  of  the  leaves  may 
become  yellow  but  eventually  regain  their  normal  color  so  that  at  the  close  of  the  season  the  vine 
appears  to  be  in  a  healthy  condition.  In  other  instances  the  yellow  color  extends  over  the  entire 
leaf;  brown,  dead  patches  appear;  the  leaf  curls  and  eventually  drops  from  the  vine.  If  the  vine 
loses  its  leaves  two  or  three  seasons  in  succession  it  is  likely  to  die.  One  striking  peculiarity  of  the 
disease  is  the  fact  that  a  badly  diseased  vine  may  appear  by  the  side  of  a  perfectly  healthy  vine  of  the 
same  variety. 

The  cause  of  chlorosis,  as  given  by  foreign  investigators,  is  the  presence  of  a  large  amount  of 
lime  in  the  soil  which  prevents  the  roots  from  taking  up  an  amount  of  iron  sufficient  for  satisfactory 


88  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


HUDSON    RIVER    DISTRICT. 


The  region  along  the  Hudson  River  forms  the  third  largest  grape  dis- 
trict in  New  York.  According  to  the  census  of  i8go  there  were  13,000 
acres  of  grapes  in  this  district  but  in  1900  the  returns  gave  less  than  half 
that  acreage.  The  great  falling  off  was  due  to  the  taking  out  of  a  con- 
siderable number  of  old  vineyards  which  had  been  planted  with  too  many- 
varieties,  or  with  worthless  varieties,  or  in  some  other  respect  were  poorly 
set  plantations.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the  acreage  in  1907  is  greater 
than  in  1900  but  the  industry  is  in  a  more  healthful  and  prosperous  con- 
dition now  than  then. 

An  estimate  of  the  present  acreage,  and  its  distribution,  made  in  the 
preparation  of  this  work,  gives  the  standing  of  the  district  as  follows  by 
counties:  Columbia,  865  acres;  Dutchess,  448  acres;  Orange,  865  acres; 
Ulster,  4021  acres;  total,  6199  acres.  Beside  the  above  there  are,  of  course, 
some  scattering  vineyards.  There  are  only  two  or  three  wine-cellars  in 
the  district  and  probably  95  per  ct.  of  the  product  of  the  vineyards  is  sold 
for  table  grapes  or  to  those  who  make  wine  in  small  quantities. 

The  grape  lands  of  the  Hudson  River  Valley  are  found  very  largely 
in  the  geological  division  known  as  the  Taconic  Province.'  This  province 
is  a  broad  valley  which  extends  from  Pennsylvania  across  New  Jersey, 
taking  in  Orange  and  parts  of  Ulster  and  Dutchess  and  Columbia  Counties, 
then  passing  out  of  the  State.  The  rocks  in  this  geological  division  are 
shales,  slates,  schists,  and  limestones;  and  the  soil  is  derived  from  these 
rocks.  The  grape  lands,  for  most  part,  are  those  in  which  there  is  much 
shale  or  slate  and  in  more  or  less  coarse  fragments,  the  finer  particles  being 
clay  or  gravelly  loams.  The  district  is  more  or  less  hilly,  some  of  the  vine- 
yards being  in  valleys  of  a  few  acres  extent,  others  in  broad,  gently  undu- 
lating plains  and  still  others  on  comparatively  steep  hillsides. 


growth.  Their  experiments  seem  to  show  that  the  difficulty  may  be  overcome  by  applying  a  small 
amount  of  sulphate  of  iron  around  affected  plants.  But  since  there  are  a  number  of  good  American 
varieties  that  are  not  subject  to  chlorosis,  perhaps  the  better  method  to  pursue  is  to  plant  only  such 
varieties  as  are  known  to  be  free  from  this  trouble. 

The  standard  varieties  given  in  the  following  hst  are,  so  far  as  we  know,  practically  exempt 
from  chlorosis:  Moore  Early,  Concord,  Winchell,  Delaware,  Worden,  Niagara,  Catawba,  Vergennes 
and  Agawam. 

'  Tarr,  R.  S.,   The  Physical  Geography  of  New    York  State:  4.      1902. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  89 

The  climate  of  the  Hudson  Valley  changes  rapidly  as  one  goes  up  the 
River  because  of  the  diversity  of  its  physical  features  and  the  wide  variety 
of  atmospheric  influences  to  which  it  is  subject.  In  the  part  of  the  Valley 
in  which  grapes  are  grown  the  summer  temperature  is  high  owing  to  the 
position  between  ranges  of  mountains  and  to  the  southerly  winds  which 
prevail  at  this  season.  In  the  winter  the  winds  are  northerly  and  the 
temperature  is  often  low  making  the  cultiire  of  tender  grapes  hazardous. 
The  influence  of  the  river,  really  a  broad  estuary  in  the  grape  regions,  at 
all  seasons  is  most  favoral  ile  for  fruit-growing. 

The  lowlands  of  the  Hudson  Valley  receive  a  somewhat  small  amount 
of  rainfall  as  compared  with  the  rest  of  New  York  because  when  moisture 
is  being  carried  inland  from  the  Atlantic  it  is  largely  precipitated  by  the 
mountains  and  highlands  of  New  England.  This  is  favorable  to  grape- 
growing.  Another  desirable  feature  of  the  rainfall  of  this  Valley  is  that 
the  maximum  summer  downfall  is  in  July  whereas  in  many  parts  of  the 
State  it  is  in  September  or  October.  This  relatively  light  rainfall  in  the 
maturing  months  is  more  .marked  in  this  than  in  any  other  of  the  grape 
districts  of  the  State. 

The  recorded  history  of  commercial  viticulture  dates  back  to  1827 
when  Mr.  Robert  Underbill  and  his  two  sons,  R.  T.  and  W.  A.  Underbill, 
planted  a  vineyard  of  Catawba  and  Isabella  at  Croton  Point  which  eventu- 
ally covered  seventy-five  acres.  For  some  years  this  vineyard  practically 
supplied  the  large  markets  of  the  region  with  grapes.  In  1829,  Rufus 
Barrett  of  New  Paltz,  began  shipping  Isabella  grapes  in  small  quantities 
to  the  New  York  market.  Barrett  lived  in  a  settlement  of  French  Hugue- 
nots, who  after  having  experimented  more  or  less  with  European  sorts, 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century  began  planting  native  varieties.  It  is 
probable  that  Barrett  obtained  his  inspiration  for  planting  and  knowledge 
of  vine-growing  from  these  Frenchmen. 

In  1837  a  French  vintner,  John  Jacques,  set  out  a  vineyard  for  wine- 
making  at  Washingtonville,  Orange  County.  The  varieties  set  were 
Catawba  and  Isabella,  purchased  from  Prince  of  Long  Island.  Sx^me  of 
these  vines  are  still  living,  vigorous  and  thrifty  at  three  score  years  and  ten. 
The  original  plantation  consisted  of  but  a  half  acre  but  in  1838  this  was 
increased  to  ten  acres.     This  is  probably  the  oldest  vineyard  of  native 


go  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

grapes  in  New  York.  The  third  year  from  the  ]5lanting  of  this  vineyard 
wine  was  made,  and  has  been  made  at  Washingtonville  ever  since,  so  that 
this  community  may  claim  the  oldest  winery  as  well  as  the  oldest  vineyard 
in  the  State.' 

William  T.  Cornell  planted  a  vineyard  of  Isabellas  near  Clintonville, 
Ulster  County,  in  the  year  1845.  Mrs.  Cornell  and  Mrs.  William  A.  Under- 
hill  were  sisters,  so  that  Cornell's  vines  came  from  Croton  Point.  A.  J. 
Cay  wood,  of  Marlboro,  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Cornell.  Thus  the 
inspiration  of  this  noted  viticulturist  to  plant  grapes,  and  to  originate  new 
sorts,  may  be  traced  directly  back  to  the  Frenchman,  Parmentier,  who, 
as  we  have  seen,  furnished  the  Underbills  with  their  vines  and  gave  them 
instructions  for  their  care.  The  Catawba  and  Isabella  were  grown  almost 
entirelv  until  the  introduction  of  the  Delaware  and  Concord,  after  which 
the  first  named  sorts  dropped  out  entirely,  being  subject  to  mildew  and 
ripening  late  in  the  season. 

The  Valley  of  the  Hudson  has  more  reason  to  be  called  the  Ijirthplace 
of  American  viticulture  than  any  otlier  of  the  grape-growing  districts  of 
the  country.  The  grape  and  wine  industries,  as  we  have  seen,  were  early 
started  here.  Prince's  Linnaean  Garden  at  the  mouth  of  the  Valley  was 
the  first  distributing  agency  for  American  grapes.  Its  owners  did  more 
than  distribute  grapes,  the}'  distributed  knowledge  and  trained  men.  A. 
J.  Caywood  of  Marlboro,  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  Stej^hen  Underbill 
at  Croton  Point,  Dr.  A.  K.  Underbill  at  Charlton.  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant  at  lona, 
W.  D.  Barns  of  Middlehope,  Dr.  William  M.  Culburt  of  Newburgh,  were 
notable  early  originators  and  experimenters  with  grapes  and  from  their 
vineyards  have  come  some  of  the  best  of  our  native  varieties.  Kniffin.  the 
Downings,  and  Buel  are  other  familiar  names  in  viticulture  and  horticulture 
of  those  who  lived  on  the  Hudson  and  who  have  helped  to  invest  the  region 
with  sentiment  and  with  interest  for  the  grape  grower. 

The  number  of  varieties  grown  in  this  region  is  far  greater  than  in  other 
parts  of  the  State;  as  would  be  expected  from  its  having  been  the  birth- 
place of  so  many  and  from  its  nearness  to  large  markets  where  fancy  sorts 
can  be  disposed  of  to  advantage.     The  Concord  leads  in  acreage  followed 


'See  Story  of  the  Vine,  E.  R.  Emerson:  igS.      1002. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  9I 

in  order  of  acreage  by  Delaware,  Niagara,  Worden,  Moore  Early.  Bacchus, 
Pocklington,  Campbell  Early,  Hartford  and  Vergennes  after  which  come 
a  great  number  of  less  well-known  sorts  grown  in  acre  or  less  quantities. 
The  value  of  the  crop  in  this  district  in  igoo  was  $298,350. 

During  the  early  years  of  grape-growing  along  the  Hudson  the  methods 
of  training  were  essentially  those  used  in  Europe.  The  vines  were  kept 
w-ell  headed  back  and  were  trained  to  stakes  of  varying  heights.  It  did 
not  take  long  to  discover  that  for  our  native  grapes  the  vines  must  be  so 
trained  as  to  give  the  fruit  and  foliage  the  greatest  possible  amount  of 
sunshine;  to  regulate  the  bearing  wood;  to  permit  them  to  bear  just  so 
much  and  no  more  fruit;  and  to  control  the  height  of  the  main  trunk. 
Soon  distinctive  systems  for  native  grapes  arose  and  one  of  the  earliest  of 
these  originated  with  William  Kniffin  of  Ulster  County.  This  system 
still  bears  his  name  and  is  most  generally  used  either  as  it  was  first  practiced 
or  in  some  of  its  modifications.  In  the  Kniffin  system,  and  its  modifica- 
tions, the  trunk  is  carried  to  the  top  wire  and  the  bearing  shoots  are  allowed 
to  droop;  for  this  reason  this  method  of  training  is  often  called  the  drooping 
system  in  contra-distinction  to  the  upright  systems  hitherto  mentioned  in 
which  the  bearing  shoots  are  tied  to  wires  above  the  canes  from  which  they 
grow.  The  Hudson  Valley  growers  claim  that  the  Kniffin  svstem  is  espe- 
cially desirable  for  the  strong  growing  sorts  like  Concord,  Worden,  and 
Niagara  but  admit  that  for  the  slender  shorter  growing  kinds  like  Delaware 
and  Catawba  the  upright  system  is  best. 

As  is  always  the  case  when  fruit  is  grown  near  to  the  market  in  which 
it  is  sold,  there  is  little  uniformity  in  the  packages  in  which  it  is  shipped 
and  the  manner  in  which  the  fruit  is  packed.  Most  of  the  fruit  from  the 
vineyards  along  the  Hudson  goes  to  market  in  climax  baskets  of  the  two 
standard  sizes.  Some  of  the  growers  pack  two,  or  even  three  varieties, 
in  one  package  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  range  in  color  and  quality.  The 
shipping  facilities  along  the  river  are  unexcelled.  Most  of  the  grapes  go 
by  boat  down  the  Hudson  to  New  York  City.  In  this  case  the  fruit  is 
loaded  late  in  the  evening  and  reaches  its  destination  early  the  next 
morning.  The  rail  connections  to  New  England  cities  are  good  and  laige 
shipments  go  eastward  by  rail  while  smaller  quantities  go  inland  and 
south.     The  fruit  is  not  marketed  through  unions  nor  has  co-operative 


92  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

selling   been   tried,    the   nearness   to   market   obviating   the   necessity    of 
co-operation. 

The  insect  pests  in  this  district  are  neither  numerous  nor  particularly 
destructive,  the  grape  leaf-hopper  and  the  grape-vine  flea-beetle  being 
most  common.  Spraying  for  insects  is  not  generally  practiced.  On  the 
other  hand  the  fungus  troubles  are  serious,  the  black-rot  having  been 
especially  destructive  in  some  sections.  The  other  diseases  are  much  the 
same  as  in  the  districts  discussed.  While  all  of  the  fimgi  of  the  district 
are  amenable  to  treatment  yet  spraying  has  not  been  generally  practiced 
nor  have  the  vines  been  kept  as  vigorous  and  healthy  through  cultivation 
and  fertilization  as  to  withstand  the  attacks  of  the  several  fungi.  The 
decreased  acreage  of  grapes  along  the  Hudson  during  the  past  decade  or 
two  is  due  in  some  measure  to  the  fact  that  the  grape  diseases  have  not 
been  controlled.  With  better  knowledge  of  the  life-habits  of  the  insects 
and  fungi  which  attack  vineyards,  and  means  of  combatting  these  pests, 
viticulture  should  regain  the  prestige  it  once  held  in  the  Hudson  Valley. 

THE    NI.\GAR.\    DISTRICT. 

The  Niagara  district,  the  smallest  of  the  several  grape  areas  of  the 
State,  lies  along  the  Niagara  river  and  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 
In  it  are  about  4700  acres  distributed  in  counties  as  follows:  Erie,  2100; 
Niagara,  1250;  Orleans,  375;  Monroe,  700;  Wayne,  380.  In  the  sotithem 
part  of  Erie  County  the  vineyards  are  grown  mider  conditions  very-  similar 
to  those  we  have  described  in  the  Chautauf^ua  district;  the  treatment 
given  is  much  the  same;  the  grapes  are  marketed  as  are  those  in  the  dis- 
trict to  the  south  and  west;  and  the  Concord,  as  in  the  larger  district,  is 
the  variety  most  largely  grown.  But  conditions  in  the  northern  and  east- 
ern part  of  the  county  more  nearly  approach  those  along  Niagara  river 
and  the  Ontario  shore  so  that  the  county  is  included  in  the  Niagara  district. 

In  Niagara,  Orleans,  Monroe,  and  Wayne  Counties  the  grape  lands 
are  in  what  is  known  as  the  Ontario  plain.  This  plain  has  for  its  western 
boundary  in  the  United  States,  Niagara  River;  for  its  northern  l>oundary 
Lake  Ontario;  to  the  south  there  is  a  high  escarpment,  the  Niagara  escarp- 
ment, or  "  the  mountain  ",  separating  the  Ontario  plain  from  the  Erie 
plain  which  is  an  eastward  extension  of  the  low  plain  on  the  south  shore 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  93 

of  Lake  Erie.  The  Niagara  escarpment  may  be  seen  well  at  Lewiston 
from  which  point  it  stretches  eastward  toward  Lockport  and  westward 
into  Ontario.  The  escarpment  may  be  traced  to  the  eastern  end  of 
Lake  Ontario  where  it  disappears  and  the  Erie  and  Ontario  plains  merge 
into  one.  In  the  grape-growing  counties  the  Ontario  plain  varies  from 
four  to  nine  miles  in  width. 

The  jDlain  is  more  or  less  rolling  throughout  its  entire  length;  but  in 
few  places  are  the  hills  too  steep  for  fruit-growing.  The  soils  are  sandy, 
gravelly,  or  clay  loams  varying  greatly  in  fertility  and  in  adaptability  for 
the  grape.  In  parts  of  the  district  the  soils  are  stony  and  shaly.  They 
belong,  so  far  as  they  have  been  studied,  to  the  Dunkirk  series  and  are 
therefore  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  Chautauqua  district. 

The  climate,  too,  is  much  like  that  of  the  Chautauqua  district.  The 
average  midwinter  temperature  is  comparatively  high;  the  summer  tem- 
perature is  equable;  and  the  precipitation  of  rain  and  dew  light  as  compared 
with  inland  areas.  The  influence  of  the  escarpment  is  not  so  marked  in 
the  Niagara  district  as  in  the  Chautauqua  belt.  A  remarkable  feature  of 
the  climate  of  this  district  is  that  killing  frosts  rarely  occur  before  the  close 
of  October,  giving  a  long  maturing  and  harvesting  season  for  the  grape. 
In  the  winter  the  daily  range  of  temperature  is  small  owing  not  only  to 
the  influence  of  the  water  but  to  the  fact  as  well  that  this  season  is  a  period 
of  great  cloudiness  for  the  region. 

In  Erie  County  much  of  the  product  of  the  southern  part  is  marketed 
with  that  of  Chautauqua  County  but  to  the  north,  Buft'alo  makes  a  splendid 
local  market.  Several  varieties  are  grown  for  the  home  market  but  chiefly 
the  Concord  and  the  Niagara.  These  are  packed  in  the  various  styles  of 
climax  baskets  and  in  slatted  crates  —  the  latter  for  the  home  making  of 
wine.  The  fruit  is  carted  to  the  market  by  the  grower,  or  j^urchased  in 
the  fleld,  in  the  case  of  wine-making,  by  the  consumer. 

Niagara  Count}'  is  the  home  of  the  Niagara  grape  and  this  variety 
is  grown  here  almost  exclusiveh'.  The  product  is  sold  very  largeh'  by  the 
grower  in  the  open  markets  of  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  and  is  packed  in 
the  several  sizes  of  climax  baskets.  In  the  counties  to  the  east  of  Niagara 
the  product,  almost  exclusively  Niagaras,  is  sold  at  Rochester  or  neigh- 
boring towns  or  shipped  to  the  large  eastern  cities.     Much  of  this  fruit  is 


94  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

sold  through  the  Niagara  Grape  Market  Company,  a  co-operative  union, 
with  headquarters  at  Lockport,  New  York. 

The  Niagara  region  is  the  newest  of  the  grape  districts  of  the  State. 
There  were  few  plantings  along  the  shore  of  Ontario  until  1886  when  the 
Niagara  grape  was  introduced  and  vineyards  were  put  out  in  consideraljle 
numbers  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  district  followed  by  still 
heavier  plantings  during  the  succeeding  several  years.  It  was  soon  demon- 
strated that  the  region  was  well  adapted  to  grape-growing  and  especially  for 
the  Niagara  grape  but  that  there  were  many  soils  and  locations  wholly 
unsuitable  for  vineyards.  Consequently  during  the  3'ears  that  followed  the 
bearing  of  the  first  grapes,  many  vineyards  have  been  abandoned  so  that 
there  are  now  scarcely  as  many  acres  as  at  the  close  of  the  first  period  of 
expansion  about  1900.  The  insect  and  fungus  pests  are  much  the  same 
as  in  the  Chautauqua  district  though  the  dreaded  grape-vine  fidia  is  not 
yet  nearly  so  common,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  black-rot  is  far  more 
destructive,  probably  because  the  Niagara  grape  is  very  susceptible  to  this 
fungus. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  95 

CHAPTER   IV 

SPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  GRAPES. 

THE  GENUS  VITIS. 

The  genus  Vitis  was  formed  and  named  by  Tournefort,'  a  French 
botanist,  more  than  two  hundred  years  ago.  In  his  work,  Institutiones 
Rei  Hcrhariac,  pubhshed  in  Paris  in  1700,  he  gives  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  this  genus: 

"  The  Vitis  is  a  genus  of  plant  with  a  (A)  flower  shaped  like  a  rose, 
with  many  petals  placed  uniformly  in  a  circle,  out  of  the  middle  of  which 
arises  the  pistil  (B),  with  stamens  pressed  together  (C),  the  flower  (D,E,F) 
folds  upward;  the  pistil  develops  into  an  edible  berry  (E),  fleshy,  full  of 
juice,  and  usually  with  four  seeds  (H,I),  the  seeds  are  pear-shaped  (K)." 

The  capital  letters  in  the  parentheses  refer  to  illustrations.  These 
indicate  that  Tournefort  had  a  very  clear  conception  of  the  flowering 
parts  of  a  grape.  He  gives  twenty-one  species  under  this  genus  of  which 
nine  are  American,  one,  however,  being  our  Virginia  creeper.  Tournefort's 
work  is  all  very  indefinite;  others  of  the  species  than  those  credited  to 
America  may  be  American,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  of  the  nine  some 
would  not  be  classed  among  the  grapes  to-day.  Each  species  is  credited 
to  some  previous  botanist  and  it  is  evident  that  Tournefort  was  a  compiler 
rather  than  an  original  worker  with  grapes. 

The  next  botanist  who  contributed  to  our  knowledge  of  this  genus  was 
Linnaeus,  the  great  Swedish  systematist,  who,  in  his  Genera  Plantarum,  1754, 
gives  the  following  description  of  the  flower  (Like  Tournefort's,  Linnaeus' 
book  is  written  in  Latin  and  the  extracts  here  given  are  free  translations) : 

"  Calyx.     Five-toothed,  small. 

"  Corolla.     Petals  five,  rudimentary,  small,  caducous. 


'  Joseph  Pitton  de  Tournefort,  a  French  botanist  of  considerable  reputation  in  his  day,  was  born 
at  Aix,  Provence,  in  1656  and  died  in  1 708.  He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits  for  a  priest  but  following 
a  natural  inclination  he  later  became  a  botanist.  In  1683  he  became  professor  of  botany  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes  in  Paris.  While  occupying  this  position  he  made  trips  through  western  Europe, 
Greece  and  Asia  Minor.  His  principal  work,  and  the  one  quoted  here,  is  Institutiones  Rei  Hcrbariae 
in  three  volumes,  published  in  Paris  in  1700.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  systematic  bota- 
nists who  preceded  Linnaeus. 


g6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

"  Stamens.  Filaments  five,  subulate,  erect,  spreading,  caducous, 
anthers  simple. 

"  Pistil.     Ovary  egg-shaped,  style  none,  stigma  obtuse  headed. 

"  Pericarp.     Berry  nearly  round,  large,  one  cell. 

"Seeds.  Five,  plump,  terminate  cordate,  base  contracted,  partially 
divided  into  two  cells." 

Linnaeus  in  his  Species  Plantarum  of  1753,  gives  seven  species  as 
belonging  to  this  genus,  three  of  which  are  credited  to  America.  One,  how- 
ever, Vitis  arborea,  is  not  classed  among  the  grapes  by  present-day  botanists. 

Marshall,'  the  first  American  botanist  we  have  to  consider,  for  neither 
Tournefort  nor  Linnaeus  had  ever  been  on  this  continent,  in  his  Arbustrum 
Arnericanuiu,  1785,  describes  the  genus  Vitis  in  terms  so  nearly  identical 
with  those  of  Linnaeus  as  to  lead  one  to  suspect  that  it  is  merely  a  trans- 
lation from  the  Genera  Plantarum.  Marshall  gives  five  species.  One  of 
these  is  certainly  not  a  grape  and  one  other  is  indeterminate. 

Thomas  Walter,"  in  his  Flora  Caroliniana,  1 788,  gives  a  brief  description 
of  the  genus  very  similar  to  the  foregoing  but  he  also  speaks  of  the  masculine 
and  feminine  forms  of  the  flowers,  a  point  that  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
noticed  by  any  botanist  of  an  earlier  date.  He  speaks  of  the  corolla  adhering 
at  the  top  and  coming  ofi"  as  a  cap,  one  of  the  distinguishing  characters  of 
Vitis.  This  latter  point  had,  however,  been  noted  In-  Tournefort,  and  his 
figvtres  show  that  this  is  what  he  means  when  he  speaks  of  the  flower  as 
folding  upward.  Tournefort,  however,  seems  to  have  been  under  the  mis- 
taken impression  that  Ampelopsis  (Ampelopsis  quinquijolia  Michx.  is  our 
common  American  form)  opens  its  flowers  in  the  same  way,  as  he  includes 


'  Humphrey  Marshall  was  born  in  the  town  of  West  Bradford,  Pennsylvania,  in  1722,  of  Quaker 
parents.  He  was  a  cousin  of  John  Bartram,  their  mothers  being  sisters.  Like  Bartram,  he  had  few 
opportunities  for  education,  not  going  to  school  after  he  was  twelve  years  of  age.  He  was  a  stone- 
m.ison  by  trade,  studying  botany  in  his  leisure  moments.  In  177.5  he  started  a  botanic  garden  at 
Marshallton.  In  1785  he  published  Arbustrum  Americanum,  The  American  Grove,  or  An  Alphabeti- 
cal Catalog  of  Forest  Trees  and  Shrubs,  Natives  of  the  American  United  States.  This  work  had  been 
in  preparation  about  five  years  previous  to  its  publication.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first  botanical  work  of 
a  native  American.     Marshall  died  in  1801. 

■  But  little  is  known  of  the  life  of  Thomas  Walter.  He  was  a  native  of  Hampshire,  England, 
and  migrated  to  St.  John's  Parish,  South  Carolina,  where  he  had  a  plantation  on  the  Santee  River. 
Here  he  died  in  1788  at  about  the  age  of  forty-eight  years.  His  only  publication  of  note  is  the 
Flora  Caroliniana,  published  in  the  year  of  his  death.  He  must  have  been  in  correspondence  with 
European  botanists  of  that  time  as  his  herbarium  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 


m.  PLEASANT  LIBRARY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  97 

this  under  Vitis.  Walter  gives  only  three  species  and  his  descriptions  of 
these  are  very  brief. 

The  first  European  botanist  who  made  an  extensive  study  of  American 
plants  in  their  habitats  was  Andre  Michaux,  a  French  botanist  who  traveled 
extensiveh'  in  North  America  at  about  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
In  his  Flora  Boreali- Americana,  which  was  published  in  1803,  he  gives  a 
brief  generic  description  of  Vitis  which  includes  all  of  the  essential  charac- 
ters given  by  Walter.  He  also  questions  the  male  and  female  characters 
mentioned  by  Walter.'  Michaux  mentions  five  species  of  the  American 
grapes.  His  descriptions  are  clear  and  every  species  described  can  readily 
be  recognized  so  that  there  is  no  question  among  botanists  as  to  what 
species  was  meant  in  any  instance. 

An  interesting  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  grapes  of  North 
America  is  that  of  William  Bartram.^  Bartram's  opportunities  for  becom- 
ing familiar  with  these  plants  were  probably  greater  than  those  of  any 
other  person  of  his  day,  he  being  a  resident  of  America,  and  his  father 
having  been  a  botanist,  so  that  he  was  trained  from  childhood  to  observe 
plants.  The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  article  of  Bartram's  in  the 
Domestic  Encyclopedia,  1804: 


'  Grapes  are  not  to-day  considered  dioecious  but  polygamo-dioecious,  a  distinction  which  will  be 
defined  later. 

-  John  Bartram  was  bom  near  the  village  of  Darby  in  Delaware  (then  Chester)  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1699.  Bartram  is  generally  credited  with  having  established  the  first  botanical  garden  in 
America.  This  garden  was  founded  about  1728,  some  four  miles  south  of  what  was  the  town  of 
Philadelphia  and  is  now  a  part  of  the  Park  System  of  that  city.  He  was  bred  a  Quaker  but  owing 
to  his  liberal  opinions  was  excluded  from  that  Society  in  175S.  During  his  life  he  was  in  corre- 
spondence with  ma'iy  of  the  leading  scientific  men  of  Europe  to  whom  he  sent  many  specimens  of 
plants  and  other  t?.ings  of  scientific  interest.  He  made  many  trips  into  various  parts  of  the  colonies, 
to  Ontario,  Lake  George,  the  Carolinas,  Florida  and  Georgia,  in  search  of  information.  The  last  of 
these  journeys,  that  to  the  southern  states,  was  made  after  he  was  seventy  years  of  age.  Bartram 
is  blamed  by  all  of  his  contemporaries  for  not  having  pubUshed  more  than  he  did.  His  death 
occurred  in  1777. 

William  Bartram.  son  of  John  Bartram,  was  born  in  1739  and  died  in  1823.  Much  of  his  work 
was  done  in  connection  with  his  father  under  whom  he  received  his  botanical  training.  His  best 
known  work  is  his  Travels  tn  the  Carolinas,  Georgia  and  Florida  (1791),  in  which  he  gives  an  interest- 
ing account  of  that  region,  including  descriptions  of  a  number  of  new  southern  plants.  His  article  on 
grapes  which  is  here  quoted  was  published  in  the  Domestic  Encyclopedia,  1804,  and  also  in  the  Medical 
Repository  of  the  same  year. 

7 


\l  U^ 


98  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

"  The  most  obvious  characters  which  distinguish  the  grape  vines  of 
America  from  those  of  the  old  continent  are :  i .  The  berries  of  all  the  Ameri- 
can species  and  varieties  that  I  have  seen,  approach  the  figure  of  an  oblate 
spheroid;  that  is,  the  poles  are  flattened,  and  the  transverse  diameter  is 
longer  than  the  polar:  however,  I  have  observed  that  Alexander's  grape, 
and  some  of  the  bul  or  bullet  grapes,  approach  nearer  to  an  oval  or  ellipsis 
which  is  the  figure  of  all  foreign  or  European  grapes  that  I  have  seen;  viz. 
a  prolate  spheroid.  2.  Most  of  the  American  species  and  varieties  have  a 
glaucous  and  yellowish  pubescence  on  the  under  surface  of  their  leaves. 
3.  All  that  I  have  observed  in  the  northern  and  eastern  districts  of  the 
United  States  are  polygamous;  i.  e.  those  vines  which  bear  fruit  (female) 
have  hermaphrodite  flowers  (pentandria  monogynia) ;  but  the  males  have 
only  five  stamina,  without  any  female  organ,  and  are  alwa5's  barren.  One 
should  suppose,  from  Walter  so  strongly  marking  this  character  as  to 
induce  him  to  place  the  Vitis  in  the  class  Dioecia,  when  Linnaeus  and  the 
other  European  botanists  had  placed  it  in  Pentandria  (he  himself  being  an 
European),  that  all  the  grape  vines  of  the  old  continent  are  hermaphroditous 
and  Pentandrian.  I  know  not  from  my  own  observation,  whether  the  bull- 
grape  of  Carolina  is  hermaphroditous  or  dioecious,  and  therefore  rest  satisfied 
with  Walter's  assertion."    Bartram  gives  four  species. 

Nuttall,'  in  his  Genera  of  North  American  Plants  and  Catalogue  of  the 
Species,  gives  a  rather  stereotyped  description  of  the  genus  biit  in  addition 
in  fine  t^'pe  he  gives  the  following: 

"  Leaf  simple  and  cordate,  angularly  or  sinuately  lobed,  rarely  digitate 
or  pinnate  (Cissus?),  flowers  numerous,  in  compound  racemes,  not  uncom- 


'  Thomas  Xuttall  was  bom  in  Settle  in  Yorkshire,  England,  in  17S6.  He  migrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1807,  making  his  home  in  Philadelphia  where  he  became  acquainted  with  William  Bartram 
and  Dr.  Barton.  It  was  largely  owing  to  the  influence  of  these  men  that  he  turned  his  attention 
to  botany.  Xuttall  was  an  extensive  traveler  and  made  botanical  expeditions  into  many  parts  of  the 
country.  He  explored  the  Middle  West  up  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  made  a  trip  around  the  Horn 
to  California.  From  1825  to  1834  he  was  connected  with  Harvard  College.  In  1842  he  was  called  to 
England  by  a  bequest  from  an  uncle  left  to  him  conditional  on  his  residing  for  nine  months  of  each 
year  in  England;  compliance  with  this  request  caused  a  cessation  of  his  botanical  work  in  America. 
He  died  at  Xutgrove,  Lancashire,  in  1859.  Xuttall's  first  and  probably  greatest  work  was  his  Genera 
of  North  American  Plants  and  Catalogue  of  the  Species,  published  in  1818.  Besides  various  accounts 
of  his  expeditions  he  made  an  addition  of  three  volumes  to  Michaux's  Sylva  bringing  that  work  up 
to  six  volumes. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  99 

monly  producing  4,  6  and  7  petals,  with  a  corresponding  number  of  stamens, 
calix  mostly  entire,  or  obsoletely  crenate,  a  glandulous  disk  surrounding  the 
germ;  tendril  dichotomous,  sometimes  producing  flowers,  therefore  analo- 
gous to  a  sterile  raceme." 

It  is  evident  that  Nuttall  was  in  doubt  as  to  the  distinguishing  charac- 
ters between  Vitis  and  the  allied  genus,  Cissus.  While  he  has  the  species  of 
the  two  genera  in  the  same  position  they  would  now  be  placed,  his  reference 
to  pinnate-leaved  species  is  somewhat  misleading  as  no  pinnate-leaved 
species  are  known  to-day  in  either  Europe  or  America.  He  uses,  however, 
the  distinguishing  character  between  these  two  genera  that  we  now  accept, 
that  is,  Vitis  has  petals  that  adhere  at  the  tops  and  come  off  in  the  form 
of  a  cap  or  calyptrum,  while  in  Cissus  the  corolla  does  not  fall  off  as  a  cap. 
Nuttall  mentions  six  species  as  belonging  to  this  genus:  Vitis  labnisca, 
V.  aestivalis,  V .  cordijolia,  V .  riparia,  V.  rotundifolia,  and  V.  palmata,  with 
a  question  mark  after  the  last  species.  None  is  described.  His  work  is 
apparently  a  discriminating  compilation  of  the  work  of  earlier  botanists. 

Many  other  botanical  workers  wrote  on  this  genus  during  the  period 
covered  and  some  of  them  did  very  valuable  work  in  describing  the  various 
species  but  their  work  has  not  been  referred  to  because  it  did  not  add  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  genus  as  a  whole. 

The  first  man  to  write  a  monograph  on  American  grapes  was  Rafin- 
esque,'  who  published  in  1830  a  paper  bound  volume  entitled  American 
Manual  of  tJic  Grape  Vine,  etc.  Rafinesque,  who  was  long  a  resident  of 
the  United  States,  had  an  opportunity  to  acquire  knowledge  on  the  subject 
upon  which  he  wrote  second  to  none  other.     His  description  of  the  genus 


'  Constantini,  Samuel  Rafinesque  was  born  in  Galata,  a  suburb  of  Constantinople  in  European 
Turkey,  in  1783.  He  was  of  French-German  descent,,  his  father  being  a  French  merchant  of  Marseilles, 
and  his  mother  of  Sa.xon  parentage.  In  1S02  he  came  to  Philadelphia.  While  here  he  was  busied 
with  mercantile  pursuits,  occupying  a  position  as  clerk,  but  studied  botany  out  of  office  hours  for 
amusement.  In  1S05  he  went  to  Sicily  where  he  spent  the  next  ten  years.  Here  he  commenced  the 
extensive  series  of  publications  which  have  made  his  name  so  well  known  to  scientists.  In  181 5  he 
returned  to  the  United  States,  traveling  about  from  place  to  place  for  some  time  and  finally  settling 
in  Lexington.  Kentucky,  where  he  became  a  professor  in  Transylvania  University.  He  left  Lexington 
in  1825,  removing  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  dying  in  poverty  in  1840. 
Rafinesque's  biographer  gives  420  differently  titled  articles  on  nearly  all  scientific  subjects  as  the 
product  of  his  pen.  His  monograph  on  grapes,  entitled  American  Manual  of  tlte  Grape  Vine  and  The 
Art  of  Making  Wines,  etc.,  was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1830. 


lOO  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

is  similar  to  that  of  his  predecessors  and  very  good ;  but  here  all  similarity 
ends  and  practically  all  value.  After  having  made  forty-one  species,  the 
greater  portion  of  which  have  names  given  by  himself,  he  says:  "By  the 
above  enumeration  of  our  Grapes  I  have  done  for  this  genus  what  Michaux 
did  for  our  Oaks.  Owing  to  the  great  confusion  of  former  authors,  and 
the  difficulty  of  comparing  the  leaves  and  fruits  of  all  the  species,  it  is 
hardlv  as  perfect  as  I  should  wish.  Rigid  botanists  may  perhaps  wish  to 
reduce  this  species  to  a  minor  number  or  consider  some  as  hybrids:  if 
they  can  find  good  permanent  collective  characters,  let  them  reduce  our 
Grapes  and  Oaks  to  a  dozen  species.  But  the  angular  or  striated  branches, 
the  long  or  short  petioles,  the  oval,  cordate  or  reniform  leaves,  etc.,  must 
always  be  deemed  essential  specific  characters,  and  several  of  my  new 
species,  such  as  V.  bracteata,  V.  angulata,  V.  peltata,  V.  canina,  V.  blanda, 
V.  longifolia,  V.  acerifolia,  V.  amara,  V.  prolifera,  etc.,  must  be  deemed 
very  distinct."  None  of  those  of  which  he  says  "  must  be  deemed  essential 
specific  characters"  is  now  so  considered  and  the  species  which  must  be 
"  deemed  very  distinct  "  are  many  of  them  unrecognized  and  none  of 
them  known  by  the  name  which  he  gave. 

Le  Conte,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  did  much  work  in  the 
botany  of  grapes,  publishing  several  papers  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  These  were  in  the  nature  of  mono- 
graphs although  they  were  not,  so  far  as  known,  published  separately.  He 
gives  twelve  species  generally  taken  from  other  authors. 

A  little  later  than  Le  Conte,  Engelmann  of  St.  Louis,  gave  his  attention 
to  the  genus  Vitis,  clearing  up  a  number  of  disputed  points.  His  work  was 
published  in  various  reports  and  later  in  the  Bushberg  Catalogue  and  Grape 
Manual.  Engelmann 's  studies  are  particularly  valuable  in  that  he  was  the 
first  botanist  working  with  grapes  v/ho  lived  in  the  middle  west  and  the 
territory  over  which  he  ranged  in  his  botanical  expeditions  was  compara- 
tively virgin.  This  was  about  the  time  of  the  reconstitution  of  the  French 
vineyards  by  the  use  of  American  roots  as  stocks  on  which  to  graft  their 
French  vines  to  enable  them  to  resist  phylloxera.  Many  thousand  cuttings 
and  rooted  vines  of  American  grapes  were  sent  to  France  annually  for  this 
purpose.  The  value  of  grafting  on  resistant  stocks  had  stimulated  an 
interest  among  French  scientists  in  grapes  generally  and  particularly   in 


I. 

V. 

bicolor 

2. 

V. 

cordi  folia 

^■ 

V. 

rotiindifolia 

4- 

V. 

doaniana 

5- 

V. 

longii 

6. 

V. 

labrusca 

/■ 

V. 

rupestris 

8. 

V. 

npana 

9- 

V. 

vinifera 

10. 

V. 

aestivalis 

CANES  OF  SPECIES  OF  VITIS 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  lOI 

the  American  species.  While  their  aid  in  separating  species  was  but  slight, 
owing  to  their  distance  from  the  field  where  the  plants  were  growing,  yet 
the  investigations  of  Planchon,  Millardet,  and  others  as  to  the  comparative 
value  of  various  characters  in  separating  species,  were  of  great  importance. 
These  investigations  were  utilized  by  Engelmann  to  a  considerable  extent. 
Owing  to  its  simplicity,  and  somewhat  perhaps  to  the  place  of  publication, 
his  work  obtained  favor  among  grape-growers  to  a  greater  extent  than  that 
of  any  of  his  predecessors.  In  his  earlier  writings  he  gives  six  species  but 
in  the  last  edition  of  the  Biishberg  Catalogue  thirteen  are  enumerated. 

Shortly  after  and  partly  coincident  with  Engelmann,  Munson,  of  Texas, 
made  valuable  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  American  grapes.  Mun- 
son is,  what  none  of  his  predecessors  had  been,  a  cultivator  of  grapes  and  a 
breeder  of  new  varieties  as  well  as  a  botanical  student  of  the  subject.  The 
region  in  which  he  lived  was  comparatively  new  to  botanists,  and  it  was 
partly,  perhaps,  on  this  account  that  he  raised  the  number  of  species  from 
the  thirteen  given  by  Engelmann  to  twenty-five.  At  the  present  time  it 
appears  doubtful  if  all  of  these  will  ultimately  be  given  specific  rank.  Many 
of  them  undoubtedly  will,  and  others  of  them  will  be  recognized  at  least 
as  varieties.  Munson  is  regarded  to-day  as  the  chief  authority  on  grapes 
of  the  semi-arid  and  mountainous  districts  of  the  West  and  is  one  of  the 
leading  authorities  on  American  viticulture. 

The  last  man  who  has  paid  special  attention  to  the  grapes  of  North 
America  is  Bailey,  of  Cornell.  In  his  latest  classification  he  gives  twenty- 
three  species  of  American  grapes.  Bailey  is  the  only  American  botanist 
of  experience  and  recognized  standing  in  general  botany  who  has  paid 
special  attention  to  the  grape.  His  monograph  of  the  genus  Vitis  which, 
with  some  changes,  has  appeared  successively  in  Grays  Synoptical  Flora, 
The  Evolution  of  Our  Native  Fruits,  and  the  Cyclopedia  of  American  Hor- 
ticulture, is  the  most  complete  work  we  have  on  this  subject.  With  his 
permission  we  have  followed  his  arrangement  of  species  in  The  Grapes  of 
Neiv  York. 

With  this  brief  history  of  the  formation  of  the  genus  Vitis  as  it  now 
stands  we  pass  to  a  consideration  of  the  botanical  characters  of  Vitis. 

From  the  time  when  botanists  first  commenced  to  work  on  the  grape 
there  has  been  a  constant  search  for  taxonomic  characters  for  separating 


I02  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

the  various  species  clearly  and  distinctly.  Many  of  the  earlier  descrip- 
tions, while  they  are  correct  so  far  as  they  go,  do  not  mention  enough 
characters  to  enable  one  to  distinguish  between  similar  species.  It  has 
been  found  that  dependence  upon  the  shape  of  the  leaf,  size  of  berry,  size 
of  plant,  date  of  ripening,  and  similar  characters,  is  very  uncertain  and 
unsatisfactory  and  that,  while  these  characters  are  always  mentioned  in 
descriptions  as  indicating  the  intrinsic  value  of  a  species,  they  are  of  little 
value  from  a  systematic  standpoint.  There  are,  however,  several  char- 
acters of  Vitis  which  have  great  taxonomic  importance. 

One  of  the  fundamental  characters  which  determine  a  species  is  con- 
tinuous or  intermittent  tendrils,  first  noticed  by  Professor  A.  Braun'  of 
Berlin.  Vitis  labnisca,  the  common  Fox  grape,  is  peculiar  in  that  there 
are  tendrils,  or  an  inflorescence,  opposite  nearly  every  leaf;  this  arrange- 
ment is  known  as  continuous  tendrils.  All  other  species  have  two  leaves 
with  a  tendril  opposite  each  and  a  third  leaf  without  a  tendril :  such  species 
are  said  to  have  intermittent  tendrils.  Continuity  of  tendrils  is  a  variable 
character  and  to  ascertain  which  of  the  two  forms  is  present  it  is  necessary 
to  have  vigorous,  healthy,  typical  canes.  The  lowest  leaves  of  canes  usu- 
ally have  no  opposite  tendrils.  This  character  is  shown  in  the  color-plates 
of  the  several  species. 

A  closely  related  character  is  that  of  the  number  of  inflorescences 
borne  b}'  a  species.  All  species  excepting  Vitis  labrusca  average  two 
inflorescences  to  the  cane  but  the  last  named  species,  at  least  in  some  of 
its  subdivisions,  may  bear  from  three  to  six  inflorescences,  each  of  course 
in  the  place  of  a  tendril  opposite  a  leaf. 

Professor  Millardet  of  Bordeaux  first  called  attention  to  the  value  of 
that  part  of  the  cane  known  as  the  diaphragm  as  a  means  of  distinguishing 
species.  The  cane  of  the  grape  vine  contains  a  large  pith,  and  in  most 
species  this  pith  is  interrupted  by  woody  tissue  at  the  joints;  this  woody 
tissue  is  the  diaphragm.  The  presence  or  absence  of  the  diaphragm  and  its 
thickness  are  of  taxonomic  value.  In  Rotundifolia,  the  southern  Fox  grape, 
the  diaphragm  is  absent;  in  Riparia,  the  Riverbank  grape,  it  is  very  thin; 
in  Rupestris  it  is  slightly  thicker;  while  Cordifolia,  Aestivalis,  and  Labrusca 
have  thick  diaphragms.    This  character  is  studied  best  in  the  year-old  canes 


'  Mo.  Etit.  Rpt..  1874:71. 


¥  f 

V.   Ki:i'ESTKiS 

•  f 

f 

f  f 

«  t 


v.   AESTiVALis 


v.  tioanIaxa 


f 


♦ 


f 

^  f 


V.  l;;PAniA 


f 


V.   LONGil 


tl 


V.    LAHKCSf.'A. 


V.   vi.viFERA 


1^ 

t       f 

V.    AKSTiVAI.is    l-iNCKCIMii 


»        f 


V.   BicoLOR 


V.    BERLAXDlKRi 


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v.  KOTrrnnFOLiA 


f 


V.    LABR.     V     V.    VI'n. 


V.   LARi:.    ■<    V.  Rip 


SEEDS  OF  SPECIES  OF  VITIS 

[Natiiia.-  Sizk  ami  Em.ai;gki>1 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  103 

of  the  grape.  The  color-plate  of  canes  shows  the  range  in  thickness  of 
diaphragms  as  they  occur  in  several  species. 

The  time  of  flowering  is  of  considerable  value  in  distinguishing  species. 
Unfortunately  it  requires  live  plants  and  a  certain  time  of  year  in  order 
that  this  character  be  noted.  The  first  American  species  to  flower  is  Riparia. 
Rupestris  flowers  shortly  after;  next,  Labrusca;  Aestivalis  a  little  later, 
although  the  Lincecumii  variety  of  Aestivalis  blooms  slightly  before 
Labrvisca;  Cordifolia  is  very  late  in  coming  into  bloom,  and  Cinerea  still 
later.  Vinifera,  the  European  grape,  blooms  shortly  after  Labrusca.  The 
cultivated  offspring  of  all  wild  grapes  retain  the  blooming  characters  of  the 
species  from  which  they  are  derived. 

Other  characters  that  have  been  found  of  great  value  are  those  connected 
with  the  seed.  The  ability  to  use  the  seed  characters,  however,  cannot 
readily  be  acquired  except  by  the  use  of  an  illustrated  manual  and  some 
experience  in  selecting  the  seeds,  as  they  are  quite  variable  on  the  same 
plant.  The  weight  of  the  seeds  differs  in  different  species,  but  varies  so 
much  inside  the  species  that  it  is  not  of  much  value  from  a  systematic 
standpoint.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Labruscas  have  the  largest 
and  heaviest  seed  of  our  American  grapes;  Riparia  has  the  smallest  seed, 
with  Aestivalis  occupying  an  intermediate  position.  The  size  of  the  seeds 
in  Aestivalis,  however,  is  more  noticeable  on  account  of  the  small  size  of 
the  fruit.  The  color-plate  illustrates  the  different  characters  to  be  found  in 
grape  seeds  and  a  study  of  this  plate  with  the  technical  descriptions  of  the 
several  species  will  show  how  important  seeds  become  in  classifying  grapes. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  characters  given  by  Bartram  as  distinguishing 
the  European  from  the  American  species.  The  flrst  difference  that  he  men- 
tions is  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit,  that  of  the  Vinifera  being  more  or  less 
oval  and  that  of  American  species  roundish  or  oblate.  Recent  technical 
descriptions  of  our  American  species  give  the  fruit  as  spherical  where  the 
shape  is  mentioned  at  all.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  known  that  most  of  the 
cultivated  varieties  of  European  grapes  are  oval.  Does  this  mean  that  all 
of  our  cultivated  American  varieties  which  show  oval  berries,  such  as  Isa- 
bella, Catawba,  and  others,  contain  Vinifera  blood?  It  could  not  be  said 
without  careful  study  that  this  is  true  but  it  is  certainly  worthy  of  con- 
sideration. This  point  seems  to  have  escaped  the  attention  of  our  later-day 
botanists. 


I04  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  sexual  status  of  the  grape  has  always  been  a  source  of  misunder- 
standing. The  earlier  botanists  spoke  of  American  vines  as  dioecious,  that 
is,  bearing  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  individuals.  In  this, 
as  was  noted  on  page  98,  they  were  corrected  by  Bartram,  in  so  far  as  Ameri- 
can species  were  concerned,  he  stating  that  the  vines  of  America  were 
polygamous  (showing  staminate  and  hermaphrodite  plants).  Bartram 
did  not  presume  to  speak  as  to  the  sex  of  the  flowers  of  the  Old  World  grape. 
Later  it  was  determined  that  the  cultivated  varieties  of  Europe  were  always 
hermaphrodite  and  that  staminate  forms  were  unknown.  Engelmann' 
e.xplains  this  so  well  and  with  such  apparent  satisfaction  that  we  cannot 
do  better  than  quote  him  here.  "  All  the  true  Grape-vines  bear  fertile 
flowers  on  one  stock  and  sterile  flowers  on  another  separate  stock,  and  are 
therefore  called  polygamous,  or,  not  quite  correcth',  dioecious.  The  sterile 
plants  do  bear  male  flowers  with  abortive  pistils,  so  that  while  they  never 
produce  fruit  themselves,  they  may  assist  in  fertilizing  the  others;  the 
fertile  flowers,  however,  are  hermaphrodites  containing  both  organs  — 
stamens  and  pistils  —  and  are  capable  of  ripening  fruit  without  the  assist- 
ance of  the  male  plants.  Real  female  flowers  without  any  stamens  do 
not  seem  ever  to  have  been  observed.  Both  forms,  the  male  and  the 
hermaphrodite,  or  if  preferred  those  with  sterile  and  those  with  complete 
flowers,  are  found  mixed  in  their  native  localities  of  the  wild  plants,  but  of 
course  only  the  fertile  plants  have  been  selected  for  cultivation,  and  thus 
it  happens  that  to  the  cultivator  only  these  are  known ;  and  as  the  Grape- 
vine of  the  Old  World  has  been  in  cultivation  for  thousands  of  years, 
it  has  resulted  that  this  hermaphrodite  character  of  its  flowers  has  been 
mistaken  for  a  botanical  peculiarity,  by  which  it  was  to  be  distinguished, 
not  only  from  our  American  Grape-vines,  but  also  from  the  wild  grapes  of 
the  old  world.  But  plants  raised  from  the  seeds  of  this  as  well  as  any  other 
true  GrajDe-vine,  generally  furnish  as  many  sterile  as  fertile  specimens, 
while  those  propagated  by  layering  or  by  cuttings,  of  course,  only  continue 
the  individual  character  of  the  mother-plant  or  stock."  The  accompanying 
plate  shows  various  forms  of  grape  flowers. 

He  further  says  in  a  foot-note:  "  These  fertile  plants,  however,  are 
of  two  kinds;    some   are  perfect  hermaphrodites,   with  long  and   straight 


'  Bush.  Cat..  1883:9. 


CO 

c- 

> 


00 

o 

►J 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  I05 

stamens  around  the  pistil,  the  others  bear  smaller  stamens,  shorter  than 
the  pistil  which  soon  bend  downward  and  curve  under  it;  these  may  be 
called  imperfect  hermaphrodites ,  approaching  females,  and  they  do  not  seem 
to  be  as  fruitful  as  the  perfect  hermaphrodites,  unless  otherwise  fertilized." 

Beach '  tested  many  of  our  cultivated  varieties  bv  sacking  the  clusters 
at  blooming  time  and  thus  determined  their  capacity  to  fertilize  them- 
selves. From  the  data  thus  secured  he  divides  them  into  four  classes: 
I  St.  Those  that  are  able  to  fertilize  themselves  so  that  the  clusters  are  per- 
fect or  varying  from  perfect  to  somewhat  loose.  2d.  Those  in  which  the 
clusters  are  marketable,  varying  from  moderately  compact  to  loose.  3d. 
Clusters  so  loose  as  to  be  unmarketable.  4th.  Those  which  are  self-sterile 
or  showing  no  fruit  on  covered  clusters.  Of  169  varieties  tested,  he  found 
38  belonging  to  the  first  class,  66  to  the  second  class,  28  to  the  third,  and 
37  to  the  fourth. 

Later  it  was  found  that  the  reason  why  certain  varieties  were  self- 
sterile  was  on  account  of  impotent  and  abortive  pollen,  the  percentage  of 
abortive  pollen  grains  varying  with  different  varieties  and  this  percentage 
determining  the  degree  of  self-sterility.  The  upright  or  depressed  stamen 
is  not  an  invariable  criterion  of  the  condition  of  the  pollen  although  it  is 
usually.  There  are  a  few  instances  in  which  upright  stamens  bear  impotent 
pollen  but  these  are  verv  exceptional.  Munson  made  similar  tests  of  vines 
of  twenty-two"  American  species  of  vines  secured  from  their  habitats.  In 
every  case  he  found  that  they  showed  only  two  forms,  the  staminate  vines 
and  the  self-sterile  hermaphrodite,  no  perfect  hermaphrodites  being  found. 
While  of  some  of  the  species  the  number  of  vines  tested  was  a  half  dozen 
or  less,  in  most  instances  many  vines  were  tested  from  different  places. 
This  is  particularly  interesting  in  that  it  becomes  a  puzzle  as  to  where  our 
perfectly  hermaphrodite  cultivated  forms  could  have  come  from  if  such 
forms  are  not  present  in  the  wild  vines  of  our  woods  and  prairies. 

The  structure  of  the  bark  is  an  important  distinguishing  character  for 
some  species;  in  particular  as  to  whether  it  peels  off  and  whether  in  large 
flakes  or  in  narrow  strips  or  shreds.  So,  too,  the  color  of  the  bark  is  often 
of  taxonomic  importance.       The  form   and  color  of   the  leaves  are  often 


>  A',    r.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:518.     1898.     N.    Y.  Sta.  Bui.  157.     iS 
^  Tex.  Sta.  Bill..  56:239.      1900. 


Io6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

considered,  but  these  characters  are  variable  and  may  be  misleading.  The 
lobing  of  leaves  is  a  fairly  uniform  character  in  most  species,  some  having 
lobed  and  others  having  entire  leaves.  As  to  color  and  texture,  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf  in  some  species  is  smooth,  glossy  and  shining  and  in 
others  rough  and  dull  with  varying  shades  of  green.  The  lower  surfaces 
show  similar  variations  with  the  addition  of  varying  conditions  of  pubes- 
cence and  down  or  even  of  cobwebs.  In  young  seedlings  the  shape  and 
surfaces  of  the  leaves  are  apt  to  be  quite  different  from  those  on  the  old 
plants,  a  character  of  systematic  importance  with  some  species.  The 
flower,  as  compared  with  this  organ  in  other  genera,  is  of  little  importance 
in  distinguishing  the  species  of  Vitis,  there  being  an  unusual  similarity  in 
the  structure  and  appearance  of  the  flowers  of  the  several  species. 

The  number  of  species  of  Vitis  is  very  uncertain;  as,  indeed,  is  their 
habitat,  except  that  they  are  generally  confined  to  the  temperate  or  sub- 
tropical regions.  Some  writers  give  the  number  as  less  than  fifty  but  in 
all  territories  the  number  seems  to  depend  on  the  thoroughness  with 
which  the  region  has  been  worked  over  botanically,  and  also  on  the  judg- 
ment of  the  botanist  doing  the  work.  Gray  recognized  four  species  as 
being  indigenous  to  America.  Engelmann  in  his  latest  publication  (Bush- 
hcrg  Catalogue,  1883),  thirteen,  while  Munson  gives  twenty-five.  Bailey 
in  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora,  gives  twenty-three  species.  Planchon  (in  1887) 
gives  twenty-eight  species  for  the  world.  Seventeen  of  these  are  credited 
to  America,  ten  to  Asia,  and  one,  the  Vinifera,  of  unknown  nativity.  AH 
of  these  lists,  however,  are  known  to  be  incomplete.  Bessey'  says  that  the 
grape  is  not  native  to  the  southern  hemisphere,  and  Planchon  credits  none 
to  any  section  south  of  the  equator.  Bailey  credits  two  to  Australia  in  a 
work  not  intended  to  cover  more  than  those  of  American  interest.  And  a 
correspondent-  from  that  continent  writes  us  giving  a  list  of  nineteen 
named  and  botanically  described  species  indigenous  to  Australia.  The 
number  of  species  of  grapes  in  the  world  depends  upon  the  arbitrary- 
limits  set  for  a  species  and  our  knowledge  of  the  genus  is  yet  too  meager 
to  set  these  limits  with  certainty. 


'  Gar.  ojtd  For.,  8:47.      1895. 

2  W.  Brennan,  Gilgandra,  N.  S.  W. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


107 


SPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  GRAPES. 

CONSPECTUS    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    SPECIES   OF    VITIS. 


A.  Skin  of  mature  berry  separating  freely  from  the  pulp. 
B.   Nodes  without  diaphragms'  tendrils  simple.  . 


V.  rotundifolia. 
V.  munsoniana. 


B.B.   Nodes  with  diaphragms;  tendrils  forked. 

C.  Leaves  and  shoots  glabrous  at  maturity  and  without  bloom. 
Tendrils  intermittent  (V.  cincrea  and  V.  arizonica  are  partial 
exceptions  and  might  be  looked  for  under  C.C.). 

D.  Leaves  thin,  light,  bright  green,  generally  glabrous 
below  at  maturity  except  perhaps  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  (V .  champini  an  excejition)  with  a  long  or  at 
least  a  prominent  point  and  usually  long  and  sharp 
teeth  or  the  edge  even  jagged.  (V .  bicolor  might  be 
looked  for  here.) 

E.   Leaves  broader  than  long;  petiolar  sinus  usu- 
ally wide  and  shallow.      ( V .  trelcasei  might  be 

sought  here.) 

E.E.   Leaves    ovate     in     outline;     petiolar    sinus 
usually  medium  to  narrow, 

F.   Diaphragms  thin;  young  shoots  not  red. 


3- 

V. 

rupestris. 

4- 

V. 

monticola. 

5- 

V. 

riparia. 

6. 

V. 

treleasei. 

7- 

V. 

longii. 

8. 

V. 

champini. 

F.F.  Diaphragms      thick;      young      shoots 

bright  red 9.   V.  rubra. 

D.D.  Leaves  thickish,  dull  colored  or  grayish  green,  often 
holding  some  close  dull  pubescence  below  at  maturity, 
shoots  and  leaves  nearly  always  more  or  less  pubescent 
when  young;  the  teeth  mostly  short;  the  point  mostly 
rectangular  and  conspicuous. 

E.  Plants  strong,   climbing,  with  stout  persistent 
tendrils. 

F.   Young    shoots   cylindrical,    glabrous   or 

very  soon  becoming  so 10.   V.  cordifolia. 

F.F.   Young    shoots    angled,    covered    the 

first  year  with  tomentum  or  wool 11.   V.  baileyana. 

12.  V.  berlandieri. 

13.  V.  cinerea. 
E.E.   Plants  scarcely   climbing,   tendrils  perishing 

when  without  support 14.   V.  arizonica. 

D.D.D.   Leaves  orbicular,  scallop  shaped;  species  of  the 

Pacific  Coast 15.  V.  californica. 


Io8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

C.C.  Leaves  rusty  or  white  tomentose  or  glaucous  blue  below, 
thick  or  at  least  firm.  (l'.  cinerea,  V.  arizonica  and  possibly 
V .  calif ornica  might  be  sought  here.) 

D.  Leaves    flocculent   or   cobwebby   or   glaucous   below 

when  fully  grown  (i.  e.  not  covered  with  a  thick  dense 

felt-like  toraentum  except  sometimes  in  I',  doaniana). 

E.  Shoots   white   tipped;     ends    of    the    growing 

shoots    and    the    under   surface    of    the    leaves 

whitish  or  gray i6.  V.  girdiana. 

17.  V.  doaniana. 
E.E.  Shoots  rusty  tijjped;  the  unfolding  leaves 
and  (except  in  V.  hicolor)  the  young  shoots  dis- 
tinctly ferrugineous ;  mature  leaves  either  rusty 
or  bluish  below  or  sometimes  becoming  green 
in  r.  bicolor ig.  V.  aestivalis. 

19.  V.  bicolor. 

20.  V.  caribaea. 
D.D.  Leaves    densely    tomentose    or    felt-like    beneath 

throughout  the  season ;  covering  white  or  rusty  white. 

E.  Tendrils  intermittent 21.  V.  candicans. 

22.  V.  simpsoni. 

E.E.  Tendrils  mostly  continuous 23.  V.  labrusca. 

.\.A.   Skin  and  pulp  of  mature  berry  cohering.      (Old  World) 24.  V.  vinifera. 

I.  VITIS    ROTUNDIFOLIA  :\Iichx.» 

I.  Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc,  1771:339.  2.  Michaux.  2:231.  1803.  Muscadine  grape.  3.  Bar- 
tram,  Dom.  Enc,  5:289,  290.  1804.  V.  taurina;  V.  vulpina;  Bull  grape.  4.  Muhlen- 
berg, 1813:27.  V.  VERRUCOSA-  V  roiundifolia;  Fox  grape;  Bull  grape.  5.  Pursh,  1:169. 
1814.  Bull  grape:  Bullet  grape.  6.  Xuttall,  1:143.  1818.  7.  Elliott,  2:687.  1824.  V.  vulpina; 
Fox  grape.     8.  Rafinesque,  1830:16.     V.  \v\.pi>i.K-  V .  miiscadiyia;  X .  rotundifolia;  V .  incisa.     g.     (?) 


'  Andr^  Michaux  was  a  French  botanist,  born  at  Satory,  Versailles,  in  i  746.  He  took  up  the  study 
of  botany  and  made  many  trips  to  foreign  lands  in  behalf  of  the  French  Government.  One  of  these 
was  an  expedition  to  North  .■\merica  where  he  remained  from  1785  to  1796  exploring  the  country 
and  gathering  many  botanical  specimens  through  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  the  United  States  as  far 
west  as  the  Mississippi.  His  chief  works  are  Histoire  des  chenes  de  VAmerique  Seplentrionalc  ( History 
of  the  Oaks  of  North  America),  iSoi;  and  Flora  Boreali  Americana,  1803.  He  described  and  named 
Vitis  rotundifolia,  V.  aestivalis.  V.  cordifolia,  V.  riparia,  and  V.  rubra,  as  well  as  giving  much 
information  on  other  species.     Michaux  died  on  the  Island  of  Madagascar  in  1802. 

F.  Andr^  Michaux  was  born  at  Versailles  In  1770  and  died  at  Vaureal  in  1855.  He  was  a  son  of 
Andr<5  Michaux  and  also  a  botanist,  and  like  his  father  employed  by  the  French  Government  to 
explore  North  America  with  a  view  of  introducing  valuable  plants  into  France.  He  published  in 
1810-13  a  Histoire  des  Arbres  Foresticres  de  VAmerique  Septentrionale  which  was  later  translated 
into  English  under  the  name  North  American  Sylva.  He  also  published  A  Voyage  a  l-ouest  des  Monts 
AUeghanys,   1804. 


SHOOT  OF  riTIS  ROTUNDIFOLIA 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  IO9 

lb.,  1830:17.  V.  angulata;  Arkansas;  Bushy  grape;  Currant  grape;  False  Scxippernong.  10.  lb., 
1830:17.  V.  verrucosa;  Warty  grape.  11.  (?)  lb.,  1830:17.  V.  peltata;  1'.  Floridana.  12.  Le 
Conte,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  6:273.  1853.  V.  vnlpina;  V.  acerijolia;  V.  angulata;  V.  verrucosa; 
Bullace  grape;  Bull  grape;  Muscadine;  Scvippernong.  13.  Weller,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1853:306. 
ScuppERNONG.  14.  Le  Conte,  76.,  1857:231.  V.  vulpina;  V.  acerijolia;  V.  angulata;  V.  verrucosa; 
Bullace  grape;  Bull  grape;  Muscadine;  Skuppernong.  15.  White,  Horticulturist,  12:457.  1857. 
V.  vulpina.  16.  Ravenel,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1859:538.  V.  vulpi.na:  V.  rotnndijolia;  Mustang; 
Bullace  grape;  Bullet  grape;  Bull  grape.  17.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1861:484.  Muscadine; 
Bullace.  18.  Koch,  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1868 :Si.  V.  vulpin.\;  Muscadine;  Southern  Fox  grape. 
19.  Saunders,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1869:83,  85.  fig.  V.  vulpina;  Bullace  grape.  20.  Wylie,  Jour,  of 
Hort.,  7:164.  1870.  Scuppernong;  SitHact'.  21.  Ih.,  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:116.  Scuppernong. 
22.  Engehiiann,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1872:62.  V.  vulpina;  Soutlwrn  Fox  grape;  Bullace  grape;  Bullit 
grape;  Muscadine.  23.  lb..  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11,  13,  14,  19.  V.  vulpina;  V.  rotundifolia;  South- 
ern Fox  grape;  Bullace  grape;  Bullit  grape;  Muscadine.  24.  Bush,  lb.,  1883:26.  V.  vulpina.  25. 
Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:138.  V.  vulpina;  Scuppernong;  Muscadine.  26.  lb.,  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:97.  Scuppernong;  Muscadine.  27.  lb..  Gar.  Mon.,  28:140.  1886.  28.  Planchon, 
De  Candollc's  Man.  Phan.,  5:362.  1887.  Fox  grape;  Muscadine;  Bullace;  Bullet  grape;  V.  angulata; 
V.vulpinaf.  29.  Munson,  Soi".  Pro;i;.  ,4g.  Sf/.  /?/'/.,  1887:59.  Muscadine.  30.  Vo.,U.  S.  D.  .A.  Pom. 
Bui.,  3:14.  1890.  31.  lb..  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474,  475-  1890.  Muscadine.  32.  Woodworth.  Ark. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  3:93.  1890.  V.  vulpina.  33.  Munson,  Am.  Card.,  12:661.  1891.  34.  Bailey, 
/6.,  14:353.  1893.  Scuppernong.  35.  Munson,  Bits/;.  C'uZ.,  1894:20,  22,  29.  V.  vulpina;  Muscadine; 
Southern  Fox  grape.  36.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:420.  1897.  Muscadijie;  Southern  Fox  grape; 
Bullace;  Bullit;  Bidl  grape.  37.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:41 1.  1897.  V .  vidpina;  Soutlicrn  Fox  grape; 
Bullace  grape.  38.  Munson,  .4 ;».  6^arii.,  20:688.  1899.  39.  lb.,  rt-.v.  S/a.  Sii/.,  56:219,  232,  234,  241, 
272.  1900.  fig.  Southern  Muscadine.  40.  Earle,  .4Za.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:74.  igoo.  41.  Viala  and 
Ravaz,  Am.  Vines,  1903:42,  43,  45.    42.     Newman,  S.  C.  Sta.  Bui.,  132:1.     1907.     Bullis. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  usualh^  very  vigorous,  climbing  high,  sometimes,  when 
without  support,  shrubby  and  only  three  or  four  feet  high;  when  growing  in  the  shade 
often  sending  down  aerial  roots.  Wood  hard,  bark  smooth,  not  scaling  off  except  in 
old  age,  with  prominent  warty  lenticels;  shoots  short-jointed,  angled,  with  fine  scurfy 
pubescence;  diaphragms  absent;  tendrils  intermittent,  simple.  Leaves  below  medium 
in  size,  broadly  cordate  or  roundish;  petiolar  sinus  rather  wide,  usually  shallow;  margin 
with  obtuse,  wide  teeth;  not  lobed;  dense  in  texture,  rather  light  green  color,  glabrous 
above,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  along  veins  below.  Cluster  small  (6-24  berries), 
loose;  peduncle  short;  pedicels  short,  rather  thick.  Berries  large,  globular  or  some- 
what oblate,  black  or  greenish-yellow;  skin  usually  thick,  tough,  and  with  a  musky 
odor;  pulp  rather  tough;  ripening  unevenly  and  dropping  as  soon  as  ripe.  Seeds 
two  to  four,  very  large  to  medium,  shaped  something  like  a  coffee-berry,  somewhat 
flattened,  shallowly  and  broadly  notched;  beak  very  short;  chalaza  rather  narrow, 
slightly  depressed  with  radiating  ridges  and  furrows;  raphe  a  narrow  groove.  Leafing, 
flowering  and  ripening  fruit  very  late.      (See   Plate.) 

Rotundifolia,  or  the  southern  Fox  grape,  seems  to  have  attracted  the 
attention  of  travelers  in  America  from  an  early  period.     The  references 


no  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

made  in  the  journals  of  the  explorers  of  colonial  times  can  frequently  be 
recognized  as  pertaining  to  this  species.  Rottmdifolia  seems  to  have 
escaped  the  attention  of  botanists,  however,  until  the  time  of  Michaux, 
who  named  and  described  it.  Possibly  the  reason  for  its  being  overlooked 
was  because  of  the  supposition  that  this  was  the  species  Linnaeus  had 
described  under  the  name  Vulpina.'  The  uncertainty  as  to  who  first 
described  Rotundifolia  created  a  confusion  that  was  not  definitely  cleared 
up  for  nearly  a  hundred  years  and  was  responsible  for  the  fact  that  half 
the  botanists  called  it  Vitis  rotundifolia  and  a  nearly  equal  number  Vitis 
vulpina.  Rafinesque,  in  1830,  described  some  three  or  four  species  within 
the  bounds  of  what  is  now  known  as  Vitis  rotundifolia.  None  of  these, 
however,  has  been  accepted  by  later  botanists. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  southern  Delaware,  west  through  Tennes- 
see, southern  Illinois,  southeastern  Missouri,  Arkansas  (except  the  north- 
western portions),  to  Grayson  County,  Texas,  as  a  northern  and  western 
boundary,  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Gulf  on  the  east  and  south.  It 
becomes  rare  as  one  approaches  the  western  limit  but  is  common  in  many 
sections  of  the  great  region  outlined  above,  being  most  abundant  on  sandy, 
well-drained  bottom  lands  and  along  river  banks  and  in  swamps,  thick 
woodlands  and  thickets. 

Vitis  rotundifolia  has  for  years  been  the  favorite  grape  in  manv  sec- 
tions of  the  South.  This  is  largely  dtie,  no  doubt,  to  the  fact  that  they 
have  been  usually  compared  with  Labrusca  or  Laljrusca-Vinifera  varieties 
of  northern  origin  which  are  not  well  adapted  to  southern  conditions. 
With  the  introduction  of  native  varieties  of  "bunch  grapes"-  of  merit, 
the  southern  species  may  lose  in  popularity.  It  must  be  said,  considering 
the  fact  that  southern  agricultural  literature  has  been  filled  with  recom- 
mendations of  Rotundifolia  grapes  for  nearly  a  century,  that  the  cultivation 
of  varieties  of  this  species  is  comparatively  limited. 

The  climate  most  suitable  for  Rotundifolia  is  that  in  which  cotton 
grows  and  it  thrives  best  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  cotton  belt  of  the 
United  States.     On  account  of  the  late  ripening  of  the  fruit  it  requires  a 


'  For  discussion  of  V-itis  ludpina  see  foot-note  under  Vilis  riparia. 

^  All  grapes,  other  than  the   Rotundifolia,  are  in  the  South  known  as  "  bunch  grapes  "  because 
they  are  sold  on  the  market  in  clusters,  the  Rotundifolia  being  sold  off  the  stems. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  Ill 

long  season.  Vines  of  Rotundifolia  have  been  known  to  withstand  a  win- 
ter temperature  as  low  as  12  degrees  below  zero,  but  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions this  would  undoubtedly  be  much  too  severe  for  most  Rotund  if  olias. 
They  do  not  suffer  from  the  effects  of  hot  summers  but  will  not  withstand 
drouth  and  are  not  well  adapted  to  semi-arid  conditions.  All  growers 
of  varieties  of  this  species  agree  that  it  does  best  on  light  sandy  or  alluvial 
soils;  and  while  it  may  grow  on  rather  heavy  clays,  if  all  other  conditions 
are  favorable,  its  vigor  will  be  lessened. 

The  fruit  of  Rottmdifolia  is  very  characteristic.  The  skin  is  thick, 
has  a  leathery  appearance,  adheres  strongly  to  the  underlying  flesh,  and 
is  marked  with  lenticel-like  russet  dots.  The  flesh  is  more  or  less  tough 
but  the  toughness  is  not  localized  around  the  seed  as  in  the  case  of  Labrusca. 
The  fruit  and  must  of  all  the  varieties  of  the  species  are  characterized  by 
a  strong,  musky  aroma  and  are  lacking  in  sugar  and  acid.  Some  varieties 
yield  over  four  gallons  of  must  per  bushel.  Wine-makers  are  divided  in 
opinion  as  to  its  value  for  wine-making,  but  at  present  the  most  promising 
outlook  for  Rotundifolia  varieties  is  as  wine  grapes.  Rotundifolia  does 
not  produce  fruit  suitable  for  the  table  chiefly  because  the  berries  ripen 
unevenly  and  when  ripe  drop  from  the  cluster.  The  common  method  of 
gathering  the  fruit  of  this  species  is  to  shake  the  vines  at  intervals  so  that 
the  ripe  berries  will  drop  on  sheets  spread  below  the  vines.  The  juice 
which  exudes  from  the  point  where  the  stem  is  broken  off  causes  the 
berries  to  become  smeared  and  gives  them  an  unattractive  appearance. 
Owing,  however,  to  the  tough  skin,  the  berries  do  not  crack  as  badly  as 
other  grapes  would  under  the  same  conditions  but  still  they  are  not  adapted 
to  long  distance  shipments. 

Under  reasonably  favorable  conditions  the  vines  attain  great  age  and 
great  size,  and  when  grown  on  arbors,  as  they  usually  are,  and  without 
pruning,  they  cover  a  large  area.  The  vines  are  planted  from  fifteen  to 
forty  feet  apart  in  the  vineyard,  and  the  first  year  or  two  are  trained  to 
posts.  Later  the  tops  of  these  posts  are  connected  by  cross-bars  and  an 
arbor  is  thus  formed.  Pruning  usually  consists  of  removing  dead  wood 
but  a  few  growers  have  always  taken  exception  to  the  customary  non- 
pruning  method  of  treating  the  Rotundifolia.     Lately  Newman,  of  South 


112  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Carolina,  has  published  a  bulletin  ^  in  which  he  recommends  that  the  vines 
be  pruned  and  raised  on  a  trellis  as  is  customary  with  other  grapes.  He 
gives  figures  to  show  that  the  damage  to  Rotund  if  olia  vines  is  due  to 
the  bleeding  that  follows  pruning  and  that  this  bleeding  may  be  obviated 
by  pruning  in  the  fall  or  early  winter.  The  success  of  such  a  practice 
would  undoubtedly  place  the  culture  of  Rotund  if  olia  varieties  on  a  better 
commercial  footing. 

Rotundifolia  is  remarkably  resistant  to  the  attacks  of  all  insects  and 
to  fungal  diseases.  The  phylloxera  do  not  attack  its  roots  and  it  is  con- 
sidered as  resistant  as  any  other,  if  not  the  most  resistant  of  all  American 
species.  It  is  grown  from  cuttings  only  with  dilficulty.  However,  under 
favorable  circumstances,  and  with  skilful  handling,  this  is  a  successful 
method  of  propagation.  Under  iinfavorable  circumstances,  or  where  only 
a  few  vines  are  desired,  it  is  better  to  depend  on  layers.  As  a  stock  upon 
which  to  graft  other  vines  this  species  has  not  been  a  success.  Wylie 
found  great  difficulty  in  crossing  Rotundifolia  with  other  species,  and  the 
crosses  did  not  thrive  under  cultivation.  Lately  Munson  has  introduced 
several  Rotundifolia  hybrids. 

2.  VITIS   MUNSONIANA   Simpson. 

I.  (?)  Rafinesque,  1830:17.  V.  pelt.^ta;  I'.  Floridana.  2.  Munson.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1885:07.  v.  floridana;  Florida  grape.  3.  lb.,  Gar.  Moii.,  28:140.  1886.  V.  floridana;  I',  pcl- 
tata:  Florida  grape.  4.  lb.,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  Everbearing  grape.  5.  lb..  Gar. 
and  For.,  3:474,  475.  iSqo.  6.  lb..  U.S.D.A.  Pow.  B;;/..  3:14.  1890.  7.  Ih.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1893:116.  Bird  grape;  Everbearing  grape.  8.  lb.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20.  Bird  grape:  Mustang 
grape  of  Chapman.  9.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:421.  1897.  Mustang  grape  of  Florida;  Bird 
grape:  Everbearing  grape.  10.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:232,  241.  igoo.  Florida  Bird  grape. 
II.     Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.   \'ines,  1903:42,  41^. 

Vine  not  very  vigorous,  a  slender  grower,  usually  running  on  the  ground  or  over 
low  bushes.  Canes  slightly  angular;  intemodes  short;  tendrils  intermittent,  simple. 
Leaves  smaller  and  thinner  than  Rotundifolia  and  rather  more  circular  in  outline;  not 
lobed;  teeth  rather  open  and  spreading;  petiolar  sinus  V-shaped;  botli  surfaces  smooth, 
rather  light  green.  Cluster  with  more  berries  but  about  the  same  size  as  Rotundifolia. 
Berry  one-third  to  one-half  the  diameter,  with  thinner  and  more  tender  skin;    black, 


'  S.  C.  Sta.  Bid.  132.     1907. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  II3 

shining;  pulp  less  solid,  more  acid  and  without  muskiness.  Seeds  about  one-half  the 
size  of  Rotundifolia,  similar  in  other  respects.  Leafing,  flowering,  and  ripening  fruit 
very  late. 

In  1830  Rafinesque  described,  under  the  name  Vitis  pcltata,  or  Vitis 
■ftoridana,  "a  very  singular  species,  lately  found  in  Florida."  This  descrip- 
tion is  brief  and  includes  many  characters  of  no  taxonomic  value.  In  1885 
or  1886,  Mr.  J.  H.  Simpson  of  Manatee,  Florida,  sent  a  specimen  of  a  grape 
growing  in  his  locality'  to  Munson  which  was  taken  to  be  Rafinesque's  Vitis 
peltata.  He  consequently  described  it  under  the  name  Vitis  floridana  but 
the  species  was  not  generally  accepted.  Later  Simpson  gave  it  the  name 
Vitis  uninsoniana. 

Its  habitat  is  central  and  southern  Florida  and  the  Florida  Keys, 
and  it  is  said  to  be  the  only  grape  growing  on  these  Keys.  It  extends 
south  of  the  habitat  of  Rotundifolia  and  blends  into  this  species  at  their 
point  of  meeting. 

Munsoniana  appears  to  be  a  variation  of  Rotundifolia,  fitted  to  sub- 
tropical conditions.  It  is  tender,  not  enduring  a  lower  temperature  than 
zero.  In  the  matter  of  multiplication  it  differs  from  Vitis  rotundifolia 
in  that  it  can  be  propagated  readily  from  cuttings.  Like  Rotitndifolia  it 
is  resistant  to  phylloxera.     The  species  is  of  no  value  horticulturally. 


3.    VITIS    RUPESTRIS   Scheele. 

I.  Scheele,  Linn.,  21:501.  1S4S.  2.  Ravenel,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rf't.,  1859:530.  Mountain  grape 
of  Texas.  3.  Buckley,  76.,  i86i  :485.  Rock  grape.  4.  Prince,  Gar.  Mon.,  5:73.  1S63.  Bush  grape 
of  Texas.  5.  Engelmann,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1872:61.  Sand  grape;  Sugar  grape.  6.  Jaeger,  Mo. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:41.  7.  Engelmann.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11,  12,  14,  18.  Rock  grape;  Sand 
grape;  Sugar  grape.  8.  Bush,  lb.,  1883:21,  26.  9.  Munson.  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:132.  Sand- 
beach  grape;  Sugar  grape.  10.  Campbell,  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:84.  11.  Munson,  lb.,  1885:97, 
98.  12.  lb.,  5of.  Prom.  .Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  iSST.^q.  Sugar  grape;  Sa>td  grape;  Beach  grape.  13.  Plan- 
chon,  Dc  CandoUe's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  346.  18S7.  Sand  grape;  Sugar  grape;  Mountain  grape. 
14.  Munson,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1800.  15.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  .4.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:7,  9.  i8go. 
16.  lb.,  .4))!.  Gard.,  12:650.  iSoi.  17.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  Rock  grape;  Sand 
grape.  18.  Munson,  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20,  22.  19.  Husmann,  1895:110,  188.  20.  Britton  and 
Brown,  2:411.  1897.  Sand  grape;  Sugar  grape.  21.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:421.  1897. 
Sand  grape;  Sugar  grape;  Rock  grape;  Bush  grape;  Mountain  grape.  22.  Beach,  X.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  17:537,  557.  1898.  23.  Munson,  Te.x.  Sta.  Bah,  56:234,  235,  239,  259.  1900.  Rock  grape. 
24.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.   Vines,  1903:42,  82. 


114  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Small,  much  branched  shrub  or  sometimes,  under  favorable  circumstances,  slightly 
climbing.  Diaphragm  thin  but  slightly  thicker  than  Riparia;  tendrils  fe^v,  or,  if 
present,  weak,  usually  deciduous.  Leaves  rather  small;  young  leaves  frequently  folded 
on  midrib;  broadly  cordate  or  reniform,  wider  than  long,  scarcely  ever  slightly  lobed, 
smooth,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  at  maturity;  petiolar  sinus  wide,  shallow;  margin 
rather  coarsely  toothed,  frequently  a  sharp  abrupt  point  at  terminal.  Cluster  small. 
Berries  small,  usually  larger  than  Riparia,  color  black  or  purple-black.  Seeds  small, 
not  notched;  beak  short,  rather  blunt;  raphe  slightly  distinct  to  indistinct,  usually 
showing  as  a  narrow  groove;  chalaza  of  medium  size,  pear-shaped,  sometimes  distinct, 
but  usually  a  depression  only.  Leafing,  blossoming,  and  ripening  early  (blossoming 
soon  after  Riparia). 

Rupestris  seems  to  have  been  first  described  and  named  by  Scheele 
in  1848  in  a  contribution  on  the  flora  of  Texas  to  the  periodical  Linnaea. 
Ravenel,  in  1859,  states  that  this  grape  is  found  in  Texas  and  is  there 
known  as  the  Mountain  grape.  It  was  mentioned  and  described  by  Buckley, 
Engelmann,  and  all  of  the  later  botanists.     (See  Plate.) 

This  species  is  an  inhabitant  of  southwestern  Texas,  extending  east- 
ward  and  northward   into  New  Mexico,   southern    Missouri,   Indiana  and 
Tennessee  to  southern  Pennsylvania  and  the  District  of  Columbia.     Its 
favorite  places  are  gravelly  banks  and  bars  of  mountain  streams  or  the 
rocky  beds  of  dry  water-courses.     Rupestris  is  usually  considered  drouth- 
resistant  but  Munson  states  that  it  is  short-lived  in  the  upland  sandy  soils 
in  northern  Texas,  where,  owing  to  long  droughts,  the  land  dries  out  deeply. 
Here,  he  says,  it  is  not  so  successfully  resistant  to  drouth  as  Lincecumu.' 
This  species  is  quite  variable  both  in  type  and  growth.     It  was  intro- 
duced into  France  at  about  the  same  time  as  Riparia,  and  the  French 
vineyardists  selected  the  most  vigorous  and   healthy   forms  for  grafting 
stock.     These  pass  under  the  various  names  of  Rupestris  Mission,  Rupestris 
du  Lot,   Rupestris  Ganzin,  Rttpestris  Martin,   Rupestris  St.  George,  and 
others.     In  France  they  are  stated  to  have  given  particularly  good  results 
on  bare,  rocky  soils  with  hot,  dry  exposures.     In  California,  Husmann^ 
states,  "It  does  not  flourish  in  dry  locations  here,  and  as  it  suckers  pro- 
fusely and  does  not  take  the  graft  as  readily  as  the  two  former  classes 
[Riparia  and  Aestivalis],  it  is  not  largely  propagated."     It  has  not  been 


*  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:22. 
^  Husmann,  1895:188. 


RUPESTRIS  DU  LOT 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  II5 

stifficiently  cultivated  in  this  country  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  so  that 
it  can  be  said  what  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  best  suit  this  species 
other  than  the  general  conclusions  that  may  be  drawn  from  the  conditions 
present  where  the  species  is  indigenous. 

The  clusters  of  fruit  are  small,  with  berries  about  the  size  of  a  currant 
and  varying  from  sweet  to  sour.  The  berry  is  characterized  by  inuch  pig- 
ment iinder  the  skin.  The  fruit  has  a  sprightly  taste  wholly  free  from  any 
disagreeable  foxiness.  According  to  Munson,  it  is  too  unprodt:ctive  to  be 
profitable.  The  sugar  and  acid  content  of  the  must  is  not  known.  Jaeger 
states  that  Rupestris  wine  sent  to  France  was  there  judged  as  decidedly 
the  best  American  claret  yet  tested. 

Rupestris  under  cultivation  is  said  to  be  very  resistant  to  rot  and  mildew 
of  the  foliage.  It  is  considered  hardy  by  those  familiar  with  it  in  the 
Southwest,  and  Campbell  states  that  it  withstood,  without  injury,  32  degrees 
below  zero  at  Delaware,  Ohio.  The  attention  of  hybridizers  was  attracted 
to  this  species  over  thirty  years  ago  and  various  hybrids  have  been  produced 
by  Jaeger,  Munson,  Campbell  and  Millardet,  all  of  whom  considered  Rupes- 
tris of  great  promise  for  grape-breeding.  The  root  system  of  Rupestris 
is  peculiar  in  that  the  roots  penetrate  at  once  deeply  into  the  ground  instead 
of  extending  laterally  as  in  other  species.  Like  those  of  Riparia,  the  roots 
are  slender,  hard,  and  resistant  to  the  phylloxera.  The  species  is  easily 
propagated  by  cuttings.  According  to  Husmann'  the  vines  bench-graft 
readily  but  are  difficult  to  handle  in  field  grafting. 

VITIS  RUPESTRIS  DISSECTA  Eggert. 
I.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  Ft.  1:422.      1897.     V.  rupestris,  var.  dissecta. 

Vitis  rupestris  dissecta  was  named  by  H.  Eggert  of  St.  Louis,  the 
name  being  placed  on  herbarium  specimens  but  apparently  not  published 
by  him.  According  to  Bailey  it  differs  from  the  typical  forms  of  the  species 
in  having  "  more  ovate  leaves  and  very  long  teeth,  and  a  strong  tendency 
towards  irregular  lobing."     It  is  found  in  Missouri. 


'  Husmann,  G.  C,  California  Fruit  Grower,  Mar.  14,  1908 


Il6  THE    GRAPES    OF    N^EW    YORK. 


4.  VITIS  MONTICOLA  Buckley.' 

I.  Buckley,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.,  1861:450.  2.  lb.,  U.  S.  Pal.  Off.  Rpt..  1861:485. 
White  grape;  Mountain  grape.  3.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  12,  14,  15.  16.  Mountain  grape 
of  West  Te.Nias.  4.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885:134.  Mountain  grape.  5.  lb.,  Soc.  Prom. 
Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  Mountain  grape.  6.  lb.,  [/.  5.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:13.  1890.  V.  Texana. 
7.  lb..  Gar.  and  For..  3:474,  475.  1.S90.  8.  II).,  Am.  Card.,  12:586.  1S91.  Sweet  Mountain 
grape,  g.  lb..  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  10.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:422.  1897.  Sweet 
Mountain  grape.  11.  Munson,  Te.x.  Sta.  BuL,  56:230,  232,  234,  239,  260.  1900.  Sweet  Mountain 
grape.     12.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.   Vines,   1903:42,  96. 

Vine  of  moderate  vigor,  climbing,  or,  in  the  absence  of  support,  frequently  shrubby. 
Canes  very  slender;  shoots  angled,  more  or  less  pubescent;  diaphragms  medium  to 
rather  thin;  tendrils  medium  in  size,  intermittent,  usually  bifid,  deciduous.  Leaves 
with  stipules  short,  broad;  leaf-blade  small  and  thin,  cordate,  entire,  notched  or  shortly 
three-Iobcd;  petiolar  sinus  rather  deep  and  medium  to  narrow  in  width,  sometimes 
overlapping,  rounded;,  margin  broadly  and  obtuseh'  toothed;  apex  usually  acuminate; 
upper  surface  smooth,  glossy;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  more  or  less  pubescent  when 
young;  pubescence  confined  chiefly  to  ribs  and  veins.  Clusters  short  and  broad,  com- 
pact, with  medium  to  short  peduncle.  Berries  medium  to  below  in  size,  black  or  gray 
with  thin  bloom.  Seeds  large,  usually  slightly  notched;  chalaza  rather  narrow;  raphe 
a  groove.     Leafing,  flowering,  and  ripening  fruit  very  late. 

Vitis  monticola  was  named  and  described  by  Buckley  in  1861.  There 
seems  to  have  been  some  misunderstanding  by  later  botanists  as  to  e.xactly 
what  Buckley's  species  of  this  name  is,  and  in  spite  of  what  has  been  written 
on  the  subject,  it  seems  as  though  some  of  the  botanists  are  still  describing 
different  species.  Tlie  seed,  in  Engelmann's  figure,  resembles  that  of  the 
Rupestris  very  closely,  while  as  figured  by  Viala  the  seeds  resemble  those 
of  Cinerea  or  Cordifolia. 

Monticola  inhabits  the  limestone  hills  of  central  and  southwestern 
Texas. 

The  frtiit  of  this  species  has  a  very  sweet  and  somewhat  peculiar  flavor. 

'  Samuel  Botsford  Buckley  was  born  in  iSog,  in  Yates  County,  New  York,  and  was  educated  at 
Wesleyan  University,  where  he  graduated  in  1S36.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  State  Geologist  of 
Texas  w-here  he  resided  until  he  died  in  1884.  Buckley  traveled  extensively  in  connection  with  his  work, 
explored  the  southwestern  region  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  as  well  as  the  southwestern  portion 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  at  great  disadvantage  in  his  pubhcations  in  that  they  were  prepared 
without  the  benefit  of  a  library.  His  articles  on  grapes  were  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  for  1S61,  and  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for 
the  same  vear. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  II7 

The  vines  can  be  propagated  from  cuttings  only  with  difficulty.  The 
species  is  adapted  to  a  hot,  dry  climate  and  limestone  land.  It  is  found  to 
be  very  resistant  to  ph\'lloxera  and  is  sometimes  recommended  as  a  stock 
for  Vinifera  but  is  not  generally  considered  as  valuable  in  this  respect  as 
Berlandieri.  It  is  without  value  for  its  fruit  and  is  of  no  horticultural 
importance  to  the  eastern  American  grape-grower. 

S.  VITIS  RIPARIA'  Michx. 

I.  Tournefort,  /);i/.  Rci  Herb.,  1:613.  1700.  V.  C.\n.\densis  aceris  folio.  2.  (?)  Linnaeus, 
Sp.  PL,  1753:203.  v.  vuLPiN.\.  3.  (?)  Walter,  1788:242.  V.  vulpi.\.\.  4.  (?)  Willdenow,  1:1 181. 
1797.  v.  vuLPiN'.'V.  5.  Michau.x,  2:231.  1803.  6.  (?)  Bartram,  Dom.  Enc,  5:291.  1804.  V. 
serotina;  Winter  grape.  7.  Push,  1:169.  1S14.  V.  odoratissima.  8.  Xuttall,  1818:143.  9. 
Elliott,  2:688.  1824.  Winter  grape?  10.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  .Y.  &  M.  Sta.,  1826:121.  11.  Rafin- 
esque,  1830:15.  River  grape;  Bermuda  vine;  Mignonette  vine.  12.  lb.,  1830:16.  V.  odoratissima. 
13.  Prince,  1830:193.  V.  odoratissima;  Sweet  scented.  14.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  N.  Y.,  1:147.  i843- 
Winter  grape.  15.  Le  Conte,  Trans.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  6:273.  1853.  V.  dimidiata.  16. 
lb.,  6:272.  v.  vulpina;  1'.  aestivalis  of  .some;  1'.  cordifolia  of  many;  V.  callosa;  V.  hyemalis; 
Winter  grape.  17.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1861:483.  V.  cordifolia,  var.  riparia.  18. 
Saunders,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1869:82,  85,  87.  V.  cordifolia,  var.  riparia.  19.  Engelmann, 
Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1872:61.  20.  lb.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10.  11,  12.  14,  iS.  Riverside  grape.  21.  Bush, 
lb..  1883:23.  22.  Munson,  Am.  Pom.  Soe.  Rpt.,  1885:97.  98.  Riverside  grape.  23.  lb...  Am.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  iSSsu.^i.  Riverside  grape.  24.  lb.,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sei.  Rpt.,  1887 -.sc).  Riverside  grape. 
25.  Planchon,  De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  352.  1887.  V.  vidpina;  V.  incisa;  V.  inter- 
media; V.  odoratissima;  V.  Virginiana;  \'.  Canadejisis  aceris  folio.  26.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom. 
Bui.,  3:9.  1890.  27.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890.  28.  Bailey,  Am.  Card.,  14:353.  1893. 
fig.  V.  vulpina;  r.  riparia.  29.  Husmann,  1895:175.  V.  cordifolia.  30.  lb.,  1895:188.  31. 
Britton  and  Brown,  2:410.  1897.  fig.  V.  vulpi.va;  T.  riparia;  \'.  cordifolia,  var.  riparia;  River- 
side grape;  Siveet  scented  grape.  32.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  Fl.,  1:422.  1897.  V.  vvlpinw  Riverbank; 
Frost;  V.  riparia;  V.  serotina;  V.  odoratissima;  V.  Illinoensis? ;  V.  Missouricnsis? ;  V.  tenuifolia? ; 
V.  cordifolia,  var.  riparia;  V .  vulpina,  var.  riparia.     33.  Munson.   Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:218,  219.  230, 


'  The  description  of  Vitis  vulpina  by  Linna;-us  is  so  meager,  including  the  leaves  only,  that  for 
many  years  botanists  were  in  doubt  as  to  the  species  intended.  Muhlenberg  was  the  single  excep- 
tion when  he  gave  Linnaeus'  Vulpina  and  Michaux's  Cordifolia  as  synonymous.  Whether  he  did  this 
from  knowledge,  or  whether  it  was  by  chance,  it  is  impossible  to  say.  He  states  no  reasons  and 
consequently  received  no  following  among  other  botanists.  Elliott  supposed  that  Linnaeus  intended 
to  describe  the  southern  Rotundifolia  and  this  view  seems  to  have  been  generally  accepted. 

In  the  late  eighties  or  early  nineties,  Planchon  first,  and  later  Britton,  by  referring  to  Linnaeus' 
specimens,  determined  that  the  latter's  Vulpina  was  the  same  as  Riparia,  and  in  accordance  with 
botanical  rules,  presented  the  name  Vulpina  as  the  correct  name  for  this  species.  Bailey,  however, 
states  (Ev.  Xat.  Fr.,  1898:102)  that  he  found  two  specimens  in  the  Linnaeus  collection  labeled  Vul- 
pina, one  of  v/hich  was  the  true  Riparia  and  the  other  Cordifolia.  Since  a  change  of  the  name  would 
bring  confusion  to  more  than  ninety  years  of  botanical  and  horticultural  literature,  it  seems  inadvis- 
able to  make  one  on  such  contradictory  evidence. 


Il8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

239,  260.      1900.     V.  vulpina;  Riverside;   V.  riparia.     34.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.   Vines,  1903:42, 


104. 


Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  climbing.  Shoots  cylindrical  or  slightly  angled, 
usually  smooth,  slender;  diaphragms  thin;  tendrils  intermittent,  slender,  usually 
bifid.  Leaves  with  large  stipules;  leaf-blade  medium  to  large,  thin,  entire,  three,  or 
lower  ones  often  five-lobed;  sinuses  shallow,  angular;  petiolar  sinus  broad,  usually 
rather  shallow;  margin  with  incised,  sharply  serrate  teeth  of  variable  size;  of  a  light 
green  color,  glabrous  above,  usually  glabrous  but  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  on  ribs 
and  veins  below.  Cluster  medium  to  small,  generally  compact,  shouldered;  peduncle 
short.  Berries  small  to  medium,  black  with  a  heavy  blue  bloom.  Seeds  usually  two 
to  four,  small,  usually  slightly  notched,  short,  plump,  with  very  short  beak;  chalaza 
narrowly  oval,  depressed,  indistinct ;  raphe  usually  a  groove,  sometimes  slightly  distinct. 
Very  variable  in  flavor  and  time  of  ripening.     (See  Plate.) 

The  first  mention  we  have  of  Vitis  riparia  is  by  Tournefort  in  1700,  who, 
without  further  description,  calls  it  Vitis  canadensis  accris  folio,  or  Maple- 
leaved  Canadian  grape.'  Linnaeus  in  1753  described  mixed  specimens  of 
Cordifolia  and  Riparia  under  the  name  of  Vitis  vulpina.  His  description 
is  as  follows:"  "  Leaves  cordate,  dentate-serrate,  glabrous  on  both  sides." 
Walter  and  Willdenow  copy  the  description  of  Linnaeus.  The  first  descrip- 
tion which  is  clear,  and  the  identity  of  which  has  never  been  questioned,  is 
that  of  Michaux  in  1803,  under  the  name  Riparia.  He  says:  "Leaves 
unequally  and  sharply  dentate,  slightly  3-lobed.  Petioles,  veins  and 
margins  pubescent.  Called  by  French  residents  Vignc  des  battures.  Habitat 
along  the  banks  and  on  the  islands  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers,  etc." 
Bartram,  in  1 804,  under  the  name  of  Vitis  serotina,  or  Winter  grape,  describes 
a  vine  which  may  be  Riparia  or  may  be  Cordifolia  as  it  has  some  of  the 
characters  of  both. 

Linnaeus'  description  seems  to  have  thoroughly  confused  all  of  the 
earlier  botanists.  They  were  in  doubt,  first,  as  to  what  species  was 
intended  for  Vulpina;  second,  as  to  the  distinguishing  characters  between 
Riparia  and  Cordifolia.  Gray  classed  Riparia  as  a  variety  of  Cordifolia. 
Engelmann  was  the  first  to  draw  attention  to  the  specific  characters  which 
separated  these  two  sorts  and  these  he  gives  as  follows:  ist.  Riparia  has 
thin  diaphragms,  Cordifolia  thick.      2d.    Riparia  blooms  early,  Cordifolia 


'  Planchon  is  our  authority  for  calling  this  Riparia. 
^  Translation  from  the  Latin. 


SHOOT  OF  flTIS  RIPARIA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  Iig 

late.  3d.  Riparia  propagates  readily  from  cuttings,  Cordifolia  only  with 
difficulty.  4th.  Seeds  of  the  Riparia  have  indistinct  or  almost  indistinct, 
depressed  chalaza  and  raphe,  while  the  the  chalaza  and  raphe  of  the  Cordi- 
folia seeds  are  elevated  and  distinct.  To  these  Bush'  added  the  further 
distinguishing  character  that  on  the  shoots  the  small  terminal  leaves  of 
the  Cordifolia  open  as  soon  as  formed,  while  those  of  Riparia  remain 
folded  for  some  days  after  they  are  formed,  become  larger  and  then  expand 
gradually. 

Riparia  is  the  most  widely  distributed  of  any  American  species  of  grape. 
It  has  been  found  in  parts  of  Canada  north  of  Quebec  and  from  thence 
southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  coast  west- 
w^ard,  most  botanists  say  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  Munson  gives  the 
western  limit  as  Salt  Lake.  Since  Munson  is  more  familiar  with  the  district 
lying  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  than  any  other  botanist  who  has  paid 
attention  to  grapes,  he  is  probably  correct.  Usually  it  is  found  on  river 
banks,  on  islands  or  in  upland  ravines. 

Riparia  has  always  been  considered  of  great  promise  in  the  evolution 
of  American  grapes.  It  can  hardly  be  said  that  it  has  fulfilled  expecta- 
tions, there  probably  being  no  pure  variety  of  this  species  of  more  than 
local  importance,  and  the  results  of  hybridizing  it  with  other  species  have 
not  been  wholly  successful.  The  reason  why  attention  was  early  turned 
to  Riparia  was  because  of  the  qualities  presented  by  the  vine  rather  than 
those  of  the  fruit,  particularlv  its  hardiness  and  vigor.  However,  both  of 
these  qualities  are  quite  variable,  and  it  is  only  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
in  such  a  widely  distributed  species,  plants  found  in  a  certain  region  would 
have  adapted  themselves  to  the  conditions  there  present;  thus  it  should 
be  expected  that  the  northern  plants  would  be  more  hardy  than  those 


'  Isadore  Bush  was  born  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  in  1S22.  Bush  was  one  of  those  Germans  who, 
taking  part  in  the  troubles  of  the  Fatherland  in  1848,  found  it  necessary  to  seek  a  home  in  the  New 
World.  He  went  to  Missouri  upon  his  arrival  in  the  country  and  there  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  secretary  to  General  Fremont  and  at  various  times  occupied 
many  other  positions  of  trust.  He  established  the  Bushberg  nursery  which  for  many  years  was  the 
leading  grape  nursery  of  this  country.  With  the  aid  of  Engelmann  and  others  he  wrote  the  Bushberg 
Catalogue  and  Grape  Manual,  a  work  which  has  passed  through  many  editions  and  has  probably 
been  more  popular  and  useful  than  any  other  book  on  American  grapes  published  in  the  English 
language.      Bush  died  in  St.  Louis  in    i8g8,  having  been  a  citizen  of  that  place  for  forty-nine  years. 


I20  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

from  the  South  and  the  western  prairie  forms  more  capable  of  resisting 
drouth  than  those  from  humid  regions;  this  is  found  to  be  tiie  case.  It  is 
consequently  impossible  to  say  what  conditions  best  suit  this  species;  it 
may  be  said,  however,  that  it  is  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  soils  and 
locations;  Riparia  vines,  or  certain  ones  of  them,  have  withstood  a  tempera- 
ture of  40  to  60  degrees  below  zero  and  they  show  equal  ability  in  with- 
standing the  injurious  effects  of  high  temperatures  in  the  summer.  On 
account  of  its  habit  of  early  blooming,  the  blossoms  sometimes  suffer  from 
late  frosts  in  the  spring. 

While  Riparia  is  not  a  swamp  grape  and  is  not  found  growing 
under  swampy  conditions,  it  is  fond  of  water.  In  the  semi-arid  regions 
always,  and  in  humid  regions  usually,  it  is  found  growing  along  the  banks 
of  streams,  in  ravines,  on  the  islands  of  rivers,  and  in  wet  places.  It  is  not 
nearly  so  capable  of  withstanding  drouth  as  Rupestris.  Riparia  likes  a 
rather  rich  soil  but  in  France  has  been  found  to  do  poorlv  on  limestone 
land  and  calcareous  marls.  The  French  tell  us,  however,  that  this  is  a 
characteristic  of  all  our  American  grapes  and  that  the  Riparia  is  more 
resistant  to  the  injurious  effects  of  an  excess  of  lime  than  either  Rupestris 
or  Aestivalis. 

As  was  noted  in  the  botanical  description,  the  fruit  of  Riparia  is  usually 
small,  there  being  occasional  varieties  of  medium  size  or  slightly  above. 
The  clusters  are  of  medium  size  and,  if  judged  from  the  standpoint  of  number 
of  berries,  might  frequently  be  called  large.  The  flavor  is  usuallv  sharply 
acid  but  free  from  foxiness  or  any  disagreeable  wild  taste.  If  eaten  in 
quantity,  the  acidity  is  apt  to  affect  the  lips  and  end  of  the  tongue.  When 
the  acidity  is  somewhat  ameliorated,  as  in  the  case  of  thoroughlv  ripe  or 
even  overripe  and  shriveled  fruit,  the  flavor  is  much  liked  by  manv  people. 
The  fiesh  is  neither  pulpy  nor  solid  and  dissolves  in  the  moutli  and  sepa- 
rates readily  from  the  seed.  The  must  of  Riparia  is  characterized  bv  an 
average  amount  of  sugar,  varying  considerably  in  the  fruit  from  different 
vines,  and  by  an  excess  of  acid.  There  is  no  disagreeable  aroma,  or  foxi- 
ness, in  the  juice  of  this  species,  but  the  wines  made  from  pure  must  of 
Riparia  grapes,  unless  kept  for  a  long  time,  or  otherwise  treated,  are  too 
sour.  On  this  account  many  recommend  adding  sugar  and  water  to  the 
m.ust  to  reduce  the  percentage  of  acid. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  121 

Riparia  is  very  resistant  to  phylloxera,  the  roots  are  small  in  size, 
hard  and  numerous  and  branch  freely.  The  roots  feed  close  to  the  surface 
and  do  not  seem  to  be  well  adapted  to  forcing  their  way  through  heavy 
clays  or  a  hardpan  formation;  but  as  such  soils  are  unfavorable  for  all 
grapes,  this  character  is  of  little  economic  importance.  Riparia  grows 
readily  from  cuttings  and  makes  a  good  stock  for  grafting,  and  its  union 
with  other  species  is  usually  permanent.  At  the  time  when  Riparias 
were  first  sent  to  France  to  be  used  as  a  stock  in  reconstituting  the 
French  vineyards,  it  was  found  that  many  of  the  vines  secured  from  the 
woods  were  of  too  weak  growth  to  support  the  stronger-growing  Viniferas. 
On  this  account  the  French  growers  selected  the  more  vigorous  forms  of 
the  Riparias  sent  them  to  which  they  gave  varietal  names,  as  Riparia 
Gloire,  Riparia  Grand  Glabre,  Riparia  Scribner,  Riparia  Martin  and  others. 
With  these  selected  Riparias  the  graft  does  not  outgrow  the  stock.  Riparia 
is  less  resistant  to  rot  than  Aestivalis  but  somewhat  more  resistant  than 
Labrusca.  The  foliage  is  rarely  attacked  by  mildew.  One  of  the  chief 
failings  of  this  species  is  the  susceptibility  of  the  leaves  to  the  attack  of 
the  leaf -hopper.  This  defect  is  quite  serious  in  some  grape-growing  regions. 
The  Riparias  are  generally  late  in  ripening  and  it  is  found  that  the  fruit 
is  better  in  quality  in  long  seasons  and  that  it  should  be  left  on  the  vines 
as  late  as  possible.  There  are  some  early  ripening  varieties  of  this  species, 
however. 

VITIS  RIPARIA  PRiECOX  Engelmann. 

I.  Prince,  1830:104.  V.  odoratissima  :  June  Grape.  2.  Engelmann,  Mo.  Eiit.  Rpt.,  1872:61. 
3.  lb.,  Bttsh.  Cat.,  1883:18.  June  Grape.  4.  Bailey,  Am.  Card.,  14:35.5.  iSg;.  V.  vulpina, 
var.  PR.icox;  June  Grape:  \'.  riparia,  var.  pmco.x.  5.  lb.,  Gray's  Syii.  FI.,  1:422.  1897.  V. 
VULPINA,  var.  PR.BCox;  June  Grape. 

The  first  record  of  Riparia  Prascox  is  a  statement  by  Prince  in  1830  that 
Nuttall  had  told  him  that  the  June  Grape  growing  on  the  Mississippi  was 
the  true  Vitis  odoratissima  (a  sweet  scented  Riparia  which  later  botanists 
have  not  recognized  as  a  distinct  species).  In  1872  Engelmann  refers  to 
it,  saying  that  it  grows  on  rocky  river  banks  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  and 
that  it  is  brought  to  market  in  July.  He  says  further  in  the  Bushherg 
Catalogue  that  from  the  first  of  July  on,  ripe  fruit  is  to  be  found  through 
August  and  September.      Bailey  states  in  the   American   Gardening  that 


122  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Eno-elmann  in  his  herbarium  had  given  this  variety  the  name  prcccox  but 
did  not  know  whether  it  had  been  pubHshed  or  not. 

The  variety  differs  from  the  typical  form  of  Riparia  only  in  the  ripen- 
ing season  and  possibly  in  the  berries  averaging  smaller.  The  early  ripening 
season  might  make  it  of  horticultural  importance  as  a  breeding  stock 
although   in  other  respects  the  fruit   characters  are  not   such   as  would 

recommend  it. 

6.  VITIS  TRELEASEI  Munson.' 

I.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:423-  1S97.  2.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  But.,  56:230,  239.  1900. 
Smooth  Canyon  Grape. 

Plant  shrubby  and  much  branched,  climbing  little,  the  small  and  mostly  short 
(generally  shorter  than  the  leaves)  tendrils  deciduous  the  first  year  unless  finding  support, 
internodes  short,  the  diaphragms  twice  thicker  (about  1-16  inch)  than  in  V.  riparia 
and  shallow-biconcave;  stipules  less  than  one  quarter  as  large  as  in  V.  riparia;  leaves 
large  and  green,  very  broad-ovate  or  even  reniform-ovate  (often  wider  than  long), 
thin,  glabrous  and  shining  on  both  surfaces,  the  basal  sinus  very  broad  and  open  making 
no  distinct  angle  with  the  petiole,  the  margin  unequally  notch-toothed  (not  jagged 
as  in  V.  riparia)  and  indistinctly  three-lobed,  the  apex  much  shorter  than  in  V.  riparia; 
*  *  *  cluster  small  (2  to  3  inches  long) ;  the  berries  ^  inch  or  less  thick,  black 
with  a  thin  bloom,  ripening  three  weeks  later  than  V.  riparia  when  grown  in  the  same 
place,  thin-skinned;  pulp  juicy  and  sweet;  seeds  small.  *  *  *  Little  known, 
and  possibly  a  dry  country  form  of  V.  riparia.  In  habit  it  suggests  V.  arizonica 
var.  glabra,  from  which  it  is  distinguished,  among  other  things,  by  its  decidedly  earlier 
flowering  and  larger  leaves  with  coarser  teeth  and  less  pointed  ape.x:. 

According  to  Mvtnson  Vitis  trclcasci  inhabits  "ravines  and  gulches  of 
western  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  southern  Utah."  This  species  was 
named  by  Munson  but  the  only  description  we  have  been  able  to  find  is 


'  Thomas  Volney  Munson,  the  well-known  nurseryman,  viticulturist,  and  plant-breeder,  was 
born  near  Astoria,  Illinois,  September  26,  1843.  He  graduated  from  Kentucky  University,  Lexing- 
ton, Kentucky,  in  1870.  His  nursery  has  for  thirty-one  years  been  located  at  Denison,  Te.xas. 
Munson  has  introduced  more  hybrid  grapes  than  any  other  man  in  America  and  probably  in  the 
world.  He  has  paid  great  attention  to  grape  botany,  particularly  to  the  southwestern  species. 
Monographs  on  grapes,  from  his  hand,  have  appeared  in  the  proceedings  of  various  horticultural 
societies  and  in  horticultural  journals.  Bulletins  written  by  him  have  been  issued  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Texas  Experiment  Station.  He  has  at  present  a  book 
ready  for  publication  entitled  Foundations  of  American  Grape  Culture.  The  varieties  produced  by 
Munson  are  particularly  successful  in  the  Southwest  where  conditions  are  such  that  most  of  our 
northern  varieties  fail.  The  most  valuable  of  those  that  have  been  thoroughly  tested  are  Brilliant, 
America,  Carman,  Gold  Coin  and  Rommel. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  I23 

that  of  Bailey  given  above  in  which  we  have  changed  his  "vulpina"  to 
" riparia."     The  species  is  of  no  importance  horticulturally. 

7.  VITIS  LONGII  Prince.' 

I.  Prince,  1830:184.  Long's  Arkansas.  2.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:18.  Long's;  V. 
Solonis.  3.  Munson,  ,4)».  Hori.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:1^2.  Y. '!>iijEvo  Mexicana;  Wooly  Riparia.  4.  lb., 
Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rpt..  1887:50.  V.  Novo  Mexicana;  Munson's  Riparia.  5.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For., 
3:474.  iSgo.  v.  Solonis.  6.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bid.,  3:9.  i8go.  V.  Solonis.  7.  lb..  Am. 
Gard.,  12:660.  i8gi.  V.  solonis.  8.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  V.  solonis;  Bush 
grape.  9.  lb..  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  24.  V.  solonis;  Sand  grape;  Beach  grape;  Bush  grape.  10. 
Bailey,  Gray's  Sy)i.  FL,  1:423.  iSqy.  V.  Solonis;  V.  Nuevo  Mexicana;  Long's.  11.  Beach,  N.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:537,  557.  i8g8.  V.  solonis.  12.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Buh,  56:218,  230.  1900. 
V.  Solonis,  Gulch  grape:  Bush  grape. 

Vitis  longii  is  a  vigorous  form  of  tlie  Riparia  tj'pe  with  pubescent 
young  growth,  differing  from  the  typical  Riparia  in  having  more  circular, 
less  lobed  leaves  and  more  incised  teeth.  Its  leaves  are  frequently  pubescent 
beneath.  Another  form  with  dentate  margin  of  leaf  has  been  known  under 
the  name  of  Nuevo  Mexicana  or  Novo  Mexicana.  The  references  to  these 
two  forms  are  inextricably  confused.  Engelmann  refers  to  this  grape 
which  he  says  he  found  growing  in  the  botanic  garden  of  Berlin  under  the 
name  of  Vitis  solonis.  After  careful  investigation  he  decided  that  this 
name  was  a  corruption  of  Vitis  longii,  or  Long's  grape,  which  had  been 
brought  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Arkansas  river  by  Major  Long's 
expedition  into  that  then  unknown  country  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century.  Many  botanists  consider  this  a  hybrid  of  two  or  more  other 
species,  Riparia,  Rupestris,  Candicans  and  Cordifolia  being  offered  as 
probable  parents. 

Its  habitat  is  northern  Texas  "westward  into  New  Mexico,  eastward 
into  Oklahoma  and  northward  into  Kansas  and  southeastern  Colorado." 

Vitis  longii  was  first  described  by  Prince  in  1830.  The  fi'uit  is  small 
and  sour  and  it  appears  to  be  of  no  horticultural  promise. 

VITIS  LONGII  MICROSPERMA  Bailey. 

I.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:50.  V.  Novo  Mexicana  Var.  ;  Munson's  Riparia. 
2.  Munson,  Rev.  Vit.,  3:160.  — .  V.  Solonis,  var.  microsperma  (cited  by  3).  3.  Bailey,  Gray's 
Syn.  FL,  1:423.    1897.     V.  Longii,  var.  microsperma.  V.  Solonis,  var.  microsperma. 

Vitis  longii  microsperma   is  a  small  seeded,   vigorous  form  of    Vitis 

'  See  page  2 1 . 


124  THE    GRAPES    OF    N'EW    YORK. 

longii  growing  on  the   Red  River  in  north  Texas.     It  is  said  to  be  more 
resistant  to  drought  than  the  normal  form. 

S.  VITIS  CHAMPINI  Planch.' 

I.  Planchon,  Joiirn.  La  Vignc  amer.,  6:22.  1SS2  (cited  by  4).  2.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1885:137.  3.  lb.,  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:101.  4.  Planchon,  De  Candollc's  Mon.  Plum., 
5:323,  327,  328.  1887.  Champin  grape.  5.  Munson,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474,  475.  1890.  6.  lb., 
U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bill.,  3:11.  1890.  7.  lb..  Am.  Card.,  12:661.  1891.  Champin  grape.  8.  lb.. 
Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  25.  9.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:423.  1897.  10.  Beach,  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  17:536,  557.  189S.  II.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:232,  234,  235,  240,  26S.  1900.  fig. 
Adobe  Land  grape.      12.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vines,  1903:145. 

Vine  rather  vigorous,  climbing  (sometimes  semi-erect).  Shoots  thinly  pubescent, 
somewhat  angled,  generally  cylindrical  when  mature;  diaphragms  thin;  tendrils  inter- 
mittent, strong,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves  small  to  rather  large,  slightly  reniform  or  broadly 
cordate,  usually  entire  but  frequently  shortly  thrce-lobed;  petiolar  sinus  wide  to  medium; 
dark  green,  glabrous  above  with  thin  cobwebby  tomentum  below,  becoming  more  or  less 
glabrous  when  mature.  Clusters  of  small  or  medium  size;  peduncle  medium  in  length. 
Berries  large,  black,  slight  if  any  bloom,  very  persistent,  of  sweet  flavor  and  tender 
pulp.  Seeds  closely  resembling  Candicans.  Blooms  just  before  Labrusca.  Variable 
in   ripening   season. 

Champini  was  named  and  described  in  1882  by  Planchon.  He  states 
that  it  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  Viiis  candicans  and  Vitis  nipestris 
and  that  it  is  not  distinctly  defined  and  of  a  itnifomi  character,  but  shows 
in  its  variable  forms  different  combinations  of  the  characters  of  these  two 
species.  There  seems  to  be  some  doubt  among  other  botanists  as  to  the 
parentage  of  Champini  and  it  is  variously  credited  to  Candicans,  Rupestris, 
Monticola  and  Berlandieri. 

This  species  is  found  growing  in  the  limestone  hills  of  southwestern 
Texas,  covering  about  the  same  area  as  Berlandieri.     According  to  Munson 


'  Jules  Emile  Planchon,  a  French  systematic  and  horticultural  botanist,  was  born  in  Ganges 
(Herault)  in  1823,  and  died  at  Montjiellier  in  18S8.  Planchon  was  a  writer  of  many  valuable  mono- 
graphs on  botanical  subjects  and  in  combination  with  F.  Sahut  and  J.  Bazille  discovered  that  the 
cause  o£  a  mysterious  and  serious  malady  which  had  been  affecting  the  French  vineyards  for  some 
years,  was  due  to  an  insect  on  the  roots,  the  phylloxera.  Later,  he  and  C.  V.  Riley  determined  that 
this  insect  was  a  native  of  America.  Planchon  was  one  of  the  first  to  suggest,  and  always  urged, 
the  reconstitution  of  French  vineyards  by  the  use  of  American  stocks.  During  the  later  years 
of  his  life  he  was  professor  of  botany  in  the  School  at  Montpellier.  His  most  noted  contribution  to 
grape  literature  is  his  monograph  of  the  grape  vine  and  other  plants  of  the  Ampelopsis  family  which 
appeared  as  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  volume  of  the  continuation  of  De  CandoUe's  Prodromus 
Systematis  Naturalis. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 25 

it  is  less  common  in  the  bottoms  and  is  not  so  plentiful  as  the  latter  species. 
Associated  with  it  in  different  parts  of  its  habitat  are  the  four  species 
mentioned  above  as  possible  parents. 

Champini  is  particularly  well  adapted  to  hot  dry  regions  and  will 
withstand  considerable  lime  in  the  soil.  The  species  is  susceptible  to  mildew 
and  black-rot.  It  can  be  readih-  grown  from  cuttings  and  grafts  well  in 
the  vineyard,  though  the  different  forms  are  quite  variable  in  these  respects. 
At  one  time  this  species  was  considered  of  great  promise  as  a  stock  for 
Vinifera  for  hot,  dry  regions  but  as  it  has  proved  inferior  to  Berlandieri 
in  its  capacity  to  withstand  limy  soils  and  phylloxera,  and  as  it  is  not 
more  vigorous,  it  has  been  generally  dropped.  The  berries  are  large  and 
of  pure  flavor,  and  as  the  vine  is  vigorous,  it  may  prove  of  value  as  a  source 
of  cultivated  varieties  for  the  Southwest  but  it  is  of  little  or  no  value  to 
the  eastern  grower. 

9.  VITIS  RUBRA  Michx. 

I.  Vahl.'  Syinb.  Bot..  3:42.  1704.  V.  palmata.  2.  Willdenow,  1:1  iSo.  1707.  V.  palmata. 
3.  Muhlenberg,  1813:27.  V.  palmata.  4.  Pursh,  1:170.  1S14.  V.  Palmata.  5.  Xuttall,  1:143. 
1818.  V.  palmata.  6.  Rafinesque.  1830:18.  V.  palmata;  Palmate  grape.  7.  lb..  1830:18.  V. 
virginiana;  Virginia  grape.  8.  Floy-Lindley,  1833:152.  V.  palmata;  Pahnated  leaved.  9.  (?) 
Le  Conte,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  6:274.  1853.  V.  palmata;  V.  Virginiana:  Bland's  grape. 
10.  (?)  lb..  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1857:231.  V.  palmata;  Palmate-leaved  vine;  Bland's  grape;  V. 
Virginiana.  II.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11,  12,  14,  17  V.  pal.mata;  V.  rubra:  Red 
grape  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  12.  Munson,  Am.  Hori.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:133.  V.  palmata;  I'. 
rubra.  13.  lb..  Am.  Pom.  Soe.  Rpt.,  1885:1)7.  V.  palmata;  Palmate-leaved  grape:  V.  rubra.  14. 
lb..  Soc.  Prom.  .Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:50.  I',  palmata:  Eggert's  grape.  15.  Planchon,  De  Candolle's 
Mon.  Phan.,  5:35,2.  1887.  V.  riparia,  var.  palmata;  V.  Virginiensis;  V.  Virginiana.  16. 
lb.,  lb.,  5:354.  1887.  V.  palmata.  17.  Sargent,  Car.  and  For.,  2:340.  1889.  fig.  V.  palmata; 
1'.  rubra.  18.  Munson,  Ih.,  3:474,  475-  iSqo.  V.  palmata.  19.  Munson,  U.S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui., 
3:13.  iSqo.  V.  palmata.  20.  lb.,  .-!)».  ffiird.,  12:586.  1891.  21.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:423. 
1897.  V.  palmata;  V.  monosperma;  V,  rubra:  V.  riparia,  var.  palmata:  Red  grape:  Cat  grape. 
22.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:410.  1897.  fig.  V.  palmata;  Missouri  grape.  23.  BaUey,  Ev.  Nat.  Fr., 
1898:105.  V.  palmata;  Red  grape:  Cat  grape.  24.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta  Bui.,  56:230,  239.  igoo. 
\'.  palmata;  Cat  Bird  grape.  25.  Bailey,  Cyc.  Am.  Hort.,  4:1952.  1902.  V.  monosperma;  Red 
grape.     26.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  .4));.   Vines,  1903:42,  113. 


'  Martin  Vahl,  a  Norwegian,  was  born  in  1749,  and  died  in  1804.  As  a  pupil  of  the  great  Linnaeus, 
Vahl  became  a  prominent  worker  in  botany  and  natural  history  in  Denmark  and  was  an  author 
and  writer  of  note  on  these  subjects,  publishing  much  on  botany.  He  traveled  extensively,  but  it 
does  not  appear  that  he  visited  North  America,  though  he  wrote  three  large  volumes  on  the  flora 
of  tropical  America.  It  is  probable  that  he  named  and  described  Vitis  palmata  from  herbarium 
specimens. 


126  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  slender,  of  only  moderate  vigor,  climbing  very  high.  Shoots  smooth,  angled, 
long-jointed,  bright  red;  diaphragms  thick  to  medium;  tendrils  intermittent,  long, 
usually  bifid.  Leaves  with  short,  broad  stipules;  leaf-blade  broadly  cordate  in  outline, 
rarely  entire,  frequently  very  deeply  three  or  even  five-lobed,  lobes  long,  acuminate; 
margin  with  broad,  shallow,  serrate  teeth;  petiolar  sinus  rather  broad  and  shallow; 
upper  surface  dull  dark  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  frequenth^  somewhat  pubescent 
on  ribs  and  veins;  petioles  red.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  loose,  seldom  compound; 
long  peduncle.  Berries  small,  black,  without  bloom,  not  juicy-  Seeds  one  or  two,, 
large,  plump,  rounded,  with  very  short  beak,  slightly  notched;  chalaza  narrow,  rather 
indistinct;    raphe  indistinct. 

Vitis  rubra  and  Vahl's  Vitis  palmata  are  badly  confused.  The  species 
was  first  described  by  Vahl  in  1794,  from  plants  cultivated  in  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes  in  Paris  and  supposed  to  have  been  sent  by  some  missionary'  from 
the  Mississippi  Valley.  It  was  so  named  on  account  of  its  tendency  to 
five-lobed  leaves.  Vahl  erroneously  gives  its  habitat  as  Virginia.  About 
the  same  time,  Michaux  discovered,  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and 
adjacent  streams,  a  grape  which  he  called  Vitis  rubra,  on  account  of 
its  characteristic  bright  red  shoots.  The  descriptions  of  these  two  varie- 
ties were  copied  from  time  to  time  by  other  botanists,  but  with  no  addi- 
tional details  of  any  importance  until  Engelmann,  in  1883,  made  the  claim 
that  they  were  identical.  There  is  no  question  as  to  the  identitv  of 
Michaux's  Rubra,  but  some  botanists  question  whether  Palmata  is  a 
synonym.  We  have  taken  Michaux's  name  as  the  one  to  which  there  is 
no  question,  although  Engelmann  was  so  careful  a  worker  that  it  is  highly 
probable  that  he  is  correct  in  considering  the  two  species  synonymous. 
Munson  considers  the  species  as  probably  a  multiple  "  hybrid  of  Cordi- 
folia  with  Riparia,  with  possibly  a  trace  of  Cissus  blood,  indicated  in  the 
fruit,  seed  and  leaf."  There  seems  to  be  but  little  evidence  to  support 
this  supposition.  Planchon  says  it  is  principally  on  the  evidence  of  Mil- 
lardet  that  he  admits  this  as  a  separate  species  and  that  perhaps  it  would 
be  better  to  consider  it  a  variety  of  Riparia  closely  allied  to  Vahl's  Palmata. 

Vitis  rubra  is  an  inhabitant  of  sandy,  rich,  moist,  alluvial  river  bottoms 
in  Missouri  and  Illinois,  to  Louisiana  and  Texas,  in  which  region  it  is  quite 
restricted  and  apparently  not  plentiful. 

But  little  is  known  of  the  horticultural  characters  of  Vitis  rubra. 
In  spite  of  its  having  been  classed  with  Riparia,  it  appears  to  resemble 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  127 

more  closely  Vitis  cordifoUa,  having  the  thick  diaphragms  and  late  bloom- 
ing characters  of  the  latter  species,  but  the  seeds  resemble  those  of  Riparia. 
Rubra  grows  readily  from  cuttings  and  the  roots  are  said  to  be  very  resist- 
ant to  phylloxera.  It  is  not  suthcienth'  vigorous,  however,  to  be  recom- 
mended as  a  stock.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  but  is 
of  no  horticultural  importance  beyond  this. 

10.  VITIS  CORDIFOLIA  Michx. 

I.  (?)  Linnaeus,  Sp.  PL,  1753:203.  V.  vui,pin.\.  2.  (?)  Marshall,  1785:165.  V.  Labrusca. 
3.  (?)  Walter,  1788:242.  V.  vulpina  4.  (?)  Willdenow,  i:ii8i.  1707.  V.  Vulpina.  5.  Michaux, 
2:231.  1803.  6.  (?)  Bartram.  Dom.  Enc,  5:291,  1S04.  V.  serotina.  7.  (?)  Muhlenberg, 
1813:27.  V.  vulpi.N'a;  V.  cordifoUa;  Winter  grape.  8.  Pursh,  1:169.  1814.  V.incisa:  V.  vulpina; 
Winter  grape;  Chicken  grape.  9.  Nuttall,  1:143.  1818.  10.  Elliott.  2:688.  1824.  11.  Rafinesque, 
1830:15.  V.  vulpina;  Frost  grape;  Winter  grape;  Fox  grape.  12.  Prince,  1830:194.  Winter  grape; 
Chicken  grape;  Frost  grape;  V.  serotina;  V.  incisa;  V.  vulpina.  13.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  .V.  Y.,  1:147. 
1843.  Winter  grape;  Frost  grape.  14.  Le  Conte,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  6:273.  1853. 
V.  pullaria;  Chicken  grape.  15.  Darlington,  Fl.  Cest..  1853:50.  Chicken  grape;  Winter  grape; 
Heart-leaved  Vitis.  16.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1861:483.  Winter  grape;  Fox  grape. 
17.  (?)  Saunders,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt..  1869:82,  85,  87.  18.  Engelmann.  Mo.  But.  Rpt.,  1872:60.  Winter 
grape;  Frost  grape;  Chicken  grape,  ig.  lb..  Busk.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11,  12,  14,  17.  Frost  grape.  20. 
Bush.,  lb.,  1883:24.  21.  Munson,  Atn.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:97,  qS.  22.  lb..  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1885:13V  Frost  grape;  Sour  or  Pungent  Winter  grape.  23.  Planchon.  De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan., 
5-323,  350.  1S87.  v.  vulpina,  var.  cordifoUa;  V.  vulpina;  V.  Virgi)iiana.  24.  Munson,  Gar.  and 
For.,  3:474.  1890.  25.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:12.  1890.  26.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:410. 
1897.  Frost  grape;  Cltickcn  grape;  Possum  grape;  Winter  grape.  27.  BaWey,  Gray's  Syn.  Fl..  i:ji24. 
1897.  Trtw  Frost  grape;  Chicken  grape;  Raccoon  grape;  V.  pullaria;  V.  vulpina,  var.  cordifoUa. 
28.  Beach,  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:557.  1898.  29.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:218,  231,  240.  1900. 
Sour  Winter  grape;  Frost  grape.     30.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  .4;;;.   Vines.  1903:42,  76. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  climbing.  Shoots  rather  slender;  internodes  long,  slightly 
angular,  usually  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  pubescent;  diaphragms  thick;  tendrils 
intermittent,  long,  usually  bifid.  Leaves  with  short,  broad  stipules ;  leaf-blade  medium 
to  large,  cordate,  entire  or  sometimes  indistinctly  three-lobed ;  petiolar  sinus  deep, 
usually  narrow,  acute;  margin  with  rather  coarse  angular  teeth;  point  of  leaf  acuminate; 
upper  surface  rather  light  green,  glossy,  glabrous;  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent 
below.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  loose,  with  long  peduncle.  Berries  numerous  and 
small,  black,  shining,  little  or  no  bloom.  Seeds  medium  in  size,  rather  broad,  beak 
rather  short;  chalaza  oval  or  roundish,  elevated,  very  distinct;  raphe  a  distinct,  cord- 
like ridge.  Fruit  usually-  sour  and  astringent  and  frequently  consisting  of  little  besides 
skins  and  seeds.     Leafing,  flowering  and  ripening  fruit  very  late. 

Owing    to    the   fact    that    Cordifolia    and    Riparia    have   been    badly 
confused  in  the  past,  the  limits  of  the  habitat  of  this  species  are  difficult 


128  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

to  determine.  Pursh  gives  the  northern  Hmit  as  Canada,  and  Buckley 
speaks  of  its  being  found  at  Lake  Winnipeg,  but  all  other,  and  some  prob- 
ably better  informed,  authorities  give  the  northern  limit  as  New  York  or 
the  Great  Lakes.  The  eastern  limit  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  southern 
limit  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  extends  westward,  according  to  Engelmann, 
to  the  western  limits  of  the  wooded  portion  of  the  Mississippi  Vallev  in 
the  North,  and,  according  to  Munson,  to  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  in  the 
South.  It  is  found  along  creeks  and  river  banks  sometimes  mixed  with 
Riparia,  having  about  the  same  soil  adaptations  as  that  species.  It  is  a 
very  common  species  in  the  Middle  States  and  is  frequently  found  growing 
on  limestone  soils  but,  according  to  Viala,  is  not  indigenous  to  such  soils. 

It  might  be  said  that  this  species  was  first  described  by  Linnaeus  in 
1753  under  the  name  Vulpina,  as  his  description  was  from  mixed  speci- 
mens of  Cordifolia  and  Riparia.  The  first  description,  however,  of  which 
there  is  no  question  is  that  of  Michaux  in  1803.  From  this  time  on  there 
are  many  descriptions  under  various  names  and  much  disagreement  as 
to  the  limits  of  the  species  and  its  relation  to  Riparia.  Engelmann  in 
1872  states  that  Riparia  is  generally  a  smaller  plant  than  Cordifolia 
and  that  the  fruit  ripens  earlier  and  is  pleasanter  tasting.  It  was  still 
considered  by  many  botanists  that  these  differences  were  too  slight  to 
separate  the  forms  as  different  species,  i^ut  in  1883,  Engelinann  further 
enumerated  other  differences  which  are  given  under  the  description  of 
Vitis  riparia.  Since  this  time,  the  specific  difference  of  the  two  forms  has 
never  been  questioned. 

Cordifolia  makes  a  good  stock  for  grafting,  being  vigorous  and  forming 
a  good  union  with  most  of  our  cultivated  grapes.  It  is  seldom  used  for  this 
purpose,  however,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  propagating  it  by  means 
of  cuttings.  For  the  same  reason  vines  of  it  are  seldom  found  in  cultivation. 
It  is  probably  of  no  importance  horticulturally. 

VITIS  CORDIFOLIA  FCETIDA  Engelm. 

1.   Engelmann,   Am.  Nat.,  2:321.    1868.     V.  cordifoli.\,  var.  fcetid.\.     2.    lb.,   Mo.  Ent.  Rpt., 
1872:60.     3.    Bailey,    Gray's  Syn.   Fl.,   1:424.    1897.     V.  cordifoli.\,  var.  fcetid.\. 

Apparently  the  first  record  of  Vitis  cordifolia  foetida  is  Engelmann's 
mention  of  it  in  the  American  Naturalist  of  1868.     In  1S72  he  speaks  as 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  129 

though  this  is  the  common  Mississippi  Valley  form,  for  he  says:  "  In  this 
valley  at  least  the  fruit  has  a  strongly  and  even  fetidly-aromatic  taste  ". 
The  variety  apparently  is  similar  to  the  typical  Cordifolia  in  every  respect 
excepting  the  aromatic  fruit. 

VITIS  CORDIFOLIA  SEMPERVIRENS  Munson. 

1.  Munson,  Rev.  Vit.,  5:165.  f.  53.  (cited  by  2).  2.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL.  1:424.  1S07.  V. 
CORDIFOLIA,  var.  SEMPERVIRENS.     3.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vines.  1903:78.  /fij.  oj  leaf. 

Vitis  cordifolia  scmpcrvircns  is  a  south-Florida  form  of  Cordifolia 
named  and  first  described  by  Munson  in  the  Rcvnc  Viticolc.  It  differs 
from  typical  Cordifolia  in  having  leaves  which  are  thicker,  narrower,  more 
oblong,  with  a  long  lanceolate  point,  completely  glabrous  and  more  or  less 
glossy  on  both  surfaces.  These  leaves  remain  on  the  vines  very  late  in 
the  season.  This  variety  is  said  to  be  very  resistant  to  an  excess  of  lime 
in  the  soil. 

VITIS  CORDIFOLIA  HELLERI  Bailey. 

I.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:424.  1S97.  V.  cordifolia,  var.  Helleri.  2.  Viala  and  Ravaz, 
Am.  Vines,  1903:79.     V.  cordifolia  var. 

Viiis  cordifolia  hcllcri  is  first  mentioned  by  Bailey  in  1897.  It  differs 
from  the  ordinary  forms  of  Cordifolia  in  having  more  circular  leaves  with- 
out the  lanceolate  point.  Viala  and  Ravaz  state  that  such  forms  are  found 
in  clay  soils.  Bailey  refers  to  it  as  an  upland  south-Texas  form  found  at 
altitudes  of  from  1600  to  2000  feet. 

II.  VITIS  BAILEYANA  Munson. 

I.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:14.  1890.  V.  Virginiana.  2.  lb..  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474, 
475.  1890.  v.  Virginiana  3.  lb..  Mieh.  Hort.  Soe.  Rpt..  1893:116.  Possum  grape.  4.  lb.. 
Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20.  V.  Virginiana.  5.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:411.  1897.  V.  Virginiana.  6. 
Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:424.  1S97.  Possum  grape.  7.  Munson,  Te.t.  Sta.  BiiL.  56:231.  240.  1900. 
Possum  grape. 

Vine  climbing,  but  of  only  medium  vigor  (less  vigorous  than  Cordifolia).  Canes 
slender,  with  short  internodes,  and  with  very  many  short  side  shoots;  shoots 
angular,  densely  whitish  or  rusty  pubescent  or  woolly  along  the  angles;  mature  canes 
round,  nearly  smooth;  diaphragms  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  usually  trifid.  Leaves 
with  blade  long,  cordate,  frequently  smaller  than  Cordifolia,  shortly  but  distinctly 
three-lobed  (lobes  mostly  pointed  and  much  spreading),  bright  green,  but  not  shining, 
above,  gray  below,  slightly  pubescent  at  maturity  only  on  veins;   ape.x  short,  acuminate, 

9 


130  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

acute  or  blunt;  teeth  comparatively  small  and  notched-like,  regular,  not  prominently 
acute.  Clusters  large;  peduncle  long;  pedicel  slender,  short,  making  the  bunch  very 
compact.  Berries  very  small,  black  with  little  or  no  bloom,  intensely  acid  until  very 
ripe  or  frosted.  Seeds  small  to  very  small,  slightly  notched  on  top;  chalaza  depressed, 
oblong-oval;  raphe  broad,  slightly  distinct.  Leafing,  flowering  and  ripening  fruit 
very  late. 

This  species  seems  to  have  been  first  described  by  Munson  in  i8go 
under  the  name  of  Vitis  virginiana.  In  1893  he  issued  a  leaflet  changing 
the  name  to   Vitis  baileyana. 

It  is  an  u]3land  species  growing  in  the  mountain  valleys  (800  feet  and 
upward)  of  southwestern  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  western  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  northern  Georgia  and  the  uplands  of  western  central  Georgia. 

Baileyana  can  be  propagated  from  cuttings  only  with  difficulty.  It 
is  of  no  importance  horticulturally. 

12.  VITIS  BERLANDIERI  Planch. 

I.  Planchon,  Compi.  Rend.  Acad.  Set.  Paris,  91:425.  1S80.  (cited  by  5).  2.  Joitrn.  La  Vigne 
amcr.,  1880:318.  (cited  by  5.)  3.  Gar.  Man..  23:25.  1881.  V.  aestivalis,  var.  monticola;  V.  monii- 
cola  seedling;  V.  cordifolia  coriacca.  4.  (?)  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:15.  V.  monticola.  5. 
Planchon,  De  CandoUc's  Man.  Pltan.,  5:323,  341.  1S87.  V.  monticola.  6.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101. 
7.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bid.,  3:14.  1890.  V.  Monticola,  Mil.  8.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474, 
475.  18(30.  9.  lb.,  .4)11.  Card.,  12:659.  1S91.  10.  lb..  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  29.  V.  monticola, 
Engelm.  11.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:425.  1897.  Mountain  grape;  Spanish  grape;  Fall  grape; 
Winter  grape.  12.  Beach,  -V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:536,  557.  1898.  13.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bid., 
56:231,  2^4,  235,  240,  261.  1900.  fig.  Little  Mountain  grape.  14.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vines, 
1903:42,  61. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous,  climbing;  shoots  more  or  less  angled  and  pubescent; 
pubescence  remaining  only  in  patches  on  mature  wood;  canes  mostly  with  short  inter- 
nodes;  diaphragms  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  long,  strong,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves 
with  small  stipules;  leaf-blade  rather  large,  broadly  cordate,  notched  or  shortly  three- 
lobed;  petiolar  sinus  rather  open,  V-  or  U-shaped,  margin  with  broad  but  rather  shallow 
teeth,  rather  dark  glossy  green  above,  grayish  pubescence  below  when  young;  becoming 
glabrous  and  even  glossy  except  on  ribs  and  veins,  when  mature.  Clusters  large,  com- 
pact, compound,  with  long  peduncle.  Berries  small,  black,  with  thin  bloom,  juicy,  rather 
tart  l:)ut  pleasant  tasting  when  thoroughly  ripe.  Seeds  few,  medium  to  small,  short, 
plump,  oval  or  roundish  with  short  beak;  chalaza  oval  or  roundish,  distinct;  raphe 
narrow,  slightly  distinct  to  indistinct.      Leafing,  flowering  and  ripening  fruit  very  late. 

This  species  was  described  under  the  name  Vitis  berlandieri  by  Plan- 
chon in  1880.     The  description  was  made  from  herbarium  specimens  col- 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  I3I 

lected  by  the  Swiss  botanist,  Berlandier,'  in  Texas  in  1834,  and  also  from 
living  plants  which  had  been  shipped  into  France.  Planchon  states  that 
this  is  the  Monticola  of  Engelmann,  but  not  the  Monticola  of  Buckley. 
Buckley's  description  is  admittedly  unsatisfactory  but  it  does  not  seem 
that  Planchon  is  justified  in  saying  that  Engelmann  was  mistaken  when 
the  latter  probably  had  better  opportunities  for  determining  Buckley's 
meaning  than  Planchon. 

Berlandieri  is  a  native  of  the  limestone  hills  of  southwest  Texas  and 
adjacent  Mexico.  According  to  Munson,  it  grows  "  in  the  same  region 
with  V.  monticola  but  is  less  restricted  locally,  growing  from  the  tops  of 
the  hills  all  along  down  and  along  the  creek  bottoms  of  those  regions." 
Its  great  virtue  is  that  it  withstands  a  soil  largely  composed  of  lime.  It 
is  superior  to  all  other  American  species  in  this  respect.  This  and  its 
moderate  degree  of  vigor  (not  cjuite  so  vigorous  as  Cinerea,  according  to 
Munson)  has  recommended  it  to  the  French  growers  as  a  stock  for  their 
calcareous  soils.  The  roots  are  strong,  thick  and  very  resistant  to 
phylloxera. 

It  is  propagated  by  cuttings  with  comparative  ease,  but  its  varieties 
are  variable  in  this  respect,  some  not  rooting  at  all  easily.  While  the  fruit 
of  this  species  shows  a  large  cluster,  the  berries  are  small  and  sour,  and 
Berlandieri  is  not  regarded  as  having  any  promise  for  culture  in  America. 

13.  VITIS  CINEREA  Engelm.= 

I.  Engelmann.  Gray's  Man.,  Edition  5,  1867:679.  V.  aestivalis,  var.  cinerea.  2.  (?)  lb., 
Am.  Nat.,  2:321.  1868.  V.  aestivalis,  var  canescens.  3.  lb.,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1872:61.  V. 
AESTIVALIS,  var.  cinerea.  4.  Ih.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11.  12,  14,  16.  Z)o7£'j!>' gra/>t' of  Mississippi 
Valley.  5.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:133.  6.  lb.,  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl.,  1885:97,  98. 
Ashy-leaved  grape;  Sztcet  Winter  grape.     7.  lb.,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:59.     Aslty  grape;  Sweet 


'Jean  Louis  Berlandier  was  a  Belgian  pupil  of  the  great  De  CandoUe,  but  left  Europe  about 
1S28  for  America  and  became  a  druggist  in  Matamoras.  Mexico.  He  was  one  of  the  first  botanists 
to  explore  northern  Mexico  and  Texas.  In  attempting  to  cross  one  of  the  small  streams  south  of 
the  Rio  Grande  in  1851,  he  was  drowned.  Many  of  his  papers,  plants  and  some  paintings  are  pre- 
ser\-ed  in  the  herbarium  of  Harvard  University  and  his  services  to  botany  are  commemorated  by 
the  genus  Berlandiera,  dedicated  to  him  by  De  Candolle.  and  the  species  Vitis  berlandieri  here 
described. 

-  George  Engelmann  was  born  at  Frankfurt-on-the-Main  in  1809.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Universities  of  Heidelberg,  Berlin  and  Wurzburg,  receiving  a  doctor's  degree  in  medicine  from  the 
latter  institution.     In  1832  Dr.  Engelmann  sailed  for  America  and  spent  some  months  in  exploring 


132  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Winter  grape.  8.  Planchon,  De  Candollc's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  343.  1887.  9.  Munson,  U.  S.  T).  A. 
Pom.  Bill.,  3:14.  i8qo.  10.  lb.,  Car.  and  For.,  3:474,  475.  1890.  11.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:409. 
1897.  V.  aestivalis,  var.  catiesceits;  \'.  aestivalis,  var.  cincrca:  Downy  Rrapc.  12.  Bailey  Gray's 
Syn.  FL,  1:425.  1897.  Sweet  Winter  grape.  13.  Beach,  .V.  \  .  Sta.  An.  lipt.,  17:536,  557.  1898. 
14.  Munson  7"i-v.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:218,  231,  240.  1900.  Sweet  Winter  grape;  Ashy  grape.  15.  Viala 
and  Ravaz.  .4?);.   Vines.   iqo3:42.  So. 

Vine  vigorous,  climbing ;  shoots  more  or  less  angled,  covered  with  grayish  pubes- 
cence which  persists  into  winter;  diaphragms  thick  to  very  thick;  internodes  medium 
to  long;  tendrils  intermittent,  long  and  strong,  bifid.  Leaves  large,  cordate,  seldom 
lobed  but  frequently  notched;  frequently  resembling  a  linden  leaf;  petiolar  sinus 
medium  in  depth  and  width,  rounded;  margin  shallowly  but  sharply  toothed;  upper 
surface  cobwebby  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  and  dull  when  mature ;  lower  surface 
and  petiole  covered  with  grayish  cobwebby  pubescence.  Cluster  large,  rather  loose; 
peduncle  long;  pedicel  slender.  Berries  small,  black,  with  little  if  any  bloom.  Seeds 
small,  plump,  short  beak;  chalaza  round  or  oval,  distinct;  raphe  ridge-like,  distinct  to 
slightlv  distinct.      Ripening  very  late,  becoming  sweet  after  frost. 

Cinerea  is  very  closely  allied  to  Aestivalis  and  was  for  a  long  time  con- 
sidered a  part  of  that  species.  In  1867  Engelmann  described  it  under  the 
name  Vitis  aestivalis,  var.  cinerea,  but  in  1883  he  made  it  a  species  and  it  has 
been  generally  regarded  by  botanists  that  the  points  of  difference  between 
the  two  forms  are  such  that  the  Cinerea  deserves  specific  recognition. 

Its  habitat  is  New  York,  west  to  Nebraska  and  Kansas  with  about 
40  degrees  as  a  northern  limit,  southward  to  the  Gulf.  Cinerea  grows  along 
streams  mostlv  in  lim}-  soils,  and  is  seldom  found  in  very  dry  land.  It 
covers  about  the  same  range  as  Cordifolia  excepting  that  it  grows  nearer 
the  Gulf  and  extends  across  the  Rio  Grande  into  Mexico. 

The  species  is  very  late  in  blooming,  later  even  than  Cordifolia.  It 
can  be  propagated  from  cuttings  only  with  difficulty.  It  is  probably  of 
no  importance  horticulturally  unless  it  be  for  wet  lands. 


the  forests  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  studying  the  plants  of  the  region,  having  become  deeply  absorbed 
in  botanv.  He  soon  after  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  St.  Louis  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  dying  in  1884.  Engelmann  was  one  of  the  most  patient  and  devoted  students  of  natural 
history  of  his  time.  He  mastered  several  difficult  genera  of  plants,  doing  his  work  so  well  that  his 
monographs  will  long  remain,  not  only  authorities  on  the  plants  described,  but  models  for  the  syste- 
matic botanist.  .Vmong  the  genera  to  which  he  devoted  his  time  was  Vitis,  upon  which  he  pub- 
lished se\eral  monographs.  These  appeared  in  various  publications,  particularly  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis  in  i860,  the  American  Naturalist  for  1868,  Riley's  reports  as 
entomologist  of  Missouri  for  1872  and  1S74,  and  the  third  and  all  later  editions  of  the  Bushberg 
Cataloiinc. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  133 


VITIS  CINEREA  FLORIDANA  Munson. 

1.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:14.  1890.  V.  cinerea,  var.  Floridana.  2.  Munson, 
Gar.  and  For.,  3:.ij4.  iSqo.  V.  cinerea,  var.  Floridana.  3.  Ba'dey,  Gray's  Syn.  FI.,  1:42 ^.  1S97. 
V.  CINEREA,  var.  Floridana. 

Vitis  cinerea  floridana  was  named  by  Munson  in  1890.  It  differs  from 
the  regular  form  of  Cinerea  in  having  the  growing  tips  and  sometimes  the 
veins  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  covered  with  rusty  tomen- 
tum.  The  cluster  is  also  longer-peduncled  and  more  compound.  It  is 
found  in  Florida  and  Arkansas. 

VITIS  CINEREA  CANESCENS  Bailey. 

I.  Engelmann,  Am.  Nat.,  2:;2i.  1868.  V.  aestivalis,  var.  canescens.  2.  Bailey,  Gray's 
Syn.  FL,  1:425.    1897.     V.  cinerea,  var.  canescens. 

Vitis  cinerea  canescens  was  first  mentioned  l^v  Engelmann  in  i86S 
under  the  name  Vitis  aestivalis,  var.  canescens.  He  does  not  describe  it 
further  than  to  say  that  it  approaches  Cordifolia.  Baile'S"'s  determination 
of  its  position  was  made  from  Engelmann's  lierbarium  specimens.  He  says: 
"A  form  with  rounded  or  heart-like  leaves,  the  upper  half  of  tlie  leaf  lack- 
ing the  triangi.:lar  and  3-lobed  sliape  of  the  type."  This  variety  has  been 
found  in  Missouri,  Illinois  and  Texas. 

14.  VITIS  ARIZONICA  Engelm. 

I.  Engelmann,  Am.  Nat.,  2:321.  1868.  2.  Parry,  U.  5.  D.  A.  Rpt..  1870:416.  V.  .Arizon- 
ENSis.  3.  Engelmann,  Mo.  Enl.  Rpi.,  1872:62.  4.  lb.,  Biisli.  Cat.,  1883:10,  12,  14,  16.  Arizona 
grape.  5.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:132.  Arizona  grape.  6.  lb..  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1885:97.  Arizona  grape.  7.  Planchon,  De  Candollc's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:32,5,  342.  1887.  V. 
Californica;  V .  Arizonensis;  V.riparia.  8.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Set.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  .■irizona 
grape.  9.  lb..  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890.  lo.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:10.  1890.  11.  IV>., 
Am.  Gard.,  12:660.  1891.  Canyon  grape.  12.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  Gulch  grape. 
13.  Munson,  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20.  Canon  grape.  14.  Husmann.  1895:4,  189.  15.  Bailey,  Gray's 
Syn.  Fl.,  1:425.  1897.  Canon  grape.  16.  Beach,  iV.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:536,  557.  1898.  17. 
Munson,  Te.v.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:230,  239.  1900.  Do7vny  Canyon  grape.  18.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am. 
Vines,  1903:102. 

Vine  weak  in  growth,  shnibby  or  climbing  moderately,  numerous  angular  branch- 
lets;  diaphragms  thick.  Leaves  mostly  small,  cordate,  with  rather  open  rounded 
petiolar  sinus,  entire  or  indistinctly  three-lobed  (sometimes  distinctly  lobed  on  young 
plants),  coarsely  and  regularly  toothed;  thick,  rigid,  slightly  rugose  above,  when  young, 
white-woolly  below,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  with  age.        Clusters  small,   compound; 


134  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

peduncle  slender,  of  medium  length.  Berries  black,  small  to  medium  in  size ;  pleasant 
in  taste.  Seeds  two  to  three  of  medium  size;  chalaza  oval  in  shape,  slightly  distinct; 
raphe  flat,  usually  inconspicuous,  rarely  prominent. 

Arizonica  was  named  and  first  described  by  Engelmann  in  1868.  It 
was  later  described  by  Parry,  botanist  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
from  specimens  sent  to  him  by  Dr.  Charles  Smart,  an  army  surgeon  sta- 
tioned in  southern  Arizona,  in  1867.  Parry  says  that  Engelmann  considered 
it  a  distinct  species  and  had  provisionally  named  it  Vitis  arizonensis.  As 
to  the  name,  this  is  evidently  an  error  in  quoting  Engelmann. 

Its  habitat  is  "  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Chihuahua 
(Mexico),  and  South  Utah." 

This  grape  is  adapted  only  to  the  arid  districts  of  the  West.  When 
raised  in  humid  climates  it  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  mildew  and  black- 
rot.  As  might  be  expected  from  its  habitat,  it  endures  intense  drouths. 
It  grows  well  on  limestone,  pebbly,  or  alluvial  soils.  It  has  a  considerable 
degree  of  resistance  to  phylloxera,  grows  readily  from  cuttings,  and  according 
to  Munson,  can  withstand  zero  temperature  without  injury.  As  the  Euro- 
pean grapes  can  be  raised  in  its  native  countr\',  it  is  not  there  regarded  as 
valuable,  althottgh  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  rich  in  sugar  and  to  be  of  pure 
flavor.  It  has  been  used  in  California  as  a  stock,  but  is  not  regarded  in 
any  section  very  favorably  and  its  use  has  never  become  extensive  probably 
owing  to  its  lack  of  vigor.  It  suckers  less  than  Rupestris.  Arizonica  blos- 
soms about  the  time  of  Labrusca.  It  is  of  no  value  to  the  grape-growers 
of  the  East  and  probably  of  none  to  those  of  the  West. 

VITIS  ARIZONICA  GLABRA  Munson. 

I.  Munson,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890.  V.  Arizonica,  var.  glabra.  2.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Pom.  Bid..  3:10.  1S90.  v.  Arizonica.  var.  glabra.  3.  lb..  .4;)!.  Card..  12:660.  iSgi.  V.  .Ari- 
zonica, var.  glabra.  4.  lb.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20.  V.  Arizonica,  var.  glabra.  5.  Bailey,  Gray's 
Svn.    Fl.,  1:426.    1897.      v.  Arizonica,  var.  glabra. 

Vitis  arizonica  glabra  was  named  b}'  Munson  in  1890.  It  differs  from 
the  regular  form  in  having  glossy,  glabrous  leaves  which  are  mostly  larger 
and  thinner.  The  variety  is  found  in  the  region  from  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico  to  Truxton,  Arizona,  and  northward  into  southern  Utah. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  I35 

15.  VITIS  CALIFORNICA  Benth.' 

I.  Bentham,  Bot.  Sidpli.  Voy.,  1844:10.  2.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1861:479,  4S3. 
Calijornia  grape.  3.  Engclmann,  Mo.  Eiit.  Rpt..  i872:(i2.  4.  lb.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11,  12, 
i.l,  15.  Call jornia  grape.  5.  Munson.  Avi.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:1,^7.  6.  Flancbon,  De  Candolle's 
l\Ion.  I^liat'...  5:32.3,  339.  18S7.  7.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rft.,  1887:59.  California  grape. 
8.  Hammond,  Gar.  and  For..  2:39.  1SS9.  Wild  grape.  9.  Munson.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui., 
3:10.  iSi)o.  10.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For..  3:474.  475.  1890.  11.  lb..  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1893:116. 
12.  Husmann,  1895:4.  189.  13.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL.  1:42(1.  1897.  14.  Munson.  Te.w  Sta. 
Bui..  56:230,  239.      1000.       North  California  grape.      15.  Viala    and    Ravaz,  Am.   I'ines,   1903:42,  50. 

Vine  vigorous,  climbing,  but  shrubby  if  left  without  support;  shoots  cylindrical  or 
slightly  angled;  diaphragms  of  medium  thickness  to  rather  thin;  tendrils  intermittent, 
bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves  with  stipules  medium  to  small;  leaf  broadly  cordate;  petiolar 
sinus  variable,  usually  wide  and  open,  usually  entire,  sometimes  slightly  tri-lobed;  teeth 
variable  in  size,  blunt;  smooth  above  and  varying  below  from  glabrous  to  much  whitish 
pubescence.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  usually  compact;  peduncle  mostly  long  and 
slender.  Berries  small,  black  with  rather  abundant  bloom.  Seeds  small  to  medium, 
plump,  slightly  notched,  if  at  all;  chalaza  oblong-oval;  raphe  slightly  distinct  or 
invisible. 

Californica  was  named  and  described  by  Bentham  in  1844.  It  was 
later  mentioned  l3\'  Newberry,  Torrey  and  others.  As  these  descriptions 
were  all  made  either  from  herbarium  specimens  or  by  botanists  traveling 
through  the  region,  they  are  not  so  definite  as  those  made  later. 

The  habitat  of  Californica  is  the  northern  half  of  California  along 
streams  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mottntains  and  north  into  Rogue  River 
Valle}'  in  southern  Oregon,  its  northern  limit. 

This  species  is  interesting  in  that  it  is  a  native  of  a  region  of  North 
America  not  originally  infested  with  phylloxera,  but  in  wliich  phylloxera 
has  since  been  introduced.  As  might  be  suspected,  it  has  little  more 
resistance  to  this  insect  than  Vinifera  and  less  than  any  other  American 


'  George  Bentham  was  born  near  Plymouth,  England,  in  1800.  His  father  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable wealth  and  the  son  was  privately  educated.  Early  in  life  he  showed  an  inclination  toward 
botanv,  writing  a  book  on  The  Plants  of  the  Pyrenees  and  Lovjer  Languedoe  which  was  published 
when  he  was  only  twenty-six  years  old.  For  a  time  he  studied  law  in  which  he  showed  consider- 
able talent  and  where  his  original  views  attracted  some  attention.  Later,  however,  he  gave  his 
attention  to  botany  almost  exclusively,  joined  the  London  Horticultural  Society  and  the  Linnaean 
Society,  and  was  more  or  less  closely  connected  with  the  workers  at  Kew.  In  connection  with 
J.  D.  Hooker  he  wrote  the  Genera  Plantariim.  Others  of  his  well-known  works  are  Flora 
Aiistraliensis  and  Handbook  of  the  British  Flora.     Bentham  died  in  1884. 


136  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

species.     The  roots  are  thick  and  fleshy,  resembUng  Vinifera.     The  fruit, 

while  pleasant,  is  too  small  to  be  of  cultural  value.     It  is  too  tender  for 

planting  in  the  open  ground  where  the  thermometer  drops  much  below 

freezing.     California  growers  state  that  it  does  not  flourish  in  dry  shallow 

soils.     It  is  ver\-  susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew,  to    which    it   usually 

succumbs  when  planted  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Californica  grows 

readily  from  cuttings.     It  is  sometimes  used  in  its  native  country  as  an 

ornamental  on  account  of  its  highly  colored  autumn  foliage  but  is  otherwise 

of  no  value. 

16.  VITIS  GIRDIANA  Munson. 

I.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  .4?.  Sci.  Rpl..  1887:50.  Caliiornia  grape.  2.  lb.,  U.  .'^.  D.  .4.  Pom. 
Bui.,  3:10.  iSqo.  3.  lb..  Gar.  ami  For..  3:474-  iS'io.  4.  lb.,  .4hi.  Gard..  12:660.  iSqi. 
Vallfv  srapc.  5.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:426.  1807.  Valky  grape.  6.  Munson,  Tcr.  Sta. 
Bui..  56:2,^0,  2^50,  iqoo.  South  Caliiornia  grape.  7.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vtncs,  1903:50. 
V.  Californica,  var.  Oirdiana. 

Vine  vigorous,  climbing;  shoots  scarcel}-  angled,  more  or  less  covered  with  grayish 
pubescence;  diaphragms  medium  to  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves 
with  medium  to  small  stipules;  blade  broadly  cordate,  rather  thin,  entire  or  obscurely 
three-lobed  (sometimes  distinctly  three-lobed  on  young  shoots) ;  pctiolar  sinus  usually 
narrow,  rather  deep;  margin  with  many  small  and  acute  teeth;  under  surface  covered 
with  thick  grayish  persistent  pubescence.  Cluster  medium  to  large,  compound,  rather 
loose;  peduncle  of  medium  length,  slender.  Berries  small,  black,  with  thin  bloom; 
skin  thin  but  tough;  medium  to  late  in  ripening.  Sweet  when  ripe  with  a  sharp 
pungency  in  the  skin.      Seeds  similar  to  those  of  Vitis  califoniira. 

Girdiana  was  separated  from  \'itis  californica  by  Munson  in  1887. 
It  is  closely  allied  to,  and  is  by  n^any  botanists  still  considered  a  variety  of 
Californica.  Wild  hybrids  with  \'itis  vinifera  are  frequently  found  in 
regions  where  it  is  indigenous. 

Girdiana  inhabits  southern  California  in  the  region  west  and  north  of 
Yuma  and  the  valleys  of  southern  California  southward  into  Mexico.  Its 
northern  limit  is  approximately  the  Mojave  desert.  Tlie  individuals  of  the 
species  are  very  numerous,  covering  shrubs  and  trees  in  the  regions  where 
it  grows. 

The  species  is  very  suspectible  to  mildew  and  Ijlack-rot,  and  like 
Californica  is  not  resistant  to  phylloxera.  Girdiana  is  more  sensitive  to 
cold  than  Vinifera.  Analyses  show  that  tlie  fruit  of  the  species  is  deficient 
in  sugar  and  acid.     Girdiana  is  but  little  known  but  certainly  is  of  no  value 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  137 

to  the  grape-growers  of  the  East  or  North  and  probably  of  none  to  those  of 

the  Southwest. 

17.  VITIS  DOANIANA  Munson. 

I.  All.  Horl.,  1889:101.  2.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:9.  iSqo.  3.  Tb.,  Gar.  and 
For.,  3:474.  1890.  4.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  Doan's  grape.  5.  lb..  Bush.  Cat., 
1894:20,  22,  24.  Doati's  i^rapc.  6.  Sears,  Gar.  and  For,  9:434.  1896.  7.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL, 
1:427.  1897.  8.  Beach,  .Y.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  557.  189S.  9.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  But., 
56:232,  234,  235,  240,  268.  1900.  /fg.  Texas  Panhandle  Lar^^e  Grape.  10.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am. 
Vines,  1903:154. 

Vine  vigorous,  climbing  or  shrubby  if  left  without  support ;  wood  on  mature  canes 
cylindrical  or  slightly  angled;  diaphragm  thin;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid,  rather  weak. 
Leaves  medium  in  size,  broadly  cordate,  notched  or  lobcd  and  with  a  triangular  apex; 
petiolar  sinus  medium  in  depth,  usually  narrow;  margins  with  rather  large,  notched- 
like  teeth;  upper  surface  of  a  peculiar  bluish-green,  frequently  somewhat  rugose  with 
more  or  less  tomentum;  lower  surface  usually  with  a  dense  whitish  pubescence  which 
shows  also  on  shoots.  Cluster  medium  to  small.  Berries  variable  in  size,  average 
medium,  black  with  a  thick  bloom.  Seeds  somewhat  resembling  Labrusca  but  with 
shorter  beak  and  more  distinct  chalaza;  has  characteristic  groove  extending  from 
chalaza  to  beak. 

Doaniana  is  quite  variable,  some  specimens  being  nearly  glabrous 
at  maturity  while  others  are  densely  covered  with  white  pubescence.  Mun- 
son has  separated  the  species  into  two  forms  which  he  calls  the  early  Doani- 
ana and  the  late  Doaniana.  The  species  was  described  and  named  by 
Munson  in  1890. 

It  is  foiuid  chiefly  in  northwest  Te.xas  lirit  it  ranges  from  Oklahoma 
to  Ijeyond  the  Pecos  River  in  New  Mexico.  It  is  considered  by  Bailey  and 
Viala  to  be  a  probable  hvljrid  with  Vitis  candicaus  as  one  of  the  parents. 
Doaniana  is  exceedingly  hard}',  withstanding  great  cold  as  well  as  great 
heat.  It  apparentl}'  prefers  rather  light  soils  as  it  is  indigenous  to  sand- 
banks along  rivers  and  the  beds  of  sandy  ravines. 

Munson  states  that  in  cultivation  it  does  well  in  any  but  very  limy 
soils.  The  fruit  is  of  comparatively  good  quality  but  the  skin  possesses 
some  of  the  pungencv  of  Candicans.  The  berries  are  quite  persistent, 
hanging  to  the  pedicel  some  time  after  ripe.  The  vines  are  not  pro- 
ductive. The  character  of  the  must  is  apparenth'  unknown.  The  roots 
are  hard,  penetrate  deeply  into  the  soil,  and  are  resistant  to  ph}-lloxera 
though  somewhat  variable  in  this  respect.       Doaniana  grows  readily  from 


138  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cuttings  and  grafts  well  in  the  vineyard.  The  species  blossoms  with  or 
just  before  Labrusca.  It  is  of  doubtful  value  to  the  southern  grape-grow- 
ers and  is  of  no  value  in  the  North. 

18.  VITIS  AESTIVALIS  Michx. 

I.  (?)  Marshall,  1785:16V  V.  vixifera  america.va;  American  grape  vine.  2.  (?)  Walter, 
1788:242.  v.  Labrusca.  3.  Michaux,  2:2.30.  1803.  4.  Bartram,  Dom.  Enc.,  5:289.  1804. 
V.  svLVESTRis;  V.  occident'Ms;  Common  Blue  grape;  Bunch  grape.  5.  Muhlenberg,  1813:27. 
V.  intermedia;  V.  aesiivalis;  Summer  grape.  6.  Pursh,  1:160.  1814.  V.  vidpina;  V.  labrusca; 
Summer  grape.  7.  Nuttall,  1:143.  '8x8.  8.  Elliott.  2:688.  1824.  9.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  N.  & 
M.  Sta.,  1826:121.  10.  Rafinesque,  1830:9.  V.  bracteata;  V.  labrusca;  V.  aestivalis;  Sour 
grape.  11.  Prince,  1830:199.  V.  intermedia;  V.  sylvestris;  V.  occidentalis ;  Summer  grape;  Little 
grape;  Bunch  grape;  Blue  grape.  J2.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  .V.  Y.,  1:146.  1843.  ^'-  intermedia;  Summer 
grape.  13.  Darlington,  1853  :5o.  Little  grape;  Summer  grape.  14.  Le  Conte,  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
6:272.  1853.  V.  ara.veosus.  15.  lb.,  76.,  6:271.  1853.  V.  bracteata:  V.  aestivalis;  Duck-sho. 
grape;  Swamp  grape.  16.  Buckley,  U .  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1861 :4Si,  482.  Frost  grape;  Chicken  grapet 
17.  Stayman.  Gar.  Mon.,  11:37,  38,  40.  1869.  Summer  grape.  18.  Grape  Cult.,  1:4,  7,  113.  1869. 
19.  Engelmann,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt..  1872:61.  Summer  grape.  20.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10,  11, 
12,  14,  16.  Summer  grape.  21.  Bush,  lb.,  1883:22.  22.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:134. 
Summer  grape.  23.  lb..  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:97,  98.  Summer  grape.  24.  Planchon, 
De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  334.  1887.  Summer  grape;  Chicken  grape;  Little  grape.  25. 
Munson,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890.  26.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:11.  i8go.  27.  lb..  Bush. 
Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  27,  28.  Summer  grape.  28.  Bailey,  Cray's  Syn.  Fl.,  1:427.  1897.  Summer 
grape;  Bunch  grape;  Pigeon  grape;  V.  sylvestris;  V.  occidentalis;  V.  Americana;  V.  Nortoni;  V. 
labrusca,  var.  aestivalis;  V.  bracteata;  V.  arancosus.  29.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:409.  1897.  Sum- 
mer grape;  Small  grape.  30.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:231,  234,  266.  1900.  31.  Viala  and 
Ravaz,  .4m.  Vines,  1903:42,  59. 

Vine  very  vigorous;  shoots  slightly  pubescent  or  smooth  -n-hen  young;  diaphragms 
medium  to  rather  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  usually  bifid.  Leaves  with  short,  broad 
stipules;  leaf-blade  medium  to  very  large,  rather  thin  when  young  but  becoming  rather 
thick;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  usually  narrow,  frequently  overlapping;  margin  rarely  entire, 
usually  three-  to  five-lobed;  teeth  dentate,  shallow,  medium  wide;  upper  surface  rather 
dark  green;  lower  surface  with  more  or  less  reddish  or  rusty  pubescence  which,  in  mature 
leaves,  usually  shows  in  patches  on  the  ribs  and  veins;  petioles  frequently  pubescent. 
Clusters  medium  to  large,  usually  long,  not  much  branched,  with  long  peduncle.  Berries 
small  to  medium,  with  moderate  amount  of  bloom,  usually  somewhat  astringent.  Seeds 
two  to  three,  of  medium  size  to  above,  plump,  usually  smooth,  not  notched;  chalaza 
oval,  distinct;  raphe  a  distinct  cord-like  ridge.  Leafing  and  ripening  fruit  late  to  very 
late.     (See  Plate.) 

Viiis  aestivalis  is  variable,  particularly  in  its  leaf  characters,  such  as 
quantity  of  pubescence,  size,  shape  and  thickness  of  leaf.  Those  who  are 
most  familiar  with  it  are  of  the  opinion  that  in  a  general  way  the  leaves 


SHOCT  CF  riTIS  AESTIVALIS 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  139 

increase  in  thickness  southward  and  that  the  pubescence  diminishes  in 
quantity  and  becomes  stiffer  on  dry,  poor  soils. 

Aestivahs  was  probably  described  by  some  of  the  botanists  before 
Michaux's  day  but,  if  so,  none  of  the  descriptions  is  sufficiently  definite 
and  comprehensive  to  be  recognized  with  certainty.  Michaux  was  the 
first  to  describe  it  under  the  name  of  Aestivalis.  It  seems  to  have  been 
generally  known,  as  Bartram  described  it  a  short  time  later  under  the  name 
of  Vitis  sylvestris  with  Vitis  occidentalis  as  a  synonym.  He  says:  "  This 
is  the  most  common  grape."  Owing  to  the  great  variation  in  the  different 
forms  of  the  species  as  it  was  then  understood,  many  of  the  later  botanists 
gave  descriptions  of  it  which  did  not  agree.  This  uncertainty  and  the 
difficulty  of  giving  a  description  which  would  fit  all  of  the  forms  has  been 
relieved  in  a  measure;  first,  by  the  new  species  which  have  been  created, 
such  as  Bicolor,  Monticola  and  Cinerea,  from  what  would  have  once 
been  regarded  as  Aestivalis;  and  second,  by  the  description  and  gen- 
eral acceptance  of  well-known  varietal  forms,  such  as  Lincecumii  and 
Bourquiniana. 

The  division  of  the  original  species  has  also  reduced  the  habitat 
materially,  confining  it  to  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  United  States 
from  southern  New  York  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
Aestivalis  grows  in  thickets  and  openings  in  the  woods  and  shows  no  such 
fondness  for  streams  as  Riparia  or  for  thick  timber  as  Labrusca,  but  is 
generally  confined  to  uplands.  Under  favorable  circumstances  the  vines 
grow  to  be  very  large. 

Aestivalis  is  preeminently  a  wine  grape.  The  fruit  usually  has  a  tart, 
acrid  taste,  due  to  the  presence  of  a  high  percentage  of  acid,  but  tliere  is 
also  a  large  amount  of  sugar,  the  scale  showing  that  juice  from  this  species 
has  a  much  higher  percentage  of  sugar  than  the  sweeter  tasting  Labruscas. 
The  wine  made  from  varieties  of  Aestivalis  is  very  rich  in  coloring  matter, 
and  is  used  by  some  European  vintners  to  mix  with  the  must  of  European 
sorts  in  order  to  give  the  combined  product  a  higher  color.  The  berries 
are  destitute  of  pulp,  have  a  comparatively  thin,  tough  skin,  and  a  peculiar 
spicy  flavor.  The  berries  hang  to  the  bunch  after  becoming  ripe  much 
better  than  do  those  of  Labrusca. 

The  species  thrives  in  a  lighter  and  shallower  soil  than  Labrusca  and 


I40  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

appears  to  endure  droutli  better,  although  not  equaUng  in  this  respect 
either  Riparia  or  Rupestris.  A  southern  or  southeastern  exposure  gives 
better  results  for  Aestivalis  or  Aestivalis  hybrid  vines  tlian  a  northern  one. 
The  French  growers  report  that  Aestivalis  is  very  liable  to  chlorosis  on  soils 
which  contain  much  lime.  The  leaves  are  never  injured  l)y  the  sun,  and 
they  resist  the  attacks  of  insects,  such  as  leaf-hoppers,  better  than  any  other 
American  species  under  ciiltivation.  Aestivalis  is  rarel}-  injured  by  rot 
or  mildew,  according  to  American  experience,  but  French  growers  speak 
of  its  being  susceptible  to  both. 

The  hard  roots  of  Aestivalis  enable  it  to  resist  phylloxera,  and  varieties 
with  any  great  amount  of  the  blood  of  this  species  are  seldom  seriously 
injured  by  this  insect.  An  oljjection  to  Aestivalis,  from  a  horticultural 
standpoint,  is  that  it  does  not  root  well  from  cuttings.  Many  authorities 
speak  of  it  as  not  rooting  at  all  from  cuttings,  but  this  is  an  overstatement 
of  the  facts,  as  many  of  the  wild  and  cultivated  varieties  are  occasionally 
propagated  in  this  manner,  and  some  southern  nurseries,  located  in  par- 
ticularly favorable  situations,  make  a  practice  of  propagating  it  by  this 
method.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  it  could  be  successfully  propagated 
from  cuttings  in  New  York.  Varieties  of  this  species  bear  grafting  well, 
especiallv  in  the  vineyard.  Aestivalis  blooms  just  after  Labrusca.  As 
might  be  inferred  from  its  habitat,  most  cultivated  varieties  of  this  species 
require  a  longer  season  to  mature  their  fruit  than  that  of  New  York. 
On  this  account  it  is  j^irobable  that  Bicolor,  once  known  as  a  northern  form 
of  Aestivalis,  is  more  promising  horticulturally  for  the  North  than  the 
true  Aestivalis  of  the  Southeast. 

VITIS  AESTIVALIS   LINCECUMII'    Munson. 

I.  (?)  Rafinesque,  1830:0.  V.  Multiloba;  Dissected  vine.  2.  (?)  Prince,  1830:18^.  V. 
DivERSiFOLiA.  3.  U.  S.  Pal.  Off.  Rpt.,  1847:19c;.  Post  oak  grape.  4.  Buckley,  lb.,  1861:485. 
V.  LiNSECOMii;  Post-oak  grape;  Pine-wood  grape.  5.  lb.,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  Xat.  Sri.,  1861:450. 
V.  LiNSEcoMii.     6.   Engelmann,  Mo.   Ent.  Rpt.,  1874:74.     7.   lb.,   Bush.    Cat.,    1883:16,   23.      Post- 


'This  name  has  been  spelled  "  Lincecumii "  and  "  Linsecomii."  Buckley  tells  us  (  U.  S.  Pat.  Off. 
Rpt.,  1861 :4S6)  that  this  grape  was  named  in  honor  of  "  Dr.  Gideon  Linsecom"  of  Long  Point.  Wash- 
ington County,  Texas.  Engelmann  changed  the  spelling  to  Lincecum  without  giving  any  reason  for 
the  change.  Munson  states  that  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Lincecum  says  that  her  father  always  spelled  his 
name  Lincecum.  It  is  inconceivable  that  Buckley  did  not  know  how  to  spell  his  friend's  name. 
There  is  other  corroborative  evidence  that  Buckley  was  either  a  poor  penman,  or  did  not  read  proof. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 41 

oak  grape.  8.  Munson,  .4m.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:133.  V.  Lincecumii;  Post-oak.  9.  Planchon, 
Dc  CandoUc-s  Mju.  Phan.  5:323,  33S.  1887.  V.  Lincecumii;  Post-oak  grape;  Vine  Wood 
grape;  V.  aestivalis,  var.  Lincecumii;  V.  incisijolia;  V.  multiloba?  10.  Munson,  U.  S.  V.  A. 
Pom.  Bill,  3:12.  iSyo.  V.  Lincecumii.  11.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474-  1890.  V.  Lincecumii. 
12.  lb..  Am.  Card..  12:585.  1S91.  V.  Lincecumii;  Post-oak  grape.  13.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.. 
1893:1 1&.  V.  Lincecumii;  Post  Oak  grape.  14.  McCluer,  III.  Sta.  Bill.,  28:257.  1893.  V.  Lin- 
cecumii; Postoak  grape.  15.  Munson,  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  27.  fig.  V.  Lincecumii;  Texas  Post- 
oak  grape.  16.  Husmann,  1895:110.  \ .  'Li^ce.cvyin;  Summer  grape;  Post  Oak  grape.  17.  Mun- 
son, /-JztraZ  A',  r.,  56:010.  1897.  V.hi^Q-ECV^wv.  Post-oak  grape.  iS.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:62.  1S99. 
V.  Lincecumii;  Te.vas  Post  Oak  grape.  19.  Munson,  Te.x.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:218,  231,  234,  235,  240, 
261,  264.  1900.  fig.  V.  Lincecumii;  Post-oak  grape.  20.  Bailey,  Cyc.  Am.  Hort..  4:10.^4-  1902. 
V.  diversifolia;  Post-oak;  Pine-wood;  Turkey  grape.  21.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Viw:s,  1903:42,  57. 
V.  Li.NCECUMn;   Pest  Oak. 

Vine  vigorous,  sometimes  climbing  high  upon  trees,  sometimes  forming  a  bushy 
clump  from  two  to  six  feet  high;  canes  cylindrical,  much  msty  wool  on  shoots;  tendrils 
intermittent.  Leaves  very  large,  almost  as  wide  as  long;  entire  or  three-,  five-,  or  rarely 
seven-Iobed;  lobes  frequently  divided;  sinuses,  including  petiolar  sinus,  deep;  smooth 
above,  and  with  more  or  less  rusty  pubescence  below.  (The  north-Texas,  southwestern 
Missouri  and  northern  Arkansas  form  shows  little  or  no  pubescence  but  has  fine  prickly 
spines  at  base  of  shoots  and  shows  much  blue  bloom  on  shoots,  canes  and  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves.)  Fruit  small  to  large,  usually  larger  than  typical  Aestivalis,  usually 
black  with  heavy  bloom.      Seeds  larger  than  Aestivalis,  pear-shaped;   chalaza  roundish. 

Lincecumii  seems  to  have  been  first  described  by  Rafinesque,  in  1830 
under  the  name  Vttis  multiloba.  His  description  fits  fairly  well,  and  as  the 
source  from  which  the  vines  were  secured  is  within  the  habitat  of  the 
species,  there  appears  but  little  doubt  as  to  its  correctness.  In  the  same 
year  Prince  gives  a  very  brief  description  of  a  grape  from  Texas  under  the 
name  Vitis  diversifolia  which  is  probably  this  grape.  The  first  description 
of  the  variety  (or  species)  in  such  detail  that  it  could  not  be  mistaken  was 
that  of  Btickley  in  1861,  as  Vitis  linsecomii. 

It  inhabits  the  eastern  half  of  Texas,  western  Louisiana,  Indian  Terri- 
tory, Arkansas  and  southern  Missouri  on  high  sandy  land,  frequently  climb- 
ing post-oak  trees,  hence  the  name,  Post-oak  grape,  by  which  it  is  locally 
known. 


or  both.  In  his  Latin  description  of  this  species  nearly  every  other  word  is  misspelled,  and  the  mis- 
takes are  those  of  a  printer  rather  than  of  one  whose  Latin  is  weak,  such  as  "totis"  for  "lobis,"  etc. 
Munson  says  that  on  the  different  herbarium  specimens  of  this  species  collected  by  Buckley,  the 
name  is  spelled  both  ways  but  he  is  not  able  to  tell  which  are  in  Buckley's  hand.  As  the  original 
error  seems  to  be  one  by  the  printer  or  amanuensis  it  does  not  seem  desirable  to  perpetuate  it.  We 
have  consequently  adopted  the  spelling  of  Engelmann  and  Munson. 


142  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Lincecumii  has  attracted  considerable  attention  through  the  work  of 
H.  Jaeger  and  T.  V.  Munson  in  domesticating  it,  both  of  whom  considered  it 
one  of  the  most,  if  not  the  most,  promising  form  from  which  to  secure 
cultivated  varieties  for  the  Southwest.  The  qualities  which  recommended 
it  to  them  are;  First,  its  vigor;  second,  its  capacity  to  withstand  rot  and 
mildew;  third,  its  hardiness  and  capacity  to  endure  hot  and  dry  summers 
without  injury:  and  fourth,  the  large  cluster  and  berry  which  were  found 
on  certain  of  the  wild  vines.  It  requires  a  longer  season  to  mature  than 
that  of  New  York  and  is,  consequenth',  of  but  little  interest  to  grape- 
growers  in  this  State.  The  fruit  is  characteristic  because  of  its  dense  bloom, 
firm,  }-et  tender  texture  and  the  peculiar  so-called  Post-oak  flavor.  The 
cultivated  varieties  have  given  satisfaction  in  many  sections  of  the  central 
western  and  southern  states.  Like  Aestivalis,  it  is  difficult  to  propagate 
from  cuttings. 

The  north-Texas  glaucous  form  of  this  variety  mentioned  in  the  tech- 
nical description  above  is  the  Vitis  aestivalis  glaiica  of  Bailey.  This  is  the 
type  of  Lincecumii  that  Munson  has  used  in  his  breeding  work. 

VITIS  AESTIVALIS  BOURQUINIANA  Bailey.' 
I.  Garber,  Gar.  Mon.,  1:75.  1859.  2.  Engelmann,  Bitsh.  Cat..  1883:16.  (VvRiETiEb  op 
SOUTHERN  origin).  3-  Bush.  lb.,  1883:23.  Southern-  Aestivalis.  4.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  V. 
BouRQUiNA.  5.  Munson,  Gar.  a»t/ For.,  3:474,  475.  iSgo.  \ .'Bo\:KQ\j\^\.\ti a;  Southern  Aestivalis. 
6.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bid.,  3:12.  1890.  V.  Bourquiniana.  7.  lb.,  Am.  Card.,  12:584.  1891. 
V.  Bourquiniana;  Southern  Aestivalis.  8.  Popenoe  and  Mason,  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  44:117.  1893. 
v.  Bourquinia.va.     9.   Munson,   Bush.   Cat.,   1894:20,   22,   27.     V.   Bourquiniana;  Southern  Aesti- 


■  Liberty  Hyde  Bailey  was  bom  in  1858  in  South  Haven,  Michigan.  He  graduated  from  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College  in  18S2  and  then  studied  botany  for  two  years  with  Asa  Gray  at  Har- 
vard University.  He  became  professor  of  horticulture  at  his  Alma  Mater  in  18S5  and  resigned  in 
1888  to  accept  the  Chair  of  Horticulture  in  Cornell  University,  a  position  which  he  filled  until  1904 
•when  he  became  Director  of  the  Cornell  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  and  Dean  of 
the  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture.  In  1907  he  was  given  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  by 
the  University  of  Wisconsin.  Dr.  Bailey  is  known  as  a  teacher  and  experimenter  but  is  better 
known  for  his  horticultural  and  botanical  writings.  He  has  published  many  popular  books  on 
agricultural  subjects.  The  best  known  of  these  are:  The  Nursery  Book;  The  Rule  Book;  Prin- 
ciples of  Vegetable  Gardening;  Garden  Making;  The  Pruning  Book;  The  Survival  of  the  Unlike;  The 
Evolution  of  Our  Xative  Fruits.  Besides  these  popular,  or  semi-popular  works  he  has  published  two 
cyclopedias:  The  Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture  ^nd.  The  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture. 
Dr.  Bailey's  position  in  American  horticultural  Hterature  is  unique  in  that  he  represents  the  botani- 
cal side  of  horticulture.  He  has  written  monographs  on  several  of  our  cultivated  fruits,  notably 
grapes  and  plums,  both  appearing  in  The  Evolution  of  Our  Xative  Fruits. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


143 


vah's.  10.  Husmann,  1895:6,  S.  V.  Bourquiniana.  ii.  JIunson,  Tex.  Farm  and  Ranch,  Feb.  8, 
1896:10.  V.  Bourquiniana;  Son;/zrn!  Aestivalis.  12.  Bailey,  Cray's  Sjk.  FL,  1:428.  1897.  13. 
lb.,  Ev.  Nat.  Fr..  1898:81,  S3,  114.  14.  Munson,  Ant.  Card.,  20:688.  1899.  V.  Bourquiniana. 
15.  lb.,  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:231,  240,  261.  1900.  V.  Bourquiniana;  Southern  Aestivalis.  16.  Viala 
and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vines,  1903:178.     V.  Bourquiniana. 

Bourquiniana  greatly  resembles  Aestivalis  and  differs  chiefly  from  tliis 
species  in  having  thinner  leaves  and  in  that  the  shoots  and  under  side  of 
the  leaves  are  only  slightly  reddish-brown  in  color  and  the  pul^escence 
usually  disappears  at  maturity;  this  pubescence  is  mostly  of  an  ashy  or  dun 
color.  The  leaves  on  some  of  the  vines  are  more  deeply  lobed  than  is  at 
all  common  in  Aestivalis.  The  fruit  is  considerably  larger  than  that  of 
Aestivalis,  sweeter  and  more  juicy. 

The  botanical  variety,  Bourquiniana,  is  known  onlv  in  cultivation. 
It  is  mentioned  by  Garber  in  1S59  and  by  Engelmann  in  1883.  Speaking  of 
Aestivalis  the  latter  says:  "Unfortunately  the  typical  forms  cannot  be 
propagated  by  cuttings  and  there  are  a  number  of  varieties  which,  originat- 
ing from  a  southern  home,  are  not  quite  hardy  here  but  on  the  other  hand 
have  the  advantage  of  being  readily  propagated  by  slips  in  some  favorable 
localities.  ^1=  *  *  Unfortunately  no  wild  plant  from  which  these  varieties 
might  have  sprung  is  yet  known  but  must  be  looked  for  in  the  mountains 
and  hills  of  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia  and  only  when  found  in  a  wild  state 
can  we  correctly  judge  of  their  botanical  status." 

The  name  Bourquiniana  was  given  by  Munson,  who  ranks  the  group 
as  a  species.  He  includes  therein  many  southern  varieties  the  most 
important  of  which  are:  Herbemont,  Bertrand,  Cunningham,  and  Lenoir, 
these  he  groups  in  the  Herbemont  section;  and  Devereaux,  Louisiana  and 
Warren,  he  puts  in  the  Devereaux  section.  Munson  has  traced  the  history 
of  this  interesting  group  and  states  that  it  was  brought  from  southern  France 
to  America  over  150  years  ago  by  the  Bourquin  family  of  Savannah,  Georgia. 
Many  botanists  have  been  of  the  opinion  that  Bourquiniana  is  a  hybrid. 
Engelmann  says:  "  I  will  only  state  here  that  a  slight  suspicion  exists  of 
their  being  hybrids  between  V.  aestivalis  and  some  form  of  via  if  era 
though  the  seeds  are  entirely  those  of  the  former  and  also  the  resistance  to 
phylloxera."  Millardet  considers  Bourquiniana  to  be  a  mixed  hybrid  of 
Aestivalis,  Cinerea  and  Vinifera.  The  hybrid  supposition  is  certainly  cor- 
roborated to  a  degree  at  least  by  the  characters  being  more  or  less  inter- 


144  ■''"'-    <^I<APKS    OF    NEW    YORK. 

mediate  between  the  parent  species  and  also  by  the  fact  that  np  to  date 
no  wild  form  of  Bourquiniana  has  been  found. 

Munson's  derivation  of  the  origin  has  not  been  accepted  by  either 
French  or  American  i)otanists.  In  this  connection  Bailey  says:  "  It  is 
unassuniablc  that  a  native  grape  distrilnited  tlirough  the  Mediterranean 
region  could  liave  escaped  for  centuries  the  critical  search  of  European 
botanists  and  the  knowledge  of  hundreds  of  generations  of  vignerons  to 
be  (Hscovcred  at  last  trans])lanted  in  the  new  world."  Bush  says:  "This 
rciniiids  us  forcil)lv  of  tlie  'Pedro  Xiincncs  '  (called  also  White  Green  Ries- 
ling), which  was  believed  to  have  been  brought  to  Spain  from  the  banks 
of  the  Moselle  bv  the  man  whose  name  it  bears.  Count  Odart,  a  celebrated 
ami)elograph,  wittily  said:  '  If  he  (Ximenes)  took  any  he  took  .\ll,  for  no 
siicli  vine  grows  now  north  of  the  Pyrenees.'  Thus  we  also  think:  If  Mr. 
Hour(|uiu  took  anv  of  the  al)ove  grapes  he  took  .\ll,  for  no  Herhcinont  or 
Lenoir  can  now  l)e  found  native  in  Europe." 

The  onlv  northern  variety  of  grape  of  any  importance  thcit  is  supposed 
to  have  Bourquiniana  blood  is  the  Delaware,'  and  in  this  case  only  a 
fraction  of  Bounjuiniana  blood  is  presumably  present. 

Bourquiniana  can  be  propagated  from  cuttings  more  easily  than  the 
t\pic;d  Aestivalis  but  not  so  readily  as  Labrusca,  Riparia  or  Vinifera. 
Man\-  of  the  varieties  of  Bourquiniana  show  a  marked  susceptibility  to 
mildew  and  black-rot;  in  fact,  tlie  whole  Herbemont  group  is  much  inferior  in 
this  respect  to  the  Norton  group  of  Aestivalis.  The  roots  are  somewhat  hard, 
bratK-h  rather  freely  and  are  quite  resistant  to  phylloxera. 

n).  VITIS  BICOLOR  Le  Contc.= 

I.   Lo   Conte,    Proc.    Phil.   AatJ.    Xiit.   Sci.,   6:272.    1853.      \'.   arstivalis    (Darlington).     2.   lb.. 

('.   .^".    Pat.   Off.    Rpt;  1857:230.      T:i.o-colorcd-k'aved  t'inc.     3.   Munson,  Soc.   Prom.  Ag.  Sci.    Rpt., 

1887:51).     v.  Arokntifoi.i.\;    Bltu-    grape.     4.  An.    Hort..    1889:101.     5.  Munson,    Gar.  and  For., 

3:.I74.    iSoo.     6.  Munson,    U.  S.  D.  .4.  Pom.   Btil.,  3:12.    iSijo.     7.   lb.,   .\m.    Card.,    12:585.    1891. 


'.■l(ir.  Card..  12:584.    iSoi. 

-Jolin  Eaton  Lo  Conte  was  born  near  Shrewsbury,  Xew  Jersey,  in  17S4  and  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  iSoo.  In  1817  he  entered  the  anny  as  a  topographical  engineer,  and  in  1S31  was  retired  with  the 
grade  of  major.  Le  Conte  early  became  interested  in  natural  history  and  his  military  expeditions 
gave  him  ample  opportunity  for  studying  the  flora  and  fauna  of  eastern  America.  He  published  a 
number  of  important  botanical  papers,  one  of  which  was  TIu-  Vines  of  North  Anu-^rica  published  in 
1S54-55.     His  contributions  to  the  genus  Vitis  will  be  found  under  that  head. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  I45 

Blue  grape;  Northern  Summer  grape.  8.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  Blue  grape; 
NortJiern  aestivalis.  9.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  Fl.,  1:428.  1897.  Blue  grape;  Morthern  Summer  grape. 
10.  Britton  and  Brown,  2:409.  1897.  Blue  grape;  Winter  grape;  V.  aestivalis,  var.  bicolor.  11. 
Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui..  56:2;,!,  234,  240,  266.  1900.  Blue  grape.  12.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  .4))!. 
Vines,  1903:42,  59. 

Vine  vigorous,  climbing;  shoots  cylindrical  or  slightly  angled,  with  rather  long 
internodes,  generally  perfectly  glabrous,  usually  showing  much  blue  bloom,  sometimes 
spiny  at  base;  diaphragms  medium  to  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  long,  usually  bifid. 
Leaves  with  short,  broad  stipules;  leaf-blade  medium  to  very  large;  roundish-cordate, 
usually  three-,  sometimes  on  older  growth  shallowly  five-lobed,  rarely  entire;  petiolar 
sinus  variable  in  depth,  usually  rather  narrow;  margin  irregularly  dentate;  teeth  acumi- 
nate; glabrous  above,  usually  glabrous  below  and  showing  much  blue  bloom  which 
sometimes  disappears  late  in  the  season;  young  leaves  sometimes  slightly  pubescent; 
petioles  very  long.  Cluster  of  medium  size,  compact,  usually  simple;  peduncle  long. 
Berries  small  to  medium,  black  with  much  blue  bloom,  rather  acid  but  pleasant  tasting 
when  ripe.  Seeds  small,  plump,  broadly  oval,  very  short  beak;  chalaza  oval,  raised, 
distinct;   raphe  distinct,  showing  as  a  cord-like  ridge. 

Bicolor  is  readily  distinguished  from  Aestivalis  by  the  absence  of  the 
reddish  pubescence,  and  by  the  bloom  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  and 
is  distinguished  from  the  glaucous  form  of  Lincecumii  by  the  smaller  fruit 
and  seeds.  The  species  blooms  slightly  later  than  Aestivalis  and  Lince- 
cumii. It  was  named  and  described  by  Le  Conte  in  1853  and  has  been 
generally  recognized  as  a  distinct  species  by  later  botanists. 

The  habitat  of  Bicolor  is  to  the  north  of  that  of  Aestivalis,  occupying 
the  northeastern,  whereas  Aestivalis  occupies  the  southeastern  quarter  of 
the  United  States.  Like  Aestivalis  it  is  not  confined  to  streams  and  river- 
banks  but  frequently  grows  on  higher  land  also.  It  is  found  in  north 
Missouri,  Illinois,  southwestern  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  southern  Michigan, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  southwestern  Ontario,  New 
Jersey'  and  Maryland,  and  is  by  some  botanists  reported  as  far  south  as 
western  North  Carolina  and  west  Tennessee. 

The  hortictilttiral  characters  of  Bicolor  are  much  the  same  as  those 
of  Aestivalis.  About  the  only  points  of  difference  are  that  it  is  much  hardier 
(some  of  the  Wisconsin  vines  stand  a  temperature  as  low  as  20  degrees 
below  zero) ;  it  is  said  to  be  slightly  less  resistant  to  mildew  and  more  resist- 
ant to  phylloxera.  Like  Aestivalis,  Bicolor  does  not  thrive  on  limy  soils 
10 


146  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  it  is  difficult  to  propagate  from  cuttings.  The  horticultural  possibilities 
of  Bicolor  are  probably  much  the  same  as  those  of  Aestivalis,  though  many 
believe  it  to  be  more  promising  for  the  North.  It  is  as  yet  cultivated  but 
little.    Its  chief  defect  for  domestication  is  the  small  size  of  the  fruit. 

20.  VITIS    CARIBi^A    De    Candolle.' 

I.  De  Candolle,  Prodr.,  1:634.  1824  (cited  by  Watson).  2.  Chapman,  Fl.  Sou.  States,  — lyi. 
(cited  by  Wat.son).  3.  Bucklev,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1861:483.  4.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:10, 
12,  14,  15.  5.  Munson,  .\m.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:136.  Caloosa.  6.  (?)  lb.,  Soc  Prom.  .4.i;.  Set. 
Rpt.,  1887:59.  Prof.  Curtis'  grape.  7.  Planchon,  De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  330.  1887. 
8.  Munson,  U.  S.  D.  .4.  Poi/t.  Bui.,  3:14.  iSqo.  g.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890.  10.  lb., 
Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:110,  ii.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:428.  1897.  12.  Viala  and  Ravaz, 
Am.   Vines,  1903:42,  52. 

Vine  slender,  climbing;  shoots  more  or  less  woolly,  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous;  dia- 
phragms medium  to  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  rarely  continuous,  bifid  or  frequently 
trifid.  Leaves  cordate,  usually  entire  when  mature,  frequently  acuminate  pointed; 
teeth  shallow,  wide,  mucronate,  slightly  rugose  above,  thick  whitish  or  rusty  pubescence 
below;  stipules  small.  Clusters  large,  long,  with  long,  slender  peduncle.  Berries  small 
to  very  small,  purple  or  black  with  thin  bloom,  intensely  acid  until  very  ripe.  Seeds 
usually  but  one  or  two  to  the  berry,  small  to  very  small  (Engelmann  states  that  the 
Florida  forms  give  larger  seeds  than  those  from  the  West  Indies) ,  notched ;  chalaza  more  or 
less  circular,  depressed,  usually  distinct;  rapheagrooveor  slightly  distinct.    Very  variable. 

Cariba^a  was  first  described  by  De  Candolle  and  later  by  many  other 
botanists  but  the  species  is  not  yet  well  known  owing  to  its  habitat.  Cari- 
baga  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  West  Indies,  middle  and  southern  Florida, 
Louisiana,  eastern  Mexico,  Yucatan,  and  various  portions  of  tropical 
America.     It  is  said  to  grow  largely  on  lowlands. 

The  species  is  of  no  practical  interest  as  it  does  not  thrive  and  soon 
dies  in  temperate  climates.     Its  horticultural  characters  are  unknown. 


'  Augustin  Pyramus  De  Candolle  was  born  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  1778,  and  died  at  Turin, 
Italv,  in  1S41.  He  came  of  an  ancient  French  family  which  had  been  driven  out  of  Provence  in  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  owing  to  their  religion.  He  began  his  scientific  studies  at  the  College 
of  Geneva,  but  later  removed  to  Paris  where  he  attended  courses  of  lectures  on  natural  science  under 
the  greatest  scientists  of  that  day.  His  best  known  works  are:  Historia  plantarmn  Succulentarum; 
Synopsis  plantartim  in  flora  Gallica  descriptarum;  and  Prodromus  Systemaiis  regni  vegetabilis  (1824-), 
this  last  being  only  about  two-thirds  completed  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Alphonse  Louis  Pierre  Pyrame  De  Candolle  was  bom  in  Paris,  France,  in  1806.  Like  his  father, 
whose  life  is  sketched  above,  he  became  a  noted  botanist.  His  most  important  works  have  been 
translated  into  English  and  are  as  follows:  Geographical  Botany,  1S55;  Origin  of  Cultivated  Plants, 
1883;  and  the  Memoirs  of  his  father,  1862.     He  died  in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  in  1S93. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  147 

2  1.  VITIS  CANDICANS   Engelm. 

I.  Engelmann,  Gray's  PL  Lindh.,  2:166.  1845.  2.  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1847:198.  Mustang 
GRAPE.  3.  Engelmann,  Gray's  PI.  Wright.,  1:32.  1852.  4.  Vanzandt,  Gar.  Man..  1:166.  1859. 
Mustang  grape.  5.  Affleck,  Mag.  Hort..  26:98.  i860.  Mustang  grape.  6.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat. 
Off.  Rpt.,  1861:482.  V.  Mustangensis;  Mustang  grape.  7.  Engelmann,  .4 in.  Nat.,  2:^21.  1868. 
Mustang  grape.  8.  Koch,  HI.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1868:82.  V.  Mustangensis;  Mustang  grape.  9. 
Engelmann,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1874:76.  V.  Mustangensis;  Mustang  grape.  10.  lb.,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883: 
10,  II,  12,  14,  15.  V.  Mustangensis;  Mustang  grape.  11.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885: 
137.  V.  Mustangensis.  12.  Ih..  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:1)1,  gS.  Mustang  grape.  13.  Planchon, 
De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan..  1887:323,  326.  V.  Mustangensis;  Mustang  grape.  14.  Munson,  Soc. 
Prom.  Ag.Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  Mustang  grape.  15.  lb.,  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui,  3:10.  1890.  16.  lb.. 
Bush.  ,Cat.,  1894:20,  22,  25.  Mustang  grape.  17.  lb..  Rural  N.  Y.,  56:610.  1897.  Mustang. 
18.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:428.  1897.  Mustang  grape.  19.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui..  56:232,  234. 
240,  267.    1900.      Mustang  graf>e.     20.  Viala  and  Ravaz.  Am.   Vines.  1903:42,  54. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  climl)ing;  shoots  and  petioles  densely  woolly,  whitish  or  rusty; 
diaphragm  thick;  tendrils  intermittent  (according  to  Munson,  rarely  four  continuous). 
Leaves  with  medium  to  large  stipules;  blade  small  to  medium,  broadly  cordate  to  reni- 
form  ovate,  frequently  resembling  those  of  a  poplar,  entire  or  in  young  shoots  and  on 
young  vines  and  sprouts  usually  deeply  from  three-  to  five-,  or  even  seven-lobed;  teeth 
shallow,  sinuate;  petiolar  sinus  shallow,  wide,  sometimes  lacking;  dull,  slightly  rugose 
above,  dense  whitish  pubescence  below.  Clusters  small.  Berries  medium  to  large, 
black,  purple,  green,  or  even  whitish,  thin  blue  bloom  or  bloomless.  Seeds  usually 
three  or  four,  large,  short,  plump,  blunt,  notched;  chalaza  oval,  depressed,  indistinct; 
raphe  a  broad  groove. 

Candicans  was  described  and  named  b}'  Engelmann  in  his  accotmt  of 
certain  plants  sent  from  Texas  by  Lindheimer.  In  1 86 1  it  was  described 
by  Buckley  who  seems  to  have  been  unaware  of  the  species  having  been 
previottsly  named. 

The  habitat  of  this  grape  extends  from  southern  Oklahoma,  as  a 
northern  limit,  southwesterly  into  Mexico.  The  western  boundary  is  the 
Pecos  River.  It  is  found  on  dry,  alkivial,  sandy  or  limestone  bottoms  or 
on  limestone  bluff  lands  and  is  said  to  l)e  especially  abundant  along  upland 
ravines.  Candicans  grows  well  on  limestone  lands  enduring  as  much  as 
60  per  ct.  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  the  soil.  The  species  blooms  shortly 
before  Labrusca  and  a  week  later  than  Riparia.  It  requires  the  long  hot 
summers  of  its  native  country  and  will  stand  extreme  drouth  but  is  not 
hardy  to  cold,  ten  or  fifteen  degrees  below  zero  killing  the  vine  outright 
unless  protected;  and  a  lesser  degree  of  cold   injuring  it  severely.     The 


148  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

berries,  which  are  large  for  wild  vines,  have  thin  skins  under  which  there  is  a 
pigment  which  gives  them,  when  first  ripe,  a  fiery,  pungent  taste  but  which 
partly  disappears  with  maturity.  The  berries  are  very  persistent,  clinging 
to  the  pedicel  long  after  ripe.  Candicans  is  difficult  to  propagate  from 
cuttings.  Its  roots  resist  phylloxera  fairly  well.  It  makes  a  good  stock 
for  Vinifera  vines  in  its  native  country  but  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  propa- 
gation is  seldom  used  for  that  purpose.  In  the  early  days  of  Texas  it  was 
much  used  for  the  making  of  wine  but  as  it  is  deficient  in  sugar,  and  as  the 
must  retains  the  acrid,  pungent  flavor,  it  does  not  seem  to  be  well  adapted 
for  this  purpose.  It  is  not  regarded  as  having  great  promise  for  southern 
horticulture  and  certainly  has  none  for  the  North. 

VITIS  CANDICANS  CORIACEA  Bailey. 

I.  Shuttleworth  Mss.,  Herb.  Boiss.  2.  Chapman,  Fl.  Son.  States,  — iji  (cited  by  Watson, 
Planchon  and  Bailey).  V.  caribea,  var.  coriacea.  3.  Engelmann,  B}tsli.  Cat.,  1883:15.  V. 
CANDICANS,  Florida  form.  4.  Mun.son,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpl.,  1885:136.  V.  Caribea;  Caloosa. 
5.  Planchon,  Dc  Candollt's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:323,  345.  1SS7.  V.  coriacea.  6.  Munson,  .Soc.  Prom. 
Ag.  Set.  Rpt.,  1887 :5r).  v.  coriacea;  Leather-Leaf  grape.  7.  lb.,  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474.  1890. 
V.  coriacea.  8.  lb.,  U.  5.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:10,  11.  1890.  V.  coriacea.  9.  lb..  Am.  Card., 
12:661.  1891.  V.  coriacea;  Leather-leaf  grape.  10.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  FL,  1:429.  1897.  Leather- 
leaf  grape;  Calloosa  grape.  11.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:232,  240.  1900.  V.  coriacea;  Leather- 
Leaf  grape.     12.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  .Am.  Vines,  1903:42,  52.     V.  coriacea. 

Coriacea  is  a  Florida  variety  of  Candicans,  differing  from  the  Texas 
form  in  having  a  sliorter,  somewhat  smaller  and  comparatively  thicker 
seed;  small  stipules;  quite  variable  leaves,  intermediate  in  shape  between 
Labrusca  and  Candicans;  and  an  absence  of  the  fiery  flavor.  The  blos- 
soming period  is  two  or  three  weeks  later  than  the  Texas  form. 

This  form  of  Candicans  was  named  and  described  by  Shuttleworth  in  a 
manuscript  now  in  the  Herbarium  Boissier  at  Geneva,  Switzerland.  Botan- 
ists seem  divided  as  whether  to  regard  it  as  a  separate  species  or  as  a  botanical 
variety.     Its  habitat  is  central  and  southern  Florida. 

Coriacea  is  more  tender  than  the  regular  forms  of  Vitis  candicans 
and  this  alone  would  make  it  worthless  to  the  northern  cultivator  even 
were  it  otherwise  valuable. 

22.  VITIS  SIMPSONI  Munson. 

I.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Set.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  Simpson's  grape.  2.  lb..  Gar.  and  For.,  3:474, 
475.   1890.     3.   lb.,    U.  S.   D.  A.   Pom.   Bill.,  3:12.     1890.     4.  lb..  Am.  Gard.,    12:586,    661.   1891. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  149 

5.  lb.,  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:116.  Pahnctto-lcavcd  grape.  6.  Bailey,  Gray's  Syn.  Fl., 
1:429.  iSgy.  7.  Munson,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:2^2,  234,  240,  267.  igoo.  fig.  Simpson's  grape.  8. 
Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.   Vim-s.  1903:167. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  climbing;  shoots  cylindrical  with  much  brownish  pubescence; 
diaphragms  very  thick;  tendrils  intermittent.  Leaves  with  stipules  short  and  broad; 
leaf-blade  rather  thin,  large,  broadly  cordate,  usually  considerably  lobed;  petiolar  sinus 
of  medium  width  and  depth ;  margin  coarsely  toothed ;  upper  surface  slightly  rugose  and 
of  a  dark-green ;  lower  surface  with  rusty  white  pubescence  sometimes  becoming  almost 
a  blue  green ;  the  shape  of  leaf  and  amount  of  pubescence  vary  widely.  Clusters  large, 
loose;  peduncle  long;  pedicel  thick.  Berries  small  to  medium,  more  tender  in  pulp 
and  less  astringent  than  Vitis  aestivalis,  black  with  moderate  amount  of  bloom.  Leaf- 
ing, blooming,  and  ripening  fruit  late. 

Vitis  sinipsoni  was  named  and  briefly  described  by  Munson  in  1887. 
In  1 89 1  he  stated  that  the  species  is  a  hybrid  of  Vitis  coriacea  (here  con- 
sidered a  variety  of  Vitis  candicans)  crossed  with  Vitis  cinerca.  Bailey 
states  that  it  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  Aestivalis  crossed  with  Coriacea. 
Some  forms  of  Simpsoni  are  said  to  be  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
Vitis  labriisca. 

Simpsoni  prefers  warm,  sandy  soils  and  is  found  in  central  and  southern 
Florida.  It  roots  from  cuttings  with  great  difficulty;  it  is  tender  and  will 
not  withstand  cold  winters.  While  it  is  very  resistant  to  phylloxera 
and  also  to  mildew  and  black-rot.  its  leaves  are  said  to  be  much  attacked 
by  leaf-rollers.  The  blossoming  period  is  just  after  Aestivalis.  The  berries 
are  of  good  flavor  and  might  be  of  some  value  for  the  country  along  the 
Gulf  Coast  but  it  is  of  no  valtte  for  the  North. 

23.  VITIS  LABRUSCA'  Linn.= 

I.  Linnaeus,  Sp.  PL,  1:203.  i75j-  ^'-  syh'cstris  Virginiana;  V.  vinifcra  sylvcstris  americana. 
2.  Marshall,  1785:165.  V.  vulpina;  Fox  grape  vine.  3.  Walter,  1788:242.  V.  taurina. 
4.  Michaux,  2:230.  1S03.  l'.  taurina.  5.  Bartram,  Dom.  Enc.,  5:289.  1804.  V.  vulpina;  Fox 
grape.  6.  Muhlenberg.  1813:27.  Fox  grape.  7.  Pursh,  1:169.  1814.  V.  taurina.  8.  Nuttall, 
1:143.    1818.     9.   Elliott,    2:689.   1824.      V.  taurina.     10.  Torrey,    Fl.    of  N.    &  M.  Sta.,  1826:120. 


'  The  name  Labrusca  is  an  old  one  originally  applied  to  a  grape  growing  wild  in  Italy.  Engel- 
mann  states  that  this  grape  is  still  known  to  the  Italians  by  the  name  Brusca.  It  was  probably 
applied  to  the  American  species  by  Linnaeus  under  the  mistaken  supposition  that  our  northern  Fox 
grape  was  the  same  as  the  wild  Italian  species. 

"Carl  von  Linne,  better  known  in  the  Latin  form  of  Carolus  Linnaeus,  was  born  in  1707  at 
Rashult  in  the  province  of  Smaland,  Sweden.  His  father,  a  minister,  endeavored  to  educate  his 
son  to  follow  the  same  profession.     In  this  he  failed,  as  Linnaeus  from  his  earliest  years  took  no 


IJO  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

II.  Rafinesque,  1830:10.  V.  latifolia;  V.  latirina;  V.  Labrusca;  Fox  grape.  12.  lb.,  1830:11. 
V.  luteola;  Variable  grape.  13.  Prince,  1830:180.  V.  Labrusca,  var.  nigra;  Black  Fox; 
Purple  Fox;  V.  taurina;  V.  vtdpina.  14.  lb.,  1830:181.  V.  Labrusca,  var.  alba;  White 
Fox.  15.  lb.,  1830:182.  V.  Labrusca,  var.  rosea;  Red  Fox.  16.  Torrey,  Fl.  of  N.  Y.,  1:146. 
1843.  Fox  grape.  17.  Darlington,  Fl.  Cest.,  1853:50.  Fox  grape  of  the  Northern  States,  not  of 
Va.  18.  Le  Conte,  Froc.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  1853:270.  V.  sylvestris;  Fox  grape;  V.  occidcntalis; 
V .  vulpina;  V.  latifolia;  V.  canina;  V.  luteola;  V.  rugosa;  V .  fcrruginea;  V .  labruscoides ;  V.  blanda; 
V.  prolifera;  V.  obovata.  19.  lb.,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1857:228.  Fox  grape;  V.  sylvestris;  V.  occi- 
dentalis;  V.  vulpina;  V.  latifolia;  1'.  canina;  V.  luteola;  V.  rugosa;  V.  ferruginea;  V.  labruscoides; 
V.  prolifica;  V.  obovata.  20.  Buckley,  lb.,  1861:481.  Frost  grape.  Fox  grape  of  the  Northern 
States.  21.  Stayman,  Gar.  Mon.,  11:37,  38.  39,  40.  1869.  Northern  Fox  Grape.  22.  Engelmann, 
Mo.  Fill.  Rpt.,  1872:61.  Fox  grape;  Northern  Fox  grape.  23.  lb..  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:9,  10,  11,  12, 
13,  14,  19.  Fox  grape;  Northern  Fox  grape.  24.  Munson,  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:136.  Fox 
grape.  25.  lb..  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885:97,  98,  loi.  26.  Planchon,  De  Candollc's  Mon.  Phan., 
5:322,  324.  1887.  Fox  grape;  Northern  Fox  grape;  V.  vinifera  sylvestris  americana;  V.  latifolia; 
V.  canina;  V.  luteola.  27.  Munson,  Soc.  Prom.  Ag.  Sci.  Rpt.,  1887:59.  Fox  grape.  28.  Pearson, 
Gar.  and  For..  2:584.  i88g.  29.  Munson.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Pom.  Bui.,  3:11.  1890.  30.  lb.,  Gar.  and 
For.,    3:474.    1S90.     31.  Britton    and    Brown,    2:408.     1897.      Northern    Fox    grape;    Plum  grape. 

32.  B.iiley,     Gray's    Syn.    FL,    1:429.     1897.      Fox   grape;    Skunk   grape;    V.    vulpina;    V.    blandi. 

33.  Mun.son,  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:232,  240.  1899.  Northern  Fox  grape.  34.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am. 
Vines,  1903:42,  45. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous,  stocky,  climbing;  shoots  cylindrical,  densely  pubescent; 
diaphragms  medium  to  rather  thick;  tendrils  continuous,  strong,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves 
with  long,  cordate  stipules,  leaf-blade  large,  thick,  broadly  cordate  or  roundish;  entire 
to  three-lobed,  frequently  notched;  sinuses  rounded;  petiolar  sinus  variable  in  depth 
and  width,  V-shaped ;  margin  with  rather  shallow,  acute  pointed,  scalloped  teeth ;  upper 
surface  more  or  less  rugose,  dark  green,  on  young  leaves  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous 
when  mature;  lower  surface  covered  with  dense  pubescence,  more  or  less  whitish  on 
young  leaves,  becoming  rusty  or  dun-colored  when  mature.  Clusters  small  to  medium, 
more  or  less  compound,  usually  shouldered,  compact;  pedicels  thick;  peduncle  short  to 
medium.  Berries  medium  to  large;  skin  thick,  covered  with  considerable  bloom,  strong 
musky  or  foxy  aroma.  Seeds  two  to  four,  large,  distinctly  notched,  beak  short;  chalaza 
oval  in  shape,  indistinct,  showing  merely  as  a  depression;  raphe,  a  groove.      (See  Plate.) 

V^itis  labrusca,  the  northern  Fox  grape,  is  mentioned  in  many  of  the 
early  writings  of  this  country,  particularly  in  those  describing  New  Eng- 


interest  in  the  classical  studies  then  taught.  His  father  was  finally  induced  to  educate  young  Lin- 
naeus as  a  physician.  Linnaeus  was  the  greatest  systematist  in  the  history  of  botany.  His  general 
system,  though  much  modified,  is  still  in  use.  Although  he  named  many  species  of  plants,  it  was 
not  as  a  traveler  and  explorer  but  as  a  recipient  of  the  results  of  travels  of  others  that  the  specimens 
were  secured  from  which  the  descriptions  were  made.  Linnaeus  died  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  in  177S. 
His  herbarium  after  his  death  was  sold  and  finally  became  the  property  of  the  Linnaean  Society  of 
London,  where  the  specimens  are  frequently  used  by  botanists  from  various  parts  of  the  world  for 
purposes  of  comparison. 


SHOOT  OF  ITflS  L.IBRUSCA 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  151 

land.  It  was  probably  described  by  other  botanists  before  Linnaeus  but 
if  so  their  descriptions  are  so  meager  that  it  cannot  be  definitely  recognized. 
Linnaeus  in  1753,  under  Viiis  labntsca,  says:  "Leaves  cordate,  slightly 
tri-lobed,  dentate,  downy  below."  Marshall  in  1785  under  the  name 
Vitis  vtilpina,  or  Fox  grape,  says:  "  This  in  manner  of  growth  hath  much 
the  appearance  of  the  other  kinds.  The  leaves  are  generally  larger,  and 
smooth,  but  whitish  underneath.  The  fruit  or  grapes  are  about  the  size 
of  a  common  cherry  and  have  a  strong  scent,  a  little  approaching  to  that 
of  a  Fox,  whence  the  name  of  Fox-grape.  There  are  also  varieties  of  this, 
some  with  whitish  or  reddish  fruit  which  is  generallv  most  esteemed,  and 
others  with  black,  of  which  are  our  largest  grapes."  From  the  time  of 
Marshall  on  all  of  the  botanists  give  more  or  less  complete  descriptions  of 
this  species  and  except  for  the  brief  misunderstanding  at  first  as  to  the 
name,  its  identity  has  never  been  questioned.  At  one  time  it  was  supposed 
to  grow  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  but  Engelmann  demonstrated  that  what 
were  taken  for  Labnisca  vines  in  Missouri  were  in  reality  strongly  pubes- 
cent forms  of  Aestivalis. 

Labrusca  is  indigenous  to  the  eastern  part  of  North  America,  including 
the  region  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  It 
is  sometimes  found  in  the  valleys  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  AUe- 
ghanies.  Many  botanists  say  it  is  never  found  in  the  Mississippi  Valley; 
Munson  reports  specimens,  however,  from  Indiana  and  Tennessee.  In  the 
first-named  area  it  ranges  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  It  has  the  most 
restricted  habitat  of  any  American  species  of  horticultural  importance, 
being  much  exceeded  in  extent  of  territory  by  Vitis  rotundi folia,  Viiis 
aestivalis,  and  Vitis  riparia. 

Labrusca  has  furnished  more  cultivated  varieties,  either  pure-breeds  or 
hybrids,  than  all  other  American  species  together.  The  reason  for  this 
is  partly,  no  doubt,  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  native  to  the  portion  of  the 
United  States  first  settled  and  is  the  most  common  grape  in  the  region 
where  agriculture  first  advanced  to  the  condition  where  fruits  were  desired. 
This  does  not  wholly  account  for  its  prominence,  however,  which  must  be 
sought  elsewhere.  In  its  wild  state  Labrusca  is  probably  the  most 
attractive  to  the  eye  of  any  of  our  American  grapes  on  account  of  the  size 
of  its  fruit,  and  this  undoubtedly  turned  the  attention  of  those  who  were 


152  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

early  interested  in  the  possibilities  of  American  grape-growing  to  this 
species  rather  than  to  any  other. 

The  southern  Labrusca  is  quite  different  from  the  northern  form  and 
probably  demands  different  conditions  for  its  successful  growth;  in  the 
North  at  least  two  types  of  the  species  may  be  distinguished.  Vines  are 
found  in  the  woods  of  New  England,  which  resemble  Concord  very 
closely  in  both  vine  and  fruit,  excepting  that  the  grapes  are  much  smaller 
in  size  and  more  seedy.  There  is  also  the  large-fruited,  foxy  Labrusca, 
usually  with  reddish  berries,  represented  by  such  cultivated  varieties  as 
Northern  Muscadine,  Dracut  Aniber,  Lutie  and  others.  Labrusca  is 
peculiar  amongst  American  grapes  in  showing  black-,  wliite-  and  red- 
fruited  forms  of  wild  vines  growing  in  the  woods.  Because  of  this  varia- 
bility it  is  impossible  to  give  the  exact  climatic  and  soil  conditions  best 
adapted  to  the  species.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose,  however,  that  the  ideal 
conditions  for  this  or  any  other  species  are  not  widely  different  from  those 
prevailing  where  the  species  is  indigenous.  In  the  case  of  Labrusca  this 
means  that  it  is  best  adapted  to  humid  climates  and  that  the  temperature 
desired  varies  according  to  whether  the  variety  comes  from  the  southern 
or  northern  form  of  the  species. 

The  root  system  of  Labrusca  does  not  penetrate  the  soil  deeply,'  but 
it  is  said  to  succeed  better  in  deep  and  clayey  soils  than  Aestivalis."  In 
the  Southern  and  Middle  States  it  does  better  on  eastern  and  northeastern 
slopes.  As  would  be  suspected  from  its  original  marshy  home,  it  endures 
an  excess  of  water  in  the  soil,  and  on  the  other  hand  requires  more  water 
for  successful  growing  than  Aestivalis  or  Riparia.  In  spite  of  its  ability 
to  withstand  clayey  soils,  it  seems  to  prefer  loose,  warm,  well-drained  sandy 
lands  to  all  others.  The  French  growers  report  that  all  varieties  of  this 
species  show  a  marked  antipathy  to  a  limestone  soil,  the  vines  soon  becom- 
ing affected  with  chlorosis  when  planted  in  soils  of  this  nature.  In  cor- 
roboration of  this  Stayman  reports  that  it  is  not  found  growing  native  in 
clayey,  limestone  soils.  The  Labruscas  succeed  very  well  in  the  North  and 
fairly  well  in  the  middle  West,  as  far  south  as  Arkansas,  where  they  are 
raised  on  account  of  their  fruit  qualities  but  here  the  vines  are  not  nearly 


'Husmann,  1895:189. 
^Grapc  Cult.,  1:4.    1869. 


SHOOT  OF  WYOMING 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  1 53 

SO  vigorous  and  healthy  as  are  those  of  other  species.  In  Alabama  they 
are  reported  to  be  generally  unsatisfactory,  and  in  Texas  the  vines  are 
short-lived,  unhealthy,  and  generally  unsatisfactory,  particularly  in  the 
dry  regions.  There  are  some  exceptions  to  this,  as,  for  instance,  in  the 
Piedmont  region  of  the  Carolinas,  where,  owing  to  elevation  or  other 
causes,  the  climate  of  a  southern  region  is  semi-northern  in  its  character. 

The  fruit  of  Labrusca  is  large  and  usually  handsomely  colored.  The  skin 
is  thick,  covering  a  layer  of  adhering  flesh,  which  gives  the  impression  of  its 
being  thicker  than  it  actually  is ;  it  is  variable  in  tenderness,  sometimes  tough, 
but  in  many  of  our  cultivated  varieties  it  is  so  tender  as  to  be  a  detriment 
in  that  it  is  inclined  to  crack  on  the  vines  in  case  of  rain  at  ripening  time, 
and  the  berries  to  crusli  in  transportation.  The  skin  of  this  species  usually 
has  a  peculiar  aroma,  generally  spoken  of  as  foxy,  and  a  slightly  acid,  astrin- 
gent taste.  Beneath  the  skin  there  is  a  layer  of  juic}'  pulp,  quite  sweet  and 
never  showing  much  acidity  in  ripe  fruit.  The  center  of  the  berry  is  occupied 
by  rather  dense  pulp,  more  or  less  stringy,  with  considerable  acid  close  to 
the  seeds.  Many  people  object  to  the  foxy  aroma  of  this  species,  but,  never- 
theless, the  most  popular  American  varieties  are  more  or  less  foxy.  Analyses 
have  shown  that  Labrusca  fruit  is  generally  characterized  by  a  low  percent- 
age of  sugar  and  acid,  the  very  sweet  tasting  fox  grapes  not  showing  as 
high  a  sugar  content  as  some  of  the  disagreeably  tart  Aestivalis  and  Riparia 
sorts.  This,  in  addition  to  the  foxiness  which  furnishes  an  excess  of  aroma 
in  the  wine,  has  prevented  Labrusca  varieties  from  becoming  favorites  with 
the  wine-makers.  Must  from  these  varieties  is  adapted  only  for  the  making 
of  dry  wines,  and  when  making  wines  of  any  other  class  it  is  neces- 
sary to  add  sugar  and  water,  the  quantities  being  governed  by  the  final 
product  desired. 

In  addition  to  the  strong  points  already  enumerated,  it  may  be  said 
that  Labrtisca  submits  well  to  vinevard  culture,  is  fairly  visiorous  and  gen- 
erally  quite  productive.  It  grows  readily  from  cuttings  and  in  point  of 
hardiness  is  intermediate  between  Riparia,  the  hardiest  of  our  American 
species,  and  Aestivalis.  The  roots  are  soft  and  fleshy  (for  an  American  grape) 
and  in  some  localities  cpite  subject  to  attacks  of  phylloxera.  None  of 
the  varieties  of  Labrusca  have  ever  been  popular  in  France  on  this  account. 
In  the  wild  vines  the  fruit  is  inclined  to  drop  from  the  vine  when  ripe.    This 


154  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

defect  is  known  as  "shattering"  or  "shelling"  among  grape-growers  and  it 

is   a  serious  weakness  in  certain   varieties  of  Labrusca.     It  is  said  to  be 

more  sensitive  in  its  wild  state  to  mildew  and  rot  than  any  other  American 

species'  but  the  evidence  on  this  point  does  not  seem  to  be  wholly  conclusive. 

In  the  South  and  in  some  parts  of  the  middle  West  the  leaves  of  all  varieties 

of  Labrusca  sunburn  and  shrivel  in  the  latter  part  of  the  summer.     The 

vines  do  not  endure  drouth  as  well  as  Aestivalis  or  Riparia  and  not  nearly  so 

well  as  Rupestris.    Pearson-  reports  that  the  Labruscas  can  be  sprayed  with 

copper  sulphate  mixtures  with  much  less  danger  to  the  leaves  than  can 

Aestivalis. 

24.  VITIS   VINIFERA  Linn. 

I.  Linnaeus,  S/J.  PL,  1:202.  1753.  2.  Speedily,  1791:1.  3.  Willdenow,  S/'.  PL,  1:1180.  1797. 
4.  Bartram,  Doni.  Enc,  5:289.  1S04.  5.  Rafinesque.  1830:7.  Wine  Grape.  6.  Darlington,  FL 
Ccst.,  1853:40.  Wine  grape;  Foreign  grape.  7.  Buckley,  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1861:480.  Euro- 
pean grape.  8.  Stayman,  Gar.  Mon..  11:38.  1869.  European  grape.  9.  Bush,  Grape  Cult.,  1:140. 
1869.  European  grape.  10.  Engelmann,  Mo.  Ent.  Rpt.,  1874:74.  11.  Moore,  Mich.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1875:36.  12.  Engelmann,  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:11,  12,  13,  14,  ig.  13.  Munson,  Am.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:137.  14.  De  Candolle,  Or.  Cult.  PL,  1885:191.  15.  Onderdonk,  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Rpt.,  1887:652.  16.  Planchon,  De  Candolle's  Mon.  Phan.,  5:324,  353.  1887.  17.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1889:107,  109.  18.  Husmann,  1895:29,  187.  19.  Munson,  Rural  .V.  Y.,  56:610.  1897.  20. 
lb.,  Te.x.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:231,  233,  240.  1900.  Asiatic  Wine  grape.  21.  Bailey,  Cyc.  Am.  Hort., 
4:1956.  igo2.  fig.  of  leaves.  Wine  grape;  European  grape.  22.  Viala  and  Ravaz,  Am.  Vines, 
1903:42,  115. 

Quite  variable  in  vigor,  not  so  high  cHmbing  as  most  American  species.  Tendrils 
intermittent.  Leaves  rounded-cordate,  rather  thin,  rather  smooth,  and  when  young, 
shining,  frequently  more  or  less  deeply  three-,  five-,  or  even  seven-lobed ;  usually  glab- 
rous but  in  some  varieties  the  leaves  and  young  shoots  are  hairy  and  even  downy  when 
young;  lobes  rounded  or  pointed;  teeth  variable;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  usually 
overlapping.  Fruit,  of  cultivated  varieties  at  least,  very  variable  in  size  and  color. 
Berries  of  cultivated  varieties  usually  oval  though  many  varieties  are  globular  fruited. 
Seeds  variable  in  size  and  shape,  usually  notched  at  upper  end  and  characterized  always 
by  bottle-necked,  elongated  beak;  a  rather  broad,  usually  rough,  slightly  distinct  cha- 
laza  situated  rather  high  up  on  the  seed;  raphe  indistinct.  Flowers  soon  after  Labrusca. 
The  roots  are  large,  soft  and  spongy.     A  very  variable  species. 

Botanists  have  never  agreed  as  to  whether  Vitis  vinifera  is  a  single 
species  or  a  coinbination  of  two  or  more  species  which  has  been  cultivated 
for  so  long  that  it  is  impossible  to  discover  the  original  forms.     The  name, 


U/.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1862:1c 
^Gar.  and  For.,  2:584.   188 


'if 


J 


SHOOT  OF  VITIS  VINIFERA 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  I55 

Vitis  vinifera,  is  usually  credited  to  Linnaeus  though  it  was  used  for  this 
grape  before  Linnaeus'  time  by  Bauhin  and  possibly  by  others.  The  descrip- 
tion of  Linnaeus  accompanying  the  name  is  very  short,  as  follows:  Leaves 
sinuately  lobed,  glabrous.  Many  of  the  earlier  botanists,  Tournefort  for 
one,  described  numerous  varieties  as  though  they  were  species.  As  a  natural 
corollary  of  the  uncertainty  of  the  botanical  status  of  Vitis  vinifera  the 
original  habitat  of  the  species  is  not  positively  known.  De  CandoUe,  as 
noted  in  the  first  part  of  this  work,  considered  the  region  about  the  Caspian 
Sea  as  the  probable  habitat  of  the  Old  World  grape.  There  is  but  little 
doubt  that  the  original  home  of  Vitis  vi)iijcra  is  some  place  in  western  Asia. 
There  is  strong  corroborative  evidence  of  this  in  the  fact  that  the  climatic 
conditions  under  which  the  species  flourishes  are  such  as  are  there  found. 

The  first  chapter  in  The  Grapes  of  New  York  has  been  devoted  to 
this,  the  Old  World  grape,  and  for  a  discussion  of  the  horticultural  charac- 
ters of  the  species  and  of  the  efforts  to  cultivate  it  in  America,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  that  chapter. 

Neither  American  nor  European  writers  agree  as  to  the  exact  climate 
desired  by  Vinifera  for  the  reason,  probabl}*,  that  all  of  the  varieties  in  this 
variable  species  do  not  desire  the  same  conditions.  There  are  certain  phases 
of  climate,  however,  that  are  well  agreed  upon,  as  follows:  The  species 
requires  a  warm,  dry  climate,  and  is  more  sensitive  to  change  of  temperature 
than  our  American  species.  Stayman,  who  had  had  considerable  experience 
in  raising  Vinifera  grapes  in  different  places,  says:  Vinifera  "  will  not 
endure  much  rain  or  grow  on  wet  land.  It  is  only  in  a  dry  climate  and  on 
high  rolling  situations  that  it  will  succeed,  where  there  is  not  more  than 
31  inches  of  an  annual  rainfall  and  for  the  growing  and  maturing  season 
15  inches."  So  far  as  soil  alone  is  concerned,  the  French  growers  tell  us 
that  it  can  be  grown  successfully  in  a  wide  variety  of  soils,  being  much  less 
particular  in  this  respect  than  our  American  species.  They  state  that  it  will 
withstand  and  grow  successfully  in  soils  so  strongly  impregnated  with  lime 
that  any  of  the  American  sorts  would  succumb  to  chlorosis. 

There  are  certain  characters  connected  with  the  fruit  of  this  species 
which  are  peculiar  to  it  and  are  not  found  in  any  of  our  American  sorts. 
First,  the  skin,  which  is  attached  very  closely  to  the  flesh  and  which  is 
never  astringent  or  acid,  is  of  good  flavor  and  can  be  eaten  with  the  fruit. 


156  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Second,  the  flesh  is  firm,  yet  tender,  and  uniform  throughout,  differing  in 
this  respect  from  any  of  our  American  sorts,  which  frequently  show  a  sweet, 
watery  and  tender  pulp  close  to  the  skin  with  a  tough  and  more  or  less  acid 
core  at  the  center.  Third,  the  flavor  is  peculiarly  sprightly,  a  quality  known 
as  vinoiis,  because  it  characterizes  this  species.  It  ma}'  be  said  in  this 
connection,  however,  that  many  Americans,  accustomed  to  American 
grapes,  prefer  the  flavor  of  our  native  sorts  to  the  vinous  flavor  of  the  Old 
World  grape.  Europeans  invariably,  and  Americans  who  live  in  Vinifera 
raising  sections,  usually,  deem  the  Vinifera  flavor  greatly  superior.  Fourth, 
a  strong  adherence  of  the  berrv  to  the  pedicel,  the  fruit  never  "  shattering  " 
or  "  shelling  "  from  the  cluster. 

Varieties  of  Vinifera  have  been  selected  for  the  making  of  wine  through 
so  many  centuries  that  this  species  has  become  the  first  and  great  wine- 
making  grape.  Whatever  the  future  ma}'  hold  in  store  for  American  grapes, 
there  is  no  question  but  that  at  present  the  Viniferas  are  far  superior  to 
anv  native  Americans  for  wine-making  purposes,  both  as  to  quality  in 
general  and  the  nvimber  of  kinds  of  wine  which  can  be  made. 

The  weak  points  of  Vinifera  are:  First,  an  inability  to  withstand  the 
cold  of  our  winters.  The  different  varieties  of  Vinifera  undoubtedly 
vary  considerably  as  to  the  exact  amount  of  cold  they  will  stand  without 
injury.  All  of  them  tried  at  this  Station  freeze  to  the  ground  even  in  the 
mildest  winters.  Second,  foliage  particularly  susceptible  to  the  attack  of 
mildew  and  fruit  susceptible  to  the  attack  of  black-rot.  Third,  they 
generally  require  a  ripening  season  much  longer  than  our  climate  aftords. 
Fourth,  the  roots  are  soft  and  spongy  and  very  liable  to  the  attack  of  phyl- 
loxera, though  they  apparently  penetrate  more  readily  in  dense  clays  and 
hard  dry  soils  than  any  of  our  American  species. 

In  the  various  hvbrids  that  have  been  made  between  American  and 
Vinifera  varieties  it  is  usually  found  that  the  desirable  qualities  of 
Vinifera  are  taken  in  about  the  same  proportion  as  the  undesirable  ones. 
The  fruit  is  improved  in  the  hybrid  but  the  vine  is  weakened.  Quality 
is  purchased  at  the  expense  of  hardiness  and  disease-resisting  power. 
Vinifera  may  be  grown  very  readily  from  cuttings.  This  is  of  little  cul- 
tural importance,  however,  as  both  in  Europe  and  America  varieties  of  the 
species  are  usually  grafted  on  phylloxera-resistant  stock. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 57 

CHAPTER  V 

THE  LEADING  VARIETIES  OF  AMERICAN  GRAPES 

ADIRONDAC. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifcra?) 

I.  Mag.  Hnrt.,  27:400.  1S61.  2.  Horticulturist.  17:04,  132,  518.  1862.  fig.  3.  il/ag.  Hort., 
28:447,  S4°-  1S62.  4.  .4;)i.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1862:160.  5.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1863:127.  6.  ^lag. 
Hort.,  30:25,  62,  140,  150,  208.  1864.  7.  Mead,  1867:164.  8.  Fuller,  1867:216.  9.  Thomas,  1867: 
300-  10.  .4;;;.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  11.  Grape  Cult.,  1:113.  i86g.  12.  Gar.  Moii.,  16:249. 
1874.  13.  Biisli.  Cat.,  1883:67.  14.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:56.  15.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1885:82.      16.   X.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:403.    1891. 

Adirondac  is  an  old  variety  now  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.  It  is 
probably  a  seedling  of  Isabella  which  it  greatly  resembles  in  vine  and 
fruit  characters.  It  is  of  the  Labrusca  type,  belonging  to  the  southern 
group  of  this  species,  and  like  most  of  the  southern  Labruscas  lacks  in  hardi- 
ness and  vigor  though  it  surpasses  its  j^arent  in  the  first  quality.  The  vine 
makes  a  slow,  weak  growth  and  is  particularly  susceptible  to  fungi.  The 
quality  of  the  fruit  is  very  good,  juicy  and  vinous,  with  the  slight  foxy 
flavor  peculiar  to  Isabella.  Its  earliness,  a  week  or  ten  da^•s  earlier 
than  Concord,  is  one  of  its  chief  points  of  merit.  The  Adirondac  did  not 
attain  favor  because  of  the  many  faults  of  the  vine  and  in  the  time  of  its 
cultivation  was  seldom  found  except  in  the  vineyard  of  the  amateur.  The 
claim  is  often  made  for  this  variety  that  it  is  nearer  the  Black  Hamburg 
in  quality  than  any  other  American  grape. 

Adirondac  was  first  exhibited  by  J.  W.  Bailey  of  Plattsburg,  New 
York,  at  the  Montreal  Horticultural  Society  Exhibition  in  Montreal  in  1861. 
The  original  vine  was  found  in  1852  by  J.  G.  Witherbee  in  his  garden 
a  short  distance  from  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  in  the  town  of  Port 
Henry,  Essex  County,  New  York.  The  variety  was  introduced  by  Bailey. 
On  account  of  its  resemblance  in  vine  to  Isabella  it  is  supposed  bv  many  to 
be  a  seedling  of  that  variety.  Adirondac  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1867  and  was  dropped  from  it  in 
1883. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  injured  in  severe  winters,  subject  to 
attacks  of  mildew  in  unfavorable  seasons.       Foliage  dark  green,  thick.       Flowers  semi- 


158  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  variable  in  season  of 
ripening,  usually  in  edible  condition  about  ten  days  before  Delaware,  does  not  always 
keep  well.  Clusters  above  medium  to  small,  usually  rather  compact,  seldom  shouldered. 
Berries  not  uniform  in  size  averaging  below  Concord,  roundish  to  slightly  oval  on  account 
of  compactness  of  cluster,  dark  purplish-black,  persistent.  Skin  intermediate  in  thick- 
ness. Flesh  unusually  tender  and  melting,  sweet,  mild,  good  to  very  good  but  with  an 
after  flavor  which  is  not  altogether  agreeable.      Seeds  rather  large,  few  in  number.    Must 

82^-83°. 

ADVANCE. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:94.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  i875:,386.  3.  .V.  /.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1881:11.     4.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:67,  152.     5.  Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  30:108.    1S93. 

Advance  is  an  unimportant  variety  now  to  be  found  only  in  the  vine- 
yards of  experimenters.  At  the  time  of  its  introduction  (1872)  it  was  of 
much  interest  as  a  hybrid  between  Riparia,  Labrusca  and  Vinifera,  Clinton 
being  one  parent  and  Duke  of  Magenta,  a  grape  resembling  Black  Ham- 
burg, the  other.  In  quality  of  fruit  it  is  an  improvement  over  Clinton  but 
unfortunately,  as  with  so  many  primary  hybrids  of  our  native  species  with 
Vitis  vinifera ,  the  vine  is  tender  and  susceptible  to  fungi. 

This  variety  was  produced  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York, 
and  was  first  exhibited  at  the  grape  show  in  New  York  City  in  1870. 

Vine  vigorous,  productive,  not  ven,'  hardy,  subject  to  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes 
long,  covered  with  considerable  blue  bloom.  Leaves  rather  large,  thin,  dark  green. 
Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  above  medium  size,  usually 
single-shouldered,  the  shoulder  being  connected  to  the  cluster  by  a  rather  long  stem, 
medium  in  compactness  and  with  many  abortive  fruits.  Berries  medium  to  large,  oval, 
dark  purplish-black,  covered  with  heaw  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Flesh  somewhat  ten- 
der, flavor  sweet  and  spicy  with  considerable  resemblance  to  that  of  Clinton,  quality 
good. 

AGAWAM. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  23:86.  1857.  (Rogers'  hybrids.)  2.  lb.,  27:104,  489,  533.  1861.  3.  Horii- 
culturist,  17:26,  510.  1862.  fig.  4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1863:130,  549-  fig-  5-  Horticulturist.  20 -.S,!. 
1865.  6.  .1/ag.  Hor/.,  31:68,  106,  333.  1865.  7.  Husmann.  1866:124.  8.  Fuller,  1867:230.  9.  .4m. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  10.  Horticulturist,  24:126.  1869.  11.  Grape  Cult..  1:43,  i53'  '^i,  262,  325. 
1869.  12.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:263.  1869.  fig.  13.  Barry,  1872:421.  14.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1875:387. /Jg.      15.  Bh5/j.  Ca/.,  1883:69. /!g.      16.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:4go.    1890.      17.  Can.  Hort.,  17 iigi. 


^'■'" 


AGAWAM 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 59 

1894.  col.  pi.      18.    N.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..   15:433-   1896-      IQ-  Ib-<   17:526,  54S,   552,  553.   1898.     20. 
W.  N.   Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:91.     21.  il/o.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:37,  43,  44,  46,  47,  55.   1899. 

Randall  (20).'      Rogers'  No.  15  (2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9),      Rogers'  No.  15  (10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15). 

Agawam  is  the  most  largely  grown  of  Rogers'  hybrids  both  in  the 
United  States  and  in  New  York,  the  qualities  commending  it  being  large 
size  of  bunch  and  berry,  rich,  sweet,  aromatic  flavor,  attractive  appear- 
ance, excellent  keeping  qualities,  vigor  of  vine,  and  capacity  for  self-fertili- 
zation. It  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  self -fertile  varietv  among 
Rogers'  named  hybrids.  For  a  grape  having  its  proportion  of  European 
parentage  the  vine  is  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive,  though  not  equal  to 
many  pure-bred  American  sorts  in  these  respects.  In  severe  winters  it  is 
precariously  hardy  in  New  York.  Its  chief  defects  in  fruit  are  a  somewhat 
thick  and  tough  skin,  coarse  solid  texture  of  pulp,  and,  for  the  European 
palate,  its  decidedly  foxy  flavor.  The  vine  is  susceptible  to  the  mildews 
and  in  many  localities  does  not  yield  well.  In  some  markets  Agawam  is 
highly  esteemed  and  in  making  certain  wines  it  is  much  sought  for  in  blend- 
ing because  of  the  flavor  it  imparts.  Although  it  ripens  soon  after  Concord 
it  can  be  kept  much  longer  and  really  improves  in  flavor  the  first  few  weeks 
after  picking.  It  may  be  kept  in  good  condition  in  common  storage  until 
January.  Not  uncommonly  it  shrivels  on  the  stem  making  a  raisin.  It 
seems  to  prefer  somewhat  heavy  soils,  doing  better  on  clay  than  on  sand 
or  gravel.  The  Agawam  is  often  sold  in  the  markets  as  Salem  which  it 
resembles  and  by  which  it  is  surpassed  in  quality. 

For  an  account  of  the  parentage  and  origin  of  Agawam  see  '  Rogers' 
Hybrids  "  of  which  this  is  No.  15.  It  was  first  mentioned  as  a  variety  about 
1 86 1.  In  1869  Rogers  gave  the  fruit  the  name  Agawam  from  the  Indian 
name  of  a  town  in  Hampden  County,  Massachusetts.  It  has  l^ecome  one 
of  the  most,  if  not  the  most,  popular  of  Rogers'  hybrids  and  is  in  some  sec- 
tions raised  to  a  considerable  extent  as  a  market  sort.  It  is  propagated  and 
sold  to-day  by  practically  all  nurserymen.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape 
list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1867  and  is  still 
retained  there. 

Vine  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  subject  to  mildew.       Canes 
of  average  length,  medium  in  number,  rather  thick,  moderately  dark  brown;    nodes 


Numbers  in  parentheses  designate  authors  or  publications  cited  in  the  list  of  references. 


l6o  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

enlarged,  somewhat  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  nearly  thick; 
pith  of  average  size;  shoots  tinged  with  green,  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent  to  con- 
tinuous, bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  open  in  mid-season,  of  average  size,  long,  somewhat  thick,  conical  to 
nearly  obtuse.  Young  leaves  tinged  with  carmine  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side,  prevailing  color  pale  green.  Leaves  of  average  size,  thick;  upper  surface 
light  green,  dull,  moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent, 
flocculent;  leaf  not  lobed,  terminus  somewhat  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow, 
often  overlapping;  lateral  sinus  very  shallow  when  present;  teeth  shallow,  wide.  Flow- 
ers occasionally  on  plan  of  six,  nearly  self -fertile,  open  medium  late;    stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Concord,  keeps  until  mid-winter.  Clusters  variable  averag- 
ing medium  to  large,  short,  rather  broad,  tapering  to  somewhat  cylindrical,  sometimes 
single-shouldered,  somewhat  loose;  peduncle  medium  to  short,  nearly  thick;  pedicel 
of  average  length,  usually  thick,  covered  with  few  warts,  much  enlarged  at  point  of 
attachment;  brush  very  short,  pale  green.  Berries  nearly  large,  roundish  to  slightly 
oval,  dark  and  dull  purplish-red  somewhat  resembling  Catawba,  covered  with  lilac 
bloom,  very  persistent.  Skin  thick,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no 
pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  tough,  slightly  stringy, 
rather  solid,  foxy,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  somewhat  adherent,  two  to  five  averaging 
four,  large,  rather  narrow,  long,  often  with  slightly  enlarged  neck,  blunt,  brownish; 
raphe  usually  distinct,  shows  as  a  ridge  in  the  bottom  of  a  broad  groove;  chalaza  rather 
large,  distinctly  above  center,  not  obscure. 

ALEXANDER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

1.  Dom.  Enc,  1804:291.  2.  McMahon,  1806:235.  3.  Johnson,  1806:164.  4.  Adlum,  1823:139. 
5.  Ib^.  1823:140.  6.  Dufour,  1826:5,  9.  24,  55,  116,  207,  247,  255.  7.  Adlum,  1828:173.  8.  lb., 
1828:174.  9.  Prince,  1830:173,  216,  2ig.  10.  lb.,  1830:174.  11.  lb.,  1830:200.  12.  Downing. 
1845:253.  13.  U.  S.  Pat.  Of}.  Rpt.,  1847:462.  14.  lb..  1847:468.  15.  lb..  1856:434-  16.  Bush. 
Cat.,  1883:68. 

Ali-xancU-r's  (7,  15).  Alexandria  (15).  Black  Grape  (16).  Buck  Grape  (11).  Cape  (6,  15). 
Cape  grape  {12,  i^,  16).  Cape  of  Good  Hope  grape  (g,  10).  Clifton's  Constantly  (4.  8,  10).  Clif- 
ton's Constantia  {12,  ib).  Columbian  (,11).  Cotistantia  ((>,  16).  Madeira  of  York,  Pa.  {12).  Roth- 
rock  of  Prince  (16).  Schuylkill  Muscadel  (5,  7,  13).  Schuylkill  Muscadel  (9,  12,  14,  15,  16). 
Schuylkill  Muscadine  (12).  Spring  Mill  Constantia  (g,  12,  16).  Taskcr's  grape  (i,  2,  3,  7,  9,  12,  16). 
Vevay  (13,   15,   16).      Winne  (ii).      Winne  (12,   16).       York  Lisbon  (16). 

Alexander  is  now  a  grape  of  the  past  but  no  other  of  our  American 
varieties  better  deserves  historical  record.  We  have  seen  in  the  preceding 
chapters  how  important  a  part  it  had  in  the  evolution  of  our  native  grapes, 
being  one  of  the  first  wild  grapes  to  be  domesticated.      The  Alexander  was 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  l6l 

a  coarse  grape  with  so  much  foxiness  of  flavor  that  it  did  not  please  the 
early  growers,  who  had  been  accustomed  to  European  sorts,  as  a  table- 
grape,  but  it  made  a  very  good  wine  of  the  claret  type  and  was  grown  for 
this  purpose  until  displaced  by  the  Catawba.  It  was  wine  made  from  this 
variety  that  Thomas  Jefferson'  pronounced  "worthy  of  the  best  vineyards 
of  France."  The  early  writers  differ  so  in  their  estimates  of  the  good  and 
bad  qualities  of  this  grape  that  it  is  hard  to  give  its  true  characters  at  this 
late  date. 

The  early  history  of  Alexander  is  really  the  history  of  two  varie- 
ties: the  Schuylkill  Muscadel  and  the  Clifton  Constantia.  The  first  of 
these  varieties  was,  according  to  Bartram,  found  growing  in  the  vicinitv 
of  Philadelphia  on  the  hills  bordering  the  Schuylkill  River  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  an  old  vineyard  of  European  grapes.  The  finder,  John  Alexander, 
was  gardener  to  Governor  Penn  of  Pennsylvania,  into  whose  garden  he 
introduced  it  a  few  years  before  the  American  Revolution.  It  was  later 
known  as  Tasker's  grape  from  a  Mr.  Tasker  of  Maryland  who  cultivated 
it  largely.  The  Clifton  Constantia,  according  to  Adlum,  originated  with 
William  Clifton  of  Southwark,  Philadelphia,  who  states  that  it  was  a  chance 
seedling  in  his  garden.  Adlum  says  that  the  two  varieties  had  been  con- 
fused, that  "  they  are  much  alike  in  the  growth  of  the  vine  and  the  color 
of  the  grape  but  the  Schuylkill  has  rather  the  largest  berries  and  is  sweeter, 
and  generally  has  a  small  shoulder  or  branch  with  four  or  five  grapes  on  it 
growing  out  from  the  top  of  the  bunch."  Prince  also  describes  the  varie- 
ties as  separate,  but  he  says  "  they  are  generally  cultivated  and  considered 
as  synonymous."      Later  writers  consider  the  two  grapes  identical. 

Peter  Legaux,  the  promoter  of  a  vineyard  company  at  Spring  Mill, 
about  fourteen  miles  from  Philadelphia,  secured  some  vines  of  the  Clifton 
Constantia  from  Clifton  and  later  introduced  it  under  the  name  of  Cape 
grape  stating  that  he  had  secured  it  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Whether 
he  did  this  purposely  and  with  intent  to  defraud  or  whether  he  had  acci- 
dentally mixed  the  cuttings  secured  from  Clifton  with  some  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  cuttings  which  had  come  from  abroad  will  never  be  known.     When 


'  Adlum,  John.      Cultivation  of  the  Vine:  14Q.    1828. 
II 


l62  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

reproached  for  his  deception  he  denied  that  this  variety  was  a  native  and  con- 
tinued to  assert  that  he  had  secured  it  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  this 
he  was  strongly  supported  by  Dufour  who  says:  "  I  will  also  try  to  save  the 
character  of  our  Cape  grapes  from  being  merely  wild  grapes,  because  some 
are  now  found  in  the  woods."  Legaux's  advertisement  of  this  variety  had 
the  effect  of  making  it  known  at  least  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  writers  of  that 
day  that  many  were  induced  to  try  this  grape  under  the  supposition  tliat 
it  was  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  who  would  have  scorned  it  had  they 
supposed  it  to  be  a  native.  It  came  to  be  considerably^  planted  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  States;  was  early  introduced  into  the  West  and  preceded  the 
Catawba  as  the  popular  grape  around  Cincinnati.  It  was  found  worthless 
in  New  England  and  New  York,  the  season  not  being  long  enough  to  mature 
the  fruit.  With  tlie  introduction  and  dissemination  of  Catawba  it  was 
gradually  dropped  from  cultivation,  the  Catawba  being  superior  in  quality, 
more  resistant  to  rot  and  mildew  and  slightly  earlier.  It  is  now  unknown 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  there  are  any  living  vines  in  cultivation. 

Alexander  is  generally  considered  a  variety  of  Labrusca  but  there 
is  much  evidence  to  show  that  it  is  a  hybrid  of  Labrusca  and  Vinifera. 
This  was  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  earlier  writers  but  later  it  was  dis- 
credited. Bartram  gives  as  one  of  the  distinguishing  characters  of  Vinifera 
and  American  vines  that  the  first  show  oval  berries  while  the  latter  do 
not,  but  he  makes  an  exception  of  Alexander.  Why  this  should  be  an 
exception  does  not  seem  apparent  unless  it  be  credited  to  hybridity.  Fur- 
thermore, the  season  of  Alexander,  which  is  very  late,  would  also  indicate 
foreign  blood;  a  grape  native  of  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia  would  sup- 
posedly be  able  to  ripen  itself  in  that  locality,  a  thing  that  the  Alexander 
seldom  did  perfectly,  and  it  is  spoken  of  in  southern  Indiana  as  being  very 
late.  Its  place  of  origin  ("in  the  vicinity  of  an  old  vineyard  of  European 
kinds  ")  would  indicate  that  there  was  an  opportunity  for  hybridization  to 
take  place.  The  descriptions  strongly  suggest  some  of  the  coarser-textured 
of  Rogers'  hybrids. 

This  solution,  if  it  be  accepted,  would  account  for  the  difference  of 
opinion  as  to  its  origin.  Bartram  and  Prince  could  see  enough  of  the  char- 
acters of  the  native  in  a  hybrid  so  that  they  could  be  deceived  into  claiming 
it  as  a  native,  and  Dufour  on  the  other  hand  could  see  enough  of  the  Vinifera 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  163 

characters  so  that  he  felt  there  was  no  question  as  to  its  being  of  foreign 
origin. 

Downing  gives  what  is  probably  the  most  complete  description  of  this 
variety  we  now  have,  although  it  was  made  from  fruit  raised  some  distance 
farther  north  than  where  the  variety  matures  properly.  He  says:  "  It 
is  quite  sweet  when  ripe  and  makes  a  very  fair  wine  but  it  is  quite  too  pulpy 
and  coarse  for  table  use.  The  bunches  are  more  compact  and  the  leaves 
much  more  doicny  than  those  of  the  Isabella.  Bunches  rather  compact, 
not  shouldered.  Berries  of  medium  size,  oval.  Skin  thick,  quite  black. 
Flesh  with  a  very  firm  pulp,  but  juicy,  and  quite  sweet  and  musky,  when 
fully  ripe,  which  is  not  till  the  last  of  October."  Dufour  speaks  of  the  ber- 
ries ripening  unevenly,  requiring  the  green  ones  to  be  picked  out  before 

sending  to  the  wine  press. 

ALEXANDER  WINTER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.N.  Y.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  11:613.   1892.     2. /6.,  14:275.   1895.     3.  76.,  17:526,  548,  553.   1898. 

Alexander  Winter  is  chiefly  valuable  because  of  the  length  of  time 
it  will  keep.  As  its  name  implies  it  is  a  ivinter  grape.  The  flavor  is 
most  excellent  and  when  well  grown  the  appearance  of  bunch  and  grape 
is  attractive.  Another  desirable  quality  is  that  the  average  number  of 
seeds  to  the  berry  is  small,  being  only  two.  The  great  defect  of  the  variety 
is  that,  even  with  cross-pollinization,  perfect  clusters  do  not  form.  There 
are  many  green  berries,  and  when  ripe  there  are  always  some  small  seed- 
less berries  indicating  imperfect  fertilization.  Vine  and  foliage  indicate 
Labrusca  parentage  but  the  fruit  suggests  an  admixture  of  Vinifera. 
Although  rarely  found  in  the  gardens  and  vineyards  of  New  York,  Alex- 
ander Winter  is  well  worth  a  place  in  the  garden  of  the  amateur  and  of  the 
grape-breeder  because  of  its  excellent  keeping  qualities. 

Alexander  Winter  was  originated  by  S.  R.  Alexander,  Bellefontaine, 
Ohio,  from  a  lot  of  mixed  seed  planted  in  1884.  It  was  received  at  this 
Station  in  1892.  It  seems  not  to  have  been  tested  elsewhere  and  is  not 
generally  handled  by  nurserymen. 

Vine  vigorous,  injured  in  severe  winters,  productive.  Foliage  irregularly  roundish, 
dark  green.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  reflexed.  It  cannot  be 
relied  upon  to  set  perfect  clusters  when  standing  alone  and  even  when  growing  in  a 


164  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

mixed  vineyard  fails  to  set  fruit  well.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Salem,  keeps  a  long  time 
in  edible  condition.  Clusters  above  medium  to  small,  very  heavily  shouldered,  loose, 
contain  many  small  seedless  fruits.  Berries  variable  in  size,  the  fully  developed  fruits 
averaging  medium  to  large,  roundish,  dull,  light  and  dark  red,  covered  with  thin  lilac 
bloom  or  at  times  with  faint  tinge  of  grayish-blue,  persistent.  Skin  covered  with  scat- 
tering dark-colored  dots,  rather  thick  but  tender.  Flesh  tender,  vinous,  with  indica- 
tions of  Vinifera  parentage,  sweetish  to  agreeably  tart,  flavor  pleasing,  good  to  very 
good  in  quality.      Seeds  large,  few  in  number;   raphe  sometimes  shows  as  a  raised  cord. 

(I)  ALICE. 

(Labrusca.) 
I.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:84. 

Alice  is  one  of  two  New  York  seedlings  of  this  name  offered  grape- 
growers,  neither  of  which  is  worth  a  permanent  place  in  viticulture.  This 
grape  is  a  white  seedling  of  Martha,  and  much  resembles  that  variety. 
It  was  originated  by  J.  A.  Putnam,  Fredonia,  New  York,  who  writes  that 
the  vine  was  first  fruited  in  1890.  On  account  of  its  close  resemblance  to 
Martha  it  was  generally  considered  unworthy  of  perpetuation  and  is  now 

practically  obsolete. 

(II)  ALICE. 

(Labrusca,  Aestivalis?,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Rural  A'.  V..  46:,36.  1887.  fig.  2.  lb..  47:161.  1888.  3.  Amer.  Card.,  9:7.  1888.  fig.  4. 
N.  Y.  Sta.  .4)1.  Rpt..  11:613.  1892.  5.  Amer.  Card.,  16:423.  1S95.  fig.  6.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1895:233.  7.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  14:275.  1895.  8.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1896:134.  fig.  g. 
Rural  N.    V..  56:662,  679.    1897.      10.  .V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:526,  548,  553.    1898. 

A  brief  record  of  the  origin,  history  and  gross  characters  of  Alice  is 
herewith  given.     The  grape  is  of  little  value  in  New  York. 

I'his  variety  was  found  growing  near  an  old  stone  wall  by  Ward  D. 
Gunn  of  Clintondale,  Ulster  County,  New  York,  and  was  transplanted  into 
his  vineyard  in  the  spring  of  1884.  It  was  intr-oduced  by  F.  E.  Young 
of  Rochester.  This  is  a  Labrusca,  with  a  few  characters  that  indicate 
Aestivalis  and  Vinifera  blood. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  produces  fair  crops.  Leaves  medium  to  large, 
sometimes  strongly  rugose,  with  lower  surface  heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  self-fertile 
or  nearl}-  so,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or 
slightly  earlier,  the  different  clusters  van-ing  in  season  of  ripening,  ships  well  and  keeps 
in  good  condition  far  into  the  winter.      Clusters  intermediate  in  size,  usually  with  a  small 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  165 

single  shoulder,  medium  to  compact.  Berries  above  medium  to  small,  roundish 
although  frequently  strongly  compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  rather 
dull,  pale  red,  somewhat  lighter  than  Catawba,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent. 
Skin  very  thick.  Flesh  tender,  vinous,  somewhat  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably 
tart  at  center,  good  in  quality,  resembling  Diana  or  Catawba.  The  seeds,  which  are 
few  in  number,  often  show  a  rough  granular,  warty  surface  around  the  chalaza. 

ALLEN'S  HYBRID. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  20:474.  1854.  2.  lb..  21:182.  1S55.  3.  Essex  lusl.  Proc.  1:195.  1856.  4. 
Mag.  Hort.,  26:6(3.  1S60.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat-,  1862:90.  6.  Strong,  1866:330.  7.  Mead.  1867: 
176,  187,  194.  fig.     8.  Ga.  Sla.  An.  Rpt.,  13:320.    iqoo.     9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui..  53=40.    1901. 

A  half  century  ago  Allen's  Hybrid  was  the  vine  of  promise  in  America. 
It  was  the  first  named  hybrid  between  Vitis  labrusca  and  Vitis  vinifera 
to  be  disseminated  and  as  such  awakened  the  slumbering  hopes  of  the 
horticulturists  of  a  continent.  American  grape-growers  had  all  but  given 
up  the  expectation  of  ever  growing  the  European  grape  in  the  New  World 
when  Allen  announced  this  hybrid.  Auspicious  hope!  Grape-growers 
everywhere  hybridized  grapes  and  the  growing  of  the  vine  received  an 
impetus  surpassed  only  by  that  of  the  introduction  of  the  Concord.  Botan- 
ists and  horticulturists  had  doubted  the  possibility  and  the  practicability 
of  crossing  the  Old  World  grape  with  the  New  World  species,  when  this 
variety  removed  the  doubt  and  led  them  to  hope  that  we  were  to  have 
varieties  of  grapes  in  America  possessing  many  of  the  coveted  characters 
of  the  grapes  of  Europe. 

After  its  introduction  the  variety  was  tested  wherever  grapes  were: 
grown  in  the  United  States  and  Canada, — -and  for  a  generation.  Its  high 
quality,  entirely  free  from  what  was  then  considered  objectionable  foxi- 
ness,  handsome  appearance,  with  some  other  qualities  of  its  Vinifera  par- 
ent, at  first  indicated  that  it  was  a  most  valuable  acquisition;  but  it  soon 
developed  the  tenderness  of  vine  and  susceptibility  to  fungi  and  insects 
which  have  come  to  be  the  distinguishing  marks  of  the  primary  hybrids 
of  native  species  and  the  European  grape.  Its  cultivation  has  long  since 
ceased  and  it  has  now  a  place  onh'  in  the  history  of  American  grape-growing. 
It  has  been  one  of  the  parents  of  a  number  of  other  grapes,  chief  of  which 
is  Lady  Washington,  produced  from  a  cross  between  Allen's  Hybrid  and 


l66  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Concord.  The  grape  is  lost  to  cultivation  but  the  name  should  be  per- 
petuated as  commemorating  one  of  the  great  events  in  American 
viticulture. 

Allen's  Hybrid  was  originated  by  John  Fiske  Allen  of  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts. In  the  winter  of  1843-44  he  fertilized  the  blossoms  of  an  Isabella 
vine  growing  in  a  greenhouse  with  pollen  from  Chasselas  de  Fontainbleau. 
Seeds  were  produced  and  planted  the  next  year  the  vines  of  which  began 
to  fruit  in  1853  and  1854.  One  of  these  seedlings  of  greater  merit  than 
the  others  was  saved  and  named  Allen's  Hybrid;  the  others  were  destroyed. 

"  The  vine  is  not  hardy,  and  requires  winter  protection,  but  is  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive, ripening  quite  early,  and  in  sheltered  situations  is  a  desirable  variety.  Bunch 
medium  to  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium  to  large,  round,  sometimes 
depressed;  skin  thin,  white,  changing  to  pale  yellow  when  fully  ripe;  flesh  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  rich,  with  a  delicate  slightly  vinous  flavor,  and  one  of  the  best  in  quality."' 

AMBER  QUEEN. 

(Vinifera,  Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

1.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1870:33.  2.  lb.,  1873:101.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:70.  4.  .V.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  /?/'/.,  8:342.  i88q.  5.  76.,  17:548,  552.  iSgS.  6.  .l/y.  5/a.  Bii/.,  46:42,  44,  46,  76.  1899.  7.  Ca. 
Sta.  Bill..  53:40.    iqoi. 

Amber  Queen  is  interesting  chieflv  as  having  sprung  from  three 
species,  Vitis  vinifera,  Vitis  labrusca  and  Vitis  riparia,  and  as  showing 
the  characters  of  all  in  some  degree.  The  fruit  strongly  indicates  the 
Vinifera  parentage,  the  continuous  tendrils  Labrusca,  and  the  vine,  in 
vigor  of  growth  and  several  botanical  characters,  shows  its  descent  from 
Riparia.  The  variety  has  never  been  much  grown,  and  when  cultivated 
could  be  best  characterized  by  its  faults — of  not  setting  fruit  well,  suscep- 
til)ilit}-  to  mildew  and  black-rot  and  of  unproductiveness.  It  is,  however, 
reasonably  successful  in  especially  favorable  localities. 

The  variety  was  first  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society  in  1870.  It  was  originated  by  N.  B.  White,  Norwood, 
Massachusetts,  from  seed  of  Marion  fertilized  with  Black  Hamburg.  Bush 
questions  this  parentage  owing  to  the  fact  that  Amber  Queen  frequently 
shows    continuous    tendrils.      In  the    vineyard  of  this    Station,  however, 


'Downing,  1872:119  app. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  167 

Marion  shows  continuous  as  well  as  intermittent  tendrils,  indicating  that 
it  would  be  quite  possible  for  the  Amber  Queen  to  have  inherited  its  aber- 
rant tendrils  from  that  source. 

Vine  a  strong  grower,  usually  hardy,  produces  light  crops  except  in  favored  locations, 
both  leaves  and  fruit  subject  to  attacks  of  fungal  diseases.  Leaves  above  medium  size, 
roundish,  rather  thick.  Flowers  sterile  or  nearly  so,  practically  incapable  of  setting 
fruit  when  self-fertilized,  open  about  in  mid-season  and  bloom  a  long  time;  stamens 
refle.xed.  Fruit  variable  in  season  of  ripening,  sometimes  before,  at  other  times  after 
Concord,  usually  requires  more  than  one  picking  to  secure  the  fruit  at  its  best,  does  not 
keep  well  as  the  berries  soon  wither.  Clusters  variable  in  size  but  not  large,  usually 
loose  and  open  but  sometimes  compact.  Berries  not  uniform  in  size,  roundish  to  oval, 
dark  red  covered  with  more  or  less  Hlac  bloom,  somewhat  resembling  Catawba  in  color, 
not  very  firm  as  the  berries  soon  shrivel,  persistent.  Flesh  very  juicy,  soft  and  tender, 
mildly  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  variable  in 
size,  frequently  with  enlarged  neck;   chalaza  distinctly  above  center. 

AMBROSIA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 
I.  N.   Y.  Sla.  All.  Rpi.,  loug^.    1891.      2.  76..  11 :6i4.    iSgi.     3.  76.,  17:526,  545,  547,  553.   1898. 

Ambrosia  is  a  New  York  seedling  which,  though  introduced  nearly 
twenty  years  ago,  has  not  found  favor  with  grape-growers.  In  quality, 
while  hardly  worthy  of  its  name,  it  ranks  high  and  for  this  reason  may  be 
worth  a  place  in  the  vineyard  of  the  amateur.  On  the  Station  grounds 
it  shells  badly,  differing  in  this  respect  from  its  supposed  parent  Sak:m. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  Alfred  Rose  of  Penn  Yan,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Salem  planted  in  1884.  It  was  received  for  testing  by  this 
Station  in  1888.     There  are  no  records  of  its  having  been  tested  elsewhere. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  usually  hardy,  moderately  productive.  Leaves  intermediate 
in  size ;  lower  surface  heavily  tinged  with  bronze.  Flowers  occasionally  on  plan  of  six, 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Con- 
cord or  Delaware,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium,  broadly  and  irregu- 
larly tapering,  sometimes  blunt  at  ends,  usually  not  shouldered  or  shoulder  when  pres- 
ent small  and  short,  compact  to  medium.  Berries  large  to  above  medium,  slightly 
oblate,  attractive  green  changing  to  a  yellow  tinge,  covered  with  a  more  or  less  gray 
bloom,  drop  from  clusters  easily.  Flesh  rather  transparent  and  tender,  mild,  sweetish 
from  skin  to  center,   pleasant-flavored  but  somewhat  variable  in  flavor  and  quality, 


1 68  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ranking  from  medium  to  very  good.     Seeds  separate  readily  from  the  pulp,  quite  large; 
raphe  often  shows  as  a  partly  submerged  cord. 

AMERICA. 

(Lincecumii,  Rupestris.) 

I.  TV.  y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:614.  1892.  2.  .4)i.  Hort..  1892:176.  3.  Husmann,  1895:116,  125. 
4.  A''.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  14:276.  iSys.  5.  lb.,  17:526,  548.  553,  189S.  6.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  48:1149, 
1 152.  1898.  fig.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:29.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui..  46:43,  45,  46,  47.  1899.  9. 
Ga.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  13:320.  1900.  10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:263,  274.  1900.  /I'l;.  11.  Rural  \.  Y., 
60:614.    iQoi.      12.  Mo.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..   1904:305. 

America  is  illustrated  and  described  in  The  Grapes  of  New  York 
chiefly  because  of  its  possible  valtxe  in  breeding  work.  It  may  also  be 
worth  growing  in  a  limited  wav  in  this  State  for  wine-making  as  it  is  reputed 
by  all  who  have  tried  it  to  be  one  of  the  best  native  grapes  for  a  dark  red 
wine  and  to  make  a  verj-  good  port.  The  notable  qualities  of  the  variety 
as  it  grows  at  Geneva  are:  Vigor  of  growth,  health  of  foliage,  persistence 
of  berries,  liigh  sugar  content  and  the  pectiliar  flavor  of  the  fruit,  liked 
by  some  and  not  by  others.  At  least  it  can  be  said  that  the  taste  of  America 
is  new  to  northern  grape-growers;  and,  since  it  wholly  lacks  the  foxy  taste 
and  aroma  of  Labrusca,  it  offers  possibilities  for  breeding  varieties  lacking 
the  distinguishing  flavor  of  Concord  and  Niagara.  This  variety  would 
probably  be  somewhat  objectionable  in  northern  markets  as  a  table  fruit 
because  of  the  highly  colored  juice,  which  stains  the  hands  and  the  lips. 
The  flavor  is  decidedly  that  of   Vitis  rupestris. 

Its  originator  claims  for  America  great  resistance  to  heat  and  cold; 
and  our  experience,  though  limited,  confirms  the  claim.  So,  too,  it  is  said 
to  be  a  suitable  stock  upon  which  to  graft  Vinifera  varieties  to  resist  phyl- 
loxera, a  matter  concerning  which  our  experience  in  this  region  offers 
nothing,  though  the  parentage  strongly  suggests  such  resistance  to  be 
the  case.  The  vigor  of  the  vine  and  the  kixuriance  of  the  foliage,  j^robably 
still  more  marked  farther  south,  cannot  but  make  it  an  excellent  sort  for 
arbors.  But  the  fact  must  be  emphasized  that  America  is  preeminently 
of  interest  to  the  northern  grape-grower  because  it  gives  him  an  opportunity 
to  make  use  in  breeding  work,  of  the  qualities  of  Rupestris  and  Lincecumii, 
southern  species  combined  in  this  variety  and  thriving  in  the  combination 
in  northern  conditions. 


AMERICA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  169 

The  grape  described  here  was  originated  by  Munson  from  seed  of  Jaeger 
No.  43  poUinated  by  a  male  Rupestris.  It  was  received  at  this  Station 
in  1892  which  was  practically  the  date  of  its  introduction.  America  has 
been  widely  tested  by  experiment  stations  and  the  reports  of  its  behavior 
are  generallv  favorable. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  produces  heavy  crops.  Canes  long, 
numerous,  of  medium  size,  tlark  reddish-brown,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom;  nodes 
enlarged,  strongly  flattened;  internodes  of  average  length;  diaphragm  medium  in 
thickness;  pith  rather  large;  shoots  glabrous,  covered  with  blue  bloom;  tendrils  inter- 
mittent, long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  open  in  mid-season,  medium  to  small,  of  average  length,  rather  thick, 
conical  to  obtuse.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  both  sides,  making  the  prevailing  color 
rose-carmine.  Leaves  healthy,  inferior  in  size,  rather  thin;  upper  surface  attractive 
medium  green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  hairy;  veins  indistinct;  lobes 
lacking  or  faintly  showing,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  moderately  deep  and 
wide;  teeth  of  average  depth  and  width.  Flowers  sterile,  usually  on  plan  of  six,  open 
late;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  later,  keeps  well.  Clusters  nearly  large,  above  medium 
length,  broad,  tapering,  somewhat  cylindrical,  irregular,  usually  single-shouldered, 
averaging  two  or  three  bunches  per  shoot,  usually  compact;  peduncle  of  medium  length, 
rather  thick;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush 
short,  thick,  with  reddish  tinge.  Berries  medium  to  small,  variable  in  size,  roundish, 
attractive  black  or  purplish-black,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent, 
somewhat  soft.  Skin  thin,  very  tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  an 
unusually  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  dull  white 
with  faint  reddish  tinge,  translucent,  not  very  juicy,  tender,  not  stringy,  melting,  spicy, 
vinous,  sweet,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily,  two  to  five,  average  four,  above 
medium  size,  long,  of  moderate  width,  pointed,  yellowish-brown;  raphe  prominent,  cord- 
like;  chalaza  large,  slightly  above  center,  irregularly  circular,  distinct. 

There  is  a  second  variety  under  the  name  America,  as  Ricketts  years 
ago  introduced  an  America  which  has  probably  passed  from  cultivation. 

AMETHYST. 

(Labiiisca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 
I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1903:82. 

Amethyst  is  one  of  Munson's  hybrids  as  yet  unknown  to  the  grape- 
growers  of  New  York.  It  is  a  most  excellent  table  grape,  coming  after 
the  Delaware  which   it  much  resembles  in  hal:)it  of  growth  and  in  fruit. 


170  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

It  is  a  Stronger  grower  than  Delaware,  has  proved  to  be  as  hardy,  is  seem- 
ingly not  attacked  readily  bv  black-rot,  but  like  the  Delaware  is  susceptible 
to  mildew.  In  qualit}'  it  ranks  with  Delago,  Brilliant,  Goethe,  Lindley 
and  Delaware,  all  parents  one  or  two  generations  removed.  According  to 
Munson  it  makes  a  good  white  wine.  It  is  at  least  an  amateur's  grape, 
to  be  sought  because  of  high  ciuality.  It  was  originated  by  T.  V.  Munson 
of  Denison,  Texas,  being  first  fruited  in  1898.  It  is  a  cross  of  Delago  and 
Brilliant  and  was  introduced  in  1902. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous,  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  susceptible  to  attacks 
of  mildew.  Canes  intennediate  in  length,  number  and  thickness,  light  and  dark  brown 
deepening  in  color  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  medium  to  nearly  large,  light  green;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  fertile  to  slightly  sterile,  open  rather 
late;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  after  Delaware,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium 
to  large,  intermediate  in  length  and  width,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact.  Berries 
above  medium  to  small,  roundish  to  oval,  strongly  narrowing  toward  the  pedicel  on 
account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  rather  attractiv-e  dark  red,  covered  with  lilac  bloom, 
usually  persistent.  Skin  thick,  of  average  toughness.  Flesh  rather  tough,  solid,  vinous, 
sweetish  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center  somewhat  resembling  Brilliant,  good  to  very 
good  in  quality.      Seeds  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  often  with  enlarged  neck. 

AMINIA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  31:333.  1865.  2.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1865:40.  3.  A^  Y.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1870:276.  4.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:341.  5-  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:70.  6.  III.  Sta.  Bui..  28:252. 
1893.  7.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:526,  548,  553.  1898.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui,  46:42,  44,  46,  48,  54.  1899. 
9.   Ga.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  13:320.    1900. 

Rogers'  No.  39  (i,  2,  3,  4).     Rogers'  No.  39  (5). 

Aminia  is  deserving  the  recognition  of  a  color-plate  and  a  full  descrip- 
tion in  this  work  because  in  quality  it  is  one  of  the  best  early  grapes  for 
New  York.  Besides  being  early  and  of  good  quality  it  keeps  well.  It 
ripens  with  or  a  little  after  Moore  Early  and  Hartford,  producing  berries 
of  high  quality  and  attractive  appearance  but  the  bunches  are  small,  variable 
in  size,  not  well  formed  as  a  rule,  and  the  berries  ripen  unevenly.  The  vine 
is  vigorous,  not  as  hardy  as  might  be  wished  for  in  New  York,  nor  as 
productive  as  a  commercial  variety  must  be,  and  shows  the  weaknesses 
characteristic  of  all  of  Rogers'  hybrids. 

For  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Aminia  see  page  390  under  "  Rogers' 


AMINIA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  17I 

Hybrids."  In  1867  Bush  secured  vines  of  Rogers'  No.  jg  from  several 
different  sources.  When  these  came  into  bearing  he  found  he  had  three 
different  varieties.  The  original  vine  of  Rogers'  No.  jg  having  been  destroyed 
it  was  impossible  to  determine  which  was  the  correct  one.  Bush  selected 
the  best  of  these  and  to  avoid  further  confusion,  with  the  consent  of  Rogers, 
named  it  Aminia.  But  in  spite  of  Bush's  care  there  are  still  at  least  two  dif- 
ferent varieties  cultivated  under  this  name.  Although  the  Aminia  is  found 
in  many  varietal  vineyards,  an  examination  of  over  fortv  of  the  leading 
grape  nurserymen's  catalogs  shows  onlv  three  who  offer  vines  for  sale. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  lacking  somewhat  in  productiveness.  Canes 
slightly  rough,  long,  medium  in  number,  thickish,  dark  brown  to  reddish  tinge;  nodes 
enlarged,  usually  not  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  long;  diaphragm  somewhat 
thick;  pith  large;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  long  to  medium,  trifid  to 
bifid,  persistent. 

Leaf-buds  open  in  mid-season,  about  medium  in  size  and  length,  above  average 
thickness,  prominent,  obtuse  to  conical.  Young  leaves  colored  on  both  sides,  prevailing 
color  rather  bright  carmine.  Leaves  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  medium 
green,  rather  dull,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  light  green,  slightly  pubescent;  veins 
distinct;  lobes  usually  three,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  rather  deep,  narrow, 
often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  nearly  shallow, 
narrow;  teeth  somewhat  shallow,  inclined  to  wide.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season,  sterile; 
stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  early,  just  after  Hartford,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  of 
average  length,  broad,  irregular,  somewhat  conical,  sometimes  with  a  long  shoulder, 
rather  loose;  peduncle  long,  thick;  pedicel  longish,  not  slender,  broad  at  point  of  attach- 
ment, covered  with  few  warts;  brush  short,  thick,  brownish-red.  Berries  range  fr(.)m 
large  to  small,  decidedly  variable,  roundish,  dull  black,  covered  with  blue  bloom,  per- 
sistent, firm.  Skin  rather  thick,  somewhat  tender,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp, 
contains  a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish, 
translucent,  moderately  tender,  rather  solid  and  coarse,  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  but  some- 
what acid  at  center;  quality  good.  Seeds  adherent,  one  to  six,  average  three  and  four, 
very  large,  long,  fair  width,  sharply  pointed,  light  brown  with  yellow  tinge;  raphe 
obscure ;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  irregularly  circular  to  oval,  distinct. 

ANTOINETTE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  N.  J.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i88i:io.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  48:801.  1889.  /jg.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:86. 
4.  N.  v.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:294.  1896.  5.  lb.,  17:526,  545,  547,  553.  1898.  6.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui., 
110:235.    1902. 


1^2  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Antoinette  is  a  white  seedling  of  Concord  which,  on  the  Station  grounds, 
and  in  the  State  at  large,  has  not  shown  sufficient  merit  to  warrant  its 
recommendation.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  several  other  white  seedlings 
of  Concord,  all  of  \\'hich  have  a  decided  varietal  resemblance  and  which, 
except  in  color  of  fruit,  have  the  general  characters  of  Concord. 

T.  B.  Miner,  of  New  Jersey,  produced  Antoinette  from  Concord  seed 
over  thirty  years  ago. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  fairly  productive.  Canes  medium  to 
short,  usually  roughened.  Leaves  of  average  size  and  thickness  with  lower  surface 
heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier,  fertile;  stamens  upright. 
Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  slightly  earlier,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
cylindrical  to  tapering,  usually  not  shouldered,  variable  in  compactness.  Berries  large 
to  below  medium,  roundish,  dark  dull  green  or  whitish,  often  with  a  tinge  of  yellow, 
covered  with  heavy  gray  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  from  pedicel,  not  firm.  Skin  usually 
covered  with  small  scattering  dark  dots,  thin,  variable  in  toughness.  Flesh  rather 
tough,  sweetish  next  the  skin,  tart  at  center,  slightly  foxy,  good  to  very  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  with  difficulty,  not  numerous,  rather  large,  dark  brown. 

AUGUST  GIANT. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1872:95.  2.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:72.  3.  ///.  Sta.  Bui..  28:252.  iSq,^. 
4.  Col.  Sta.  Bui,  29:1s.    1S94.     5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:86.     6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  7:134,  136.    1S95. 

The  originator  of  August  Giant  has  managed  to  secure  a  l:iybrid  of 
Vitis  labrusca  and  Viiis  vinifera  in  which  the  fruit  characters  are  decidedh' 
those  of  the  latter  species.  In  appearance  of  berry  and  in  taste,  when 
well  grown,  August  Giant  greatly  resembles  Black  Hamburg.  The  vine  is 
unusually  vigorous  and,  considering  its  parentage,  is  quite  hardy.  The 
foliage  is  thick  and  luxuriant,  though  somewhat  subject  to  mildew.  The 
vigor  of  vine,  beauty  of  foliage,  and  the  high  quality  of  the  fruit  make  the 
varietv  a  desirable  one  for  the  amateur,  especially  where  an  ornamental 
vine  is  wanted.  The  variety  needs  to  be  grown  where  the  fruit  can  have 
a  long  and  favorable  maturing  season. 

August  Giant  was  originated  by  N.  B.  White  of  Norwood,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1 86 1  from  seed  of  an  early,  large-berried  red  grape  of  the 
Labrusca  type,  pollinated  by  Black  Hamburg. 


AUGUST  GIANT 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  173 

Vine  very  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  not  a  heavy  bearer,  somewhat  subject  to  mildew. 
Canes  medium  to  long,  numerous,  thick,  light  to  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly 
flattened;  internodes  below  average  length;  diaphragm  rather  thick;  pith  large  to 
medium;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  medium  to  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  open  in  mid-season,  of  average  size,  short,  rather  thick,  conical  to  obtuse. 
Young  leaves  tinged  with  carmine  on  lower  side  extending  beyond  border  of  upper  side. 
Leaves  medium  to  very  large,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth,  slightly 
rugose  on  older  leaves;  lower  surface  pale  green  to  indistinct  bronze,  pubescent;  veins 
rather  indistinct;  lobes  usually  three,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to 
deep,  narrow,  frequently  closed  and  overlapping;  lateral  sinus  shallow  to  a  mere  notch; 
teeth  shallow,  narrow.      Flowers  open  in  mid-season,  sterile;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  a  week  later  than  Moore  Early,  keeps  well.  Clusters  of  average 
size  or  sometimes  larger,  medium  to  short,  rather  broad,  irregularly  tapering,  not  uni- 
form, usually  single-shouldered,  loose  to  nearly  compact;  peduncle  long  to  medium  in 
length,  somewhat  thick;  pedicel  longish,  thick,  wide  at  attachment  to  berry,  covered 
with  numerous  large  warts;  brush  short,  thick,  greenish  or  with  brown  tinge.  Berries 
resemble  Black  Hamburg  in  general  appearance  but  somewhat  variable,  averaging 
large,  oval  to  roundish,  dark  purplish-red  or  black,  dull,  covered  with  thick  blue  bloom, 
hang  well  to  pedicel,  firm.  Skin  of  average  thickness,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  pulp, 
contains  a  small  amount  of  bright  red  pigment,  strongly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish, 
translucent,  somewhat  tough,  stringy,  agreeably  tart  at  skin  but  acid  at  center,  good 
in  quality,  resembling  Black  Hamburg.  Seeds  adherent,  one  to  four,  averaging  three, 
large,  rather  broad,  long,  plump,  somewhat  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  usually  obscure; 
chalaza  somewhat  large,  above  center,  irregularly  circular,  distinct. 

AUTUCHON 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Downing,  1869:530.  2.  Grape  Cult..  1:325,  334.  368.  1S69.  fig.  3.  Horticulturist,  24:10 
1869.  4.  lb.,  25:74.  1870.  5.  Grape  Cull.,  2:265.  187°-  6.  Barry,  1872:424.  7.  Horticulturist, 
27:14.  1872.  8.  Montreal  llort.  Soe.  Rpt.,  1881:150.  9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:71.  fig.  10.  Minu.  Horl. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1884:240.      II.  Can.  Cen.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.,  1891:134.      12.  Traitc  gen.  de  vit..  5:200.    1903. 

Arnold's  Xo.  5  (3).      Arnold's  No.  5  (i,  2.  4,  5.  6,  8,  9,  10,  12). 

Autuchon  was  introduced  about  1870  with  great  ^clat.  It  was 
heralded  as  the  "best  white  grape  in  America  —  a  veritable  treasure." 
Later  it  was  grown  and  somewhat  widely  tested  in  France.  But  in  neither 
country  has  it  come  up  to  expectations.  In  America  it  has  proved  to  be 
somewhat  tender  to  cold,  an  tmreliable  bearer  and  subject  to  rot  and  mildew. 
In  France  it  shows  the  same  weaknesses  and  is  not  as  resistant  to  phylloxera 
as  are  other  and  better  American  sorts.     The  quality  of  Autuchon  is  excel- 


174  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

lent,  being  that  of  its  European  parent  with  the  agreeable  sprighthness 
of  its  American  ancestor.  According  to  the  reports  regarding  it  from 
France  it  makes  a  "wine  remarkably  white,  vinous  and  fresh,  slightly 
musky  and  agreeable,  and  of  a  beautiful  yellow  color."' 

Autuchon  was  originated  by  Charles  Arnold  of  Paris,  Canada,  from 
seed  planted  in  1859.  The  parents  are  Clinton  pollinated  by  Golden 
Chasselas.  It  is  not  in  the  Station  collection,  and  the  following  description 
is  taken  from  the  Bushhcrg  Catalogue.' 

"  Leaves  dark  green,  very  deep  lobed  and  sharp  pointed  serratures;  the  unripe 
wood  is  very  dark  purple,  nearly  black.  Bunches  very  long,  not  heavily  shouldered, 
rather  loose;  berries  medium  size,  round,  white  (green),  with  a  moderately  firm,  but 
readily  melting  flesh,  and  an  agreeable  sprightly  flavor,  resembling  the  White  Chasselas. 
Skin  thin,  without  astringency.      Ripens  with  the  Delaware." 

BACCHUS. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1879  (cited  by  2).  2.  Gar.  Mon.,  22:176.  1S80.  3.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc. 
Kpl.,  1880:238.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:72.  pf;.  5.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  9:326.  i8qo.  6.  ///.  Sta.  But., 
28:252.    1893.     7.   Tcv.n.  Sta.  Bui..  Vol.  9:167.    1896.     8.  Rural   .V,    V..  59:7.    1900. 

Bacchus  is  a  wine  grape  deemed  worthy  by  its  originator  to  bear  the 
name  of  the  god  of  wine.  It  is  an  offspring  of  Clinton  which  it  mucli 
resembles  in  vine  and  leaf  characters  but  surpasses  in  quality  of  fruit 
and  in  productiveness.  In  New  York  Bacchus  has  very  generally  super- 
seded Clinton  though  neither  is  extensively  grown.  It  is  vigorous, 
l-iroductive,  hardv,  free  from  mildew  and  adapted  to  a  variety  of  soils;  it 
re([uires  a  long  season  for  full  maturity  and  cannot  therefore  be  well  grown 
in  northern  locations  though  the  seasons  in  the  grape  regions  of  New  York 
are  usually  sufficiently  long.  The  wine-makers  of  the  State  mention  it 
as  one  of  the  most  desirable  grapes  for  a  dark  red  wine.  While  it  is  gen- 
erally too  tart  for  a  dessert  grape,  yet  if  left  on  the  vine  until  frost,  as  late 
as  it  can  hang,  it  becomes  a  good  late  table  grape.  Bacchus  is  one  of  the 
best,  if  not  the  best,  cultivated  types  of  Riparia,  or  of  the  Clinton  group 
of  Riparia.     Its  special  points  of  merit  from  a  broad  standpoint  are:  Resist- 


'  Traite  gen.  de  vit..  5:201.    1903. 
-  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:71. 


BACCHUS 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 75 

ance  to  cold,  resistance  to  phylloxera,  value  for  wine-making,  freedom  from 
fungi  and  insects,  productiveness,  ease  of  multiplication,  and  capacity  to 
bear  grafts.  For  the  above  qualities  it  offers  exceptional  opportunities 
to  the  plant-breeder.  Its  most  prominent  limitations  are:  Poor  quality 
for  table  use,  inability  to  withstand  dry  soils  or  droughts  and  non-adapt- 
ability to  soils  containing  much  lime. 

There  is  no  question  about  the  origin  of  Bacchus.  It  is  a  seedling  of 
Clinton  which,  as  mentioned  above,  it  greatly  resembles  in  every  character. 
The  variety  was  originated  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York, 
and  was  first  exhibited  by  him  before  the  American  Pomological  Society 
in  1879.  It  is  well  known  in  eastern  United  States  and,  as  in  New  York, 
is  highly  thought  of  as  a  wine  grape. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  Canes  average  in  length,  numer- 
ous, of  medium  size,  rather  light  to  dark  brown  with  some  bloom  at  nodes  which  are 
somewhat  enlarged  and  flattened ;  intemodes  intermediate  in  length ;  diaphragm  below 
average  thickness;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  nearly  glabrous;  tendrils  continuous, 
of  mean  length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  open  early,  of  average  size,  rather  short,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical.  Young 
leaves  faintly  tinged  with  carmine  on  lower  side  only,  prevailing  color  pale  green  with 
faint  carmine  tinge.  Leaves  medium  to  small,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy, 
smooth ;  lower  surface  dull  green,  not  pubescent ;  veins  indistinct ;  lobes  three  in  num- 
ber, terminal  lobe  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  shallow,  narrow  sometimes 
nearly  overlapping;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  wide;  teeth  of  average 
depth  and  width.      Flowers  open  early,  sterile ;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  late  and  keeps  well,  hanging  a  long  time  on  the  vine.  Clusters  small 
to  medium,  below  average  length,  rather  slender,  uniform,  cylindrical,  often  single-shoul- 
dered, compact;  peduncle  almost  short,  intermediate  in  size;  pedicel  short  to  medium, 
slender,  covered  with  a  few  small  warts;  brush  short,  wine-colored.  Berries  variable 
in  size,  below  medium  to  small,  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount 
of  blue  bloom,  hang  well  to  pedicels,  firm.  Skin  thin,  of  average  toughness,  adheres 
only  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  much  wine-colored  pigment,  slightly  astringent. 
Flesh  dark  green,  translucent,  fine-grained,  somewhat  tough,  vinous,  sweet  at  skin  to 
tart  near  seeds,  with  slight  Riparia  spiciness,  of  medium  quality,  improving  as  the  season 
advances.  Seeds  cling  to  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  often  many  abortive,  above 
medium  size,  rather  short  and  wide,  usually  plump,  sharply  pointed,  brownish ;  raphe 
obscure;   chalaza  above  center,  pear-shaped,  distinct.      Must  registers  95°-!  10°. 


176  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

BAILEY. 

(Lincecumii.  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Rural  iV.  Y.,  50:221,  222.  1S91.  fig.  2.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:159.  3.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  14; 
270.  iSq;.  4.  -V.  Y.Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:526,  548,  553.  1898.  5.  Tex.  Sta.  BuL.  48:1  j.ig,  1153.  1898. 
fig.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1899:29.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:275.  igoo.  8.  Rural  X.  Y.,  60:614. 
1 90 1. 

In  the  Bailey  are  combined  characters  of  three  species,  Vinifera, 
Labrusca  and  Lincecumii  —  characters  attained  in  three  widely  separated 
regions,  Europe,  Massachusetts,  and  Texas.  Moreover  the  characters  of 
Vinifera  and  Labrusca  have  been  transmitted  to  Bailey  through  Tri- 
umph, in  which  variety  they  are  as  well  combined  as  in  any  other  hylirid 
of  the  two  species.  The  Lincecumii  parent,  Big  Berry,  is  at  the  head  of 
Munson's  "  Big  Berry  Family  "  of  hybrids:  lirought  in  from  the  wild,  it 
is  one  of  the  best  representatives  of  its  species.  Bailey,  therefore,  has 
roval  blood  and  if  parentage  counts  in  grapes,  it  should  prove  valuable. 
Unfortunately  New  York,  at  least  the  Station  vineyard,  is  a  little  too 
far  north  for  the  fruit  to  mature  well.  In  cold  winters  the  vine  is  liable 
to  winter  injur}-.  In  seasons  when  the  grapes  have  matured  the  appear- 
ance and  quality  of  the  fruit  have  been  such  as  to  recommend  it.  Its 
vigor  of  vine  and  productiveness  give  it  additional  value,  and  if  not  to 
be  recommended  for  commercial  plantings  in  this  State,  it  can  surely  be 
named  as  valuable  for  lireeding  purposes.  The  name  of  tlie  variety  was 
bestowed  upon  it  bv  its  originator  in  honor  of  L.  H.  Bailey,  known  by  all 
grape-growers  for  his  services  to  viticulture. 

Bailey  was  originated  by  Munson  from  seeds  of  a  wild  Post-oak  grape 
called  Big  Berry,  fertilized  with  pollen  of  Triumph.  The  seed  was  planted 
in  1887  and  the  original  vine  came  into  fruiting  in  1889-90.  The  variety 
is  now  very  generallv  disseminated  throughout  the  East,  and  the  reports  of 
its  behavior,  in  the  North  at  least,  generally  accord  with  that  from  this 
Station  given  above. 

Vine  vijjorous,  injured  in  severe  winters,  produces  good  crops  of  fniit.  Canes  dark 
reddish-brown,  of  good  length,  of  medium  size  and  number.  Leaves  average  in  size, 
light  green,  dull  to  slightly  glossy,  with  very  distinct  veins  on  lower  surface  which  is  cob- 
webby.     Flowers  open  late,  fertile;   upright  stamens. 

Fruit  ripens  unevenly  almost  as  late  as  Catawba,  keeps  well.  Clusters  rather  large  and 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  177 

long,  not  very  broad,  often  blunt  at  ends,  cylindrical  to  irregularly  tapering,  usuallj'  not 
shouldered  but  sometimes  with  a  small,  short  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  persistent, 
medium  to  large,  vary  in  shape  from  roundish  to  ovate  on  account  of  compactness  of 
clusters,  change  in  color  from  purplish-black  to  black,  covered  with  a  heavy  blue  bloom. 
Skin  medium  to  thin,  strongly  astringent,  tough,  adheres  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  con- 
tains a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment.  Flesh  moderately  juicy  and  tender, 
coarse,  vinous,  good  in  quality,  releases  the  seeds  rather  easily.  Seeds  numerous, 
medium  to  above  in  size,  moderately  broad,  above  medium  to  medium  length,  blunt, 
brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow,  narrow  groove;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  cir- 
cular to  oval,  distinct. 

BANNER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana?) 
1.    U.  S.  D.  A.   Yr.  Bk..  1906:361.  col.  pi. 

Banner  is  one  of  the  newer  offerings  for  pomological  honors.  The 
Station  was  not  able  to  secure  vines  until  1906  and  these  have  not  j'et 
fruited.  So  far  as  is  known  it  is  not  grown  elsewhere  in  the  State.  Since 
the  variety  has  been  well  spoken  of  by  horticulturists  who  have  seen  it, 
and  since  it  has  been  deemed  worthy  a  place  among  the  promising  new 
fruits  illustrated  and  described  in  the  Year  Book  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agricultttre  for  1906,  the  variety  is  discussed  here.  The 
technical  description  of  it  is  quoted  from  the  above  reference. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  Joseph  Bachman  of  Altus,  Arkansas, 
from  seed  of  Lindley  pollinated  by  Delaware.  The  seed  was  planted  in 
1898.  The  originator  states  that  he  suspects  a  Stark-Star  vine  growing 
alongside  also  furnished  pollen  as  the  Lindley  blossoms  were  unprotected. 

"  Cluster  large,  broad  conical,  heavily  shouldered,  very  compact;  stem  short; 
berries  globular,  of  medium  size,  adhering  tenaciously  to  the  small  green  peduncles; 
skin  moderately  thick,  and  rather  tough;  amber  red  and  glossy,  but  covered  with  a 
profuse  bloom;  flesh  translucent,  juicy,  and  rather  meaty;  seeds  few,  very  small,  brown; 
flavor  refreshing  subacid  to  sweet  and  aromatic;  quality  good  to  very  good.  Season 
late  August  and  early  Seotember  in  Frankhn  county,  Arkansas,  ten  days  or  two  weeks 
later  than  Delaware." 

BARRY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1864:136.     2.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpf.,  1865:40.     3.  Mag.  Hort.,  34:345-   1868. 
4.    Am.    Jour.    Hort..    5:11.    1S69.  fig.     5.    Horticulturist,    24:126.    i86g.     6.    Am.    Pom.   Soc.    Cat., 
12 


lyS  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

l86g:42.     7.  Grape  Cull.,   1:182,  326.    1S69.     8.  Bush.  Cat.,   1883:74.  fig-     9-  Midt.   Bd.  Agr.   Rpt., 
24:133.    1885.      10.  ///.  Sta.   Bid.,   28:252.    1893.      II.   Rural   X.    Y.,  52:671.    1893.      12.   Tenn.  Sta. 
Bid.    Vol.  9:191.    1896.      13.   .V.    v.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:526.  548,  549,  552,  553.    1898.      14.  Tex.  Sta. 
Bh?.,  48:1149,  1153.   1898.     15.  A'.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:370,  395.   1899. 
Rogers'  No.  43  (i,  2,  3,  4).      Rogers'  No.  43  (5,  6,  7,  8,  11,  12). 

Barry,  first  known  as  Rogers'  No.  4J,  was  dedicated  in  1869,  by 
Rogers,  to  Patrick  Barry,  distinguished  nurseryman,  pomologist  and 
viticulturist.  Happily  the  variety  is  such  that  it  should  long  honor  the 
name  it  bears.  The  Barry  is  one  of  our  best  black  grapes,  resembling  in 
berry  and  somewhat  in  flavor  and  keeping  quality  its  European  parent, 
Black  Hamburg.  The  flavor  is  delicate  and  sweet,  the  flesh  tender,  with 
thin  skin  and  unobjectionable  seeds.  The  appearance  of  berry  and  bunch 
is  attractive.  The  fruit  keeps  splendidly,  and  as  this  is  written,  on  the 
twenty-ninth  of  Feljruar}-,  leap-year,  there  are  before  the  writer  bunches 
of  the  Barry,  kept  in  common  storage  without  wrapping  or  other  special 
care,  which  are  in  perfect  condition.  The  vine  is  vigorous,  hardy,  and 
productive,  but  susceptible  to  mildew.  The  ripening  season  is  usually 
said  to  be  that  of  the  Concord  but,  while  it  may  color  with  the  Concord 
it  requires  a  longer  time  to  ripen  thoroughly  and  it  is  not  at  its  best,  or 
even  good,  unless  properly  matured.  For  the  table,  for  winter  keeping, 
and  for  an  amateur  grape  in  general  the  Barry  may  be  highly  recommended. 

For  an  account  of  the  origin  of  Barry  see  page  390  under  "  Rogers' 
Hybrids."  It  is  first  mentioned  separately  from  the  rest  of  Rogers'  hybrids 
in  1864,  though  not  named  until  1869.  Barry  was  placed  on  the  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1869  where  it  is  still  retained.  It  is  known 
and  grown  in  the  garden  throughout  the  grape  regions  of  eastern  America. 

Vine  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  productive,  somewhat  susceptible  to  mildew.  Canes 
long  to  very  long,  numerous,  usually  thick,  dark  brown  to  slightly  reddish-brown  cov- 
ered with  a  small  amount  of  blue  bloom;  nodes  not  enlarged,  very  slightly  flattened; 
intemodes  intermediate  in  length ;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness ;  pith  medium  to 
above  in  size;   shoots  nearly  glabrous;   tendrils  intermittent,  fair  length,  bitid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  open  early,  of  average  size,  short,  of  medium  thickness,  obtuse  to  conical. 
Young  leaves  heavily  tinged  with  carmine  on  lower  surface,  faintly  tinged  along  margin 
of  upper  surface,  prevailing  color  bright  carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  of  average 
thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  slightly  glossy,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  pale 
green,  somewhat  pubescent;  veins  rather  indistinct:  lobes  var}^  from  none  to  three, 
tenninus  acute;    petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;    basal 


BARRY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 79 

sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow  and  narrow;  teeth  shallow  to  medium,  of 
average  width.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season,  sterile;  stamens  reflexed.  Fruit  ripens 
with  Concord  or  later,  keeps  very  late.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  medium  to  short, 
very  broad,  slightly  tapering  to  nearly  c^'lindrical,  upper  part  of  cluster  often  subdivides 
into  several  parts  making  compound  clusters,  frequently  double-shouldered,  usually 
compact;  peduncle  short,  medium  to  rather  stout;  pedicel  above  average  length,  moder- 
ately thick,  covered  witli  few  small  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  with  fruit. 
Berries  large,  oval  tu  spherical,  dark  purplish-black  to  black,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy 
blue  bloom,  adhere  well  to  pedicel.  Skin  rather  thin,  tough,  adheres  strongly  to  pulp, 
contains  but  little  pigment,  not  ver^^  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  tender 
when  ripened  under  favorable  conditions,  stringy,  vinous,  pleasant-flavored,  sweet  next 
the  skin,  agreeably  tart  at  center,  above  average  quality.  Seeds  slightly  adherent,  one 
to  five,  average  three,  nearly  large  to  medium,  usually  long,  of  mean  breadth,  deeply 
notched,  rather  blunt  but  often  with  slightly  enlarged  neck,  brownish ;  raphe  usually 
obscure,  sometimes  showing  as  a  faint  ridge  in  a  broad  groove;  chalaza  nearly  small, 
pear-shaped  or  circular,  above  center,  distinct. 

BEACON. 

(Lincecumii,   Labrusca.) 

I.  Ga.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  13:312,  321.  i8go.  2.  An.  Hort.,  1892:176.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:159. 
4.  Husmann,  1895:126.  5.  Rurai  A',  y.,  55:592.  1896.  6.  Tex.  Sta.  Bii;.,  48:1 149,  1153.  1898.  fig. 
7.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:526,  548.  1898.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1899:29.  9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid., 
46:48,  76.    1899.      10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bill..  56:275.    1900.  fig.      II.  Ga.    Sta.  Bid..  53:40,    51,    53.    1901.  fig. 

Big  B  Con  (7). 

Beacon  is  another  of  Munson's  hybrids,  a  cross  l:)etween  Labrtisca 
and  Lincecumii.  It  was  received  at  this  Station  in  1892  and  has  borne 
fruit  many  times  since  so  that  there  has  been  abimdant  opportunity  to  see 
grapes  and  vine.  The  variety  is  not  especially  well  adapted  to  New  York 
as  the  fruit  is  dull  in  color,  lacking  in  quality,  and  shells  somewhat  badly. 
The  vine  is  ver}'  vigorous,  bearing  a  handsome,  compact  mass  of  foliage 
which  retains  its  color  and  freshness  throughout  drouths  and  the  heat  of 
summer.  In  New  York  it  must  compete  with  Concord  in  commercial 
vineyards  and  since  it  does  not  equal  that  variety,  taking  its  character 
as  a  whole,  it  cannot  be  recommended  as  a  market  grape.  Its  qualitv 
and  appearance  are  such  that  it  will  never  be  largely  grown  b^'  the  amateur 
in  the  North.  The  variet^',  however,  is  of  much  interest  and  of  possible 
value  to  the  grape-breeder. 

Munson  produced  Beacon  in  1887  from  seed  of  Big  Berry  (a  variet}-  of 


I  So  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Lincecumii)  pollinated  by  Concord,  securing  the  first  fruit  in  1889.  The 
variety  has  been  generally  disseminated  among  grape  specialists  and 
experiment  stations  and  is  now  well  known  by  grape-growers  in  general. 

Vine  a  medium  to  very  strong  grower,  not  always  hardy,  productive.  Canes  short, 
medium  to  rather  slender,  light  brown.  Leaves  healthy,  variable  in  size,  rather  thick, 
incHned  to  dark  green,  sometimes  rugose,  with  veins  showing  indistinctly  through  the 
slight  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season,  on  plan  of  five  or 
six.  nearly  fertile. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  later  and  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  are  attractive 
in  general  appearance,  of  good  size,  rather  long,  medium  to  slightly  slender,  cylindrical 
to  somewhat  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact  to  medium.  Berries  medium 
but  variable  in  size,  roundish,  purplish-black  to  black,  dull  in  appearance,  covered  with 
heavy  blue  bloom,  inclined  to  shell  in  some  localities,  moderately  firm.  Skin  medium 
to  thin,  tough,  adheres  strongly  to  pulp,  contains  a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment, 
astringent.  Flesh  moderately  tender,  slightly  aromatic,  spicy,  vinous,  mildly  subacid 
to  agreeably  tart,  often  with  a  noticeable  Concord  flavor,  about  as  good  as  Concord  in 
quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  large  to  above  medium,  of  average  length, 
broad,  blunt  to  medium,  slightly  notched;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  above  center,  irregu- 
larly circular  to  slightly  oval. 

BEAUTY. 
(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana?) 

1.  Downing,  1881:165  app.  2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  i88i:i(>3.  3.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:43. 
4.   Kan.  Stii.  Bid..  14:85.    iSyo.      5.   Bush.  Cat..  1894:89.      6.   Te.t.  Sla.  Bid..  48:1149,   1153.    i8q8. 

The  grape  which  bears  the  name  Beauty  is  an  Aestivalis  hybrid  with 
Labrusca,  one  of  Jacob  Rommel's  seedlings.  It  had  the  honor,  accord- 
ing to  the  Bnshberg  Catalogue,^  of  receiving  at  the  Exposition  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  in  1880,  the  praise  of  having  produced  "the  best  American 
white  wine  on  exhibition."  According  to  the  above  authority  Rommel 
stopped  its  propagation  and  dissemination  because  of  its  susceptibility  to 
fungi.  The  variety  is  now  practically  lost  to  cultivation  and  was  never 
largely  grown  in  New  York. 

Beauty  is  a  cross  between  Delaware  and  Maxatawney  originated  by 
Jacob  Rommel  of  Morrison,  Missouri,  over  thirty  years  ago.  Bush  questions 
the  parentage  as  given  by  Rommel  and  thinks  it  more  likely  Catawba  and 
Maxatawney.     Rommel's  Beauty  should  not  be  confused  with  the  Beauty 


'Bush.  Cat.,  1894:80. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  l8l 

of  Minnesota,  a  grape  from  the  State  for  which  it  was  named,  which  has 
been  discarded  because  of  poor  quality. 

Vine  fairly  vigorous,  usually  healthy  and  hardy,  produces  medium  to  good  crops. 
Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous,  dark  reddish-brown  often  with  a  strong  ashy-gray 
tinge,  surface  covered  with  slight  blue  bloom.  Leaves  medium  to  rather  large,  dark 
green;  lower  surface  covered  with  considerable  pubescence.  Stamens  upright.  Fruit 
ripens  between  Delaware  and  Catawba,  keeps  and  sliips  well.  Clusters  intermediate 
in  size,  strongly  tapering,  often  not  shouldered,  rather  compact.  Berries  small  to  medium 
roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dull  dark  red  somewhat  darker  than  Catawba,  covered  with  a 
large  amount  of  dark  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Flesh  tender,  slightly  foxy,  sweet, 
good  to  very  good  in  quality.     Chalaza  very  distinct. 

BELL. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana,  Vinifei-a.) 

1.  Rural  N.  Y..  45:733.  1886.  fig.  2.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  i8q3:ii8.  3.  III.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:263. 
1893.  4.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.,  30:106.  1893.  5.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:290.  1895.  6.  Tettn.  .Sta.  Bui.,  Vol. 
9:168.  1896.  7.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  73:181,  182.  1897.  8.  Te.r.  Sta.  Bid..  48:1149,  1153.  1898.  9. 
Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  94:142.    1898.      10.  .4m.   Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:31.      11.  Ga.  Sta.  But.,  53:40,  52,  53. 

1901. 

Munson's  No.  21  (i,  2,  4),      Willie  Bell  (4,  9). 

Bell  is  still  another  of  Mimson's  hybrids,  its  parents  being  Elvira 
crossed  with  Delaware.  Its  characters  are  chiefly  those  of  Elvira  and 
in  particular  it  has  the  Elvira  flavor,  which  is  somewhat  against  it  for  a 
table  grape.  As  to  its  value  for  wine-making  there  are  no  records  though 
it  may  be  assumed  that  it  has  the  same  value  for  this  purpose  as  the  Elvira, 
which  it  so  greatly  resembles  in  flavor.  From  its  behavior  here,  this  Station 
does  not  recommend  Bell  for  New  York. 

Munson  produced  Bell  in  1881  from  seed  of  Elvira  pollinated  by 
Delaware.  After  having  tested  it  thoroughly  the  originator  disseminated 
it  and  continues  to  offer  it  in  his  catalog;  proof  of  its  value  for  some  of  the 
grape  regions. 

Vine  a  strong  grower,  hardy,  usually  produces  full  crops  although  a  shy  bearer  in 
some  localities.  Leaves  vigorous,  healthy,  medium  to  very  large.  Flowers  open  before 
mid-season,  nearly  fertile;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season  or  later,  keeps 
well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  frequently  shouldered,  compact  to 
medium.  Berries  medium  to  small,  roundish,  dull  green  sometimes  with  yellow  tinge, 
covered  with  rather  heavy  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  thin,  very  tender,  adheres 
considerably  to  the  pulp.  Flesh  moderately  juicy  and  tender,  sweetish  at  skin  to  tart  at 
center,  ranks  about  the  same  as  Elvira  in  quality. 


l82  THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK. 

BERCKMANS. 

(Riparia.  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:114.  2.  lb.,  1877:4,^.  3.  Gar.  Mon.,  23:308.  1881.  4.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:75.  5.  Atn.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  6.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui,  10:8.  1890.  7.  Ark.  Sta.  Bui,  39:27. 
1896.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.,  56:823.  1897.  9.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:526,  545,  547,  553.  iSgS,  10. 
Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  48:1149,  1153.  1898.  ii.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:37,  43,  44,  46,  48.  1899.  12.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bui.,  110:245.    1902. 

Delawark  and  Clinton    No.  i  (i). 

In  Berckmans,  generally  speaking,  we  have  the  fruit  of  Delaware  on 
the  vine  of  Clinton.  Berckmans  was  disseminated  nearly  forty  years  ago 
and  though  the  fruit  is  seemingly  better  adapted  for  the  market  than  Dela- 
ware, and  the  vine  much  more  vigorous,  as  hardy  and  as  productive  as 
its  better  known  parent,  yet  the  variety  is  seldom  grown  other  than  as  an 
amateur  grape.  The  berrv  and  bunch  resemble  Delaware  in  shape;  the 
fruit  is  of  the  same  color;  l)unch  and  lierry  are  larger,  but  the  vine  is  not 
ciuite  as  prodvictive ;  the  flesh  is  firmer,  making  it  a  better  shipper  and  it 
keeps  better;  the  cjuality  is  not  so  good,  the  flesh  lacking  tenderness,  sweet- 
ness and  richness  in  comparison  with  Delaware.  The  vine  of  Berckmans  is 
much  more  vigorous  and  is  less  subject  to  mildew  than  that  of  Delaware, 
but  there  are  many  reports  that  it  suffers  from  leaf-hoppers  and  the  rose 
bug,  insects  which  seem  inordinately  fond  of  its  foliage.  The  vine  char- 
acters are  not  as  good  as  those  of  Clinton.  The  variety  seems  illy  adapted 
to  some  soils  and  in  particular  does  not  color  well  if  not  suited  in  this 
respect.  In  spite  of  its  many  good  qualities,  popular  verdict  has  decreed 
that  Berckmans  is  but  an  amateur's  grape.  The  name  commemorates 
the  viticultural  labors  of  P.  J.  Berckmans,  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Dr.  A.  P.  W\'lie  of  Chester,  South  Carolina,  who  originated  the  variety  and 
christened  it  Berckmans. 

Berckmans  was  produced  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie'  of  Chester,  South  Caro- 


'  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie  was  a  southern  hybridizer.  His  life  was  one  of  exceptionally  varied 
usefulness.  Besides  being  a  physician  he  worked  with  many  different  plants,  producing  new  varie- 
ties of  cotton,  peach,  nectarine,  magnolia  and  other  species.  His  hybrids  were  produced  chiefly 
during  the  sixties  and  early  seventies.  His  method  of  testing  hybrid  grapes  was  unique;  as  soon 
as  the  fruit  from  the  cross-fertilized  blossoms  ripened,  the  seeds  were  planted  and  the  seedlings  forced 
the  first  winter  in  a  hothouse.  In  the  spring  it  was  planted  by  the  side  of  a  mature  vine  outside 
and  the  seedling  grafted  by  inarching  on  the  established  vine.      In  this  manner,  his  son  writes  us, 


v«> 


--:•' 


BERCKMANS 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 83 

lina,  from  Delaware  seed  fertilized  by  Clinton.  The  seed  was  planted  in 
1868  and  the  plant  bore  its  first  fruit  in  1870,  the  variety  being  introduced 
some  years  later. 

Vine  similar  to  Clinton  in  growth  and  foliage,  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  pro- 
duces average  to  good  crops.  Canes  long,  numerous,  rather  slender,  light  to  dark  brown ; 
nodes  prominent,  flattened;  internodes  short;  diaphragm  below  medium  thickness; 
pith  medium  to  above  in  size;    shoots  not  pubescent;    tendrils  intermittent,  long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  short,  of  average  thickness,  conical  to  nearly  obtuse, 
open  very  early.  Young  leaves  decidedly  pale  green  with  faintest  trace  of  carmine, 
prevailing  color  green  on  both  sides.  Leaves  medium  to  small,  thin ;  upper  surface 
light  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  not  pubescent;  veins  inconspicuous; 
lobes  vary  from  none  to  three  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  shallow, 
wide;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth 
and  width.     Flowers  open  rather  early,  fertile;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Delaware  and  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  attractive,  much 
like  Delaware  in  shape  and  size  but  slightly  longer  and  more  often  shouldered,  compact 
to  medium,  averaging  slightly  looser  than  either  parent;  peduncle  rather  short,  slender; 
pedicel  longish,  slender,  covered  with  but  few  warts;  brush  short,  light  green.  Berries 
intermediate  in  size,  slightly  larger  than  Delaware,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  resemble 
Delaware  in  color  but  somewhat  darker  when  well  ripened,  covered  with  lilac  bloom, 
persistent,  of  average  firmness.  Skin  thin,  somewhat  tough,  slightly  adhering  to  pulp, 
contains  no  pigment,  nearly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  yellowish-green,  translucent,  fine- 
grained, tender,  inclined  to  melting,  vinous,  sweet  to  agreeably  tart,  sprightly,  very 
good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three, 
slightly  below  medium  in  size,  rather  broad  and  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  irregularly  oval,  distinct. 

BERTRAND. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:17.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  45:653,  660.  1886.  fig.  3.  Gar.  Man.,  28:305. 
1886.  fig.  4.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:90.  fig.  5.  Texas  Farm  and  Ranch,  Feb.  8,  1896:11.  6.  Ala.  Sta. 
Bill.,  110:78.    1900. 

Blue  Seedling  (i,  3).      Blue  Seedling  (4,  5). 


he  frequently  secured  fruit  the  second  summer.  In  1873  he  suffered  the  irreparable  misfortune 
of  losing  his  residence  by  fire.  This  destroyed  all  of  his  seeds  and  also  his  seedHngs,  which  were  in 
an  adjacent  hothouse.  The  number  of  Dr.  WyUe's  grape  seedlings  cannot  be  accurately  told  as 
many  of  them  were  never  disseminated.  Of  his  better  known  sorts  there  are  Berckmans,  Dr.  WyUe, 
Mrs.  McClure,  and  Peter  WyHe,  the  best  known  of  which  is  the  first.  Dr.  Wylie  was  the  first  man 
to  hybridize  the  Vitis  rotundifolia  with  other  .species  of  grapes.  Unfortunately  these  hybrids  appear 
to  have  been  lost  to  cultivation.     He  died  at  his  home  in  Chester,  South  Carolina,  in  1877. 


184  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Bertrand  is  a  southern  variety,  almost  without  question  an  offspring 
of  Herbemont,  and  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  descriptions  of  others, 
we  not  having  seen  the  fruit,  not  nearly  equal  to  its  parent.  The  variety 
is  hardy  only  as  far  north  as  Marjdand  and  even  in  that  State  must  be 
planted  in  sheltered  situations. 

Judge  J.  B.  Jones,  Herndon,  Burke  County,  Georgia,  found  Bertrand  as 
an  accidental  seedling,  which  had  germinated  in  the  spring  of  1878.  Judge 
Jones  gives  the  species  as  being  Cordifolia  but  Berckmans  says  it  looks 
like  an  Aestivalis;  it  is  now  generally  classed  in  the  Bourquiniana  group. 
The  following  description  of  this  variety  is  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  vigorous.  Cluster  above  medium  to  rather  large,  usuall}-  conical,  most  often 
shouldered,  moderately  compact ;  peduncle  long.  Berries  below  medium  in  size,  round, 
black  with  blue  bloom;  flesh  melting,  juicy,  very  high  flavored.  Skin  thin,  tough. 
Ripens  late.     Seeds  few.     Very  productive  in  the  South.     Of  value  only  for  wine. 

BLACK  DEFIANCE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  i868:io.  (No  name  given.)  2.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:75.  3.  Okla.  Sta. 
Bui,  14:6.  :89s.  4.  Husmann,  1895:31.  5.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.  46:37,  43.  7^-  '899.  6.  Ga.  Sla.  Bui, 
53:41.    1901. 

UnderhilVs  8-8  Hybrid  (2). 

Black  Defiance  is  one  of  Stephen  Underhill's  Vinifera-Labrusca  hybrids, 
at  one  time  quite  popular  as  a  late  table  grape,  but  now  superseded  by 
thriftier  varieties.  It  ripens  too  late  to  be  of  much  value  in  New  York. 
When  phylloxera  had  driven  French  grape-growers  to  look  to  America 
for  varieties  of  grapes,  and  before  grafting  on  resistant  stocks  was  practiced 
in  that  country,  Black  Defiance  was  looked  upon  with  much  favor  in  France 
where  it  succeeded  very  well.  The  fruit  is  distinguished  by  the  size,  lus- 
trous blackness  and  handsome  bloom  of  the  berry.  It  is  now  rarely  culti- 
vated in  New  York  having  been  replaced  by  varieties  more  certain  to 
mature  in  this  State. 

Stephen  Underbill  of  Croton-on-Hudson,  New  York,  produced  Black 
Defiance  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Black  Prince.  It  first  fruited 
in  1866.     The  variety  was  introduced  without  the  originator's  consent. 

Black  Defiance  is  described  as  follows : ' 


'  Tex.  Sta.  Bui,  48:1153-     1898. 


k 


BLACK  EAGLE 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  185 

"  Growth  medium,  shoots  smooth;  leaves  large,  more  or  less  three-lobed,  with  uneven 
margin;  bunches  large,  oblong  with  large  base,  frequently  branched;  berries  black, 
decidedly  acid,  pulp  rather  firm,  ripe  July  22nd;  defoliated  on  October  6,  1896.  Not 
good  for  table  use." 

BLACK  EAGLE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1868:10.  (Xo  name  given.)  2.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875-6:22. 
3.  lb.,  1876-7:32.  4.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:75.  pg.  5.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  12:618.  1893.  6.  Tcnn. 
Sta.  Bui,  Vol.  9:168.  i8g6.  7.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:527,  548,  553,  559.  1898.  8.  Tc.x.  Sta. 
Bui.,  48:1149,  1 153.  1898.  9.  il/o.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:37,  42,  44,  46,  48,  76.  1899.  10.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  18:370,  386,  396.   1899.      II.   Kan.  Sta.  Bui..  110:240.    1902. 

Underhill's  8-12  (4). 

Black  Eagle  is  a  full  brother  of  Black  Defiance  which  it  much  resembles 
but  surpasses  for  New  York  because  it  is  fully  three  weeks  earlier  in  ripening. 
On  our  grounds  its  season  is  about  with  Concord.  The  quality  of  Black 
Eagle  is  of  the  best,  but  the  vine  lacks  in  vigor,  hardiness  and  productive- 
ness and  the  fruit  is  susceptible  to  black-rot.  As  the  color-j)late  shows, 
bunch  and  berry  are  large  and  attractive;  bunches  weighing  nearly  two 
pounds  have  been  grown  for  exhibition  purposes  and  probably  there  are  few 
if  any  showier  hybrid  grapes  than  this  when  at  its  best.  The  leaf  is  that 
of  Vitis  vinifera,  deeply  lobed,  of  a  beautiful  green,  and  with  firm  texture, 
making  with  thrifty  vines  one  of  the  most  attractive  grape  plants  to  be 
found  in  our  vineyards.  The  variety  is  self-sterile.  Black  Eagle  has 
wholly  failed  as  a  commercial  variety  and  its  several  weaknesses  will  pre- 
vent amateurs  from  growing  it  largel)',  yet  it  is  far  too  good  a  grape  to  give 
up  altogether  and  lovers  of  grapes  should  keep  it  in  cultivation. 

The  variety  originated  with  Stephen  W.  Underhill,  Croton-on-Hudson, 
New  York,  from  seed  of  Concord  pollinated  by  Black  Prince.  It  first 
fruited  in  1866.  The  variety  was  sent  out  by  Underhill  for  testing  and 
was  introduced  without  the  originator's  consent. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  not  productive.  Canes  rather  rough, 
medium  to  long,  of  average  number,  thick,  approaching  dark  reddish-brown,  covered 
with  slight  blue  bloom;  nodes  strongly  enlarged,  slightly  flattened;  internodes  above 
medium  length ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  of  average  size ;  shoots  pubescent ;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous, long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  short,  rather  thick,  pointed  to  conical,  open  very 
late.     Young  leaves  tinged  with  carmine  on  the  under  surface  and  along  margin  of  upper 


1 86  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

surface  making  the  prevailing  color  a  light  rose-carmine.  Leaves  of  average  size,  medium 
to  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  glossy,  smooth  to  rugose;  lower  surface  pale 
grayish-green,  somewhat  pubescent ;  veins  not  distinct ;  lobes  five  in  number,  tenninal 
lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus 
verv  wide  and  deep;  lateral  sinus  wide  at  bottom  narrowing  towards  top,  deep;  teeth 
intermediate  in  depth  and  width.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season  or  later,  fullv  self-sterile; 
stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  keeps  well  if  picked  before  overripe.  Clusters  of  large 
to  average  size,  rather  long,  tapering,  varying  from  single-  to  double-shouldered,  loose 
to  compact;  peduncle  longish,  rather  thick;  pedicel  long  to  medium,  somewhat  slender, 
covered  with  very  few  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  short,  pale 
green.  Berries  variable  in  size  averaging  large,  slightly  oval,  black,  glossy,  covered  with 
a  moderate  amount  of  blue  bloom,  do  not  shatter,  somewhat  soft.  Skin  thin,  rather 
tender,  adheres  strongly  to  pulp,  with  slight  amounl;  of  wine-colored  pigment,  not  astrin- 
gent. Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  somewhat  tender,  vinous,  not  foxy,  sweet  at  skin 
to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  quality  good.  Seeds  separate  easily,  one  to  four,  average 
two  or  three,  rather  large  and  broad,  nearly  long. 

BLACK  HAMBURG. 

(Vinifera.) 

I.  Speechly,  1791:11,170.  2.  x^ondon  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.,  1830:75.  3.  Hoare.  1840:142.  4.  Mag. 
llort.,  9:245.  1843.  5.  lb.,  13:4,^-  '■"^47-  6.  -4;;i.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1852:54.  (For  culture  under 
glass.)     7.  Horticulturist,  15:125.    iSoo.     8.  Mag.   Hart.,  26:110.    i860.     9.  Can.   Hort.,  11:59.    1888. 

Admiral  (4).  Black  Gibraltcr  (4).  Black  Hamburgh  (2).  Black  Portugal  of  some  (4).  Black 
Teneriffe  (4).  Blue  Trollinger  (4).  Bocksaugen  (4).  Bommerer  (4).  Brown  Hamburgh  (4). 
Dutch  Hamburgh  (4).  Fleish  Traube  (4).  Frakenthalcr  (4).  Frankcndale  (4).  Frankcnthaler 
gros  noir  (4).  Gelbholzigcr  Trollinger  (4).  Gibraltcr  (4).  Hampton  Court  Vine  (4,  8).  Hudler  (4). 
Languedoc  (4).  Lugiana  nera  (4').  Malvasier  of  some  (4).  Mohrendutte  (4).  Pale  Wooded  Trol- 
linger (4).  Purple  Hambttrgh  (4).  Red  Hamburgh  (4,  of  some  2).  Richmond  Villa  Hamburgh  (8). 
Salisbury  Violet  (4).  Schtvarzeblauer  Trollinger  (4).  Schwarzcr  Gutedel  of  some  (4).  Schwarzwcl- 
scher  (4).  Trailer  (4).  Trollinger  (4).  Valentines  (4).  Victoria  (4).  Warner's  (2,  4).  Warner's 
Black  Hamburgh  (2).  Warjter's  Black  Hamburgh  (4).  Warner's  Hamburgh  (8).  Weisshohiger 
Trollinger  (4).     Welscher  (4). 

Black  Hamburg  is  a  variety  of  Vitis  vinifera,  impossible  to  grow  out 
of  doors  in  eastern  America,  but  illustrated  and  described  here  because  it 
is  one  of  the  parents  of  many  hybrids  with  American  species  and  because 
it  represents,  in  fruit  characters  at  least,  about  all  that  is  desirable  in  a  good 
grape.  Since  it  is  a  standard  of  excellence  which  American  breeders  of 
table  grapes  liave  long  sought  to  attain,  we  may  name  its  points  of  superi- 
ority over  the  table  grapes  now  grown  in  our  vineyards.       ist.  Bunch  and 


BLACK  HAMBURG  (Reduced  Size) 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 87 

berry  are  large,  well  formed,  and  uniform.  2nd.  The  fruits  have  a  higher 
sugar  and  solid  content  than  most  American  grapes  and  keep  better,  ship 
better,  make  better  wine  and  will  make  raisins.  3d.  The  flavor,  to  most 
palates,  is  richer,  more  delicate,  and  lacks  the  acidity  of  some  American 
grapes  and  the  foxiness  of  others.  4th.  The  pulp  and  skin  of  Black 
Hamburg  are  more  tender  than  the  varieties  of  the  species  of  this  country 
and  the  seeds  are  readily  separated  from  the  pulp.  5th.  The  berries  do  not 
shell  from  the  stem  readily.  6th.  The  vines  are  more  compact  in  habit, 
make  a  shorter  and  stouter  annual  growth,  and  hence  recjuire  less  pruning 
and  training.  7th.  The  fruit  is  borne  in  greater  quantity,  vine  for  vine 
or  acre  for  acre.  Added  to  the  above  qualities  which  make  it  desirable  as 
a  parent  when  crosses  are  made  between  the  grapes  of  this  country  and 
Viiis  vinifcra,  are  comparative  hardiness  am_ong  its  kind,  a  short  seasonal 
cycle  of  vegetation  giving  early  maturity  to  fruit,  ability  to  stand  more 
hardships  than  most  of  its  species,  and  especially  abilitv  to  mature  its 
fruit  with  as  small  amount  of  solar  heat  as  any  of  its  species.  Its  weak- 
nesses when  planted  out  of  doors  in  eastern  America  are  those  of  its  species, 
which  wholly  prevent  its  successful  cultivation  in  the  vineyards  of  this 
region  and  make  it  of  interest  and  value  only  in  breeding  and  as  an  ideal 
toward  which  to  breed. 

The  origin  of  Black  Hamburg  is  apparently-  unknown.  It  was  sent 
from  Hamburg,  Germany,  to  England  sometime  in  the  earlv  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  and  it  was  in  the  latter  countrv  that  it  was  given  the 
several  variations  of  the  name  Hamburg.  In  the  north  of  Europe  it  is 
known  as  Frankendale  or  Frankenthal.  Black  Hamburg  is  grown  in 
Europe  chiefly  as  a  forcing  grape.  It  is  doubtful  if  all  the  synonyms  refer 
to  one  seed  variety,  but  if  not  the  same,  they  are  so  similar  as  to  be  difficult 
if  not  impossible  to  distinguish  from  each  other. 

Vine  vigorous,  tender,  productive.  Canes  long,  numerous,  rather  thick  to  medium, 
light  brown  but  darker  at  nodes,  covered  with  faint  pubescence;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly 
flattened ;  internodes  short  to  medium ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  large ;  shoots  slightly 
pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  frequently  several  nodes  with  no  tendrils,  long,  bifid 
to  trifid,  dehisce  early. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  rather  long,  somewhat  thick,  conical  to  obtuse.  Leaves 
good  size,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  rather  dull,  of  average  smoothness;  lower 
surface  slightly  lighter  than  upper  surface,  with  small  amount  of  pubescence,   hairy; 


l88  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

veins  moderately  distinct;  lobes  vary  from  none  to  five,  terminal  lobe  nearly  acute; 
petiolar  sinus  often  strongly  urn-shaped,  of  average  depth,  nearly  narrow,  sometimes 
closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  shallow  to  narrow;  lateral  sinus  rather  deep  to 
narrow,  often  notched ;  teeth  very  irregular  in  depth  and  width. 

Fruit  ripens  early  in  October,  keeps  well.  Clusters  large,  long  to  medium,  rather 
broad,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  inclined  to  irregular,  usually  single-shouldered,  nearly 
compact;  peduncle  medium  to  short,  somewhat  thick;  pedicel  long,  slender,  covered 
with  small,  numerous,  prominent  warts;  brush  short,  thick,  tinged  with  red.  Berries 
rather  large,  oval  to  nearly  roundish,  dark  purple  to  nearly  black,  slightly  glossy,  covered 
with  faint  blue  or  lilac  bloom,  do  not  drop  from  pedicel,  moderate  in  firmness.  Skin  thin, 
tender,  adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green, 
tender,  fine-grained,  vinous,  sprightly,  rather  sweet  and  refreshing,  very  good  to  best. 
Seeds  separate  easily,  one  to  four  averaging  two  or  three,  above  medium  size,  long,  rather 
narrow,  sharply  pointed,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  decid- 
edly above  center,  distinct,  circular  to  oval. 

BLACK  HAWK. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1865:197.  2.  Fuller,  1867:236.  3.  Gar.  Mon..  9:147.  214.  1867.  4.  III. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1868:175.  5.  Downing,  1869:531.  6.  Grape  Ctdt.,  1:14,  15.  1869.  7.  Mich.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt..  1878:482.     8.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:75.     9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:37,  42,  44.  46.    1899. 

Miller.';  Xo.  4  (i,  b). 

Black  Hawk  is  a  seedling  of  Concord  which  it  greatly  resembles  but 
all  in  all  does  not  nearly  equal.  It  is  chiefl\-  remarkable  because  of  its 
very  dark  green  foliage  which  at  a  little  distance  seems  almost  black.  It 
is  rarely  or  almost  never  cultivated  in  New  York. 

Samuel  Miller  of  Calmdale,  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
fifties  produced  Black  Hawk  from  Concord  seed  sent  to  him  by  E.  W. 
Bull.  The  stock  was  bought  and  the  variety  introduced  by  a  Mr.  Knox 
of   Pittsburg. 

The  following  description  was  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  hardy,  resembles  Concord  except  for  foliage  being  much  darker.  Bunch 
medium  to  sometimes  large;  berry  medium  to  above,  nearly  round,  black,  of  tender 
flesh  but  hardly  good  in  quality;  sometimes  shatters.  Ripens  with  Concord  or  slightly 
before.     Self-sterile.     Rather    late    in    blooming. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  189 

BLACK  IMPERIAL, 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana,  Vinifera.) 
1.  Mo.  Hort.Soc.  Rpt..  1891:127.     2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:93.     3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:41.    igoi. 

Black  Imperial  is  one  of  Dr.  J.  Stayman's  grapes.  It  has  high  quality 
and  is  handsome  in  appearance  but  is  so  susceptible  to  fungi  as  to  be  almost 
worthless  and  has  now  passed  from  cultivation. 

Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  produced  Black  Imperial  from 
seed  of  Dutchess  some  time  in  the  eighties.  The  variety  was  first  called 
Black's  Imperial.  There  was  another  variety  preceding  this  \A-hich  is  men- 
tioned by  Prince'  and  Fuller-  in  the  sixties  by  the  name  of  Black  Imperial. 

The  following  description  is  taken  largely  from  that  (jf  the  originator: 

Vine  usually  moderately  vigorous  and  productive.  Cluster  large,  shouldered, 
compact.  Berries  of  medium  size,  black,  tender,  juicy;  flavor  sweet,  vinous;  quality 
good  to  very  good.      Flowers  self-fertile.     Quite  subject  to  mildew  and  black-rot. 

BLACK  PEARL. 

(Riparia,  Labnisca?) 

I.  Mich.   Pom.  Soc.   Rpt.,   1875:459.     2.   Ohio   Hort.  Soc.   Rpt.,   1876-7:90.     3.  lb..   1882-3:49. 
4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:75.     5.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1884:215.     6.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:37,  43,  45,  40.    1899. 
Schr.^idt's  Seedling  (r.  2).     Scliraidt's  .Seedling  (3,  4). 

Viticulturists  agree  that  Black  Pearl  is  but  an  improved  Clinton, 
notwithstanding  the  originator's  statement  that  it  came  from  seed  of 
Delaware.  Unfortunately  the  vine  is  not  in  the  Station  vineyard  and 
our  estimate  of  its  vine  characters  is  taken  from  the  descriptions  of  others. 
According  to  the  Bushberg  Catalogue,^  "The  vine  is  a  vigorous  healthy 
grower  similar  in  appearance  of  growth  and  foliage  to  Elvira  and  Noah." 
The  bunches  and  berries,  as  they  have  been  sent  to  this  Station,  are  larger 
than  Clinton  and  of  better  quality  though  of  small  value  as  a  table  fruit. 
It  seems  well  agreed  among  wine-makers  that  Black  Pearl  makes  an 
exceptionally  good  red  wine  equalling  or  surpassing  any  other  of  our  north- 
ern varieties  for  this  purpose.  Without  doubt,  from  the  many  testimonials 
as  to  its  value  for  v^^ine-making,  it  can  be  highly  recoinmended  for  this  pur- 


'  Mag.   Hort.,  1863:67. 
2  Fuller,   1867:237. 
2  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:7;. 


190 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


pose  and  as  a  good  starting  point  from  which  to  breed  wine  grapes.  So  far, 
though  grown  for  more  than  thirty  years,  its  culture  is  confined  to  the 
islands  in  Lake  Erie  devoted  to  grape-growing  and  the  variety  can  hardly 
be  said  to  be  known  in  New  York.  It  is  probably  too  late  for  most  parts 
of  New  York  as  it  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Black  Pearl  was  originated  by  Casper  Schraidt  of  Put-in-bay,  Ohio, 
over  thirt\-  years  ago.  The  originator  states  that  it  is  a  seedling  of  Delaware 
but  this  has  generally  been  discredited,  as  the  vine  is  evidently  of  the 
Riparia  tvpe.     Bush  says  it  is  probabh'  a  seedling  of  Clinton  ov  Taylor. 

Vine  a  strong  grower,  does  not  winter-kill,  usually  a  good  yielder,  susceptible  to 
attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  are  long,  numerous,  and  of  average  thickness.  Leaves  are 
intermediate  in  size.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season  or  before,  sterile  or  nearly  so ;  stamens 
refiexed. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Catawba,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  larger  than 
Clinton,  medium  to  rather  slender,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  often  single-shouldered, 
intermediate  to  compact.  Berries  below  medium  to  very  small,  roundish,  oblate  or 
frequently  compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  black,  glossy,  covered  with 
a  moderate  amount  of  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  tender,  adheres  strongly 
to  the  pulp,  contains  an  unusually  large  amount  of  purpHsh-red  pigment,  astringent. 
Flesh  moderately  juicy,  usually  with  a  decided  red  tinge,  nearly  tender,  slightly  spicy, 
tart,  medium  to  below  in  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds,  which  adhere  but  little  to  the  pulp, 
are  medium  to  below  in  size,  short  to  medium,  broad,  slightly  notched,  blunt,  dark 
brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  central,  oval  to  circular,  distinct. 

BRANT. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Downing,  1869:532.     2.  .-liii.  Joitr.  Hort..  6:qi.    i86g.  fig.    3.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:553. 
4.  Bks/;.  Ta/.,  1883:77,  71,1;.     5.  Kan.  Sta.  Bnl.  44:110.    1803,     5.  Tc.v.  S/u.  Sh/..  48:1  14(1,  1 1  54.    1898. 
Arnold's   No.  S.    (i,   2,   4). 

Brant  and  Canada  are  full  brothers  and  so  near  alike  that  the  two 
are  often  confounded  with  each  other.  Neither  has  ever  become  popular 
in  North  America  because  of  their  susceptibility  to  fungi.  As  Riparia  and 
Vinifera  ln-l)rids,  the  best  of  Arnold's  seedlings  from  crosses  of  these  two 
species,  they  are  of  interest  and  of  possible  value  in  grape-l^reeding.  Since 
Brant  and  Canada  are  so  nearly  alike  a  discussion  of  one  will  suffice  for 
both  and  this  is  reserved  for  Canada,  the  better  known  and  more  valuable 
of  the  two  varieties. 

Charles  Arnold  of  Paris,  Canada,  produced  this  variety  sometime  in 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


191 


the  sixties.  It  is  a  seedling  of  Clinton  pollinated  by  Black  St.  Peters.  The 
following  description  of  it  is  taken  from  Downing's  Fruits  and  Fruit -Trees 
of  America:^ 

"Vine  strong,  healthy  grower.  Foliage  of  a  dark  reddish  green,  deeply  lobed. 
Smooth  on  both  sides.  Bunch  and  berry  medium,  black.  Flesh  free  from  pulp,  very 
juicy,  sweet,  and,  when  perfectly  ripe,  rich  and  aromatic.     Ripens  early." 

BRIGHTON. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:548.  2.  Gar.  Mojt.,  16:344.  1874.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1881:24.  4.  Downing,  1881:165  app.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:78.  fig.  6.  Rural  N.  Y..  45:622.  1S86. 
7.  7.7.  Sta.  Bill.,  28:258.  1893.  8.  N.  1'.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:527,  540,  543,  545,  546,  548,  549.  552, 
553.  559-  i8q8.  9.  lb.,  18:367,  371.  386,  396.  1899.  10.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:37.  42,  44,  45,  48,  54. 
1899.  II.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:164.  1899.  12.  W .  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:91.  13.  Mo.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1900:364.      14.  Can.    Hort.,  27:345,  392.    1904. 

Trask  (12). 

Brighton  is  one  of  the  few  Labrusca-Vinifera  hybrids  which  have 
attained  prominence  in  commercial  vineyards.  It  has  the  distinction,  too, 
of  being  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  secondary  or  attenuated  hybrid 
of  Labrusca  witli  Vinifera,  /.  e.,  the  offspring  of  a  hybrid  crossed  with  one 
of  the  original  parents  or  with  a  variety  of  the  same  species.  The  parents  ' 
of  Brighton  were  Diana  Hamburg,  a  h}-brid  of  Vinifera  crossed  with 
Labrusca,  and  Concord,  a  pure-bred  Labrusca.  As  we  have  seen,  the  first 
or  primary  hybrids  of  Vinifera  with  Labrusca  have  given  grapes  of  high 
quality,  but  lacking  in  vigor,  in  resistance  to  fungi  and  ph341oxera,  and 
for  most  part  infertile  in  liloom.  The  secondary  livbrids  have  not  shown 
the  weaknesses  of  the  primary  hybrids  in  nearly  so  marked  a  degree  but 
have  given,  in  many  instances,  as  in  Brighton,  Diamond  and  probably  Dela- 
ware, varieties  of  nearly  as  high  quality.  It  is  now  generally  recognized 
by  viticulturists  that  the  .secondary  hybrids  with  Vinifera  promise  much 
more  than  do  the  primary  ones  and  it  is  no  mean  distinction  that  Brighton 
has  of  being  the  first  secondary  hybrid  brought  about  by  the  hand  of  man. 

Brighton  ranks  as  one  of  the  leading  amateur  grapes  in  New  York  and 
is  among  the  ten  or  twelve  chief  commercial  sorts  of  the  State.  Its  good 
points  are:  High  quality,  handsome  appearance,  certainty  of  ripening, 
being  earlier  than  Concord,  vigorous  growth,  productiveness,  adaptability 


'Downing,  1869:532. 


192 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK. 


to  various  soils,  and,  for  a  hybrid,  ability  to  withstand  fungi.  It  is  thus 
seen  that  the  infusion  of  foreign  blood  has  given  the  fruit  of  Brighton 
some  of  the  excellencies  of  Vitis  vinifera  while  the  preponderance  of  Vitis 
labriisca  blood  has  preserved  the  vigor  and  hardiness  of  the  native  species. 
Brighton  has  two  serious  defects  which  no  doubt  have  kept  it  from  taking 
higher  rank  as  a  commercial  variety:  It  deteriorates  in  quality  very  quickly 
after  maturity  so  that  it  cannot  be  kept  for  more  than  a  few  days  at  its 
best,  hence  cannot  be  well  shipped  to  distant  markets;  and  it  is  self- sterile  to 
a  more  marked  degree  than  any  other  of  our  commonly  grown  grapes.  To 
have  it  at  its  best  the  fruit  should  be  thinned. 

This  grape  is  a  signal  example  of  a  variety  resulting  from  careful 
and  skilful  work  in  grape-breeding.  Its  originator,  Jacob  Moore,'  possessed 
of  a  high  degree  of  intelligence  and  an  unusually  keen  sense  of  the  latent 
possibilities  in  plants,  with  unwearied  perseverance  spent  years  in  the 
attempt  to  produce  grapes  combining  the  good  characters  of  the  Old  and 
the  New  World  grapes.  As  a  result  of  his  zeal  and  patience  we  have  Brighton 
and  Diamond,  the  most  valuable  grapes  of  their  class.  Jacob  Moore's 
demonstration  of  the  value  of  the  secondary  hybrid,  and  these  two  grapes, 
must  serve  to  commemorate  a  life  spent  in  self  denial,  imposed  poverty  and 
comparative  obscurity  that  horticulture  might  be  enriched. 

Brighton  is  a  seedling  of  Diana  Hamburg  pollinated  by  Concord, 
raised  by  the  late  Jacob  Moore  at  Brighton,  New  York.  The  original 
vine  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1870  and  fruit  was  first  exhibited  at  the 
meeting  of  the  New  York  Horticultural  Society  in   1872. 


•  Jacob  Moore  was  born  in  Brighton.  New  York,  in  1835.  He  early  engaged  in  the  nursery 
business  and  about  i860  began  to  experiment  in  hybridizing  grapes,  his  first  production  of  note  being 
Diana  Hamburg  which  proved  too  tender  to  be  of  value  in  New  York.  In  1873  he  sold  the 
Brighton  to  its  introducer,  the  grape  having  come  from  a  union  of  Diana  Hamburg  and  Concord. 
In  1882  Moore's  third  grape  of  note,  the  Diamond,  was  introduced,  its  parents  being  Concord,  fertil- 
ized by  lona.  One  other  grape  completes  his  list  of  varieties  of  this  fruit  —  the  Geneva,  a  Vinifera- 
Labrusca  hybrid  from  seed  planted  in  the  spring  of  1874.  Beside  these  grapes,  Moore  was  the  orig- 
inator of  the  Ruby.  Red  Cross  and  Diploma  currants  and  the  Bar-seckel  pear.  Jacob  Moore  died 
in  January,  1908.  having  devoted  a  life  to  the  improvement  of  fruits  and  having  spent  a  patrimony 
of  no  small  amount  and  all  of  his  earnings  in  carrying  on  experiments  in  horticulture.  It  saddens 
one  to  know  that  after  having  devoted  a  half  century  to  the  enrichment  of  agriculture,  poor  Moore 
should  have  passed  his  last  years  in  comparative  poverty,  and  that  chey  were  embittered  with  the 
thought  that,  unlike  the  inventor,  the  producer  of  new  fruits  can  in  no  way  protect  the  products  of 
his  originality,  even  though  they  added  millions  to  the  wealth  of  the  country  as  have  his  fruits. 


BRIGHTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  1 93 

Vine  vigorous  and  hardy,  producing  average  to  good  crops,  often  subject  to  mildew. 
Canes  long,  numerous,  thick,  rather  light  brown ;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  usually  flattened ; 
intemodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  nearly  large;  shoots  glabrous,  slightly 
pubescent;   tendrils  continuous,  long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short,  stout,  conical  to  pointed,  sometimes  slightly  com- 
pressed, open  moderately  early.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  with  rose-carmine  on  lower 
surface,  strongly  tinged  along  margin  of  upper  surface.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  thick; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly 
pubescent;  veins  not  distinct;  lobes  three  when  present,  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acumi- 
nate; petiolar  sinus  nearl}-  intermediate  in  depth  and  width;  lateral  sinus  shallow  to 
medium  in  depth  and  width;  teeth  of  average  depth,  narrow.  Flowers  open  somewhat 
late,  sometimes  on  plan  of  six,  sterile;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  somewhat  unevenly  about  mid-season,  keeps  fairly  well  for  a  short  time 
but  deteriorates  rapidly  after  ripening.  Clusters  very  large  to  medium,  usually  long, 
broadish,  tapering,  often  heavily  shouldered,  loose  to  compact;  peduncle  quite  long; 
pedicel  of  average  length,  somewhat  thick,  covered  with  few  indistinct  warts,  broad  at 
point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  pale  green  with  brown  tinge,  thick,  short.  Berries 
irregular,  medium  to  rather  large  in  size,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  light  and  dark  red, 
somewhat  glossy,  covered  with  dark  lilac  bloom,  handsome,  persistent,  not  firm.  Skin 
thickish,  very  tender,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent. 
Flesh  greenish,  rather  transparent,  tender,  slightly  stringy,  melting,  aromatic,  vinous, 
sweet  or  agreeably  tart  to  center  of  berry,  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily, 
number  one  to  five,  average  three  or  four,  above  mean  size,  rather  broad  and  sharply 
pointed,  light  brown  with  yellow  tinge ;  raphe  shows  as  a  narrow  obscure  groove ;  chalaza 
large,  above  center,  irregularly  circular,  distinct. 

BRILLUNT. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  49:602.  1890.  fig.  3.  Atn.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:151, 
159.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1891:32.  5.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:162.  1891.  6.  III.  Sta.  Bui,  28:259. 
1893.  7.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  12:618.  1893.  8.  Busk.  Cat.,  1894:96.  fig.  9.  Husmann,  1895:124. 
10.  Can.  Hort.,  18:3,  4,  58.  1895.  fig.  II.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui,  28:290.  1895.  12.  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bui,  Vol. 
9:170,  171,  fig.,  195.  1896.  13.  Kan.  Sta.  BmZ.,  73:183.  1897.  14.  Rural  N.  K.,  58:22.  1899.  15. 
Mo  .Sta.  Bui,  46:43,  48.  1899.  16.  .Y.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:396.  1899.  17.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui,  56:275. 
1900. 

In  Brilliant,  one  of  Munson's  grapes,  from  Lindley  crossed  with  Dela- 
ware, we  have  a  fine  red  grape  in  which  the  characters  of  the  two  parents 
are  so  nearly  equally  combined  that  it  cannot  be  said  which  it  most  resem- 
bles.    In  cluster  and  size  of  berry,  Brilliant  resembles  Lindley;  in  color 
13 


194  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  quality  of  fruit  it  is  about  the  same  as  Delaware,  differing  from  it 
chiefly  in  having  more  astringency  in  the  skin  and  therefore  not  quite 
equal  to  Delaware  as  a  table  grape.  The  vine  is  strong  and  hardy;  season 
about  with  Delaware.  Brilliant  does  not  crack  or  shell  and  therefore  ships 
well,  and  has  very  good  keeping  qualities,  especially  on  the  vine,  where  it 
will  often  hang  for  weeks.  The  defects  which  have  kept  it  from  becoming 
one  of  the  standard  commercial  sorts  in  New  York  are:  Marked  suscepti- 
bility to  fungi  but  not  more  susceptible  than  Delaware;  variable  in  size  of 
cluster;  uneven  in  ripening;  and  lack  of  productiveness.  Brilliant  is 
well  known  by  amateur  grape-growers  in  New  York  and  is  grown  some- 
what for  the  market.  All  in  all  it  is  probably  the  best  known  and  most 
widely  grown  of  Munson's  varieties  in  this  State.  In  favorable  situations, 
this  variety  may  always  be  expected  to  please  the  amateur,  and  the  com- 
mercial grower  will  often  find  it  a  profitable  sort. 

The  seed  which  produced  Brilliant  was  planted  by  Munson  in  1883  and 
the  variety  was  introduced  by  him  in  1887.  It  has  been  widely  tested  by 
experimenters  and  grape-growers  and  is  highly  spoken  of,  whether  in  the 
East,  West,  North  or  South. 

Vine  variable  in  growth  averaging  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  not  always  productive. 
Canes  long,  numerous,  thick,  darkish-brown;  nodes  enlarged,  usually  flattened;  inter- 
nodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  large,  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  inter- 
mittent, long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  somewhat  large,  short,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  late.  Young 
leaves  heavily  tinged  on  both  sides  with  mahogany-red  changing  to  light  carmine.  Leaves 
medium  to  large,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  rugose;  lower  surface  grayish- 
green,  downy;  veins  well  defined;  entire  or  obscurely  three-lobed  with  terminal  lobe 
blunt  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  V-shaped;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  obscure 
and  shallow  when  present;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and  width.  Flowers  open 
medium  late,   fertile;    stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  unevenly,  in  season  about  with  Delaware,  keeps  a  long  time.  Clusters 
average  larger  than  Delaware,  intermediate  in  length  and  breadth,  often  blunt,  cylin- 
drical to  somewhat  conical,  usually  slightly  shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle 
rather  thick;  pedicel  medium  to  short,  thick,  covered  with  few  small  warts,  wide  at  point 
of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  short,  thick,  pale  green  with  reddish-brown  tinge.  Berries 
average  larger  than  Delaware,  roundish  to  very  slightly  oval,  attractive  dark  red,  not  so 
brilliant  as  Delaware  but  more  so  than  Brighton,  rather  glossy,  covered  with  abundant 
lilac  bloom,  adhere  strongly  to  pedicel,  firm.     Skin  rather  thin  and  tough,  adheres  con- 


BRILLIANT 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  195 

siderably  to  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  rather 
transparent,  juicy,  slightly  stringy,  inclined  to  tenderness  when  fully  ripe,  fine-grained, 
vinous,  sweetish  at  skin  but  tart  next  the  seeds,  good  but  not  equal  to  Delaware.  Seeds 
cling  somewhat  to  pulp,  one  to  four  in  number,  average  three,  rather  large  and  broad, 
slightl}^  elongated,  plump,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  large,  slightly  above 
center,  irregularly  circular  to  slightly  oval,  distinct. 

BROWN. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  A^.  Y.  Sta.  A}t.  Rpt.,  12:619.  1S93.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:96.  3.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  14:277. 
1S95.  4.  Ih..  17:527,  54S,  554,  1S9S.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:90.  6.  Rural  X.  Y-,  59:722. 
1900.     7.  lb.,  65:914.    1906.     8.  lb.,  65:937.    1906.     9.  lb.,  66:24.    1907. 

Brown's  E.\rly  (7,  9).     Brown  Seedling  (5,  6,  8). 

Wm.  B.  Brown  of  Newburgh  gives  the  history  of  the  grape  bearing 
his  name  as  foUows: '  "  Brown's  seedhng  came  up  in  my  yard  at  Newburgh, 
New  York,  about  fifteen  years  ago  [this  statement  was  made  in  1899]  near 
an  Isabella  vine.  There  was  not  and  never  had  been  any  other  vine  in  the 
yard  at  that  time."  The  statement  is  further  made  that  Charles  Downing 
examined  the  vine  several  times  and  said  "  there  was  no  doubt  but  that 
it  was  a  seedling  of  the  Isabella."  Brown  was  exhibited  at  the  New  York 
State  Fair  in  1892  and  was  given  a  first  prize.  It  was  again  exhibited 
at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893  and  was  awarded  a  diploma 
and  honorable  mention.  The  originator  states  that  the  variety  "has  been 
exhibited  in  at  least  twenty-five  fairs  and  has  always  received  first  prize." 
Since  1892  Brown  has  been  several  times  described  with  favorable  men- 
tion in  the  horticultural  press.  This  variety  was  distributed  in  1907  to 
the  subscribers  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker  as  Brown's  Earlv.  In  spite  of 
the  encomiums  of  fairs  and  newspapers  during  the  past  fifteen  or  twenty 
years,  Brown  has  not  received  favorable  recognition  from  the  grape-growers 
of  New  York.  As  the  variety  grows  on  the  Station  grounds  the  quality  is 
only  good,  not  high,  and  the  berries  shatter  badly. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  very  productive.  Canes  medium  to  short,  inter- 
mediate in  number,  medium  to  slender,  moderately  dark  brown.  Leaves  of  average 
size  and  thickness,  healthy,  rather  light  green,  sHghtly  glossy;    veins  well  defined,  dis- 


'  Advertising  circular  sent  out  by  Wm.   B.  Brown  in   1S99. 


196  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

tinctly  showing  through  the  thick  bronze  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface  Flowers 
open  medium  early,  nearly  fertile;  stamens  upright.  Tendrils  continuous;  diaphragm 
below  medium  to  thin. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Hartford  or  a  little  earlier,  appears  to  keep  fairly  well, 
inclined  to  shatter.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  averaging  medium  to  small,  of  mean  length, 
slender  to  medium,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered,  loose  to 
medium  in  compactness.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  black, 
covered  with  rather  thick  blue  bloom,  inclined  to  shatter  from  cluster  soon  after  ripening, 
of  average  firmness.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness  and  toughness,  adheres  slightly  to 
the  pulp,  contains  a  small  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  juicy, 
rather  tough,  fine-grained,  foxy,  mild  next  the  skin  to  slightly  tart  at  center,  good  in 
quality  but  not  equal  to  the  best  varieties.  Seeds  intermediate  in  size,  medium  to  short, 
rather  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow  groove;  chalaza  small,  central  to 
slightly  above  center,  circular,  moderately  distinct. 

CAMPBELL  EARLY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i8g2-3:48.  2.  Rural  X.  Y.,  52:829.  1893.  fig.  3.  76.,  53:666.  1894. 
4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:98.  fig.  (Frontispiece).  5.  Rural  N.  Y.,  55:419.  658.  1896.  fig.  6.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1897:11,  48.  7.  Rural  N.  Y.,  57:182,  642.  1898.  8.  lb.,  58:546,  7S6.  1899.  9.  Mich. 
Sta.  Sp.  Bui..  27:9.   1904. 

Campbell  (9). 

Probably  no  American  grape  has  ever  been  more  favorably  received 
than  Campbell  Early,  or  after  introduction  has  been  disseminated  more 
rapidly.  The  fact  that  it  came  from  a  grape-breeder  vv^ho  had  already 
given  viticulture  several  valuable  varieties,  with  the  statement  that  this 
was  the  result  of  years  of  experimenting  and  the  greatest  triumph  of  a 
life  devoted  to  improving  grapes,  gave  warrant  for  the  enthusiasm  with 
which  it  was  received.  Nor  did  first  impressions  belie  the  oft-made  state- 
ment that  Campbell  Early  represented  a  phenomenal  advancement  in 
grape  culture.  Bunch,  berry  and  vine  seemed  to  indicate  that  this  was 
the  best  black  American  grape  under  cultivation.  Nearly  two  decades 
have  passed  since  Campbell  Early  was  introduced,  and  though  admitted 
by  all  to  be  a  good  grape,  yet  it  has  hardly  met  the  expectations  of  the 
grape-growers  who  from  almost  every  state  and  territory  welcomed  the 
newcomer. 

The  preeminently  meritorious  qualities  of  Campbell  Early  are:   High 


CAMPBELL  EARLY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  I97 

quality  when  mature;  freedom  from  foxiness  and  from  acidity  about  the 
seeds;  small  seeds  which  easily  part  from  the  flesh;  earliness  of  matur- 
ity, ripening  nearly  a  fortnight  before  Concord;  large  size  and  attractive 
appearance  of  bunch  and  berry  (the  color-plate  does  not  do  the  Campbell 
Early  justice  as  to  size  of  berry  and  bunch) ;  comparative  hardiness  of 
the  vine;  and  good  shipping  and  keeping  qualities.  Campbell  Early  falls 
short  chiefly  in  not  being  adapted  to  as  many  soils  and  conditions  as 
are  some  of  the  varieties  with  which  it  must  compete  and  in  all  but  localities 
well  adapted  to  it  the  variety  lacks  productiveness.  In  other  words  it 
is  somewhat  lacking  in  that  elasticity  of  constitution  so  characteristic  of 
Concord.  Its  reputation  for  quality  has  suffered,  and  to  the  detriment 
of  the  variety,  because  it  attains  its  full  color  before  it  is  ripe  and  is  there- 
fore often  marketed  in  an  unripe  condition.  The  fruit  is  Cjuite  variable  in 
size  as  grown  under  different  conditions  and  somewhat  so  as  grown  in  the 
same  vineyard,  ranging  in  size  of  bunch  from  very  large  to  small,  differing 
somewhat  in  shape  and  with  some  compact  and  with  some  loose  clusters. 
The  color  of  the  berry  is  not  as  attractive  as  that  of  Concord  as  it  has  less 
of  the  waxy  bloom  which  makes  the  last  named  sort  so  handsome. 

But  the  weaknesses  attributed  to  Campbell  Early  do  not  wholly  explain 
why  so  good  a  variety  has  seemingly  failed  to  meet  expectations.  Can  it 
be  that  the  fault  is  with  the  American  grape-grower  more  than  with  the 
grape?  American  growers  are  not  yet  willing  to  give  varieties  of  grapes 
the  particular  care  that  each  may  need  for  its  best  development,  but  seem- 
ingly prefer  to  grow  those  sorts  which  are  cosmopolitan  as  to  environment 
and  which  will  thrive  under  a  general  treatment.  It  cannot  be  that  the 
consumers  of  this  fruit  care  for  less  than  a  dozen  of  the  several  hundred 
American  grapes;  or  that  under  the  varied  conditions  of  half  a  continent 
over  which  grow  a  score  of  species  of  wild  grapes  but  a  meager  half  dozen 
varieties  can  be  grown  for  commercial  purposes.  If  our  grape-growers 
were  willing  to  give  the  Campbell  Early,  and  a  score  of  other  sorts  of 
superior  merit,  the  special  care  that  European  vineyardists  give  the  hun- 
dreds of  varieties  they  successfully  grow,  our  viticulture  would  not  long 
remain  confined  to  the  culture  of  a  few  grapes  of  mediocre  quality. 

The  name  commemorates  the  services  to  viticulture  of  the  originator 


igS  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

of  the  variety,  Geo.  W.  Campbell'  of  Delaware,  Ohio,  who  devoted  a  long 
and  active  life  to  the  improvement  of  the  grape.  The  variety  is  a  seedling 
of  Moore  Early  pollinated  by  another  production  of  Campbell's,  which  was 
a  seedling  of  Belvidere  pollinated  by  Muscat  Hamburg.  Campbell  Early 
bore  for  the  first  time  in  1892,  and  was  soon  after  introduced  by  George  S. 
Josselyn  of  Fredonia,  New  York.  It  is  now  known  and  grown  throughout 
the  grape  regions  of  eastern  America. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  productive  to  very  productive.  Canes  of  average 
length  and  number,  somewhat  thick,  dark  reddish-brown,  surface  often  roughened  with 
small  warts;  nodes  intermediate  in  size,  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  short;  dia- 
phragm of  mean  thic'iness;  pith  of  average  size ;  shoots  pubescent ;  tendrils  intermittent, 
rather  short,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  inclined  to  long,  slender  to  medium,  pointed  to 
conical,  open  early,  \oung  leaves  heavily  tinged  on  lower  surface  and  along  margin  of 
upper  surface  with  bright  carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  thick  to  medium;  upper 
surface  green,  slightly  glossy,  intermediate  in  smoothness;  lower  surface  bronze  to  pale 
green,  heavily  pubescent ;  veins  distinct ;  lobes  often  three  in  number  but  usually  entire, 
terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  rather  shallow,  medium  to  wide;  basal  sinus  usually 
pubescent;  lateral  sinus  varying  from  medium  wide  to  a  mere  notch,  frequently  dentate; 
teeth  shallow  to  medium,  narrow.     Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  variable  in  season,  extending  through  a  long  period,  becomes  marketable 
somewhat  earlier  than  Worden,  keeps  and  ships  unusually  well.  Clusters  variable  in 
size  ranging  from  very  large  to  medium,  rather  long  and  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical, 
frequently  single-shouldered,  usually  two  bunches  per  shoot,  compact  to  slightly  loose; 
peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  below  average  in  length  and  thickness,  cov- 
ered with  small  numerous  warts;  brush  long,  light  wine  color.  Berries  somewhat 
variable  in  size,  usually  large,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dark  purplish-black,  rather  dull 


'George  W.  Campbell  was  born  in  Cortlandville,  New  York,  in  1817.  The  family  moved  to 
Ohio  in  1 82  I.  In  early  life  Campbell  was  a  printer  and  editor,  as  his  father  had  been  before  him. 
In  1849  he  moved  from  Sandusky,  Ohio,  to  Delaware  in  the  same  State  and  it  was  in  the  latter  place 
that  his  attention  was  first  turned  to  horticulture  as  a  livelihood,  although  he  had  been  interested 
in  it  as  an  amateur  much  earlier.  He  was  a  continuous  member  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
from  the  time  of  its  organization  in  1S50  until  his  death.  He  raised  thousands  of  seedling  grapes, 
of  which  the  following  were  given  names:  Campbell  Early,  Concord  Chasselas,  Concord  Muscat, 
Juno,  Lady,  Purity,  Triumph,  White  Delaware.  All  of  these  are  practically  obsolete  in  the  North 
except  Campbell  Early  and  Lady. 

Campbell  died  at  his  home  in  Delaware,  Ohio,  in  1S98.  For  many  years  before  his  death  he 
had  been  the  leading  writer  and  speaker  in  the  North  on  the  culture  of  the  grape  and  on  grape- 
breeding,  and  his  work  had  a  marked  influence  on  the  improvement  of  viticulture. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  199 

as  the  season  advances,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm. 
Skin  medium  to  thin,  tough,  does  not  crack,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a 
small  amount  of  dark  red  pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent, 
juicy,  varying  from  rather  tough  to  nearly  soft,  slightly  coarse,  not  foxy,  somewhat 
vinous,  nearly  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  quality  good  and  improves  by  hanging  on 
the  vines,  superior  to  Concord.  Seeds  separate  readily  from  the  flesh,  one  to  four, 
average  three,  of  medium  size  and  length,  rather  broad,  light  brown,  often  with  yellowish 
tips;   raphe  obscure;   chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  obscure. 

CANADA. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Horticulturist,  22:363,  365.  1867.  fig.  2.  Rec.  of  Hort.,  1868:44.  3-  Downing,  1869:533. 
4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:79.  fig.  5.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:494.  1891.  6.  lb.,  17:527,  54S,  554,  559. 
189S.     7.   Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  5:182.      1903. 

Arnold's  No.  16  (i,  2,  5).     Arnold's  No.  18  (3,  4,  7). 

Canada  is  justly  considered  the  most  desirable  of  Arnold's  several 
hybrids  of  Riparia  and  Vinifera  and  is  well  known  in  Europe  as  well  as  in 
America.  In  France  when  American  varieties  were  being  largely  used  in 
the  reconstruction  of  the  vineyards  destroyed  by  phylloxera,  Canada  was 
one  of  the  prime  favorites,  because  of  its  short  period  for  fruit  development 
and  maturity  and  the  comparatively  high  quality  of  the  wine  which  could 
be  made  from  it.  In  America  it  has  never  gained  great  popularity  on 
account  of  its  susceptibility  to  fungal  diseases.  In  this  respect  as  in  some 
others,  it  shows  Vinifera  more  than  Riparia  parentage;  thus  in  shape, 
color  and  texture  of  foliage,  in  the  flavor  of  the  fruit,  and  in  the  seeds  there 
are  decided  indications  of  Vinifera  while  the  vine,  especially  in  the  slender- 
ness  of  the  shoots,  and  the  bunch  and  berry,  shows  Riparia.  If,  as  is  sur- 
mised, there  is  some  Lal:)rusca  in  Clinton,  the  Riparia  parent  of  Canada, 
there  are  no  discernible  traces  of  the  first  named  species  in  this  variety. 
Canada  and  Brant,  its  full  brother,  are  often  confused  with  each  other  but 
there  are  numerous  minor  differences  in  buds,  foliage,  canes,  in  the  shape  of 
the  bunch,  in  the  seeds  and  in  the  time  of  ripening  which  a  reading  of  the 
descriptions  of  the  two  varieties  will  reveal.  Canada  has  little  value  as  a 
dessert  fruit  but  makes  a  very  good  red  wine,  having,  according  to  the 
French,  a  most  agreeable  bouquet,  but  in  America  it  is  surpassed  by  other 
wine  grapes  in  so  many  characters  that  it  can  probably  never  attain  a 
place  in  this  country  for  other  than  breeding  purposes. 


200  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  grape  to  which  Arnold'  gave  the  name  Canada  is  a  seedhng  of 
Chnton,  a  Labrusca-Riparia  hybrid,  fertihzed  by  Black  St.  Peters,  a  variety 
of  Vitis  vinifera.  Arnold  planted  the  seed  which  produced  Canada  and  its 
brother  Brant  about  i860.  During  the  decade  that  followed  the  variety 
was  sent  out  as  Arnold  No.  16,  but  as  it  became  more  widely  distributed 
the  name  was  changed  to  Canada. 

Vine  medium  to  ver\'  vigorous,  hardy,  not  always  healthy,  usually  productive. 
Canes  long,  numerous,  variable  in  size  but  averaging  slender,  nearly  ash-gray  at  inter- 
nodes  to  reddish-brown  at  nodes,  covered  with  a  slight  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged, 
not  flattened;  internodes  above  medium  to  short;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness, 
rather  large ;  shoots  strongly  pubescent ;  tendrils  intermittent,  nearly  short,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  short,  of  average  thickness,  conical  to  obtuse,  open 
rather  late.  Young  leaves  pale  green  with  faintest  trace  of  carmine,  prevailing  color 
green  on  upper  and  lower  sides.  Leaves  intermediate  in  size,  medium  to  thin;  upper 
surface  light  green,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  hairy;  veins  obscure;  lobes 
five  in  number,  often  obscure,  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  deep, 
medium  to  narrow ;  basal  sinus  variable  in  depth  and  width ;  lateral  sinus  usually  deep 
and  narrow  when  well  defined;  teeth  deep,  wide.  Flowers  occasionally  on  plan  of  six, 
somewhat  fertile  to  partly  sterile,  open  moderately  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season  or  later,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size, 
long  to  medium,  rather  slender,  uniform,  often  strongly  cylindrical,  sometimes  single- 
shouldered,  very  compact;  peduncle  short,  slender;  pedicel  long,  slender,  nearly  smooth; 
brush  short,  light  brown.  Berries  not  uniform,  average  medium  to  small,  roundish  when 
not  compressed  by  compactness  of  cluster,  attractive  purplish-black  to  black,  glossy, 
covered  with  heavy  dark  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  does  not  crack,  rather 
tough,  adheres  but  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  slight  amount  of  pigment,  not  astrin- 
gent. Flesh  rather  dark  green,  ver}^  juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  tender  when  fully 
ripe,  spicy,  pleasant  vinous  flavor,  nearly  sweet  to  agreeably  tart,  ranking  medium  to 
above  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  readily  from  pulp,  one  to  three,  average  two,  intermedi- 
ate in  size  and  breadth,  of  average  length,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  completely  obscure; 
chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  distinct,  somewhat   obscure. 


'Charles  Arnold  was  born  in  Bedfordshire,  England,  in  iSiS.  In  1833  he  removed  to  Paris, 
Ontario.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  hybridizer  in  many  lines,  producing  a  white  wheat,  the  Ontario 
apple,  and  the  American  Wonder  pea.  In  1853  he  established  the  Paris  Nurseries.  Of  his  numerous 
seedling  grapes  he  gave  names  to  Autuchon,  Brant,  Canada,  Cornucopia  and  Othello.  He  was 
for  many  years  prominent  in  the  agricultural  and  scientific  associations  of  his  adopted  country. 
His  object  in  crossing  grapes  was  to  secure  varieties  sufficiently  hardy  and  early  for  the  Canadian 
climate.  In  this  he  was  in  a  measure  successful  but  his  crosses  are  so  susceptible  to  mildew  and  rot 
that  their  culture  has  been  generally  abandoned  in  both  Canada  and  the  United  States.  He  died 
at  his  home  in  Paris,  Canada,  in   1883. 


CANADA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  20I 

CANANDAIGUA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

Canandaigua  has  not  been  generally  distributed  and  would  not  be 
mentioned  here  were  it  not  for  its  exceptional  keeping  qualities.  To  test 
the  keeping  qualities  of  grapes  in  common  storage,  265  varieties  were  put 
in  the  fruit  house  at  this  Station  in  the  fall  of  1907.  The  test  ended  April 
16,  1908,  when  it  was  found  that  Canandaigua  was  in  the  best  condition 
of  all  varieties.  Its  quality  is  very  good  at  picking  time  but  seems,  if  any- 
thing, to  improve  in  storage,  and  it  was  as  good  at  the  end  of  the  test  as 
at  the  beginning.  Its  vine  characters  are  those  of  Labrusca- Vinifera 
hybrids  and  such,  as  the  variety  grows  on  the  Station  grounds,  as  make  it 
the  equal  of  the  average  cultivated  hybrid  of  these  two  species.  The  char- 
acters of  the  fruit,  too,  show  plainly  an  admixture  of  Vinifera  and  Labrusca 
so  combined  as  to  make  the  grapes  very  similar  to  the  best  of  such  hybrids. 
The  variety  is  quite  worthy  of  trial. 

Canandaigua  is  a  chance  seedling  found  by  E.  L.  Van  Wormer  of 
Canandaigua,  New  York,  growing  among  wild  grapes.  Its  high  quality 
and  handsome  appearance  attracted  his  attention  and  the  vine  was  put 
under  cultivation,  after  which  its  long-keeping  qualities  were  discovered. 
Vines  were  sent  to  this  Station  for  testing  in  1897.  All  of  its  characters 
indicate  that  it  is  a  hybrid  between  Labrusca  and  Vinifera. 

Vine  vigorous,  doubtfully  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Tendrils  semi-continu- 
ous to  semi-intermittent,  bifid,  dehisce  early.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  thin.  Flowers 
sterile  or  sometimes  partly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  refiexed.  Fruit  ripens 
after  mid-season,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  usually  heavily  single- 
shouldered,  loose  to  medium.  Berries  large  to  medium,  slightly  oval  to  roundish,  black, 
covered  with  a  fair  amount  of  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Flesh  firm,  sweet  and  rich,  good 
in  quality,  improving  as  the  season  advances.  Seeds  often  long,  with  enlarged  neck; 
raphe  shows  as  a  partially  obscured  cord  in  a  medium  deep  groove ;  chalaza  above 
center,  distinctly  pear-shaped. 

CAPTAIN. 

(Lincecumii,  Rupestris,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Rural  N.   Y.,  60:637.    iQoi-     2.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:306.     3.  Mnnsoii  Cat.,  1906-7:16. 

Captain  has  not  made  a  good  showing  in  the  Station  vineyard  and  we 
have  no  reports  of  it  from  other  parts  of  the  State.    The  clusters  are  large 


202  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

and  long  but  very  loose  and  unattractive  in  appearance,  and  the  fruit 
ranks  low  in  quality.  We  are  forced  to  conclude,  judging  from  the  several 
seasons  the  variety  has  fruited  on  these  grounds,  that  it  is  of  little  value 
in  New  York.  The  breeding  of  Captain  is  such  that  it  could  hardly  be 
expected  to  thrive  in  this  latitude. 

Captain  was  produced  by  T.  V.  Munson  from  seed  of  America  fer- 
tilized with  R.  W.  Munson. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  moderately  productive.  Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous, 
covered  with  rather  thick  blue  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  and  trifid.  Leaves 
very  large  to  medium,  thick,  not  pubescent  but  very  hairy  along  ribs.  Flowers  semi- 
fertile,  open  rather  late;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  later  than  Concord,  does  not 
keep  long  although  it  ships  well.  Clusters  large  to  above  medium,  long,  slender,  some- 
times double-shouldered,  very  loose.  Berries  very  large  to  below  medium,  inclined 
to  roundish,  black,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  contains  a  large 
amount  of  purplish-red  pigment.  Flesh  medium  juicy,  coarse,  tender,  lacks  character, 
tart  from  skin  to  center,  fair  in  quality.     Seeds  numerous,  separate  easily  from  the  pulp. 

CARMAN. 

Lincecumii,  Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana? 

I.  Gar.  Moil.,  28:304.  1SS6.  2.  Rural  .V.  Y..  50:221,  fig.,  643,  690.  i8gi.  3.  lb.,  51:147,  607, 
774.  1892.  -fig.  4.  Husmann,  1895:127.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1897:20.  6.  .V.  Y.  Sla.  An.  Rpt„ 
17:548,  554.  i8g8.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1149,  1154.  1898.  fig.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:38,  43,  45,  49. 
1899.  9.  Rural  N.  Y.,  59:674,  6go,  752,  770,  S02,  S19.  1900.  10.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:41,  51.  52,  54. 
1901. 

The  Carman  is  another  grape  having  the  characters  of  three  species  — 
Vitis  lincecumii,  V.  labrusca  and  V.  vinifera  —  and  hence  of  interest  to 
grape  improvers  at  least.  In  the  twenty-three  years  it  has  been  known  in 
New  York  it  has  not  become  popular  with  grape-growers  chiefly  because  it 
ripens  too  late  for  this  region  and  when  ripe  does  not  attain  the  high  quality 
ascribed  to  it  elsewhere.  Its  most  valuable  character  is  that  of  long  keep- 
ing, whether  while  hanging  on  the  vine  or  after  harvesting. 

T.  V.  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas,  raised  Carman  from  seed  of  a  wild 
Post-oak  grape  taken  from  the  woods,  pollinated  with  mixed  pollen  of 
Triumph  and  Herbemont.  It  was  introduced  in  1892  and  placed  on  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  in  1897.     The  variety  was 


CARMAN 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  203 

named  in  honor  of  E.  S.  Carman,  for  man}'  years  editor  of  the  Rural  New 
Yorker,  and  a  plant-breeder  of  note. 

Vine  very  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  lacking  in  productiveness.  Canes  long, 
numerous,  thick,  brown  to  reddish-brown;  nodes  but  slightly  enlarged,  flattened;  inte"- 
nodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  somewhat  thick;  pith  above  medium  size;  shoots 
very  pubescent;    tendrils  intermittent,  long,  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  large,  nearly  short,  thick,  conical  to  obtuse,  open  rather  late. 
Young  leaves  slightly  tinged  with  rose  on  upper  and  lower  sides.  Leaves  in  good  con- 
dition until  injured  by  frost,  large,  thick;  upper  surface  light  to  dark  green,  somewhat 
glossy,  older  leaves  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins  indistinct;  ter- 
minal lobe  acute  to  obtuse;  petiolar  siniis  deep  to  narrow;  basal  sinus  often  absent  or 
shallow;  lateral  sinus  medium  to  shallow  when  present;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth 
and  width.  Flowers  on  plan  of  five  or  six,  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  very  late;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  just  before  Catawba,  an  excellent  keeper.  Clusters  variable  in  size, 
of  average  length  and  breadth,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  frequently  single-shouldered, 
usually  compact;  peduncle  above  medium  length  and  thickness;  pedicel  short,  slender, 
smooth  with  very  slight  swelling  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  short,  slender, 
wine-colored.  Berries  inferior  in  size,  roundish  to  slightly  oblate,  dark  purplish-black 
to  black,  glossy,  covered  with  a  fair  amount  of  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin 
rather  thin,  tough,  nearly  free  from  pulp,  contains  little  or  no  pigment,  not  astringent. 
Flesh  yellowish-green,  not  juicy,  somewhat  tender  when  fully  ripe,  has  some  Post-oak 
flavor,  vinous,  spicy,  sweetish  at  skin  to  tart  next  the  seeds,  good  to  very  good.  Seeds 
separate  easily  from  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two  or  three,  small,  of  mean  length  ami 
breadth,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  sometimes  cord-like;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size, 
slightly  above  center,  oval  to  pear-shaped,  distinct. 

CATAWBA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Adlum,  1823:109,  139.  2.  lb.,  1828:173.  3.  lb.,  1828:176.  4.  Prince,  1830:175.  5.  lb., 
1830:180.  6.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1845:312,  93S,  939.  7.  lb.,  1847:462,  463.  464,  465,  466,  467.  469. 
8.  Mag.  Hort.,  15:513-  1849-  9-  West.  Hort.  Rev..  1:15.  1S50.  10.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1851:48, 
49,  51.  11.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1852:54.  12.  Buchanan,  1852:23.  71,  96,  106.  13.  Elliott,  1854:244. 
14.  Hooper,  1857:274.  15.  Horticulturist,  16:120.  1861.  16.  Mag.  Hort.,  28:506.  1862.  17.  76., 
29:73.  1S63.  i3.  Gar.  Man.,  5:73,  74,  1S4.  1S63.  19.  iV.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1864:42.  20.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1867:43.  21.  Fuller,  1867:220,  241,  24S.  22.  Gar.  Mon.,  9:214.  1S67.  23.  Horti- 
culturist, 23:298.  186S.  fig.  of  leaf.  24.  Downing,  1869:533.  25.  Barry,  1872:421.  26.  Gar.  Mon., 
14:167.  1872.  27.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875-6:72,  73.  28.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:80.  fig.  29.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:118.  30.  Am.  Card.,  12:581.  1S91,  31.  Gar.  and  For.,  8:487.  1895.  32. 
N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  15:432.  1896.  33.  lb.,  17:527,  540,  543,  544,  548,  552.  189S.  34.  Ev.  Nat. 
Fruits,  1898:53.     35.    V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:367,  374,  386,  396.    1899.     36.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:38, 


204  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

43,    44,    45.      1899.     37.    Kan.    Sta.    Bui.,    110:235.   i9°2.     38.    Rural    N.     Y.,    61:722.    1902.     39. 
Traits  gen.  de  vit.,  6:282.    1903. 

Arkansas  (13).  Catawba  Tokay  (4,  13,  18,  24,  39).  Cherokee  (15).  Fancher  (?24,  39).  Kel- 
ler's White  (39).  Lebanon  Seedling  (13,  18).  Lincoln  (9).  Mammoth  Catawba  (39).  Mead's  Seed- 
ling (39).  Merceron  (39).  Michigan  (16,  17).  Michigan  (24,  39).  Muncy  (3).  Muncy  Pale 
Red  (5).  Muncy,  pale  red?  (4).  Omega  (39).  Red  Muncy  (4?,  13,  18,  24,  28,  39).  Rose  of  Ten- 
nessee (18).  Saratoga  (?24,  39).  Singleton  (13,  18,  28,  ?39).  Tekomah  (39).  Tokay  (1).  Tokay 
(4,  28,  39).      Virginia  Amber  (18).     White  Catawba  (39). 

From  many  points  of  view  the  Catawba  is  the  most  interesting  of 
our  American  grapes.  The  elasticity  of  constitution  which  enables  it  to 
adapt  itself  to  many  environments  and  therefore  to  succeed  in  a  vast 
region;  its  possible  existence  for  centuries  in  the  wild  state,  for  the  records 
of  a  century  have  not  divulged  the  secret  of  its  origin,  of  its  ancestry,  or 
of  its  introduction;  its  high  quality  and  attractive  appearance  which  give 
it  intrinsic  value  as  a  table  grape  and  for  making  wine;  the  fact  that 
it  was  our  first  great  American  grape  and  that  after  a  century  it  is  still 
one  of  the  four  leading  varieties  of  grapes  cultivated  in  eastern  America 
and  that  after  this  lapse  of  time  it  is  the  chief  of  all  northern  varieties  for 
wine-making;  all  these  make  Catawba  of  prime  interest  to  the  grower 
of  American  grapes.  The  Catawba,  too,  has  had  the  rare  distinction  of 
having  a  poet,  Longfellow,  sing  its  praises: 

"  Very  good  in  its  way  is  the  Verzenay 

Or  the  Sillery,  soft  and  creamy, 
But  Catawba  wine  has  a  taste  more  divine, 

More  dulcet,  delicious  and  dreamy. 
There  grows  no  vine,  by  the  haunted  Rhine, 

By  the  Danube  or  Guadalquiver, 
Nor  island  or  cape,  that  bears  such  a  grape 

As  grows  by  the  beautiful  River." 

In  Chapter  II,  American  Grapes,  we  have  seen  how  important  a  part 
the  Catawba  plaj'ed  in  the  first  grape  regions  of  this  country.  It  is  still 
the  leading  grape  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie  in  northern  Ohio,  and 
about  the  Central  Lakes  of  New  York.  In  the  latter  region  immense  areas 
are  devoted  to  this  variety,  the  product  going  to  the  general  market  and 
to  the  wine-cellars  where  it  is  the  chief  sort  used  in  the  making  of  cham- 
pagne. Its  characters  are  such  that  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  did  it 
but  ripen  two  weeks  earlier  in  the  other  grape  regions  of  New  York,  the 


.w^ 


^^.' 


1^- 


CATAWBA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  205 

Chautauqua,  Hudson  and  Ontario  regions,  the  Catawba  would  rival  the 
Concord.  Because  of  late  ripening  in  New  York  this  variety  is  at  its  best 
only  about  the  Central  Lakes  and  on  land  extending  back  from  the  water 
to  an  altitude  of  one  hundred  feet  above  the  lake  surface;  here  as  fine 
Catawbas  are  grown  as  anywhere  in  the  world.  As  to  soil,  it  thrives  in 
sand,  gravel  or  clay  provided  there  be  an  abundance  of  food  and  humus, 
good  drainage  and  plenty  of  bottom  heat. 

Of  all  the  commercial  grapes  grown  in  New  York  Catawba  is  the 
best  keeper,  lasting  until  March  or  later.  Because  of  its  fine  quality  it 
often  brings  a  higher  price  than  other  varieties  and  its  reputation  as  a 
dessert  grape  would  be  still  better  were  it  not  too  often  picked  before  fully 
ripe  and  therefore  sour  and  unpalatable.  The  Catawba  is  the  standard 
red  grape  in  the  markets,  and  other  red  varieties  are  often  sold  under  its 
name.  It  makes  a  good  light-colored  wine,  which  as  has  been  said,  is 
largely  used  as  a  base  for  champagne.  The  vine  is  vigorous,  hardy  and 
productive  but  the  foliage  and  fruit  are  susceptible  to  fungi  and  this  con- 
stitutes the  chief  defect  of  the  variety  and  accounts  for  the  decline  and 
the  passing  out  of  Catawba  in  many  of  the  grape  regions  of  the  past 
in  the  United  States  and  its  unpopularity  in  some  of  the  grape  regions  of 
the  present.  In  its  botanical  characters,  in  its  adaptation,  and  in  its  sus- 
ceptibilities it  suggests  Vitis  vinifcra  crossed  with  Vitis  labrusca,  a  possi- 
bility to  be  discussed  in  a  later  paragraph. 

The  characters  of  Catawba  seem  readily  transmissible  to  its  off- 
spring and,  beside  having  a  number  of  pure-bred  descendants  which  more 
or  less  resemble  it,  it  is  one  of  the  parents  of  a  still  greater  number  of  cross- 
breeds which,  as  a  rule,  inherit  many  of  its  characters.  As  with  Catawba, 
most  of  its  progeny  show  Vinifera  characters;  as  intermittent  tendrils,  the 
Vinifera  color  of  foliage,  a  vinous  flavor  wholly  or  nearly  free  from  foxi- 
ness,  and  the  susceptibilities  of  Labrusca- Vinifera  hybrids  to  certain  insects, 
fungi,  and  environmental  conditions. 

Catawba  was  introdticed  by  John  Adlum  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia about  1823.  Adlum  secured  cuttings  of  this  variety  from  a  Mrs.  SchoU 
of  Clarksburgh,  Montgomery  County,  Maryland,  in  the  spring  of  i8ig. 
This  vine  had  been  planted  by  Mrs.  SchoU's  husband,  who  had  since  died. 
He  had  always  called  it  Catawba,  but  the  family  did  not  know  from  what 


266  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

source  it  had  been  secured.  Owing  to  the  statement  of  a  German  priest 
that  it  was  the  same  as  the  Tokay  of  Hungary,  Mr.  Adlum  called  it  by 
that  name.  Some  years  later,  when  he  found  this  to  be  a  mistake,  he 
changed  the  name  back  to  Catawba.  Adlum  found  the  same  variety  on  a 
trellis  on  land  belonging  to  a  Mr.  J.  Johnston,  near  Fredericktown,  Mary- 
land. He  also  found  a  similar  variety  on  a  farm  of  his  in  Lycoming  County, 
Pennsylvania,  which  he  introduced  under  the  name  of  Muncy.  Later 
these  two  varieties  were  judged  to  be  identical.  Neither  Adlum  nor  Prince 
was  able  to  trace  the  origin  of  Catawba,  though  both  were  among  the 
chief  viticulturists  of  their  day,  were  instrumental  in  distributing  this 
variety,  and  had  correspondents  in  all  parts  of  the  Union. 

In  1850,  S.  Mosher  of  Saloma  Springs,  Kentucky,  wrote  an  article  in 
the  Western  Horticultural  Review,  giving  an  account  of  the  finding  of  the 
original  vine  by  Dr.  Solomon  Beach,  in  1821,  on  the  farm  of  William  Murry, 
about  ten  miles  from  Asheville,  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina.  The 
Murrys  informed  Beach  that  the  grape  was  an  old  variety  in  the  neighbor- 
hood and  that  cuttings  and  roots  had  been  sent  to  various  places.  This 
story  was  later  confirmed  by  Ravenel,  who  talked  with  a  son  of  the  original 
Murry  and  was  told  that  General  Davy,  in  1807,  then  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  South  Carolina,  had  secured  some  of  the  vines  and  had  carried 
some  of  them  to  Washington.  This  would  account  for  its  falling  into  the 
hands  of  Adlum.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that  it  appears  strange  that 
none  of  the  many  correspondents  of  Adlum  or  Prince,  some  of  whom  lived 
not  very  far  from  where  the  Catawba  was  supposed  to  have  been  found, 
had  heard  of  this  variety.  That  the  Murrys  had  a  vine  growing  on  their 
farm  of  peculiar  excellence,  is  probable ;  that  it  was  Catawba  is  by  no  means 
certain.  All  that  can  be  said  is  that  the  origin  of  Catawba  is  not  positively 
known. 

Catawba  was  introduced  into  the  grape  region  around  Cincinnati  by 
Longworth  in  1S25.  The  favorable  reports  of  the  variety  from  this  region 
undoubtedly  did  much  to  secure  its  early  and  wide  distribution.  In  most 
sections  it  was  compared  with  the  Alexander  or  Cape  grape,  and  proved 
itself  easily  the  superior  in  both  vine  and  fruit  characters.  Up  to  the 
time  of  the  introduction  of  Concord,  Catawba  was  the  most  popular 
American  grape  cultivated.    After  that  time,  the  earlier  season  and  superior 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  207 

vine  of  the  former  variety  enabled  it  to  supplant  Catawba  in  many  sec- 
tions. The  Catawba  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  in  the  first  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1S52. 

The  species  to  which  Catawba  belongs  is  uncertain.  It  is  generally 
classed  as  Labrusca,  but  practically  all  of  those  who  have  raised  large 
numbers  of  seedlings  of  the  variety  are  of  the  opinion  that  it  has  some 
Vinifera  blood  in  its  composition.  The  general  appearance  of  the  vine 
would  indicate  Lal^rusca,  but  the  vinous  flavor  of  the  fruit,  the  suscepti- 
bility to  mildew,  the  appearance  of  occasional  seeds,  and  the  character  of 
the  seedlings,  many  of  which  resemble  Vinifera  more  than  the  parent, 
all  indicate  that  there  is  a  strain  of  Vinifera  present. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  productive,  subject  to  mildew  in  unfavorable 
seasons.  Canes  of  average  length,  numerous,  rather  thick,  moderately  dark  brown 
with  slight  ash-gray  tinge;  nodes  enlarged,  sometimes  slightly  flattened;  internodes 
of  mean  length;  diaphragm  rather  thin;  pith  rather  large;  shoots  slightly  pubescent; 
tendrils  continuous,  of  fair  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size  and  thickness,  short,  conical  to  nearly  obtuse,  open 
moderately  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  rose  carmine  on  upper  and  lower  sides.  Leaves 
large,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  rather  light  green,  dull,  moderately  smooth; 
lower  surface  grayish-white,  heavily  pubescent ;  veins  well  defined ;  lobes  sometimes 
three,  temiinal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow  to  medium;  basal  sinus  often 
lacking;  lateral  sinus  of  average  depth,  narrow;  teeth  rather  shallow,  narrow.  Flowers 
fertile,  open  rather  late;    stamens  upright. 

Fruit  late,  one  of  the  best  keepers,  lasting  until  March  or  later.  Clusters  large  to 
medium,  rather  long,  usually  broad,  nearly  cylindrical  to  tapering,  single-shouldered 
to  sometimes  double-shouldered,  rather  loose  to  compact;  peduncle  of  average  length, 
rather  slender;  pedicel  variable  in  length,  intermediate  in  thickness,  covered  with  but 
few  small,  inconspicuous  warts,  considerably  swollen  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry; 
brush  short,  pale  green.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  oval  to  roundish,  dull  purplish- 
red,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  lilac  bloom,  not  inclined  to  drop  from  pedicel, 
firm.  Skin  rather  thick,  variable  in  toughness,  slightly  adheres  to  pulp,  with  no  pigment, 
somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  slightly  tough  to 
soft,  depending  upon  age,  vinous,  often  sprightly  with  some  foxiness,  sweet  and  rich, 
very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  flesh,  frequently  abortive,  average 
two,  medium  size,  broad,  often  with  a  short  prominent  neck,  distinctly  notched,  blunt, 
brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  oval  to  nearly  roundish,  rather 
distinct. 


2o8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CAYUGA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.   Rural    N.    Y..  45:265.    18S6.  fig.     2.    .V.    Y.  Sta.   An.   Rpt.,   11:617.   iSp--     3-   Bnsh.   Cat., 
1894:100.     4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bill,  53:41,  54-    i9°i-  fiS- 
Sharon  (3). 

Cayuga  is  probably  a  descendant  of  Isabella  through  Adirondac.  It 
resembles  its  parent  in  both  its  good  qualities  and  its  faults.  The  first  are 
beauty,  quality  and  earliness  of  fruit;  the  second  lack  of  vigor,  suscepti- 
bility to  fungi  and  lack  of  hardiness.  Although  known  since  i8S6,  the 
Cayuga  was  never  widely  distributed  in  New  York  and  is  now  rarely  found. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Adirondac.  Marvin,  in  a  personal  letter,  says  that  the  usually 
imputed  parentage  of  Eumelan  crossed  with  Adirondac  is  a  mistake,  and 
refers  to  another  variety.  Bush  gives  Sharon  as  a  synonym  of  Cayuga 
but  this  appears  to  be  an  error. 

Vine  not  vigorous,  lacks  in  hardiness,  an  uncertain  bearer,  unproductive.  Tendrils 
continuous,  bifid.  Leaves  medium  to  small,  inclined  to  dark  green,  thick.  Flowers  vary 
from  nearly  fertile  to  almost  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens 
as  early  as  Champion.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  usually  short  and  not  shouldered,  not 
uniform  in  compactness.  Berries  medium  to  large  but  some  years  often  small  and 
seedless,  much  like  Isabella  in  shape,  unattractive  in  color,  ranging  from  dull  reddish- 
purple  to  blackish,  covered  with  blue  bloom.  Flesh  tender,  vinous,  mild  from  skin  to 
center,  variable  in  flavor  and  quality,  ranking  from  fair  to  very  good.  The  seed-coat 
is  often  rough  and  warty. 

CENTENNIAL. 

(Labrusca,  Aestivalis,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:66.  2.  Bnsh.  Cat..  1883:81.  3.  -V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:330.  1S90. 
4.  III.  Sta.  Bid..  28:263.  1893.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:101.  fig.  6.  Mass.  Hatch.  Sta.  Bui.,  37:12,  15. 
1896.  7.  Ark.  Sta.  Bid.,  39:28.  1896.  8.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:527,  548,  552.  1898.  9.  Tex. 
Sta.  Bui,  48:1149,  1 154.  1898.  10.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:38,  45,  46.  1899.  11.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid.,  53:4-1. 
1901.      12.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:247.   1902. 

CoNTiNENT.\L  (i)  but  incorrectly. 

Centennial  is  now  scarcely  heard  of  though  at  the  time  of  its  introduc- 
tion, shortly  after  the  Centennial  of  1876,  it  was  looked  upon  as  a  valuable 
acquisition.  Its  chief  meritorious  attributes  are  high  quality  and  attractive 
appearance;   while  its  faults,  which  greatly  outweigh  its  merits,  are  lack  of 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  209 

vigor,  susceptibility  to  fungi,  and  lack  of  hardiness.  Centennial  is  much 
like  Delaware  and  is  surpassed  by  it  in  nearly  all  respects. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  D.  S.  Marvin,  of  Watertown,  New  York. 
It  is  a  cross  between  a  Labrusca  seedling  of  Marvin's  and  a  seedling  of 
Eumelan.  It  was  first  fruited  in  1875,  and  was  introduced  in  1882  by  the 
originator.  Vines  were  received  by  this  Station  in  1883.  The  tenderness 
and  lateness  of  ripening  of  Centennial,  as  well  as  its  botanical  characters, 
indicate  V  in  if  era  blood. 

The  following  description  is  a  compilation  from  several  sources: 

Vine  vigorous,  somewhat  tender,  fairly  productive.  Leaves  rounded,  slightly 
three-lobed,  smooth.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  compact,  tapering  or  cylindrical, 
sometimes  slightly  shouldered.  Berries  medium  to  small,  pale  red  or  amber  color  with 
thin  white  bloom,  adhere  firmly  to  pedicel.  Skin  rather  thick,  tough.  Flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  resembling  Delaware  in  flavor,  good  to  very  good.  About  the  same  season 
as  Concord. 

CHALLENGE. 

(Labrusca,    Vinifera?) 

I.  Am.  four.  Hort.,  4:72.  1868.  2.  lb.,  7:102.  1870.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:82.  4.  III.  Sta.  Bid., 
28:259.  1893.  5.  J\Io.  Sta.  Bill.,  46:38,  43,  45,  46.  1899.  6.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid.,  53:41-  1901.  7.  Kan. 
Sta.  Bui.,  110:238.    1902. 

Some  vears  ago  Challenge  was  considered  an  excellent  dessert  grape, 
being  of  good  quality,  hardy,  and  fairly  healthy.  Small  plantations  of  it 
still  exist  in  New  York,  but  it  is  rapidly  passing  out  of  cultivation. 

Challenafe  was  originated  about  i860  bv  Archer  Moore,  of  Hammon- 
ton.  New  Jersev.  He  supposed  it  to  have  come  from  seed  of  Concord 
fertilized  by  Ro^•al  Muscadine.  The  variety  was  introduced  by  William  F. 
Bassett  of  the  same  place.  We  do  not  have  a  vine  of  Challenge  growing 
on  the  Station  grounds,  and  the  description  written  below  is  compiled  from 
various  sources. 

Vine  very  vigorous;  shoots  slender,  long.  Leaf  of  medium  size,  dark  green.  Clus- 
ters rather  large,  compact,  tapering,  usually  shouldered.  Berries  medium  in  size,  round, 
pale  red  to  reddish-purple  in  color  with  very  thin  bloom  and  inconspicuous  dots,  juicy, 
slightly  acid;  quality  medium  to  good;  not  separating  readily  from  the  seeds.  Season 
shortly  after  Concord. 

14 


2IO  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

CHAMPION. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:69.  2.  Am.  Hort.  An.,  1871:83.  3.  Horticulturist,  30:151.  1S75. 
4.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:88,  295.  5.  Gar.  Mon.,  20:47.  1S78.  6.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1879:93.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1879.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:36.  9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:82. 
10.  76.,  1883:138.  11.  Tenn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:172.  1896.  12.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:527,  528, 
548,  552,  554.    1898.      13.  Miss.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:11.    1899.      14.  Budd-Hansen,  2:374.      1902. 

Beaconsfield  (6,  8,  9,  11).  Champion  (10).  Early  Champion  (5).  Early  Champion  (9,  11). 
Tallman?  (5).  Tallman  Seedling  (i,  2).  Talman's  Seedling  (10).  Talman's  Seedling  (9,  11). 
Tolman's  Seedling  (4).      Tolinan  (10). 

Champion  is  still  a  favorite  early  grape  with  some  commercial  growers 
after  having  been  grown  for  a  generation,  though  its  poor  quality  should 
have  driven  it  from  cultivation  years  ago.  Champion  and  Hartford  are 
rivals  as  early  market  grapes  and  for  the  distinction  of  being  the  poorest 
in  quality  of  all  commonly  cultivated  grapes.  The  variety  under  considera- 
tion is  sourer  and  less  agreeable  to  the  taste  than  many  wild  grapes.  The 
characters  which  have  kept  it  in  cultivation  are  earliness,  good  shipping 
qualities,  though  it  does  not  keep  well,  productiveness,  attractive  appear- 
ance, and  a  vigorous  hardy  vine.  The  hardiness  of  the  vine  and  its  short 
season  of  fruit  development  and  maturity  make  it  a  good  variety  for 
northern  and  cold  climates.  This  grape  is  best,  in  appearance  of  fruit,  in 
quality,  and  in  the  quantity  produced,  on  a  comparatively  light  sandy  soil. 
As  grape  consumers  become  more  appreciative  of  quality,  Champion  will 
be  grown  less  and  less. 

The  origin  of  Champion  is  unknown.  It  was  first  grown  about 
1870  in  New  York.  In  1871  Elliott  acknowledged  receipt  of  specimens 
of  this  variety  from  William  Chorlton  of  Staten  Island.  It  was  at  that 
time  generally  known  as  Tallman  or  Tallman's  Seedling.  At  about  the 
same  time  it  was  being  propagated  and  sold  by  R.  J.  Donnelly  and  J.  I. 
Stone  of  Charlotte,  Monroe  County,  as  Champion.  Although  many  efforts 
have  been  made,  no  one  has  succeeded  in  tracing  the  variety  to  the  original 
vine.  At  one  time  it  was  stated  to  have  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Orleans,  Louisiana,  but  later  the  southern  Champion  was  found  to  be  a  dif- 
ferent variety.  This  variety  was  early  introduced  into  Canada  where  it 
was  known  as  Beaconsfield,  owing  to  its  being  first  planted  in  that  country 
in  a  large  vineyard  owned  by  a  gentleman  of  that  name. 


■A 


CHAMPION 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  211 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  productive  to  very  productive.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length  and  number,  of  average  size,  rather  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged, 
flattened;  internodes  medium  to  below  in  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  nearly  large; 
shoots  pubescent;    tendrils  continuous,  inclined  to  long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  medium  size,  short,  rather  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season. 
Young  leaves  strongly  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  carmine, 
making  the  prevailing  color  rose  carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  intermediate  in 
thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  rugose;  lower  surface  dull  gray  often  with 
trace  of  bronze,  slightly  downy;  veins  indistinct;  lobes  usually  three,  often  obscurely 
five,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  of  average  width;  teeth  of  fair 
depth,  shallow.     Flowers  fertile,  open  medium  early;    stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  early,  three  weeks  or  more  before  Concord  and  about  a  week  before 
Hartford,  ships  well  but  does  not  keep  well,  as  its  season  is  very  short.  Clusters  medium 
to  small,  of  mean  length  and  breadth,  blunt,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  usually 
not  shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle  short,  rather  thick;  pedicel  inclined  to 
short,  covered  with  small  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  whitish  tinged  with  brown.  Berries 
medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish,  dull  black  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  blue 
bloom,  not  always  persistent,  somewhat  soft.  Skin  thick,  tender,  adheres  considerably 
to  the  pulp,  contains  a  fair  amount  of  light  purplish  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  light 
green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender,  foxy,  rather  sweet  next  the  skin,  agreeably 
tart  at  center,  poor  in  quality.  Seeds  slightly  adherent,  one  to  five,  average  three, 
large,  somewhat  broad  and  long,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  fair 
size,  slightly  above  center,  circular,  obscure. 

CHAUTAUQUA. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  N.  Y.Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  ii:6iS.  1892.  2.  76.,  13:602.  1S94.  3.  Si«/i.  Ca/.,  1894:102.  4.  N.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  54S,  554.    i8q8. 

In  appearance  Chautauqua  is  very  similar  to  Concord,  its  parent,  but 
it  ripens  a  few  days  earlier  and  is  of  slightly  better  quality  though  it  does 
not  differ  in  these  respects  sufficiently  to  make  it  more  than  an  easily 
recognized  strain  of  Concord.  Inasmuch  as  it  originated,  and  for  fifteen 
years  has  been  known,  in  the  region  where  the  Concord  reigns  supreme, 
and  has  not  yet  come  into  prominence,  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  it  has  some 
weakness  and  that  the  parent  will  remain  dominant. 

Chautauqua  is  a  volunteer  seedling  of  Concord  found  in  a  Concord 
vineyard  near  Brocton,  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  by  H.  T.  Bash- 
tite  who  sent  vines  of  it  to  this  Station  in  1892. 


212  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  not  productive.  Tendrils  continuous, 
mostly  trifid.  Leaves  large,  irregularly  roundish,  dark  green;  lower  surface  tinged  with 
bronze.  Flowers  semi-fertile  to  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens 
upright.  Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season  or  a  few  days  earlier.  Clusters  medium  to  large, 
rather  broad,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  intermediate  in  compactness.  Berries  unusu- 
ally large,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dark  purplish-black,  covered  with  abundant  blue 
bloom,  shatter  badly.  Skin  thin,  very  astringent.  Flesh  rather  tough,  vinous,  sweet 
at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  The  pulp  separates  readily 
from  the  few  broad  and  plump  seeds. 

CLEVENER. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia,  Aestivalis?) 

I.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:494.  iSgi.  2.  lb..  ii:6iS.  1S92.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.,  52:381.  1893. 
4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:103.     5.  N.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:528,  54S,  554.    1S98. 

There  are  two  Cleveners  discussed  in  American  viticultural  literature, 
the  orisfin  and  history  of  both  of  which  are  briefly  set  forth  below.  In 
these  general  observations  we  need  to  consider  Init  the  northern  one  of 
the  two  grapes.  This  variety  has  long  been  grown  in  New  Jersey  and  in 
New  York  and  in  both  States  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  wine  grape,  the  result- 
ing wine  being  well  flavored  and  of  a  dark  inky-red  color.  The  fruit  is 
remarkable  in  coloring  very  early  and  in  ripening  very  late.  The  vine  is 
hardy,  very  vigorous,  succeeds  in  various  soils  and  since  it  bears  grafts 
well  it  seems  an  excellent  sort  tipon  which  to  graft  varieties  which  do  not 
thrive  on  their  own  roots.  It  is  seK-sterile  and  must  be  planted  with  some 
other  variety  to  set  fruit  well.  Clinton  makes  an  excellent  poUenizer 
because  it  blooms  at  the  same  time,  and  because  two  wine  grapes  may  be 
thus  grown  together.  In  spite  of  its  good  qualities,  Clevener  is  hardly 
holding  its  own  in  the  commercial  vineyards  of  the  State  and  it  is  not  a 
desirable  fruit  for  the  amateur  who  wants  a  table  grape. 

The  Clevener  here  described  has  been  raised  in  the  vicinity  of  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey,  for  abotit  forty  years,  bttt  its  place  and  time  of  origin 
are  unknown.  It  is  generally  considered  to  be  a  Riparia  but  the  con- 
tinuous tendrils  and  other  botanical  characters  indicate  a  strong  admixture 
of  Labrusca  blood  and  possibly  Aestivalis  or  Bicolor  as  the  shoots  and  canes 
show  considerable  bloom. 

The  other  variety  under  the  name  Clevener  is  a  southern  grape  strongly 
resembling  Rulander  or  Louisiana.     Opinions  differ  as  to  whether  it  be  of 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  213 

Aestivalis  or  Bourquiniana  blood.  This  variety  is  unknown  in  New  York 
and  of  its  origin  and  history  there  is  no  information. 

Vine  a  rampant  grower,  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  somewhat  subject  to  attacks 
of  leaf-hoppers.  Canes  long,  numerous,  rather  thick,  dark  reddish-brown,  covered  with 
a  slight  amount  of  bloom;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Foliage  very  healthy;  leaves 
unusually  large,  intermediate  in  thickness,  dark  green  with  well  defined  ribs  showing 
through  the  thin  ptibescence  of  the  under  surface.  Flowers  sterile,  open  very  early; 
stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  late,  and  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  do  not  always  fill  well,  small 
to  melium,  rather  short  and  slender,  irregularly  tapering,  often  with  a  medium-sized 
single  shoulder,  variable  in  compactness.  Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish  to  slightly 
flattened,  black,  rather  glossy,  covered  with  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  rather 
tough,  thinnish  and  inclined  to  crack,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  an  unusu- 
ally large  amount  of  dark  purplish-red  pigment.  Flesh  reddish-green,  moderately  juicy, 
rather  tender  and  soft,  fine-grained,  very  slightly  aromatic,  spicy,  neither  so  sprightly 
nor  so  high-flavored  as  other  varieties  of  the  same  season,  not  good  enough  in  flavor 
and  quality  in  general  for  dessert  purposes.  Seeds  separate  rather  easily  from  the 
pulp,  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  medium  to  above  in  width,  notched,  nearly  sharp- 
pointed,  dark  brown;  raphe  shows  as  a  very  small  cord;  chalaza  large,  at  center  or 
slightly  above,  irregularly  oval,  distinct. 

CLINTON. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Adluni,  1823:140.  2.  lb.,  1828:176.  3.  Prince,  1830:179.  4.  Rafinesque,  1830:11.  5. 
N.  y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1841:388.  6.  Horticulturist.  2:121,  341.  1847.  7.  //'.,  8:120.  1S53.  pg.  8 
Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1860:82.  9.  .-l;;i.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1862:00.  10.  Gar.  Mon.,  5:335.  1863 
II.  Strong,  1866:332.  12.  Husmann,  1866:50,  102.  13.  Fuller,  1867:219.  14.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt. 
1869:85.  fig.  15.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:82.  16.  Can.  Hort.,  11:43-  iSSS.  17.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:103 
104.  fg.  18.  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits,  1898:75.  19.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  540,  544,  54S,  554,  559. 
1898.     20.  Rural  X.    Y.,  59:7,  306.    1900. 

WoRTHiNGTON  (i,  2,  3,  4).     Wortliington  (15,  17). 

Clinton  is  now  but  little  grown,  its  place  having  been  taken  by  better 
varieties  of  its  t^'pe.  It  has  historical  interest  if  not  intrinsic  value, 
for  it  played  an  important  part  in  the  beginning  of  American  viticulture. 
Most  viticulturists  have  ascribed  to  Clinton  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  cultivated  "variety  of  Vitis  riparia,"  but  without  question  this  honor 
belongs  to  the  Worthington  of  Adlum  and  Prince,  with  a  strong  probability 
that  Clinton  may  be  Worthington  renamed.  But  it  v,'as  as  Clinton 
that  Vitis  riparia  was  disseminated  for  general  culture  and  it  is  the  name 


2  14  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Clinton  that  stands  at  the  parental  head  of  the  long  list  of  grapes  now 
under  cultivation  from  this  species;  and  so,  in  spite  of  its  being  the  usurper 
of  Worthington's  honor,  and  whether  or  not  it  be  the  older  variety  under 
an  assumed  name,  it  is  probably  best  that  Clinton  continue  to  be  considered 
the  first  of  its  race. 

Clinton  came  into  prominence,  and  brought  the  species  to  which  it 
belongs  to  the  notice  of  grape-growers,  because  of  its  vigor,  hardiness  and 
fruitfulness ;  and,  later,  its  popularity  was  added  to  because  of  its  immunity 
to  phylloxera.  The  vine  is  so  vigorous  that  its  growth  is  rank  and  because 
of  this  and  the  straggling  habit  of  growth  it  is  very  difficult  to  keep  under 
control  on  trellises  and  in  most  situations  needs  a  great  deal  of  room. 
It  can  be  grown  in  as  high  a  latitude  as  any  of  our  nati^•e  grapes  but  it 
blooms  so  early  in  the  spring  that  the  blossoms  are  often  caught  by  late 
frosts  in  northern  climates.  The  immunity  of  Clinton  to  phylloxera  led 
to  its  being  planted  very  largely  in  France  some  years  ago  but  it  has 
now  been  discarded  for  better  direct  producers  in  that  country.  The 
defects  of  the  variety  are:  The  fruit  is  too  small  and  sour  and  the  seeds  and 
skins  too  prominent  for  a  market  grape  and  the  wine  is  not  of  high  quality, 
being  too  raucous,  though  the  harshness  disappears  somewhat  with  age. 
The  fruit  colors  early  in  the  season  but  does  not  ripen  until  late  and  there- 
fore suffers  greatly  from  birds.  A  slight  touch  of  frost  is  supposed  to 
improve  its  flavor.  This  variety  is  so  sensitive  to  calcareous  soils  that 
where  lime  or  chalk  abounds  the  vines  often  die  out  after  a  few  years. 
Clinton  bears  grafts  well,  making  a  quick  and  firm  union  Avith  Labruscas 
and  Viniferas,  and  roots  very  freely  from  cuttings. 

This  variety  has  been  much  used  in  grape-breeding  and  its  blood  can  be 
traced  in  many  valuable  varieties,  among  which  are  most  of  the  desirable 
wine  grapes  for  the  North.  The  offspring  of  Clinton  are  usually  very 
hardy  and  this,  taken  with  other  desirable  characters,  makes  it  an 
exceptionally  good  starting-point  for  breeding  grapes  for  northern  lati- 
tudes. Its  seedlings  often  show  intermittent  characters  and  otherwise 
indicate  a  strong  strain  of  Labrusca. 

Clinton  began  to  attract  attention  in  New  York  about  1840.  J.  W. 
Bissell,  of  Rochester,  in  the  Horticulturist  of  January,  184S,  writes  that 
the  vine   from  which   cuttings  were   taken  was   found   by   L.   B.   Lang- 


CLINTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  215 

worthy,  in  the  garden  of  a  Mr.  Peebles  above  Waterford  on  the  Hudson. 
The  name  Chnton  was  given  by  Langworthy,  who  introduced  it  to  the 
trade  around  Rochester  about  1835.  There  were  other  cultivated  varieties 
growing  in  the  Peebles  garden  and  the  Clinton  was  not  supposed  to  be  a 
seedling.  Although  this  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Clinton  was  published 
in  the  then  most  popular  horticultural  publication  in  the  United  States, 
there  were  no  denials  nor  corrections  made  in  any  of  the  succeeding  num- 
bers. In  1863  there  appeared  in  the  Elmira  Advertiser  an  account  of  the 
origin  of  this  variety  in  which  it  was  stated  that  the  seed  from  which  this 
variety  had  sprung  was  planted  by  Hugh  White,  then  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, in  his  father's  garden  in  Whitesboro,  in  1819.  Two  years  later,  so 
the  story  runs,  when  he  was  a  junior  in  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New 
York,  White  transplanted  the  vine  east  of  the  house  of  Dr.  Noyes,  with 
whom  he  then  boarded.  There  were  no  denials  of  this  report,  probably 
on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  introducer  at  Rochester  was  dead ;  and  the 
account  and  Whitesboro  as  the  place  of  origin  were  later  generally  accepted 
by  horticultural  writers.  In  1852  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society  determined 
that  the  Worthington  and  the  Clinton  grapes  were  identical.  Later 
this  was  generally  accepted  by  viticulturists  as  being  correct.  The  Worth- 
ington is  an  old  sort  known  to  Adlum  and  Prince,  and  was  said  by  the  latter 
to  have  originated  in  the  vicinity  of  Annapolis,  Maryland. 

Clinton  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  fruit  catalog  in  1862,  where  it  has  since  been  retained. 

Clinton  is  usually  considered  a  Riparia,  as  most  of  the  botanical 
characters  indicate  this  species.  However,  occasional  canes  with  con- 
tinuous tendrils  are  characteristic  of  Labrusca. 

Vine  a  rank  grower,  healthy,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  long,  numerous,  slender 
to  medium,  brown  to  reddish-brown;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly  flattened;  internodes 
of  average  length;  diaphragm  thick  to  medium;  pith  large;  shoots  smooth;  tendrils 
usually  intermittent  but  sometimes  continuous,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  large  and  short,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  early.  Young 
leaves  very  faintly  tinged  with  carmine  on  lower  side  only.  Leaves  hang  until  very 
late  in  the  season,  medium  to  small,  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  not  pubescent;  veins  indistinct;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  medium  to 
narrow,  often  urn-shaped;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  shallow  to  medium  when  present; 
teeth  of  average  depth,  rather  wide.     Flowers  fertile,  open  early;  stamens  upright. 


2l6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Fruit  colors  early  but  is  not  edible  until  after  mid-season.  Clusters  medium  to 
small,  of  fair  length,  slender,  cylindrical,  uniform,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact; 
peduncle  medium  to  short,  intermediate  in  thickness;  pedicel  nearly  short,  ver}'  slender, 
almost  smooth;  brush  tinged  with  red.  Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish  to  slightly 
oval,  dark  purplish-black  to  black,  glossy,  covered  with  rather  thick  blue  bloom,  adhere 
well  to  pedicel,  firm.  Skin  very  thin,  tough,  nearly  free  from  pulp,  contains  considerable 
wine-colored  pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  darkish  green,  very  juicy,  fine- 
grained, slightly  tough  and  solid,  with  some  Riparia  flavor,  spicy,  vinous,  too 
tart  for  dessert  use.  Seeds  adherent,  average  two  in  number,  intermediate  in  size, 
short,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  pear- 
shaped  to  long  oval,   distinct.     Must,    93°-98°. 

CLOETA. 

(Lincecumii,  Rupestris,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Rural  N.  Y.,  60:637.  iQoi-  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1903:83.  3.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1904:306. 

Cloeta  comes  from  T.  V.  Munson  and  is  of  the  same  parentage  as 
Captain.  Munson  says  of  it : '  "  Probably  the  best  of  all  American  black 
grapes."  Bnt  it  does  not  sustain  this  high  standard  on  the  Station  grounds 
nor  would  it  do  so,  we  think,  in  other  parts  of  the  North.  Munson  further 
states  that  it  "requires  hot,  dry  weather  to  acquire  high  quality"  and  this 
explains  why  it  does  not  succeed  in  this  latitude  as  it  does  in  Texas. 

The  variety  was  produced  from  seed  of  America  pollinated  by  R.  W. 
Munson  and  was  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1902. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  hardy,  produces  fair  to  good  crops,  suceptible  to  attacks  of  mil- 
dew. Canes  long,  numerous,  covered  with  considerable  blue  bloom;  tendrils  inter- 
mittent, bifid.  Leaves  small  to  above  medium,  rather  thick.  Flowers  bloom  in  mid- 
season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  after  mid-season,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  not  uniform,  frequently  single-shouldered,  intermediate  in  compact- 
ness. Berries  medium  to  small,  oval  to  roundish,  black,  covered  with  a  fair  amount  of 
blue  bloom,  very  persistent,  not  firm.  Skin  ver\'  thin  and  tender,  contains  a  large 
amount  of  wine-colored  pigment.  Flesh  somewhat  tough  and  solid,  sweet  at  skin  to 
acid  at  center,  spicy,  medium  to  above  in  quality.  The  numerous  small  seeds  are  usually 
not  notched. 


Cat.,  1908:18. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  217 

COLERAIN. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Rural  N.  Y.,  47:759.  1888.  fig.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:105.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.,  53:616.  1S94. 
4.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  14:378.  1S95.  5.  iV.  1'.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:528,  548,  554.  1898.  6.  Rural 
N.    Y..  58:23.    1899.     7.  Mick.  Sta.  Bid..  169:165.    1S99. 

Colerain  is  one  of  the  numerous  white  seedlings  of  Concord  and  one  of 
the  few  of  these  seedHngs  of  sufficient  merit  to  be  kept  in  cultivation.  It 
has  the  characteristic  foliage  and  habit  of  growth  of  its  parent  but  is 
earlier  by  at  least  a  week,  is  of  much  higher  quality  and  lacks  some- 
what the  foxiness  of  most  Labruscas.  Colerain  is  sprightly  and  vinous 
and  neither  seeds  nor  skins  are  as  objectionable  as  in  the  parent  variety ;  the 
fruit  hangs  well  to  the  vine  and  keeps  as  well  as  most  of  the  varieties  of  its 
class  but  owing  to  its  tender  pulp  does  not  ship  well.  It  is  reported  to 
be  more  or  less  unproductive  in  some  localities.  While  Colerain  has  not 
attained  commercial  importance,  it  is  recognized  as  well  wortliy  a  place  in 
home  vineyards,  and  for  this  reason  and  because  it  is  one  of  the  best  if  not 
the  best  of  the  white  seedlings  of  Concord  it  is  given  the  honor  of  a  color- 
plate  and  full  description  in  The  Grapes  of  Netv  York. 

David  Bundy  of  Colerain,  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  produced  Colerain 
from  seed  of  Concord  planted  in  1880.  The  variety  was  soon  after  intro- 
duced by  the  Colerain  Grape  Company  of  Colerain,  Ohio. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  healthy,  not  alwaj-s  productive.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length  and  number,  slender,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  of  average  size, 
flattened;  internodes  medium  to  below;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  rather  large;  shoots 
pubescent;    tendrils  continuous,  rather  short,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender,  pointed  to  nearly  conical,  open  moderately  late. 
Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  a  faint 
trace  of  carmine.  Leaves  of  average  size,  nearly  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull, 
moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  slightly  bronze,  downy;  veins  rather  distinct;  leaf 
not  lobed,  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  usually  wide;  basal  and 
lateral  sinuses  very  shallow  when  present;  teeth  shallow,  of' average  width.  Flowers 
fertile,  opening  in  mid-season  or  earlier;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  week  or  more  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  fairly  well  but  does  not  ship 
well.  Clusters  attractive,  averaging  medium  in  size  and  length,  somewhat  slender, 
blunt,  tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical,  irregular,  usually  strongly  shouldered,  moderately 
compact;  peduncle  medium  in  length  and  thickness;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length, 


2l8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

inclined  to  slender,  nearly  smooth;  brush  of  average  length,  green.  Berries  usually 
below  Niagara  in  size  but  somewhat  variable,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  light  green, 
slightly  glossy,  covered  witli  thin  gray  bloom,  usually  rather  persistent.  Skin  unusually 
thin,  tender,  adheres  to  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green, 
translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender  and  soft  when  fully  ripe,  somewhat  foxy,  vinous, 
sweet,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  few  in  number,  usually 
one  to  three,  averaging  two,  rather  small  and  broad,  notched,  short  to  medium,  nearl)- 
plump,  brownish ;  raphe  obscure ;  chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  circular 
to  nearly  oval,  showing  only  as  a  depression. 

COLUMBIAN  IMPERIAL. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia.) 

1.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893-4:30.  2.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:105.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1894-5: 
67,  70.  4.  .V.  y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  18:374,  387,  395.  1890.  5.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:38,  43,  44,  45,  49. 
1899.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:166,  i6g.  1899.  7.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:57.  8.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui., 
53:42.    1 90 1. 

Columbian  (3,  6).     Imperial  (3).     Jumbo  (i).     Jumbo  (2,  3). 

Columbian  Imperial  is  a  showy,  reddish-black,  Labrusca-Riparia 
hybrid  chiefly  rerharkable  for  the  great  size  of  its  berries;  though  the  vine 
is  so  exceptionally  healthy  and  vigorous  as  to  give  it  prominence  for  these 
characters.  The  variety  has  remarkably  thick,  leathery  leaves  which  seem 
almost  proof  against  either  insects  or  fungi.  The  quality  of  the  fruit,  how- 
ever, is  very  inferior  and  the  clusters  are  uneven  as  to  the  number  of 
berries  and  these  shell  off  readily.  The  only  possible  value  of  the  variety 
is  for  exhiliition  purposes  and  for  breeding  to  secure  the  desirable  charac- 
ters named  above.  Columbian  Imperial  is  a  frequent  adornment  of  the 
salesbook  of  the  fruit  tree  agents  and  the  panegyrics  heaped  upon  it  by 
misinformed  or  unscrupulous  salesmen  have  given  it  a  rather  wide  distribu- 
tion in  the  gardens  of  the  amateur  where  it  has  no  place  whatever. 

The  parentage  of  Columbian  Imperial  is  unknown.  The  fruit  was 
originated  by  J.  S.  McKinley,  Morgan,  Orient  P.  O.,  Ohio,  in  1885.  It  was 
introduced  by  the  Columbian  Grape  Company,  of  Kingston,  Ohio,  under 
the  name  Columbian,  also  by  J.  R.  Johnson  of  Dallas,  Texas,  under  the 
name  Columbian  Imperial.  Supposed  by  many  to  be  of  Labrusca-Riparia 
blood.     The  Labrusca  shows  plainly;  the  Riparia  little,  if  at  all. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Canes 
long,  numerous,  thick  to  medium,  dark  reddish-brown,  unusually  heavily  pubescent 
and  spiny;  tendrils  continuous,  long,  bifid. 


COLERAIN 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  219 

Leaves  healthy,  variable  in  size,  green,  very  thick;  lower  surface  of  young  leaves 
pale  green  shading  into  bronze  on  older  leaves  with  little,  if  any,  pubescence.  Flowers, 
strongly  self-fertile;  upright  stamens.  Fruit  ripens  late.  Clusters  medium  in  size, 
sometimes  shouldered,  and  of  average  compactness.  Berries  large,  roundish  to  slightly 
oval,  dull  reddish-black  covered  with  thin  lilac  or  faint  blue  bloom,  not  very  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  thick,  tough,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  moderately  juicy,  tough,  nearly 
sweet  at  skin  to  decidedly  acid  at  center,  with  no  pronounced  aroma,  fair  to  good  in 
quality.  Seeds  adhere  to  the  pulp,  large  to  medium,  plump,  broad  to  medium,  inter- 
mediate in  length,  rather  blunt. 

CONCORD, 

(Labrusca.) 

I.Mag.  Hort.,  18:490,  522.  1852.  2.  76.,  19:524,  342.  1853.  3.  Horticulturist,  9:124.  188,  236. 
399,  515.  1854.  4.  Mag.  Hort.,  20:63,  fiS-'  43i.  553-  1854.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1854.  6.  lb., 
1858:233.  7.  Grant.  1864:7,  12.  8.  Gar.  Mon.,  11:39.  1869.  9.  Midi.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1872:47. 
10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:83,  84,  fig.,  147.  II.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:335.  12.  Median's  Mon., 
4:47.  1894.  13.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  540,  543,  544,  548,  552.  1898.  14.  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits, 
1898:72.     15.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1900:360.     16.  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:ijS.   1903. 

Bull's  Seedling  (i). 

The  Concord  is  known  by  all.  The  most  widely  grown  of  the  grapes 
of  this  continent,  it  also  represents  the  dominant  type  of  our  native  species 
and  with  its  offspring,  pure-bred  and  cross-bred,  furnishes  seventy-five  per 
ct.  or  more  of  the  grapes  of  eastern  America.  In  New  York,  approxi- 
mately seventy-five  per  ct.  of  all  the  grapes  grown  are  Concords  alone. 
The  preeminently  meritorious  character  of  Concord,  which  has  enabled 
it  to  take  first  place  in  American  viticulture,  is  the  elasticity  of  its  constitu- 
tion whereliy  it  adapts  itself  to  varying  conditions;  thus  the  Concord  is 
grown  with  more  or  less  profit  in  every  grape-growing  State  in  the  Union 
and  to  an  extent  not  possible  with  any  other  grape.  It  succeeds  on  a 
greater  number  of  soils  than  any  other  variety.  In  the  Chautauqua  grape 
region  there  are  six  distinct  types  of  soil  upon  which  grapes  are  grown  and 
the  Concord  is  the  leading  grape  on  each  of  them. 

A  second  character  which  commends  Concord  as  a  commercial  variety  is 
its  high  degree  of  fruitfulness,  as  it  gives  large  crops  year  in  and  vear  out. 
Added  to  the  above  points  of  superiority  are  hardiness;  ability  to  with- 
stand the  ravages  of  both  diseases  and  insects;  comparative  earliness  and 
therefore  certainty  of  maturity  in  northern  regions;  fair  size  of  bunch  and 
berry,  good  color,  and  an  abundance  of  bloom,  making  a  most  handsome 


220  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

grape.  The  Concord  leaves  out  and  blossoms  somewhat  late  in  the  spring 
and  does  not  therefore  often  suffer  from  spring  frosts  and  the  fruit  is  not 
easily  injured  by  late  frosts  and  hangs  well  on  the  vine. 

The  Concord  is  not,  however,  without  faults.  Its  quality  is  not  high, 
the  grapes  lack  richness,  delicacy  of  flavor  and  aroma,  and  have  a  foxy 
taste  disagreeable  to  many;  on  the  other  hand,  the  fruit  is  sprightly  and 
refreshing  and  does  not  cloy  the  appetite  as  do  richer  grapes.  The  seeds 
and  skin  of  Concord  are  objectionable,  the  seeds  being  large  and  abun- 
dant and  difficult  to  separate  from  the  flesh  and  the  skin  is  tough  and 
unpleasantly  astringent.  The  Concord  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well  as  com- 
pared with  grapes  having  Vinifera  blood  and  it  rapidly  loses  flavor  after 
ripening;  the  skin  is  inclined  to  crack  and  the  berries  to  shell  from  the 
stems  after  picking.  Concord  is  but  slightly  resistant  to  phylloxera 
and  in  calcareous  soils  is  subject  to  clilorosis.  It  requires  a  rich  soil  and 
thrives  best  on  a  virgin  soil;  thus,  in  the  Chautauqua  region  of  this  State, 
much  concern  is  now  felt  because  of  the  failing  vineyards,  most  of  which 
should  not  as  yet  have  reached  their  prime.  While  Concord  is  grown  in  the 
South,  it  is  essentially  a  northern  grape,  becoming  susceptible  to  fungi  in 
southern  climates  and  suffering  from  phylloxera  in  dry,  warm  soils. 

Concord  is  a  table  grape  and,  to  use  an  oft  quoted  expression  coined 
by  Horace  Greeley,  it  is  "the  grape  for  the  millions."  It  can  be  produced 
so  cheaply  that  no  other  grape  can  compete  with  it  in  the  markets. 
The  dominance  of  Concord  is  not  wholly  desirable  for  viticulture,  as  by 
keeping  out  better  varieties,  the  consumer  is  prevented  from  obtaining 
grapes  high  in  quality;  and  by  giving  the  grower  a  feeling  of  sufficiency  in 
having  this  sort,  other  varieties  do  not  receive  the  consideration  they 
deserve.  The  variety  is  used  somewhat  for  making  red  wines  and  a  white 
wine  as  a  base  for  champagne  but  it  is  a  poor  wine  grape,  as  much  sugar 
must  be  added  to  attain  the  amount  of  alcohol  necessary  for  a  good  wine 
and  the  foxy  taste  is  not  a  pleasant  flavor.  Grape  juice  is  made  almost 
entirely  from  Concords  and  during  the  past  few  years  many  carloads  of 
grapes  have  been  used  in  the  Chautauqua  region  for  this  purpose. 

The  botanical  characters  of  Concord  indicate  that  it  is  a  pure-bred 
Labrusca;  thus  the  seed  with  obscure  raphe  and  chalaza,  the  pubescence 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf,  the  flesh  characters  of  the  fruit,  the  con- 


-""  ^T'Si^^T?*!^^:^^ 


CONCORD 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  221 

tinuous  tendrils,  the  diaphragm,  all  belong  to  Vitis  labrnsca.  There  are 
those,  however,  who  maintain  that  it  is  possibly  a  Labrusca-Vinifera  hybrid, 
basing  their  claim  upon  the  upright  stamens,  the  characters  of  some  of  the 
seedlings,  and  the  opinion  expressed  by  Bull  that  a  Catawba  vine  growing 
near  by  had  fertilized  the  seed  from  which  Concord  was  raised. 

Concord  is  a  virile  variety,  having  begotten  a  great  number  of  valu- 
able offspring,  both  as  pure-breeds  and  as  cross-breeds.  To  these  it  has 
seemingly  transmitted  its  characters  to  a  high  degree.  The  reader  who 
takes  the  pains  to  look  them  up  will  find  that  many  of  these,  even  of  the 
pure-breeds,  are  white  and  that  they  are  usually  of  higher  quality  than 
the  parent,  indicating  a  white  ancestor  of  Concord  in  which  high  quality 
was  possibly  correlated  with  the  light  color. 

The  seed  of  a  wild  grape  was  planted  in  the  fall  of  1843  by  E.  W.  Bull' 
of  Concord,  Massachusetts,  from  which  fruit  was  borne  in  1849.  The  wild 
grape  from  which  the  seed  came  had  been  transplanted  from  beside  a  field 
fence  to  the  garden  in  which  there  was  at  least  another  grape,  the  Catawba, 
and  the  wild  vine  was  open  to  cross-pollination.  One  of  these  seedlings  was 
named  Concord  and  the  variety  was  exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society  in  the  fall  of  1852.  The  new  grape  was  introduced 
in  the  spring  of  1854  by  Hovey  &  Co.,  of  Boston.  From  the  time  of  its 
introduction  the  growth  of  this  variety  in  popularity  was  phenomenal. 
In  1854,  the  year  of  its  introduction,  it  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  as  one  of  the  "new  varieties 
which  promise  well."  In  1858  it  was  placed  on  the  regular  list  of  recom- 
mended sorts  where  it  has  since  been  retained.  Husmann  states,  in  the 
winter  of  1855,  that  he  secured  buds  at  Hermann,  Missouri,  from  Soulard 


'  Ephraim  W.  Bull  was  born  in  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1805  and  died  in  1895.  He  will  long 
be  remembered  by  grape-growers  as  the  originator  and  introducer  of  the  Concord  grape,  the  history 
of  which  is  given  in  the  above  account  of  that  variety.  Bull  grew  many  other  seedlings,  none  of 
which  attained  a  reputation  among  growers  unless  it  be  Cottage.  Ephraim  Bull's  ninety  years  were 
spent  in  the  quiet  of  his  Concord  home  and  he  would  have  remained  unknown  by  others  chan  his 
neighbors,  who  honored  and  loved  him,  had  it  not  been  for  his  fortunate  discovery  of  the  Concord 
grape,  which  must  always  give  him  a  place  in  the  history  of  American  grape  culture.  The  grape 
which  has  added  immensely  to  the  wealth  of  a  nation,  brought  its  originator  scarcely  a  year's  com- 
petence. As  a  partial  recompense  for  his  great  service  to  horticulture  and  to  the  nation,  the  memory 
of  Ephraim  W.  Bull  should  live  long. 


222  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

of  Galena,  Illinois.  In  other  words,  its  culture  had  spread  halfway  across 
the  continent  in  the  brief  period  of  a  year.  Before  i860,  vineyards  of  Con- 
cord had  been  planted  in  Chautauqua  County,  this  State.  In  1865  it  was 
awarded  a  prize  by  the  American  Institute  known  as  the  Greeley  prize, 
from  its  donor,  Horace  Greeley,  as  the  best  grape  for  general  cultivation. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  usually  productive  of  heavy  crops. 
Canes  above  medium  length,  of  average  number,  above  mean  thickness,  rather  dark 
reddish-brown  to  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  long;  dia- 
phragm rather  thick;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous, 
long,  bifid,  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  nearly  large,  short,  below  average  thickness,  conical  to  pointed, 
open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side,  prevailing  color  rose-carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  thick;  upper  surface 
dark  green,  slightly  glossy,  rather  smooth;  lower  surface  light  bronze,  heavily  pubes- 
cent; veins  distinct;  lobes  three  when  present,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus 
variable  averaging  medium  in  depth  and  width ;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus 
obscure  and  frequently  notched;  teeth  shallow,  medium  to  narrow.  Flowers  fertile, 
open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  mid-season,  keeps  from  one  to  two  months.  Clusters  rather 
uniform,  large  to  medium,  intermediate  in  length,  wide,  broadly  tapering,  usually 
single-shouldered,  sometimes  double-shouldered,  medium  to  rather  compact;  peduncle 
short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  of  average  length,  thick,  nearly  smooth;  brush  inter- 
mediate in  length,  pale  green.  Berries  medium  to  large,  roundish,  slightly  glossy,  black 
covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  not  always  persistent,  firm.  Skin  of  average  thick- 
ness, moderately  tough,  slightly  adherent  to  pulp,  contains  a  small  amount  of  wine- 
colored  pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  rather 
fine-grained,  somewhat  tough  and  solid,  slightly  foxy,  sweet  at  skin,  inclined  to  tartness 
next  the  seeds,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  rather  adherent,  one  to  four  in  number,  average 
three,  nearly  large,  broad,  distinctly  notched,  plump,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  of  fair  size,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  nearly  obscure.     Must  7o°-8o°. 

COTTAGE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  4:327,  334.  186S.  2.  HortictiUurist,  26:22.  1871.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1879.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:36.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.,  52:655-  i893-  6.  III.  Sta.  Bid..  28:253. 
1S93.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:108.  8.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1895:131.  9.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528, 
545,  547,  554.   1898.      10.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.,  169:169.    1899. 

In  vine  and  fruit  Cottage  greatly  resembles  its  parent.  Concord,  having, 
however,  remarkably  large,  thick,  leathery  leaves  well  shown  in  the  color- 


Tir 


tl^^-^" 


/ 


COTTAGE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  223 

plate.  It  is  noted,  too,  for  its  strong,  branching  root  system.  With  good 
foHage  and  good  roots  it  is  not  surprising  that  it  is  a  vigorous,  thrifty 
grower  —  if  anything  surpassing  its  parent  in  vigor  of  growth.  The  canes 
are  so  rough  as  to  be  almost  spiny  indicating,  seemingly,  outbursts  of 
growth-force.  The  Cottage  is  of  better  quality  than  its  parent  having  far 
less  foxiness  and  a  richer,  more  delicate  flavor.  It  is  given  credit,  too,  of 
being  a  better  shipper  and  a  better  keeper  and  is  from  one  to  two  weeks 
earlier.  Its  good  qualities  are  offset,  however,  by  the  fact  that  it  lacks 
in  soil  adaptability,  is  comparatively  unproductive,  and  ripens  unevenly. 
It  blooms  much  earlier  than  Concord.  Cottage  is  recommended  as 
an  early  grape  of  the  Concord  type  for  the  garden  and  a  standard  variety 
for  northern  localities.  The  variety  is  widely  distributed  in  varietal 
vineyards. 

Cottage  is  another  of  E.  W.  Bull's  seedlings,  having  been  produced  by 
him  from  seed  of  Concord.  It  was  introduced  in  1869  and  in  1879  it  was 
placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog, 
where  it  has  since  been  retained. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  produces  average  crops.  Canes  often  rough  and 
hairy,  long  to  medium,  numerous,  of  fair  thickness,  rather  dark  brown,  nodes  slightly 
enlarged,  not  usually  flattened;  internodes  intermediate  in  length;  diaphragm  thinnish; 
pith  of  average  size;  shoots  very  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  mean  length,  usually 
bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small  to  medium,  short,  of  fair  thickness,  conical  to  pointed,  open  moder- 
ately early.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  faintly  at  the  margin  with  red, 
making  the  prevailing  color  pale  green  with  light  carmine  tinge.  Leaves  large,  thick; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth  to  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  tinged  with 
heavy  bronze,  with  some  pubescence;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  lobed,  with  ter- 
minus acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  usually  deep  and  wide;  teeth  shallow,  wide. 
Flowers  fertile,  open  medium  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  one  or  two  weeks  eariier  than  Concord,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters 
above  medium  to  small,  below  average  length,  moderately  broad,  cylindrical  to  slightly 
tapering,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  rather  compact;  peduncle  somewhat  long,  inter- 
mediate in  size;  pedicel  short,  thick,  covered  with  few,  inconspicuous,  small  warts,  wide 
at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  dark  red.  Berries  of  average  size,  roundish,  dull 
black,  not  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  drop  badly  from  pedicel,  firm.  Skin 
rather  thick,  somewhat  tender,  slightly  adherent  to  pulp,  contains  considerable  dark 
purplish-red  pigment,  slightly  astringent.     Flesh  juicy,  tough,  rather  solid,  foxy,  agree- 


224  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ably  sweet  next  the  skin,  tart  at  seeds,  good  to  medium.  Seeds  separate  somewhat 
readily  from  pulp,  numerous,  one  to  four,  often  four,  above  medium  in  size,  rather  broad, 
intermediate  in  length,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  does  not  show;  chalaza  rather  large, 
usually  at  center,  irregularly  circular,  obscure. 

CREVELING. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1858:325.  2.  lb.,  1860:79.  3.  Horticulturist,  15:538.  i860,  fig.  4. 
Mag.  Hort.,  27:103.  1861.  5.  Horticulturist,  17:141.  1S62.  6.  Mag.  Hort.,  29:72.  1863.  7.  Mead, 
1867:163.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:45.  9.  Am.  four.  Hort.,  4:60.  1868.  10.  Downing,  1869: 
536.  II.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  8:1,4;}.  1870.  12.  (Jar.  A/on.,  13:214,  279.  1S71.  13.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:^0. 
14.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  540,  544,  548.  554.  1898.  15.  76.,  18:374,  387.  395-  1899.  16. 
Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:240.    1902. 

Bloom  (2,  3,  5,  13).  Bloomburg  (10).  Catawissa  (5).  Catawissa  (2,  6,  13).  Catawissa  Bloom 
(10).  Columbia  Bloom  (2,  4).  Columbia  County  (10).  Laura  Beverly  (g,  12).  Laura  Beverly? 
(10). 

Creveling  was  long  a  favorite  early  black  grape  for  the  garden,  where, 
if  planted  in  good  soil  and  kept  well  trained,  it  produces  fine  clusters  of 
large,  handsome,  very  good  grapes  of  the  Isabella  type.  Under  any  but 
the  best  of  care,  however,  it  is  unproductive  and  sets  loose,  straggling 
bunches.  The  wood  is  soft,  long-jointed,  reddish  in  color,  with  a  large  pith 
and  producing  but  few  laterals.     It  is  markedly  self-sterile. 

The  origin  of  the  Creveling  is  uncertain.  It  was  first  introduced  to  the 
public  about  1857  by  F.  F.  Merceron  of  Catawissa,  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  in  cultivation  in  Columbia  County,  Pennsylvania,  some 
years  previous  to  the  date  given.  The  name  Creveling  came  from  a  family 
of  that  name,  who  cultivated  the  variety  and  may  possibly  have  originated 
it.  It  was  placed  upon  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog  in  1867  and  dropped  from  their  list  in  1899.  It  is  still  widely 
cultivated  in  varietal  vineyards. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  quite  hardy,  usually  not  very  productive.  Canes  long,  above 
medium  in  number,  rather  thick,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  flattened; 
internodes  medium  to  long;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  large;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils 
usually  continuous,  long,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  large,  short,  thick,  obtuse,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves 
tinged  on  upper  and  lower  sides  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  below  medium  to  large, 
thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  rather 
pubescent ;  veins  somewhat  prominent ;  lobes  usually  three,  sometimes  obscurely  five, 


CREVELING 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  225 

terminal  lobe  acute  to  blunt;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  narrow,  closed  and  sometimes  over- 
lapping; basal  sinus  very  shallow  when  present;  lateral  sinus  rather  shallow,  narrow; 
teeth  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  sometimes  on  plan  of  si.x:,  sterile,  open  in  mid- 
season  or  earlier;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  a  few  days  later  than  Hartford,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  resemble 
Isabella  in  general  appearance,  good  size,  medium  to  long,  rather  broad,  irregularly 
tapering,  usually  single-shouldered  the  shoulder  often  being  connected  to  the  cluster  by 
a  long  stem,  loose;  peduncle  long,  rather  slender,  often  with  a  distinct  reddish  tinge; 
pedicel  variable  in  length,  thick,  usually  with  no  warts,  wide  at  point  of  attachment  to 
berry;  brush  intermediate  in  length,  thick,  dark  wine-color.  Berries  medium  to  large, 
oval,  dull  black,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  rather  firm.  Skin  thick, 
tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  with  a  moderate  amount  of  wine-colored 
pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  very  stringy,  tender,  coarse, 
somewhat  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  rather 
easily,  one  to  five  in  number,  average  two  or  three,  above  medium  in  size,  broad,  slightly 
notched,  intermediate  in  length,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  shows  as  a  narrow  groove; 
chalaza  of  fair  size,  at  center  or  slightly  above,  oval,  obscure. 

CROTON. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

r.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:223,  224.  1869.  fig.  2.  Am.  Hort.  An.,  1870:91,  92.  fig.  3.  Horti- 
culturist, 25:275.  1S70.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1871:16.  5.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:546.  fig. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:57.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:87.  fig.  8.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  545, 
547.  554-    1898.     9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:42,  51.   1901. 

The  Croton  is  a  feast  both  to  the  eye  and  the  palate.  The  accompany- 
ing color-plate  does  not  do  it  justice  as  grown  at  its  best,  as  it  shows  a 
loose,  straggling  bi:nch,  a  characteristic  of  the  variety  only  when  poorly 
grown.  Unfortunately  it  has  the  fault  of  being  difficult  to  grow  well,  being 
adapted  to  but  few  soils  and  proving  unfruitful,  weak  in  growth,  preca- 
riously tender,  and  somewhat  subject  to  mildew  and  rot  in  unfavorable 
situations.  But  when  well  grown  the  consensus  of  opinion  among  viti- 
culturists  is  that  it  has  few  si:periors  among  white  grapes.  It  has  a  sweet, 
delicate  Vinifera  flavor,  with  melting  flesh  which  readily  separates  from  the 
few  seeds.  The  fruit  hangs  on  the  vines  until  frost,  and  keeps  well  into 
the  winter.  The  Croton  is  among  green  grapes  what  its  parent,  the  Dela- 
ware, is  among  red  grapes.  In  spite  of  its  high  quality  it  has  never  become 
widely  distributed,  failing  utterly  as  a  commercial  variety,  quality  counting 

IS 


226  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

for  but  little  in  grape  markets.     If  this  delicious  fruit  is  to  be  saved  to 
cultivation  it  must  be  by  the  hands  of  the  amateur. 

Croton  came  from  Stephen  W.  UnderhilP  of  Croton  Point,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Delaware  pollinated  by  Chasselas  de  Fontainbleau.  The 
seed  was  planted  in  the  spring  of  1863  and  the  vine  fruited  for  the  first  time 
in  1865.  The  grape  was  first  exhibited  at  the  Massachusetts  Horticulttiral 
Society  meeting  in  1868.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1871  but  was  dropped  in  1883,  chiefly 
on  account  of  its  susceptibility  to  fungal  diseases. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  often  somewhat  tender,  usually  productive,  subject  to 
disease  in  unfavorable  locations.  Canes  long,  numerous,  thick,  rather  dark  reddish- 
brown;  nodes  enlarged,  usually  not  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  short;  diaphragm 
very  thick;  pith  large;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent,  long,  bifid. 


1  No  one  family  has  furnished  so  many  members  who  have  been  prominent  in  American  grape- 
growing  as  the  Underhills.  The  first  of  this  remarkable  family,  Robert  Underbill,  was  born  in  York- 
town,  Westchester  County,  New  York,  in  1761.  During  his  early  life  he  appears  to  have  been 
engaged  in  various  enterprises.  At  one  time  he  was  part  owner  and  conductor  of  a  flouring  mill  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Croton  River;  later  he  sold  his  interest  in  this  business  and  in  1804 
removed  to  Croton  Point,  which  he  had  previously  bought.  Here,  during  the  War  of  1812,  the 
supply  of  watermelons  from  the  South  being  cut  off,  he  planted  eighty  acres  of  melons,  and  it  is  said 
that  as  many  as  six  vessels  were  lying  off  Croton  Point  at  one  time  waiting  for  the  melons  to  mature. 
Among  other  of  his  ventures  was  the  growing  of  castor  beans,  and  toward  the  end  of  his  life  he 
became  interested  in  viticulture.  An  account  of  his  operations  cultivating  grapes  is  given  in  the 
first  part  of  this  work.  Robert  Underbill  died  at  Croton  Point  in  1829.  After  his  death  his  two 
sons,  William  Alexander  Underbill  and  Robert  T.  Underbill,  bought  from  their  father's  estate  the 
two  hundred  and  fifty  acres  comprising  Croton  Point.  Their  holdings  were  not  in  common,  William 
A.  Underbill  having  about  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  acres  and  his  brother  the  balance. 

R.  T.  Underbill  was  bom  on  the  Croton  River  in  1802  and  died  in  1871  at  Croton  Point. 
William  A.  Underbill  was  bom  at  the  same  place  as  his  brother  in  1804,  and  died  suddenly  while  on 
a  trip  to  New  York  City  in  1873.  The  first  three  Underhills  were  pioneer  vineyardists  in  this  State, 
and  were  men  of  great  enterprise  and  initiative,  contributing  much  to  American  viticulture  by  pre- 
cept and  example ;  but  none  of  them  was  an  originator  of  new  varieties. 

Stephen  W.  Underbill,  son  of  William  A.  Underbill,  was  bom  at  Croton  Point  in  i  S3  7.  In  his 
boyhood  he  became  familiar  with  the  grape-growing  operations  of  his  father  and  uncle,  and  about 
i860  became  interested  in  hybridizing  as  a  means  of  originating  new  varieties.  Most  of  his  work 
was  done  between  i860  and  1870.  He  originated  Black  Defiance,  Black  Eagle,  Croton,  Irving,  Sen- 
asqua  and  many  other  named  and  unnamed  sorts.  Of  his  varieties  it  may  be  said  that  they  gener- 
ally show  too  many  Vinifera  weaknesses  for  profitable  commercial  sorts.  S.  W.  Underbill  is  still 
livmg  at  Croton-on-Hudson,  a  short  distance  from  Croton  Point,  the  scene  of  the  labors  of  three 
generations  of  the  Underbill  family.  Since  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1S73,  be  has  devoted  himself 
almost  exclusively  to  brick-making,  an  occupation  in  which  his  father  had  been  interested. 


%.,. 


CROTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  227 

Leaf-buds  large,  prominent,  long,  of  average  thickness,  conical,  open  late.  Young 
leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  at  margin  of  upper  side  with  faint  cannine.  Foliage 
remains  until  late  in  the  season;  leaves  of  medium  size,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper 
surface  light  green,  dull,  nearly  smooth  to  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly- 
cobwebby  or  hairy;  veins  indistinct;  lobes  five  in  number,  terminal  lobe  blunt  to  acute; 
basal  sinus  of  average  depth,  rather  narrow;  lateral  sinus  inclined  to  deep  and  nearly 
narrow;  petiolar  sinus  medium  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  teeth 
inclined  to  shallow,  wide.     Flowers  fertile,  open  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season  or  later,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  not  uniform,  very 
large  to  medium,  longish,  rather  slender,  irregularly  tapering,  often  with  an  unusually 
heavy  single  shoulder,  very  loose  to  medium;  peduncle  long,  thick;  pedicel  somewhat 
long,  thick,  covered  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  warts ;  brush  intermediate  in  length, 
greenish.  Berries  irregular  in  size  averaging  about  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  elon- 
gated, light  green,  changing  to  yellowish-green,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent, 
sHghtly  soft.  Skin  thin,  rather  tough,  adheres  very  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no 
pigment.  Flesh  green,  somewhat  transparent,  very  juicy,  melting,  vinous,  pleasant 
flavor,  agreeably  sweet,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  very  easily  from 
the  flesh,  one  to  three,  above  medium  in  size,  slightly  elongated,  fair  breadth,  notched, 
rather  sharply  pointed,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  small,  above  center, 
irregul  "ly  circular  to  oval,  indistinct. 

CUNNINGHAM. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Prince,  1830:191.  2.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1845:939.  3.  Gar.  Man.,  3:83.  1861.  4.  Am. 
Jour.  Hort.,  3:301.  1868.  5.  Grape  Cult.,  1:34,  75.  iS6g.  6.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:87,  88.  fig.  7.  Texas 
Farm  and  Ranch,  Feb.  8,  1896:11.  8.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1149,  1155.  1898.  9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:38, 
43,  45,  46,  50,  54.    1899.      10.  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:268.   1903. 

Long  (4,  6,  7,  9).      Long  No.  ^  (9).      Prince  Edward  (i). 

The  Cunningham  is  not  known  in  New  York  and  in  fact  has  been 
cultivated  but  little  in  America,  but  in  France  at  one  time  it  was  one  of  the 
best  known  American  grapes,  both  as  a  direct  producer  and  as  a  stock  for 
European  varieties.  It  is  not  now  largely  grown  in  France,  however, 
having  been  superseded  by  better  American  varieties  for  the  uses  for  which 
it  was  formerly  cultivated.  It  was  much  sought  for  by  the  French  as  a 
stock  for  large  Vinifera  cions,  the  size  of  the  vine  giving  an  opportunity  for 
making  a  good  graft.  In  the  South,  Cunningham  is  not  largely  grown  as 
there  are  several  other  varieties  of  its  class  superior  to  it  in  quality  of 
fruit  and  in  vine  characters  as  well.  It  seems  everywhere  to  have  been  an 
exceedingly  capricious  grower  and  very  particular  as  to  soil  and  climate. 


228  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

It  is  said  to  make  a  deep  yellow  wine  of  very  good  quality.  It  has  little  or 
no  value  as  a  table  grape. 

Cunningham  originated  in  the  garden  of  Jacob  Cunningham  of  Prince 
Edward  County,  Virginia,  about  the  year  1812.  Cuttings  of  this  vine  were 
sent  by  Dr.  D.  N.  Norton  of  Richmond  to  Prince  in  1829.  Prince  intro- 
duced it  to  the  public.  Its  botanical  characters  mark  it  as  an  offshoot  of 
the  Herbemont  group  of  Bourquiniana. 

The  following  description  is  a  compilation  from  several  sources: 

Vine  very  vigorous,  spreading,  rather  productive,  somewhat  suceptible  to  mildew. 
Canes  large  and  long,  with  stiff  reddish  hairs  at  base ;  shoots  showing  considerable  bloom ; 
tendrils  intermittent,  usually  trifid.  Leaves  large,  rather  thick,  roundish,  entire 
or  slightly  lobed ;  smooth  and  dark  green  above,  yellowish-green  below  and  slightly 
pubescent;  petiolar  sinus  narrow,  frequently  overlapping.  Clusters  of  medium  size, 
long,  sometimes  shouldered,  very  compact;  peduncle  short,  strong;  pedicel  long,  slender. 
Berries  small,  purplish-black  with  thin,  grayish  bloom.  Skin  thin,  tough  with  con- 
siderable underlying  pigment.  Flesh  tender,  juicy,  sprightly  or  somewhat  acidly  sweet. 
Seeds  two  to  five,  rather  oval :  beak  short;  chalaza  distinct;  raphe  showing  as  a  ridge. 

CYNTHIANA. 

(Aestivalis,  Labrusca.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpl.,  1863:548.  2.  Husmann,  1866:103.  3-  lb--  1866:104.  4.  Gar.  Mon., 
11:149.  i86g.  5.  Grape  Cull.,  1:20,  239.  1869.  6.  lb.,  3:2.  1S71.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1881:24. 
8.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:88.  fig.  9.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:127,  131.  10.  111.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:253.  1893. 
II.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:38,  43,  45,  46,  50.  1899.  12.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:246.  1902.  13.  Traite  gen. 
de  vit.,  6:274.      1903- 

Arkans.\s  (3).  Arkansas  (8).  Norton  (13).  Norton  Virginia  (13).  Norton's  Virginia 
Seedling  (13).     Red  River  (2,  5,  6,  8,  13).      Vitis  Norloni  (13). 

Cynthiana  is  another  southern  grape  impossible  to  grow  in  the  North 
and  therefore  of  but  general  interest  for  this  work.  There  has  long  been  a 
heated  controversy  as  to  whether  this  variety  differs  from  Norton.  Tlie 
botanical  differences  between  the  two  varieties  are  not  greater  than  might 
be  attributed  to  environment,  soil,  climate  and  culture;  but  side  by  side 
the  two  grapes  ripen  at  different  times,  and  the  quality  of  the  fruit,  and 
more  particularly  of  the  wine,  is  such  that  the  varieties  must  be  considered 
as  distinct.  The  distinction  should  be  maintained  for  Cynthiana  is  the 
better  grape  of  the  two.  It  has  been  much  grown  in  France  for  its  intrin- 
sic value  and  in  the  reconstruction  of  vineyards  destroyed  by  phylloxera. 


f-- 


CYNTHIANA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  229 

As  the  history  given  below  shows,  the  variety  is  an  old  one  but  it,  with 
Norton,  was  condemned  by  the  early  vineyardists  because  it  could  be  prop- 
agated from  cuttings  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty.  Like  most  of  its 
species,  Cynthiana  is  somewhat  particular  as  to  soil  and  location,  preferring 
sandy  or  gravelly  loams  and  not  thriving  on  clays  or  limestones.  While 
very  resistant  to  phylloxera,  it  is  not  now  much  vised  as  a  resistant  stock 
because  of  the  superiority  of  varieties  of  Rupestris  and  because  it  is  not 
easily  propagated.  It  is  very  resistant  to  cryptogamic  diseases,  mildew, 
black-rot  and  anthracnose,  and  is  a  strong,  vigorous  grower.  Its  cycle  of 
vegetation  is  long,  the  buds  bursting  forth  early  and  the  fruit  maturing  very 
late.  It  has  no  value  as  a  table  grape  but  according  to  the  Bushberg  Cata- 
logue^ it  is  the  best  American  grape  for  red  wine.  So,  too,  according  to 
Viala,*  the  wine  from  Cynthiana  is  the  best  of  all  the  red  wines  produced 
from  American  vines.  It  is  said  by  French  wine-makers^  to  contain  "an 
excess  of  all  the  elements  which  constitute  the  best  ordinary  wines,  color, 
tannin,  acidity,  and  bouquet,"  and  therefore  to  make  a  splendid  base  for 
blending  with  wine  from  varieties  lacking  in  the  above  elements. 

Cynthiana  was  received,  some  time  in  the  fifties  by  Prince  of  Flushing, 
Long  Island,  from  Arkansas  where  it  is  said  to  have  been  found  growing  in 
the  woods.  It  was  sent  by  Prince  to  Husmann  at  Hermann,  Missouri, 
where  it  did  so  well  and  was  so  highly  spoken  of  by  Husmann  and  his  neigh- 
bors that  it  soon  became  known  to  grape-growers.  It  was  placed  upon  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881,  where 
it  still  remains.  Like  Norton,  Cynthiana  is  often  considered  pure  Aesti- 
valis, although  a  strain  of  some  other  blood,  probably  Labrusca,  is  appar- 
ent. Because  of  the  similarity  of  this  variety  and  Norton  the  one  is  often 
grown  as  the  other. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  usually  a  good  yielder.  Canes  medium  to  nearly 
long,  numerous,  of  average  size,  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown,  sometimes  with  faint 
ash-gray  tinge,  surface  covered  with  thick  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  inter- 
nodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  rather  thin;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots  slightly 
glabrous ;  tendrils  intermittent  to  continuous,  above  medium  in  length,  bifid. 


'  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:89. 

-  Traite  gen.  de  vii.,  6:278.   1903. 

^  lb.,  p.  279. 


230  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender,  pointed  to  conical.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  thick, 
finn;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  rugose;  lower  surface  slightly  tinged  with  blue, 
faintly  pubescent,  cobwebby;  veins  distinct;  lobes  variable  in  number,  terminal  lobe 
acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  closed  and  sometimes  overlapping;  basal  sinus 
shallow;  lateral  sinus  rather  shallow  and  narrow;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width; 
stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  very  late  and  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  rather  long, 
intermediate  in  breadth,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  not  very  uniform,  often  single-shoul- 
dered, compact;  peduncle  above  medium  length,  small;  pedicel  rather  short  and  slender, 
covered  with  numerous  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  short, 
thick,  wine-colored.  Berries  small,  roundish,  black,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount 
of  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  tough,  rather  adherent  to  the  pulp,  contains 
a  slight  amount  of  purple  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  darkish  green,  translucent,  juicy, 
tough  and  solid,  spicy,  rather  tart,  poor  in  quality  as  a  dessert  grape.  Seeds  separate 
with  difficulty  from  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three,  small,  of  mean  breadth,  short, 
blunt,  dark  brown;  raphe  distinct,  cord-like;  chalaza  small,  slightly  above  center, 
circular,  distinct.     Must  98°-!  18° 

DAISY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1886:187.  2.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:495.  1891.  3.  lb.,  13:602.  1894. 
4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:111.     5.  iV.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:528,  548,  554.    i8g8. 

Daisy  is  an  unimportant  seedling  of  Goethe.  The  only  reason  for  its 
distribution  was  its  delicate,  spicy,  pleasant  flavor.  It  is  probably  not 
worth  perpetuating. 

Dr.  J.  Stayman,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
Daisy  from  seed  of  Goethe.  On  account  of  the  fruit  characters.  Bush 
questions  the  parentage  but  as  it  grows  at  this  Station  the  reputed  parent- 
age appears  to  be  qtiite  probably  correct. 

Vine  intermediate  in  vigor,  not  hardy  nor  productive,  an  uncertain  bearer.  Ten- 
drils continuous,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  light  green;  lower 
surface  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  self-sterile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens 
upright.  Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  soon  after,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  of 
medium  size,  rather  loose.  Berries  medium  to  small,  distinctly  oval,  somewhat  darker 
red  than  Agawam,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  not  firm.  Flesh  soft 
and  tender,  vinous,  sweet,  of  pleasant  flavor,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  few,  medium 
in  length,  usually  with  a  slightly  enlarged  neck;  chalaza  above  center,  often  with 
radiating  ridges. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  23I 

DELAWARE. 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana,  Vinifera.) 

orticulturist,  8:492.  1853.  fig.  2.  76.,  9:98.  1854.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1856:214.  4. 
Horticulturist,  12:562.  1857.  5.  Downing.  1857:336.  fig.  6.  Horticulturist,  13:58,  179.  1858. 
7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1858:233.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1858:65.  9.  Gar.  Mon.,  1:75,  164.  1S59. 
10.  lb..  2:13,  26,  117,  176.  i860.  II.  Horticulturist,  16:16,  21,  zi'  HQ-  1S61.  12.  Fuller,  1867:221. 
13.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:48.  14.  lb.,  1873:64.  15.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1882-3:28.  16. 
Bush.  Cat.,  1883:91.  fig.  17.  Am.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:139.  18.  Amcr.  Card.,  12:584.  1891. 
19.  III.  Sta.  Bui..  28:259.  1893-  20.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:430.  43i.  432.  433-  iSp^-  21.  lb., 
17:528,  540,  543,  544,  545,  547,  554.  1898.  22.  Amer.  Card.,  20:622.  1899.  23.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui..  169: 
169.   1899.     24.  Amcr.  Card..  22:481.   1901.     25.  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:186.   1903. 

French  Grape  (10,  14).  Gray  Delaware  (25).  Heath  (5).  Italian  wine  grape  (5,  8,  13,  14.  16). 
Ladies  Choice  (8,  11).  Powell  (i,  14).  Red  Riesling,  incoir.  (5).  Rose  Colored  Delaware  (25). 
Ruff  (9,  14).      Traminer,  incorr.  (5).     Wine  Grape  (11). 

Delaware  is  the  American  grape  par  excellence.  Its  introduction 
raised  the  standard  of  quality  in  our  viticulture  to  that  of  the  Old  World, 
for  there  is  no  variety  of  Vitis  vinifera  more  richly  or  more  delicately 
flavored  or  with  a  more  agreeable  aroma  than  the  Delaware.  This  variety 
is  rightly  used  wherever  American  grapes  are  grown  as  the  standard  whereby 
to  gauge  the  quality  of  other  grapes.  Added  to  high  quality  it  is  endowed 
with  a  constitution  which  enables  it  to  withstand  climatic  conditions  to 
which  all  but  the  most  hardy  varieties  will  succumb,  and  so  elastic  as  to 
adapt  it  to  many  soils  and  conditions,  and  to  bear  under  most  situations  an 
abundant  crop.  All  of  this  makes  it,  next  to  the  Concord,  the  most  popu- 
lar grape  for  garden,  vineyard  and  wine-press,  now  grown  in  the  United 
States.  As  with  the  Concord,  its  introduction  gave  American  grape-grow- 
ing a  great  impetus  and  it  is  a  question  whether  or  not,  with  its  high  quality, 
it  has  not  had  a  more  beneficial  effect  on  the  viticulture  of  the  country 
than  the  Concord. 

Beside  the  qualities  named  above  for  the  Delaware,  it  matures  suffi- 
ciently early  to  make  its  crops  certain,  is  attractive  in  appearance,  keeps 
well  on  the  vine  and  in  the  package,  ships  well  and  is  more  immune  than 
other  commercial  varieties  to  black-rot.  Its  faults  are:  The  small  size  of 
the  vine,  slowness  of  growth,  susceptibility  of  the  foliage  to  mildew,  its 
capriciousness  in  certain  soils,  and  the  small  size  of  the  berries.  The  first 
two  faults  make  it  necessary  to  plant  the  vines  more  closely  than  other 
commercial  varieties  stand.     It  succeeds  best  in  deep,  rich,  well-drained, 


232  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

warm  soils  but  even  on  these  it  must  receive  good  cultivation,  close  pruning, 
and  in  some  cases  the  fruit  must  be  thinned.  It  is,  too,  a  necessity,  where 
mildew  is  abundant,  to  spray  with  bordeaux  mixture  which  keeps  the 
disease  well  in  check.  Birds  are  very  fond  of  this  variety  and  it  suffers  in 
particular  from  the  depredations  of  robins. 

Delaware  is  the  best  American  table  grape  and  as  such  commands 
a  premium  in  all  of  the  markets,  selling  oftentimes  for  double  the  price  of 
Concord.  It  is  also  much  sought  for  by  wine-makers  both  for  Delaware 
wine  and  for  blending  in  making  champagne  or  other  wines  of  high  quality. 
It  is  grown  North  and  South  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  is 
now  proving  especially  profitable  in  many  southern  locations  as  an  early 
grape  to  ship  to  northern  markets.  The  Delaware  is  an  especially  desirable 
grape  to  cultivate  in  small  gardens  because  of  its  delicious  and  handsome 
fruit,  its  compact  habit  of  growth,  and  when  in  health,  its  ample  and  lus- 
trous green,  delicately  formed  leaves  which  make  it  one  of  the  most  orna- 
mental of  the  grapes.^ 

Delaware  is  the  parent  of  an  interesting  but  not  particularl}-  valu- 
able progeny;  none  of  the  pure-bred  offspring  nearly  equal  the  parent 
though  many  of  them  inherit  its  fine  color  and  high  quality.  Among  its 
cross-bred  offspring  are  some  notable  varieties,  all  of  which  are  described 
in  their  proper  places  in  this  work.  An  interesting  fact  regarding  the  pure- 
bred progeny  of  Delaware  is  that,  so  far  as  we  have  records,  it  seems  to 
have  given  very  few  black  grapes  though  there  are  often  white  or  rose- 
colored  seedlings  among  them.  Even  in  its  cross-bred  offspring,  red,  or 
some  tint  of  it  greatly  predominates,  indicating  power  in  the  transmission 
of  color  and  suggesting  the  value  of  this  variety  in  breeding  red  grapes. 

The  Delaware  grape  was  first  brought  to  notice  by  Abram  Thompson, 
editor  of  the  Delaware  Gazette  of  Delaware,  Ohio.     In  the  summer  of  1849 


'  The  grape  vine  in  the  vineyard  is  not  ornamental,  but  only  because  its  beauty  is  marred  by 
the  formal  shapes  in  which  it  must  be  trained  to  meet  the  purposes  of  the  cultivator.  But  as  a 
festoon  for  an  arbor,  or  for  hiding  a  neglected  building,  for  the  porch  of  the  farmhouse,  or  for  any 
place  where  a  bold  or  picturesque  effect  is  wanted,  or  for  giving  an  expression  of  strength,  no  vine 
surpasses  some  of  the  varieties  of  our  native  grapes.  Properly  planted  they  are  not  only  beautiful 
in  themselves  but  attractive  through  their  suggestiveness.  To  sit  under  one's  own  vine  and  fig  tree 
is  the  ancient  idea  of  a  life  of  peace,  contentment  and  security;  and  this  association  with  the  patri- 
archal use  of  the  vine  is  one  of  the  charms  of  the  grape. 


'<-..,,: 


DELAWARE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  233 

he  saw  fruit  of  this  variety  which  had  been  brought  into  town  from  one  of 
the  neighboring  farms.  An  investigation  disclosed  that  the  variety  was 
being  raised  on  the  farms  of  a  Mr.  Warford  and  of  a  Mr.  Heath,  near  the 
banks  of  the  Scioto  River,  a  few  miles  from  the  town  of  Delaware,  and 
that  Warford  had  brought  the  variety  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey  more 
than  twenty  years  before.  It  was  known  in  this  neighborhood  under 
the  name  of  Heath,  or  Powell.  Thompson  sent  fruit  of  the  variety  to 
A.  J.  Downing  who  gave  it  the  name  Delaware,  after  the  town  from  which 
the  samples  had  been  sent.  Thompson  also  brought  it  to  the  notice  of  the 
Ohio  Pomological  Society  in  the  autumn  of  185 1.  It  was  found  that  the 
Delaware  vines  secured  by  Warford  could  be  traced  back  to  the  garden  of 
Paul  H.  Provost,  a  Swiss  of  Frenchtown,  Kingswood  Township,  Hunterdon 
County,  New  Jersey.  Provost,  at  this  time,  was  dead,  and  definite  informa- 
tion was  very  difficult  to  secure  as  to  where  he  had  obtained  his  vines. 
One  account  was  that  they  had  been  received  from  a  brother  residing  in 
Italy,  and  in  deference  to  this  story,  the  variety  was  locally  known  as  the 
Italian  wine  grape.  Another  story  was  to  the  effect  that  they  had  been 
brought  to  Provost's  place  by  a  German  who  had  been  in  this  country  only 
a  short  time  but  who  had  spent  this  interval  with  Hare  Powell  of  Phila- 
delphia. Whether  the  German  secured  the  vines  from  the  Old  Country 
or  from  Powell  is  uncertain.  There  was  a  report  that  they  had  been 
secured  from  Powell  and  that  he  in  turn  had  received  them  from  Bland  of 
Virginia.  All  of  the  stories  as  to  how  the  vines  came  into  Provost's  garden 
lack  supporting  evidence  and  some  were  of  the  opinion  that  it  had  grown 
in  the  garden  as  a  seedling. 

The  Delaware  at  once  attracted  great  attention  and  the  horticultural 
journals  were  full  of  conflicting  accounts  of  its  history  and  of  warm  dis- 
cussions as  to  its  botany.  In  1856  it  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  as  "a  new  variety  which  prom- 
ises well;"  two  years  later  it  was  placed  on  the  list  of  recommended  sorts. 

There  is  still  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  botany  of  this  variety. 
The  theory  advanced  by  many  when  it  was  first  introduced,  that  it  is  a 
pure  Vinifera,  has  been  abandoned.  Millardet  and  others  considered  the 
Delaware  a  hybrid  between  Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Cinerea  and  Aestivalis. 
Munson  holds  that  it  is  of  Labrusca-Bourquiniana  origin  with  a  probable 


234  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

slight  admixture  of  Vinifera.  He  further  states  that  he  considers  Elsin- 
burgh  probably  one  of  the  parents.  Historically  this  is  corroborated  by 
the  fact  that  Elsingburgh  originated  in  New  Jersey  not  far  from  wliere 
Provost  lived. 

Vine  not  a  strong  grower,  hardy  except  in  unfavorable  locations,  fairly  productive, 
somewhat  subject  to  leaf-hoppers  and  mildew.  Canes  medium  to  below  in  length, 
numerous,  slender,  rather  light  to  medium  dark  brown;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  not 
flattened;  intemodes  rather  short;  diaphragm  intermediate  in  thickness;  pith  small; 
shoots  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent,  somewhat  short,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  small,  of  average  length,  slender,  pointed  to  conical,  prominent, 
open  early.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  a 
faint  golden  hue  but  the  prevailing  color  is  light  rose-carmine.  Foliage  not  always 
healthy;  leaves  medium  to  small,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
dull,  smoothish;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent;  veins  inconspicuous; 
lobes  three  to  five  in  number,  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  of  average 
depth,  narrow  to  medium;  basal  sinus  shallow  and  narrow  when  present;  lateral  sinus 
moderately  deep,  narrow;  teeth  shallow,  of  fair  width.  Flowers  fertile,  open  somewhat 
late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  few  days  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
of  average  length,  slender,  rather  blunt,  often  cylindrical,  regular,  usually  shouldered, 
compact;  peduncle  medium  to  short,  slender;  pedicel  short,  slender,  smooth;  brush 
intermediate  in  size,  light  brown.  Berries  unifoiTn  in  size  and  shape,  small  to  medium, 
roundish,  light  red,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  moderately 
tough,  adheres  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh 
light  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tender,  aromatic,  vinous,  sprightly  and  refreshing,  sweet 
to  agreeably  tart  from  skin  to  center,  best  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the 
pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  intermediate  in  size,  rather  broad,  notched,  short,  blunt, 
light  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  medium  size,  above  center,  circular.  Must 
ioo°-ii8°. 

DELAWBA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rp{.,  i8gi •.126.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  iSgi-.^g^.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1804:114,  11$. 
fig.     4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:42.      1901. 

Of  Delawba  we  can  say  but  little,  not  having  vines  of  it  on  the  Station 
grounds.  It  is  an  offspring  of  Delaware  crossed  with  Catawba,  as  the 
name  indicates,  and  was  introduced  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  take 
the  place  of  one  or  the  other  or  both  of  its  parents.  However,  it  has  made 
no  impress  upon  the  viticulture  of  this  State  though  it  has  been  tested  here 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  235 

and  there  in  the  several  grape  regions  during  the  past  ten  years.  The 
fruit  resembles  Catawba,  though  not  as  attractive,  the  berries  averaging 
smaller,  but  it  ripens  almost  as  early  as  Delaware,  a  great  point  in  its 
favor.  The  vine,  too,  is  more  like  Catawba  than  the  Delaware,  being 
more  vigorous  and  productive  than  the  latter.  The  reports  of  this  variety 
indicate  that  it  is  very  promising  but  it  seems  not  to  be  making  headway  as 
either  a  fancy  or  a  commercial  fruit  probably  because  of  characters  lacking 
in  the  fruit. 

Dr.  L.  C.  Chisholm  of  Spring  Hill,  Tennessee,  produced  the  Delawba 
some  time  about  1880  from  seed  of  Delaware  fertilized  by  Catawba. 
The  variety  was  introduced  in  1895,  after  having  received  high  encomi- 
ums from  various  horticultural  avxthorities.  The  following  is  a  compiled 
description : 

Vine  usually  vigorous  and  productive,  resembling  Catawba  very  closely,  blooming 
with  Concord.  Cluster  above  medium  to  large,  moderately  compact,  cylindrical  or 
slightly  tapering,  sometimes  slightly  shouldered.  Berries  variable  in  size,  ranging  from 
above  medium  to  below,  of  amber  color  with  lilac  bloom;  skin  quite  tough.  Not 
attractive  in  appearance.  It  is  self-fertile  and  ripens  its  berries  evenly.  Quality  good 
to  very  good.     Ripens  shortly  after  Delaware. 

DEVEREAUX.' 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Mag.  Hart..  9:373.  1843.  2.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1853:299.  3.  Horticulturist,  12:458. 
1857.  4.  Gar.  Man.,  2:265.  i860.  5.  Downing,  1869:531.  6.  Grape  Cult.,  1:17,  326.  1869. 
7.  (?)  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:118.     8.  lb.,  1894:116.     9.  (?)  Texas  Farm  and  Ranch,  Feb.  8,  1896:11. 

Black  July  (5).  Black  July  (8,  9).  Blue  Grape  (5,  8,  9).  Devereux  (5).  Hart  (4,  5,  8). 
Husson  (5,  8,  9).  Lenoir  (9,  incorr.  5,  8).  Lincoln  (4,  7).  Lincoln  (5,  ?  8,  g).  McLean  (4,  5,  8,  g). 
Sherry  (5,  8,  9).     Sumpter  (5,  9).      Thurmond  (5,  8,  g).      Tulcy  (5,  8,  g). 

The  Devereaux  is  an  old  southern  grape  now  nearly  obsolete  because 
of  its  capriciousness  as  to  location.  When  it  can  be  grown  it  is  of  high 
quality  and  makes  a  very  good  wine.  The  variety  is  of  only  historical  and 
botanical  interest.  In  France  the  Devereaux  was  at  one  time  considered 
a  valuable  wine  grape. 

An  article  in  the   Horticulturist'  for  1857  states  that  the  Devereaux 


'  Often  incorrectly  spelled  Devereux. 
'Horticulturist,  12:458.      1857. 


236  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

was  found  in  the  woods  over  forty  years  before  that  date  by  Samuel  M. 
Devereaux,  who  lived  near  Sparta,  Georgia.  It  has  been  considerably 
confused  with  varieties  which  resemble  it.  The  name  Lincoln,  in  particu- 
lar, is  a  questionable  synonym  which  Dr.  Curtis  of  Hillsboro,  North  Caro- 
lina, in  a  letter  to  the  Gardener's  Monthly  for  i860,'  states  was  found  near 
the  junction  of  the  South  Fork  and  Catawba  Rivers  by  Dr.  William 
McLean.  It  was  known  locally  under  the  names  of  McLean  and  Hart. 
Later  it  was  sent  to  Longworth,  who  gave  it  the  name  Lincoln. 

The  descriptions  of  this  variety  from  various  sources  are  conflicting. 
That  given  below  is  copied  from  the  Bushberg  Catalogue.''' 

"  Bunch  long,  loose,  slightly  shouldered;  berry  black,  below  medium,  round;  skin 
fine,  tender;  flesh  meaty,  juicy  without  pulp,  and  vinous;  quality  best.  Vine  a  strong 
grower,  and,  when  free  from  mildew,  moderately  productive;  wood  long-jointed,  purplish 
brown  at  first,  of  deeper  purplish  red  when  ripe;  with  bi-forked,  intermittent  tendrils 
—  these,  as  also  the  leaf  stalk,  are  tinged  on  their  base  with  a  purplish  brown  hue, 
hke  the  young  canes;  the  buds  are  covered  with  a  russet  down,  unfolding  with  that 
rosy  complexion  peculiar  to  the  young,  downy  leaves  of  most  Aestivalis.  The  developed 
foliage  is  of  medium  size,  entire  (not  lobed),  considerably  wrinkled,  turgid,  with 
somewhat  abundant  hair  tufts  on  the  lower  veins." 

DIAMOND, 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Gar.  Man.,  26:336.  1SS4.  2.  76.,  28:333.  18S6.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1887-8:85. 
4.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:328.  5.  .Y.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9=332-  iSqo.  6.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui., 
28:161.  iSqi.  7.  Rural  .V.  Y.,  50:691,  787.  1891.  8.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui,  44:118,  127.  1893. 
9.  Rural  N.  Y.,  53:616,  645,  fig.,  646.  1894.  10.  Gar.  and  For.,  8:96,  377,  487.  1895.  11. 
.V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:432,  433.  1896.  12.  Tmn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:175,  176.  1896.  fig.  13. 
Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1897:19.  14.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:529.  53^,  540,  543.  544.  547.  549,  554- 
1898.  15.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.,  94:139.  1898.  16.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:38,  44,  45,  50.  1S99.  17.  Can. 
Hort.,  25:125,   190.      1902.  fig. 

Diamond,  Moore  (13).     Moore's  Diamond  (i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  9,)     Moore's  Diamond  (15,  17). 

Diamond  is  surpassed  in  quality  and  beauty  by  few  other  grapes. 
When  to  its  desirable  fruit  characters  are  added  its  earliness,  hardiness, 
productiveness  and  vigor  it  is  surpassed  by  no  other  green  grape.  Niagara 
is  more  productive  and  therefore  more  profitable  in  most  localities  but  in 


'  Gar.  Mon.,  2:265.      i860. 
2  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:116. 


r»v. 


DIAMOND 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  237 

many  essential  characters  it  falls  short  of  Diamond  and  the  difference  in 
productiveness  is  not  marked.  We  usually  accord  Niagara  first  place 
among  green  grapes  but  Diamond  rivals  it  for  the  honor.  The  former 
attained  high  rank  not  only  through  merit  but  by  much  advertisement 
while  Diamond  has  made  its  way  by  merit  alone.  If  we  consider  the  wants 
of  the  amateur  and  of  the  wine-maker  as  well  as  those  of  the  commercial 
vineyardist,  unquestionably  Diamond  must  be  accorded  a  high  place 
among  the  best  all-around  grapes. 

Diamond  is  a  diluted  hybrid  between  Vitis  labrusca  and  Vitis 
vinifcra;  the  touch  of  the  exotic  grape  given  by  the  Vinifera  parents  has 
been  jtist  sufficient  to  give  it  the  richness  in  flavor  of  the  Old  World  grape 
and  not  overcome  the  refreshing  sprightliness  of  our  native  fox  grapes. 
It  is  without  the  insipid  sweetness  of  the  first  or  the  foxiness  of  the  latter. 
The  Vinifera  characters  are  wholly  recessive  in  vine  and  foliage,  the  plant 
resembling  very  closely  its  American  parent,  Concord.  Diamond  is  not  as 
highly  esteemed  as  a  commercial  variety  as  it  deserves  to  be,  for  beside 
being  of  high  quality  the  fruit  packs,  carries  and  keeps  well.  Were  it  known 
by  consumers  the  demand  for  it  would  be  such  that  it  would  command  a 
fancy  price  and  thereby  more  than  make  up  for  its  lack  in  fruitfulness, 
but  through  the  unfortunate  condition  of  American  fruit  markets  it  is,  more 
often  than  not,  sold  as  Niagara  and  has  not  therefore  established  the  repu- 
tation it  should  have  in  the  markets.  Diamond  is  in  demand  among  wine- 
makers  and  especially  for  the  making  of  champagnes.  For  the  amateur  it 
has  few  superiors,  the  chief  drawback  for  the  small  garden  being  that 
robins  prefer  it  to  most  other  varieties  and  greatly  reduce  the  crop.  Dia- 
mond is  well  established  in  Canada  and  can  be  grown  iia  as  great  a  range 
of  latitude  as  the  Concord.  The  vine  is  as  free  from  the  attacks  of  fungi 
as  the  Concord  but  the  fruit  is  a  little  more  susceptible  to  cryptogamic 
diseases  and  especially  to  black-rot,  though  not  attacked  by  fungi  so  much 
as  Niagara. 

The  late  Jacob  Moore  of  Brighton,  New  York,  originated  Diamond 
about  1870  from  Concord  seed  fertilized  by  lona.  It  was  introduced  about 
1885.  It  has  gained  in  favor  somewhat  slowly,  and  was  not  placed  on 
the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  until 
1897. 


238  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy,  productive  in  most  locations.  Canes  medium  to 
short,  not  very  numerous,  of  average  thickness,  brownish  or  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge; 
nodes  slightly  enlarged,  not  flattened;  intemodes  medium  to  short;  diaphragm  inter- 
mediate in  thickness;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent, 
bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  pointed  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves 
tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  the  edges  with  red.  Leaves  of  average  size,  thick;  upper 
surface  light  green,  dull,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  light  bronze,  downy;  veins  dis- 
tinct; lobes  usually  three  in  number,  indistinct;  petiolar  sinus  very  shallow;  teeth 
shallow,  of  mean  width.      Flowers  fertile,  open  early  to  somewhat  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  usually  ripens  slightly  earlier  than  Niagara,  keeps  well.  Clusters  variable 
in  size,  medium  to  short,  rather  broad,  somewhat  blunt,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering, 
often  single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  moderately  thick;  pedicel 
short  and  thick,  covered  with  a  few,  inconspicuous  warts,  wide  at  point  of  attachment 
to  berry ;  brush  slender,  of  average  length,  pale  green.  Berries  above  medium  to  medium 
size,  roundish  to  strongly  ovate  on  account  of  compactness,  green  with  tinge  of  yellow 
on  riper  berries  but  less  yellow  than  Niagara,  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom, 
persistent,  rather  firm.  Skin  thin,  toughish,  adheres  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  contains 
no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  rather  transparent,  juicy,  tender,  inclined 
to  melting,  fine-grained,  slightly  aromatic,  sprightly,  nearly  sweet  next  the  skin  to 
agreeably  tart  at  center,  quality  very  good.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one 
to  four,  average  two  or  three,  intermediate  in  size,  rather  broad  and  long,  moderately 
sharp-pointed,  yellowish-brown;  raphe  shows  as  a  narrow  obscure  groove;  chalaza 
small,  slightly  above  center,  ov      -ather  obscure. 

DIANA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis?) 

I.  Mag.  Hon..  10:242.  1844.  2.  Horticulturist.  4:224,  535.  iS4q.  3.  Mag.  Hart..  16:28,  306, 
S46.  1850.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1854.  5-  -l^".?-  Hort..  27:6,  262,  49°.  523.  53i-  1861.  6.  My 
VUieyardat  Lakcvicw,  1866:78.  7-  -V.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1866:803,  881.  8.  Horticulturist,  22:356. 
1867.  9.  Am.  Jour.  Hart.,  5:15,  297.  1869.  10.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1873:60.  11.  .4m.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt..  1881:37,  119,  123,  136,  153.  12.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  Pt.  1:96.  1883.  13.  Bush.  Cat.. 
1883:93.  fig.  14.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:540,  543.  544.  545.  547.  554-  1898.  iS-  Va.  Sta.  But., 
94:137.   1898.      16.  Mo.  Sta.  BuL,  46:38,  43.  45-    1899-      i7-  R'tral  N.    Y.,  61:719,  fig.,  722.    1902. 

When  introduced  Diana  promised  to  be  the  popular  grape  of  the 
North  and  especially  of  New  England.  Its  many  good  qualities  warranted 
the  high  hopes  of  those  who  first  grew  it  but  time  revealed  so  many  defects 
that  the  variety  never  became  widely  distributed  although  few  grapes 
surpass  it,  or  even  equal  it,   in  high  quality  and  handsome  appearance 


■/  \ 


w 


DIANA 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK.  239 

when  at  its  best.  Diana  is  a  seedling  of  Catawba  and  was  hailed  as 
superior  to  its  parent  in  quality,  appearance  and  earliness.  It  was  the 
last  named  character  that  especially  commended  it  to  northern  grape- 
growers.  Catawba  can  be  grown  in  New  York  only  in  the  most  favored 
locations  and  hardly  at  all  in  New  England  even  in  its  southern  parts. 
It  fails  in  the  North  because  the  seasons  are  too  short  for  the  fruit  to 
mature.  Diana  is  al^out  two  weeks  earlier  than  Catawba  and  it  was  there- 
fore thought  that  the  offspring,  lacking  the  defect  of  the  parent,  would 
take  the  rank  in  the  North  that  the  older  variety  held  in  the  South. 

Diana  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  Catawba,  differing  chiefly  in 
having  a  lighter  color,  a  delicate  pale  red  or  rose,  and  in  being  less  pulpy 
and  more  juicy.  Usually  the  bunches,  too,  are  more  compact,  those  of 
Catawba  as  grown  in  the  North  being  as  a  rule  loose  and  sometimes 
straggling.  The  flavor  resembles  that  of  Catawba  bttt  when  well  grown 
and  fully  ripe  it  is  more  delicate  and  has  less  of  the  wild  taste.  The  grapes 
keep  exceptionally  well.  But  its  great  point  of  superiority  over  Catawba 
is  its  earliness;  it  ripens  from  ten  days  to  a  fortnight  earlier,  making  pos- 
sible, as  said  above,  its  culture  far  to  the  north.  The  defects  of  Diana  are 
as  marked  as  its  good  qualities.  It  is  precariously  tender  in  cold  winters 
and  in  regions  where  Concord  goes  without  protection  Diana  must  be 
favored.  The  grapes  ripen  unevenly,  many  being  green  when  others 
are  mature,  and  berries  and  foliage  are  both  susceptible  to  fungi.  Lastly 
it  is  in  many  localities  a  shy  bearer  and  is  almost  always  capricious.  During 
the  first  few  years  in  bearing,  the  fruit  of  Diana  is  very  imperfect  in  flavor 
and  deficient  in  size,  true  of  many  grapes  but  particularly  so  of  this  one. 
The  best  qualities  of  Diana  are  not  brought  out  until  the  vines  are  seven 
or  eight  years  of  age. 

Perhaps  no  grape  better  illustrates  the  importance  of  local  influences 
and  of  knowledge  of  the  peculiarities  of  varieties  than  Diana.  All  grapes 
have  their  likes  and  dislikes  but  this  one  is  capricious  beyond  most  others. 
It  wants,  for  instance,  comparatively  poor,  dry,  gravelly  soil  without  any 
considerable  amount  of  humus  or  nitrogen.  On  clays,  loams,  or  rich  soils, 
the  vines  make  a  rank  growth  and  the  fruits  are  few,  late  and  of  poor  qual- 
ity. So,  too,  it  needs  to  be  long  pruned,  and  to  have  all  surplus  bunches 
removed  leaving  a  comparatively  small  crop  to  mature,  and  these  should 


240  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

hang  until  frost.  To  the  fact  that  Diana  is  so  easily  influenced  must  be 
attributed  the  great  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  its  worth,  some  holding 
it  to  be  a  most  excellent  variety  while  in  a  nearby  vineyard  it  is  considered 
worthless. 

In  favorable  situations  Diana  may  be  expected  to  make  a  most 
satisfactory  grape  for  the  amateur  and  where  it  does  especially  well  it  will 
prove  a  profitable  variety  for  the  local  market.  Its  splendid  keeping 
qualities  make  it  a  very  desirable  grape  for  late  winter.  It  is  even  better 
in  this  respect  than  Catawba,  one  of  the  best  keepers.  While  the  pulp 
of  Diana  has  the  meaty  structure  which  adapts  it  for  long  keeping  its 
pulpiness  is  not  objectionable  as  in  some  grapes  and  its  thick  skin  has  a 
rich,  spicy  flavor.  Wine  made  from  Diana  is  said  to  be  second  to  none 
from  our  native  grapes,  equalling  or  surpassing  that  made  from  Catawba. 

To  Mrs.  Diana  Crehore  of  Milton,  Massachusetts,  is  due  the  honor  of 
having  originated  Diana.  The  variety  was  produced  from  seed  of  the 
Catawba  open  to  cross-pollination,  planted  about  1834.  It  was  exhibited 
before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1843.  The  Pomological 
Congress  at  their  second  meeting  in  1850  placed  Diana  on  their  list  as  a 
"  new  variety  which  promises  well,"  and  in  1854  it  was  included  in  the 
American  Pomological  Society  list  of  sorts  recommended  for  general  culti- 
vation. The  demand  for  this  grape  was  so  keen  that  in  1850  it  was  sold 
for  $15  a  vine. 

The  species  of  Diana  is  usually  given  as  Labrusca  but  the  Vinifera- 
like  l)erries  and  the  intermittent  tendrils  indicate  Vinifera  and  the  bloom 
on  the  shoots  suggests  a  strain  of  either  Bicolor  or  Aestivalis. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  produces  light  to  medium  crops,  somewhat  sus- 
ceptible to  attacks  of  leaf-hoppers  and  fungi.  Canes  pubescent,  long,  of  average  number, 
thick  to  medium,  light  brown  to  reddish-brown,  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  nodes 
enlarged,  slightly  flattened ;  internodes  medium  to  long ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  medium 
to  large;   shoots  pubescent;   tendrils  intermittent,  long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  large,  of  average  length,  thickish,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season. 
Young  leaves  colored  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  faint  carmine, 
the  smaller  leaves  usually  heavily  coated  with  thick  silvery  down.  Leaves  medium  to 
large,  inclined  to  thick;  upper  surface  variable  in  color  ranging  from  light  to  dark  green, 
usually  rather  dull,  nearly  smooth  to  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  heavily 
pubescent;   lobes  vary  from  three  to  five,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  moderately 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  241 

deep,  wide  to  medium,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  shallow,  not  wide; 
lateral  sinus  not  deep,  medium  to  narrow;  teeth  shallow,  intermediate  in  width.  Flow- 
ers fertile,  open  in  mid-season;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Catawba,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large, 
intermediate  in  length,  rather  broad,  tapering  to  slightly  cylindrical,  occasionally  shoul- 
dered, the  shoulder  being  attached  to  the  cluster  by  a  rather  long  stem,  compact  to 
medium;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  slender;  pedicel  above  average  length,  covered 
with  small  scattering  warts;  brush  of  fair  length,  rather  slender,  pale  green.  Berries 
somewhat  irregular  in  size,  above  medium  to  small,  roundish  to  slightly  ovate  in  com- 
pact clusters,  rather  light  red  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  very 
thick,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  with  but  Httle  astrin- 
gency.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tough,  fine-grained,  vinous,  with  a  little 
foxiness,  sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  sep- 
arate readily  from  the  pulp  unless  fruit  is  fully  ripe,  one  to  three,  average  two,  inter- 
mediate in  size,  breadth  and  length,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  rather  wide, 
shallow  groove;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  circular,  distinct.     Must  88°- 9o° 

DIANA  HAMBURG. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Aestivalis?) 

I  N.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1864:38.  2.  Ma^.  Hort.,  31:105,  331,  364.  1865.  3.  Thomas,  1867:403. 
4.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  2:328,  329.    1867.  fig.     5.  N.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1868:224.     6.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:90. 

Diana  Hamburg  has  long  since  passed  from  cultivation  and  was  never 
widely  grown.  Its  parentage  is  indicated  in  its  name.  It  is  worth  discus- 
sion here  only  because  it  is  an  illustration  of  what  can  be  done  in  grape- 
breeding  and  because  it  was  one  of  the  parents  of  several  better  known 
sorts  chief  of  which  is  Brighton.  The  fruit  of  Diana  Hamburg  is  that  of 
the  European  parent,  while  the  vine  is  more  nearly  that  of  Diana  in  appear- 
ance but  quite  that  of  Black  Hamburg  in  constitution,  being  very  suscep- 
tible to  disease,  somewhat  tender,  unproductive  in  our  climate  and  ripen- 
ing its  fruit  late. 

Diana  Hamburg  was  the  first  of  Jacob  Moore's  productions,  having 
been  raised  from  seed  of  Diana  fertilized  by  pollen  of  Black  Hamburg 
about  i860.  It  was  first  exhibited  at  the  New  York  Agricultural  Society 
meeting  in  September,  1864.  For  a  few  years  it  attracted  some  attention 
but  soon  passed  from  cultivation.  The  following  description  is  compiled 
from  various  sources: 
16 


242 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Vine  vigorous  when  not  diseased;  canes  short-jointed.  Leaves  of  medium  size, 
somewhat  concave.  Fruit-clusters  large,  compact,  shouldered.  Berries  above  medium, 
sHghtly  oval,  dark  red,  tender,  free  from  pulp.  Except  in  color,  which  shows  a  more 
reddish  tinge,  it  very  closely  resembles  Black  Hamburg.  The  vine  is  tender  and  very 
susceptible  to  mildew. 

DON  JUAN. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

1.  Horticulturist,  29:329.  1874.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:114.  3.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.^ 
1875:386.     4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:92.     5.  W.  N.    Y.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  36:45.   1891. 

In  Spite  of  many  good  characters,  as  high  quality,  attractive  appear- 
ance, and  a  vine  above  the  average  in  vigor  and  hardiness,  Don  Juan  has 
not  become  estabhshed  in  American  viticulture.  It  has  been  tested  by 
grape  collectors  for  forty  years  and  is  now  passing  from  even  the  collec- 
tions.   Its  chief  fault  in  this  State  is  that  it  ripens  too  late. 

Don  Juan  was  originated  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York, 
over  thirty  years  ago  from  seed  of  lona  pollinated  by  General  Marmora. 
The  originator  claimed  that  Don  Juan  was  a  better  grape  than  its  parent, 
lona,  but  it  has  fallen  far  short  of  this  in  the  vineyards  of  the  State.  The 
connection  of  the  name  with  the  grape  is  not  apparent. 

Vine  intermediate  in  vigor,  appears  hardy  and  productive.  Canes  short,  rather 
brittle,  slightly  roughened;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  medium  to  thin, 
not  ver}-  large,  light  green.  Fruit  ripens  rather  late,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
large,  rather  broad,  shouldered,  strongly  tapering,  verj'  loose.  Berries  large  to  medium, 
distinctly  oval,  dark  red,  covered  with  dark  lilac  or  slightly  blue  bloom,  strongly  per- 
sistent, somewhat  soft.  Flesh  tender  and  nearly  melting,  vinous,  resembles  Black 
Hamburg  sonuwhat  in  flavor,  good  in  quality. 

DOWNING. 

(Vinifera,  Aestivalis.  Labrusca.) 

1.  Am.  Hort.  An.,  1871:79.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1875:113.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:92.  4.  Gar. 
il/011.,  26:366.  1884.  S.Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885:17.  6.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  2S:i6o.  1891.  7.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:619.  1892.  8.  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:176.  iSg6.  9.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:169. 
1899.     10.    U.  S.  D.  A.    Yr.  Bk.,   1901:388.  col.  pi. 

Ch.^s.  Downing  (i).      Cliarks  Downing  (3,  10).      Ricketts'  No.  i  (2).     Ricketts'  No.  1  (10). 

Little  known  in  cultivation,  although  it  has  been  grown  since  1870 
and  has  had  the  recommendations  of  our  most  expert  horticulturists, 
Downing  is  well  worthy  a  place  in  the  garden  of  grape-growers  at  least. 


r- 


DOWNING 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  243 

Its  high  quaHty,  handsome  appearance,  and  excellence  as  a  keeper, 
make  it  desirable  in  all  regions  where  the  climate  is  sufficiently  temperate 
to  allow  it  to  withstand  the  winter  and  to  develop  in  full  its  admirable 
fruit  characters.  Added  to  the  above  qualities  are  fair  vigor  and  health 
of  vine,  while  with  its  defects  must  be  mentioned  late  ripening  and  suscep- 
tibility to  mildew  in  unfavorable  seasons.  When  grown  in  most  parts  of 
New  York  the  vine  of  Downing  should  be  laid  down  in  the  winter  or  receive 
other  protection.  In  most  seasons,  too,  unremitting  warfare  must  be  kept 
up  with  bordeaux  mixture  to  check  inildew.  In  appearance  of  bunch  and 
berry  Downing  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  of  our  varieties,  the  clusters 
being  large  and  well  formed  and  the  berries  having  the  long  oval  shape 
of  a  Malaga  with  a  delicate  light  bloom.  The  flesh,  too,  shows  Vitis  vinijera 
in  texture  as  well  as  quality  while  neither  seeds  nor  skins  are  as  objection- 
able as  in  the  best  of  our  pure-bred  American  varieties.  Few  amateurs 
realize  the  richness  of  our  cultivated  grape-flora  or  the  garden  would  be 
supplied  by  other  varieties  than  Concord,  Niagara  and  Delaware  and  of 
these  Downing  would  be  one. 

J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  originated  Downing  some  time 
about  1865.  It  is  one  of  the  first  of  Ricketts'  hybrids  and  was  first  known 
as  Ricketts'  No.  i.  The  parentage  is  variously  given  as  Isabella  fertilized 
by  Muscat  Hamburg,  Croton  fertilized  by  Black  Hambiu-g,  and  Israella 
fertilized  by  Muscat  Hamburg.'  The  last  combination  is  that  given  by 
J.  G.  Burrows  of  Fishkill,  New  York,  who  was  connected  with  J.  H.  Ricketts 
in  his  work  and  who  introduced  Downing  in  1883;  hence  it  is  probably 
correct.  Ricketts  thought  highly  of  this  variety  and  gave  it  the  name  of 
America's  great  pomologist,   Charles  Downing. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  usually  winter-kills  somewhat,  not  very  productive, 
especially  where  it  winter-kills.  Canes  short,  few,  rather  slender,  nearly  dark  green 
to  slightly  ash-gray  tinge,  surface  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom,  often  roughened  with 
few  small  warts;  nodes  much  enlarged,  strongly  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  short; 
diaphragm  rather  thick;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent, 
of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 


'  After  the  above  was  in  type  we  received  a  communication  from  Ricketts  stating  that  Downing 
came  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Muscat  Hamburg.  If  this  is  true  it  is  difficult  to  account 
for  the  apparent  Aestivalis  characters. 


244  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size  and  thickness,  short,  obtuse  to  nearly  conical,  open 
very  late.  Leaves  medium  to  small,  roundish,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly 
glossy,  rugose ;  lower  surface  rather  deep  green  with  almost  no  pubescence ;  veins  some- 
what distinct;  lobes  none  to  five,  tenninal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  medium  depth, 
very  narrow,  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking  but  shallow  and  nar- 
row when  present;  lateral  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  narrow;  teeth  above  average  in 
width  and  depth.      Flowers  open  late;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  little  later  than  Concord,  often  keeps  until  spring.  Clusters  large, 
long,  rather  slender,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  uniform,  sometimes  loosely  shoul- 
dered, variable  in  compactness;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  inclined  to  thick;  pedicel 
intermediate  in  length,  slender,  covered  with  numerous  warts;  brush  long,  slender, 
greenish.  Berries  large  to  medium,  distinctly  oval,  dark  purplish-black,  glossy,  covered 
with  light  blue  bloom,  strongly  persistent,  almost  firm.  Skin  very  thick,  tender,  adheres 
considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  almost  no  pigment,  without  astringency.  Flesh 
greenish  or  with  slight  yellow  tinge,  translucent,  very  juicy,  tender,  fine-grained,  vinous, 
mild,  ver}'  good  in  quality.  The  few  seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  three, 
average  two,  intermediate  in  size  and  breadth,  strongly  notched,  rather  long,  brownish; 
raphe  obscure ;  chalaza  of  mean  size,  surface  frequently  roughened,  above  center,  circu- 
lar to   oval,  variable    in   distinctness. 

DRACUT  AMBER. 

(Labrusca.) 

J.  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1850:48,  66.  2.  Gar.  Mon.,  3:26.  1861.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1883:26. 
4.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:620.  1892.  5.  Imua  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:161.  6.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:117. 
7.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:548,  554.   1898.     8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:28. 

Early  Amber  (6). 

Dracut  Amber  receives  the  attention  given  it  here  chiefly  because  it 
is  a  representative  variety  of  the  northern  Labrusca  and  of  the  red  type  of 
Labrusca.  The  fruit  has  no  particular  merit,  its  thick  skin,  coarse  pulp, 
seeds  and  rank  foxy  taste  all  being  objectionable.  But  the  vine  is  very 
hardy  and  productive,  and  the  fruit  ripens  early  making  it  valuable  in  the 
northern  limits  of  viticulture  and  in  other  locations  where  a  vigorous,  hardy 
early  grape  is  wanted.  It  is  of  no  value  for  the  market  or  for  wine-making 
and  therefore  of  use  only  for  the  home  in  the  far  North,  though  the  fact 
that  it  does  not  keep  well  is  still  further  against  it  for  this  purpose.  The 
variety  is  of  interest  to  the  breeder  who  desires  a  red  Labrusca  of  the  north- 
em  type. 

Asa  Clement  of  Dracut,  Massachusetts,  originated  Dracut  Amber  from 


-<ij- 


DRACUT  AMBER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


245 


seed  of  a  native  reddish  Labrusca  that  grew  near  a  Catawba  vine.  The 
seed  was  planted  about  1855  and  Mr.  Clement  called  the  resulting  vine 
the  Amber  grape.  Later  the  new  variety  was  introduced  by  Jacob  W. 
Manning  under  the  name  Dracut  Amber.  Catawba  is  supposed  by  Clement 
to  have  been  the  male  parent,  but  this  is  wholly  conjectural  and  doubtful 
as  the  botanical  and  horticultural  characters  are  those  of  a  northern 
Labrusca.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  fruit  catalog  in  1883  and  was  dropped,  probably  inadvertently,  in 
1897,  as  it  was  replaced  in  1899  and  has  since  remained. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  somewhat  susceptible  to  attacks  of  leaf-hoppers. 
Canes  long,  rather  numerous,  medium  to  below  in  size,  darkish-brown;  nodes  slightly- 
enlarged,  usually  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  below  in  length;  diaphragm  of 
average  thickness;  pith  above  medium  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous, 
long,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  decidedly  variable  in  size,  length,  and  thickness,  prominent,  obtuse  to 
conical.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  with  bright  carmine  and  very  strongly 
colored  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  rather  thick; 
upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  smoothish;  lower  surface  pale  green  or  grayish,  faintly 
cobwebby;  veins  indistinct;  lobes  three  or  sometimes  five  in  number  with  terminal 
lobe  obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  moderately  deep,  rather  narrow  to  medium;  basal 
sinus  shallow  to  narrow;  lateral  sinus  usually  shallow,  medium  to  rather  wide;  teeth 
shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  sometimes  on  plan  of  six,  slightly  sterile  to  fertile, 
open  in  mid-season;   stamens  variable  in  length. 

Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Concord,  does  not  keep  well,  as  the  berries  soon  shrivel. 
Clusters  not  especially  satisfactory  in  general  appearance,  variable  in  size,  short  to 
medium,  rather  broad,  somewhat  cylindrical,  irregular,  rarely  shouldered,  compact  to 
medium;  peduncle  short,  slender;  pedicel  nearly  short,  of  average  thickness,  covered 
with  numerous  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  rather  long, 
light  yellowish-green.  Berries  medium  to  large,  variable  in  shape  ranging  from  oval 
to  roundish,  dull  pale  red  or  dark  amber,  covered  with  thin  lilac  or  faint  blue  bloom, 
often  inclined  to  drop  when  overripe,  soft.  Skin  unusually  thick,  somewhat  tender, 
adheres  slightly  to  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish, 
translucent,  juicy,  rather  fine-grained  and  tough,  very  foxy,  moderately  sweet  to 
decidedly  acid  at  center,  inferior  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent,  two  to  five  in  number 
averaging  three,  large  to  below  medium,  broad  to  medium,  light  brown;  raphe  shows 
only  as  a  groove;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  oval,  above  center,  rather  distinct  and 
in  a  depression. 


246  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

DUTCHESS.^ 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana ?  Aestivalis?) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1877:36.  2.  Gar.  Moii.,  22:176.  18S0.  3.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1880:230.  4.  Downing,  1881:166  app.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1881:24.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1883:124.  7.  lb.,  1885:103,  107.  8.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:126.  9.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  14:87. 
1890.  10.  Ala.  Sta.  Bid.,  10:9.  1890.  11.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:512-  1892.  12.  Can.  Hort.,  17:253, 
267.  1894.  13.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:117,  118.  fig.  14.  Husmann,  1895:32,  95,  102.  15.  Tenn.  Sta.  Bui., 
Vol.  9:176,  195.  1896.  16.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:432.  1896.  17.  iV.  Y.Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:529. 
538,  541,  544,  548,  549,  552.  1898.  18.  Miss.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:12.  1899.  19.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:38,  43, 
45,  46,  76.   1899.     20.  W.   N.    Y.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  44:91.    1899.     21.  Mo.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1900:365. 

Dutchess  is  a  variety  for  the  amateur,  always  to  be  sought  for  because 
of  its  delicious  flavor,  its  handsome  appearance,  and  its  long-keeping  quali- 
ties. It  has  never  been  largely  grown  in  commercial  vineyards  because  the 
vine  is  tender  to  cold  and  capricious  as  to  soil  and  other  conditions.  More- 
over the  berries  do  not  ripen  quite  evenly  and  berries  and  foliage  are 
very  susceptible  to  fungi.  In  soils  to  which  it  is  not  adapted  berries  and 
bunches  are  small  and  the  latter  are  loose  and  straggling.  But  in  spite 
of  its  defects  Dutchess  should  not  be  discarded  by  the  grape-lover  for 
there  are  few  grapes  better  for  the  table  and  that  will  take  its  place  as 
a  pure-flavored,  refreshing,  juicy  grape.  It  is  sweet  and  rich  and  yet  does 
not  cloy  the  appetite;  the  flesh  is  translucent,  sparkling,  fine-grained  and 
tender;  the  seeds  are  small,  few  and  part  readily  from  the  ptilp;  the  skin 
is  thin  yet  tough  enough  for  good  keeping  but  not  so  much  so  as  to  be 
objectionable  in  eating.  The  bunches  are  large  and  compact  when  well 
grown  and  the  berries,  though  but  medium  sized,  are  attractive  because  of 
their  translucency,  the  touch  of  amber  when  fully  ripe,  and  the  distinctive 
dots  so  well  shown  in  the  color-plate.  Dutchess  does  not  want  an 
extremely  rich  soil  nor  close  pruning  and  the  bunches  should  be  thinned 
and  as  soon  as  ripe  ought  to  be  picked  as  there  is  a  tendency  to  crack  when 
overripe  or  exposed  to  the  wet.  Dutchess  is  self-fertile  and  therefore 
desirable  where  only  a  few  vines  are  wanted,  obviating  the  trouble  of 
mixed  planting  for  cross-pollination.  The  clusters  are  especially  fine  when 
bagged. 


'  This  variety  was  named  after  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  and  the  spelling  is  as  given  in  this 
te.xt  and  not  "  Duchess"  as  usually  spelled. 


c'lVjinr.-.-'i'.r-'-'  ' 


DUTCHESS 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  247 

Dutchess  is  another  variety  from  A.  J.  Caywood  *  of  Marlboro,  New 
York,  from  seed  of  a  white  Concord  seedhng  polhnated  by  mixed  pollen 
of  Delaware  and  Walter  planted  in  1868.  The  white  fruited  maternal  vine 
was  an  offspring  of  Concord  pollinated  by  Montgomery.  Dutchess  was 
introduced  by  its  originator  about  1880.  The  variety  was  placed  on  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881  where 
it  has  since  been  retained. 

Vine  vigorous  to  weak,  depending  upon  amount  of  winter  injury,  often  not  nardy, 
an  uncertain  bearer,  susceptible  to  mildew  in  some  localities.  Canes  intermediate 
in  length  and  number,  medium  to  below  in  size,  moderately  dark  brown,  covered 
with  a  slight  amount  of  bloom,  surface  usually  somewhat  roughened;  nodes 
slightly  enlarged  and  flattened;  intemodes  short  to  very  short;  diaphragm  unusually 
thick;  pith  below  average  size;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  short, 
bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  short,  thick  to  medium,  conical  to  obtuse.  Young 
leaves  faintly  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose-carmine. 
Leaves  above  medium  to  below,  irregular  in  outline,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface 
light  green,  slightly  glossy,  moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent; 
veins  not  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  lobed,  with  terminus  slightly  acute;  petiolar  sinus 
of  average  depth,  medium  to  narrow;  basal  sinus  shallow  when  present;  lateral  sinus 
varies  from  medium  in  depth  to  a  mere  notch;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and  width. 
Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  somewhat  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium,  long, 
rather  slender,  below  average  width,  not  very  uniform,  sHghtly  tapering  to  cylindrical, 
with  prominent  single  shoulder,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  not 


'Andrew  Jackson  Caywood  was  born  near  Modena,  Ulster  County,  New  York,  in  1819.  During 
his  early  life  he  was  a  mason  and  contractor  and  engaged  in  building  operations  in  Orange  and  Ulster 
counties.  When  about  twenty-five  years  of  age  he  became  interested  in  fruit  culture  and  was  soon 
one  of  the  leading  fruit-growers  in  his  section.  Caywood's  grape-breeding  work  appears  to  have 
started  about  1850,  while  he  still  lived  at  Modena.  In  18G1  he  removed  to  Poughkeepsie,  and  about 
1865,  what  was  probably  his  first  grape,  the  Walter,  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  pubUc.  In 
1877  he  removed  to  Marlboro,  where  for  many  years  he  conducted  a  nursery  business  in  connection 
■with  fruit  raising,  first  under  the  firm  name  of  Ferries  &  Caywood,  and  later  as  Caywood  &  Son,  his 
son  Walter  having  entered  the  business.  Caywood's  last  years  were  clouded  with  financial  troubles 
and  failing  health.  In  1889  he  died  at  his  home  m  Marlboro.  No  record  is  available  of  Caywood's 
productions  nor  his  manner  of  work.  He  appears  to  have  differed  from  the  grape-breeders  of  his  day 
in  that  he  produced  second  rather  than  first  generation  hybrids.  Of  these  his  most  important  pro- 
ductions are;  Dutchess,  Metternich,  Nectar,  Poughkeepsie,  Ulster  and  Walter,  though  he  raised  many- 
others,  most  of  which  were  never  named  nor  disseminated.  Caywood's  years  of  unremitting  labor  in 
improving  grapes  will  long  make  his  name  prominent  in  American  viticulture. 


248  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

very  thick;  pedicel  inferior  in  length,  quite  slender,  nearly  smooth,  enlarged  at  point 
of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  amber-colored.  Berries  of  medium  size,  roundish  to  oval, 
pale  yellowish-green  verging  on  amber,  some  berries  showing  a  decided  bronze  tinge, 
covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  sprinkled  with  small  dark  dots, 
rather  thin,  tough,  adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  without  astringency. 
Flesh  very  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender,  vinous,  sweet,  of  pleasant 
flavor,  quality  high;  on  heavy  clay  soils  the  quality  is  not  fully  developed.  The  seeds, 
which  are  tender  and  easily  crushed,  separate  readily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  two  or 
occasionally  three,  rather  small,  wide,  short  to  medium,  plump,  moderately  sharp- 
pointed,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  roundish,  above  center, 
distinct. 

EARLY  DAISY. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.    Pa.  Sta.   Rpt.,   1892:121.     2.   Bush.   Cat.,    1894:119.     3.   Amer.    Card.,   15:392,   445.      1894. 
4.  ///.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:22s.     5.  Can.  Ccn.  Exp.   Farms  Rpt.,  1905:107,  108. 

The  variety  has  been  tried  thoroughly  in  various  grape  regions  and 
though  it  seemingly  has  no  serious  faults,  on  the  other  hand  its  good  qual- 
ities are  not  such  as  to  make  it  more  than  commonplace.  Its  earliness 
ought  to  commend  it  somewhat  as  the  ripening  period  is  eight  or  ten 
days  earlier  than  Champion  or  Moore  Early,  making  it  one  of  the  very 
earliest  varieties.  For  a  grape  maturing  at  its  season  it  both  keeps  and 
ships  well.  It  would  seem  to  be  as  desirable,  or  more  so,  than  Hartford 
or  Champion. 

Early  Daisy  was  originated  b}-  Mr.  John  Kready  of  Mount  Joy,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1874,  as  a  chance  seedling  in  his  garden.  It  is  supposed  by 
many,  from  its  general  characters,  to  be  a  seedling  of  Hartford. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  produces  fair  crops.  Tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves 
medium  to  small,  light  green;  lower  surface  slightly  pubescent,  cobwebby.  Flowers 
nearly  sterile.  Fruit  ripens  as  early  or  earlier  than  Hartford  and  is  a  good  shipper  and 
keeper  for  an  early  grape.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  often  blunt  at  ends,  slightly 
cyHndrical,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  compact.  Berries  of  medium  size,  roundish, 
rather  dull  black,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  tough,  contains 
a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment.  Flesh  tough,  solid,  slightly  aromatic,  rather 
tart  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  inferior  in  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds  numerous,  of  average 
size.     Not  good  enough  for  dessert  purposes. 


--■f",  .*    ^ 


EARLY  OHIO 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  249 

EARLY  DAWN. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:67.  2.  lb.,  1881:43.  3.  Downing,  1881  ;i66,  app.  4.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:94.     5.    Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  30:108.    1893. 

Early  Dawn  is  a  black  Labrusca- Vinifera  hybrid  of  fine  quality  and 
attractive  appearance  but  so  lacking  in  necessary  vine  characters  in  New 
York  as  to  be  practically  worthless.  Although  it  originated  in  New  York 
it  was  never  widely  grown  in  this  State.  It  is  now,  so  far  as  records  show, 
nearly  obsolete. 

Dr.  Wm.  A.  M.  Culbert  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  is  the  originator  of 
Early  Dawn,  the  date  of  its  origin  being  some  time  abov:t  1870.  It  is 
reported  to  have  come  from  seed  of  Israella  fertilized  by  Black  Hamburg. 

Vine  a  fair  to  strong  grower,  not  very  hardy,  medium  to  very  productive.  Canes 
rather  long,  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves 
medium  to  small;  lower  surface  very  pubescent  and  slightly  hair}-.  Flowers  sterile 
or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  reflexed.  Fruit  ripens  about  two  weeks 
earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  nearly  cylindrical, 
irregular  in  outline,  vary  from  not  shouldered  to  a  heavy  single  shoulder  or  sometimes 
with  a  double  shoulder,  medium  in  compactness.  Berries  rather  small,  roundish,  attract- 
ive purplish-black,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Flesh  very  juicy, 
tender,  slightly  vinous,  sprightly,  agreeably  tart,  variable  in  flavor  and  quality,  ranging 
from  fair  to  very  good.     Seeds  not  numerous,  broad,  plump. 

EARLY  OHIO. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  An.  Hort.,  1892:176.  2.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  12:619.  1893.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.,  53=645- 
1894.  fig.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:119,  120.  fig.  5.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  13:226.  1896.  fig. 
6.   Rural  M.    Y.,  56:627,  fig.,  630,  823.      1897.     7.    .V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:529,  548,  554-      1898. 

Early  Ohio  is  remarkable,  chiefly,  in  being  one  of  the  earliest  com- 
mercial grapes.  The  fruit  resembles  that  of  Concord,  of  which  it  is  prob- 
ably a  seedling.  The  claims  made  for  this  variety  that  it  is  hardy,  vig- 
orous and  productive,  have  not  been  borne  out  on  the  Station  grounds; 
but  on  the  contrary  the  vine  is  somewhat  tender,  is  not  a  strong  grower, 
and  does  not  bear  large  crops.  The  quality  is  very  poor.  Now  that  the 
South  is  sending  many  grapes  of  high  quality  to  northern  markets  at  the 
time  Early  Ohio  and  other  grapes  of  its  season  are  ripening  it  is  doubtful 
if  a  grape  having  only  earliness  to  commend  it  should  have  a  place  in  our 


250  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

viticulture.     Notwithstanding  its  defects  Early  Ohio   is  grown  somewhat 
commonly  in  New  York  though  its  culture  is  on  the  wane. 

The  original  seedling  of  Early  Ohio  was  found  in  the  year  1882  in  the  vine- 
yard of  R.  A.  Hunt,  at  Euclid,  Ohio,  between  rows  of  Delaware  and  Concord. 
It  was  introduced  in  1892  by  the  C.  S.  Curtice  Company,  of  Portland,  New 
York. 

Vine  medium  to  weak,  often  tender,  usually  produces  medium  crops.  Canes  short 
to  very  short,  few  in  number,  rather  slender,  brownish  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge;  nodes 
somewhat  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  intermediate  in 
size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  usually  short,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  small  and  short,  inclined  to  slender,  pointed  to  conical,  open  in 
mid-season.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side 
with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  intermediate  in  size,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface 
light  green,  dull,  smoothish;  lower  surface  varies  from  pale  green  to  slight  bronze, 
pubescent;  veins  fairly  distinct;  lobes  varj'  from  none  to  three,  with  terminal  lobe  acute; 
petiolar  sinus  medium  to  shallow,  rather  wide;  basal  sinus  usually  absent;  lateral  sinus 
nearly  shallow,  wide  to  rather  narrow;  teeth  shallow  to  sometimes  medium,  somewhat 
narrow.     Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  two  or  three  weeks  earlier  than  Concord,  some  seasons  a  few  days  earlier 
than  Moore  Early,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  medium  in  size,  intermediate  to  long, 
below  average  in  thickness,  tapering,  frequently  not  shouldered,  moderately  compact; 
peduncle  short  to  medium,  of  fair  thickness;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length,  medium  to 
rather  slender,  covered  with  few,  small  warts;  brush  above  average  length,  slender, 
tinged  with  red.  Berries  not  very  uniform  in  size,  averaging  medium,  roundish,  purplish- 
black,  slightly  glossy,  covered  with  rather  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin 
intermediate  in  thickness  and  toughness,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  moderate 
amount  of  reddish  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  juic}^,  somewhat 
tough,  slightly  aromatic,  sweet  at  skin  but  slightly  acid  at  center,  inferior  in  quality. 
Seeds  do  not  separate  easily  unless  fully  ripe,  one  to  four,  average  three,  intermediate 
in  size,  length,  and  breadth,  notched,  light  brown  with  yellowish-brown  tips;  raphe 
obscure;  chalaza  of  fair  size,  slightly  above  center,  circular  to  oval,  rather  obscure. 

EARLY  VICTOR. 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana?) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl..  1877:44.  2.  Downing,  1881:166.  app.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881  :^u. 
4.  N.  J.  Hort.Soc.  Rpl.,  iSSi-.i;}.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:96.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1883:26.  7.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885:103,  105.  8.  Rural  X.  Y.,  45:622,  653.  1886.  9.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1886:187.  10.  Can.  Hort..  11:287.  1S8S.  11.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:361,  373.  12.  W.  N.  Y. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  36:40.  1891.  13.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:121.  14.  HUch.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:170.  1899.  15. 
N.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:393.   1899.     16.  Can.  Hort.,  23:217.   1900. 


■''w- 


EARLY  VICTOR 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  251 

Early  Victor  is  especially  worthy  of  notice  because  it  is  highest  in 
quality  of  the  very  early  black  grapes.  When  one  tastes  this  variety  at  the 
beginning  of  the  grape  season,  he  has  no  palate  for  Hartford,  Champion, 
Ives,  Janesville,  or  even  Moore  Earl}',  and  he  will  be  conscious  of  defects 
in  the  flavor  of  many  of  the  later  grapes  which  are  supposed  to  have  high 
quality.  Early  Victor  is  especially  pleasing  to  those  who  want  a  pure- 
flavored  grape  and  object  to  the  foxiness  of  our  native  varieties  so  marked 
in  Hartford  and  Champion  but  almost  wholly  lacking  in  this  variety. 
Were  it  but  a  few  days  earlier  and  bunch  and  berry  a  little  larger  and  more 
attractive,  Early  Victor  might  be  the  grape  par  excellence  for  home  and 
market  to  begin  the  grape  season.  The  vines  are  hardy,  healthy,  vig- 
orous, and  productive,  with  growth  and  foliage  greatly  resembling  Hart- 
ford, which  is  probably  one  of  its  parents,  Delaware  being  the  other.  The 
bunches  are  small  and  compact  and  somewhat  variable  in  shape;  the  berries 
are  about  the  size  and  shape  of  those  of  Delaware.  Its  season  is  that 
of  Moore  Early  and  Hartford,  or  a  little  later,  though,  like  many  black 
grapes,  it  colors  before  it  is  ripe  and  is  often  picked  much  too  green.  Unfor- 
tunately the  fruit  is  susceptible  to  black-rot  and  a  little  inclined  to  shrivel 
after  ripening.  Although  introduced  into  American  viticulture  in  1881, 
Early  Victor  is  still  little  known  and  deserves  far  more  general  recognition 
both  by  the  amateur  and  the  commercial  grape-grower. 

John  Burr,'  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  originated  Early  Victor  about 
1871  and  sent  it  out  for  testing  in  1881.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1883  and  is  still  retained. 


'John  Burr  was  bom  in  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  in  1800.  In  early  life  he  removed  to  Ohio> 
where,  although  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  he  passed  his  leisure  time  in  experimenting 
with  strawberries.  In  this  work  he  was  quite  successful,  producing  Burr's  Pine  and  Burr's  Seedling, 
once  popular  sorts.  In  1858  Burr  moved  to  Kansas  and  soon  after  began  breeding  grapes.  For  this 
work  he  was  a  believer  in  natural  pollination  and  planted  the  varieties  which  he  desired  to  use  as 
parents  in  close  pro.ximity  that  they  might  pollinate  each  other.  Burr  at  first  used  Concord,  Hart- 
ford, Isabella,  and  other  grapes  of  this  class  as  parents,  but  later  he  destroyed  all  of  the  seedlings 
of  these  and  used  Delaware,  Goethe,  Salem,  Catawba,  and  other  Vinifera  hybrids.  He  did  not  take 
trouble  to  note  from  which  variety  the  seed  came  but  mi.xed  and  planted  all  together.  The  records 
of  the  parentage  of  his  productions  are  consequently  usually  unsatisfactory.  Most  of  his  grape 
productions  were  introduced  to  the  public  by  Stayman  &  Black,  a  nearby  nursery  firm.  Of  Burr's 
many  seedlings  he  gave  names  to  the  following:  Cochee,  Early  Victor,  Eclipse,  Evaline,  Ideal,  Iola> 
Jewel,  Magnate,  Matchless,  Mendota,  Omega,  Osage,  Osee,  Paragon,  Peola,  Primate,  Pulaskv,  Seneca, 
Superior,  Standard,  Supreme,  and  White  Jewel.  Burr  died  at  his  home  in  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
in  1S92. 


252  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Early  Victor  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Delaware  pollinated  by  Hartford. 
This,  however,  is  mere  surmise,  as  nothing  is  known  positively  as  to  its 
parentage,  and  the  statement  was  made  frequently  by  the  Kansas  Horti- 
cultural Society,  of  which  Burr  was  a  member,  that  it  was  a  seedling  of 
Concord.  It  was  introduced,  probably  about  1887,  by  Stayman  &  Black 
of  Leavenworth. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  long,  numerous,  rather  slender, 
dark  brown  to  slightly  reddish-brown,  surface  pubescent;  nodes  enlarged,  usually  not 
flattened;  intemodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  nearly  thin;  pith  intermediate  in 
size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  average  length,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short  to  medium,  rather  thick,  often  strongly  compressed, 
nearly  obtuse  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged  lightly  on  upper  and 
lower  sides  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  rather  thick;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  nearly  whitish,  heavily  pubescent; 
veins  well  defined;  lobes  three  to  five  in  number,  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus 
intermediate  in  depth  and  width;  basal  sinus  shallow  and  moderately  wide  when  present; 
lateral  sinus  medium  to  above  in  depth,  narrow  to  medium  in  width ;  teeth  of  average 
depth  and  width.  Flowers  nearly  fertile  to  somewhat  sterile,  open  in  mid-season; 
stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Moore  Early  or  a  little  later,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  medium 
to  small,  below  average  length,  variable  in  shape,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  frequently 
single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length  and  thickness;  pedicel 
medium  to  short,  covered  with  numerous  small  warts ;  brush  wine-colored  or  pinkish-red. 
Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  oblate,  dark  purplish-black,  rather  dull, 
covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  not  very  firm.  Skin  rather  thin,  medium 
to  tough,  adheres  but  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  much  red  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh 
greenish-white,  nearly  ofaque,  fine-grained,  of  medium  toughness,  aromatic,  slightly 
vinous,  not  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  but  slightly  acid  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not 
separate  easily  from  the  pulp  unless  the  fruit  is  thoroughly  ripe,  one  to  four,  average 
three,  of  medium  size,  broad,  notched,  below  mean  length,  usually  somewhat  blunt, 
dark  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  fair  size,  slightly  above  center,  circular,  some- 
what obscure. 

EATON. 

(Labrusca.) 

1.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpi.,  1879:161.  2.  lb.,  1880:231.  3.  Gar.  Mon.,  27:335.  1S85.  4.  U.  S- 
D.  .4.  Rpt.,  1887:633.  5.  Rural  N.  Y.,  48:639,  641.  1889.  fif,.  6.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  9:326. 
iSqo.  7.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  36:42.  1891.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:254.  1893.  9-  Bush.  Cat., 
1894:123.  10.  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bid.,  37:11,  14.  1896.  11.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:529,  548,  552, 
559.   1898.      12.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui,  46:39,  42,  44,  45,  50,  54,  76.   1899. 

Eaton's  Seedling  (i,  2). 


EATON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  253 

Eaton  is  a  pure-bred  seedling  of  Concord  which  it  surpasses  in 
appearance  but  does  not  equal  in  flavor.  In  appearance  of  bunch  it 
is  one  of  the  handsomest  of  our  native  grapes  but  as  a  table  grape  it 
ranks  low.  Its  flesh  is  tough  and  stringy  and,  though  sweet  at  the  skin, 
is  acid  at  the  seeds.  It  has  the  same  foxiness  that  characterizes  Concord 
but  with  inore  juice  and  less  richness  than  its  parent  so  that  it  is  well 
described  as  a  "  diluted  Concord  ".  The  skin  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
Concord,  neither  thicker  nor  thinner,  and  the  fruit  packs,  ships  and  keeps 
about  the  same,  though  if  any  thing  less  well  because  of  the  greater  amount 
of  juice.  The  season  is  a  few  days  earlier  than  Concord.  The  vine  is  healthy, 
vigorous,  hardy  and  productive  and  very  similar  in  all  botanical  characters 
to  its  parent.  The  grapes  ripen  unevenly,  the  flowers  are  self-sterile  and 
in  some  locations  it  is  a  shy  bearer.  Eaton  has  been  grown  for  nearly  forty 
years  and  has  not  found  favor  with  either  the  grower  or  the  consumer  and 
is  being  less  and  less  grown,  remaining  in  our  viticulture  only  as  a  hand- 
some exhibition  grape  and  an  interesting  seedling  of  Concord. 

This  mammoth  Concord,  the  Eaton,  originated  with  Calvin  Eaton  of 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  about  1868  from  seed  of  Concord.  Mr.  Eaton 
states  that  this  was  the  best  vine  out  of  a  lot  of  two  thousand  seedlings. 
The  new  variety  was  purchased  by  John  B.  Moore  &  Son  of  Concord, 
Massachusetts,  in  1882,  and  was  introduced  by  them  in  1885.  Owing  to 
Mr.  Moore's  death  it  soon  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  T.  S.  Hubbard 
Company,  of  Fredonia,  New  York.  It  at  once  attracted  much  attention 
on  account  of  its  fine  appearance  and  for  a  time  was  very  popular,  its 
popularity  declining  chiefly  because  of  the  poor  quality  of  the  fruit. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  usually  productive.  Canes  intermediate  in  length 
and  number,  thick  to  medium,  light  brown  changing  to  darker  brown  at  the  nodes, 
covered  with  a  small  amount  of  blue  bloom ;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly  flattened ;  inter- 
nodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots 
pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  rather  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  of  nearly  mean  thickness,  conical  to  pointed, 
open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side  with  carmine.  Leaves  healthy,  large,  often  roundish,  thick;  upper  surface 
dark  green,  of  average  smoothness;  lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent; 
veins  distinct;  lobes  three  when  present,  with  terminal  lobe  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium 
to  shallow,  rather  wide ;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking ;   lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow,  often 


254  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

notched;   teeth  shallow  to  medium,  not  very  wide.     Flowers  partly  fertile  to  somewhat 
sterile,  open  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  slightly  before  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  only  fairly  well.  Clusters  large 
to  medium,  short  to  above  medium,  often  very  broad,  blunt,  slightly  tapering,  usually 
single-shouldered  but  sometimes  double-shouldered,  compact  to  medium;  peduncle 
short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  medium  to  rather  long,  thick,  nearly  smooth,  wide  at 
point  of  attachment  to  berry ;  brush  slender,  pale  green.  Berries  rather  uniform  in  size, 
averaging  large,  roundish,  black,  not  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  rather  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp, 
contains  much  purplish-red  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent, 
juicy,  rather  tough,  slightly  stringy  and  foxy,  nearly  sweet  at  skin  but  quite  acid  at 
center,  fair  in  quality,  ranking  below  Concord.  Seeds  rather  adherent,  one  to  four  in 
number,  average  two  or  three,  above  mean  size,  inclined  to  broad,  notched,  intermediate 
in  length,  plump,  somewhat  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  rather  wide,  shallow 
groove;   chalaza  nearly  large,  slightly  above  center,  irregularly  circular  to  oval,  obscure. 

(I)  ECLIPSE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:216.  2.  lb.,  1904:228.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.,  65:852.  1906.  4.  lb., 
66:24,  344.  412.    1907. 

Riehl's  New  Early  Grape  (3).     Riehl's  No.  10  (i,  2).     Richl's  No.  10  (4). 

There  are  two  grapes  bearing  the  name  Eclipse,  the  origin  and  history 
of  both  of  which  are  briefly  set  forth  below.  Of  the  two,  Riehl's  Eclipse 
alone  is  deemed  worthy  of  general  discussion,  the  other,  a  green  variety 
of  this  name,  having  passed  out  of  cultivation  if  it  were  ever  grown  in 
New  York. 

The  grape  under  consideration,  known  for  some  years  as  Riehl's  No. 
TO,  is  a  comparatively  new  candidate  for  pomological  honors,  not  having 
been  named  and  introduced  as  Eclipse  until  1906.  It  has  not  been  grown 
largely  in  New  York  and  the  East  and  we  can  therefore  sav  but  little  of 
it  other  than  to  describe  it  as  it  grows  on  the  Station  grounds  and  to  state 
that  in  the  West,  Illinois  in  particular,  it  is  most  highly  recommended. 
At  Geneva  the  Eclipse  is  very  like  the  Concord,  one  of  its  grandparents, 
it  being  a  seedling  of  Niagara,  differing  chiefly  in  being  earlier  and  of  better 
quality.  Bunches  and  berries  are  a  little  smaller  than  Concord.  The 
vines  are  hardy,  healthy  and  productive,  promising  well  for  commercial 
plantations.     In  Illinois  it  is  said  to  hang  on  the  vines  long  after  it  is  ripe 


ECLIPSE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  255 

without  deterioration  and  not  to  crack  in  wet  weather.  The  color-plate 
and  the  description  given  below  show  the  Eclipse  as  it  grows  at  this 
Station  and  if  the  grape-grower  wishes  a  variety  answering  to  the  general 
characters  so  depicted,  the  Eclipse  is  certainly  worthy  a  trial  in  New 
York. 

E.  A.  Riehl  of  Alton,  Illinois,  is  the  originator  of  Eclipse,  the  date  of 
its  origin  being  about  1890.  He  states  that  this  is  one  of  the  seedlings 
from  a  lot  of  Niagara  seed  which  was  probably  cross-pollinated  by  other 
varieties.  The  variety  was  introduced  in  1906  by  the  Stark  Brothers 
Nurseries  and  Orchards  Company,  Louisiana,  Missouri. 

Vine  vigorous,  hard3^  productive.  Canes  medium  to  above  in  length  and  number, 
intermediate  in  size,  rather  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  slightly  enlarged;  internodes  of 
average  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils 
continuous,  somewhat  long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  nearly  small,  short,  inclined  to  slender,  pointed  to  conical, 
open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  colored  on  lower  side  only,  prevailing  color  pale  green 
with  slight  rose-camaine  tinge.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  intermediate  in  smoothness;  lower  surface  whitish  with  slight  bronze 
tinge,  heavily  pubescent,  veins  well  defined;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminal  lobe 
acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  medium  to  narrow;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking; 
lateral  sinus  of  average  depth,  rather  narrow,  often  notched;  teeth  medium  to  shallow, 
nearly  narrow.     Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;    stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  slightly  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  intermediate 
in  size,  below  average  length,  medium  to  rather  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  frequently 
single-shouldered,  moderately  compact;  peduncle  nearly  short,  thick  to  medium;  pedicel 
short,  somewhat  thick,  covered  with  numerous  small  warts;  brush  long,  pale  green. 
Berries  large  to  medium,  slightly  oval,  rather  dull  black,  covered  with  abundant  blue 
bloom,  persistent,  finn.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  tender,  adheres  but  slightly 
to  the  pulp,  contains  a  small  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  somewhat  astringent. 
Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tender,  rather  fine-grained,  foxy,  sweet  next  the 
skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  resembles  Concord  very  closely  in  flavor,  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  very  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two  or  three,  of  mean  size, 
somewhat  short,  broad  to  medium,  distinctly  notched,  rather  blunt,  brownish;  raphe 
buried  in  a  deep  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center  to  nearly  central, 
circular  to  nearly  pear-shaped,  distinct. 


256  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

(II)  ECLIPSE. 
(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i889:-;72.  2.  lb.,  1892:269.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:123.  4.  Va.  Sta.  Bui. 
94:139.  1S98.  5.  Mo.  Sta.  Bill.,   46:39.  1899. 

This  Eclipse  was  produced  by  John  Burr  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
about  1880,  from  mixed  seed.  It  attracted  some  attention  in  the  Middle 
West,  where  the  fruit  was  exhibited  at  various  meetings  but  failed  to  attain 
favor  in  the  vineyard.     It  is  now  practically  obsolete. 

Vine  vigorous,  injured  in  severe  winters,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  sus- 
ceptible to  mildew.  Canes  long  to  medium,  of  average  number,  thick;  internodes  long; 
tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid.  Leaves  not  healthy, 
large  to  medium,  of  average  greenness;  lower  surface  grayish-white.  Flowers  partly 
sterile;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  a  little  later  than  Diamond,  keeps  well.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  of  average  length,  frequently  single-shouldered,  medium  to  broad, 
compact  to  medium.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  oblate,  Hght  green  often 
with  tinge  of  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  thin,  of  average 
toughness,  covered  with  scattering,  small,  reddish-brown  dots.  Flesh  tender,  vinous, 
sprightly,  less  sweet  than  Niagara,  good  to  verj^  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  above  medium  in  size,  intermediate  in  length 
and  width;   raphe  obscure. 

ELDORADO. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:33.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  45:622.  1886.  3.  lb.,  51:681,  726.  1892. 
4.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:621.  1892.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:123.  6.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.,  29:22.  1894. 
7.  Rural  N.  Y.,  56:822.  1897.  8.  A''.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530.  541,  544.  548,  554.  1898.  9.  lb., 
18:375,  .^87,  396.    1899.      10.  III.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1902:224. 

Eldorado  is  one  of  the  best  flavored  of  all  early  green  grapes  but 
unfortunately  it  has  defects  which  have  kept  it  from  becoming  popular 
and  it  is  now  rapidly  passing  from  cultivation.  It  is  delicately  flavored, 
with  a  very  distinct  aroma  and  taste;  the  flesh  is  tender,  melting  and  sweet 
from  skin  to  seeds,  all  qualities  rarely  found  in  an  early  grape.  The  season 
is  about  that  of  Moore  Early,  a  time  when  there  are  few  other  really  good 
white  grapes.  Eldorado  is  a  full  sister  of  Lady  Washington  and  is  if  any- 
thing better  flavored  than  that  inost  excellent  variety.  These  two  grapes 
are  secondary  hybrids  of  Labrusca  and  Vinifera,  Concord  being  the  native 
parent.     The    vines    inherit    most    of    the  good   qualities  of  Concord   but 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  257 

Eldorado  does  not  inherit  Concord's  ability  to  set  fruit  well;  even  with 
cross-pollination  it  sometimes  fails  to  bear  and  is  not  worth  growing 
unless  planted  in  a  mixed  vineyard.  The  clusters  are  so  often  small  and 
straggling  under  the  best  possible  conditions  that  the  variety  cannot  be 
highly  recommended  to  the  amateur  yet  its  delightful  flavor  and  its  earli- 
ness  may  commend  it  to  some. 

J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  produced  Eldorado  some 
time  about  1870  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Allen's  Hybrid.  It 
was  introduced  by  the  originator  about  1881  and  is  still  offered  for  sale 
by  a  few  nurserymen.  Eldorado  has  been  somewhat  commonly  grown  in 
gardens  and  collections  in  the  East  but  does  not  succeed  in  the  West. 

Vine  usually  a  strong  grower,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  an  uncertain  bearer. 
Canes  long,  not  very  numerous;  tendrils  intennittent  to  rarely  continuous,  bifid  to 
trifid.  Leaves  below  medium  to  large,  irregularly  roundish,  dark  green,  rugose  on 
older  leaves;  lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze,  pubescent.  Flowers  sterile,  open  medium 
late;  stamens  reflexed.  Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  do 
not  always  set  perfectly  and  are  quit  ^  variable  in  size,  frequently  single-shouldered, 
not  uniform  in  compactness.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish,  yellowish-green  chang- 
ing to  a  golden  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom.  Flesh  tender,  slightly  foxy, 
sweet  from  skin  to  center,  mild,  high  flavored,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds 
intermediate  in  size  and  length,  blunt. 

ELSINBURGH. 

(Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

I.  Amcr.  Farmer,  9:221.  1827.  2.  Prince,  1830:176.  3.  Downing,  1845:255.  4.  Elliott, 
1854:245.  5.  Horticulturist,  12:458.  1S57.  6.  Phin,  1862:254.  7.  Am.  Pont.  Soc.  Cat.,  1862:90. 
8.  Husmann,  1866:120.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:38.  10.  Bash.  Cat.,  1883:94.  11.  A'.  Y.  Sla. 
An.  Rpt.,  13:603.    1894.      12.  lb.,  17:530,  548,  554.    1898. 

Blue  Elsingburg  (2).  Elscnburgh  (2).  Elsinboro  (4,  10,  11).  Elsingburg  (7).  Elsinburg  (6). 
Elsinborough  6).  Elsinborough  (2,  3,  4).  Missouri  Bird's  Eye  (S).  Smart's  Elsinburgh  (3,  4). 
Smart's  Elsingboroitgh  (2,  10,  11). 

Elsinburgh  dates  back  nearly  a  century  and  is  now  rarely  cultivated, 
having  long  since  been  replaced  by  better  varieties.  It  is  certainly  not 
known  in  New  York  now  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it  was  ever  much  grown  as  it 
fruits  very  sparingly  in  the  North  and  is  but  half  hardy  in  the  latitude  of 
this  State.  In  quality  it  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  Aestivalis  grapes,  having 
a  pure,  rich,  vinous,  spicy  flavor  without  a  trace  of  foxiness.  It  would 
17 


258  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

undoubtedly  add  varietj'  to  any  amateur's  vineyard  and  might  prove  of 
value  in  grape -breeding,  otherwise  it  is  not  worth  growing;  it  undoubtedly 
makes  a  very  good  red  wine. 

The  origin  of  Elsinburgh  is  very  uncertain.  It  was  named  after  the 
township,  Elsinl)orough,  Salem  County,  New  Jersey.  In  this  neighborhood 
it  was  much  raised  at  an  early  day.  From  here  it  was  sent  to  various 
parts  of  the  country.  Whether  it  originated  in  this  section  or  whether  it 
was  introduced  at  a  still  earlier  date  from  elsewhere  is  unknown.  It  was 
brought  into  notice  by  a  Dr.  Hulings.  Although  Elsinburgh  has  long  since 
ceased  to  be  of  importance,  it  is  still  offered  for  sale  by  an  occasional  nursery- 
man. It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  in  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog  in  1862  and  removed  in  i8gi.  Elsinburgh  is  of  especial  interest 
as  l)eing  the  probable  parent  of  Delaware.  The  variety  shows  Bour(|uiniana 
or  Aestivalis  in  flavor  and  texture  o(  fruit,  in  texture  and  pubescence  of 
leaf,  and  the  bloom  on  young  canes;  its  tenderness  and  susceptibility  to 
mildew  suggest  Vinifera. 

Vine  weak  to  moderately  vigorous,  not  very  hardy,  produces  light  crops.  Canes 
short  to  medium,  slender,  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid 
to  trifid.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  variable  in  color;  lower  surface  hairy  and  slightly 
pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  very  late;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  early 
in  October.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  usually  single-shouldered,  loose  to  medium. 
Berries  small,  roundish,  black,  covered  with  blue  bloom,  contain  but  little  pulp.  Flesh 
vinous,  sweet,  quality  good.     Seeds  few,  small. 

ELVICAND. 

(Candicans,   Riparia,   Labrusca.) 

I.  An.  Hort.,  1892:176.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:123.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1897:10.  4.  Tex. 
Sta.  Bid.,  48:1149,   1 156.   189S.     5.  lb.,  56:276.    iqoo. 

Introduced  some  twenty  years  ago,  Elvicand  has  not  found  a  place 
in  the  viticulture  of  the  North.  It  is  interesting  because  of  its  parentage, 
having  in  it  the  l-)lood  of  three  species:  Rijjaria,  Labrusca  and  Candicans, 
and  might  j^rove  valuable  in  breeding  work,  as  starting  a  new  and  somewhat 
distinct  group  of  grapes.  There  has  been  much  complaint  of  this  variety 
being  unproductive  but  Munson  states  that  this  is  due  to  short  pruning 
and  that  it  will  bear  heavily  with  very  long  pruning.  It  is  too  late  in 
season  for  New  York. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  259 

The  variety  was  originated  by  T.  V.  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas,  from 
seed  of  Elvira  accidentally  fertilized  by  pollen  of  Vitis  candicans.  It  was 
introduced  by  the  originator  in  1893,  and  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  in  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1897,  where  it  has  since  been 
retained.     It  was  dropped  from  the  originator's  catalog  eight  years  ago. 

Vine  vigorous  and  hardy.  Shoots  and  under  side  of  leaves  showing  much  white 
cottony  pubescence.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  shallowly  three-lobed.  Flowers  self- 
fertile.  Clusters  small,  rather  open.  Berries  of  medium  size,  round,  dark  purple,  some- 
what sweet  to  subacid  with  slight  Candicans  flavor.  Seeds  large.  Season  late.  Not 
a  table  grape. 

ELVIRA. 

(Riparia,   Labrusca.) 

1.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1873:53.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  1875:40,  67.  3.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1880:237.  4-  '4m.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:38.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1881:24.  6.  HI.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:75.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:97.  col.  pi.  and  fig.  8.  Husmann,  1895:83,  93,  175.  9. 
A^.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  548,  555,  559.  1898.  10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid..  56:270.  1900.  11.  Mo.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1902:82.      12.  lb.,  1906:65,  66,  67. 

Though  it  has  never  attained  great  popularity  in  New  York  or  in  the 
North,  Elvira,  soon  after  its  introduction  in  Missouri  about  thirty-five 
years  ago,  was  carried  to  the  very  pinnacle  of  popularity  as  a  wine  grape. 
The  qualities  which  commended  it  were  its  great  productiveness,  in  which 
character  it  is  hardly  surpassed  in  favorable  locations  by  any  other  of  our 
native  grapes;  its  earliness,  ripening  in  the  North  with  Concord;  its  exceed- 
ingly good  health,  being  almost  free  from  cryptogam ic  diseases  and  having 
almost  no  touch  of  ijlack-rot  in  the  average  season  even  in  the  Southwest; 
its  great  vigor  as  shown  by  a  strong  stocky  growth  and  ample  foliage;  and, 
lastly,  almost  perfect  hardiness  even  as  far  north  as  Canada.  Its  good 
qualities  are  offset  by  one  or  two  defects  which  have  caused  it  to  lose  in 
popularity  as  time  has  gone  by  until  now  it  is  not  as  widely  grown  as  some 
of  its  seedlings.  The  most  noticeable  of  its  defects  is  its  thin  skin  which 
bursts  easily,  thus  wholly  debarring  it  from  distant  markets.  Beside  this, 
its  flavor  and  appearance,  as  it  grows  here,  are  not  sufficiently  good  to  make  it 
a  table  grape  and  it  can  be  used  only  for  wine  for  which  purpose  it  is  much 
valued,  though  its  habit  of  cracking  in  the  bunch  is  sometimes  much  against 
it  as  a  wine  grape.  The  wine  made  from  Elvira  is  light,  containing  com- 
paratively little  alcohol,  and  by  those  wine-makers  who  do  not  dislike  a 


26o  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

slight  foxiness  in  flavor,  it  is  considered  very  good,  improving  with  age  and 
being  well  adapted  for  blending  with  more  highly  flavored  wines. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  reconstruction  period  in  France,  Elvira  was 
used  more  or  less  as  a  resistant  stock  and  somewhat  as  a  direct  producer 
but  within  a  few  years  it  was  condemned  and  abandoned  for  either  pui-pose 
and  is  now  known  in  France '  only  in  varietal  vineyards. 

Elvira  is  a  seedling  of  Taylor,  a  Riparia-Labrusca  hybrid,  and  shows 
well  the  peculiarities  and  general  characters  of  the  group  of  which  Taylor  is 
supposed  to  be  the  parent.  Of  the  numerous  hybrid  Riparia  grapes,  Elvira 
seems  to  have  given  the  best  coign  of  vantage  for  breeding  work  and  is  the 
parent  of  a  number  of  worthy  pure-bred  and  cross-bred  varieties.  While 
it  is  to  the  species  to  which  Elvira  belongs  that  we  must  look  for  our  hardiest 
grapes,  this  variety  and  most  of  its  progeny  are  not  suited  to  northern 
conditions,  not  because  of  tenderness  to  cold,  but  because  they  mtist  have  a 
long  season  for  maturity  and  to  attain  their  best  quality.  Riparia  is  largely 
used  as  a  resistant  stock  in  combating  phylloxera,  and  Elvira  and  other 
similar  hybrid  offspring  are  almost  proof  against  this  pest. 

Elvira  was  originated  by  Jacob  Rommel  of  Morrison,  Missouri,  from 
seed  of  Taylor  which  some  say  was  pollinated  by  Martha.  It  was  planted 
in  1863  and  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1869.  Bush  &  Son  &  Meissner 
introduced  the  variety  in  1874.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881  where  it  is  still  retained. 
Its  great  popularity  in  Missouri  was  largely  due  to  the  energy  with  which 
it  was  advertised  by  certain  prominent  viticulturists,  they  having  been 
most  favorably  impressed  with  it  because  of  its  withstanding  the  severe 
cold  of  the  winter  of  1873  without  protection.  Husmann,  in  particular, 
spoke  of  Elvira  in  the  highest  terms  and  recommended  its  cultivation. 
Its  popularity  spread  from  Missouri  to  the  islands  and  the  Ohio  shore  of 
Lake  Erie  but  scarcely  reached  New  York.  In  all  of  these  regions  its 
culture  is  now  on  the  wane. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  produces  ver>-  heavy  crops,  more  productive  than 
Concord.  Canes  of  average  length,  numerous,  medium  to  below  in  thickness,  rather 
dark  brown,  deepening  in  color  at  the  enlarged  and  flattened  nodes;  internodes  short 


'  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:192.   1903. 


ELVIRA 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  261 

to  medium;   diaphragm   rather  thin;   pith   intermediate   in    thickness;    shoots    sHghtly 
pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  average  length,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  nearly  medium  in  size,  short  to  medium  in  length,  thick,  conical  to  nearly 
obtuse,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged  faintly  with  carmine  on  the  lower 
side  only.  Leaves  rather  large,  medium  to  somewhat  thin;  upper  surface  light  green, 
older  leaves  dull  but  younger  leaves  glossy,  smooth  to  medium;  lower  surface  pale  green 
slightly  pubescent,  hairy.  Veins  rather  distinct ;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus 
acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  inclined  to  narrow,  sometimes 
closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  often  notched; 
teeth  medium  to  rather  deep,  somewhat  wide.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open 
moderately  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in 
size,  above  medium  to  short,  of  average  breadth,  cylindrical,  usually  single-shouldered, 
compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  rather  thick;  pedicel  not  long,  of  average  thickness, 
nearly  smooth;  brush  short,  greenish-yellow  with  brownish  tinge.  Berries  average 
medium  in  size,  roundish  to  slightly  oblate,  often  misshapen  on  account  of  compactness, 
greenish  with  yellow  tinge,  rather  dull,  covered  with  a  fair  amount  of  gray  bloom,  not 
always  persistent,  rather  firm.  Skin  very  thin,  tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp, 
contains  no  pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender, 
slightly  foxy,  sweet,  not  acid  at  the  center,  somewhat  flat  in  flavor,  of  fair  quality.  Seeds 
separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  medium  to  nearly  large,  medium 
to  broad,  intermediate  in  length,  blunt,  often  plump,  medium  to  dark  brown;  raphe 
obscure  or  nearly  so;  chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  pear-shaped,  rather 
distinct.     Must  888. 

EMPIRE  STATE. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,   Vinifera?) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  18S1 :66.  2.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1882:227.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1882:46.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:99.  5.  Gar.  Mon.,  26:272,  364.  1884.  6.  W .  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
31:110.  1886.  7.  Rural  jV.  Y.,  46:20,  495.  1887.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1887:97,  125.  9.  Ohio 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1887-8:85,  169.  10.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:370.  11.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1889:24.  12.  iV.  1'.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  13:603.  1894.  13.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:125.  14.  Col.  Sta.  Bui., 
29:22.  1894.  15.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1894-5:11.  16.  Tenn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:180.  1896.  17.  TV. 
Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  541,  544,  548,  552.    1898. 

Empire  State  competes  with  Niagara,  Diamond  and  Pocklington  for 
supremacy  among  green  grapes  in  commercial  vineyards,  probably  taking 
fourth  place  the  country  over.  The  variety  is  equally  vigorous  in  growth, 
just  as  free  from  predaceous  parasites,  whether  fungi  or  insects,  and  upon 
vines  of  the  same  age  it  is  as  productive  but  is  a  little  less  hardy  and  the 
grapes  are  not  as  attractive  in  appearance  as  the  other  varieties  named. 


262  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

In  particular  the  clusters  are  small  in  some  localities,  a  defect  which  can  be 
overcome  only  by  severe  pruning  or  by  thinning.  The  quality  is  very 
good,  much  better  than  Niagara,  somewhat  better  than  Pocklington  and 
nearly  as  good  as  Diamond.  It  approaches  the  flavor  of  the  Old  World 
grapes,  its  slight  wild  taste  suggesting  one  of  the  Muscats  rather  than  the 
foxiness  of  the  Niagara.  Empire  State  is  esteemed  for  the  table  wherever 
known  and  is  in  demand  for  wine-making,  the  wine  from  it  being  most 
excellent  for  champagne  according  to  reports  from  the  Keuka  champagne- 
makers.  Empire  State  ripens  a  little  earlier  than  Niagara,  hangs  long  upon 
the  vine  and  keeps  well  after  picking  and  without  losing  flavor.  The 
variety  is  quite  distinct  in  its  horticultural  as  well  as  its  botanical  characters. 
This  somewhat  remarkable  white  grape  was  originated  by  James  H. 
Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York.  The  variety  was  fruited  for  the  first 
time  in  1879.  The  originator  says  that  it  came  from  seed  of  Hartford 
pollinated  by  Clinton  but  this  parentage  has  been  questioned  by  many 
viticulturists  as  it  does  not  show  characters  of  either  of  the  reputed  parents. 
A  very  general  supposition  is  that  the  variety  is  a  hybrid  between  Clinton 
and  some  variety  of  Vinifera,  the  characters  of  the  fruit  in  particular  indi- 
cating such  breeding.  Empire  State  was  bought  from  the  originator  by 
George  A.  Stone  of  Rochester  for  $4,000,  a  record  price  for  an  American 
grape.  It  was  introduced  about  1884  and  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1889,  where  it  still  remains. 

Vine  a  fair  to  good  grower,  usually  healthy,  in  some  locations  appears  somewhat 
tender,  moderately  productive  to  productive.  Canes  short,  medium  to  few,  nearly  slender, 
brownish;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  not  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm 
of  average  thickness;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent, 
intemiediate  in  length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small  to  medium,  of  average  length,  rather  slender,  pointed  to  conical, 
open  moderately  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  with  faint  trace  of  red  on  under  side,  pre- 
vailing color  greenish.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  of  fair  thickness;  upper  surface  light 
green,  slightly  glossy,  smooth  to  somewhat  rugose;  lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze, 
heavily  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  three  to  five  when  present,  with  terminal  lobe 
acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal 
sinus  variable  in  depth  and  width;  lateral  sinus  deep,  narrow  to  medium,  often  distinctly 
enlarged  at  base;  teeth  medium  to  deep,  above  average  width.  Flowers  fertile,  open 
moderately  late ;  stamens  upright. 


EMPIRE  STATE 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  263 

Fruit  somewhat  variable  in  season  of  ripening  averaging  a  few  days  earlier  than 
Niagara,  keeps  well.  Clusters  large  to  below  medium,  long,  rather  slender,  cylindrical 
to  slightly  tapering,  frequently  single-shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle  variable, 
often  characteristically  long,  rather  thick;  pedicel  not  uniform  in  length,  slender,  covered 
with  numerous  small  warts;  brush  short,  light  green.  Berries  variable  in  size  averaging 
medium  to  below,  inclined  to  roundish,  pale  yellowish-green,  covered  with  some  gray 
bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin  medium  to  thick,  variable  in  toughness, 
adheres  but  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  with  slight  astringency.  Flesh 
pale  yellowish-green,  translucent,  very  juicy,  fine-grained,  rather  tender,  sweet  next 
the  skin  but  somewhat  acid  at  center,  agreeably  flavored,  good  to  very  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  adhere  slightly  to  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  small,  broad,  notched,  rather 
short,  blunt,  plump,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  small,  roundish  to  ovate,  slightly 
above  center,  distinct. 

ESSEX. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1864:127,  136.  2.  RIass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1865:40.  3.  Strong,  1866:341. 
4.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  3:146.  1868.  5.  Horticulturist,  24:126.  1869.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1869:42. 
7.  Grape  Cult.,  1:181.  1869.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:254.  1893.  9.  ;V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:330,  548, 
555-    189S. 

Rogers'  No.  41  (i,  2,  3.  4).     Rogers'  No.  41  (5,  6,  7). 

When  well  grown  Essex  is  so  similar  to  Barry,  Wilder  and  Herbert, 
all  being  Rogers'  hybrids,  that  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is  worth  cultiva- 
tion more  especially  as  it  is  not  as  easily  grown  as  the  above  sorts.  Its 
fruit  is  almost  identical  with  Barry,  though  the  bunches  do  not  equal  that 
variety  in  size,  but  the  vine  is  not  as  desirable,  being  only  half-hardy, 
not  productive,  with  sterile  flowers  and  not  setting  fruit  well  even  in 
mixed  vineyards. 

For  an  account  of  the  origin  and  parentage  of  Essex  see  "  Rogers' 
Hybrids."  Essex,  then  known  as  Rogers'  No.  41,  is  first  mentioned 
separately  from  the  other  hybrids  about  1865.  There  appears  to  have  been 
some  confusion  in  the  numbers,  as  some  of  the  early  describers  speak  of  the 
grape  as  red,  others  black.  The  name  Essex  was  given  by  Mr.  Rogers  in 
1869,  in  honor  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  The  same  year  it  was 
placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog, 
where  it  was  retained  until  1895,  when  it  was  dropped.  It  is  still  to  be 
found  in  many  varietal  vineyards  but  is  now  offered  for  sale  by  but  few 
nurserymen. 


264  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  produces  good  crops.  Canes  vigorous,  inter- 
mediate in  number  and  thickness;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  trifid  to  bifid. 
Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  irregularly  roundish;  lower  surface  thinly  pubescent. 
Flowers  sterile  or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season  or  slightly  later;  stamens  refle.xed. 
Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  or  slightly  later,  an  excellent  keeper,  in  good  condition 
some  seasons  until  February.  Clusters  medium  to  nearly  large,  broad  with  a  rather 
small,  short,  single  shoulder,  usually  compact.  Berries  large  to  above  medium,  roundish 
to  oval,  frequently  compressed,  dark  purplish-black,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom, 
not  firm.  Flesh  moderately  tender  and  soft,  vinous,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  acid  at 
center,  agreeable  in  flavor,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  large,  long,  often  with 
enlarged  neck;  chalaza  small,  frequently  with  shallow,  radiating  furrows,  strongly 
above  center. 

ESTER. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  51:686.  863.  1892.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:125.  4.  N. 
Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  14:279.  1895.  5.  lb.,  17:530,  548,  555.  1898.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  But.,  194:57.  1901. 
7.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:239.   1902. 

Ester  is  a  white  seedling  of  Concord,  whether  pure-bred  or  cross-bred 
is  not  known,  which  resembles  its  parent  in  vine  and  in  flavor  of  fruit. 
It  has  several  defects  which  make  it  less  valuable  than  many  other  better 
known  white  grapes  and  is  therefore  not  recommended  for  New  York, 
Its  defects  appear  in  the  description  given  below. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  E.  W.  Bull  of  Concord,  Massachusetts, 
from  seed  of  Concord.  It  was  introduced  by  George  S.  Josselyn  of  Fre- 
donia.  New  York,  in  1889.  Bull  named  this  variety  in  honor  of  his  mother 
who  spelled  her  name  Ester,  in  the  old  New  England  way,  and  not  "  Esther  " 
as  commonly  found  in  grape  literature. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  usually  hardy.  Canes  short  to  medium, 
slender,  covered  with  considerable  pubescence;  tendrils  continuous,  rarely  intermittent, 
bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  small,  light  green;  lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze,  pubescent. 
Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with 
Concord,  not  a  good  keeper.  Clusters  medium  to  above  in  size  and  compactness.  Berries 
medium  to  large,  roundish,  pale  yellowish-white,  covered  with  tliin  gray  bloom,  inclined 
to  drop  considerably  from  pedicel.  Skin  covered  with  scattering  brown  dots,  thin, 
somewhat  tender,  inclined  to  crack.  Flesh  moderately  tender  and  vinous,  sweet,  variable 
in  flavor  and  quality  ranging  from  fair  to  very  good. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  265 

ETTA. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:33.  2.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:43.  3.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:98.  fig. 
4.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1890:23,  app.  5.  jV.  i'.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:496.  1S91.  6.  III.  Sta.  But., 
28:263.  1893.  7.  Ark.  Sta.  Bui.,  39:30.  1896.  8.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  545,  547,  555,  559. 
1898.  9.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1149,  1156.  1898.  10.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  177:44.  1S99.  11.  Ga.  Sta. 
Bid.,  53:43.    1901.      12.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:244.   1902. 

Elvira  Seedling  No.  S  (3).      Rommel's  Etta  (4,  12).      Rommel's  No.  3  (i). 

In  appearance,  taste  and  texture  of  flesh  Etta  is  very  similar  to  Elvira 
of  which  it  is  a  seedling.  The  small  yellowish  clusters  which  characterize 
Elvira  are  almost  exactly  reproduced  in  Etta  differing  chiefly  in  often 
having  a  shoulder  quite  as  large  as  the  main  bunch  itself,  and  in  hav- 
ing, for  most  palates,  a  better  flavor,  lacking  the  slight  foxiness  of  Elvira. 
The  vine  is  very  vigorous,  hardy,  and  productive  to  a  fault.  The  fruit 
ripens  late,  at  the  time  of  Catawba,  and  too  late  to  make  the  variety 
of  value  for  New  York.  Etta  is  not  a  good  table  grape  and,  as  with  its 
parent,  makes  only  a  fair  grade  of  white  wine  but  this  can  be  produced  in 
such  quantity  as  to  give  the  variety  value  in  producing  a  wine  for  blending 
with  more  highly  flavored  products. 

The  tendency  of  Elvira  to  crack  and  overbear  caused  the  originator  of 
that  variety,  Jacob  Rommel  of  Morrison,  Missouri,  to  try  for  a  grape  withotit 
these  faults  and  the  result  was  Etta  from  seed  of  Elvira.  It  was  first 
exhibited  in  1879  as  Elvira  Seedling  No.  j  and  was  awarded  the  premium 
as  a  seedling  wine  grape  at  the  Mississippi  Valley  Horticultural  Society 
meeting  in  St.  Louis  in  1880.  It  has  never  become  popular  in  the  East, 
probably  on  account  of  its  late  ripening.  In  Missouri  Etta  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  be,  all  characters  taken  into  account,  a  better  grape  than  Elvira, 
falling  below  it  in  but  one  particular,  resistance  to  black-rot. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  productive.  Canes 
long,  rather  numerous,  about  average  size,  nearly  light  to  medium  dark  brown;  tendrils 
continuous,  bifid.  Leaves  healthy,  above  medium  to  large,  thickish ;  upper  surface 
dark  green,  slightly  glossy,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  somewhat  cob- 
webby; veins  rather  distinct.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  medium  early;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  late,  two  or  three  weeks  after  Concord,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  rather  short  and  broad,  irregularly  cylindrical,  usually  with  a  short. 


2  66  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

medium-sized  single  shoulder  but  sometimes  so  heavily  shouldered  as  to  form  a  double 
bunch,  very  compact.  Berries  medium  to  small,  roundish  to  frequently  compressed 
on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  rather  pale  green,  sometimes  with  a  faint  yellow 
tinge,  dull,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  shatter  considerably  when  overripe,  firm. 
Skin  thin,  tender,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  tough 
and  stringy,  shghtly  foxy,  neither  rich  nor  high-flavored,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center, 
mild,  intermediate  in  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  quite  easily, 
medium  to  above  in  size  and  width,  long  to  medium,  somewhat  plump  and  blunt,  brown- 
ish; raphe  buried  in  a  broad,  shallow  groove;  chalaza  of  medium  size,  oval,  nearly  central, 
moderately  distinct. 

EUMELAN. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

1.  Rcc.  0/  Hort.,  1866:38.  2.  Mead,  1867:220.  3.  Fuller,  1867:241.  4.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  8:144, 
299.  1870.  5.  Barry,  1872:418.  6.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1872:543,  555.  7.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1875:393.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1875:24.  9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:99.  fig.  10.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1885:174.  II.  ir.  X.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  36:43.  1891.  12.  Va.  Sta.  Bid..  94:134.  1898.  13.  .V. 
Y.  Sta.  Alt.  Rpt..  17:530,  545,  546,  548,  549,  552.   1898.      14.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:271.    igoo. 

Washi.mgton  (i).     Washington  (3). 

Eumelan  was  introduced  about  forty  years  ago,  with  the  general 
opinion  among  the  leading  viticulturists  of  the  time  that  it  was  one  of  the 
best  black  grapes  that  had  been  brought  to  the  notice  of  grape-growers. 
It  seems  now,  as  one  studies  its  characters,  to  show  an  association  of  as 
great  a  number  of  valuable  good  qualities  and  as  few  objectionable  ones  as 
almost  any  other  of  our  black  grapes,  yet  the  variety  is  now  but  little 
grown.  Briefly  summarized,  its  good  qualities  are:  Vines  above  the  average 
in  vigor,  hardiness  and  productiveness,  remarkable  for  their  short- jointed 
wood;  clusters  and  berries  well-formed,  of  good  size  and  the  latter  a  hand- 
some black  with  fine  bloom,  making  a  very  attractive  cluster  of  grapes; 
flesh  tender,  seemingly  dissolving  into  wine-like  juice  under  slight  pressure; 
the  flavor  is  pure  without  a  trace  of  foxiness,  rich,  sweet,  and  vinous,  making 
a  very  delicious  and  refreshing  fruit,  though  the  large  seeds  are  somewhat 
objectionable.  Eumelan  makes  a  very  good  red  wine.  The  season  of 
ripening  is  such  that  the  variety  may  be  called  early,  yet  it  keeps  much 
better  than  most  of  the  other  grapes  maturing  with  it  and  becomes,  there- 
fore, a  mid-season  and  late  grape  as  well  as  an  early  one.  It  neither  cracks 
nor  shells  badly,  and  ships  very  well. 

It  is  more  difficult  to  name  its  defects.     So  far  as  we  can  discover, 


EUMELAN 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  267 

these  are  susceptibility  to  mildew,  sterile  flowers,  and  difficulty  in  propaga- 
tion. Unquestionably  the  latter  character  has  greatly  hindered  its  culture, 
as  the  vines  can  be  had  only  at  extra  expense  and  nurserymen  are  loath  to 
grow  it  at  all.  Eumelan  can  at  least  be  recommended  to  amateur  growers 
and  for  the  garden  and  it  is  well  worth  further  trial  by  grape-growers. 

Eumelan  is  a  chance  seedling  which  grew  from  seed  about  1847  in  the 
yard  of  a  Mr.  Thorne  at  Fishkill  Landing,  New  York.  About  i860  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant  of  lona  Island  and  was  introduced  by 
him  in  1867.  By  some  it  is  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Isabella.  Bush 
gives  the  species  as  Aestivalis.  Munson  states,  however,  that  he  can  see 
nothing  in  it  but  Labrusca  and  Vinifera.  Labrusca  seems  to  be  indi- 
cated very  plainly  by  the  texture  of  the  fruit  and  by  the  seeds,  Vinifera 
possibly  by  a  general  appearance  of  the  vine  difficult  to  define  and  also  by 
the  tendency  to  mildew.  Besides  this,  however,  there  are  the  bluish  bloom 
on  shoots  and  canes,  the  pigment  beneath  the  skin,  the  spicy  taste  in  the 
berries,  and  the  difficulty  of  propagation  from  cuttings,  all  of  which  are 
difficult  to  account  for  except  by  recognizing  the  presence  of  Aestivalis 
or  Bicolor  blood. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  inclined  to  mildew.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length,  numerous,  of  average  thickness,  covered  with  considerable  blue 
bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  intemodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  thick;  pith 
about  medium  size;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent,  rather  long,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  large,  long,  rather  thick,  conspicuous,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  in  mid- 
season.  Young  leaves  heavily  tinged  on  under  side  and  lightly  tinged  along  margin  of 
upper  side  with  bright  carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper 
surface  rather  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth  to  medium;  lower  surface  pale  green,  not 
pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  usually  three  in  number  with  terminal  lobe  acute  to 
acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  variable  in  width;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking; 
lateral  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  rather  narrow  or  often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  inclined 
to  shallow,  usually  above  medium  in  width.  Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season; 
stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  before  mid-season,  keeps  frequently  until  late  winter.  Clusters  of 
average  size,  long  to  medium,  rather  slender,  slightly  tapering  to  cylindrical,  often 
with  a  long,  loose,  single  shoulder,  variable  in  compactness;  peduncle  medium  to  long, 
of  average  size;  pedicel  somewhat  short,  rather  slender,  covered  with  few  small  warts, 
wide  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  short,  stubby,  pale  green.  Berries  medium 
in  size,  roundish  to  frequently  compressed,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue 


268  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  intennediate  in  thickness,  tough,  rather  adherent  to  the 
pulp,  contains  a  moderate  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh 
somewhat  dark  green,  juicy,  fine-grained,  nearly  tender,  stringy,  not  foxy,  rather  spicy 
and  aromatic  with  Aestivalis  flavor,  sweet,  ranks  good  or  higher  in  quality.  Seeds  adhere 
slightly  to  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  above  medium  to  large,  rather  wide, 
intermediate  in  length,  somewhat  blunt,  plump,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza 
oval  to  circular,  slightly  above  center,  rather  distinct.     Must  93°-! 00°. 

(I)  EUREKA. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Mag.   Hort..  27:6.    1861.     2.  Gar.  Mon.,  6:371.    1864.     3.  Mag.  Hort.,  33:205.   1867.     4.  Am. 
Hort.  An..  1871:80.     5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:98. 
Bogue's  Eureka   (2). 

No  good  descriptions  of  this  variety  are  extant,  and  it  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  widely  tested.  Eureka  resembles  the  Isabella  very  closely 
in  both  fruit  and  vine.  The  fruit  ripens  about  two  weeks  earlier,  is  some- 
what more  tender  in  pulp,  more  compact  in  the  bunch,  and  with  the  vine 
of  greater  vigor. 

Eureka  was  originated  by  S.  Folsom  of  Attica,  Wyoming  County,  New 
York,  some  time  in  the  fifties,  and  was  introduced  a  few  years  later  by 
Bogue  &  Son,  nurserymen,  of  Genesee  County.  It  is  said  to  be  a  seedling 
of  Isabella,  resembling  the  parent  very  closely,  except  for  being  earlier 
in  ripening.  It  is  now  practically  out  of  cultivation,  and  was  never  superior 
to  its  reputed  parent  in  desirable  characters. 

(II)  EUREKA. 
(Bourquiniana,  Labrusca,  Vinifcra.) 

J.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.  iS8g:3y2.     2.76,1890:156.     3.  lb.,  iSgi-.izS.     4.  76.,  1892 :268.     $■  Am. 
Card.,  13:85.    1892.     6.  Husmann,  1895:^3. 

The  second  variety  to  receive  the  name  Eureka  is  said  to  be  a  seedling 
of  Delaware  raised  by  Dr.  Stayman  some  time  about  1880.  It  does  not 
appear  ever  to  have  been  disseminated  except  to  a  few  of  Dr.  Stayman's 
personal  friends.  It  is  very  rare  in  varietal  vineyards  and  hardly  known 
to  nurserymen.  The  variety  as  it  grows  in  New  York  is  surpassed  by  its 
parent  in  practicalh^  all  desirable  horticultural  characters. 

Vine  a  strong  grower,  usually  rather  tender,  produces  medium  to  good  crops.  Canes 
long,  numerous,  slender;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.     Leaves  medium  to  above 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  269 

in  size,  variable  in  color;  lower  surface  pale  green;  pubescence  often  distributed  in  flecks. 
Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Concord,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  above  medium  to  medium 
in  size  and  length,  single-shouldered  to  sometimes  double-shouldered,  of  average  com- 
pactness. Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish,  attractive  dark  red,  covered  with 
heavy  lilac  or  slightly  blue  bloom,  inclined  to  shell  somewhat  from  pedicel.  Skin  thin, 
rather  tender,  inclined  to  crack.  Flesh  moderately  juicy  and  tough,  aromatic,  nearly 
sweet  next  the  skin  to  acid  at  center,  vinous,  desirable  in  flavor,  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  small  to  medium,  of  average  width  and  length,  nearly  sharp-pointed. 

EXCELSIOR. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1880:237.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:100.  3.  Miss.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  3:36. 
1890.     4.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  48:1150,   1156.   1S98. 

According  to  the  originator,  James  H.  Ricketts,  Excelsior  was  "  the 
finest  grajDe  in  his  collection."  The  grapes  are  delicious,  having  the  flavor 
of  Black  Hamburg;  the  flesh  characters  are  good,  the  pulp  being  melting 
and  juicy  yet  holding  together  and  having  sugar  enough  to  give  keeping 
quality;  neither  seeds  nor  skins  are  objectionable;  the  grapes  are  hand- 
some in  appearance;  but  unfortunately  the  variety  ripens  too  late  to  make 
it  of  much  value  in  New  York.  At  best  it  is  suitable  only  for  the  amateur 
and,  as  with  all  of  the  varieties  which  Ricketts  sent  out,  it  is  adapted  to 
few  localities  and  must  have  the  best  care  in  all  respects. 

Excelsior  came  from  seed  of  lona  fertilized  with  pollen  of  some 
unknown  Vinifera.  The  variety  was  introduced  in  the  autumn  of  1882. 
Excelsior  is  to-day  rather  rare  in  varietal  vineyards  and  is  apparently  not 
offered  for  sale  by  any  nurserymen. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  long, 
numerous,  rather  thick;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  large  to  below  medium, 
sometimes  rugose;  lower  surface  pubescent.  Fruit  ripens  later  than  Concord,  keeps 
well.  Clusters  unusually  large,  long,  broad,  frequently  with  a  heavy  double  shoulder, 
loose.  Berries  large  to  medium,  oval  to  nearly  roundish,  dark  red  covered  with  thin 
lilac  bloom,  very  persistent,  rather  soft.  Skin  thick,  tough,  adheres  considerably  to 
the  pulp.  Flesh  very  juicy,  rather  soft,  granular,  sweet  and  sprightly,  high  in  flavor, 
good  to  best  in  quality,  closely  resembling  Black  Hamburg  in  many  characters.  Seeds 
medium  in  size,  rather  blunt,  sometimes  with  a  short  enlarged  neck. 


270  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

FAITH. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:164.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:100.  3.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:43. 
4.  Rural  N.  Y.,  45:022,  640.  i'886.  5.  hid.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:85.  6.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
11:623.  iSq2.  7.  III.  Sta.  But.,  28:263.  1893.  8.  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bid.,  Yo\.  Q-.iSo.  1896.  g.N.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt.,  17:530.  548,  555-   1898. 

Though  spoken  of  as  a  desirable  grape  in  many  other  regions  Faith 
is  of  Httle  or  no  value  in  New  York.  It  is  verj-  unattractive  in  appearance 
as  it  grows  in  this  State,  both  in  cluster  and  in  berry,  the  clusters  being 
small  and  variable  and  the  berries  small  and  of  unattractive  color.  The 
quality  of  the  fruit  is  not  high  and  there  are  many  other  white  sorts  which 
surpass  it  as  a  table  grape,  more  especially  Diamond  which  ripens  at  the 
same  time.  If  it  has  any  preeminently  good  character  for  this  region  it  is 
productiveness  but  this  cannot  offset  its  mediocre  characters.  Another 
fault  is  that  the  blossoms  put  forth  so  early  that  they  often  suffer  from 
spring  frosts. 

Faith  is  of  the  same  breeding  and  from  the  same  originator,  Jacob 
Rommel  of  Morrison,  Missouri,  as  Etta,  both  having  come  from  seed  of 
Elvira.  This  seedling  was  introduced  to  the  public  about  1881  and  though 
an  excellent  grape  it  is  hardly  the  equal  of  Etta  and  has  never  been  able 
to  compete  with  that  variety.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Jacob  Faith,  a 
prominent  Missouri  viticulturist. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  usually  healthy,  variable 
in  productiveness.  Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves 
large  to  medium,  dark  green;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  thinly  pubescent.  Flowers 
sterile  to  partly  fertile,  open  medium  early;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with 
Diamond  or  slightly  earlier,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  above  medium  to  small,  variable 
in  length,  usually  slender,  often  heavily  single-shouldered,  loose.  Berries  quite  small, 
roundish,  dull  green,  frequently  with  yellow  tinge  changing  to  pale  amber,  covered 
with  abundant  gray  bloom,  persistent,  rather  soft.  Flesh  moderately  juicy,  nearly 
tender,  agreeably  flavored,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  somewhat  tart  at  center,  fair  to  good 
in  quaHty.     Seeds  numerous,  of  average  size,  broad. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  271 

FERN  MUNSON. 

(Lincecumii,  Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  -V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpi.,  11:623.  1892.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:127.  3.  Husmann,  1895:130.  4. 
Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  73:182,  184.  1897.  5.  III.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1897:206.  6.  Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  94:134. 
1898.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  48:1150,  1157.  1898.  8.  A^.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  548,  555.  1898. 
9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:29.  10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:277.  1900  n.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:247. 
1902.      12.  il/o.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:302,  305. 

Admirable  (11).     Fern  (2,  5).      Fern  JMunson  (2).      Hilgardc  (4).     Munson's   No.  76  (4). 

Fern  Munson  is  not  adapted  to  northern  regions,  forty  degrees  north 
latitude  being  its  limit  of  adaptation  according  to  Munson,'  its  originator. 
Nevertheless  when  it  has  ripened  in  New  York  the  fruit  has  shown  some 
very  good  characters,  as  attractive  appearance,  agreeable  quality,  and 
unobjectionable  seeds  and  skin.  The  vines  are  vigorous  and  productive 
but  the  foliage  is  not  remarkably  healthy  in  the  Station  vine}-ard  though 
it  has  been  very  abundant. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  T.  V.  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas,  from 
seed  of  Post-oak  which  has  been  variously  stated  to  have  been  pollinated 
by  Triumph,  mixed  pollen  of  Triumph  and  Herbemont,  and  by  Catawba. 
Which  of  these  is  correct  we  cannot  say.  The  seed  was  planted  in  1885  and 
the  variety  was  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1 893 .  It  was  placed  on  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899,  where 
it  still  remains.  Dickens,  of  Kansas,  states  that  this  variety  was  formerly 
disseminated  under  the  name  of  Admirable  but  this  appears  to  be  a  mistake 
as  Admirable  is  invariably  given  as  having  recurved  stamens  while  the 
stamens  of  Fern  Munson  are  erect. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  usually  produces  as  good  or  sometimes  better 
crops  than  Concord.  Canes  long,  medium  or  above  in  number,  medium  to  thick,  rather 
dark  brown  with  faint  red  tinge;  tendrils  intennittent,  bifid.  Leaves  large  and  thick; 
upper  surface  rugose  and  often  heavily  wrinkled;  lower  surface  dull,  pale  green  with 
slight  bronze  tinge,  faintly  pubescent;  veins  quite  obscure.  Flowers  semi-fertile,  open 
very  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  later  than  Concord,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large, 
not  very  long,  variable  in  width,  irregularly  tapering  to  rather  cylindrical,  usually 
single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness,  often  with  many  abortive  fruits.  Berries 
medium  to  large,   roundish  to  slightly  flattened,   dark    purplish-black,   rather  glossy, 


'  Cat..  1907-8:18. 


272 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


covered  with  thin  blue  bloom,  strongly  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  tough,  contains 
a  small  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  rather  astringent.  Flesh  juicy,  tough  and 
solid,  becoming  tender  as  it  reaches  maturity,  fine-grained,  vinous,  briskly  sub-acid 
to  acid,  ranking  good  in  quality  when  properl)'  ripened.  Seeds  adhere  somewhat  to  the 
pulp,  medium  in  size,  rather  broad,  of  average  length;  raphe  shows  as  a  small  cord; 
chalaza  central  to  slightly  above  center,  obscure. 

FLORENCE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  B ourquiniana ?) 
I.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:127. 

The  fact  that  the  Florence  here  described  has  been  discarded  by  all 
vineyardists  is  presumptive  evidence  that  the  variety  has  little  intrinsic 
value  and  this  proves  to  be  the  case  in  New  York.  Neither  fruit  nor  vine 
characters  are  such  that  the  Station  can  recommend  it.  It  is  doubtful 
if  the  variety  is  longer  worthy  of  preservation. 

Florence  is  one  of  the  productions  of  A.  J.  Caywood  of  Marlboro,  New 
York,  from  seed  of  Niagara  pollinated  by  Dutchess.  But  little  is  known  of 
its  time  of  origin  or  of  its  introduction.  It  is  very  rare  in  varietal  vineyards 
and  not  known  to  nurserymen. 

Canes  medium  to  above  in  length,  often  somewhat  slender,  slightly  roughened 
and  pubescent ;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid.  Stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  slightly 
earlier  than  Niagara,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  above  medium  in  size,  rather  long 
to  medium,  sometimes  slightly  single-shouldered,  loose.  Berries  large  to  above  medium, 
roundish,  green  often  with  tinge  of  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  nearly  per- 
sistent. Flesh  slightly  tough  and  solid,  aromatic,  agreeably  sweet  next  the  skin  to  rather 
tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  few,  intermediate  in  size  and  length, 
plump. 

GAERTNER. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpi.,  1863:548.  2.  Horticulturist,  24:126.  1869.  3.  Ain.  Jour.  Hort.  5:263. 
iSbg.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:127.  5.  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:180.  1896.  6.  Va.  Sta.  But.,  94:137. 
1898.     7.  N.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpl.,  17:530.  548,  SSS-  559-   '898. 

RoGF.Ks'  No.  14  (i).     Rogers'  No.  14  (2,  3,  4,  5). 

When  at  its  best  Gaertner  is  probably  surpassed  in  appearance  and  in 
quality  by  no  other  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids.  Fruit  and  clusters  are  large 
and  handsomely  colored  making  a  showy  grape  which  attracts  attention 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  273 

wherever  shown  and  which  sells  in  fancy  fruit  stores  at  the  highest  price. 
The  plant  is  vigorous,  productive,  and  as  hardy  as  any  of  the  primary 
hybrids  between  Labrusca  and  Vinifera.  In  view  of  its  good  qualities 
Gaertner  has  not  received  the  attention  it  deserves  from  either  the  amateur 
or  the  commercial  grape-grower,  probably  because  it  is  more  capricious  as 
to  soils  than  some  others  of  its  related  hybrids  and  that  to  have  it  in  per- 
fection it  must  have  the  very  best  care.  As  a  market  grape  it  has  the 
faults  of  ripening  somewhat  unevenly  and  of  shipping  rather  poorly  because 
of  a  thin  tender  skin.  As  with  nearly  all  of  the  hybrids  of  its  kind  it  keeps 
well  and  this,  with  the  desirable  qualities  above  noted,  makes  it  a  splendid 
grape  for  the  home  vineyard  where  in  favorable  situations  it  may  be  expected 
to  bear  annual  crops  of  most  excellent  grapes.  Gaertner  is  often  compared 
with  Massasoit,  the  two  varieties  being  very  similar  in  fruit  characters, 
but  Gaertner  is  of  distinctly  better  cjuality  than  Massasoit. 

Gaertner  was  originated  by  E.  S.  Rogers  of  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
and  the  early  history  of  the  variety  will  be  found  under  "  Rogers'  Hybrids." 
It  was  first  mentioned  separately  from  the  other  seedlings  of  Rogers  about 
1865  under  the  name  Rogers'  No.  14.  In  1869,  at  the  request  of  the  Lake 
Shore  Grape  Association,  Rogers  gave  names  to  certain  of  his  productions 
which  had  previously  been  known  by  numbers  only.  One  of  the  varieties 
then  named  was  Gaertner,  in  honor  of  the  German  botanist  of  this  name. 
It  has  never  been  as  popular  as  some  of  the  other  Rogers'  hybrids  and  is 
to-day  offered  for  sale  by  but  few  nurserymen. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usually  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  produces  fair 
to  good  crops.  Canes  rather  long;  intermediate  in  number,  medium  to  below  in  size, 
vary  in  color  from  dark  reddish-brown  to  ash-gray  tinge,  surface  covered  with  thin 
blue  bloom;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  often 
rather  roundish;  upper  surface  moderately  dark  green,  intermediate  in  thickness;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins  distinct.  Flowers  sterile,  open  moderately  late; 
stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  matures  unevenly,  keeps  only  fairly  well.  Clusters 
above  medium  to  medium  in  size,  short  to  medium,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering, 
usually  with  a  fair-sized  single  shoulder  but  sometimes  double-shouldered,  rather  loose, 
with  many  abortive  fpjits.  Berries  large  to  below  medium,  roundish  to  sometimes 
slightly  oval,  light  to  dark  red,  rather  glossy,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  lilac 
18 


2  74  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

bloom,  persistent,  intennediate  in  firmness.  Skin  medium  to  thin,  inclined  to  tender, 
contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  very  pale  green,  juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  tough,  slightly 
stringy,  agreeably  vinous,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  rather  easily,  large  to  above  medium,  intermediate  in 
length,  broad  to  medium,  distinctly  notched,  sometimes  with  a  very  short  enlarged 
neck,  brownish;  raphe  obscured  in  a  deep  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center 
to  nearly  central,  oval  to  roundish,  somewhat  obscure. 

GENEVA. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  2.  Rural  N.  F.,  48:49,  50.  fig.,  165.  1889.  3.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  35:180.  iSqo.  4.  A'.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:330.  i8go.  5.  Rural  N.  Y .,  50:691.  1891.  6.  lb., 
51:607,  655.  1892.  7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:623.  1892.  8.  Rural  N.  Y .,  52:71,  122,  655.  1893. 
9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:128.  10.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:530,  548,  555.  1898.  Iii.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui., 
169:170.   1899. 

Jacob  Moore's  Geneva  is  another  secondary  hybrid  between  Labrusca 
and  Vinifera  in  which  the  Labrusca  blood  predominates.  In  quality  it  is 
somewhat  below  any  of  the  other  grapes  put  out  by  Moore  and  is  surpassed 
by  so  many  other  grapes  of  its  season  that  it  has  never  become  popular 
though  it  has  much  to  recommend  it.  Thus  it  is  vigorous,  though  not 
quite  hardy,  only  fairly  productive,  with  ample  foliage  which  is  very  healthy. 
The  berries  and  clusters  are  attractive.  The  color  is  more  nearly  transparent 
than  any  other  of  our  grapes  and  there  is  so  little  bloom  that  the  grapes 
are  a  beautiful  lustrous  green  often  becoming  iridescent  in  sunlight.  It 
is  pure  m  flavor  but  somewhat  insipid.  The  berries  cling  well  to  the  stem 
and  the  fruit  keeps  exceptionally  well. 

Geneva  was  originated  by  Jacob  Moore,  Brighton,  Monroe  Countv, 
New  York,  from  seed  planted  in  1874  of  a  hybrid  vine  fertilized  by  lona. 
The  maternal  vine  was  from  seed  of  a  wild  Labrusca  fertilized  with  Muscat 
Alexandria.  The  variety  was  introduced  by  the  R.  G.  Chase  Company, 
of  Geneva.  It  is  still  quite  commonly  found  in  varietal  vineyards  and  is 
listed  by  a  few  grape  nurserymen.  Geneva  seems  to  have  succeeded  some- 
what better  to  the  south  of  New  York  and  is  notably  better  in  quality 
when  grown  in  lower  latitudes. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous  to  vigorous,  not  very  hardy,  healthy,  produces  smaller 
crops  than  Concord.  Canes  intermediate  in  length  and  number,  covered  with  slight 
blue  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent  to  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.     Leaves  medium  in  size, 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  275 

light  green;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  sterile  to  partly 
fertile,  open  medium  late;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Niagara,  ships 
well  and  keeps  into  the  winter.  Clusters  medium  to  above  in  size,  of  average  width, 
often  blunt  at  ends,  usually  not  shouldered,  intermediate  in  compactness,  with  many 
abortive  fruits.  Berries  medium  to  large,  slightly  oval  or  obovate,  dull  green  changing 
to  a  faint  yellow  tinge,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom.  Flesh  pale  green,  tender  and 
soft,  vinous,  nearly  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quality  but  not  equal 
to  some  other  white  grapes  of  the  same  season.     Seeds  intermediate  in  size  and  length. 

GLENFELD.i 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:624.  1892.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1807:19.  3.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  17:530.  548,  555.   1898. 

Grown  in  the  Station  vineyard  since  1889,  Glenfeld  has  made  a  some- 
what favorable  impression  because  of  its  excellent  quality  but  it  seems  not 
to  have  been  well  received  throughout  the  State  and  it  is  doubtful  if  it  has 
more  than  a  local  reputation  about  the  place  of  its  origin.  It  is  equaled 
or  surpassed,  however,  by  many  other  varieties  of  its  season  in  vine  charac- 
ters and  there  is  therefore  little  need  that  it  should  be  longer  perpetuated, 
though  it  may  be  worthy  a  place  in  the  garden. 

Glenfeld  was  found  on  the  place  of  George  J.  Magee  of  Watkins,  New 
York.  Mr.  Magee  reports  that  the  vine  was  on  the  place  when  he  pur- 
chased it  and  the  former  owner  knew  nothing  of  it.  The  variety  was 
locally  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Concord.  It  was  sent  to  this  Station 
for  testing  in  1889.  For  some  reason  it  was  placed  upon  the  grape  list  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  for  1897.  Such  action 
was  hardl}'  justified,  as  the  variety  had  never  been  tested  except  in  one  or 
two  neighborhoods,  and  it  was  taken  off  at  the  next  meeting. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  produces  good  crops.  Canes  long, 
numerous  to  medium,  intermediate  in  thickness;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent, 
bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  often  very  large,  variable  in  color,  medium  to  thick;  lower  surface 
tinged  with  bronze,  strongly  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or 
earlier;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  early  in  October,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters 
large  to  below  medium,  variable  in  shape,  usually  with  a  medium-sized  single  shoulder, 


'  This  variety  was  named  Glenfeld  by  Mr.  Magee,  its  originator,  not  Glenfield  as  it  is  frequently 
spelled. 


276  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

not  uniform  in  compactness.  Berries  nearly  large  to  below  medium,  roundish,  unique 
in  color  being  a  rather  dull  olive  green  covered  with  ash-gray  bloom,  somewhat  inclined 
to  shatter.  Flesh  tender,  vinous,  with  an  agreeable  flavor,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center, 
good  in  quality.     Seeds  medium  to  below  in  size,  broad. 

GOETHE. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpi..  i86o:S6.  2.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1861:68.  3.  Horticulturist,  18:98, 
99.  1863.  4.  L''.  5.  £). /I.  i?/;/.,  1867:160.  5.  ,4ra.  Pom.  Soc  Ca/.,  1867:44.  6.  Horticulturist,  24:126. 
1869.  7.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:261.  1869.  8.  Grape  Cult..  1:43,  15°.  180,  239,  241,  fig.,  242,  296. 
1869.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:38,  162.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:101,  fig.,  102.  11.  Tcx.Sta.  Bui., 
48:1150,  1157.  1898.  12.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:39,  43,  44,  45,  50,  54.  1S99.  13.  Miss.  Sta.  BuL,  56:14. 
1899 

Rogers'  Xo.  i  (i,  2,  3,  4,  5).      Rogers'  No.  1  (6,  7,  8,  10). 

Of  all  Rogers'  hybrids  Goethe  shows  most  of  the  Vinifera  characters, 
resembling  in  appearance  to  a  marked  degree  the  White  Malaga  of  European 
fame  and  not  falling  far  short  of  the  best  Old  World  grape  in  quality.  This 
is  when  it  is  well  grown;  but  here  lies  the  fault  with  Goethe,  for  it  is  most 
difficult  to  grow  well  especially  in  the  North  where  the  seasons  are  usu- 
ally not  long  enough  for  its  full  maturity.  When  it  does  ripen  in  northern 
latitudes  it  is  unsurpassed  in  flavor  by  any  other  of  the  grapes  of  its  class. 
The  vine  is  hardy  in  New  York;  vigorous  to  a  fault,  for  in  very  rich  soils  it 
makes  too  great  a  growth;  it  does  best  in  sands  or  gravels;  it  is  fairly 
immune  to  mildew,  rot  and  other  diseases;  and  where  it  succeeds  often 
bears  so  freely  that  thinning  becomes  a  necessity.  Added  to  its  high 
quality,  which  makes  it  a  splendid  table  grape,  Goethe  keeps  well,  lasting 
long  into  the  winter.  It  is  excellent  for  wine  though  it  is  too  difficult  to 
grow  to  make  it  profitable  for  this  purpose.  Unfortunately  this  variety 
ripens  so  late  that  it  cannot  be  recommended  for  New  York.  The  accom- 
panying color-plate  does  not  do  the  variety  full  justice  as  good  specimens 
could  not  be  obtained  for  illustration  in  the  unfavorable  season  of  1907. 
Neither  size,  nor  shape  of  cluster,  nor  color  of  fruit  are  quite  as  we  should 
like  to  have  them  shown. 

E.  S.  Rogers  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  produced  Goethe  as  one  of  his 
famous  Labrusca- Vinifera  hybrids  and  for  its  early  history  the  reader  is 
referred  to  "  Rogers'  Hybrids."  It  is  first  mentioned  separately  from 
others  of  these  productions  in  1858  under  the  name  Rogers'  No.  i.     It  was 


GOETHE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  277 

placed  upon  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  frviit  catalog 
in  1867,  where  it  still  remains.  In  1869  Mr.  Rogers  named  the  grape  Goethe 
after  the  great  German  poet  and  naturalist.  While  highly  esteemed  in  the 
North,  it  succeeds  better  and  is  therefore  more  commonly  grown  in  the 
Middle  and  South  Atlantic  States  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  of 
the  lower  Missouri. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  subject 
to  mildew  in  unfavorable  locations.  Canes  above  medium  to  short,  of  average  number 
and  thickness,  rather  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly  flattened;  internodes  very 
short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  below  medium  in  size;  shoots  strongly  pubescent;  tendrils 
continuous  with  tendency  to  intermittent,  rather  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  length  and  tliickness,  conical  to  nearly  obtuse,  open 
verj'  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  lightly  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with 
rose-carmine.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  irregularly  roundish,  medium  to  somewhat  thin; 
upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  of  average  smoothness;  lower  surface  pale  green  to 
bronze,  pubescent,  veins  very  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  lobed,  with  terminus  broadly 
acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  narrow,  closed  and  frequently  overlapping; 
basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  shallow 
to  medium,  rather  narrow.     Flowers  partly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  considerably  later  than  Concord,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  inter- 
mediate in  size,  short  to  medium,  rather  broad,  widely  tapering,  frequently  single- 
shouldered,  usually  two  bunches  to  a  shoot,  intermediate  in  compactness;  peduncle  short 
to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  pedicel  nearly  long,  thick,  covered  with  numerous, 
conspicuous  warts,  wide  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  long,  slender  to  stout, 
pale  green  to  yellowish-brown.  Berries  very  large  to  above  medium,  oval  to  nearly 
roundish,  pale  red,  covered  with  thin  gray  or  slightly  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  of  average 
firmness.  Skin  thin,  tender  to  medium,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pig- 
ment, faintly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  inclined  to  tenderness,  rather 
coarse,  nearly  sweet  at  skin  but  decidedly  tart  at  center,  with  some  Vinifera  sprightliness, 
ranking  good  to  very  good  in  quality,  does  not  reach  its  best  flavor  in  many  localities 
in  this  State.  Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  with  difficulty  unless  fully  ripe,  one  to  three, 
average  two,  large,  long,  of  average  thickness,  very  slightly  notched,  inclined  to  blunt- 
ness,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  fair  size,  decidedly  above  center,  pear-shaped, 
distinct.     Must  78°. 

GOFF. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

During  the  quarter  century  the  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  has  been  in  existence,  the  breeding  of  grapes  has  been  one  of  the 


278  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chief  lines  of  horticultural  work.  Professor  E.  S.  Goff,  the  first  Station 
horticulturist,  began  this  work  as  early  as  1885  and  produced  a  number 
of  seedling  grapes  which  were  numbered  but  not  named.  In  continuing 
this  work,  Professor  S.  A.  Beach,  successor  to  Professor  Goff,  planted  seed 
from  some  of  the  original  seedlings  and  from  one  of  these  came  a  somewhat 
remarkable  grape  to  which  we  have  given  the  name  Goff.  This  new  variety 
first  bore  fruit  in  1898  and  at  once  attracted  attention.  In  1901  it  was 
awarded  a  silver  medal  as  a  meritorious  seedlmg  at  the  Pan-American 
Exposition.  Specimens  of  it  sent  to  several  viticultural  experts  were 
highly  spoken  of  and  in  the  years  it  has  been  in  fruit  on  the  Station  grounds 
it  has  made  a  most  excellent  record. 

Unfortunately  the  pedigree  of  this  grape  can  never  be  known.  Not 
only  were  the  parents  of  the  original  seedling  unknown,  but  the  immediate 
parent  was  open  to  cross-pollination  in  a  vineyard  of  many  varieties.  All 
who  have  examined  the  fruit  and  vines  of  Goff  are  well  agreed  that  the 
variety  shows  very  distinctly  Labrusca  and  Vinifera  characters  and  some 
maintain  that  there  are  indications  of  Aestivalis  as  well.  As  to  the  pro- 
portion of  these  three  species,  if  all  be  present,  no  one  would  care  to  hazard 
a  guess. 

The  general  appearance  of  Goff  is  well  shown  in  the  accompanying 
color-plate  though  the  cylindrical  shape  and  enlarged  lower  end  of  the 
bunch  are  more  pronounced  than  in  typical  specimens.  Because  of  the 
peculiar  shape  of  both  bunch  and  berry  the  fruit  cannot  be  called  handsome 
though  the  color  is  sufficiently  attractive.  The  quality  of  Golf  is  of  the 
highest,  being  hardly  surpassed  by  any  of  the  commonly  grown  grapes  of 
this  country.  The  flavor  is  sweet,  rich  and  vinous  and  the  pulp,  while  firm, 
is  tender  and  readily  parts  from  the  seeds.  In  general  the  flavor  is  that  of  a 
Labrusca- Vinifera  hybrid  though  there  is  a  spiciness  in  it  that  suggests  an 
admixture  of  Aestivalis;  the  flesh  characters  are  better  than  those  of  the 
average  hybrid  of  the  two  first  named  species,  being  less  pulpy  and  coarse. 
Probably  the  most  valuable  character  of  Goff  is  the  long  keeping  quality  of 
the  fruit  in  which  respect  it  far  surpasses  the  several  commercial  varieties 
of  this  State  and  equals  the  best  keeping  American  grapes  known.  In  a 
test  during  the  winter  of  1907-08  of  the  keeping  qualities  of  255  varieties 
of  grapes  from  the  Station  vineyards,  kept  in  eight-pound  baskets  in  com- 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  279 

mon  storage,  unwrapped,  Goff  was  one  of  the  four  best  keepers,  Canandaigua, 
Wilder  and  Vergennes  being  the  other  three.  These  four  varieties  kept  in 
very  good  condition  until  April  16,  and  under  circumstances  not  altogether 
favorable. 

The  vine  characters  of  Goff  are  exceptionally  good  on  the  Station 
grounds.  The  vines  are  vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive,  and  the  foliage 
is  healthy.  All  of  the  above  characters  are  developed  to  an  extent  seldom 
found  in  a  variety  showing  the  specific  blood  indicated  in  the  Goff.  In 
these  respects,  taking  all  of  them,  this  variety  surpasses  any  of  Rogers' 
hybrids,  grapes  with  which  it  can  be  best  compared.  The  variety  is  now 
distributed  for  testing  in  the  various  grape  regions  of  the  State  and  if  the 
reports  of  its  behavior  are  satisfactory,  it  will  be  generally  distributed 
within  a  few  years. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very'  vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive.  Canes  medium  to  long, 
numerous,  often  rather  thick,  dark  brown  with  slight  reddish  tinge;  nodes  enlarged, 
flattened ;  intemodes  intermediate  in  length ;  diaphragm  thick  to  medium ;  pith  of 
average  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  long, 
bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size  and  thickness,  short  to  medium,  plump,  conical  to 
roundly  obtuse,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along 
margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose-carmine.  Leaves  healthy,  medium  to  large,  of 
average  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green;  smooth  to  rugose,  dull;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  slightly  cobwebby;  veins  fairly  distinct;  lobes  three  to  five  in  number  with 
terminal  lobe  obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow;  basal  sinus  medium  to  shallow, 
rather  wide;  lateral  sinus  deep,  wide;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  fertile, 
open  in  mid-season  or  later,  sometimes  on  plan  of  six;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  little  later  than  Concord,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  variable  in 
size,  long  to  medium,  frequently  very  slender,  cylindrical,  surface  of  cluster  often  irregular 
with  blunt  end  larger  than  the  part  above,  usually  not  shouldered,  or  with  a  small  single 
shoulder,  compact;  peduncle  usually  short,  intermediate  in  thickness;  pedicel  rather 
short,  of  average  thickness,  covered  with  few,  if  any  warts,  wide  at  point  of  attachment 
to  fruit;  brush  short,  slender,  pale  green  with  faint  brown  tinge.  Berries  variable  in 
size,  averaging  about  the  size  of  Concord,  frequently  misshapen,  strongly  flattened,  not 
uniform,  dark  reddish-purple,  covered  with  heavy  lilac  or  bluish  bloom,  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  thick,  intermediate  in  toughness,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  with  bright 
red  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tender,  a  little 
coarse,  somewhat  vinous,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate 
easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  three,  intermediate  in  size,  variable  in  breadth, 


280  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

of  medium  length,  rather  sharp-pointed,  Hght  brownish;   raphe  obscure;   chalaza  of  fair 
size,  above  center,  distinct. 

GOLD  COIN. 

(Aestivahs,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:162.  i8gi.  2.  ///.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:264.  1893.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:128. 
4.  Husmann,  1895:129.  5.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  73:183.  1897.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:28.  7.  Tex. 
Sta.  Bui.,  56:267,  277.    1900.     8.  Rural  N.    Y.,  61:722.    1902. 

Gold  Coin  is  at  the  head  of  Munson's  "  Gold  Coin  Fainily  "  '  having 
been  produced  by  crossing  Norton  and  Martha.  Unfortunately  the  variety 
is  only  of  general  interest  in  New  York  as  it  does  not  succeed  so  far  north, 
the  summer  seasons  being  too  short.  Where  it  succeeds  it  is  a  handsome 
market  variety  of  very  good  quality  and  makes  an  excellent  white  wine. 
The  vines  are  productive  and  are  reported  to  be  unusually  free  from  attacks 
of  fungal  diseases. 

As  indicated  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  this  variety  was  originated 
by  T.  V.  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas.  It  sprung  from  seed  of  Cynthiana  or 
Norton  "  pollinated  by  Martha  which  was  planted  in  1883  and  was  intro- 
duced by  the  originator  in  1894.  Gold  Coin  was  placed  on  the  grape  list 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy,  produces  heavy  crops.  Canes  intermediate  in 
length  and  number,  rather  slender;  tendrils  continuous  and  sometimes  intermittent, 
trifid  to  bifid.  Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  moderately  light  green,  slightly  rugose; 
lower  surface  pale  green,  tinged  with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  fertile; 
stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  after  mid-season,  keeps  long  in  good  condition.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  not  very  long,  usually  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness. 
Berries  large  to  below  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  yellowish-green  with  a  distinct 
trace  of  reddish-amber,  covered  with  a  medium  amount  of  gray  bloom,  usually  per- 
sistent. Skin  covered  with  small  scattering  brown  dots,  thin,  inclined  to  toughness. 
Flesh  somewhat  tough,  faintly  aromatic,  tart  from  skin  to  center,  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  somewhat  numerous,  above  medium  to  medium 
in  size,  not  notched ;   raphe  shows  as  a  distinct  cord. 


'  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:267.   1900. 

^  Munson  regards  them  as  identical. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  2»I 

GOLDEN  DROP. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Montreal  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i8So:ii2.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:102.  fig.  3.  Barry,  1883:447-  4-W. 
N.    Y.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  28:17.    18S3.     5.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui..  53-44.  51-    iQoi. 

Golden  Drop  is  an  early  white  grape  now  nearly  lost  to  cultivation 
but  once  somewhat  popular  because  of  its  high  quality.  Its  hardiness  and 
earliness  might  make  it  a  valuable  grape  for  northern  latitudes  where  more 
commonly  cultivated  varieties  do  not  mature  with  certainty.  It  is  some- 
what susceptible  to  fungal  diseases,  mildew  especially,  and  needs  more 
than  ordinary  care. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  C.  G.  Pringle  of  Charlotte,  Vennont, 
from  seed  of  Adirondac  fertilized  with  Delaware,  planted  in  1869  and 
introduced  by  B.  K.  Bliss  of  New  York,  about  1880.  It  has  never  been 
popular  but  is  still  sold  by  an  occasional  nurseryman. 

Vine  vigorous  to  weak,  not  productive,  inclined  to  mildew.  Canes  long  to  medium, 
numerous,  dark  brown;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  intermediate 
in  size,  light  green;  lower  surface  pale  green,  very  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  sterile 
or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  shortly  before  Niagara, 
keeps  well.  Clusters  small,  of  medium  length,  slender,  rather  cylindrical,  loose.  Berries 
medium  to  small,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  light  green  with  dull  yellowish-red  tinge  in 
the  sun,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Flesh  tender  and  soft,  not  foxy, 
sweet,  very  mild,  good  in  quality.     Seeds  medium  to  small,  short. 

GREEN  EARLY. 

(Labrusca,   Vinifera?) 
I.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1902:223.     2.  !h..  1905:296. 

Green  Early  is  a  white  grape  coming  in  season  with  Winchell  which 
surpasses  it  in  most  characters,  quality  in  particular.  This  variety  is  not 
to  be  confused  with  "  Chas.  A.  Green,"  also  a  white  grape,  which  was 
originated  by  F.  W.  Loudon  of  Janesville,  Wisconsin,  and  was  introduced 
by  Chas.  A.  Green  of  Rochester.  We  have  not  been  able  to  get  a  complete 
description  of  the  latter  variety. 

Green  Early  was  found  growing  by  the  side  of  a  ditch  near  a  Concord 
vineyard,  on  land  belonging  to  O.  J.  Greene  of  Portland,  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York.     The  vine  was  transplanted  into  a  nursery  in  1887. 


202  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK 

The  parentage  of  the  variety  is  unknown  but  it  is  credited  to  Concord 
owing  to  its  resemblance  to  that  variety.  It  was  introduced  in  the  late 
nineties  by  J.  H.  Greene  of  Portland,  New  York,  and  H.  W.  Blowers  of 
Westfield,  New  York. 

Vine  medium  to  very  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  productive.  Canes  variable  in  length 
and  thickness,  dark-reddish  brown;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  bifid 
to  trifid.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  medium  green ;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent ; 
stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Moore  Early  or  with  Concord  in  some  loca- 
tions, does  not  keep  long  and  is  only  a  fair  shipper.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  length 
and  breadth,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness.  Berries  above 
medium  to  nearly  small,  oval  to  slightly  roundish,  light  green  tinged  with  yellow,  covered 
with  thin  gray  bloom,  moderately  persistent,  rather  soft.  Skin  nearly  thin,  tender, 
inclined  to  crack.  Flesh  slightly  tough  and  aromatic,  almost  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at 
center,  fair  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds  medium  to  below  in  size,  intermediate  in  length 
and  breadth,  sharp-pointed. 

GREIN  GOLDEN. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

1.  Am.  Pom.Soc.  Rpt..  1881:33.  2.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:162,  164.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:103. 
4.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889-90:20.  apo.  5-  Gar.  and  For.,  3:290,  490,  599.  1890.  6.  Ala.  Sta. 
But.,  10:10.  i8go.  7.  III.  Sta.  Bnl.,  28:264.  1893.  8.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:294.  1896.  9.  lb., 
17:531.  548,  555-   1898. 

Groin's  No.  2  i^). 

Grein  Golden  ranks  with  Missouri  Riesling  as  the  best  of  Nicholas 
Grein's  several  seedlings  of  Taylor,  both  being  improvements  over  the 
parent  variety.  It  is  very  similar  to  Missouri  Riesling  but  is,  on  the  Station 
grounds,  and  in  general,  a  much  stronger  grower.  For  a  variety  of  the 
Taylor  group,  both  cluster  and  berry  are  large  and  uniform,  which,  with 
the  attractive  golden  color  of  the  berries,  make  it  a  most  handsome  fruit. 
But  as  the  variety  grows  in  New  York  the  flavor  is  not  at  all  pleasing,  being 
an  unusual  commingling  of  sweetness  and  acidity  f[uite  disagreeable  to 
most  palates ;  and  so  while  its  habit  of  growth,  hardiness,  health  of  vine  and 
productiveness  are  such  as  would  make  the  variety  acceptable  the  quality 
of  the  fruit  condemns  it  for  table  use.  In  fact  the  last  remark  applies  in 
a  greater  or  less  degree  to  all  of  the  varieties  of  the  Taylor  group  for  this 
State  —  they  fall  so  far  short  in  quality  that  they  can  never  be  of  value 
as  market  or  table  grapes.  All  are  suitable  for  wine  and  Grein  Golden  in 
particular  is  said  to  make  a  very  good  white  wine.     The  fruit  of  this  variety 


>*■ 


GREIN  GOLDEN 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK  283 

cracks  badly  in  wet  weather  and  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well,  skin  and  flesh 
being  very  tender. 

Nicholas  Grein  of  Hermann,  Missouri,  produced  Grein  Golden  over 
thirty  years  ago.  It  is  generally  supposed  to  be  from  seed  of  Taylor. 
Grein  states  that  he  planted  seed  of  the  European  Riesling  and  of  Taylor 
at  the  same  time,  and  that  the  Taylor  did  not  germinate  but  that  the 
European  Riesling  did,  one  of  the  seedlings  being  Grein  Golden.  As  the 
Grein  Golden  shows  Riparia  very  plainly,  with  no  trace  of  Vinifera,  it  is 
generally  supposed  that  the  seeds  were  mixed  and  that  Grein  Golden  is  a 
Taylor  seedling.  The  variety  has  been  and  still  is  a  commercial  sort  in 
the  wine  districts  of  the  middle  West. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous,  somewhat 
slender,  rather  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  sHghtly  enlarged,  usually  flattened;  inter- 
nodes  long  to  medium ;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  intermediate  in  size ;  shoots 
pubescent;   tendrils  intermittent,  of  fair  length,  trifid  to  sometimes  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short  to  medium,  intermediate  in  thickness,  conical  to 
pointed,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  faintly  tinged  on  lower  side  only  with 
faintest  rose  carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull, 
moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent;  veins  not  conspicuous; 
lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  medium  to  narrow;  basal 
sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  wide,  frequently  obscure;  teeth  medium 
to  deep,  of  average  width.     Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Niagara,  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well.  Clusters  large,  long 
to  medium,  somewhat  broad,  tapering,  irregular,  often  heavily  single-shouldered,  loose 
to  moderately  compact;  peduncle  above  average  length,  thickish;  pedicel  intermediate 
in  length  and  thickness,  covered  with  few,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  slender,  medium 
in  length,  pale  green.  Berries  uniform  in  size,  rather  large,  roundish,  attractive  light 
green  often  with  tinge  of  golden  yellow  or  pinkish-yellow,  glossy,  covered  with  thin 
gray  bloom,  persistent,  intermediate  in  finnness.  Skin  very  thin,  tender,  often  inclined 
to  crack,  does  not  adhere  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent, 
very  juicy,  tender,  vinous,  slightly  sweet  next  the  skin  but  decidedly  acid  at  center, 
medium  to  good  in  quality,  better  than  Elvira.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp 
when  mature,  two  to  four  in  number,  average  two  and  three,  above  medium  in  size, 
broad,  intermediate  in  length,  plump,  light  to  dark  brown;  raphe  shows  as  a  small 
but  prominent  cord;  chalaza  rather  large,  at  center  or  slightly  above,  oval,  usually 
distinct. 


284  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

HARTFORD. 

(Labnisca,  Vinifera?) 

1.  Mag.  Hon.,  18:114.  1852.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1856:36,  165.  3.  Mag.  Hort.,  24:131. 
1858.  4.  Horticulturist,  13:122,  166.  1858.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1862:90.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1862:136,  140.  7.  !b.,  1881:117,  iig,  123,  136,  138,  153.  154,  158,  162,  16S.  8.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:103.  9.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  g-.^ij.  1890.  10.  Va.  Sta.  Bui,  94:1  iS-  189S.  11.  N.  Y.Sta. 
An.  Rpt..  17:531,  541,  544,  548,  552,  555.    1898.      12.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:39,  42,  44,  46.    1899. 

Hartford  Prolific  (i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6.  8).     Steele's  Seedling  (4). 

For  many  years  Hartford  was  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  standard 
early  black  grapes,  if  not  the  standard.  It  is  now  being  very  largely  super- 
seded, and  greatly  to  the  betterment  of  viticulture,  by  other  grapes  of  its 
season  of  better  quality,  though  it  is  still  quite  commonly  grown  in  New 
York  at  least.  It  is  probable  that  for  many  years  there  will  be  locations  in 
which  Hartford  may  be  profitably  cultivated  (some  in  which  it  alone  will 
be  worth  growing),  and  purposes  for  which  it  may  be  recommended.  The 
many  good  characters  of  the  vine  make  it  a  desirable  grape  for  breeding 
work. 

The  vine  of  Hartford  can  be  well  characterized  by  its  good  qualities 
but  the  fruit  is  best  described  through  its  faults.  The  plants  are  vigorous, 
prolific,  healthy,  and  the  fruit  is  borne  early  in  the  season,  ripening  from  a 
week  to  two  weeks  in  advance  of  the  Concord.  After  Concord  the 
Hartford  is  one  of  the  most  fruitful  of  American  grapes.  The  canes  are 
remarkable  for  their  stoutness  and  for  the  crooks  at  the  joints.  The  bunches 
are  not  unattractive  (the  color-plate  fails  to  do  them  justice  as  to  size 
and  color),  but  the  quality  of  the  fruit  is  low,  even  for  an  early  grape  where 
the  highest  quality  is  hardly  expected.  The  flesh  is  pulpy  and  unpleas- 
ant to  eat  while  the  flavor  is  both  too  insipid  and  too  foxy  to  be  good. 
Because  of  its  poor  quality,  now  that  there  are  so  many  really  good  early 
grapes,  Hartford  should  be  discarded.  But  there  is  another  reason  for 
ceasing  its  culture.  The  berries  shell  badly  either  on  the  vine  or  when 
packed  for  shipping,  so  that  the  fruit  neither  ships,  packs,  nor  keeps  well. 
The  competition  of  the  southern  states  from  which  later  and  better  varie- 
ties can  be  shipped  to  northern  cities  to  compete  with  Hartford  is  still 
another  reason  for  the  passing  of  this  variety  from  commercial  cultivation. 
Still  other  faults  are  that  it  colors  a  long  while  before  it  is  ripe;  and  it  is 


HARTFORD 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  285 

only  partly  self-fertile  so  that  in  seasons  when  there  is  bad  weather  during 
blooming  time  the  clusters  are  usually  loose  and  straggling. 

The  original  vine  of  Hartford  was  a  chance  seedling  in  the  garden  of 
Paphro  Steele  of  West  Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  fruited  for  the  first 
time  in  1849.  This  seedling  was  supposed  by  those  familiar  with  the 
surroundings  at  the  time  to  be  a  cross  of  Isabella  and  the  wild  fox  grape. 
It  was  named  Hartford  Prolific  by  the  Hartford  County  Horticultural 
Society.  The  American  Pomological  Society  placed  it  in  their  fruit  catalog 
in  1862  and  it  has  never  been  removed.  The  word  "  Prolific  "  appears 
to  have  been  dropped  from  this  name  by  common  consent  about  1890. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  injured  in  severe  winters,  very  productive  as  an  early 
grape.  Does  not  require  as  close  pruning  as  many  other  varieties.  Canes  above  mediuia 
in  length,  intermediate  in  number,  not  thick,  dark  brown,  covered  with  considerable 
pubescence ;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened ;  internodes  medium  to  short ;  diaphragm  medium 
to  below  in  thickness ;  pith  of  average  size ;  shoots  very  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous, 
long,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short,  thick  to  medium,  obtuse  to  conical.  Leaves  nearly 
large,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  often 
with  trace  of  bronze,  thinly  pubescent;  veins  indistinct;  lobes  variable  with  terminus 
blunt  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  narrow;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking; 
lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow,  often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width. 
Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  early,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  above  average  size,  nearly  long, 
slender  except  when  shouldered,  slightly  tapering,  irregular,  often  with  a  long,  large, 
single  shoulder,  loose;  peduncle  long  to  medium,  of  fair  size;  pedicel  short,  intermediate 
in  thickness,  covered  with  few  small  warts;  brush  greenish  with  dull  tinge  of  reddish- 
brown.  Berries  regular  in  size  averaging  above  medium,  roundish  to  oval,  black,  not 
glossy,  covered  with  blue  bloom,  drop  badly  from  pedicel,  of  average  firmness.  Skin 
thick,  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  much  purplish-red  pigment, 
somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  juicy,  toughish,  stringy  and  foxy, 
rather  sweet  at  skin  but  somewhat  tart  at  center,  resembles  Concord  but  ranks  below 
that  variety  in  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds  separate  rather  easily,  one  to  four,  average 
three  or  four,  intermediate  in  size,  almost  broad,  of  fair  length,  dark  brown;  raphe 
obscure;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  at  center  or  slightly  above,  irregularly  circular, 
rather  distinct.     Must  71°. 


286  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

HAYES. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  21:340.  1880.  2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:106.  fig.  3.  Mass.  Hori.  Soc.  Rpt.,  Pt.  i, 
1884:22,  23.  4.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885-6:109.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  6.  jV.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt.,  9:331.  i8go.  7.  Rural  X.  V.,  53:616,  645.  1894.  8.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:531,  541, 
548,  552.    1898. 

F.  B.  H.WKS  (7).     Francis  B.  Hayes  (3,  4).       Francis  B.   Hayes  (2,  6).      Moore's  No.  SI  (2). 

In  1880  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  awarded  a  first  class 
certificate  of  merit  to  Hayes  and  it  was  very  favorably  spoken  of  by  many 
expert  grape-growers  in  New  England  and  the  East.  These  recommen- 
dations brought  it  prominently  before  grape-growers  and  for  a  time  it 
was  a  somewhat  popular  variety,  but  as  it  became  better  known  several 
defects  became  apparent  and  its  popularity  waned.  The  vine  is  hardy 
and  vigorous  but  the  growth  is  slow  and  in  New  York  at  least  the  variety 
is  a  shy  or  precarious  Vjearer  and  both  bunches  and  berries  are  too  small 
and  variable  to  make  it  an  attractive  grape.  Besides  it  comes  at  a  time, 
a  week  or  ten  days  earlier  than  Concord,  when  there  are  many  other  really 
good  green  grapes.  Excellent  though  it  is  in  quality,  it  is  hardly  worth 
giving  a  place  in  this  State  for  any  purpose.  The  foliage  is  tender  to  the 
heat  of  summer  and  the  variety  is  not  therefore  adapted  to  southern  or 
western  localities. 

John  B.  Moore  of  Concord,  Massachusetts,  is  the  originator  of  Hayes. 
It  is  said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Concord  and  one  of  the  same  lot  of  seedlings 
as  Moore  Early.  It  was  first  fruited  in  1872  and  was  exhibited  at  Boston 
two  years  later.  The  variety  was  not  introduced,  however,  until  the  fall 
of  1884.  It  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  seedling  of  Concord  for  it  shows  no 
foxiness  of  flavor  and  has  tender,  delicate  flesh,  which  taken  together  make 
it  of  high  quality.  Hayes  illustrates  well  the  fact  mentioned  under  Concord 
that  the  light  colored  seedlings  of  that  variety  are  usually  of  high  quality. 
The  intermittent  tendrils  and  certain  characters  of  the  seeds  indicate  that 
there  is  some  species  present  besides  Labrusca,  probably  Vinifera. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  usually  hardy  and  healthy.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length,  numerous,  rather  slender;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid. 
Leaves  not  uniform  in  size,  nearly  dark  green;  lower  surface  considerably  pubescent. 
Flowers  almost  sterile,  open  medium  late;   stamens  upright.     Fruit  ripens  from  a  week 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  287 

to  ten  days  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size  and  length,  often 
single-shouldered,  not  uniform  in  compactness.  Berries  above  medium  to  small,  round- 
ish, greenish-yellow  to  slightly  golden  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent. 
Skin  thin,  tender,  covered  with  few  small  reddish-brown  dots.  Flesh  fine-grained, 
tender,  vinous,  sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  rather  mild,  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  few,  of  average  size,  medium  to  short,  often  plump. 

HEADLIGHT. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.   Rural   N.    Y.,  60:637.      1901.     2.   Am.   Pom.  ^oc.  Rpt.,  1903:82.     3.    U.   S.  D.  A.    Yr.  Bk., 
1903:276.     col.  pi.     4.   Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:301,  306. 

Headlight  is  one  of  the  most  promising  of  Munson's  many  valuable 
grapes.  Possibly  it  is  more  valuable  for  southern  vineyards  than  for 
northern  ones,  yet  it  is  worthy  of  trial  in  the  North.  Its  meritorious 
characters  are:  Productiveness,  outyielding  Delaware  with  which  it  would 
compete  in  New  York;  disease-resistant  foliage  and  vines  little  affected  by 
mildew  and  rarely  attacked  by  black-rot  even  in  the  South;  more  than 
average  vigor  of  vine,  though  it  has  fallen  short  of  expectations  in  this 
respect  in  the  Station  vineyard;  high  quality  of  the  fruit,  being  almost  the 
equal  of  Delaware  in  flavor  and  having  tender  melting  pulp  which  readily 
parts  from  the  seeds;  and  earliness,  ripening  before  Delaware  and  hanging 
on  the  vines  or  keeping  after  being  picked  for  some  time  without  deteriora- 
tion in  either  quality  or  appearance.  Though  a  southern  grape  it  has  proved 
perfectly  hardy  here  and  were  it  not  that  it  must  compete  in  the  North  with 
many  other  good  grapes,  Delaware  in  particular,  it  might  take  high  place 
in  northern  viticulture.  Even  with  such  competition  it  is  well  worth  a 
trial  in  either  the  amateur  or  commercial  vineyards  of  New  York.  It 
would  seem  that  for  the  South  its  resistance  to  disease  should  make  it  a 
valuable  commercial  variety. 

The  originator  of  Headlight,  T.  V.  Mtmson,  states  in  a  personal  letter 
that  it  came  from  Moyer  seed  fertilized  by  Brilliant.  The  seed  from  which 
the  variety  came  was  planted  in  1895  and  the  new  grape  was  introduced 
in  1 90 1  by  the  producer.  While  Headlight  is  as  yet  comparatively  little 
known,  it  is  being  tested  in  many  of  the  grape  regions  of  the  country  and  its 
value  should  soon  be  known.  Such  reports  of  its  behavior  as  have  been 
made  are  in  the  main  verv  favorable. 


288  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  at  this  Station  medium  to  weak,  hardy,  very  productive.  Canes  short  to 
medium,  few  in  number,  slender,  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown  with  small  amount  of 
bloom  at  nodes,  which  are  enlarged  and  usually  not  flattened;  internodes  short;  dia- 
phragm thick;  pith  below  medium  to  nearly  small;  shoots  more  or  less  pubescent; 
tendrils  continuous,  short,  bifid,  very  persistent. 

Leaf-buds  small  and  short,  inclined  to  slender,  pointed  to  conical,  open  late.  Young 
leaves  heavily  tinged  on  under  side  and  lightly  on  the  upper  side  with  bright  cannine. 
Leaves  medium  to  small,  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  smoothish;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  with  some  pubescence;  veins  obscure;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus 
obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate  in  depth  and  width;  basal  sinus  usually 
lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  sterile, 
open  in  mid-season;    stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  before  Delaware,  keeps  well.  Clusters  small,  short,  of  average  breadth, 
tapering,  frequentlv  single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  slender; 
pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  a  few  small,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  yellowish- 
brown.  Berries  medium  to  very  small,  roundish,  dark  red  to  almost  purplish-black, 
not  glossy,  covered  lightly  with  blue  bloom,  persistent,  very  firm.  Skin  of  average 
thickness,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  more  or  less  light  red  pigment', 
astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  very  juicy,  tender,  fane-grained,  vinous,  sweet 
from  skin  to  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp, 
one  to  three,  average  two,  below  medium  in  size,  intennediate  in  length,  light  brown; 
raphe  obscure;   chalaza  above  center,  circular,  distinct. 

HERBEMONT. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Amcr.  Farmer,  6:369.  1825.  2.  lb.,  10:211,  324.  1828.  3.  Prince,  1830:154  4.  lb., 
1830:154,  339.  5.  Mag.  Hort.,  9:373-  i843-  6.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1845:937,  940.  7.  Downing, 
1845:258  8.  Horticulturist,  1:98,  1846.  Q.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1847:464,  465.  469.  10.  Horti- 
culturist, 12:459.  1S57.  II.  Downing,  1857:339.  12.  Horticulturist,  20:40.  1865.  13.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  14.  Grape  Cult.,  1:17,  59,  69,  98,  173,  179,  257,  fig.,  258,  260,  296,  302.  i86g. 
15.  lb.,  2:76,  181,  195,  266.  1S70.  16.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:39.  17.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:104, 
105.  fig.  18.  Husniann,  1895:183.  19  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:181,  fig.,  182,  195.  1896.  20.  Tex- 
Farm  attd  Ranch,  Feb.  8,  1896:11.  21.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1150,  1157,  1898.  22.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid., 
46:39,  43,  45,  46,  50.   1899.     23.   Traite  gen.  dc  vit.,  6:256.    1903. 

BoWii  {20,  ?23).  Brown  French  (20,  2^).  Dunn  {20).  Herbemont  Madeira  (4,  5,  6).  Herbemont's 
Madeira  (10,  11,  14,  17,  19,  20,  23).  Hunt  (i).  Kay's  Seedling  (20).  Mc Kee  (20,  23).  Ncal 
grape  (11,  23).  Neil  grape  (17,  19,  23).  Warren  (2,  7,  10).  Warren  (2,  4,  6,  11,  14,  17,  19,  20,  23). 
Warrenden  (6).  Warrenton  (i,  2,  3,  5).  Warrenton  (4,  10,  11,  14,  17,  19,  20,  23).  White  Herbe- 
mont (20). 

In  the  South   Herbemont  has  the   same  relative  rank  among  culti- 
vated grapes  that  the  Concord  holds  in  the  North.     The  variety  is  injured 


HEADLIGHT 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  289 

by  cold  below  zero  or  thereabouts  and  cannot  be  grown  north  of  the  Ohio 
River  and  fails  somewhat  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  because  of  its  tender- 
ness. It  requires,  too,  a  long  season  for  perfect  maturity.  Herbemont  is 
also  fastidious  as  to  soil  and  its  cultivation  is  somewhat  limited  by  this 
factor.  It  requires  a  well-drained  warm  soil  and  one  which  is  abundantly 
supplied  with  humus;  though  the  variety  often  thrives  on  the  compara- 
tively poor  hill-land  of  the  South.  Despite  these  limitations,  this  variety 
is  grown  in  an  immense  territory,  extending  from  Virginia  and  Tennessee 
to  the  Gulf  and  westward  through  Texas.  The  synonyms  given  above  are 
many  of  them  allusions  to  the  localities  in  which  it  has  been  grown,  while 
most  of  the  others  pertain  to  its  origin,  but  all  show  to  some  extent  the 
wide  dissemination  of  this  grape  and  indicate  in  a  measure  its  merit. 

Herbemont  is  known  and  widely  grown  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  the 
southern  United  States.  In  southwestern  France  where  the  demands  of 
the  variety  seem  to  be  particularly  well  fulfilled,  it  is  firmly  established 
and  is  highly  regarded  as  a  direct  producer.  In  northern  and  central 
France,  however,  the  winters  are  too  cold  and  the  seasons  too  short  for  its 
profitable  culture.  Its  use  as  a  stock  in  France  is  limited  for  it  has  been 
found  to  be  but  medium  in  its  resistance  to  phylloxera;  does  not  grow  well 
from  cuttings  and  is  therefore  propagated  with  difficulty ;  the  wood  does  not 
bear  grafts  well  and  is  worked  with  difficulty  in  either  field  or  bench  graft- 
ing; and  lastly  the  French  find  it  very  subject  to  chlorosis,  especially  in 
calcareous  soils. 

The  vine  is,  according  to  all  accounts,  a  remarkably  vigorous,  rapid 
and  healthy  grower,  being  hardly  surpassed  in  these  characters  by  any  of 
our  native  grapes.  The  wood  is  strong,  abundant  and  very  hard,  the  latter 
a  serious  difficulty  in  grafting.  The  fruits  are  attractive  because  of  the  size 
of  the  bunch  and  the  glossy  black  of  the  berries,  which  are  small  as  compared 
with  northern  grapes.  Fruit  is  borne  abundantly  and  with  certainty  year 
in  and  year  out  in  suitable  localities.  The  flesh  characters  of  the  fruit  are 
good  for  a  small  grape,  neither  flesh,  skin  nor  seeds  being  especially  objec- 
tionable in  eating;  the  pulp  is  tender  and  juicy;  rich,  sweet  and  highly 
flavored,  the  combination  of  flesh  and  flavor  characters  giving  a  grape  of 
high  quality.     Herbemont  is  greatly  esteemed  as  a  table  grape  and  is  said 

19 


290  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

to  make  a  ver}-  good  light  red  wine.  The  ample,  lustrous  green  foliage  makes 
the  variety  one  of  the  attractive  ornamental  plants  of  the  South. 

Herbemont  has  been  much  used  in  grape-breeding  and  to  advantage,  for 
probably  no  otlier  species  offers  as  many  desirable  characters  for  the  South 
and  Southwest  as  the  one  to  which  this  variety  belongs  and  best  represents. 
There  are  now  several  pure-bred  seedlings  of  Herbemont  under  cultivation 
and  a  greater  number  in  whicli  it  is  one  of  the  parents.  Of  the  former 
Black  Herbemont  and  the  Onderdonk  are  good  representatives  and  Jaeger, 
Delicious,  Muench,  Vinita,  Perry,  Mrs.  Munson  and  Neva  Munson,  all  from 
Munson  of  Texas,  are  Herbemont  cross-breeds. 

The  history  of  Herbemont,  as  it  must  be  written  from  such  information 
as  can  now  be  obtained,  is  scarcely  more  than  a  collection  of  mythical 
stories  The  variety  is  known  to  have  been  in  cultivation  in  Georgia  before 
the  Revolutionary  War,  when  it  was  generally  known  under  the  name  of 
Warrenton  or  Warren.  In  the  early  part  of  the  last  century  it  came  to  the 
hands  of  Nicholas  Herbemont  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  who  gave  it  the 
name  Madeira  under  a  temporary  supposition  that  it  came  from  the  island 
of  that  name.  This  name  was  generally  changed  to  Herbemont's  Madeira. 
Herbemont  made  the  variety  known  to  the  public,  sending  it  to  William 
R.  Prince  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  Nicholas  Longworth  of  Cincinnati, 
the  two  most  prominent  viticulturists  of  that  time  who,  in  turn,  aided  in 
its  distribution. 

There  have  been  many  contradictory  accounts  of  the  origin  of  the 
grape,  crediting  it  to  Georgia,  the  Carolinas,  or  Europe.  None  is  sup- 
ported by  sufficient  evidence  to  make  it  creditable  and  most  of  them 
arose  at  so  late  a  date  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  writers  to  know  any- 
thing about  the  facts  of  the  case  except  by  hearsay  evidence.  The  early 
idea  of  many  that  it  is  a  Vinifera  was  soon  dropped.  Later  this  variety 
and  others  of  its  class  were  known  as  southern  Aestivalis;  however,  it  was 
admitted  that  they  were  unlike  other  southern  Aestivalis.  Munson  gave 
these  grapes  the  name  Bourquiniana,  a  name  that  has  been  accepted  as  a 
convenient  designation  for  the  group  by  some  who  do  not  accept  his  account 
of  its  origin.  The  Herbemont  and  Lenoir  are  the  two  varieties  commonly 
referred  to  as  typical  of  this  so-called  species. 

The  history  of  the  culture  of  Herbemont  in  the  North  has  been  the 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  291 

same  everywhere.  It  was  early  introduced  around  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
Hermann,  Missouri,  and  for  a  time  the  growers  had  high  hojDcs  of  its  value. 
It  winter-killed  slightly  but  they  overcame  this  by  covering  the  vines; 
then  the  variety  showed  itself  susceptible  to  rot  and  its  culture  was  soon 
dropped.  In  1867  the  Herbemont  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  and  it  has  never  been  removed. 
We  have  no  vines  of  Herbemont  growing  in  the  Station  vineyard  and 
the  following  description  has  been  collected  from  a  variety  of  sources. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous.  Canes  rather  long  and  strong,  bright  green,  with 
more  or  less  purple,  with  considerable  bluish-white  bloom;  internodes  short;  tendrils 
intermittent,  of  medium  size,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves  large,  rotmdish,  sometimes  entire, 
or  three- to  seven-lobed,  nearly  glabrous  above  and  below;  upper  surface  clear  green; 
lower  surface  lighter  green,  slightly  glaucous;  veins  prominent  and  covered  with  rather 
abundant  hair.  Flowers  self-fertile.  Fruit  ripens  very  late.  Clusters  large,  long, 
tapering  to  cylindrical,  prominently  shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  long  and  strong; 
pedicels  somewhat  short  with  few  rather  large  warts;  brush  pinkish.  Berries  round, 
below  medium  in  size,  uniform,  reddish-black  or  brown  with  abundant  blue  bloom. 
Skin  thin,  rather  tough,  with  considerable  pigment  below.  Flesh  tender,  veiy  juicy ; 
juice  colorless  or  slightly  pink;  rather  sweet,  sprightly  to  slightly  acid.  Seeds  two  to 
four,  usually  two,  small,  reddish-brown,  slightly  glossy;  chalaza  round,  prominent; 
raphe  distinct. 

HERBERT. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  31:106.  1865.  2.  Horticulturist.  24:126.  1869.  3.  Grape  Cull..  1:180,  182. 
i86g.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1869:42.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:32,  43,  121,  123,  136.  6.  Bush. 
Cat.,  1883:109.  7.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Ah.  Rpt.,  11:625.  1892.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:360.  1S93.  9.  N.  Y. 
Sta.  An.   Rpt.,   17:531.   548.   549,   555.    1898. 

Rogers'  No.  44   (i).      Rogers'   No.  44   (2,  3.  4,  5.  6,  7). 

Although  Rogers'  hybrids  have  not  made  a  great  impression  upon  the 
commercial  grape  culture  of  the  country,  all  will  agree  that  they  are  hardly 
surpassed  for  the  home  vineyard  and,  among  them,  at  least  none  of  the 
black  varieties  is  superior  for  this  purpose  to  Herbert.  Barry  equals  it 
and  possibly  surpasses  it  to  the  taste  of  most  grape  connoisseurs  in  delicacy 
of  flavor  but  Herbert  is  the  handsomer  fruit,  is  a  little  earlier  and  if  anything 
its  vine  characters  are  somewhat  better.  When  at  its  best,  Herbert,  and 
Barry  too,  nearly  equal  Black  Hamburg  in  the  characters  that  constitute 
high  quality.     They  lack  the  richness  of  the  Old  World  variety  but  they 


292  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

are  more  sprightly  and  refreshing  and  do  not  cloy  the  appetite  as  does  the 
Vintfera  variety.  In  all  that  constitutes  a  fine  table  grape  Herbert  is  about 
as  near  perfection  as  we  have  yet  reached  in  the  evolution  of  American 
grapes.  As  is  the  case  with  most  black  grapes  the  fruit  colors  long  before  it 
is  ripe  and  when  thus  picked  there  is  an  astringency  in  its  taste  that  wholly 
disappears  when  the  fruit  is  fully  ripe.  For  a  Vinifera-Labrusca  hybrid 
the  Herbert  is  vigorous,  hardy  and  fruitful  ranking  in  these  respects  above 
many  pure-bred  Labruscas.  While  the  fruit  ripens  with  Concord  it  keeps 
long  after  and  is  a  very  good  winter  grape.  It  keeps,  packs  and  ships  well. 
It  is  unable  to  fertilize  itself  and  must  be  set  near  other  varieties.  Herbert 
is  well  deserving  attention  from  commercial  growers  who  supply  a  dis- 
criminating market  and  its  many  good  qualities  will  give  it  a  high  place  in 
the  esteem  of  grape  connoisseurs. 

For  an  account  of  the  origin  and  early  history  of  Herbert  the  reader  is 
referred  to  "  Rogers'  Hybrids."  The  Herbert  is  first  mentioned  separately 
from  the  i-est  of  Rogers'  seedlings  in  1865,  under  the  designation  Rogers' 
No.  44.  In  1869  Rogers  gave  names  to  several  of  his  seedlings  and  the 
Rogers'  No.  44  received  the  name  Herbert.  The  same  year  it  was  placed 
on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog.  It 
has  never  been  cultivated  extensively  but  has  always  been  a  favorite  with 
amateur  growers.  The  differences  in  the  descriptions  furnished  by  different 
growers  leads  one  to  suspect  that  there  are  two  or  more  varieties  passing 
under  this  name. 

Vine  medium  to  very  vigorous,  injured  in  severe  winters,  productive.  Canes  ven,' 
long,  numerous,  unusually  thick,  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  somewhat  flattened; 
internodes  long  to  medium ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  medium  to  large ;  shoots  pubescent ; 
tendrils  intermittent,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  above  medium  in  size,  shortish,  plump,  obtuse,  open  early.  Young 
leaves  strongly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  bright  carmine. 
Leaves  very  large  to  medium,  roundish,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
dull,  smooth ;  lower  surface  pale  green  with  some  pubescence ;  veins  numerous  and 
quite  prominent;  leaf  not  lobed,  with  terminus  obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  very  deep,  narrow, 
closed  and  overlapping;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  lacking;  teeth  shallow  to  medium. 
Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  comes  in  season  with  Concord,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
large,  variable  in  length,  rather  broad,  slightly  tapering,  two  or  three  clusters  per  shoot, 
often  heavily  single-shouldered,  loose  to  medium;    peduncle  of  average  length,  thick; 


HERBERT 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  293 

pedicel  intermediate  in  length,  thick,  covered  with  small  russet  warts;  brush  yellowish- 
green.  Berries  irregular  in  size  but  usually  above  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  flattened, 
rather  dull  black,  covered  with  thick  blue  bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin 
variable  in  thickness  and  toughness,  adheres  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  small 
amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent,  juicy, 
tender,  fine-grained,  with  a  little  foxiness  or  muskiness,  nearly  sweet  at  skin  but  quite 
acid  at  center,  quality  good  to  very  good.  Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  with  difficulty, 
three  to  si.K  in  number,  average  three,  large,  broadish,  notched,  quite  long,  with  swollen 
neck,  blunt,  light  brown  with  yellowish  tips;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  intermediate  in 
size,  decidedly  above  center,  circular  to  pear-shaped,  distinct. 

HERCULES. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.   -V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..   11:625.    1892.     2.  III.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpi.,   1893:89.     3.   N.    Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  12:620.   1893.     4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:1,35.     5.  ^V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:531,  548,  555.   1898. 

Hercules  is  characterized  by  its  e.xtremely  large  berries,  the  size  being 
as  great,  if  not  greater,  than  that  of  any  of  our  native  grapes,  and  approach- 
ing that  of  the  largest  Old  World  grapes.  The  fruit  is  handsomely  colored 
and  the  cluster,  when  at  its  best,  is  large  and  well-formed  with  a  striking 
resemblance  to  Black  Hamburg.  The  flavor,  while  not  of  the  best,  is  good. 
But  large  size,  handsome  appearance,  and  good  flavor  cannot  make  up  for 
the  several  defects  of  the  variety.  The  fruit  drops  and  cracks  badly  and  the 
pulp  is  too  tough  and  adheres  too  firmly  to  the  seed  for  a  dessert  grape. 
These  faults  are  so  marked  as  to  make  Hercules  almost  worthless  except 
for  breeding  purposes.  Added  to  the  desirable  characters  of  the  fruit 
given  above,  the  vines  are  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive  so  that  this 
variety  offers  an  unusual  array  of  valuable  qualities  for  the  grape-breeder. 

At  one  time  it  was  claimed  that  Hercules  was  a  seedling  of  a  California 
grape  but  later  it  was  said  to  have  come  from  seed  of  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids. 
This  opinion  was  based  solely  upon  the  characters  of  the  plant,  as  the 
originator,  the  late  G.  A.  Ensenberger  of  Bloomington,  Illinois,  gave  no 
satisfactory  account  of  the  parentage  of  the  grape.  Hercules  was  exhibited 
at  the  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago,  where,  on  account  of  its  large  size 
and  showy  appearance,  it  attracted  mitch  attention.  It  is  unfortunate 
that  the  parentage  of  this  grape  is  not  known  as  it  is  likely  to  be  used  not  a 
little  in  the  grape-breeding  of  the  future  in  producing  large-fruited  varieties. 


294  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  extreme  winters,  very  productive. 
Canes  long  to  medium,  intermediate  in  number  and  thickness,  brown  or  dark  reddish- 
brown;  nodes  sUghtly  enlarged,  flattened;  intemodes  medium  to  long;  diaphragm 
thick;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  average 
length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  in  size,  short,  thickish,  pointed  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season. 
Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose 
carmine.  Leaves  large,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  slightly 
glossy,  smoothish;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  none 
to  three,  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  intermediate  to  narrow; 
basal  sinus  usually  absent;  lateral  sinus  shallow  to  a  mere  notch;  teeth  medium  to 
shallow,  intermediate  in  width.     Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  comes  in  season  about  with  Concord,  somewhat  subject  to  rot,  keeps  fairly 
well.  Clusters  attractive,  somewhat  resembling  Black  Hamburg,  very  large  to  medium, 
of  average  length,  broad  to  medium,  slightly  tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical  below  the 
single  shoulder,  one  to  three  clusters  per  shoot,  medium  to  rather  compact;  peduncle 
short  and  thick;  pedicel  inclined  to  shortness,  thickish,  much  enlarged  at  point  of  attach- 
ment to  the  fruit ;  brush  of  average  length,  pale  green.  Berries  unusually  large  but  some- 
what variable,  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  more  or  less  blue  bloom,  not  per- 
sistent, firm.  Skin  cracks  badly  in  some  seasons,  intermediate  in  thickness  and  tough- 
ness, adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  some  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent. 
Flesh  decided  green,  slightly  translucent,  juicy,  very  tough,  coarse,  stringy,  somewhat 
foxy,  sweet  near  skin  but  acid  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  very  adherent 
to  the  pulp,  one  to  five  in  number,  average  three,  large  to  medium,  above  usual  length, 
broad  to  medium,  deeply  notched,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  broad,  deep 
groove;    chalaza  small,  plainly  above  center,  circular  to  oval,  distinct. 

HERMANN. 

(Aestivalis,  Labrusca.) 

I.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1868:168.  2.  Grape  Cult.,  1:17,  104,  fig.,  105,  239,  260,  326,  330.  1869. 
3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:107.  fig.  4.  Mo.  Hort. Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:41  5.  lb.,  1891:128.  6.  Husmann,  1895: 
174.  7.  Ti'x.  Sta.  Bill.,  48:1150,  1157.  189S.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:39,  43,  45.  1S99.  9.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bid.,  110:246.    1902. 

Hermann  is  a  southern  grape,  a  true  Aestivalis  in  all  characters, 
and  is  not  adapted  to  the  North.  When  the  variety  was  introduced,  fifty 
or  more  years  ago,  it  was  considered  a  valuable  addition  to  the  list  of  wine 
grapes  but  it  has  not  grown  in  favor  nor  popularity  nor  been  extensively 
planted  in  any  of  the  grape  regions  of  the  South  It  is  said  to  be  vigorous, 
hardy  and  productive ;  to  defy  all  attacks  of  phylloxera ;  and  to  make  a  very 


.*^^^■■■'^l 


-'\- 


:^ 


A 


HERCULES 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  295 

superior  wine.     But  the  berries  are  very  small,  ripen  very  late,  in  some 
localities  crack  badly  and  in  others  rot. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  F.  Langendoerfer  of  Hermann,  Missouri, 
from  seed  of  Norton  planted  in  i860.  The  first  fruit  was  borne  in  1863. 
At  one  time  it  was  considerably  planted  in  Missouri  as  a  wine  grape  but  it 
did  not  become  popular  nor  spread  from  varietal  vineyards  to  any  extent 
on  account  of  its  lack  of  quality  for  either  the  table  or  wine.  It  is  of  interest 
chiefly  as  a  seedling  of  Norton  and  for  its  very  good  vine  characters.  The 
following  description  has  been  taken  from  a  number  of  sources,  chiefly 
from  the  Bushberg  Catalogtic: 

Vine  vigorous,  somewhat  tender,  resembling  Norton  in  foliage  except  that  the  leaves 
are  of  a  lighter  color  and  somewhat  more  deeply  lobed.  Stamens  erect.  Clusters  long 
and  narrow,  rather  compact,  rarely  shouldered.  Berries  small,  round,  black  with  blue 
bloom;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  and  of  the  characteristic  spicy  Aestivalis  flavor.  Must 
heavy  and  very  fragrant,  brownish-yellow  making  a  wine  the  color  of  Brown  Sherry  or 
Madeira,  of  great  body  and  fine  flavor;   registers  94°-: 05°. 

HICKS. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1898:46.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1899:80.  3.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1904:228.     4.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904.228.  240,  241.     5.  Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bui.,  30:11.    1905. 

Hicks  has  proved  itself  a  remarkably  good  grape  in  the  vineyard  of  this 
Station,  and  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  fruit  is  almost  identical  with 
that  of  Concord,  ripening  with  it  or  but  a  little  earlier,  there  certainly 
would  be  a  place  for  it  in  the  viticulture  of  the  State.  The  fact  that  it  was 
introduced  soine  years  ago  and  has  not  found  great  favor  with  growers 
is  assumptive  evidence  that  it  cannot  make  headway  against  Concord 
with  which  it  must  compete.  On  the  Station  grounds  it  is  more  prolific 
than  Concord  and  its  vines  are  of  stronger  growth.  The  variety  is  well 
worthy  a  trial. 

The  origin  of  the  Hicks  is  apparently  unknown.  It  was  introduced  in 
1898  by  Henry  Wallis  of  Wellston,  Missouri,  who  states  that  it  is  a  chance 
seedling  sent  from  California  about  1870  to  Richard  Berry,  a  well-known 
nurseryman  of  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri.  After  Berry's  death  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Wallis,  who  named  it  Hicks.  It  is  supposed  from  its 
characters  to  be  of  Concord  parentage. 


296  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Vine  vigorous  to  ven'  vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive.  Canes  medium  to  long, 
numerous,  of  average  thickness,  moderately  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown,  surface  cov- 
ered with  thin  blue  bloom;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  large,  medium 
to  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  slightly  glossy,  of  average  smoothness;  lower  surface 
whitish,  changing  to  a  rather  heavy  bronze,  strongly  pubescent;  veins  well  defined. 
Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  early;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  slightly  earlier,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  large  to 
medium,  long  to  medium,  broad,  tapering,  often  single-shouldered,  medium  in  compact- 
ness. Berries  large,  roundish,  dark  purplish-black  to  black,  covered  with  heavy  blue 
bloom,  inclined  to  shatter  somewhat  when  overripe,  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thick- 
ness, tender,  contains  a  small  amount  of  very  dark  wine-colored  pigment.  Flesh  greenish, 
juicy,  rather  tough,  fine-grained,  faintly  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  mild 
when  fully  ripe,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  somewhat  adherent,  above  medium  in  size, 
short,  broad,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  rather  broad  groove;  chalaza  of  average 
size,  slightly  above  center,  oval  to  circular. 

HIDALGO. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 
1.  Rural  N.    Y.,  60:637.    iQoi.     2.  Mo.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:306. 

Hidalgo  is  a  comparatively  recent  addition  to  the  list  of  grapes  for 
table  use.  While  it  has  not  been  tried  generally,  and  is  not  widely  known 
as  yet,  it  is  accorded  a  color-plate  and  a  full  description  in  this  work  chiefly 
because  of  its  remarkably  fine  quality.  It  is  rich  and  sweet,  delicately 
flavored,  yet  sprightly,  and  with  color,  size  and  form  of  berry  and  bunch 
so  well  combined  as  to  make  it  a  singularly  handsome  fruit.  The  skin  is 
thin  but  firm  and  the  variety  keeps  well  and  ships  well.  The  vine  characters 
for  this  State  are  not  well  known.  On  the  grounds  of  this  Station  it  is 
doubtfully  hardy,  variable  in  vigor,  and  not  always  fruitful.  While  Hidalgo 
may  not  prove  of  value  for  the  commercial  vineyard,  in  favorable  situa- 
tions it  may  be  expected  to  give  a  supph'  of  choice  fruit  for  the  amateur. 

The  parentage  of  Hidalgo  as  given  b\'  its  originator,  T.  V.  Munson,  is 
Delaware,  Goethe  and  Lindley.  The  variety  was  introduced  by  the  orig- 
inator in  1902  and  is  now  being  tested  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  reports  that  come  from  those  who  have  seen  or  grown  Hidalgo  agree 
in  the  main  with  the  characterization  given  aljove  and  bespeak  for  it  a 
high  degree  of  popularity,  at  least  as  a  table  grape  for  the  garden  and 
possibly  for  the  vineyard. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  289 

by  cold  below  zero  or  thereabouts  and  cannot  be  grown  north  of  the  Ohio 
River  and  fails  somewhat  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  because  of  its  tender- 
ness. It  requires,  too,  a  long  season  for  perfect  maturity.  Herbemont  is 
also  fastidious  as  to  soil  and  its  cultivation  is  somewhat  limited  by  this 
factor.  It  requires  a  well-drained  warm  soil  and  one  which  is  abundantly 
supplied  with  humus;  though  the  variety  often  thrives  on  the  compara- 
tively poor  hill-land  of  the  South.  Despite  these  limitations,  this  variety 
is  grown  in  an  immense  territory,  extending  from  Virginia  and  Tennessee 
to  the  Gulf  and  westward  through  Texas.  The  synonyms  given  above  are 
many  of  them  allusions  to  the  localities  in  which  it  has  been  grown,  while 
most  of  the  others  pertain  to  its  origin,  but  all  show  to  some  extent  the 
wide  dissemination  of  this  grape  and  indicate  in  a  measure  its  merit. 

Herbemont  is  known  and  widely  grown  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  the 
southern  United  States.  In  southwestern  France  where  the  demands  of 
the  variety  seem  to  be  particularly  well  fulfilled,  it  is  firmly  established 
and  is  highly  regarded  as  a  direct  producer.  In  northern  and  central 
France,  however,  the  winters  are  too  cold  and  the  seasons  too  short  for  its 
profitable  culture.  Its  use  as  a  stock  in  France  is  limited  for  it  has  been 
found  to  be  but  medium  in  its  resistance  to  phylloxera;  does  not  grow  well 
from  cuttings  and  is  therefore  propagated  with  difficulty ;  the  wood  does  not 
bear  grafts  well  and  is  worked  with  difficulty  in  either  field  or  bench  graft- 
ing; and  lastly  the  French  find  it  very  subject  to  chlorosis,  especially  in 
calcareous  soils. 

The  vine  is,  according  to  all  accounts,  a  remarkably  vigorous,  rapid 
and  healthy  grower,  being  hardly  surpassed  in  these  characters  by  any  of 
our  native  grapes.  The  wood  is  strong,  abundant  and  very  hard,  the  latter 
a  serious  difficulty  in  grafting.  The  fruits  are  attractive  because  of  the  size 
of  the  bunch  and  the  glossy  blacl:  of  the  berries,  which  are  small  as  compared 
with  northern  grapes.  Fruit  is  borne  abundantly  and  with  certainty  year 
in  and  year  out  in  suitable  localities.  The  flesh  characters  of  the  fruit  are 
good  for  a  small  grape,  neither  flesh,  skin  nor  seeds  being  especially  objec- 
tionable in  eating;  the  pulp  is  tender  and  juicy;  rich,  sweet  and  highlv 
flavored,  the  combination  of  flesh  and  flavor  characters  giving  a  grape  of 
high  quality.  Herbemont  is  greatly  esteemed  as  a  table  grape  and  is  said 
19 


290  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

to  make  a  very  good  light  red  wine.  The  ample,  lustrous  green  foliage  makes 
the  variety  one  of  the  attractive  ornamental  plants  of  the  South. 

Herbemont  has  been  much  used  in  grape-breeding  and  to  advantage,  for 
probably  no  other  species  offers  as  many  desirable  characters  for  the  South 
and  Southwest  as  the  one  to  which  this  variety  belongs  and  best  represents. 
There  are  now  several  pure-bred  seedlings  of  Herbemont  under  cultivation 
and  a  greater  number  in  which  it  is  one  of  the  parents.  Of  the  former 
Black  Herbemont  and  the  Onderdonk  are  good  representatives  and  Jaeger, 
Delicious,  Muench,  Vinita,  Perry,  Mrs.  Munson  and  Neva  Munson,  all  from 
Munson  of  Texas,  are  Herbemont  cross-breeds. 

The  history  of  Herbemont,  as  it  must  be  written  from  such  information 
as  can  now  be  obtained,  is  scarcely  more  than  a  collection  of  mythical 
stories  The  variety  is  known  to  have  been  in  cultivation  in  Georgia  before 
the  Revolutionary  War,  when  it  was  generally  known  under  the  name  of 
Warrenton  or  Warren.  In  the  early  part  of  the  last  century  it  came  to  the 
hands  of  Nicholas  Herbemont  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  who  gave  it  the 
name  Madeira  under  a  temporary  supposition  that  it  came  from  the  island 
of  that  name.  This  name  was  generally  changed  to  Herbemont's  Madeira. 
Herbemont  made  the  variety  known  to  the  public,  sending  it  to  William 
R.  Prince  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  Nicholas  Longworth  of  Cincinnati, 
the  two  most  prominent  viticulturists  of  that  time  who,  in  turn,  aided  in 
its  distribution. 

There  have  been  many  contradictory  accounts  of  the  origin  of  the 
grape,  crediting  it  to  Georgia,  the  Carolinas,  or  Europe.  None  is  sup- 
ported by  sufficient  evidence  to  make  it  creditable  and  most  of  them 
arose  at  so  late  a  date  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  writers  to  know  any- 
thing about  the  facts  of  the  case  except  by  hearsay  evidence.  The  early 
idea  of  many  that  it  is  a  Vinifera  was  soon  dropped.  Later  this  variety 
and  others  of  its  class  were  known  as  southern  Aestivalis;  however,  it  was 
admitted  that  they  were  unlike  other  southern  Aestivalis.  Munson  gave 
these  grapes  the  name  Bourquiniana,  a  name  that  has  been  accepted  as  a 
convenient  designation  for  the  group  by  some  who  do  not  accept  his  account 
of  its  origin.  The  Herbemont  and  Lenoir  are  the  two  varieties  commonly 
referred  to  as  typical  of  this  so-called  species. 

The  history  of  the  culture  of  Herbemont  in  the  North  has  been  the 


^>-  -^^ 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  303 

serious  faults.  lona  rivals  Delaware  as  the  standard  in  quality  of  Ameri- 
can grapes,  though  if  flavor  alone  be  considered,  grape  connoisseurs 
generally  agree  that  it  surpasses  Delaware  and  is  the  finest  flavored  of  all 
our  grapes. 

In  flavor  lona  has  a  rare  combination  of  sweetness  and  acidity,  pure, 
delicate  and  vinous.  The  flesh  is  transparent,  melting,  tender,  juicy,  and 
of  uniform  consistence  quite  to  the  center.  The  seeds  are  few  and  small 
and  part  readily  from  the  flesh.  The  color  is  a  peculiar  dark-red  wine 
with  a  tint  of  amethyst,  somewhat  variable  and  not  always  attractive. 
The  bunch,  at  its  best,  is  large  but  rather  loose  with  berries  varying  some- 
what in  size  and  ripening  unevenly.  It  cannot  be  called  a  particularly 
handsome  grape.  The  fruit  does  not  decay  readily  and  may  be  kept  in  a 
good  fruit  room  until  late  winter  without  loss  of  flavor  and  with  the  berries 
adhering  to  the  bunch.  Beside  being  a  most  excellent  table  grape,  it  is 
much  sought  for  by  wine-makers  for  champagne  and  for  making  finely- 
flavored  white  wines. 

The  vine  characters  of  lona  are  not  nearly  as  good  as  those  of  the  fruit. 
To  do  well  it  must  have  a  soil  exactly  suited  to  its  wants.  Seemingly  it  does 
best  in  deep,  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  clays  and  cannot  be  grown  in  damp, 
rich,  black  soils  on  the  one  hand  nor  poor  sands  or  gravels  on  the  other. 
Vergil's  lines  as  to  the  treatment  of  soils  for  vines  are  especially  applicable 
to  the  lona. 

"A  free  loose  earth  is  what  the  vines  demand, 
Where  wind  and  frost  have  help'd  the  lab'rer's  hand, 
And  sturdy  peasants  deep  have  stirr'd  the  land." 

This  variety  does  especially  well  when  trained  against  walls  or  buildings, 
attaining  under  such  conditions  rare  perfection.  It  is  not  hardy  in  any  but 
favored  localities  in  New  York  and  in  many  parts  of  the  State  must  have 
careful  winter  protection.  The  vines  are  not  vigorous  and  are  inclined  to 
overbear,  to  remedy  which  it  must  have  close  pruning,  or  be  grafted  on  a 
strong  growing  stock.  In  localities  where  mildew  and  rot  thrive  lona  is 
badly  attacked  by  these  diseases.  The  vines  bear  early  and  the  fruit  ripens 
at  mid-season  or  shortly  after.  lona  is  a  grape  for  the  amateur  and  for 
the  careful  vineyardist.     Few  varieties  are  more  desirable  or  satisfactory 


304  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

for  the  garden  when  planted  in  soils  to  which  it  is  adapted,  when  given 
good  care,  properly  protected  from  cold,  and  the  vines  restrained  from 
overbearing. 

lona  was  originated  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant'  of  lona  Island,  Westchester 
County,  New  York,  and  the  name  commemorates  the  scene  of  the  viticul- 
tural  labors  of  one  of  the  founders  of  American  viticulture.  Grant  states 
that  lona  is  from  seed  of  Diana  planted  in  1855,  the  plant  from  which 
fruited  for  the  first  time  four  years  later.  Cay  wood,  however,  says  that 
Grant  informed  him  that  it  was  found  growing  as  a  chance  seedling  under 
a  Catawba  vine.  Since  Diana  is  a  seedling  of  Catawba  there  is  too  little 
difference  in  the  character  of  the  older  varieties  to  enable  one  to  tell  from 
which  lona  came.  This  variety  ^  was  awarded  the  Greeley  prize  of  $100, 
offered  by  Horace  Greeley  during  the  Civil  War  for  a  grape  adapted  to 
general  cultivation  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  The  requirements 
which  a  variety  had  to  possess  to  secure  this  prize  were  certainly  sufficiently 
high;  it  was  asked  that  the  vine  should  be  as  hardy,  healthy  and  vigorous 
as  the  strongest  American  vine  and  the  fruit  of  a  quality  equal  to  the  best 
European.  Such  a  grape  would  be  a  boon  to  European  as  well  as  to  Ameri- 
can grape-growers.  Though  the  prize  went  to  lona  it  must  not  be  thought 
that  it  meets  these  requirements. 

lona  was  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1864.  It  was  overpraised, 
extensively  advertised,  and  for  some  time  the  prices  of  vines  were  kept  at 


'Dr.  C.  W.  Grant  was  born  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1810.  Early  in  life  he  became  a 
Doctor  of  Medicine  but  soon  became  dissatisfied  with  that  profession  as  it  was  then  practiced,  and 
entered  dentistry.  He  settled  in  Newburgh,  New  York,  where  he  built  up  a  very  large  dental 
practice.  Dr.  Grant  was  an  enthusiastic  amateur  horticulturist  and  numbered  among  his  friends 
such  men  of  national  note  as  A.  J.  and  Charles  Downing,  Horace  Greeley,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  W- 
C.  Bryant,  Donald  G.  Mitchell  and  others  like  these  who  were  interested  in  rural  pursuits.  He 
bought  lona  Island  in  the  Hudson  River  and  planted  thereon  a  commercial  vineyard.  On  the  death 
of  his  wife  in  1856  he  gave  up  his  dental  practice  and  took  up  his  residence  on  lona  Island.  Here 
for  twelve  years  he  grew  grapes  and  conducted  a  grape  nursery.  Unfortunately  Dr.  Grant's  business 
experience  was  not  such  as  to  enable  him  to  make  a  success  of  a  cominercial  nursery.  In  1868  he 
retired  from  active  pursuits  and  returned  to  his  old  home  at  Litchfield,  where  he  died  in  1881.  Dr. 
Grant's  chief  interest  to  grape-growers  lies  in  the  fact  that  he  was  the  originator  of  lona  and  Israella 
and  the  introducer  of  Anna  and  Eumelan.  He  was  one  of  the  first  and  a  most  ardent  grape-breeder, 
working  especially  toward  improving  the  quality  of  commercial  varieties  of  grapes. 

'  On  account  of  criticisms  of  the  justice  of  the  award.  Grant  returned  the  prize  to  be  competed 
for  a  second  time.     At  the  second  trial  it  went  to  Concord  on  vine  characters. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  297 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  not  always  hardy,  somewhat  uncertain  in  bearing.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length  and  number,  above  average  thickness,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes 
enlarged  and  flattened ;  internodes  of  fair  length ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  medium  to 
below  in  size;  shoots  slightly  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent  to 
continuous,  intermediate  in  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  small  and  short,  medium  to  slender,  conical  to  pointed,  open  late. 
Young  leaves  faintly  tinged  on  the  under  side  only  with  rose-cannine.  Leaves  medium 
to  large,  often  irregularly  roundish,  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  medium  to 
slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green  to  bronze,  heavily  pubescent;  veins  distinct; 
lobes  three  when  present  with  angle  at  terminus  variable;  petiolar  sinus  not  uniform 
in  depth,  narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  none;  lateral 
sinus  shallow,  narrow,  often  a  mere  notch ;  teeth  very  shallow,  narrow  to  medium. 
Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  after  mid-season;   stamens  tipright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large  but  smaller 
than  Niagara,  long  to  medium,  inclined  to  slender,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  often 
blunt,  usually  not  shouldered,  one  to  two  bunches  per  shoot,  medium  to  compact; 
peduncle  long  and  slender;  pedicel  long,  moderately  slender,  covered  with  numerous 
small  warts ;  brush  of  average  size,  not  thick,  yellowish-green  with  brown  tinge.  Berries 
above  medium  in  size,  inclined  to  oval,  attractive  greenish-yellow,  rather  glossy,  covered 
with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  fimi.  Skin  thin  to  medium,  tough,  adheres  slightly 
to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  greenish-white,  somewhat  trans- 
parent, juicy,  tender  and  melting,  aromatic,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  very  good  to 
best.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  two  to  four  in  number,  average  two,  above 
medium  in  size,  intermediate  in  length  and  breadth,  plump,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  large,  slightly  above  center,  irregularly  circular,  distinct. 

HIGHLAND. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Gar.  I\lon.,  16:375.  1874.  2.  Horticulturist,  29:329.  1874.  3.  Gar.  Man.,  21:149.  1879. 
4.  W.  iV.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  27:29.  1882.  5.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1882-3:46.  6.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:109.  7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:626.  1892.  8.  lb.,  17:531,  548,  552.  1898.  9.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bui.,  110:241.   1902. 

RicKETTs'  No.  37   (2).     Rickctts'   No.  37   (i,  6). 

Highland  has  been  on  trial  in  New  York  for  at  least  thirty  years  but 
has  not  become  widely  distributed,  though  few  varieties  of  black  grapes 
surpass  it  or  equal  it  in  appearance  or  in  quality.  The  chief  trouble  has 
been  that  the  variety  is  too  late  for  New  York,  ripening  with,  or  a  little 
later  than  Catawba.  When  given  good  care  and  under  favorable  conditions 
the  bunches  are  unusually  large  and  handsome  in  appearance,  sometimes 
attaining  a  weight  of  two  pounds  and  having  beautiful  bluish-black  berries 


298  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

with  something  of  the  fine  flavor  and  tender  texture  of  the  Jura  Muscat, 
one  of  its  parents.  The  flesh  is  soUd,  and  while  the  skin  is  thin,  yet  it  is 
firm  and  the  fruit  keeps  and  ships  well.  The  vine  is  fairly  vigorous  but 
doubtfully  hardy  and  productive  to  a  fault.  In  all  localities  where  the 
climate  is  sufficiently  temperate  and  the  season  sufficiently  long  for  vine 
and  fruit  of  Highland  to  develop  perfectly,  it  is  one  of  the  choicest  of  grapes 
for  the  amateur. 

This  fine  grape  was  originated  at  about  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  by 
James  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized 
by  Jura  Muscat.  It  was  introduced  by  Messrs.  Asher  Hance  &  Sons, 
who  bought  it  of  the  originator.  It  is  very  common  in  varietal  vineyards 
but  it  has  not  become  popular  as  a  commercial  sort;  it  is  a  popular  grape 
for  exhibitions  where,  when  well  grown,  it  is  hardly  surpassed  in  appearance 
by  any  other  American  grape. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  productive,  healthy,  often  inclined  to  overbear.  Canes 
long,  numerous,  medium  to  thick,  light  and  dark  brown,  often  with  a  dull,  ash-gray- 
tinge,  covered  with  thin  bloom;  nodes  strongly  enlarged,  not  flattened;  internodes 
medium  to  very  long ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  large  to  medium ;  shoots  usually  pubescent ; 
tendrils  intermittent,  of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  rather  short  and  thick,  obtuse  to  conical.  Leaves 
large,  intermediate  in  thickness,  upper  surface  often  dark  green,  dull,  medium  to  rugose; 
lower  surface  grayish-green,  pubescent;  veins  rather  indistinct;  lobes  none  to  five,  with 
terminal  lobe  acute  to  obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  rather  deep,  variable  in  width;  basal  sinus 
shallow,  narrow;  lateral  sinus  of  average  depth  and  width,  sometimes  a  mere  notch; 
teeth  rather  deep  and  wide.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season ;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Catawba  or  after,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  large,  rather  long 
and  broad,  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered  but  sometimes  with  a  double  shoulder, 
usually  two  bunches  per  shoot,  intermediate  in  compactness;  peduncle  of  average 
length  and  thickness;  pedicel  long  to  medium,  moderately  thick,  nearly  smooth;  brush 
below  average  length,  green  with  yellowish-brown  tinge.  Berries  large,  roundish-oval, 
dark  purplish-black  to  bluish-black,  rather  dull,  covered  with  dark  lilac  or  slightly  blue 
bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  tough,  nearly  free 
from  the  pulp,  contains  little,  if  any,  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  trans- 
lucent, juicy,  somewhat  tender,  slightly  vinous,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  rather 
easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three,  above  medium  to  large,  nearly  long, 
intermediate  in  breadth,  slightly  notched  with  a  one-sided  tendency,  riper  seeds  brown- 
ish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  variable  in  shape,  not  distinct. 


^ 


^^ 


p'~' 


HIGHLAND 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  299 

HOSFORD. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Can.  Hort.,  11:287.  188S.  2.  Rural  .V.  Y.,  49:737,  fig.,  739.  856.  1890.  3.  U.  S.  D.  A. 
Rpt..  1892:264.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:138.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1894:75.  6.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid., 
169:171.    1S99.     7.  Ga.  Sta.  Bill.,  53:45.    1901. 

Hosford's  Mammoth  Seedling  (2).     Hosford's  Seedling  (i). 

Hosford  is  an  offspring  of  Concord,  differing  from  the  parent  chiefly 
in  the  greater  size  of  bunch  and  berry  and  in  being  less  fruitful.  The 
variety  is  surpassed  by  Worden  and  Eaton,  of  the  same  type,  and  is  probably 
not  worth  cultivation.  It  is  claimed  by  some  that  this  variety  is  identi- 
cal with  Eaton.  It  is  true  that  Hosford  has  a  marked  resemblance  to 
Eaton  but  there  are  noticeable  differences  in  both  vine  and  fruit  characters 
and  the  pure  seedlings  of  the  two  varieties  are  entirely  different,  those  of 
Eaton  being  much  darker  in  color  and  more  vigorous.  Hosford  was  sent 
out  several  years  before  Eaton.  The  vine  of  this  variety  looks  very  much 
like  Concord  except  that  the  indentations  along  the  margins  of  the  leaves 
are  deeper. 

As  a  rule  the  black  seedlings  of  Concord  which  have  been  introduced 
are  larger  in  cluster  and  berry  than  the  parent  and  either  not  as  high  in 
quality  or  no  higher,  differing  materially  from  Concord's  light-colored 
seedlings,  which  are  usuallv  smaller  in  bunch  and  berry,  or  at  least  not 
larger,  and  of  distinctly  better  quality.  Hosford  is  a  typical  black  seedling 
in  the  above  respects. 

This  variety  originated  in  the  garden  of  George  Hosford  of  Ionia, 
Michigan.  It  was  found  by  the  owner  about  1876  as  a  chance  seedling 
growing  between  two  Concord  vines. 

Vine  not  very  vigorous,  nearly  hardy,  unproductive.  Canes  short,  few  in  number, 
rather  slender;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  medium  to  below  in  size, 
intermediate  in  thickness;  lower  surface  grayish-white  to  bronze,  heavily  pubescent. 
Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  shortly  before 
Concord,  does  not  keep  very  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  tapering,  slightly  shoul- 
dered, moderately  compact.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dull 
black  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  medium  to  thick,  tender. 
Flesh  very  pale  green,  unusually  juicy,  fine-grained,  rather  tender,  vinous,  sweet,  good 
in  quality.      Seeds  not  numerous,  nearly  large,  very  broad,  blunt,  plump. 


300  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


HYBRID  FRANC. 

(Vinifera,  Rupestris.) 


I.  Am.  Vines,  1903:1^0. 
Franc's  Hybrid  (i). 


Hybrid  Franc  is  illustrated  and  described  in  full  in  The  Grapes  of  New 
York  because  it  is  the  best  known  cross  between  Rupestris  and  Vinifera. 
It  is  one  of  the  few  varieties  used  in  Europe  as  a  resistant  stock  now  recom- 
mended for  a  direct  producer.  The  vine  characters  are  seemingly  all  good, — 
hardy,  vigorous  and  very  productive.  The  fruit  is  fit  only  for  wine  being 
too  acid  for  a  table  grape.  The  coloring  matter  in  the  fruit  is  very  intense 
and  it  might  be  used  for  giving  color  to  wines.  Hybrid  Franc  is  of  much 
interest  to  the  grape-breeder,  and  experiments  with  it  as  a  parent  are 
desirable  for  New  York.     The  variety  is  of  French  origin. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  variable  in  length,  numerous,  thick  to 
medium,  light  brown,  covered  with  slight  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  roundish;  inter- 
nodes  very  short;  diaphragm  thin;  pith  unusually  large;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils 
intermittent,  often  rather  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  short,  above  average  thickness,  obtuse  to  conical,  open 
moderately  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  upper  and  lower  sides  with  carmine;  the 
tips  of  the  buds  in  opening  show  strongly  the  leaf  serrations.  Leaves  very  small  to 
medium,  rather  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  decidedly  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface 
greenish,  showing  Riparia  characters,  quite  hairy  along  ribs  and  larger  veins;  lobes 
usually  three  to  five  with  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate 
in  depth,  narrow  to  medium,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  of  average 
depth  and  width ;  lateral  sinus  medium  in  depth  to  a  mere  notch ;  teeth  intermediate 
in  depth  and  width.      Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  early ;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  before  mid-season,  does  not  always  keep  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
below  in  size,  short,  intermediate  in  breadth,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  usually  single- 
shouldered,  average  three  bunches  per  shoot,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle  below 
medium  length,  rather  slender;  pedicel  long,  slender,  covered  with  few,  small,  incon- 
spicuous warts;  brush  short,  wine-colored.  Berries  below  medium  to  small,  uniform, 
slightly  oblate  to  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  thick,  blue  bloom,  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  thin,  tender,  does  not  adhere  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  very  dark  wine-colored 
pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  often  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge,  translu- 
cent, juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  tender,  spicy,  tart  to  acid,  fair  in  quality.  Seeds 
separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  three  and  four,  medium  to  small, 
rather  short,  intermediate  in  breadth,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average 
size,  slightly  above  center,  oval  to  pear-shaped,  distinct. 


HYBRID  FRANC 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  301 

IDEAL. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1886:187.  2.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1890:155.  3.  lb.,  1891:128.  4. 
Bush.  Cat..  1894:140.  5.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1897:16.  6.  Va.  Sta.  Bui,  94  =  137.  1898.  7.  Mo. 
Stci.  Bui.,  46:39,  42,  44,  46,  55.    1899.     8.  Budil-IIansen,  2:380.   1902. 

Burr  No.  9  (i). 

Ideal  is  a  handsome  seedling  of  the  Delaware,  from  which  it  differs 
chiefly  in  being  much  larger  in  bunch  and  berry,  attaining  in  both  of  these 
characters  nearly  the  size  of  Catawba.  In  Kansas  and  Missouri  it  is  most 
highly  recommended,  not  only  for  the  high  quality  of  the  fruit,  ranking 
with  Delaware  in  quality,  but  because  of  vigorous,  healthy,  productive 
vines.  But  ii.  New  York,  on  the  Station  grounds  at  least,  the  vines  are 
precariously  hardy  and  not  sufficiently  fruitful,  healthy  nor  vigorous  to 
warrant  a  very  high  recommendation  for  the  variety.  Were  the  variety 
of  recent  introduction  it  might  be  recommended  for  trial  but  it  has  been 
grown  for  more  than  twent>'  years  and  has,  therefore,  been  well  tried  and 
has  not  proved  of  general  value.     It  may  be  worth  planting  for  home  use. 

Originated  by  John  Burr  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  over  thirty  years 
ago  from  seed  of  Delaware,  the  attention  of  the  public  was  attracted  to 
Ideal  about  1890,  first  by  glowing  descriptions  of  the  variety  from  the 
originator  and  his  friend  and  co-worker.  Dr.  Stayman,  and  later  by  reports 
from  various  persons  who  had  tested  the  variety.  It  does  not  appear  to 
have  ever  been  regularly  introduced  but  was  sent  to  various  persons  for 
testing  by  whom  it  was  distributed.  It  is  now  found  only  in  the  occasional 
variety  vineyard  and  apparently  not  offered  for  sale  by  any  nurserymen. 
Ideal  is  better  known,  and  possibly  succeeds  better  in  the  West  than  in  the 
East. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  productive,  but  yielding  smaller  crops 
than  Concord;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.  Canes  long,  numerous,  rather 
slender.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  variable  in  color;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly 
pubescent  and  cobwebby.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Delaware,  keeps  only  fairly  well. 
Clusters  large  to  above  medium,  long  to  medium,  often  rather  broad  and  heavily  shoul- 
dered, intermediate  in  compactness.  Berries  large,  roundish,  attractive  dark  red, 
covered  with  abundant  lilac  bloom,  often  with  tinge  of  blue,  usually  persistent,  firm. 
Flesh  greenish,  moderately  tender,  aromatic,  nearly  sweet  next  the  skin  to  acid  at  center, 
good  to  very  good  in  quality.      Seeds  adherent,  large,  plump. 


302  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

IMPERIAL. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.    Horticulturist,  29:328.    1874.     2.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..   1875:114.     3.  TV.   N.    Y.    Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,   1891:45.     4.  Bush.  Cat.,   1894:140. 
No.  93  A  (i). 

Although  introduced  nearly  forty  years  ago,  Imperial  is  still  little 
known  and  does  not  appear  to  have  especial  value.  Perhaps  its  most 
valuable  character  is  hardiness  as  it  is  reputed  to  be  as  hardy  as  Concord 
which,  for  a  grape  having  its  proportion  of  Vinifera  blood,  is  the  exception. 
In  appearance  and  quality  Imperial  is  very  good  and  were  its  vine  characters 
better,  and  were  there  not  so  many  excellent  green  grapes  of  its  season  with 
which  it  must  compete,  the  variety  would  be  more  generally  cultivated. 

Imperial  is  a  seedling  of  lona  fertilized  by  Sarbelle  Muscat  and  was 
raised  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  over  thirty  years  ago. 
The  following  description  has  been  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy.  Leaves  large,  attractive  green.  Fruit  ripens  late. 
Clusters  large,  sj'mmetrical,  slightly  shouldered,  rather  compact.  Berries  large,  greenish- 
white,  covered  with  considerable  bloom.  Flesh  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly,  not  high 
in  flavor  but  agreeable,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.      Seeds  small,  not  numerous. 

lONA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Horticulturist,  18:313.  1863.  2.  Mag.  Hort.,  29:420.  1863.  3.  Grant,  Descript.  Cat.,  1864:8, 
9,  18,  19,  21,  32.  4.  Grant,  Grape  Vines,  1864:1,  2,  3,  5,  11,  12.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1867:105.  7.  lovja  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1867:108.  8.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:15, 
187,  298,  299.  1869.  9.  Horticulturist,  25:186.  1870.  10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:69.  11.  Hor- 
ticulturist, 29:20,  245.  1874.  12.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:355.  13.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:39. 
14.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:222.  15.  W.  .V.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  31:120.  1886.  16.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:328.  i8go.  17.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.,  29:21.  1894.  18.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:140.  19.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:531.  548,  552,  555,  559.  1898.  20.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.,  94:137.  1898.  21.  Miss.  Sta. 
Bui.,  56:15.    1899.     22.  Mo.  Sta.  B-tl.,  46:39,  43,  44,  45,   51.   76.    1S99. 

lona  is  probably  surpassed  in  delicacy  and  sprightliness  of  flavor,  in 
keeping  quality,  and  for  making  certain  wines,  as  champagne,  by  few,  if  an}-, 
other  American  grapes.  In  spite  of  these  several  good  qualities  it  has  never 
been  very  generally  grown,  chiefly  for  the  reason  that  it  reciuires  more 
care  than  commercial  grape-growers  are  willing  to  give  grapes,  though, 
beside  requiring  the  best  of  care,   its  cultivation  is  hindered  by   several 


lONA 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


-i^O 


serious  faults.  lona  rivals  Delaware  as  the  standard  in  quality  of  Ameri- 
can grapes,  though  if  flavor  alone  be  considered,  grape  connoisseurs 
generally  agree  that  it  surpasses  Delaware  and  is  tlie  finest  flavored  of  all 
our  grapes. 

In  flavor  lona  has  a  rare  combination  of  sweetness  and  acidity,  pure, 
delicate  and  vinous.  The  flesh  is  transparent,  melting,  tender,  juicy,  and 
of  uniform  consistence  quite  to  the  center.  The  seeds  are  few  and  small 
and  part  readily  from  the  flesh.  The  color  is  a  peculiar  dark-red  wine 
with  a  tint  of  amethyst,  somewhat  variable  and  not  always  attractive. 
The  bunch,  at  its  best,  is  large  but  rather  loose  with  berries  varying  some- 
what in  size  and  ripening  unevenly.  It  cannot  be  called  a  particularly 
handsome  grape.  The  fruit  does  not  decay  readily  and  may  be  kept  in  a 
good  fruit  room  until  late  winter  without  loss  of  flavor  and  with  the  berries 
adhering  to  the  bunch.  Beside  being  a  most  excellent  table  grape,  it  is 
much  sought  for  by  wine-makers  for  champagne  and  for  making  finely- 
flavored  white  wines. 

The  vine  characters  of  lona  are  not  nearly  as  good  as  those  of  the  fruit. 
To  do  well  it  must  have  a  soil  exactly  suited  to  its  wants.  Seemingly  it  does 
best  in  deep,  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  clays  and  cannot  be  grown  in  damp, 
rich,  black  soils  on  the  one  hand  nor  poor  sands  or  gravels  on  the  other. 
Vergil's  lines  as  to  the  treatment  of  soils  for  vines  are  especially  applicable 
to  the  lona. 

"A  free  loose  earth  is  what  the  vines  demand, 
Where  wind  and  frost  have  help'd  the  lab'rer's  hand, 
And  sturdy  peasants  deep  have  stirr'd  the  land." 

This  variety  does  especially  well  when  trained  against  walls  or  buildings, 
attaining  under  such  conditions  rare  perfection.  It  is  not  hardy  in  any  but 
favored  localities  in  New  York  and  in  many  parts  of  the  State  must  have 
careful  winter  protection.  The  vines  are  not  vigorous  and  are  inclined  to 
overbear,  to  remedy  which  it  must  have  close  pruning,  or  be  grafted  on  a 
strong  growing  stock.  In  localities  where  mildew  and  rot  thrive  lona  is 
badly  attacked  by  these  diseases.  The  vines  bear  early  and  the  fruit  ripens 
at  mid-season  or  shortly  after.  lona  is  a  grape  for  the  amateur  and  for 
the  careful  vineyardist.     Few  varieties  are  more  desirable  or  satisfactory 


304  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

for  the  garden  when  planted  in  soils  to  which  it  is  adapted,  when  given 
good  care,  properly  protected  from  cold,  and  the  vines  restrained  from 
overbearing. 

lona  was  originated  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant ^  of  lona  Island,  Westchester 
County,  New  York,  and  the  name  commemorates  the  scene  of  the  viticul- 
tural  labors  of  one  of  the  founders  of  American  viticulture.  Grant  states 
that  lona  is  from  seed  of  Diana  planted  in  1855,  the  plant  from  which 
fruited  for  the  first  time  four  years  later.  Caywood,  however,  says  that 
Grant  informed  him  that  it  was  found  growing  as  a  chance  seedling  under 
a  Catawba  vine.  Since  Diana  is  a  seedling  of  Catawba  there  is  too  little 
difference  in  the  character  of  the  older  varieties  to  enable  one  to  tell  from 
which  lona  came.  This  variety  ^  was  awarded  the  Greeley  prize  of  $100, 
offered  by  Horace  Greeley  during  the  Civil  War  for  a  grape  adapted  to 
general  cultivation  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  The  requirements 
which  a  variety  had  to  possess  to  secure  this  prize  were  certainly  sufficiently 
high;  it  was  asked  that  the  vine  should  be  as  hardy,  healthy  and  vigorous 
as  the  strongest  American  vine  and  the  frait  of  a  quality  equal  to  the  best 
European.  Such  a  grape  would  be  a  boon  to  European  as  well  as  to  Ameri- 
can grape-growers.  Though  the  prize  went  to  lona  it  must  not  be  thought 
that  it  meets  these  requirements. 

lona  was  introduced  by  the  originator  in  1864.  It  was  overpraised, 
extensively  advertised,  and  for  some  time  the  prices  of  vines  were  kept  at 


'  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant  was  bom  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1810.  Early  in  life  he  became  a 
Doctor  of  Medicine  but  soon  became  dissatisfied  with  that  profession  as  it  was  then  practiced,  and 
entered  dentistry.  He  settled  in  Newburgh,  New  York,  where  he  built  up  a  very  large  dental 
practice.  Dr.  Grant  was  an  enthusiastic  amateur  horticulturist  and  numbered  among  his  friends 
such  men  of  national  note  as  A.  J.  and  Charles  Downing,  Horace  Greeley,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  W. 
C.  Bryant,  Donald  G.  Mitchell  and  others  like  these  who  were  interested  in  rural  pursuits.  He 
bought  lona  Island  in  the  Hudson  River  and  planted  thereon  a  commercial  vineyard.  On  the  death 
of  his  wife  in  1856  he  gave  up  his  dental  practice  and  took  up  his  residence  on  lona  Island.  Here 
for  twelve  years  he  grew  grapes  and  conducted  a  grape  nursery.  Unfortunately  Dr.  Grant's  business 
experience  was  not  such  as  to  enable  him  to  make  a  success  of  a  commercial  nursery.  In  1868  he 
retired  from  active  pursuits  and  returned  to  his  old  home  at  Litchfield,  where  he  died  in  1881.  Dr. 
Grant's  chief  interest  to  grape-growers  lies  in  the  fact  that  he  was  the  originator  of  lona  and  Israella 
and  the  introducer  of  Anna  and  Eumelan.  He  was  one  of  the  first  and  a  most  ardent  grape-breeder, 
working  especially  toward  improving  the  quality  of  commercial  varieties  of  grapes. 

'  On  account  of  criticisms  of  the  justice  of  the  award,  Grant  returned  the  prize  to  be  competed 
for  a  second  time,     .^t  the  second  trial  it  went  to  Concord  on  vine  characters. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  30$ 

an  exorbitant  figure  from  which  tliere  was  a  reaction  detrimental  to  the 
variety.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  fruit  catalog  in  1867.  Probably  no  American  variety  has  been 
the  subject  of  more  caustic  discussions  than  this  one  and  it  is  only  within 
the  last  few  years  that  its  merits  could  be  impartially  estimated.  Zona 
was  extensively  tried  in  all  the  grape  regions  of  America  but  has  been 
generally  dropped  as  a  commercial  grape.  It  is  still  to  be  found  in  all 
varietal  vineyards,  in  occasional  commercial  plantings  and  somewhat 
commonly  in  gardens. 

Vine  medium  to  weak,  precariously  hardy,  unproductive,  often  susceptible  to 
attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  short  to  medium,  of  average  number  and  size,  light  brown; 
nodes  enlarged,  roundish;  intemodes  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  nearly  inter- 
mediate in  size;  shoots  show  some  pubescence;  tendrils  intermittent,  of  average 
length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  about  medium  in  size,  short  to  medium,  thick,  conical  to  pointed,  open 
ver\-  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with 
carmine;  often  heavily  coated  with  thick,  whitish  pubescence.  Leaves  of  average  size, 
thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  smooth  to  medium;  lower  surface  grayish-green, 
heavily  pubescent,  somewhat  cobwebby;  veins  indistinct;  lobes  three  to  five  with  ter- 
minal lobe  acute ;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate  in  depth  and  width ;  basal  sinus  shallow, 
medium  to  wide ;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  wide ;  teeth  not  deep,  of  average  width.  Flow- 
ers nearly  fertile,  open  late;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  later  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  above  medium  to  small, 
sometimes  double-shouldered,  intermediate  in  length,  somewhat  slender,  slightly  taper- 
ing to  conical,  medium  to  loose;  peduncle  short  and  slender;  pedicel  intermediate  in 
length,  slender,  nearly  smooth,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  of  aver- 
age length,  not  thick,  pale  green.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  uniform,  oval  to  nearly 
roundish,  dull,  light  and  dark  red,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin 
of  medium  thickness,  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment, 
slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender  and  melting, 
vinous,  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily,  one  to  four  in  number,  average 
three,  small  and  broad,  plump,  brownish;  raphe  usually  obscure  but  sometimes  distinct; 
chalaza  small,  nearly  central,  circular,  distinct.      Must  SS^-ioo". 

20 


3o6  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

IRONCLAD. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

1.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1882-3:131.     2.  Gar.  and  For.,  5:597.   1892.     3.  III.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:254. 
1893.     4.  Gar.  and  For.,  7:509.   1894.     5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:140. 

Ash  (i,  4,  5).     Diogenes  (5).     Pearson's  Ironclad  (4).     Pearson's  Ironclad  (5).     Scott  (4,  5). 

Ironclad  is  of  interest  because  of  its  history,  and  because  of  its  possible 
value  for  breeding  purposes.  If  the  history  given  below  is  correct,  this 
variety  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  our  cultivated  grapes.  From  the  accounts 
of  those  who  have  grown  it,  Ironclad  is  as  free  from  mildew  and  rot,  in  fruit 
at  least,  as  any  of  our  cultivated  native  grapes.  It  is  also  ver}'  resistant 
to  phylloxera  and  has  been  used  somewhat  in  France  and  Spain  as  a  resist- 
ant stock  for  Vinifera.  It  is  also  extremely  vigorous  and  hardy  and  is 
very  productive.  The  fruit  is  not  of  sufficiently  high  quality  nor  attractive 
enough  in  appearance  to  make  a  good  table  grape  but  it  is  said  to  make 
verv  excellent  wine,  the  juice  having  color  and  body  enough  to  make  it  of 
value  for  adding  color  to  lighter  colored  musts.  Ironclad  is  a  very  capricious 
bearer  and  especially  so  on  rampant  growing  vines,  one  of  the  faults  of  the 
variety  being  that  it  makes  too  rank  a  growth. 

The  history  of  this  grape,  as  given  by  A.  W.  Pearson  of  Vineland, 
New  Jersey,  is  as  follows:  In  1873  Pearson  secured  from  Colonel  Scott, 
then  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  cuttings  of  a  vine 
growing  on  the  latter's  grounds,  near  Darby  about  seven  miles  west  of 
Philadelphia.  Scott's  gardener  reported  the  vine  to  be  free  from  rot  and 
Pearson,  who  had  named  the  variety  Scott,  changed  the  name  to  Ironclad 
when  he  found  the  gardener's  report  as  to  rot  verified.  On  investigation 
Pearson  found  that  the  variety  was  over  two  hundred  years  old,  and  that 
it  had  been  cultivated  locally  under  the  name  of  Ash,  from  a  former  owner 
of  the  Scott  place  and  an  ancestor  of  Pearson.  This  account  is  not  fully 
corroborated  by  earh'  horticultural  writers  but  appears  to  be  sufficiently 
accurate  to  give  the  variety  historical  interest.  Ironclad  is  said  to  be  a 
hybrid  between  Labrusca  and  Riparia  and  its  botanical  characters  justify 
such  a  supposition. 

Vine  a  rank  grower,  hardy,  productive.       Canes  long,  numerous,  thick  to  slender, 
dark  reddish-brown;    nodes  of   average  size,   flattened;    intemodes  medium  to  long; 


IRONCLAD 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  307 

diaphragm  thin;    pith  large  to  medium;    shoots  glabrous;    tendrils  continuous,  of  fair 
length,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender  to  medium,  conical  to  pointed.  Leaves  of  medium 
size,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  somewhat  glossy,  smoothish ; 
lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent;  veins  rather  distinct;  lobes  none  to  three 
with  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate  in  depth  and  width ; 
basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  usually  wide;  teeth  intermediate  in 
depth  and  width.      Flowers  open  early;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  but  colors  early,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  . 
small  and  short,  slightly  tapering,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness; 
peduncle  short,  inclined  to  slender;  pedicel  short,  slender  to  medium,  covered  with 
numerous  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  short,  of  average  thickness,  dark  wine  color. 
Berries  irregular  in  size,  averaging  small,  roundish  to  slightly  oblate,  jet-black,  glossy, 
covered  slightly  with  blue  bloom,  usually  persistent,  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness, 
tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  large  amount  of  dark  purplish-red  pig- 
ment, not  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  with  distinct  tinge  of  red,  rather  transparent, 
moderately  juicy,  somewhat  tender,  fine-grained,  spicy,  sweet  to  agreeably  tart  at  center, 
not  good  enough  in  quality  for  dessert  purposes.  Seeds  separate  from  the  pulp  some- 
what easily,  one  to  four  in  number,  average  two,  intermediate  in  size  and  breadth,  short 
to  medium,  sharp-pointed,  dark  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow,  narrow  groove; 
chalaza  large  with  surface  roughened  and  warty,  central  to  sHghtly  above,  irregularly 

pear-shaped,  distinct. 

ISABELLA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Amer.  Farmer,  5:241.  1823.  2.  lb.,  9:221,  294,  309,  325.  1827.  3.  Son.  Agr.,  2:552.  1829. 
4.  Prince,  1830:165.  5.  Spooner,  1846:13,  29,  49.  6.  Horticulturist,  6:410,  412.  1851.  7.  U.  S. 
Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1851:48-51.  8.  .4))!.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1852:54.  9.  Horticulturist,  15:73-  i860.  lo. 
Gar.  Mon.,  2:156,  265.  i860.  11.  lb.,  5:73,  74.  1863.  12.  N.  Y.  Agr.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1864:42,  45.  141. 
13.  Mag.  Hort.,  31:107,  157.  1865.  14.  Husmann,  1866:18,  79,  122.  15.  Downing,  1869:542. 
16.  Grape  Cult.,  2:76.  1870.  17.  lb.,  3:67,  103.  1871.  18.  Gar.  Mon.,  14:105,  167,  296.  1872. 
19.  Horticulturist,  29:20,  245.  1874.  20.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:57,  124,  128.  21.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:110.  22.  Rural  N.  Y.,  50:418,  482.  1891.  23.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:255.  1893.  24.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bui.,  44:116.  1893.  25.  X.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:432.  433-  1896.  26.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:531. 
541,  544,  548,  552.  189S.  27.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui,  110:83.  1900-  28.  Rttral  N.  Y.,  59:719.  722-  ^9°°- 
fig.     29.  Traits  gen.  de  vit.,  5:203.    1903. 

Alexander  (2g).  Black  Cape  {21)).  Cape  (2 g).  Captraubc  (2g).  Champania  (2()).  Cherokee? 
(11).  Christie's  Improved  Isabella  {1$,  2\,  2g).  Conckling's  Wilding  (11).  Constantia  (2g).  Dor- 
chester (i).  Framboisier  (29).  Garber's  Red-Fox  (29).  Gibb's  grape  (4,  11,  18).  Hanover 
{southern)  (11).  Henscll's  Long  Island  (11).  Isabella  (i).  Isabelle  d'Amerique  (29).  Lespeyre 
(2,  10,  II,  iS).  New  Hanover  (11).  Paign's  Isabella  (15,  21,  29).  Payfw's  Early  (11,  15,  21,  29). 
Raisin  de  Cassis  (29).  Raisin  du  Cap  (29).  Raisin  praise  (29).  Raisin  Framboise  (29).  Sainte- 
Hekne  {2q).  Saluda  (11).  Sanborntonf  {15,  21,  2g).  Schuylkill  f  {2g).  Uva  Fragola  (2g).  Vernet 
(6,  II,  18).     Woodzvard  (15,  21,  29). 


3o8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Isabella  is  now  of  little  more  than  historical  interest  yet  for  a  half 
century  after  its  introduction,  about  1816,  it  and  Catawba  were  the  main- 
stays of  American  viticulture.  In  the  early  days  of  grape-growing  in  this 
country  Isabella  was  the  grape  of  the  North  Atlantic  and  New  England 
States  while  the  vineyards  of  the  South  were  planted  with  Catawba,  the 
latter  requiring  too  long  a  season  and  being  too  susceptible  to  fungal  diseases 
for  a  northern  grape.  Isabella  has  been  almost  wholly  replaced  in  the 
North  by  Concord,  because  the  latter  is  earlier,  hardier  and  more  productive, 
and  the  older  variety  can  now  hardly  be  found  except  in  the  collections 
of  experimenters  and  amateurs. 

In  appearance  Isabella  is  quite  as  attractive  as  any  of  the  black  grapes, 
having  large,  well-formed  clusters  and  a  deep  black  color  with  thick  bloom. 
The  flavor  is  good  but  the  thick  skin  and  muskiness  in  taste  are  objection- 
able. The  fruit  keeps  and  ships  well  and  seldom  rattles  or  cracks  but  the 
variety  is  surpassed  in  vine  characters  by  many  other  standard  kinds,  notably 
Concord,  which,  as  stated  above,  has  taken  its  place.  The  lustrous  green, 
ample  foliage  which  remains  late  in  the  season,  and  the  vigor  of  Isabella, 
make  it  an  attractive  ornamental,  well  adapted  for  growing  on  arbors, 
porches  and  trellises.  Individual  vines  of  this  variety  growing  in  New  York, 
the  Middle  States,  and  New  England,  realize  more  than  any  other  grape 
that  ideal  of  peace  and  plenty  for  which  the  grape  has  been  the  symbol 
since  the  vines  of  Judah  and  of  Israel.  While  it  is  of  small  commercial 
importance,  Isabella  is  still  worthy  a  place  m  the  garden  and  as  an 
ornamental. 

The  origin  of  Isabella  is  not  certainly  known.  It  was  secured  by 
William  Prince  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  from  Mrs.  Isabella  Gibbs,  the 
wife  of  Geo.  Gibbs,  a  merchant  then  living  in  Brooklyn,  New  York.  Prince 
states  that  he  first  saw  this  grape  in  181 6  and  was  so  struck  with  its  appear- 
ance that  he  considered  it  worthy  of  a  name  and  introduction  to  the  public. 
It  was  consequently  named  in  honor  of  Mrs.  Gibbs  and  introduced  shortly 
after  18 16.  In  answer  to  a  request  from  Prince  as  to  the  place  of  its  origin. 
Mrs.  Gibbs  reported  that  it  had  come  originally  from  the  vicinity  of  Dor- 
chester, South  Carolina.  This  account  of  its  origin  was  published  at  the 
time  in  several  agricultural  periodicals  and  later  in  Prince's  Treatise  on  the 
Vine.     The  whole  question  was  thoroughly  discussed   in  the  agricultural 


ISABELLA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  309 

press  of  that  day  but  without  a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  place  of  its 
nativity. 

Nicholas  Herbemont '  who  sought  the  history  of  the  variety  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Dorchester,  South  Carolina,  doubted  its  having  originated 
there,  as  he  found  it  known  only  as  a  cultivated  sort  with  a  tradition  of  its 
having  been  introduced  years  before  by  a  gentleman  then  dead.  There 
were  various  accounts  published  of  its  having  originated  in  North  Carolina, 
Virginia,  Delaware  and  Europe,  none  of  which  are  worthy  of  any  credence. 
All  that  can  be  said  is  that  it  originated  some  time  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  probably  in  one  of  the  Carolinas  and  that  it  was  cultivated  in 
many  widely  separated  neighborhoods  prior  to  1800. 

In  1852  Isabella  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  fruit  catalog,  for  general  cultivation.  In  1864,  on  account 
of  its  susceptibility  to  mildew  it  was  transferred  to  a  list  for  cultivation  in 
special  localities.  It  was  soon,  however,  restored  to  the  original  list  where 
it  still  remains.  After  the  introduction  of  Concord,  as  noted  above,  the 
popularity  of  Isabella  waned  but  it  is  still  to  be  found  in  niany  sections 
as  one  of  the  less  planted  of  the  market  sorts  and  is  in  practically 
all  varietal  vineyards  It  was  introduced  into  Europe  before  1830  where 
it  was  quite  extensively  cultivated  for  the  manufacture  of  a  low  grade 
wine,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  phylloxera,  which  later  became 
such  a  pest,  was  introduced  on  roots  of  the  Isabella. 

Isabella  is  generally  classed  as  a  pure  Labrusca  but  there  are  many 
who  think  there  is  a  strain  of  Vinifera  present.  This  is  indicated  by  the 
shape  of  the  berries,  certain  characters  of  the  seeds,  the  susceptibility 
of  the  vine  to  mildew  and  of  the  fruit  to  black-rot.  The  characters  of 
Isabella  can  be  traced  in  a  great  number  of  offspring  though  comparatively 
few  of  them  have  outlived  the  parent  in  usefulness.  Pt:re-bred  progeny 
of  the  Isabella  differ  but  little  from  the  parent  and  are  classed  as  strains 
of  the  original  rather  than  as  new  varieties.  Hybrids  of  it  with  pure  Vinifera 
are  usually  worthless,  lacking  in  vigor  and  hardiness,  and  so  much  more 
so  than  in  the  case  of  hybrids  of  Vinifera  and  known  pure  American  grapes 
as  to  further  suggest  Vinifera  blood  in  Isabella.     Such  hybrids,  too,  usually 


'Sou.  Agr.,  2:552.     1829. 


3IO  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

bear  a  stronger  resemblance  to  the  Old  World  grape  than  offspring  of  pure- 
bred parents  of  the  two  species. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  usually  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  but  sometimes 
producing  heavy  crops,  somewhat  subject  to  mildew  in  certain  locations.  Canes  short 
to  above  medium,  numerous,  covered  with  heavy  pubescence,  thick,  light  to  dark  brown; 
nodes  enlarged,  strongly  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  thick; 
pith  intermediate  to  below  in  size;  shoots  covered  with  heavy  pubescence;  tendrils 
continuous,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  thickish,  conical,  open  very  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on 
lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose  carmine.  Leaves  intermediate 
in  size,  often  roundish,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  smooth  to  medium,  glossy; 
lower  surface  whitish-green,  heavily  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  three  when  present 
with  terminal  lobe  obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  narrow,  often 
closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  none;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow,  fre- 
quently notched;  teeth  shallow,  medium  to  wide.  Flowers  usually  strongly  self-fertile, 
open  in  mid-season;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  usually  ripens  with  Catawba  or  earlier,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large 
to  medium,  intermediate  in  length,  nearly  cylindrical  to  conical,  frequently  single- 
shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  variable 
in  length,  slender,  almost  smooth,  much  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush 
long,  yellowish-green.  Berries  variable  in  size,  medium  to  large,  oval,  deep  black,  color 
long  before  ripe,  covered  with  considerable  blue  bloom,  usually  persistent,  soft.  Skin 
thick  to  medium,  very  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment, 
astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  sometimes  with  yellowish  tinge,  translucent,  juicy,  fine- 
grained, tender  but  meaty,  somewhat  stringy,  inclined  to  foxiness,  sweet  to  agreeably 
tart  at  center,  slightly  astringent  when  not  mature,  ranks  good  in  quality.  Seeds  sep- 
arate from  the  pulp  with  some  difficulty  unless  fully  ripe,  one  to  three  in  number,  average 
two,  large  to  medium,  broad,  distinctly  notched,  above  medium  to  short,  brownish  with 
yellow  tips;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  small,  above  center,  circular,  rather  distinct.  Must 
6o°-79°. 

ISABELLA  SEEDLING. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  N.  Y.Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:636.  1892.  2.  76.,  13:604.  1894.  3.  Bnsh.  Cat.,  1894:141.  4.  N.  Y. 
Sta.  .An.  Rpt..   17:531.   548,   555,   559.   1898. 

Isabella  Seedling  is  an  early,  vigorous,  productive  offspring  of  Isabella. 
In  fruit  characters  it  greatly  resembles  its  parent  but  is  much  earlier, 
ripening  shortly  after  Moore  Early,  and  has  a  more  compact  bunch.  Like 
its  parent,  the  fruit  is  of  good  quality  and  keeps  remarkably  well  for  so  early 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  31I 

a  grape.  It  is  now  grown  in  New  York  more  than  Isabella  and  while  not 
of  any  considerable  commercial  importance,  is  far  more  deserving  attention 
as  a  market  grape  than  some  of  the  poorly  flavored  kinds  more  generally 
grown. 

There  are  several  varieties  under  this  name.  Two  are  mentioned  by 
Warder;  one  of  Ohio  and  one  of  New  York  origin.  The  Isabella  Seedling 
here  described  was  originated  by  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  Sr.,  of  Bloomington, 
Illinois,  who  sent  it  to  this  Station  for  testing  in  1889.  Full  details  of  the 
origin  and  history  of  this  grape  are  not  known,  Mr.  Ensenberger  having 
died  soon  after  its  dissemination,  without  leaving  a  record  of  his  work. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  Canes  long 
to  medium,  intermediate  in  number,  thickish,  dark  brown,  often  with  a  tinge  of  red, 
surface  covered  with  thin  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent  to  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves 
healthy,  medium  to  large,  rather  thick;  upper  surface  medium  green,  dull,  of  average 
smoothness ;  lower  surface  pale  green  or  grayish-green,  occasionally  with  tinge  of  bronze, 
pubescent;   veins  distinct.      Flowers  nearly  fertile;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  early  but  later  than  Moore  Early,  keeps  well.  Clusters  large  to 
medium,  long,  slender  to  medium,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  usually  single-shoul- 
dered, loose  to  medium  but  more  compact  than  Isabella.  Berries  large  to  medium, 
distinctly  oval,  often  pear-shaped,  dull  black,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  blue 
bloom,  persistent,  rather  soft.  Skin  medium  to  thick,  intermediate  in  toughness,  con- 
tains some  red  pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  somewhat  tender,  slightly  coarse, 
vinous,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  acid  at  center,  good  in  quahty.  Seeds  numerous,  separate 
rather  easily  from  the  pulp,  inclined  to  large,  of  medium  length,  broad,  notched,  plump, 
dark  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  groove  of  average  width;  chalaza  large,  above  center, 
circular  to  slightly  oval,  somewhat  obscure. 

ISRAELLA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Horticulturist,  18:313,  314.  1863.  2.  Grant,  Dcscript.  Cat.,  1864:5,  8,  18,  ig,  21,  32.  3. 
Grant,  Grape  Vines,  1864:  i,  2,  13.  4.  Mag.  Hort.,  33:70,  148,  337.  1867.  5.  Fuller,  1867:225. 
6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  7.  Mag.  Hort.,  34:6,  103,  138,  140,  309,  350.  1868.  8.  Grape 
Cult.,  1:42,  116,  262,  302,  326.  1869.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:40.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:111. 
II.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1150,   1158.    1898.      12.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:45.    igoi. 

Israella  came  from  Dr.  C.  W.  Grant  contemporaneously  with  lona, 
and  was  heralded  far  and  wide  as  the  earliest  good  grape  in  cultivation. 
For  several  years  after  its  introduction  it  was  widely  tried  and  almost 
ever5rwhere  discarded  because  of  the  poor  quality  and  unattractive  appear- 


312  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ance  of  the  fruit  and  lack  of  vigor,  hardiness  and  productiveness  of  the 
vine. 

Dr.  Grant  grew  the  Israella  from  seed  of  Isabella  planted  in  1855.  In 
1859  or  i860,  Peter  B.  Mead,  then  editor  of  the  Horticulturist,  selected  this 
variety  from  several  thousand  seedlings  of  the  same  parentage  and  named  it 
in  honor  of  Dr.  Grant's  wife.  The  first  fruit  was  borne  in  1859.  It  was 
placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog 
in  1867  and  was  dropped  from  their  list  in  1881.  It  has  been  gradually 
dropped  from  cultivation  although  it  is  still  to  be  found  in  many  varietal 
vineyards  and  is  listed  for  sale  by  an  occasional  nurseryman. 

Vine  intermediate  in  vigor,  usually  hardy,  hardly  productive.  Canes  of  average 
length,  not  numerous,  slender,  medium  to  dark  brown ;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves 
large  to  medium,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  medium  to 
rugose;   lower  surface  pale  green  to  grayish-green,  faintly  pubescent.      Stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  little  later  than  Concord,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  above 
average  size,  intermediate  in  length  and  breadth,  strongly  tapering,  often  single-shoul- 
dered, usually  compact,  frequently  with  many  abortive  fruits.  Berries  small  to 
medium,  roundish  to  oval,  black  or  purplish-black,  not  glossy,  covered  with  a  fair  amount 
of  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  somewhat  from  the  pedicel,  not  firm.  Skin  thick,  tough, 
contains  a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  tender, 
stringy,  mild,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  appears  to  lack  character,  not  so  good  in  flavor 
or  quality  as  Concord,  ranks  no  more  than  fair  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from 
the  pulp,  medium  to  below  in  size,  intermediate  in  length,  broad  to  medium,  decidedly 
notched,  blunt,  light  brown,  seed-coat  often  covered  with  numerous  grayish  warts; 
raphe  buried  in  a  shallow,  wide  groove;  chalaza  small,  at  center  or  above,  irregularly 
circular,  obscure. 

IVES. 

(Labrusca,  Aestivalis?) 

I.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1856:433.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1858:176.  3.  Horticulturist,  21:327. 
1866.  4.  Grape  Cult.,  1:10,  12,  42,  So,  116.  iS6q.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1869:42.  6.  Grape  Cult., 
2:171,  fig.,  172,  297.  1870.  7.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:403.  fig.  8.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:111,  112. 
fig.  g.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  22:166.  1889.  10.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui.,  io:io.  iSgo.  11.  Va.  Sta.  But., 
30:100,  108.  18(33.  12.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:39,  42,  45,  46.  54,  76.  1899.  13.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui..  28:289, 
291.    1895.      14.  Torn.  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:182.   1896.      15.  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:183.   1903. 

Ives'  Madeira  (6,  8,  15).  Ives'  Madeira  Seedling  (3).  Ives'  Seedling  (i,  3,  4,  7).  Ives'  Seedling 
(6,  8,  14,  15).     Ives'  Seedling  Madeira  (15).      Kittredge  (3,  6,  8,  15). 

A  number  of  years  ago  Ives  attained  a  high  reputation  as  a  grape  for 
the  making  of  red  wines  and  was  held  to  be  surpassed  only  by  Norton  for 


.J 


^w^ 


IVES 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  313 

this  purpose.  It  is  hardy,  healthy,  vigorous,  and  fruitful,  l)ut  poor  in 
quality  as  a  table  grape,  not  ranking  above  Hartford,  with  which  it  some- 
times competes  in  the  market  though  wrongfully,  as  it  is  a  much  later  grape. 
Ives  colors  long  before  it  is  ripe  and  is  often  sent  to  market  before  sufficiently 
matured,  at  which  stage  of  development  it  is  barely  edible.  Even  when 
ripe  it  has  a  foxy  odor  objectionable  to  nearly  all;  moreover,  its  flesh  is  tough 
and  pulpy.  The  bunches  are  compact  with  well-formed,  jet-black  grapes, 
which  make  it  an  attractive  fruit.  It  is  easily  propagated  and  is  adapted 
to  any  good  grape  soil.  It  is  so  rampant  in  growth  that  it  is  difficult  to 
manage  in  the  vineyard.  The  good  characters  of  the  vine,  as  well  as  one 
or  two  of  the  fruit,  indicate  that  Ives  might  be  desirable  for  breeding  pur- 
poses, but  its  special  value  is  for  the  making  of  red  wines  of  the  claret  type, 
in  which  it  is  said  to  have  a  fine  red  color  but  a  foxy  taste  and  odor  which, 
however,  imi^rove  with  age.  Ives  is  hardly  as  widely  grown  as  formerly, 
having  been  most  popular  at  the  time  when  the  Catawba  along  the  Ohio 
River  was  succumbing  to  fungal  diseases  and  a  more  healthy  and  productive 
grape  was  wanted.     It  has  never  been  very  largely  grown  elsewhere. 

Ives  was  grown  by  Henry  Ives  from  seed  planted  in  1840  in  his  garden 
in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  It  was  exhibited  in  1844  before  the  Cincinnati  Horti- 
cultural Society.  Ives  insisted  that  it  came  from  seed  of  Madeira  grapes 
which  had  been  sent  him  from  abroad.  As  the  variety  is  evidently  largely, 
if  not  wholly  Labrusca,  it  has  always  been  supposed  that  his  Madeira 
.seedlings  became  accidentally  mixed  with  a  chance  seedling.  Because  of 
some  of  its  characters  the  parentage  of  Ives  has  been  variously  credited  to 
Isabella,  Alexander,  Hartford  and  others,  but  nothing  is  positively  known 
as  to  this  phase  of  its  origin.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  in  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1869  where  it  is  still  retained. 
Ives  was  awarded  in  1868  the  premium  offered  by  the  Longworth  Wine 
House  of  Cincinnati  for  the  best  wine  grape  for  the  United  States.  It  is 
still  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent  although  not  nearly  so  popular  as 
forty  years  ago. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive  to  very  productive.  Canes  long  to 
medium,  of  average  number,  thick,  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown,  surface  covered  with 
thin  blue  bloom ;  nodes  enlarged,  slightly  flattened ;   internodes  short;   diaphragm  thick; 


314  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

pith  medium  to  below  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  average  length, 
bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  large,  short,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  sometimes  strongly 
compressed.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
dull,  medium  to  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  very  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins  dis- 
tinct ;  lobes  three  to  five  when  present,  with  terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar 
sinus  deep,  narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  shallow,  medium  in 
width;  lateral  sinus  of  average  depth,  rather  narrow;  teeth  shallow  to  medium,  inter- 
mediate in  width.     Stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  or  slightly  later,  keeps  well.  Clusters  of  fair  size, 
intermediate  in  length  and  breadth,  tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical,  three  or  four  bunches 
per  shoot,  frequently  single-shouldered,  compact  to  medium,  often  with  numerous 
abortive  berries;  peduncle  long  to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  pedicel  above  medium 
in  length,  slender,  covered  with  numerous,  small  warts;  brush  short,  slender,  pale  green 
with  reddish-brown  tinge.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  oval  to  roundish,  jet-black, 
covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  blue  bloom,  very  persistent,  firm.  Skin  of  medium 
thickness,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  fair  amount  of  wine-colored 
pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  very 
tough,  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  hardly  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate 
with  difficulty  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  below  medium  to  small,  often 
abortive,  medium  to  broad,  rather  short,  usually  blunt  and  plump,  brownish;  raphe 
obscure;  chalaza  a  small  circular  depression,  nearly  central,  usually  obscure.  Must 
808. 

JAEGER. 

(Lincecumii,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1890:117.  2.  Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  30:107.  1893.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:137,  fig., 
138.  4.  Rural  X.  Y.,  55:591.  1896.  5.  Ark.  Sta.  Bui.,  39:31.  1896.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1897:20.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  BuL,  48:1150,  1158.  1898.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:39,  43,  45,  76.  1899.  9.  Tex. 
Sta.   Bid.,  56:277.      1899.      10.  Ala.  Sta.   Bid.,   110:83.    1900. 

Herm.\.'^:<  Jaeger  (1,  2,  3,  4.  5,  7,  9,  10).  Jaeger  (3).  Jaeger,  Hermann  (6).  Munson  No. 
81  (2). 

Jaeger  is  a  large-cktstered,  small-berried  grape  from  Munson  of  Texas.' 
It  is  said  to  be  very  successful  in  the  South  and  Southwest  both  as  a  table 
and  a  wine  grape.     Its  meritorious  qualities  are  vigorous,  productive  vines 


'  In  1889  Munson  sent  out  a  grape  under  the  name  Jaeger  and  in  1890  he  introduced  the  variety 
here  described  under  the  name  Hermann  Jaeger,  at  the  same  time  withdrawing  the  former  variety 
from  further  dissemination.  As  the  first  named  Jaeger  is  apparently  obsolete  there  seems  to  be  no 
objection  to  shortening  the  name  so  as  to  conform  in  nomenclature  with  the  recommendations  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society. 


JAMES 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  315 

with  foliage  free  from  mildew  and  rot,  and  well-flavored,  tender-fleshed 
berries  with  thin  tough  skins.  It  requires  too  long  a  season  for  maturity 
for  successful  cultivation  in  New  York. 

Munson  grew  Jaeger  from  seed  of  a  selected  wild  Post-oak  vine  polli- 
nated by  Herbemont.  The  seed  w"as  planted  in  1885  and  the  variety  was 
introduced  by  the  originator  in  1890.  The  culture  of  Jaeger  seems  to  be 
slowly  spreading.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1897  and  is  still  retained  there. 

Vine  vigorous,  doubtfully  hardy,  an  uncertain  bearer  in  New  York  on  account  of 
winter  injury  but  yielding  good  crops  farther  south.  Canes  variable  in  length,  inter- 
mediate in  number  and  thickness,  covered  with  considerable  blue  bloom ;  tendrils  inter- 
mittent, bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  large,  not  uniform  in  color;  lower  surface  grayish-green, 
slightly  pubescent;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Concord,  matures  evenly, 
keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  frequently  single-shouldered,  strongly 
compact.  Berries  below  medium  to  small,  roundish,  frequently  compressed  on  account 
of  compactness  of  cluster,  attractive  black,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  per- 
sistent. Skin  thin,  tough.  Flesh  medium  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender,  spicy,  somewhat 
tart  from  skin  to  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  very  easily  from  the  pulp, 
not  numerous,  long,  intermediate  in  size,  sometimes  with  enlarged  neck. 

JAMES. 

(Rotundifolia.) 

I.   Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl.,  1889:136.     2.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:178.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:30. 
4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53HS-    1901.     $.  N.  C.  Sta.  Bid.,  187:61 .    1003.     6.  S.  C.  Sta.  Bui.,  132:16,  18.    1907. 

James  is  the  only  variety  of  Rotundifolia  possible  to  illustrate  in  this 
work.  The  accompanying  color-plate,  while  not  wholly  satisfactory,  vet 
shows  characteristic  fruit  and  foliage  somewhat  reduced  in  size.  James 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Rotundifolia  grapes  and  probably  the  best 
general  purpose  variety  of  this  species.  It  cannot  be  grown  north  of 
Maryland. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  J.  Van  Lindley  of  Pitt  County,  North 
Carolina.  It  was  introduced  about  1890  and  was  placed  on  the  grape  list 
of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899.  It  is  not  known 
in  the  North  but  is  cultivated  more  or  less  throughout  the  habitat  of  Vitis 
rotundifolia  in  the  South. 

The  following  description  of  the  variety  is  a  compilation: 


3l6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  productive.  Flowers  open  very  late;  stamens  reflexed. 
Fruit  ripens  late,  hangs  on  the  vines  for  three  weeks,  keeps  well.  Clusters  small,  con- 
taining from  four  to  twelve  berries,  irregular,  loose.  Berries  large,  three-fourths  to 
one  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  roundish,  black  or  blue-black.  Skin  very  thin. 
Pulp  juicy,  sweet,  good  to  best  in  quality. 

JANESVILLE. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia.) 

I.  Rcc.  of  Hort.,  1868:45.  2.  Horticulturist,  24:52,  203.  1869.  fig.  3.  Montreal  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1879:65.  4.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881-2:141.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1883:26.  6.  Rural  N.  Y., 
45:622.  1.S86.  7.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  5:161.  18SS.  8.  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bui,  2:20.  1888.  g. 
Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:117.  10.  .V.  1'.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:496.  i8gi.  11.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:143. 
12.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  7:135,   138.    1895.      13.  N.    Y.  Sta.  .4)1.  Rpt.,  17:531,  545,  547,  555.    1S98. 

Endowed  with  a  constitution  which  enables  it  to  withstand  a  degree 
of  cold  to  which  most  other  varieties  of  grapes  would  succumb,  Janes ville 
has  made  a  place  for  itself  in  far  northern  localities.  Moreover,  it  ripens 
very  early,  being  one  of  the  first  to  color  thougli  not  ripe  until  some  time 
after  fully  colored;  and  earliness  is  another  requisite  for  a  northern  loca- 
tion. The  vine,  too,  is  generally  healthy,  vigorous  and  productive.  But 
the  fruit  is  worthless  where  better  sorts  can  be  grown.  The  clusters  and 
berries  are  small,  or  of  only  medium  size,  while  the  grapes  are  pulpy,  tough, 
seedy,  with  a  thick  skin  and  a  disagreeable  acid  taste.  Janesville  has  so 
many  good  vine  characters  that  it  may  be  of  value  for  breeding  purposes. 
It  is  fit  for  cultivation  only  in  northern  localities  where  better  grapes  can- 
not be  grown  or  where  fruit  for  a  cheap  red  wine  is  wanted. 

Janesville  was  grown  by  F.  W.  Loudon,  of  Janesville,  Wisconsin, 
from  seed  secured  at  the  Rock  County  Fair  in  1858.  It  fruited  for  the 
first  time  in  1861  and  was  introduced  several  years  later  by  C.  H.  Green- 
man  of  Milton,  Wisconsin,  who  had  bought  the  variety  from  the  originator 
for  $1000.  It  was  named  by  the  Wisconsin  Horticultural  Societ}'  in  1868. 
Janesville  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  in  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog  in  1883  and  is  still  retained.  It  is  said  by  many  to  be  a  cross 
of  Hartford  and  Clinton  but  this  is  a  surmise  and  nothing  is  positively 
known  as  to  its  parentage.  Its  botanical  characters  are  plainly  those  of 
a  Labrusca-Riparia  cross  but  with  what  admixture  of  the  two  species 
cannot  be  told.     The  early  blooming  season,  and  sometimes  intermittent 


JANESVILLE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  317 

tendrils,    indicate    Vtiis   riparia,   while  foliage   and   fruit   show   both   this 
species  and  Vitis  labriisca. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  productive  to  very  productive. 
Canes  spiny,  intermediate  in  length,  numerous,  medium  to  below  in  size,  dark  brown; 
nodes  flattened;  internodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  intermediate  in 
size;    shoots  thinly  pubescent;   tendrils  intermittent  to  continuous,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  thick,  conical,  prominent,  open  early. 
Young  leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  faintly  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose 
carmine.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  somewhat  thin;  upper  surface  variable  in  color, 
glossy  and  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  sUghtly  pubescent;  veins  indistinct;  leaf 
usually  not  lobed  with  tenninus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate  in  depth,  narrow, 
often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  lacking;  teeth  shallow,  of  average 
width.      Flowers  fertile,  open  very  early;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  slightly  earlier  than  Concord  although  it  colors  much  earlier,  keeps  well. 
Clusters  medium  to  small,  short,  of  average  breadth,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  usually 
single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short,  slender;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered 
with  small  scattering  warts;  brush  dark  wine  color.  Berries  intermediate  in  size, 
roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dull  black,  covered  with  rather  heavy  blue  bloom,  usually 
persistent,  firm.  Skin  thick,  medium  to  nearly  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp, 
contains  considerable  dark  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale  reddish-green, 
translucent,  juicy,  very  tough,  rather  coarse,  vinous,  sweet  next  the  skin  but  quite  acid 
at  the  center,  fair  in  quality.  Seeds  adhere  to  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three,  above 
medium  in  size,  broad,  often  angular,  rather  blunt,  dark  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza 
large,  ovate,  moderately  distinct. 

JEFFERSON. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  21:362.    1879.     2.  lb.,  22:142,  176,  igi.    1880.     3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpi.,  1881:33 
44.     4.  Downing,  1881:167  app.     5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1881:24.     6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:83, 
103,  105.     7.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885-6:171.     8.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:178,  290.   1890.     9.  Bush.  Cat., 
1894:143.  fg.     10.  N.   Y.  Sia.  An.  Rpt.,  17:531,  548,  552.   1898.     11.  Va.  Sta.  Bui.,  94:137.   1898. 
12.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:239.    1902. 

Jefferson  is  the  offspring  of  Concord  crossed  with  lona,  resembling 
in  vigor,  productiveness  and  healthiness  the  Concord,  though  not  equal 
to  it;  and  in  color  and  quality  of  fruit  the  lona.  It  falls  considerably  short 
of  being  an  lona  fruit  on  a  Concord  vine,  however,  which  would  have  made 
it  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  American  grapes.  The  vine  produces  its 
fruit  two  weeks  later  than  Concord  and  is  not  nearly  as  hardy,  faults  that 
debar  it  from  taking  high  rank  as  a  commercial  grape  in  New  York.     In 


3l8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

its  botanical  characters  and  in  immunity  from  diseases  it  is  almost  identical 
with  Concord.  Fortunately  the  vines  yield  readily  to  "  laying  down  " 
for  winter  protection  so  that  even  in  commercial  plantations  it  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  cover  the  vines  and  so  prevent  winter  injury. 

The  fruit  of  Jefferson  is  handsomer  than  that  of  lona  and  of  almost 
equal  quality.  The  accompanying  color-plate  shows  the  large,  well- 
formed,  compact  bunch,  with  berries  of  uniform  size  and  color,  which, 
taken  together,  make  it  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  red  grapes.  The 
flesh  is  firm,  yet  tender  and  juicy  with  a  rich,  vinous  flavor  and  a  delicate 
aroma  which  persists  even  after  the  berries  have  dried  into  raisins.  The 
fruit  ships  and  keeps  well,  the  berries  adhering  to  the  cluster  and  the  fruit 
retaining  its  freshness  into  late  winter.  The  vine  characters,  with  the 
exceptions  of  late  bearing  and  tenderness  to  cold,  are  in  the  main  good. 

Jefferson  is  widely  distributed  and  is  well  known  by  viticulturists 
in  eastern  America.  It  is  not  particular  as  to  localities,  if  the  season  be 
long  and  the  climate  temperate,  and  thrives  in  nearly  all  grape  soils  though 
it  does  not  flourish  in  a  soil  strongly  impregnated  with  lime.  This  variety 
is  deserving  greater  recognition  as  a  commercial  grape  than  it  now  receives. 
In  a  discriminating  market  it  should  command  a  sufficiently  high  price 
to  make  it  a  profitable  variety  to  grow  in  this  State  despite  its  need  of 
protection.  Few  grapes,  and  probably  no  red  grape,  are  more  desirable 
inhabitants  of  the  garden  than  Jefferson;  it  not  only  furnishes  an  abun- 
dance of  the  best  long- keeping  fruit,  but  is  also  very  ornamental  throughout 
the  season. 

This  variety  is  one  of  J.  H.  Ricketts'  ^  grapes  from  seed  of  Concord 


'James  H.  Ricketts  was  born  in  Oldbridge,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  in  1830,  the 
family  moving  to  Indiana  while  Ricketts  was  still  a  child.  When  a  young  man  Ricketts  learned  the 
trade  of  bookbinding  in  Cincinnati  and  later  practiced  this  art  in  New  York  City.  In  1857  he  estab- 
lished a  bookbinding  business  at  Newburgh,  New  York ;  here  he  became  interested  in  raising  fruit, 
devoting  to  it  such  time  as  could  be  be  spared  from  his  business.  In  1861  he  started  his  work  in 
grape  improvement,  reading  all  the  books  then  published  on  this  subject  in  order  to  prepare  himself 
to  carry  on  the  work  intelligently.  His  first  production  was  Raritan  which  he  says  he  thought  not 
much  improvement.  In  1862,  he  built  a  glass  house  in  order  that  he  might  have  Vinifera  vines  for 
crossing  with  natives  outside.  His  first  production  of  foreign  cross-breeds  was  the  Charles  Downing, 
now  known  as  Downmg. 

Ricketts  produced  many  hundred  seedlings,  and  for  ten  or  twelve  years  exhibited  them  at  vari- 
ous fairs,  horticultural  society  meetings  and  other  places,  where  their  magnificent  appearance  and 


■tS. 


JEFFERSON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK  319 

pollinated  with  lona.  It  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1874  and  was  intro- 
duced about  1880.  In  1881  it  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  and  has  never  been  removed.  Of  all  the 
remarkable  seedlings  raised  by  Ricketts  the  Jefferson  is  best  known  and 
most  widely  disseminated.  The  variety  won  for  its  originator  the  Wilder 
silver  medal  and  as  grown  by  him  seldom  failed  to  take  premiums  at  exhi- 
bitions where  shown.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  the  variety  does 
not  have  all  of  the  characters  requisite  to  adapt  it  to  culture  in  commercial 
vineyards. 

Vine  normally  vigorous,  healthy,  not  always  hardy,  medium  in  productiveness. 
Canes  short,  numerous,  about  medium  in  thickness,  light  to  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged, 
roundish;  intemodes  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  medium  to  below  in  size;  shoots 
heavily  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  medium  to  short,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender,  pointed  to  conical,  open  very  late.  Young  leaves 
tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose  carmine.  Leaves  healthy, 
above  medium  to  small,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  medium  to 
rugose  on  older  leaves;  lower  surface  very  pale  green,  strongly  pubescent;  veins  distinct; 
leaf  usually  not  lobed  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  mean  depth,  narrow  to 
wide,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  absent;  lateral  sinus  shal- 
low, often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  regular,  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  nearly  fully 
self-fertile,  open  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  late,  usually  about  with  Catawba,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters 
large  to  medium,  intermediate  in  length  and  width,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering, 
usually    single-shouldered,    but    sometimes    double-shouldered,    medium    to    compact; 


fine  flavor  attracted  universal  and  favorable  attention  and  made  him  the  recipient  of  many  medals 
and  prizes.  Unfortunately  Ricketts,  like  many  other  American  grape-breederi,  fell  into  financial 
difficulties,  and  in  1877  lost  his  vineyard  and  home  by  foreclosure.  In  18S8,  he  moved  to  Washing- 
tion,  D.  C,  to  work  at  his  trade  but  has  again  started  to  improve  grapes  and  is  now  growing  a  num- 
ber of  new  varieties  which  will  probably  be  shown  to  the  public  in  the  near  future. 

Ricketts'  seedlings  are  characterized  by  a  large  size  of  bunch  and  berry,  and  by  high  quality. 
Unfortunately  it  has  been  the  experience  of  growers  in  nearly  all  grape  regions  that  the  vine  charac- 
ters of  his  varieties  are  not  equal  to  those  of  the  fruit,  the  vines  being  subject  to  mildew  and  other 
Vinifera  weaknesses.  However,  Ricketts  produced  magnificent  specimens  of  his  grapes,  year  after 
year,  under  conditions  which  every  one  admits  were  less  favorable  than  those  of  the  average  grape- 
grower.  The  secret  of  his  success  seems  never  to  have  been  discovered.  This  anomaly  is  so  striking 
that  Campbell  did  not  hesitate  to  suggest  that  the  fault  was  with  the  American  grape-grower  rather 
than  with  Ricketts'  grapes  or  the  location  of  the  vineyard.  The  best  known  of  his  varieties  are: 
Advance,  Bacchus,  Don  Juan.  Downing,  Eldorado,  Empire  State,  Highland,  Jefiferson,  Lady  Wash- 
ington and  Secretary.  Besides  these  he  produced  many  others,  some  of  which  were  named  but  many 
of  which  were  known  only  under  numbers. 


320  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

peduncle  short,  slender;  pedicel  medium  to  short,  slender,  covered  with  a  few,  small, 
inconspicuous  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  rather  long,  slender, 
pale  yellowish-green.  Berries  medium  in  size,  oval  to  nearly  roundish,  light  and  dark 
red,  glossy,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  very  firm.  Skin 
somewhat  thick,  tough,  nearly  free  from  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent. 
Flesh  light  yellowish-green,  translucent,  very  juicy,  coarse-grained,  tender,  vinous, 
sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  good  to  best  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  intermediate  in  size,  broad,  medium  to  short, 
blunt,  usually  plump,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  medium  size,  slightly  above 
center,  circular  to  pear-shaped,  distinct. 

JESSICA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  24:339.  1882.  2.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  29:19.  1884.  3.  Can.  Cen.  Exp. 
Farms  Rpt.  1891:135.  4.  Col.  Sta.  Bid.,  29:22.  1894.  5.  Busk.  Cat.,  1894:144.  6.  A''.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt.,  17:531.  548,  552.  1898.  7.  Mich.  Sta.  BiiL,  169:171.  1899.  8.  Ont.  Fr.  Exp.  Stas.  Rpt., 
8:10,  fig.,  48.    1901.     9.  Can.   Hort.,  24:447.    igoi.  fig. 

Jessica  is  an  early,  hardy  green  grape  from  Canada.  In  flavor  it  is 
very  good  for  so  earl}'  a  variety,  being  sweet,  rich  yet  sprightly  and  almost 
free  from  foxiness.  But  the  fruit  lacks  in  attractiveness  and  keeping 
quality,  and  shells  badly  when  overripe.  The  clusters  and  berries  are 
small,  and  the  color  is  too  green  and  the  cluster  too  loose  for  a  good  grape. 
Jessica  may  be  commended  for  earliness  and  hardiness  and  is  therefore 
desirable,  if  at  all,  in  northern  regions. 

William  H.  Read  of  Port  Dalhousie,  Ontario,  grew  Jessica  from  seed 
planted  some  time  between  1870  and  1880.  It  was  introduced  in  1884 
by  D.  W.  Beadle  of  St.  Catharines,  Ontario.  Jessica  has  been  quite 
thoroughly  tested  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States  but  has  never 
become  popular  and  is  to  be  found  only  in  varietal  vineyards.  The  parent- 
age of  the  variety  is  unknown  but  it  is  generally  considered  to  be  of  mixed 
Labrusca  and  Vinifera  blood,  the  tendrils,  foliage,  fruit  characters  and 
the  weaknesses  of  the  grape  all  showing  a  Vinifera  hybrid. 

Vine  medium  in  vigor,  usually  healthy,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Canes 
medium  to  long,  numerous,  thickish,  moderately  dark  brown  with  red  tinge  changing 
to  ash-gray  on  some  canes;  tendrils  continuous  to  intennittent,  bifid  or  trifid.  Leaves 
small  to  medium,  intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  medium  to  dark  green,  glossy, 
often  somewhat  rugose ;  lower  surface  pale  green,  very  pubescent ;  veins  indistinct. 
Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 


*.-f^. 


JEWELL 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  321 

Fruit  ripens  among  the  earliest  of  the  white  grapes,  keeps  onlj'  fairly  well.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  not  long,  slender,  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered,  intermediate 
in  compactness.  Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish,  light  green,  often  tinged  with 
yellow,  covered  with  thin  grayish-white  bloom,  rather  persistent  unless  overripe, 
moderately  soft.  Skin  rather  thin,  of  average  toughness,  adheres  but  slightly  to  the 
pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  faintly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  almost  transparent, 
juicy,  tender,  soft,  sprightly,  sweet,  good  to  above  in  flavor  and  quality.  Seeds  adhere 
somewhat  to  the  pulp,  about  average  in  size  and  length,  medium  to  broad,  notched, 
brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  narrow  groove;  chalaza  small,  above  center,  circular,  nearly 
distinct. 

JEWEL. 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:78.  2.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:280.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpi.^ 
1885-6:128.  4.  Kan.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1886:187.  5.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1886-7:205.  6.  Rural 
X.  v.,  46:607.  1887.  fig.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1887:08.  8.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1888-9:107. 
9.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i8Sg:s73-  lo-  N-  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  ii:62y.  1893.  11.  Sm5/i  Ca?.,  1894:144. 
12.    .V.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:531.  548,  555.    1898.      13.   Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:39,  42,  46,  51,  76.   1899. 

Burr's  E.\rly  (i,  2).      Burr  No.  1  (4).     Jewell  (2) 

Jewel  has  much  to  recommend  it,  yet  it  has  been  grown  since  1874 
without  having  become  widely  distributed  or  well  known.  Its  strong 
characters  are  earliness  and  high  quality,  though  as  compared  with  Dela- 
ware, its  parent,  it  is  not  lacking  in  vigor,  health,  or  hardiness,  the  vine 
characters  that  contribute  most  to  a  desirable  variety.  For  a  grape  of 
this  parentage,  it  is  remarkably  free  from  fungal  diseases.  In  form  and 
size  of  bunch  and  berry  it  closely  resembles  Delaware  but  is  a  deep  black 
in  color.  The  flesh  characters  and  flavor  are  much  like  those  of  Delaware, 
the  pulp  being  tender,  yet  firm,  and  the  flavor  having  the  same  rich, 
sprightly,  vinous  taste  found  in  the  parent,  though  it  can  hardly  be  said 
to  equal  the  Delaware  in  the  characters  which  make  high  quality.  The 
seeds  are  few  and  small.  The  skin  is  thin  but  tough,  and  the  fruit,  con- 
sidering the  tenderness  of  the  flesh,  ships  remarkably  well.  It  keeps  long 
and  does  not  shell,  and  though  an  early  grape,  will  hang  until  frost  if  the 
robins,  one  of  the  worst  pests  of  the  grape-grower,  can  be  kept  from  them. 

Jewel  is  a  most  excellent  little  grape,  almost  worthy  the  place  among 
black  grapes  that  Delaware  has  among  red  ones.  In  particular  it  is 
recommended  for  its  earliness  and  for  those  localities  to  the  North  where 
21 


322  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

standard  varieties,  as  Concord,  do  not  ripen.  Our  list  of  early  grapes 
is  large,  but  most  of  them  are  poor  in  quality,  while  Jewel  is  deserving 
in  this  respect  to  stand  well  toward  the  head  of  the  list. 

John  Burr  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  grew  Jewel  from  seed  of  Delaware 
planted  about  1874.  The  blossoms  being  open  to  cross-pollination,  the 
male  parent  is  unknown.  It  was  introduced  in  1887  by  Stayman  &  Black 
of  Leavenworth.  Jewel  has  been  quite  widely  tested  in  varietal  vineyards 
but  has  never  become  popular  and  in  the  East,  in  particular,  is  hardly 
known. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy  except  in  exposed  locations,  medium  to 
productive.  Canes  intermediate  in  length  and  number,  slender,  light  to  dark  reddish- 
brown;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  short;  diaphragm  thickish; 
pith  medium  to  below  in  size ;  shoots  thinly  pubescent ;  tendrils  continuous,  of  average 
length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  medium  size,  short,  thick,  conical,  open  early.  Young  leaves  heavily 
tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  scant, 
intermediate  in  size,  thick;  upper  surface  Hght  green,  dull,  medium  to  rugose;  lower 
surface  tinged  with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent;  veins  well  defined;  lobes  three  when 
present,  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  narrow  to  medium;  basal 
sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  wide;  teeth  shallow,  of  ordinary  width. 
Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season  or  somewhat  earlier;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Moore  Early,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
small,  slender  to  medium,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  single-shouldered,  medium  to  compact; 
peduncle  inferior  in  length,  of  average  size;  pedicel  short  to  medium,  slender;  brush 
short,  wine-colored.  Berries  medium  in  size,  roundish  to  oval,  dark  purplish-black,  dull, 
covered  with  heavy,  blue  bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin  inclined  to  thin, 
tough,  adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  dark,  wine-colored  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh 
pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  usually  tender,  sprightly,  vinous,  sweet  from 
skin  to  center,  not  foxy,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  readily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  intennediate  in  size  and  breadth,  frequently 
one-sided,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  hidden  in  a  deep  groove:  chalaza  small,  above  center, 
circular  to  oval,  distinct. 

KENSINGTON. 

(Vinifera,  Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Can.  Ccn.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt.,  1891:135.  2.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:144.  3.  Can.  Ccn.  Exp.  Farms 
Rpt.,  1897:63.     4.    .V.    V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:395.      1899. 

Kensington  is  chiefly  interesting  as  a  cross  between  Riparia  and  Vini- 
fera,  though   it  has  several  very  meritorious  fruit  and   vine  characters. 


1 


KENSINGTON 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  7,2;^ 

It  resembles  Clinton,  its  Riparia  parent,  in  vigor,  liardiness,  growth,  and 
productiveness  of  vine  and  in  the  botanical  characters  of  vine  and  foliage; 
but  the  fruit  has  many  of  the  characters  of  the  European  parent,  Buckland 
Sweetwater.  The  grape  is  a  handsome  yellowish-green  with  large  oval 
berries  in  a  somewhat  loose  cluster  of  medium  size.  As  it  grows  on  the 
grounds  of  this  Station,  the  clusters  contain  many  undeveloped  berries 
and  are  not  as  uniform  in  size  and  shape  as  might  be  desirable.  While 
the  quality  is  not  equal  to  that  of  Buckland  Sweetwater,  it  is  much  better 
than  Clinton,  ranking  among  good  to  best  grapes.  The  flesh  is  tender 
and  juicy,  though  slightly  stringy,  with  a  rich,  sweet,  vinous  flavor.  The 
seeds  are  markedly  those  of  Vinifera.  The  hardiness  of  the  vine  and  the 
high  quality  of  the  fruit  should  make  Kensington  a  favorite  green  grape 
in  northern  gardens.  It  is  doubtful  if  its  good  characters  are  sufficient 
in  number  or  degree  to  make  it  of  value  for  cominercial  vineyards. 

This  variety  was  produced  by  William  Saunders  of  London,  Ontario, 
from  seed  of  Clinton  pollinated  by  Buckland  Sweetwater.  It  was  sent  out 
for  testing  sometime  between  1870  and  1880  and  since  that  time  has  been 
carefully  tried  at  the  Canadian  Experiment  Station  and  this  Station,  and 
with  very  favorable  results.  For  some  reason  it  seems  not  to  have  been 
very  generally  introduced  into  cultivation  and  nurserymen  scarcely  handle 
it  though  it  ought  to  be  found  in  gardens  and  in  northern  vineyards  at  least. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  usually  productive  but  sometimes  an  uncertain  bearer,  some- 
what susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew  and  leaf-hoppers.  Canes  medium  to  long,  of 
average  number,  somewhat  slender,  light  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  intemodes 
short  to  mediimi;  diaphragm  intermediate  in  thickness;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots 
thinly  pubescent;  tendrils  persistent,  intermittent  to  continuous,  rather  long,  bifid  to 
sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  below  in  size,  variable  in  length,  slender,  conical  to  pointed, 
open  very  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  with  faint  rose-carmine  on  lower  side  only;  upper 
side  heavily  pubescent,  prevailing  color  pale  green  with  faintest  trace  of  carmine.  Leaves 
small  to  medium,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  smooth  to  medium;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent,  somewhat  hairy;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  obtuse 
to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  moderately  narrow;  basal  sinus  shallow  when 
present;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  usually  a  notch;  teeth  deep  and  wide.  Flowers  strongly 
self-fertile,  open  medium  early;   stainens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not  keep  very  long  in  good  condition.  Clusters 
medium  to  large,  intermediate  in  length  and  breadth,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  often  heavily 


3^4  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK 

single-shouldered,  sometimes  double-shouldered,  loose  to  medium,  frequently  with  many 
undeveloped  berries;  peduncle  long  to  medium,  slender;  pedicel  long  and  slender,  covered 
with  numerous  small,  inconspicuous  warts,  wide  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush 
short,  pale  green.  Berries  variable  in  size,  distinctly  oval,  attractive  green  changing 
to  yellowish-green  as  the  fruit  matures,  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent, 
moderately  firm.  Skin  thin,  somewhat  tough,  adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment, 
faintly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  transparent,  juicy,  tender,  stringy,  vinous,  sweet, 
good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp  when  fully  ripe  but  frequently 
leave  some  flesh  attached  to  the  seed,  two  to  four,  average  three,  heavily  wrinkled, 
large  and  long,  broad  to  medium,  somewhat  sharp  pointed,  yellowish-brown;  raphe 
buried  in  a  shallow  groove ;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  very  irregular  in  shape, 
rather  distinct. 

KING. 

(Labrusca?) 

I.  III.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1905:602.     2.   lb..   1906:215. 

King  has  not  fruited  on  the  grounds  of  this  Station,  but  one  of  the 
authors  of  this  work  was  a  committeeman  from  the  Michigan  Horticultural 
Society  to  name  and  describe  the  variety  as  it  grew  on  the  grounds  of  the 
originator.     The  following  was  the  estimate  of  it  made  at  that  time: 

"The  King  is  more  vigorous  and  prolific  than  the  Concord,  time  of 
ripening  and  length  of  season  the  same,  clusters  are  one-fourth  larger, 
grapes  are  more  persistent  in  pedicels,  pulp  is  more  tender,  flavor  nearly 
the  same,  but  more  sprightly,  seeds  fewer  in  number,  wood  harder  and  of 
shorter  joints  and  the  pedicels  are  larger." 

This  variety  was  found  growing  in  the  Concord  vineyard  of  W.  K. 
Munson,  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  in  1892.  The  vine  was  set  for  a  Concord, 
and  is  either  a  bud-sport  of  that  variety  or  is  some  other  sort  that  became 
accidentally  mixed  with  the  Concord  vines.  Mr.  Munson  believes  it  to 
be  the  former.  King  is  thought  by  some  to  be  Eaton  on  account  of  its 
close  resemblance  to  that  variety  but  the  grape-growers  who  have  examined 
it,  generally  hold  it  to  be  distinct.  It  is  in  all  respects  a  typical  black  off- 
spring of  Concord,  whether  superior  remains  to  be  determined.  It  has 
been  widely  disseminated  and  its  place  in  viticulture  should  soon  be  known. 
In  seeking  the  origin  of  the  grapes  described  in  this  work,  an  effort  has 
been  made  to  determine  whether  any  could  be  said  with  certainty  to  have 
arisen  from  bud-sports.     King  is  the  best  authenticated  bud-sport  among 


-*' 


/ 


\. 


LADY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  325 

the  grapes  here  listed  and  yet  there  is,  as  the  above  history  shows,  some 
doubt  as  to  its  having  originated  in  this  way. 

The  description  of  King  given  below  was  made  from  vines  and  fruit 
from  EUwanger  &  Barry's  vineyards,  Rochester,  New  York. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  medium  to  above  in 
length,  intermediate  in  number  and  thickness,  medium  to  dark  reddish-brown;  tendrils 
continuous  to  intermittent,  trifid  to  bifid.  Leaves  unusually  large,  thick;  upper  surface 
medium  green,  dull,  of  average  smoothness;  lower  surface  grayish-white  changing  to 
slight  bronze,  considerably  pubescent;    veins  fairly  distinct. 

Fruit  ripens  between  Worden  and  Concord,  appears  to  keep  well.     Clusters  large 

to  above  medium,   above  average  length,   broad  to  medium,   irregularly   tapering   to 

slightly  cylindrical,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact  to  medium.     Berries  unusually 

large  averaging  slightly  below  McPike  in  size,  roundish,  reddish-black  to  black  as  the 

fruit  fully  matures,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.     Skin  medium  to 

thick,  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  moderate  amount  of  reddish 

pigment,  astringent.     Flesh  pale  green,  very  juicy,  somewhat  tough,  stringy  and  with 

some  foxiness,  sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.     Seeds  adherent, 

not  numerous,  above  average  in  size,  short,  broad,  slightly  notched  if  at  all,  blunt  to 

medium,  plump,  light  brown;  raphe  hidden  in  a  shallow  groove;  chalaza  large,  at  center 

or  above,  obscure. 

LADY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifcra.) 

1.  Horticulturist,  29:48.  1874.  2.  lb.,  30:84,  fig.,  367.  1S75.  3.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1875:295,  411.  fis..  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  18:40,  135,  136,  143,  162.  iSSi.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.,  1881:24.  6.  .V.  /.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:12.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:114,  8.  ///.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1883:81.  10.  Rural  N.  Y.,  45:234,  622.  1886.  12.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:178,  214,  490,  599. 
1890.      13.   //(.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:264.    1893.      14.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:532,  548,  552.    1898. 

Lady  is  generally  accredited  with  being  the  highest  in  quality  of  all 
the  seedlings  of  Concord  and,  added  to  its  high  quality,  it  is  early,  fairly 
vigorous,  hardy,  and  nearly  as  free  from  fungal  diseases  as  its  parent.  It 
is  not,  however,  without  faults,  one  of  which,  a  thin,  tender  skin  which 
cracks  badly,  wholly  debars  it  from  ever  making  a  commercial  variety 
for  other  than  nearby  markets.  The  vine  is  much  like  that  of  Concord, 
though  not  as  vigorous  nor  as  productive,  but  ripening  its  fruit  fully  two 
weeks  earlier.  The  fruit  is  much  superior  to  Concord  in  quality,  being 
richer,  sweeter,  and  having  less  foxiness.  It  hangs  on  the  vines  well  l)ut 
deteriorates  rapidly  after  picking.  The  term  "ironclad"  used  by  grape- 
growers  to  express  hardiness  and  freedom  from  diseases,   is  probably  as 


326  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

applicable  to  Lady  as  to  any  other  of  our  Labrusca  grapes.  The  foliage 
is  dense  and  of  a  deep  glossy  green  color,  neither  scalding  under  a  hot  sun, 
nor  freezing  until  heavy  frosts,  making  it  an  attractive  ornament  in  the 
garden.  It  is  deservedly  popular  as  an  amateur  grape  and  should  be  planted 
more  for  nearby  markets.  It  may  be  expected  to  succeed  wherever  Con- 
cord is  grown,  and  because  of  its  early  ripening  is  especially  adapted  to 
northern  latitudes  where  Concord  does  not  always  mature.  Though  it 
ripens  early  it  starts  its  buds  late  and  blossoms  late,  thereby  often  escaping 
late  spring  frosts. 

When  Lady  was  first  heard  of,  it  was  in  the  hands  of  a  Mr.  Imlay 
of  Muskingum  Count}-,  Ohio.  He  had  received  it  as  a  premium  from  an 
agricultural  paper  with  others,  all  represented  to  be  pure  Concord  seedlings. 
This  was  during  the  Civil  War.  Later  the  variety  was  sold  to  George  W. 
Campbell  of  Delaware,  Ohio,  who  introduced  it  in  1874.  Lady  was  placed 
on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881 
where  it  is  still  retained.  The  Lady  is  another  example  of  a  green  seedling 
of  Concord  which  excels  its  parent  in  quality.  Among  several  of  such 
seedlings,  this  variety  is  one  of  the  highest  in  quality. 

Vine  weak  to  moderately  vigorous,  hardy,  medium  in  productiveness,  healthy. 
Canes  short,  medium  in  number,  slender,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  of  fair  size,  flattened; 
intemodes  short ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  intermediate  in  size ;  shoots  pubescent ;  tendrils 
intermittent,  of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  pointed  to  conical.  Leaves  medium  to  below  in  size,  of 
average  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  medium  to  somewhat  rugose;  lower 
surface  pale  green;  pubescent;  veins  rather  indistinct;  lobes  none  to  five,  with  terminal 
lobe  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  wide;  basal  sinus  of  average  width; 
lateral  sinus  variable  in  depth  and  width;  teeth  medium  to  shallow,  intermediate  in 
width.     Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Winchell,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  not  uniform,  small  to 
above  medium,  short,  slender,  cyHndrical,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  compact  to 
straggling;  peduncle  medium  to  short,  of  average  size;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length, 
thick  and  smooth,  wide  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  slender,  long,  greenish- 
white.  Berries  variable  in  size,  large  to  below  medium,  roundish,  light  green,  often 
with  tinge  of  yellow,  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin 
covered  with  small,  scattering,  dark  dots,  inclined  to  crack,  thin,  tender,  adheres  slightly 
to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish-white,  translucent, 
juicy,  tender,  aromatic,  agreeably  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  very  good  in  quality.    Seeds 


^^; 


V 


"-^'^ 


V-*" 


LADY  WASHINGTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  327 

separate  from  the  pul])  rather  easily,  few  in  number,  intermediate  in  size  and  length, 
medium  to  broad,  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  circu- 
lar to  oval,  not  distinct. 

LADY  WASHINGTON. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Gar.  Moi!.,  ig\^;^(i.  1S77.  2.  lb.,  20:47.  187S.  3.  lb..  21:147.  1870.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1881:33,  4(1.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1881:24.  6.  Gar.  Mon.,  26:14,  334-  1884.  7.  A^.  V. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  5:107.  108.  18S6.  8.  Ih.,  9:331.  i8go.  9.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui.,  10:11.  1890.  10.  Kan. 
Sta.  Bill..  28:164.  iSqi.  II.  Col.  Sta.  Bnl.,  29:22.  1804.  12.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:147.  13.  N.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt..   17:532,  541,  5t4.  545.  547.  SS^-    i8g8. 

Were  there  not  so  many  really  fine  green  grapes,  and  were  they  sought 
for  by  grape-buyers,  more  might  be  said  commendatory  of  Lady  Washing- 
ton. It  is  in  many  respects  a  most  excellent  grape  but  it  falls  short  in 
quality  for  a  green  grape  and  does  not  excel  greatly  in  vine  characters;  it 
cannot  therefore  be  highly  recommended  to  grape-growers  except  to  give 
variety  in  the  vinevard  and  for  locations  where  it  does  preeminently  well. 
The  fruit  makes  an  excellent  appearance,  keeps  well  and  ships  well,  and  is 
fairly  tender,  juicy  and  sweet,  with  a  delicate  aroma.  The  vine  is  very  lux- 
uriant,—  too  much  so, —  hardy  for  a  grape  with  Vinifera  blood,  and  healthy, 
though  slightly  susceptible  to  mildew.  As  an  exhibition  grape  few  green 
varieties  show  better  when  grown  with  all  possible  care  and  in  a  favorable 
location,  for  the  variety  is  somewhat  capricious  as  to  soils  and  locations. 
It  appears  to  be  a  desirable  variety  for  home  use.  In  the  West  and  South- 
west it  is  said  to  succeed  better  than  most  others  of  Ricketts'  grapes. 

Lady  Washington  is  another  of  J.  H.  Ricketts'  fine  seedlings,  this 
variety  having  come  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Allen's  Hybrid. 
It  was  introduced  in  1878,  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881,  and  is  still  retained  there. 
The  vine  characters  of  Lady  Washington  are  mostly  those  of  Vitis  labrusca 
but  the  fruit  plainly  shows  the  admixture  of  Vinifera. 

Vine  usually  more  vigorous  than  Concord,  sometimes  sustains  winter  injury,  pro- 
ductive, susceptible  to  mildew.  Canes  long,  few,  thick,  moderately  dark  brown;  nodes 
greatly  enlarged,  variable  in  shape;  internodes  medium  to  long;  diaphragm  thick;  pith 
large  to  medium;  shoots  strongly  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  short,  thick,  open  late.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged 
on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose-carmine.  Leaves  medium 
to  large,  rather  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  older  leaves  strongly  rugose,  glossy; 


328  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

lower  surface  pale  green,  strongly  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  not  lobed,  with  terminus 
acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  narrow,  frequently  closed  and  overlapping;  basal 
sinus  usually  none;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  shallow  to  medium, 
rather  narrow.     Flowers  fully  self-fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  after  mid-season,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium, 
broad  to  medium,  irregularly  cylindrical,  single-shouldered  to  frequently  double-shoul- 
dered, loose  to  medium;  peduncle  long,  slender  to  medium;  pedicel  inclined  to  short,  not 
thick,  covered  with  numerous  conspicuous  warts,  distinctly  enlarged  at  point  of  attach- 
ment to  fruit;  brush  very  short,  greenish.  Berries  variable  in  size,  roundish  to  oblate, 
dark  green  changing  to  yellowish-amber,  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent, 
of  medium  firmness.  Skin  thin,  tender,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no 
pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  transparent,  juicy  and  tender,  somewhat 
stringy,  aromatic,  sweet,  ranks  above  Concord  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  fairl}-  well 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  broad  to 
medium,  brown  with  yellowish  tinge;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  intennediate  in  size,  above 
center,  irregularly  circular,  obscure. 

LENOIR. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Amer.  Farmer,  11:237,  412.  1829-30.  2.  Downing,  1845:256.  3.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt., 
1847:469.  4.  Horticulturist,  12:460.  1857.  5.  /6.,  14:487.  1859.  6.  U.S.Pat.0ff.Rpt.,i%S9'-iS- 
7.  Car.  Mo».,  5:74.  1863.  8.  76.,  5:73.  1863.  9.  Fuller,  1867  :2 2 6.  10.  U .  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  iS%T.(>~,2. 
11.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  12.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:148.  fig.  13.  Husmann,  1895:83,  183. 
14.  lb.,  1895:121,  122.  15.  Tex.  Farm  and  Ranch,  Feb.  8,  1896:10,  11.  16.  Tex.  Sta.  BiiL,  48: 
1150,  1159.  1898.  17.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Yr.  Bk.,  1898:557.  18.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:246.  1902.  19. 
Traite  gen.  de  vit..  6:374.    1903. 

Alabama  (19).  Arclier?  (8).  Black  Souvignon  (7)  but  incorr.  Black  El  Paso  (15).  Black 
July  (7).  Black  Lenoir  (19).  Black  Spanish  (14).  Black  Spanish  (8,  12,  15,  19).  Bliw  French 
(15,  19).  Blue  Grape  of  the  South  (7).  Burgundy  (12,  15,  19).  Cigar  Box  Grape  (19).  Clarence 
(?2,  7).  Devcreaux  of  "Gardening  for  the  South"  (4).  Devercaux  (19).  Devercux  (5,  7,  }g) 
Early  Black  (4).  El  Paso  (6).  El  Paso  (12,  19).  Harris?  (7,  9).  Jack  (8).  Jack  (12,  15,  19) 
Jacques  (12,  15,  16,  19).  Jacquez  (19).  Jacquez  (15).  Jac  (19).  Jacquet  (19).  July  Slwrry  (4) 
Lenoir  (14,  19).  Long?  (9).  Longworth's  Ohio  (19).  Louisville  Seedling?  (9).  MacCandless  (19) 
Ohio  (8  19).  Ohio  Cigar  Box?  (9).  Oldhouse?  (7).  Pungo  of  N.  C?  (7).  Scgar  Box  (8,  19) 
Sherry  of  the  South  (7).  S pringstcin  (7).  St.  Genevieve?  (9).  Sumpter  (?2,  4,  7).  Thurmond  (4,  5 
7,    ?9).      Warren    (8).      Wylie?    (9). 

Lenoir  is  a  southern  grape,  too  tender  and  too  late  in  ripening  for 
even  the  Middle  States.  This  variety  has  been  largely  used  in  France, 
both  as  a  resistant  stock  and  as  a  direct  producer,  but  for  some  years  has 
been  losing  favor  for  either  purpose.  It  has  also  been  grown  more  or  less 
in  California  as  a  resistant  stock.  It  is  highly  valued  for  its  dark  red  wine, 
is  considered  a  very  good  table  grape,  is  very  resistant  to  jjhylloxera,  and 
withstands  drouths  well. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  329 

The  origin  of  Lenoir  is  unknown.  It  was  in  cultivation  in  the  South 
as  long  ago  as  the  early  part  of  the  last  century.  Nicholas  Herbemont' 
states  in  1829  that  its  name  was  given  it  from  a  man  named  Lenoir  who 
cultivated  it  near  Stateburg,  South  Carolina,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Santee 
River.  There  are  traditions  of  its  being  imported  from  Europe,  of  its  being 
found  by  Lenoir  alongside  a  hedge,  and  so  on,  but  none  of  them  seem  in  any 
way  authoritative.  All  that  can  be  said  is  that  Lenoir  originated  probably 
in  one  of  the  Carolinas  or  Georgia  some  time  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
This  variety  was  tried  at  an  early  day  in  the  northern  and  middle  states, 
by  Longworth  at  Cincinnati,  by  the  Germans  in  Missouri,  and  in  other 
places.  On  account  of  its  being  only  semi-hardy  and  somewhat  susceptible 
to  rot,  its  cultivation  was  soon  abandoned.  It  was  early  introduced  into 
Texas  and  cultivated  in  the  vicinity  of  El  Paso,  from  which  it  derived  one 
of  its  synonyms.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1889  and  it  still  retained.  Lenoir  differs 
from  Herbemont,  with  which  it  is  often  confused,  in  having  wood  of  a 
darker  color,  larger  and  darker  leaves  and  slight  differences  in  the  fruit. 

The    following    description   is   taken    from    various   accounts   of    the 

variety: 

Vine  vigorous,  thrifty,  semi-hardy,  usually  quite  productive.  Canes  rather  numer- 
ous with  some  bloom  at  the  nodes;  tendrils  intermittent.  Leaves  from  two  to  seven- 
lobed,  usually  five,  and  of  a  characteristic  bluish-green  color  above  and  a  more  pale 
green  below.  Clusters  quite  variable,  medium  to  very  large,  tapering,  usually  shouldered. 
Berries  small  to  medium,  round,  of  a  dark  bluish-purple,  nearly  black,  with  lilac  bloom. 
Skin  rather  thick,  tough.  Flesh  slightly  juicy,  tender,  subacidly  sweet,  very  rich  in 
coloring  matter. 

LINDLEY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1862:215.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  3.  Horticulturist,  24:126, 
312.  1S69.  4.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:221.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:40.  6.  Mo.  Hort. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1882:75.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:117.  fig.  8.  Gar.  and  For.,  5:54"-  1892.  9.  N.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt..  9:329.  i8go.  10.  ///.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:260.  1893.  11.  Can.  Hort.,  17:254,  405.  1S94.  12. 
Va.  Sta.  Bui,  94:i37-  1898.  13.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:532.  54i.  543.  545.  546.  548,  552,  558. 
1898.  14.  Miss.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:15.  1899.  15.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.,  169:172.  1899.  16.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui., 
56:223,  271.    1900.      17.   Can.    Hort.,  26:51,  96,  298.  fig.,  299.    1903. 

Rogers'  No.  9  (i,  2).     Rogers'  No.  9  (3,  7,  9,  11,  17). 


^Amcr.  Farmer,  11:237,412.    1829-30. 


330  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

To  Lindley,  less  productive  than  several  others  of  its  class,  but 
when  cross-fertilized  usually  bearing  a  crop  of  excellent  grapes,  is  due 
much  of  the  popularity  of  Rogers'  hybrids.  By  common  consent  it  is  the 
best  of  the  red  grapes  originated  by  Rogers  in  his  crosses  between  Labrusca 
and  Vinifera.  Unfortunatel)'  the  color-plate  does  not  do  the  variety 
justice.  Both  berry  and  bunch  should  be  shown  a  little  larger,  even  for  ■ 
average-sized  specimens. 

When  well  grown  Lindley  is  a  very  handsome  grape.  The  bunches 
are  of  only  medium  size  and  are  somewhat  loose  but  the  berries  are  well- 
formed,  of  uniform  size,  and  of  an  attractive  dark  red  color.  The  flesh  is 
firm,  fine-grained,  juicy  and  tender  without  pulpiness  and  with  a  pecu- 
liarly rich  aromatic  flavor.  The  skin  is  thick  and  rather  tough  but  is  not 
objectionable  in  fully  ripe  fruit.  The  fruit  keeps  well  and  ships  well  and 
the  berries  neither  crack  nor  shatter.  The  vine  is  vigorous,  comparatively 
hardy  for  a  Vinifera  hybrid,  fairly  healthy,  but  as  with  most  of  its  kind, 
susceptible  to  mildew.  The  chief  defects  of  Lindley  are  its  self-sterility 
and  precariousness  in  bearing,  and  its  lack  of  adaptation  to  many  soils. 
Lindley  has  long  been  a  favorite  grape  in  the  garden  and  should  continue 
to  be  such,  and  might  well  be  grown  in  commercial  plantations  as  a  fancy 
product. 

For  an  account  of  the  origin  and  parentage  of  Lindley  see  "  Rogers' 
Hybrids."  Rogers'  No.  g,  or  Lindley,  is  first  mentioned  separately  from  the 
others  of  Rogers'  hybrids  about  1862.  In  1869  Rogers  gave  this  grape  the 
name  Lindley  in  honor  of  John  Lindley,  the  English  botanist.  The  variety 
has  been  used  by  a  number  of  breeders,  Munson  in  particular,  as  a  parent 
for  improved  pure-bred  or  cross-bred  offspring.  Lindley  was  placed  on 
the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  in  1867  and  has  not 
been  removed. 

Vine  vigorous  to  rank,  usually  hardy  but  sometimes  injured  in  exposed  locations, 
not  a  heavy  yielder,  somewhat  susceptible  to  mildew,  often  subject  to  attacks  of  leaf- 
hoppers.  Canes  very  long,  intermediate  in  number,  of  medium  thickness,  dark  reddish- 
brown,  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  usually  flattened;  internodes 
medium  to  long,  thick;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous, 
medium  to  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large,  of  average  length,  above  medium  in  thickness,  obtuse  to  conical, 
open   in  mid-season.      Young   leaves   heavily   tinged   on   upper    and   under  sides   with 


fffr-' 


•1 


1 


LINDLEY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  331 

mahogany-red.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  thickish ;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull, 
slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent;  obscurely  three-lobed  with 
terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  teeth  shal- 
low, intermediate  in  width.     Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  in  size,  long, 
inclined  to  broad,  tapering  to  nearly  cylindrical,  frequently  single-shouldered,  the 
shoulder  being  connected  to  the  bunch  by  a  rather  long  stem,  somewhat  loose ;  peduncle 
medium  to  long,  thick;  pedicel  short  to  medium,  slender,  nearly  smooth,  strongly 
enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush  short,  stubby,  pale  green.  Berries  large 
to  medium,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dark  brick-red,  covered  with  lilac  or  faint  blue 
bloom,  do  not  usually  drop  from  the  pedicel,  of  average  firmness.  Skin  variable  in  thick- 
ness, tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  strongly  astringent. 
Flesh  very  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  nearly  tender,  vinous,  sweet  at  skin 
to  tart  at  center,  good  to  best  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  easily  from  the  pulp 
unless  fully  ripe,  two  to  five,  average  three,  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  distinctly 
notched,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  deep,  broad  groove;  chalaza  small,  nearly  central, 
oval  to  pear-shaped.     Must  80°. 

LOUISIANA. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Husmann,  1866:110.  2.  Am.  Jour.  Hart.,  3:301.  1868.  3.  Grape  Cult.,  1:22,  42,  100, 
244,  326.  1869.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:118.  5.  Husmann.  1895:183.  6.  Texas  Farm  and  Ranch, 
Feb.  8,  1896:10.  II.     7.   Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:46.      1901. 

Amoreaux  (6).  Burgunder  (i).  Clevencr?  (6).  Red  Elben  (6).  Rulander  (6).  St.  Genevieve 
(6).      (N.  B.      Reference  number  6  is  to  a  red  grape.      Louisiana  is  black.) 

The  grape  here  discussed  is  of  cultural  value  in  the  South  and  is  of 
interest  from  the  standpoint  of  grape-breeding  and,  historically,  to  northern 
grape-growers.  Louisiana  first  came  to  notice  in  Missouri.  It  was  received 
about  i860  or  before  by  Frederick  Muench  of  Marthasville,  Warren  County, 
Missouri,  from  a  Mr.  Theard  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  under  the  name 
White  and  Red  Burgundy.  Both  supposed  varieties  proved  to  be  alike. 
Theard  informed  Muench  that  the  varieties  had  been  imported  from  France 
about  the  first  of  the  century  by  his  (Theard's)  father.  There  has  been 
much  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether  this  imputed  origin  is  correct 
or  not.  Munson  classes  it  with  the  Devereaux  section  of  the  Bourquiniana. 
It  is  undoubtedly  closely  related  to  Herbemont,  Lenoir,  and  others  of  that 
class. 

The  variety  has  been  much  confused  with  Rulander  and  some  are  of 


332  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

the  opinion  that  the  two  varieties  are  identical.  Those  who  cultivated 
it  earliest  and  most  extensively  were,  however,  of  the  opinion  that  they 
were  very  similar  but  distinct.  The  vine  is  too  tender  in  the  North  for 
cultivation  and  there  are  complaints  from  some  sections  in  the  South  of 
the  fruit  rotting  badly. 

The  following  description  is  taken  from  various  sources: 

Vine  very  vigorous,  stocky,  short -jointed;  leaves  cordate,  not  lobed.  Cluster 
medium  to  small,  shouldered,  compact.  Berry  small,  round,  black  with  blue  bloom, 
without  pulp,  juicy,  spicy,  sweet. 

LUCILE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpi.,  18:395.  1899.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  60:167.  1901.  3.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid., 
53:46.      1901.     4.  Budd-Hansen,  2:384.      1902. 

Lucile  is  of  interest  and  of  value  because  of  its  truly  remarkable  vine 
characters.  In  vigor,  health,  hardiness  and  productiveness  it  is  not  sur- 
passed by  any  of  the  cultivated  native  grapes.  It  is  probably  a  seedling 
of  Wyoming  but  the  vine  is  much  more  vigorous  than  even  that  variety, 
which  is  considered  a  very  strong  grower.  Yet  with  all  of  its  great  growth 
Lucile  ripens  its  wood  almost  perfectly.  It  is  very  productive,  as  much 
so  as  any  other  of  our  native  grapes,  often  bearing  four  bunches  to  the 
shoot,  its  crops  exceeding  those  of  Concord.  It  has  never  been  known  to 
winterkill  in  the  grape  regions  of  New  York  and  is  probably  as  hardy  as 
any  other  of  our  Labruscas.  Its  fruit  and  foliage  are  very  nearly  immune 
to  the  fungal  diseases  of  the  grape. 

Unfortunately  the  fruit  characters  of  Lucile  are  not  as  desirable  as 
the  vine  characters.  The  size,  form,  and  color  of  bunches  and  berries 
are  all  good,  making  a  very  attractive  fruit,  but  it  has  an  obnoxious,  foxy 
taste  and  odor  objectionable  to  those  who  know  good  grapes  though  even 
in  flavor  it  is  better  than  its  supposed  parent  and  is  on  a  par  with  some 
of  the  other  varieties  of  its  season.  A  further  objection  to  the  berries  is 
that  they  are  both  pulpy  and  seedy.  It  is  earlier  than  Concord,  coming 
about  with  Worden  or  preceding  it  a  few  days.  For  so  early  a  variety 
the  fruit  keeps  very  well  and  in  spite  of  its  somewhat  thin  skin  ships  very 
well.  It  is  not  at  all  capricious  as  to  soils,  seemingly  thriving  in  all  good 
grape  soils. 


LUCILE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  333 

Lucile  may  be  recommended  where  an  extra  hardy  grape  is  desired,  for 
locahties  where  the  season  is  short,  and  as  a  variety  for  breeding  purposes, 
should  it  prove  capable  of  transmitting  its  vine  characters,  and  for  those 
who  do  not  object  to  foxiness  of  taste  and  aroma  in  grapes. 

J.  A.  Putnam  of  Fredonia,  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  is  the 
producer  of  Lucile.  The  vine  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1890,  it  being 
then  two  years  old,  and  was  introduced  by  Lewis  Roesch  of  Fredonia 
in  1899.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Wyoming  which  it  resembles 
very  much  in  both  fruit  and  vine  characters  and  surpasses  in  both.  It  is  a 
typical  red  Labrusca  in  all  of  its  characters. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive,  yielding  as  good  or  better  crops  than  Con- 
cord. Canes  medium  to  long,  rather  numerous,  intermediate  in  thickness,  light  brown; 
nodes  strongly  enlarged,  usually  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  short;  diaphragm 
moderately  thick;  pith  about  medium  in  size;  shoots  sHghtly  pubescent;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous, of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  below  medium  to  small,  short,  moderately  thick,  pointed  to  conical, 
open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  heavily  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side  with  bright  cannine.  Leaves  healthy,  medium  to  large,  of  average  thickness, 
firm;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  moderately  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green  or 
with  tinge  of  bronze,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  lobed,  with  terminus 
acute;  petiolar  sinus  shallow,  narrow  to  medium,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping; 
basal  sinus  usually  absent ;  lateral  sinus  a  mere  notch  when  present ;  teeth  very  shallow, 
of  average  width.     Flowers  fertile,  open  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Concord  or  in  some  seasons  about  with  Worden,  keeps 
fairly  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  above  average  length,  slender,  cylindrical  to 
tapering,  usually  single-shouldered,  very  compact;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length, 
large;  pedicel  short,  thick,  covered  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  light 
brown.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  somewhat  oval  when  strongly  compacted, 
dark  red,  duller  than  Wyoming,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin 
medium  to  thin,  somewhat  tender,  contains  a  small  amount  of  light  red  pigment  and 
some  astringency.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  rather  tough,  sometimes  stringy, 
foxy,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  slightly  tart  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quality,  not  equal  to 
Concord  but  superior  to  Wyoming.  Seeds  separate  with  difficulty  from  the  pulp,  one  to 
four,  average  three,  small,  broad,  short  to  medium,  blunt,  dark  brown;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  distinct. 


334  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

LUTIE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  26:307.  1884.  2.  lb.,  27:304.  1885.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:85.  4. 
lb.,  1889:120,  136.  5.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  13:605.  1894.  6.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:150.  7.  Tcnn. 
Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:192.  iSgO.  8.  N.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:532,  545,  547,  555.  1898.  9.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bui.,  169:172.   1899.   10.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:29.   11.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,   110:236.   1902. 

As  with  the  preceding  variety,  Lutie  is  chiefly  valuable  for  its  vine 
characters.  It  is  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  and  fruitful,  though  scarcely 
equaling  Lucile  in  any  of  these  characters.  Pomologists  differ  widely  as 
to  the  merits  of  the  fruit,  some  claiming  high  qualities  for  it  and  others 
declaring  that  it  is  no  better  than  the  average  wild  Labrusca.  The  difference 
in  opinion  is  partly  due  to  a  peculiarity  of  the  fruit.  If  eaten  fresh  from 
the  vines,  the  quality,  while  far  from  being  of  the  best,  is  not  wholly  bad, 
but  after  being  picked  for  several  days  it  develops  so  much  foxiness  of  flavor 
and  aroma  that  it  is  scarcely  edible.  As  Lutie  grows  on  the  Station  grounds 
its  fruit  has  little  merit,  though  somewhat  attractive  in  appearance,  and 
the  variety  can  be  recommended  only  for  vigor,  hardiness,  resistance  to 
disease  and  fruitfulness.  It  is  given  the  prominence  of  an  illustration  in 
The  Grapes  of  New  York  out  of  respect  for  the  opinions  of  others  rather 
than  for  its  merits  as  it  grows  here.  It  makes  a  better  showing  in  other 
grape  regions. 

Lutie  is  a  chance  seedling  found  on  the  grounds  of  Dr.  L.  C.  Chisholm 
of  Spring  Hill,  near  Nashville,  Davidson  County,  Tennessee.  It  was  intro- 
duced in  1885  by  Messrs.  Coleman,  Webber  and  Newson  of  Nashville. 
Lutie  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog  in  1899  where  it  has  since  been  retained.  Its  gross  characters 
are  much  the  same  as  those  of  Dracut  Amber,  Lucile,  Wyoming,  and  Wood- 
ruff, all  typical  red  Labruscas  and  worthy  of  cultivation  only  where  better- 
flavored  varieties  cannot  be  grown. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  Canes  short,  of  average  number, 
slender,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  enlarged,  roundish;  internodes  short;  diaphragm 
thin;  pith  inclined  to  small;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  short  to  medium, 
bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short  to  medium,  slender,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves 
tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  bright  carmine.       Leaves 


\ 


LUTIE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  335 

medium  to  small,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  often  rugose;  lower 
surface  bronze  to  whitish-green,  pubescent;  veins  somewhat  distinct;  leaf  usually 
not  lobed,  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  moderately  deep,  medium 
to  sometimes  wide;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  rather  shallow  and  narrow  when 
present;  teeth  shallow,  narrow.  Flowers  fertile,  open  somewhat  early ;  stamens  upright. 
Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Concord,  some  seasons  about  with  Worden,  does  not  keep 
nor  ship  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  short  and  Vjroad,  Vjlunt  at  end,  cylindrical  to 
sometimes  conical,  usually  not  shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length, 
rather  thick;  pedicel  short,  of  average  thickness,  covered  with  small,  scattering,  incon- 
spicuous warts;  brush  slender,  of  average  length,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to  below 
medium,  roundish,  light  to  dark  red,  dull,  covered  with  thin,  whitish  or  lilac  bloom,  drop 
badly  from  pedicel,  nearly  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness  somewhat  tender, 
adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent, 
moderately  juicy,  somewhat  tough,  strongly  foxy,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  slightly  tart 
at  center,  fair  to  possibly  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adhere  to  the  pulp  unless  the  fruit  is 
fully  ripe,  one  to  four,  average  two,  usually  above  medium  size,  broad,  often  rather  short 
and  blunt,  dark  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  small,  rather  indistinct  groove;  chalaza 
large,  at  center  or  slightly  above,  irregularly  circular,  rather  distinct. 

McPIKE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.   Rural   X.    Y .,  55:622,  /ig.,  627.      1896.     2.   Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,   1897:13.     3.    Nat.    Nurs., 
7:1  ly.      1899.     4.  lb.,  8:93.      1900.     5.   Rural  N.    Y.,  60:170,  226,  290,  614,  710.      1901. 

McPike  is  noteworthy  chiefly  because  of  the  large  size  of  the  berries, 
though  the  bunches,  too,  average  large.  The  accompanying  illustration 
shows  the  size  of  the  berry  accurately  but  the  bunch,  as  shown  here,  is 
too  small.' 

McPike  in  vine  and  fruit  characters  is  very  similar  to  its  parent, 
Worden,  differing  in  having  fewer  but  larger  berries  ]jer  bunch,  grapes 
not  as  high  in  flavor,  and  fewer  and  smaller  seeds.  Because  of  a  thin, 
tender  skin  the  berries  crack  somewhat,  shell  more  or  less,  and  the  vines 
are  less  productive  than  those  of  Worden.  The  faults  just  named  seem 
to  debar  it  pretty  effectually  from  becoming  a  commercial  grape  in  New 
York  and  it  is  not  high  enough  in  quality  and  is  lacking  in  too  many  other 


'  The  illustrations  in  The  Grapes  oj  New  York,  unless  otherwise  mentioned,  are  life-size ;  but  it 
must  be  remembered  that  when  objects  having  three  dimensions  are  reproduced  on  a  flat  surface 
there  is  seemingly  a  considerable  reduction  in  size.  Allowance  should  be  made  for  this  illusion  in 
comparing  fruit  with  illustration. 


336  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

fruit  characters  to  make  it  of  value  for  the  amateur.  It  should  be  said, 
however,  that  the  variety  has  not  been  largely  tested  in  New  York  and  fur 
ther  experience  with  it  is  needed  to  fully  determine  its  value  in  this  State. 
This  variety  was  originated  by  H.  G.  McPike  of  Mount  Lookout  Park, 
Alton,  Illinois,  from  seed  of  Worden  planted  in  1890.  It  was  introduced 
in  1897  by  Silas  Wilson  of  Atlantic,  Iowa.  McPike  is  a  typical  black 
descendant  of  Concord,  bearing  a  strong  resemblance  in  its  gross  characters 
to  Eaton,  Hosford,  Chautauqua,  King,  and  its  parent,  Worden. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  productive  to  very  productive.  Canes  inter- 
mediate in  length,  number  and  thickness,  dull  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  enlarged, 
flattened;  internodes  very  short;  diaphragm  thick  to  medium;  pith  large;  shoots 
thinly  pubescent;   tendrils  continuous,  of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  about  average  size,  short,  thick  to  medium,  obtuse  to  conical,  compressed. 
Leaves  large,  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  medium  to  slightly  rugose;  lower 
surface  grayish-white  to  bronze,  heavily  pubescent;  veins  fairly  distinct;  leaf  not  lobed, 
with  terminus  acute  to  obtuse ;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  rather  wide ;  basal  and 
lateral  sinuses  lacking;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and  width.  Flowers  fertile  or 
nearly  so. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  or  earlier,  appears  to  keep  well.  Clusters  variable 
in  size,  medium  to  short,  rather  broad,  irregularly  tapering  with  slight  tendency  to 
cylindrical,  often  blunt  at  ends,  usually  not  shouldered,  two  to  three  bunches  per  shoot, 
of  average  compactness;  peduncle  medium  to  above  in  length,  thick;  pedicel  long  to 
medium,  thick,  quite  brittle,  nearly  smooth ;  brush  long,  slender,  greenish  with  brown 
tinge.  Berries  unusually  large,  roundish,  purplish-black  to  black,  covered  with  blue 
bloom,  firm.  Skin  of  medium  thickness,  variable  in  toughness,  sometimes  cracks, 
adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment, 
astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  very  juicy,  rather  tender,  stringy,  vinous, 
nearly  sweet  at  skin  to  rather  acid  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  moderately 
adherent  to  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  broad, 
blunt,  rather  plump,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  wide,  shallow  groove;  chalaza 
rather  large,  at  center  or  slightly  above,  somewhat  obscure. 

MAGNATE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:130.  2.  lb.,  1892:270.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:151.  4.  Va.  Sta. 
Bui.,  94:141.      1898.     5.   Ga.  Sta.  Bui,  53:46.      1901. 

Magnate  is  a  green  seedling  of  Concord  and,  like  several  others  of  Con- 
cord's light-colored  offspring,  as  Lady  and  Martha,  it  is  better  in  quality 


V 


McPIKE 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK.  337 

than  the  parent  though  the  flesh  characters  are  not  as  good.  It  does  not 
compare  favorably  with  the  best  green  grapes  of  its  season,  either  in 
appearance  or  quaUty  and  is  not  recommended  for  New  York. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  either  John  Burr,  or  Dr.  Stayman  of 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  from  seed  of  Concord.  It  was  introduced  by  Stay- 
man  &  Black  in  1891  but  has  not  been  widely  grown.  It  is  better  known 
in  the  West  than  in  the  East. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  medium  to  productive. 
Canes  intermediate  in  length,  number  and  size;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid. 
Leaves  not  always  healthy,  large  to  medium,  variable  in  color;  lower  surface  grayish- 
white,  pubescent.  Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright. 
Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  sometimes 
rather  broad,  occasionally  with  a  medium-sized  single  shoulder,  usually  compact  and 
with  many  abortive  fruits.  Berries  variable  in  size,  roundish,  pale  green  with  trace  of 
yellow,  covered  with  a  medium  amount  of  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Flesh  pale  green, 
slightly  tough,  vinous,  somewhat  musky,  nearly  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  fair  to 
good  in  quality.      Seeds  below  medium  to  small,  short,  broad,  plump. 

MANITO. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana,  Lincecumii,  Rupestris.) 

I.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid..  56:279.  1900.  2.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid.,  53:46.  1901.  3.  Rural  N.  Y.,  60:614. 
1901.  4.  lb.,  62:790.  1903.  5.  Mo.  Hon.  Sac.  Rpt.,  1904:305.  6.  Can.  Ccn.  Exp.  Farms  Rpt., 
1905:107. 

Manito  is  one  of  Munson's  grapes  recommended  for  both  the  North 
and  the  South.  It  is  remarkable  in  having  for  its  immediate  ancestors 
live  species,  Lincecumii,  Rupestris,  Labrusca,  Vinifera,  and  Bourquiniana. 
As  Manito  grows  at  this  Station,  its  vine  characters  are  all  good  and  the 
fruit  is  passably  so.  According  to  the  originator,  the  variety  endures 
extremes  of  climate  very  well  and  has  stood  the  cold  of  the  New  York 
winter  and  the  heat  of  summer  without  any  perceptible  injury.  The  fruit 
is  not  sufficiently  handsome  nor  of  high  enough  quality  to  recommend  the 
variety  highly  for  this  State,  but  it  keeps  well,  ships  well,  is  said  to  make 
good  wine,  and  is  worthy  a  trial  in  experimental  vineyards  at  least.  A 
point  of  merit  is  earliness,  as  it  ripens  just  before  Moore  Early. 

The  variety  was  produced  from  seed  of  America  pollinated  by  Brilliant. 
22 


,^g  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

The  seed  of  Manito  was  planted  in  1895  and  the  variety  was  introduced 
by  the  originator  in  1899. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  long,  rather 
numerous  and  thick,  dark  reddish-brown,  surface  covered  with  blue  bloom,  nodes 
enlarged,  often  flattened;  intemodes  intermediate  in  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith 
large  to  medium;    shoots  thinly  pubescent;    tendrils  medium  to  above  in  length,  bifid 

to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large,  of  average  length,  thickish.  conical  to  obtuse,  open  very  late.  Young 
leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves 
medium  to  below,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth  to 
medium;  lower  surface  duller  than  upper  surface,  thinly  pubescent;  veins  moderately 
distinct;  lobes  usually  three  in  number,  with  terminal  lobe  variable;  petiolar  sinus 
medium  to  deep,  inclined  to  narrow;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow, 
narrow,  often  a  mere  notch;  teeth  of  average  depth,  wide.  Flowers  semi-fertile,  open 
in  mid-season  or  later;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Moore  Early,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large  to 
below  medium,  often  quite  long,  slender  to  medium,  cylindrical,  sometimes  with  enlarged 
end,  usually  not  shouldered,  loose;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length,  slender;  pedicel 
short,  slender,  nearly  smooth;  brush  light  green  with  faint  reddish  tinge.  Berries 
intermediate  in  size!  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  dull  purpUsh-black,  covered  with  a 
medium  amount  of  blue  bloom,  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin  thin,  tender,  adheres 
considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  large  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment,  slightly 
astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  with  slight  pink  tinge,  translucent,  moderately  juicy, 
tender  and  almost  melting,  not  very  aromatic,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  agreeably  tart 
at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average 
two,  surface  often  rough  and  warty,  intermediate  in  size,  length  and  breadth,  darkish 
brown;  raphe  obscure;   chalaza  of  fair  size,  oval  to  rather  pear-shaped,  often  indistinct. 

MARIE  LOUISE. 

(Labrusca,   Vinifera?) 
1     U    S    D     A    Rpt.,  1887:634.     2.  Bush.  Cat..  1894 :■,.'■     3-    'V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:295- 
1896.     4.  /fc..  17:532,  548,  555-      '898.     5.    Va.  S/a.  B./.,  94:m..      1898.     6.   Ga.  Sta.  Bui,  53:a6. 
1901. 

The  parentage  of  Marie  Louise  is  unknown  but  it  seems  to  be  a  typical 
green  seedling  of  Concord  and,  as  tested  at  this  Station,  is  of  no  especial 
merit.     It  is  surpassed  by  Diamond,  Lady,  Martha,  and  nearly  a  score  of 

other  green  grapes. 

The  vine  characters  here  are  not  satisfactory.  It  is  only  moderately 
productive  and  for  some  years  has  been  affected  with  chlorosis. 


•'?^#;*k. 


MANITO 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  339 

Marie  Louise  was  originated  by  Theophile  Huber  of  Illinois  City, 
Illinois,  about  1880.  Besides  the  characters  of  the  variety,  the  work  of  the 
originator  would  indicate  that  it  is  a  Concord  seedling.  There  are  no 
records  of  its  ever  having  been  widely  disseminated. 

Vine  intermediate  in  vigor,  not  hardy  nor  productive.  Canes  short,  not  numerous, 
dark  brown;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves  small  to  inedium,  intermediate  in  thick- 
ness and  smoothness;  lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent.  Flowers 
nearl}'  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Worden, 
does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  short,  slender,  cylindrical,  usually  with 
a  small  single  shoulder,  rather  loose.  Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish  to  oval,  pale 
green  with  tinge  of  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  shatter  badly,  not  very  firm. 
Skin  thin,  of  medium  toughness.  Flesh  pale  green,  tender,  sprightly,  somewhat  vinous, 
sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  not  numerous,  small,  short  and  broad,  plump. 

(I)   MARION. 
(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Horticulturist,  13:13.  1858.  2.  Mag.  Hort.,  26:100.  i860.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1860:83.  4.  Fuller,  1867:244.  5.  Bii.';h.  Cat.,  1883:120.  6.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.  14:89.  1890.  7.  .V. 
v.  S/a.  .4);.  /?/>/.,  10:497.  1S91.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:2SS-  1893.  9.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17 -.SS^' 
545.  546.  548,  555,  559.      1898. 

Black  German  (2).     Marion  Port  (2.  4). 

Marion  is  an  old  variety  of  unknown  parentage  but  so  closely  resembling 
Clinton  in  both  botanical  and  horticultural  characters  as  to  be  clearly  of 
the  type  of  that  variety.  In  many  grape  regions  it  is  held  that  this  variety 
surpasses  Clinton  as  both  a  table  and  a  wine  grape.  The  growth  of  Marion 
is  vigorous,  the  vine  is  hardy  but  hardly  sufficiently  productive,  and  is 
susceptible  to  mildew  and  to  leaf-hoppers.  The  fruit  is  pleasantly  sweet 
and  spicy  though  not  of  high  enough  quality  for  a  table  grape,  but  making, 
according  to  the  following,  from  a  French  authority,  a  very  good  dark  red 
wine.' 

"  With  regard  to  intense  coloring,  witliout  any  foxy  taste,  nothing 
equals  the  wine  made  of  the  Marion  grape;  one-twentieth  part  is  sufficient 
to  give  to  water  even  a  superior  wine  color;  the  somewhat  violet  shade  is 
easily  transformed  into  a  lively  red  by  adding  some  acid  wine  or  a  very 
small  quantity  of  tartaric  acid." 


'  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:120. 


34°  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  fruit  colors  early  in  the  season  l)ut  ripens  very  late,  hanging  well 
on  the  vines  and  improving  with  a  light  touch  of  frost.  Marion  is  not 
much  grown  in  New  York  as  a  wine  grape,  though  it  might  prove  of  value 
because  of  its  coloring  properties  for  the  making  of  some  wines. 

This  variety  was  brought  to  notice  by  a  Mr.  Shepherd  of  Marion, 
Ohio,  over  fifty  years  ago.  It  was  first  known  as  Black  German  but  this 
name  was  changed  to  Marion  Port.  At  about  the  same  time,  Nicholas 
Longworth  received  a  variety  resembling  the  Isabella  from  Marion,  Ohio, 
probably  also  from  Shepherd,  which  he  disseminated  tinder  the  name 
Marion.  Owing  to  the  similarity  of  the  names,  the  two  varieties  became 
badly  confused.  The  true  Marion,  which  many  believed  to  be  identical 
with  York  Madeira,  was  soon  dropped  from  cultivation  and  the  Marion 
Port  assumed  the  name  of  Marion.  Shepherd  did  not  know  where  the 
Marion  Port  had  originated  but  stated  that  it  had  come  originally  from 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  quite  possible  that  it  is  some  old  variety  reintro- 
duced under  this  name.  The  species  of  the  variety  is  usually  given  as 
Riparia  but  as  the  tendrils  are  often  continuous,  there  is  evidently  an 
admixture  of  Labrusca  blood. 

Vine  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  susceptible  to  injury  from 
leaf-hoppers.  Canes  very  long,  intermediate  in  number  and  thickness,  dark  reddish- 
brown,  surface  covered  with  blue  bloom;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes 
very  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  thin;  pith  of  average  size;  shoots  glabrous,  younger 
shoots  tinged  with  reddish-purple;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  long, 
bifid. 

Leaf-buds  nearly  medium  in  size  and  thickness,  short,  conical,  often  strongly  com- 
pressed, open  early;  young  leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side 
with  carmine.  Leaves  unusually  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
glossy;  lower  surface  pale  green,  somewhat  cobwebby  to  nearly  smooth;  veins  well 
defined;  leaf  not  lobed  with  tenninus  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  very  deep,  narrow, 
often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  lacking;  teeth  shallow,  ratlier 
wide.      Flowers  sterile,  open  very  early;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  medium  to  below,  short 
and  slender,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short,  inter- 
mediate in  thickness;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  few,  inconspicuous  warts; 
brush  very  short,  wine-colored.  Berries  medium  to  small,  roundish,  black,  slightly 
glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  medium  to  thin, 
rather  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  much  dark  wine-colored  pigment, 


/ 


MARION 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  34I 

slightly  astringent.  Flesh  dark  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tough,  sprightly, 
spicy,  agreeably  tart  but  free  from  astringency,  no  more  than  fair  in  quality.  Seeds 
adhere  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  four,  above  medium  in  size,  broad, 
short,  usually  not  notched,  very  plump,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  narrow,  shallow 
groove;   chalaza  small,  nearly  central,  oval,  obscure. 

(II)  MARION. 
(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1856:433.  2.  Downing,  1857:341.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1860:83. 
4.  Mag.  Hort.,  26:100.  i860.  5.  (?)  Gar.  Mon.,  3:52.  1861.  6.  Fuller,  1867:244.  7.  Rural  N.  Y ., 
53:793.    1894. 

Ger.man  Grape  (7). 

This  variety  much  resembles  Isabella  and  was  said  by  some  to  be 
identical  with  it.  It  is  probably  the  same  as  York  Maderia.  Downing ' 
discusses  it  as  follows: 

"Origin  unknown.  Sent  to  Mr.  Longworth  from  Marion,  Ohio,  and 
by  him  disseminated.  It  much  resembles  the  Isabella  in  shape  and  size 
of  berry  and  form  of  bunch,  but  more  uniform  in  its  ripening  and  more 
delicate  in  flavor,  ripening  about  the  same  time.  Growth  healthy,  making 
firm  and   short -jointed  wood,  with    strong,  red    tendrils;    a    good    bearer. 

"Bunches  large,  regular,  seldom  shouldered.  Berries  large,  round, 
inclining  to  oval,  dark  purple  with  a  bloom,  juice  abundant,  pulp  thin,  not 
sufficiently  tested  for  wine,  a  promising  variety." 

MARTHA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  30:26.  1864.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt..  1865:196.  3.  Fuller,  1867:227.  4.  Mag. 
Hort.,  34:236.  1868.  5.  Grape  Cult.,  1:10,  14,  15,  42,  129,  fig.,  130.  1869.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.,  1869:42.  7.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:119.  -fig.  8.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  14:89.  1890.  9.  III.  Sta.  Bui, 
28:265.      1893.      10.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:40,  42,  44,  46.      1899.      II.    N.   Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  iS-.igb.   1899. 

Miller  No.  1  (2,  5). 

Martha  was  at  one  time  the  most  popular  of  the  green  grapes  but  the 
introduction  of  many  other  green  varieties  of  superior  fruit  and  vine  char- 
acters has  gradually  reduced  its  popularity  until  it  is  now  but  little  grown. 


•Downing,  1857:341. 


342  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

It  is  a  seedling  of  Concord  and  resembles  its  parent  greatly,  differing  from 
it  chiefly  in  the  following  particulars:  Fruit  green,  a  week  or  more  earlier, 
bunch  and  berries  smaller,  quality  far  better,  being  sweeter,  more  delicate, 
and  with  less  foxiness  and  less  pulp.  About  the  only  difference  in  the 
vines  is  a  lighter  shade  of  green  in  Martha  and  less  robustness,  with  blos- 
soms opening  a  few  days  earlier  than  Concord.  Martha  is  often  sold 
in  the  markets  as  Niagara,  though  the  resemblance  between  the  two  is 
not  strong,  the  Niagara  being  larger  in  bunch  and  berry  and  not  as  high 
in  quality.  One  of  the  defects  of  Martha,  and  the  chief  cause  of  its 
going  out  of  favor,  is  that  it  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well.  A  very  good 
white  wine  is  made  from  Martha.  The  variety  is  still  being  planted  in 
some  parts  of  the  South,  but  is  generally  abandoned  in  the  North. 

Samuel  Miller,  then  of  Calmdale,  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  grew 
Martha  from  seed  of  Concord  sent  him  by  E.  W.  Btill.  The  variety  was 
introduced  about  1868  by  J.  Knox  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  It  was 
placed  on  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  list  in  1869  and 
dropped  from  that  list  in  1899. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  hardy,  intermediate  in  productiveness,  somewhat  susceptible 
to  attacks  of  mildew  in  unfavorable  seasons.  Canes  medium  to  long,  of  average  number 
and  size,  rather  dark  reddish-brown,  surface  covered  with  thin  bloom,  slightly  roughened; 
tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  rather  thick;  upper 
surface  light  green,  intermediate  in  smoothness;  lower  surface  light  bronze,  heavily 
pubescent;  veins  well  defined.  Flowers  self-fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  somewhat  earlier  than  Concord,  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well.  Clusters 
medium  in  size,  often  below  average  length,  intermediate  in  width,  tapering  to  cylindri- 
cal, usually  single-shouldered,  incHned  to  be  loose.  Berries  medium  in  size,  roundish, 
light  green  with  tinge  of  yellow,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  medium  in 
firmness.  Skin  thin,  very  tender,  does  not  usually  crack,  adheres  considerably  to  the 
pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  with  scarcely  any  astringency.  Flesh  pale  yellowish-green, 
juicy,  moderately  tough,  fine-grained,  slightly  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  somewhat  tart 
at  center,  mild,  good  to  very  good  in  quality  but  not  as  good  as  Lady,  Seeds  few  in 
number,  rather  adherent,  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  broad,  rather  blunt,  dark 
brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  small,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  frequently  shows 
as  a  mere  depression.     Must  85°-9o°. 


MASSASOIT 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  343 

MASSASOIT. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  .4)12.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1862:148,  152.  2.  Horticulturist,  18:99.  1863.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Cat.,  1867:44.  4.  Horticulturist.  24:126.  1869.  5.  Grape  Cult.,  1:180,  326.  i86g.  6.  Ind.  Sta. 
Bill..  33:34.  1890.  7.  Gar.  and  For..  3:214,  255,  490.  1890.  8.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:164.  1891. 
9.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  10:497.  1S91.  10.  Bnsli.  Cat.,  1894:154.  11.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
I7:533.  548,  555.      1898. 

Rogers'  No.  3  (i,  2,  3).      Rogers'  No.  3  (4,  5,  6,  10). 

Massasoit  is  distinguished  as  being  the  earHest  of  Rogers'  hybrids 
though  it  is  not,  as  some  viticulturists  say,  as  early  as  Hartford,  ripening 
rather  with  Delaware  or  a  little  later.  It  has  the  peculiarity  or  defect  of 
being  at  its  best  before  full  maturity,  and  of  developing  after  ripening 
a  degree  of  foxiness  which  impairs  its  quality.  In  shape  and  size  of  berry, 
and  sometimes  in  bunch,  there  is  a  striking  resemblance  to  Isabella,  another 
suggestion  of  Vinifera  in  the  latter  sort,  but  the  color  is  that  of  Catawba. 
The  texture  of  the  fruit  is  especially  good,  firm  but  tender  and  juicy,  while 
the  flavor,  as  with  all  of  Rogers'  grapes,  is  rich  and  sweet,  though  in  the 
case  of  Massasoit,  hardly  as  good  as  others  of  these  hybrids.  The  vine 
is  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive  but  very  subject  to  mildew  and  rot. 
Massasoit  is  well  worth  a  place  in  the  home  vineyard,  and  as  an  early  grape, 
of  fine  quality  for  the  local  market. 

For  an  account  of  the  early  history  and  parentage  of  Massasoit  the 
reader  is  referred  to  Rogers'  Hybrids.  The  variety  attracted  considerable 
attention  even  while  it  was  known  only  as  Rogers'  No.  j  and  was  placed 
on  the  American  Pomological  Society's  list  of  recommended  sorts  as 
early  as  1867.  In  i86g  it  was  named  by  Rogers  after  Massasoit,  the 
Indian  chief  who  was  so  intimately  connected  with  the  early  history  of 
Massachusetts. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  hardy  in  all  but  unusually  cold  winters,  often  ver}^ 
productive,  very  subject  to  rot  and  mildew.  Canes  long,  intermediate  in  number, 
thick,  inclined  to  dark  brown  with  slight  reddish  tinge;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened; 
internodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  large;  shoots  thinly 
pubescent;   tendrils  continuous,  long,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  long,  unusually  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  heavily  coated 
with  brownish  pubescence.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  upper  and  under  sides  with  rose- 
carmine.    Leaves  variable  in  size,  medium  to  thin,  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  smooth 


344  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

to  medium;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent;  veins  well  defined;  lobes  three 
to  sometimes  obscurely  five  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow  to  medium; 
basal  sinus  shallow,  narrow,  often  obscure;  teeth  very  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flow- 
ers sterile,  open  moderately  late;   stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Delaware,  keeps  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  of  medium 
length,  often  rather  broad,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  frequently  single-shouldered,  variable 
in  compactness;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  tliick;  pedicel  of  average  length,  slender 
to  medium,  covered  with  few,  indistinct  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit; 
brush  of  fair  length,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  oval,  dark  brown- 
ish-red, dull,  covered  with  lilac  bloom,  very  persistent,  moderately  firm.  Skin  thin, 
tender,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale 
green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  soft,  stringy,  foxy,  sweet  next  the  skin 
but  acid  at  center,  good  to  verj'  good  in  quality,  somewhat  resembling  Salem.  Seeds 
slightly  adherent,  one  to  five,  average  three,  large  to  medium,  somewhat  broad,  dis- 
tinctly notched,  above  medium  in  length,  plump,  blunt;  raphe  buried  in  a  deep,  broad 
groove;    chalaza  small,   slightly  above  center,   circular  to  nearly  oval,   often  showing 

only  as  a  depression. 

MAXATAWNEY. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.    Horticulturist,  i$:i;}4,  igi,  $^8.      i860.      2.   (Jar.  .I/oh.,  3 1341.      1S61.  col.pl.     3.   Am.    Pom. 

Soc.  Rpt.,  1862:135,  152.     4.   Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  i862:go.     5.   Grape  Cult.  1:10,  42,  141,  149,  296, 

368.      1869.     6.  76.,  2:76,   85, /ig.,  86,  297.      1870.     7.   Bush  Cat.,   1883:120,  121.  fig.     8.  Ala.  Sta. 

Bid.,  10:11.  1890.  9.  N.  Y.  Sta.  Au.  Rpt.,  11:630.  1892.  10.  Tciin.  Sta.  Bid.,  Vol.  9:184. 
1896.      II.    N.    y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  548,  556.      1898. 

At  one  time  very  popular,  grape-growers  now  seldom  hear  of  Maxa- 
tawney.  At  best  it  is  not  a  northern  grape,  ripening  its  fruit  in  New  York 
only  occasionally,  and  is  much  subject  to  fungal  diseases.  It  is  an  interesting 
variety  historically  as  being  one  of  the  first  good  green  grapes  and  as  showing 
almost  unmistakable  Vinifera  characters,  probably  another  example  of 
the  fortuitous  hybridization  which  gave  us  so  many  valuable  varieties 
before  artificial  hybridization  of  Vinifera  with  native  grapes  had  been  tried. 

In  1843,  ^  rna-"  living  in  Eagleville,  Montgomery  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, received  several  bunches  of  grapes  from  a  friend  in  Maxatawney, 
Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  The  seeds  of  these  grapes  were  planted  and  the 
following  spring  one  seed  grew.  This  was  the  original  vine  of  what  was 
later  named  Maxatawney.  It  attracted  no  more  than  local  attention 
until  about  i860  when,  through  the  efforts  of  Peter  Crans  of  Philadelphia, 
it  received  several  favorable  notices  in  the  horticultural  press  and  cuttings 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  345 

were  disseminated  for  testing.  The  man  who  had  originated  the  variety, 
for  fear  of  being  besieged  by  amateur  grape  cultivators,  never  allowed  his 
name  to  become  known.  Maxatawney  was  placed  on  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  list  of  sorts  recommended  for  cultivation  in  1862,  but  was 
dropped  in  1897.  From  the  first  it  has  been  recognized  that  Maxatawney 
shows  Vinifera  blood.  Some  have  even  gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  it  is  a 
derivative,  in  part,  from  Malaga.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  such 
preciseness  is  justified.  The  vine  shows  the  continuous  tendrils  and  the 
thick,  pubescent  leaf  of  Labrusca.  In  the  lobing  of  the  leaves,  the 
susceptibilit}-  to  mildew,  the  oval  berries,  the  vinous  flavor,  and  the 
appearance  of  occasional  seeds,  one  can  detect  the  characters  of  Vinifera. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Canes 
medium  to  above  in  length,  of  average  number,  slender  to  medium;  tendrils  continuous, 
bifid.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  dark  green,  thick;  lower  surface  grayish-white  with 
tinge  of  bronze,  heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  sterile  or  nearly  so,  some  blossoms  imper- 
fectly self-fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  after  Concord, 
in  some  seasons  fully  as  late  as  Catawba,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  small  to  above 
medium,  often  short  and  slender,  cylindrical,  occasionally  with  a  small  single  shoulder, 
rather  open  to  fairly  compact.  Berries  variable  in  size,  oval,  not  unifonn  in  color,  pale 
red  or  dull  greenish  with  amber  tinge,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin 
medium  in  thickness,  often  very  tough,  astringent.  Flesh  slightly  tender,  foxy,  sweet 
at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  few,  separate  easily  from 
the  pulp,  large,  of  medium  length,  very  broad,  blunt.     Must  76°. 

MERRIMAC. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1860:86.  2.  Gar.  Mon.,  6:23,  140,  276,  277.  fig.  1864.  3.  Mass. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1865:40.  4.  .V.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1865:339.  fig.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867: 
44.  6.  Fuller,  1867:229,  230.  7.  Horticulturist,  24:126.  1869.  8.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:263. 
1869.  9.  Grap  Cult.,  1:181,  239,  327.  1869.  10.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:397.  fig.  11. 
Bush.  Cat.,  1883:121.  12.  ^Hch.  Sta.  Bill.,  7:133.  1885.  13.  .Ark.  Sta.  Bui.,  39:32.  1896. 
14.  Tcnn.  Sla.  Bui.,  Vol.  9:184.  1896.  15.  Tc.r.  Sta.  Bui,  48:1150,  1159.  i8g8.  16.  iV.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533.  54i.  544.  548,  556.     1898. 

Rogers'  No.  19  (i,  2.  3,  4,  5,  6).     Rogers'  No.  19  (7,  8,  9.  10,  11,  13). 

Merrimac  is  accredited  by  some  grape-growers  as  the  best  black  grape 
among  Rogers'  hybrids,  but  an  analysis  of  the  characters  of  the  several 
black  varieties  produced  by  Rogers  seems  to  show  that  it  is  surpassed 
at  least  by  Wilder  and  Herbert  and  possibly  by  Barry.     The  attributes 


346  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

of  Merrimac  are  so  nearly  those  given  for  the  several  others  of  these 
grapes  hitherto  described,  that  there  need  be  no  general  discussion  of  it  here 
other  than  to  state  its  chief  points  of  difference.  It  is  stronger  in  growth, 
slightly  more  productive,  possiby  hardier,  and  more  exempt  from  fungal 
diseases  than  the  average  of  Rogers'  hybrids.  Its  season  is  about  that 
of  Concord,  a  little  earlier  than  that  of  most  of  its  kindred  hybrids.  It 
is  not  as  high  in  quality,  and  its  flesh,  skin  and  seed  characters  are  such 
that  it  is  not  as  pleasant  to  eat  as  the  black  varieties  named  above.  Mer- 
rimac is  worthy  a  place  in  collections  and  in  the  gardens  for  the  sake  of 
variety. 

For  a  full  account  of  the  parentage  and  details  of  the  origin  of  the 
variety  see  "Rogers'  Hybrids."  Merrimac  was  first  known  as  No.  19,  and 
was  considered  by  those  to  whom  Rogers  sent  his  grapes  of  peculiar 
excellence,  and  was  granted  a  premium  by  the  Essex  Agricultural  Society 
in  1859.  In  1867,  Merrimac,  with  five  others  of  Rogers'  numbered  vari- 
eties, was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog,  where  it  is  still  retained.  In  1869,  Rogers  gave  this  variety 
the  name  Merrimac  after  the  historic  New  England  river. 

Vine  vigorous,  usually  hardy  but  subject  to  injury  in  severe  seasons,  moderately 
productive  to  productive.  Canes  intermediate  in  length  and  number,  medium  to  slender, 
dark  brown,  surface  slightly  roughened;  nodes  somewhat  enlarged,  usually  flattened; 
internodes  medium  to  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  of  average  thickness;  shoots  nearly 
glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent,  short,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  short  to  medium,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open 
in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with 
rose-carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  thin;  upper  surface  very  light  green,  glossy, 
nearly  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent  and  cobwebby;  veins  dis- 
tinct; lobes  usually  three  with  terminal  lobe  obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep, 
narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  usually  lacking;  lateral  sinus 
shallow,  narrow;  teeth  shallow  to  medium,  of  average  width.  Flowers  sterile,  open 
in  mid-season;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  with  or  later  than  Concord,  ships  and  keeps  well.  Clusters  variable 
in  size,  intermediate  in  length,  often  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  variable  in  com- 
pactness; peduncle  short  to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  pedicel  intermediate  in 
length,  slender,  covered  with  numerous,  small,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  wine-colored. 
Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom, 
persistent,  firm.     Skin  thick,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  small  amount 


MERRIMAC 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  347 

of  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent,  juicy,  moderately 
fine-grained,  medium  tender,  stringy,  with  little  or  no  aroma,  good  in  quality.  Seeds 
rather  adherent,  one  to  five,  average  four,  somewhat  large  and  broad,  long  to  medium, 
frequently  with  enlarged  neck,  brownish ;  raphe  sometimes  shows  as  a  narrow  cord ; 
chalaza  of  average  size,  plainly  above  center,  distinct. 

MILLS. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Horticulturist,  30:93.  1875.  2.  Rural  .V.  5'.,  47:144,  146.  fig.  iSSS.  3.  Can.  Hort. 
11:102,  103.  fig.  1S88.  4.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1888-9:107.  5.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  14:89.  1890 
6.  lb.,  28:160.  1891.  7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  12:621.  1893.  8.  Rural  N.  Y.,  53:6.  1894 
9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:155.  10.  Rural  N.  Y.,  54:715,  779,  795.  1805.  11.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat. 
1897:19.  12.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  548,  556,  559.  1898.  13.  AHch.  Sta.  BuL,  169:173 
1S99.      14.   Ga.  Sta.  BuL,  53:46,  51.      1901. 

Probably  none  of  the  commonly  cultivated  grapes  varies  more  under 
different  cultural  conditions  than  Mills.  It  is  chiefly  from  this  fact  that 
viticulturists  are  so  diverse  in  their  opmions  of  it,  some  claiming  that  it 
is  among  our  best  grapes  and  others  pronouncing  it  almost  worthless. 
Mills  grown  in  the  vineyards  of  this  Station  is  one  of  the  half  dozen 
best  out  of  270  varieties  in  its  fruit  characters.  The  bunches  and  berries 
are  large  and  well-formed,  the  berries  being  a  handsome  black  with  bluish 
bloom  and  adhering  so  firmly  to  the  stem  that  the  fruit  may  be  left  until 
April  without  shelling.  The  berries  are  firm  and  solid, with  the  skin  adherent 
to  the  pulp  almost  as  in  the  Viniferas,  and  with  the  same  texture  of  flesh  as 
in  Black  Hamburg.  The  flesh,  despite  the  solidity,  is  juicy  and  parts  readily 
from  the  seeds.  Its  flavor  is  rich,  sweet,  vinous,  with  a  trace  of  muskiness. 
The  grapes  are  hardly  surpassed  in  keeping  quality  and  seldom  if  ever 
crack  or  shatter.    The  season  is  a  little  earlier  than  Concord. 

But  when  we  have  described  its  fruit  characters,  practically  all  that 
can  be  is  said  in  its  favor.  The  vines  are  of  only  medium  vigor,  are  not 
hardy,  are  fruitful  only  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  and  are  very 
subject  to  mildew.  In  New  York  neither  wood  nor  roots  ripen  well  in  the 
average  season  and  the  variety  is  a  most  difficult  one  for  nurserymen  to 
handle.  That  it  succeeds  only  on  certain  soils  is  known  but  data  are  not 
at  hand  to  determine  what  conditions  of  soil  suit  it  best.  The  soil  on 
which  the  vines  of  this  Station  are  growing  is  a  rather  heavy,  rich  clay 
and  Mills  makes   a  very    fair  growth   here.     The  variety    is   of  doubtful 


348  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

commercial  value,  unless  it  be  for  a  special  market,  but  for  the  garden  or 
the  amateur  viticulturist  it  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  if  adapted  to 
the  soil  and  location.  It  is  possible  that  the  commercial  grower  may  be 
able  to  graft  it  to  advantage  on  some  variety  with  better  vine  characters. 

William  H.  Mills  of  Hamilton,  Ontario,  produced  the  Mills  grape 
about  1870  from  seed  of  Muscat  Hamburg  fertilized  by  Creveling.  It 
was  not  introduced  to  the  public,  however,  until  1888,  when  it  was 
offered  for  sale  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  New  York.  Mills 
was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit 
catalog  in  1897  but  was  dropped  from  the  list  two  years  later.  The  variety 
has  been  widely  tested  but  as  yet  has  not  become  of  commercial  importance 
in  any  of  the  grape  regions  of  the  country. 

Vine  medium  to  above  in  vigor,  not  hardy,  productive  unless  injured  by  the  winter, 
somewhat  subject  to  mildew.  Canes  long,  of  medium  size,  rather  thick,  light  brown; 
nodes  slightly  enlarged  and  flattened,  internodes  medium  to  large;  diaphragm  rather 
thick;  pith  quite  large;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  of  average 
length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small  to  medium,  short,  somewhat  slender,  conical  to  pointed,  open  very 
late.  Young  leaves  tinged  with  carmine  slightly  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side,  which  is  heavily  coated  with  whitish  pubescence.  Leaves  medium  to  large, 
thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull,  medium  to  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  cob- 
webby ;  lobes  three  to  five  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate 
in  depth  and  width;  basal  and  lateral  sinuses  quite  deep  and  wide;  teeth  deep,  of  average 
width.     Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  somewhat  later  than  Concord,  an  unusually  good  shipper  and  keeper. 
Clusters  large  to  medium,  long,  slender  to  medium,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering, 
often  single-shouldered  but  sometimes  double-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short, 
thick;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length,  medium  to  slender,  covered  with  numerous,  small 
warts,  much  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit;  binish  moderately  long,  wine- 
colored.  Berries  large,  oval  to  roundish,  very  dark  red  to  jet-black  when  fully  ripe, 
covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  very  persistent,  finn.  Skin  thick  and  somewhat 
tough,  strongly  adherent  to  the  pulp,  not  astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent, 
juicy,  not  tough  but  meaty,  with  a  rich,  sprightly  flavor,  vinous,  sweet,  very  good  to 
best.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  three,  average  two,  medium  to  large, 
variable  in  length  and  bluntness,  brownish,  frequently  with  enlarged  neck;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  small,  above  center,  irregularly  oval  to  pear-shaped,  distinct. 


MILLS 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  349 

MISSOURI  RIESLING.' 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:33.  MQ-  2.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:76.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883: 
103,  132.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  5.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:290,  599.  1S90.  6.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bid..  14:89.  1890.  7.  ///.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:265.  1893.  8.  iV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  13:605.  1894.  9. 
Bush.  Cat..  1894:5,  156.  10.  ;V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533.  54S,  556.  1898.  11.  Ala.  Sta.  Bui., 
110:86.      1900. 

Riesling  (3).      Grcin's  No.   1  (3,  9). 

Unfortunately  the  Southern  Riparia  seedlings,  Missouri  Riesling, 
Elvira,  Noah,  Grein  Golden,  and  others,  do  not  attain  perfection  in  New 
York.  The  vines  are  sufficiently  hardy,  vigorous,  productive,  and  healthy, 
as  a  rule,  but  the  fruit  is  lacking  in  quality  and  not  acceptable  for  table 
use  nor  wholly  desirable  in  wine-making.  It  is  only  in  the  long  seasons 
and  under  the  sunny  skies  of  the  South  that  the  varieties  of  this  group  of 
Riparias  are  well  grown.  As  one  of  these  grapes,  Missouri  Riesling  is  not 
adapted  to  New  York;  as  it  grows  here  it  is  not  of  high  equality  and  does 
not  mature.  The  variety  is  illustrated  and  described  not  because  of  intrinsic 
value  in  this  region  but  as  of  interest  as  representing  a  somewhat  distinct 
and  important  group  of  native  grapes.  It  is  a  beautiful  fruit  when  well 
grown  and  has  many  good  qualities  as  a  wine  grape,  and  should  it  prove 
adapted  to  some  favored  nook  or  corner  of  the  State,  its  culture  would 
probably  prove  profitable. 

Missouri  Riesling  was  originated  by  Nicholas  Grein  about  1870,  prob- 
ably from  seed  of  Taylor.  Grein  planted  seeds  of  the  European  Riesling 
and  of  Taylor  at  the  same  time  and  he  always  supposed  that  none  of  the 
Taylor  seeds  grew  and  that  the  Missouri  Riesling  was  a  seedling  of  the 
Riesling  of  Germany.  Since  the  Missouri  Riesling  is  evidently  of  Riparia- 
Labrusca  lineage  and  shows  no  Vinifera  whatever,  it  is  to  be  presumed 
that  Grein's  labels  were  confused.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1889  and  is  still  retained 
there. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  usually  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  very  long, 
numerous,  thick,  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  not  flattened;  internodes  long;  diaphragm 


Pronounced  Reezling. 


35°  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

below   average   thickness;  pith    medium   to   above  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;   tendrils 
continuous,  long,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  in  size,  short,  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  in  mid-season. 
Young  leaves  slightly  tinged  on  under  side  only  with  faint  brownish-carmine.  Leaves 
large,  thick  to  medium;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  nearly  smooth;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  thinly  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  usually  five  with  terminal  lobe 
acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow  to  medium;  basal  sinus  shallow  and  wide;  lateral 
sinus  deep,  above  average  width;  teeth  deep  to  medium,  wide.  Flowers  fertile  to  semi- 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  usually  ripens  later  than  Concord  and  a  little  before  Catawba,  does  not  keep 
nor  ship  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  medium  to  short,  of  average  width,  sometimes 
cylindrical,  frequently  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  peduncle  medium  to 
long,  slender;  pedicel  above  average  length,  covered  with  few  small  warts;  brush  green 
with  tinge  of  yellow.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish  to  oval,  pale  or  yellowish- 
green  changing  to  light  red  or  with  tinge  of  pink  when  fully  ripe,  not  glossy,  covered 
with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  sprinkled  with  small  brown  dots,  thin, 
tough,  adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green, 
translucent,  moderately  juicy,  tender,  fine-grained,  lacking  somewhat  in  aroma,  sweet 
at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  mild,  of  fair  quality.  Seeds  adherent,  one  to  four, 
average  two,  with  surface  somewhat  roughened,  intermediate  in  size  and  breadth, 
medium  to  long,  not  blunt,  dark  brown;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  fair  size,  above 
center,  ovate,  very  distinct. 

MONROE. 

(Labrusca,    Bourquiniana?) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  22:176.  1880.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:40,  43.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:122. 
4.  .v.  Y.  Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  9:327.  i8go.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:151).  6.  Va.  Sta.  Bui,  94:135.  iSq8. 
7.    N.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  546,  547,  552.      iSgS.     8.   Mich.  .Sta.  Bid.,  169:173.      1899. 

It  is  now  abovtt  thirty  years  since  Monroe  was  offered  to  the  grape- 
growers  of  this  State,  and  as  a  New  York  seedling,  yet  it  can  now  scarcely 
be  found  under  cultivation.  It  has  failed  because  it  is  lacking  in  quality 
and  because  its  vine  characters  are  not  sufficiently  good  to  attract  either 
the  commercial  or  the  amateur  grape-grower. 

This  variety  was  raised  by  Ellwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  New 
York,  from  mixed  seed  of  Delaware,  Diana,  Concord,  and  Rebecca,  and 
was  first  fruited  in  1867.  Patrick  Barry  at  one  time  stated  that  it  was  a 
cross  of  Delaware  and  Concord.  This,  while  evidently  a  surmise,  appears 
quite  probable.     It  was  tested  by  the  originators  for  many  years  and  was 


^J 


"■•('.*■; 


"^^ 


MISSOURI  RIESLING 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  35 1 

finally  introduced  in  1880  but  was  dropped  some  years  ago  from  the  list 
of  recommended  sorts  in  Ellwanger  &  Barry's  catalog. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  susceptible 
to  attacks  of  mildew  and  rot.  Canes  medium  to  long,  often  numerous,  medium  to 
slender,  covered  with  considerable  blue  bloom;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves 
intermediate  in  size  and  color;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thinly  pubescent.  Flowers 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Hartford,  keeps 
well.  Clusters  above  medium  to  medium  in  size  and  length,  often  broad  and  cylindrical, 
rather  blunt  at  ends,  usually  single-shouldered,  the  shoulder  being  attached  to  the  bunch 
by  a  long  stem,  nearly  compact,  sometimes  with  a  number  of  abortive  fruits.  Berries 
medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish,  black  or  purplish-black,  covered  with  heavy  blue 
bloom,  persistent  Skin  thick,  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  a 
large  amount  of  purplish-red  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green  with  a  tinge  of 
yellow,  rather  transparent,  tender  and  almost  melting,  nearly  sweet,  lacks  character, 
no  more  than  fair  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  intermediate  in 
length,  size,  and  width. 

MONTEFIORE. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Kpt.,  1881:44.  2.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:44,  182.  3.  lb..  1884:216. 
4.  Kan.  Sta.  Bill.,  i4:Sg.  1890.  5.  N.  Y .  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  ii-.b^o.  1892.  t.  III.  Sta.  Bid.,  2&:2^6. 
1893.  7.  Col.  Sta.  Bill.,  29:19.  1894.  8.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:156.  fig.  9.  Husmann,  1895:36. 
10.    .V.    y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533.  .S48.  556-      1898. 

Rommel's  Taylor  Seedling  No.  I4  (8).      Taylor's  Seedling  IVo.  I4  (i). 

Montefiore,  named  in  honor  of  the  Jewish  philanthropist,  Moses  Monte- 
fiore,  is  one  of  Rommel's  seedlings  of  Taylor.  The  variety  has  been  largely 
grown  in  Missouri  and  the  Southwest  as  a  claret  wine  grape  but  is  almost 
unknown  in  New  York  and  the  East.  Montefiore  is  reported  as  succeeding 
in  the  Lake  District  of  Ohio  and,  with  the  exception  that  it  is  somewhat 
uncertain  in  bearing  and  not  always  productive  on  the  grounds  of  this 
Station,  it  has  grown  well  in  this  section  of  New  York.  While  Montefiore 
is  essentially  a  wine  grape,  yet  it  is  pleasing  in  taste  and  texture  of  fruit 
and  is  far  better  in  quality  than  many  of  the  coarser  Labruscas  so  com- 
monly cultivated.  It  keeps  and  ships  well  and  presents  an  attractive 
appearance  as  a  table  grape.  Were  it  not  that  the  variety  has  been  under 
cultivation  for  thirty  years  or  more  and  therefore  probably  tested  and 
discarded  in  New  York,  we  should  recommend  it  for  extensive  trial,  especially 
as  a  red  wine  grape. 


OC2  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Jacob  Rommel'  of  Morrison,  Missouri,  produced  this  variety  from 
seed  of  Taylor  said  to  have  been  fertilized  with  Ives.  It  was  exhibited  by 
Rommel  at  the  American  Pomological  Society  meeting  in  1879,  where  it 
attracted  the  attention  of  Isadore  Bush,  of  Bush  &  Son  &  Meissner,  who 
named  it  Montefiore  and  introduced  it  the  following  year 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy,  an  uncertain  bearer.  Canes  long,  of  average 
number,  thick,  dark  brown  with  sHght  reddish  tinge,  surface  covered  with  thin 
blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  long  to  medium;  diaphragm 
thick;  pith  medium  to  above  in  size;  shoots  thinly  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  long, 

bifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short,  thick,  conical  to  obtuse,  open  in  mid-season.  Young 
leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  brownish-carmine. 
Leaves  intermediate  in  size,  thick  to  medium;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  smooth  to 
medium;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent;  veins  well  defined;  lobes  three  when 
present  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  medium  to 
wide;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  very  shallow  and  narrow  when  present;  teeth 
deep  to  medium,  intermediate  in  width.  Flowers  self-sterile  to  imperfectly  self-fertile, 
open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  or  later,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
rather  short,  of  average  width,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  frequently  single-shouldered, 
the  shoulder  being  connected  to  the  bunch  by  a  long  stem,  compact;  peduncle  medium  to 
short,  intermediate  in  size;  pedicel  short,  slender,  neariy  smooth;  brush  of  fair  length, 
tinged  with  red.  Berries  medium  to  small,  oval  to  roundish,  often  compressed,  black, 
glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  medium  to  thin, 
tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  with  wine-colored  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh 
medium  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender  and  melting,  vinous,  sweet  to 
agreeably  tart,  fair  to  good  in  quality.     Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five, 


'  Jacob  Rommel  was  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  in  1837.  The  family  n.oved  to  Her- 
mann Missouri,  in  1838  where  his  father,  Jacob  Rommel,  Sr.,  engaged  in  the  nursery  busmess  and 
became  interested  in  grape-growing  and  wine-making.  In  i860  the  younger  Rommel  removed  to 
Morrison  where  h.  entered  into  partnership  with  H.  Sobbe  to  grow  nursery  stock  and  cultivate 
grapes  At  this  time  much  dissatisfaction  was  felt  among  the  grape-growers  of  the  Middle  West 
with  the  standard  varieties  then  grown,  most  of  which  were  table  grapes  secured  from  the  East, 
and  were  poorlv  adapted  to  wine-making  and  to  Missouri  conditions.  To  remedy  this  defect  Rommel 
originated  many  new  varieties,  using  Taylor  chiefly  as  a  parent.  Among  others  he  produced  Amber. 
Beluty  Black  Delaware.  Elvira.  Etta,  Faith,  Montefiore.  Pearl,  Transparent  and  Wilding.  Rommel  s 
seedlings  are  characterized  by  extreme  vigor  and  productiveness.  They  were  not  designed  for  table 
grapes  and  they  lack  the  qualities  to  recommend  them  as  such.  In  1900  Rommel  retired  from 
business  and  removed  to  Chamois,  Missouri,  where  he  still  lives. 


MONTEFIORE 


\ 


MOORE  EARLY 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  353 

average  three,  small,  broad,  faintly  notched,  short,  plump,  brownish;  raphe  obscure; 
chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  slightly  above  center  to  central,  oval  to  nearly  circular, 
somewhat  obscure.     Must  90°. 

MOORE  EARLY. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:43.  2.  Ih.,  1872:94.  3.1b.,  1873:101.  4.  lb.,  Pt.  2:81,  82,  109. 
1877.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:32,  40,  41.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1881:24.  7.  Mich.  Pom. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1886:225.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1887:97.  9.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:327.  1890.  10. 
Can.  Hort..  15:95.  1892.  col.  pi.  11.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1893:161.  12.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:158. 
fig.  13.  Col.  Sta.  Bill.,  29:19.  1894.  14.  Tcnn.  Sta.  Bid..  Vol.  9:184.  195.  1S96.  15.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt..  15:430,  431,  432,  433.  1896.  16.  Vt.  Sta.  Bui.,  62:41.  189S.  17.  N.  Y.  .Sta.  An. 
Rpt..  17:533.  541.  543.  544.  545.  547.  552-  1898.  18.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:173.  1S99.  19.  Rural 
i\'.    Y.,  66:1 73.      1907. 

Moore  Early  is  the  standard  grape  of  its  season  in  New  Yoik.  It 
cannot  be  better  described  than  as  an  early  Concord.  It  comes  in  season 
from  two  to  three  weeks  earlier  than  Concord  and  the  last  fruits  of  it  are 
sent  to  market  before  those  of  the  later  grape  are  picked.  The  vines  are 
readily  recognizable  from  those  of  Concord,  differing  chiefly  in  being  less 
productive  and  more  precarious  bearers.  To  grow  the  variety  satisfactorily 
the  soil  must  be  rich,  well  drained  and  loose,  must  be  freqttently  cultivated 
and  the  vines  should  be  carefully  pruned  and  cared  for  in  every  way.  The 
bunches  of  Moore  Early  are  not  as  large  as  those  of  Concord  and  are  more 
inclined  to  looseness,  and  the  berries  sometimes  shell  rather  badh'.  The 
berries  are  larger  and,  as  with  Concord,  crack  under  unfavorable  con- 
ditions. The  flesh  characters  and  the  flavor  are  essentially  those  of 
Concord,  though  the  quality,  representing  all  of  the  characters  which 
make  a  fruit  pleasant  to  the  palate,  is  not  as  high  as  in  the  older  variety; 
it  is  however  much  higher  than  that  of  Champion  and  Hartford,  its  chief 
competitors  in  this  State  and  varieties  which  it  should  replace.  Moore 
Early  is  by  no  means  an  ideal  grape  for  its  season  but  until  something 
better  is  introduced  it  will  probably  remain  the  best  early  commercial 
grape  for  New  York. 

Captain  John  B.  Moore  of  Concord,  Massachusetts,  is  said  to  have 
originated  this  variety  from  seed  of  Concord.  In  1871  it  was  exhibited 
before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  with  fifty  other  seedlings 
of  the  same  parentage.     It  was  awarded  a  first  class  certificate  of  merit 

2^ 


354 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


by  this  Society  in  1877,  and  was  introduced  by  the  originator  the  same 
year.  In  1881  Moore  Early  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  where  it  still  remains. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy,  not  a  heavy  yielder.  Canes  medium  to  short,  of 
average  number,  medium  to  below  in  thickness,  rather  dark  reddish-brown,  surface 
slightly  roughened;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm 
thinnish;  pith  intermediate  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  of  fair  length, 
bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small  and  slender,  short,  pointed  to  conical,  open  medium  early.  Young 
leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves 
large  to  medium,  thick;  upper  surface  medium  dark  green,  dull,  of  average  smoothness; 
lower  surface  tinged  with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not 
lobed,  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  wide  to  medium;  basal  sinus 
lacking;  lateral  sinus  a  notch  when  present;  teeth  shallow,  narrow  to  medium.  Flowers 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  from  two  to  three  weeks  earlier  than  Concord,  does  not  keep  well. 
Clusters  intermediate  in  size,  length,  and  breadth,  irregularly  cylindrical  to  tapering, 
sometimes  single-shouldered,  inclined  to  looseness;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick; 
pedicel  short,  thick,  nearly  smooth;  brush  short,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to  above 
medium,  roundish,  dark  purplish-black  to  black,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom, 
not  very  persistent,  nearl)-  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  tender,  adherent  to 
the  pulp,  contains  dark  purplish-red  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translu- 
cent, juicy,  fine-grained  and  tough,  with  slight  foxiness,  sweet  next  the  skin  but  some- 
what acid  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quaHty.  Seeds  adherent,  one  to  four,  average  two 
and  three,  large,  often  irregular  in  shape,  broad  and  plump,  blunt,  brown  with  yellow 
tinge  at  tips;  raphe  buried  in  a  small  and  indistinct  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size, 
obscure,  often  showing  as  a  faint,  irregular  depression. 

MOYER. 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Columbus  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1887:218.  2.  //).,  1887:218.  3.  Can.  Hort.,  11:265.  1888.  col. 
pi.  4.  ir.  -V.  V.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  35:176.  1890.  5.  lb.,  36:42.  i8gi.  6.  III.  Sta.  Bid..  28:261. 
1893.  7.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:151).  8.  Can.  Hort.,  22:386.  189Q.  fig.  9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:40,  42. 
1899.      10.  Ont.  Fr.  E.xp.  Slas.  Rpt.,  6:20.      1899.     fig.     il.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1899:29. 

Jordan  (2).     Jordan  (5,  7).     Mover's  Early  Red  (i). 

Moyer  at  its  best  is  almost  a  counterpart  of  its  parent  Delaware.  It 
has  all  of  the  faults  of  Delaware  and  some  added  ones.  Were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  the  variety  is  from  one  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  its  parent,  and 
somewhat  hardier,  hence  better  adapted  for  colder  regions,   it  could  not 


MOYER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  355 

have  received  the  recognition  given  it  by  viticulturists.  As  compared  with 
Delaware,  it  is  hardly  as  vigorous  and  is  less  productive.  It  is  reputed  to 
Ije  more  free  from  rot  and  mildew,  the  latter  especially.  The  bunches  are 
much  like  those  of  Delaware  but  with  the  fault  of  setting  fruit  imperfectly 
oftentimes  even  when  cross-pollination  is  insured.  The  berries  are  a  little 
larger  but  of  much  the  same  color  and  of  like  flavor,  rich,  sweet,  and  with 
pure  vinousness  without  a  trace  of  foxiness  but  withal  not  of  so  high  quality 
as  Delaware.  The  fruit  keeps  well,  ships  well,  and  does  not  crack  nor  shell 
in  New  York.  Moyer  is  well  established  in  Canada,  where  it  originated, 
and  is  highly  thought  of,  proving  perfectly  hardy  wherever  the  Concord  is 
grown  and  possibly  standing  even  more  cold.  Its  place  is  as  an  early 
Delaware  for  northern  regions. 

W.  H.  Read  of  Port  Dalhousie,  Lincoln  County,  Ontario,  raised  the 
original  vine  of  Moyer  about  1880,  from  seed  of  Delaware  fertilized  by 
Miller's  Burgundy.  It  was  named  after  Allan  Moyer  of  St.  Catharines, 
Ontario,  who  introduced  the  variety  in  1888.  Moyer  was  placed  on  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  hardy,  healthy,  not  productive.  Canes  intermediate  in 
length,  numerous,  medium  to  slender,  rather  dull  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  slightly 
enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium;  diaphragm  thin;  pith  medium  to 
below  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  medium  to  rather  long,  bifid  to 
trifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  about  average  size  and  thickness,  short,  conical  to  rather  obtuse,  open 
very  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose- 
cannine.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
dull  and  smooth;  lower  surface  very  pale  green  or  with  faint  blue  tinge,  heavily  pubes- 
cent; lobes  two  to  five  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  shallow  to  medium,  not  nar- 
row; basal  sinus  usuallv  lacking,  but  shallow  when  present;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow; 
teeth  very  shallow,  medium  to  narrow.      Flowers  sterile,  open  early;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  from  one  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  Delaware,  keeps  well  but  loses  its 
color  if  kept  too  long.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  short  and  slender,  irregularly  tapering, 
sometimes  single-shouldered,  medium  in  compactness;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length, 
somewhat  slender;  pedicel  inclined  to  short,  of  average  thickness,  covered  with  very 
small  warts;  brush  yellowish-green.  Berries  medium  to  small,  oblate,  dark  red  covered 
with  dark  lilac  to  faint  blue  bloom,  persistent,  rather  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thick- 
ness, not  tender,  does  not  adhere  to  the  pulp,  astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent, 
juicy,  rather  tender,  fine-grained,  somewhat  vinous,  good  to  very  good.     Seeds  separate 


356  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two  or  three,  intermediate  in  size,  broad, 
short,  very  blunt,  brown  with  yellow  tinge  at  tips;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  fair  size, 
slightly  above  center,  irregularly  circular,  obscure. 

MUSCAT  HAMBURG. 

(Vinifera.) 

I.  Gar.  Chron..  1857:645.  2.  Hortkultarist,  13:167.  1S58.  3.  lb.,  14:95.  1859.  4.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.   Rpt.,   1862:92.     5.   Gar.   Mon.,  9:285.      1867. 

As  one  of  the  parents  of  a  number  of  valuable  hybrids  cultivated  in 
American  vineyards,  Muscat  Hamburg  is  illustrated  and  described  in  The 
Grapes  of  New  York.  It  is  described  below  in  detail  that  grape-breeders 
may  detect  any  of  its  characters  transmitted  to  its  offspring.  The  grapes 
and  vines  described  here  were  grown  under  glass,  as  the  variet}'  cannot  be 
grown  out  of  doors  in  eastern  America. 

Muscat  Hamburg  is  a  forcing  grape  only  and  is  apparently  unknown 
in  the  grape-growing  districts  of  Europe.  It  is  said  to  grow  better  grafted 
on  Black  Hamburg  than  on  its  own  roots. 

Seward  Snow  of  Wrest  Park,  Bedfordshire,  England,  originated 
Muscat  Hamburg  more  than  a  half  century  ago  from  seed  of  Black  Ham- 
burg fertilized  by  White  Muscat  of  Alexandria.  It  was  placed  on  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  for  1862  as  an 
exotic  recommended  for  growing  under  glass. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  tender,  productive.  Canes  long,  numcnjus,  slender  to  medium, 
light  brown,  slightly  darker  at  nodes  which  are  enlarged  and  somewhat  flattened;  inter- 
nodes  short  '^o  medium;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  nearly  large;  shoots  glabrous;  tendrils 
inclined  to  dehisce  early,  intermittent  or  frequently  with  only  one  tendril  present  with 
vacancy  on  either  side,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large,  long  to  medium,  inclined  to  thick.  Leaves  medium  to  large, 
intermediate  in  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  somewhat  smooth;  lower 
surface  slightly  lighter  green  than  upper  surface,  faintly  pubescent,  densely  hairy;  lobes 
usually  five  with  tenninus  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  medium 
to  narrow,  rarely  closed  or  overlapping;  basal  sinus  intermediate  in  depth;  lateral  sinus 
deep;  teeth  very  irregular  in  depth  and  width,  some  teeth  approaching  a  tendency  to 
lobing. 

Fruit  ripens  the  latter  part  of  October  under  glass,  keeps  unusually  well.  Clusters 
very  large  to  medium,  long,  broad,  tapering,  frequently  single-shouldered  but  sometimes 
double-shouldered,   rather  loose;   peduncle   intennediate  in   length,   medium   to  rather 


.,»«*««W^t'?«-»»^,. 


•"^*»«hk 


-'^■'i- , 


X 


\ 


MUSCAT  HAMBURG  (Reduced  Size) 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  357 

thick;  pedicel  of  average  length  and  thickness,  very  much  enlarged  at  point  of  attach- 
ment to  fruit.  Berries  large  to  below  medium,  oval,  dark  red,  rather  dull,  covered  with 
lilac  bloom,  very  persistent,  of  average  firmness.  Skin  medium  to  thick,  adheres  strongly 
to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  not  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  very 
juicy,  fine-grained,  tender,  vinous,  sweet,  very  good  to  best  in  quality.  Seeds  separate 
easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  large  to  medium,  long  and  broad,  sharply 
pointed,  brownish;  raphe  hidden  in  a  shallow,  broad  groove;  chalaza  intennediate  in 
size,  decidedly  above  center,  pear-shaped,  distinct. 

NAOMI. 

(Vinifera,  Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Gar.  Mon.,  22:176.  iSSo.  2.  OJiio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1882-3:46.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:124. 
fig.  4.  Can.  Hort..  11:287.  iSSS.  5.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  14:00.  iSqo.  6.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1151, 
1 160.      iSijS. 

Naomi  is  one  of  Ricketts'  seedlings  and,  according  to  the  originator, 
one  of  the  finest  of  all  his  score  or  more  of  worthy  grapes.  But  viticul- 
turists  have  never  agreed  with  the  producer  of  Naomi  in  his  estimate  of  it 
and  the  variety  is  now  scarcely  known.  So  far  as  New  York  is  concerned, 
Naomi  has  been  discarded  because  it  ripens  too  late  for  this  latitude  and  is 
very  subject  to  mildew.  Moreover,  grapes  of  its  color  are  not  as  highly 
esteemed  as  red  or  black  grapes  and  the  demand  for  green  grapes  does  not 
sustain  the  varieties  we  have  of  this  color. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  J.  H.  Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Clinton  fertilized  with  Muscat  Hamburg.  It  was  first  exhib- 
ited before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1879.  It  has  not  been 
widely  disseminated. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Canes  very  long  to  medium, 
numerous,  not  unifonn  in  size,  medium  dark  brown  deepening  in  color  at  the  nodes, 
tendrils  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  large  to  below  medium,  thin,  frequently  inclined 
to  be  torn  by  heavy  winds,  medium  green;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubescent. 
Stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  late.  Clusters  large  to  above  medium,  above  average 
in  length,  broad  to  medium,  single-shouldered  to  sometimes  double-shouldered,  com- 
pact. Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish  to  oval,  light  green,  occasionallv  with 
reddish-yellow  tinge,  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  moderately 
thick,  tough,  not  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  juicy,  slightly  tough  and  solid,  aromatic, 
sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality  when  fully  ripened.  Seeds  medium  to 
below  in  size,  elongated,  sharp-pointed. 


358  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

NECTAR. 

(Labrusca.   Bourquiniana,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:92.  2.  lb..  1885:108.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1888-9:107.  4. 
Ohio   Hort.  Soc.  Adv.  Rpt.,  1890:22.     5.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:160.     6.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1894-5:12. 

7.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  7:134,  136.      1895.     8.  Ilusmann,  1895:94.  9.  Mass.   Hatch  Sta.  Bid.,  37:11, 

14.      1896.      10.  -V.   V.  S/a. -A)!.  /?;;/.,  17:533,  548,  556,  559.      1898.  n.  .4m.  Pom.  Soc.  Ca/.,  1899:2c). 

12.  .Miss.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:16.  1S99.  13.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:242.  1902.  14.  Rural  N.  Y.,  61:685, 
fig.,  600.      1902. 

Black  Delaware  (i,  2,  5,  6,  7,  9). 

There  are  either  two  varieties  under  the  supposedly  synonymous 
names,  Nectar  and  Black  Delaware,  or  else  this  variety  varies  greatly  in  dif- 
ferent localities.  Reports  from  different  sources  give  the  vigor  as  from  weak 
to  vigorous,  the  hardiness  from  hardy  to  tender,  the  season  from  earlier 
than  Moore  Early  to  later  than  Concord,  the  size  of  berry  from  small  to 
large,  the  productiveness  from  unproductive  to  productive  to  a  fault. 

The  Nectar  vines  at  this  Station  were  secured  from  Cay  wood,  the 
originator,  in  1888,  and  from  the  T.  S.  Hubbard  Company,  in  1883.  Vines 
from  both  sources  are  vigorous,  small-leaved,  bearing  medium-sized  black 
berries  of  good  but  not  high  quality.  These  vines  are  nearly  worthless  on 
account  of  their  susceptibility  to  mildew.  The  resemblance  to  Delaware 
is  not  apparent. 

We  have  received  from  Massachusetts,  under  the  name  Black  Dela- 
ware, and  there  is  described  in  several  publications,  a  grape  which  is  strik- 
ingly like  Delaware  except  that  the  color  is  l^lack.  It  is  a  grape  of  high 
quality,  and  the  vine  is  described  as  being  resistant  to  mildew.  This  variety 
may  be  worth  something.  The  Nectar  on  the  Station  grounds  is  not. 
Possibly  Nectar  and  Rommel's  Black  Delaware  have  been  confused. 

The  variety  here  described  was  originated  by  Caywood.  It  is  said 
to  be  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Delaware.  Nectar  first  became 
known  to  the  public  about  1880  under  the  name  Black  Delaware,  which 
was  afterward  changed  by  Caywood  to  Nectar.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape 
list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899,  ^^  ^-  recom- 
mended variety. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  usually  produces  light  crops,  very 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew.     Canes  long,  of  average  number,  thick,  surface  rough- 


^^^ 


NECTAR 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  359 

ened,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  intcrnodes  variable  in  length,  of 
medium  thickness;  pith  intermediate  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  intennittent  to 
continuous,  long,  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  above  in  size,  short  and  thick,  open  in  mid-season.  Young 
leaves  faintly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine. 
Leaves  small  to  medium,  thick ;  upper  surface  dark  green,  rugose,  often  heavily  wrinkled ; 
lower  surface  dull  whitish  or  light  gray,  strongly  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  three 
to  five  with  terminus  obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  in  depth,  wide;  basal  sinus 
shallow  and  open  when  present;  lateral  sinus  medium  to  deep,  often  wide;  teeth  verv 
shallow,  medium  to  narrow.  Flowers  partly  self-fertile,  open  moderately  late;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not  keep  long  in  good  condition.  Clusters 
intermediate  in  size,  length,  and  thickness,  irregularly  cylindrical  to  tapering,  often 
single-shouldered  but  sometimes  double-shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle 
variable  in  length,  slender  to  medium;  pedicel  medium  to  short,  slender,  smooth;  brush 
yellowish-green.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish,  dark  purplish-black,  dull, 
covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  not  very  persistent,  soft.  Skin  of  average  thickness, 
medium  to  somewliat  thin,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  with  wine-colored  pigment, 
slightly  astringent.  Flesh  pale  yellowish-green,  translucent,  juicy,  tough,  fine-grained, 
vinous,  sweet  next  the  skin  but  quite  acid  at  the  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  rather  adherent,  one  to  four,  usually  three,  intennediate  in  size,  medium  to  long, 
brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  much  depressed,  strongly  above  center, 
circular,  obscure. 

NIAGARA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpf..  1879:161.  2.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl..  1879:194,  323.  fig.  3.  Mass. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1880:240,  254.  4.  N.  J.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpl..  1881:0.  S-  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:46. 
6.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:124.  7.  .4m.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1885:26.  8.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1886:134, 
136.  9.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:370.  10.  Rural  .V.  V.,  48:18,  iq.  iS8g.  figs.  11.  Kan. 
Sta.  Bui..  14:90.  iSgo.  12.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:220.  13.  Rural  .V.  Y..  50:66,  230.  1891. 
14.  III.  Sta.  Bnl.,  28:265.  1893.  15.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:161.  16.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  15:430,  431, 
432.  433-  1896.  17.  Ih.,  i7:S3o.  547.  552-  1898.  18.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:40,  44,  45.  1899.  19. 
Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  i6g:ij7,.  1899-  20.  .4/a.  5;a.  i?!(/.,  110:70,  87.  1900.  21.  A'.  C.  Sta.  Bui.,  187:60. 
1903.     22.  Mich.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..   1903:30. 

Niagara  is  the  leading  American  green  grape,  holding  the  rank  among 
grapes  of  this  color  that  Concord  does  among  the  black  varieties.  It  is, 
however,  a  less  valuable  grape  than  Concord,  and  all  in  all,  it  is  doubtful 
if  it  should  be  ranked  much  if  any  higher  than  several  others  of  the  green 
grapes  with  which  it  must  compete.     Much  of  the  popularity  of  Niagara 


,6o  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

is  due  to  the  novel  way  in  which  the  variety  was  sold  to  the  public.     For 
many  years  after  its  origin,  the  entire  stock  of  this  grape  was  owned  by 
the  Niagara  Grape  Company,  who  retained  all  of  the  propagating  wood,  and 
in  many  instances  well  guarded  interests  in  the  vineyards  of  this  variety. 
The  advantages  gained  by  this  method  of  distribution  enabled  the  promoters 
of  the  variety  to  advertise  it  to  an  extent  not  equaled  in  the  dissemination 
of  any  other  grape.     As  is  likely  to  be  the  case  with  new  fruits,  Niagara 
was  overpraised  by  the  company   selling  it  and  for  a  time  by  the  horti- 
cultural press  and  viticulturists  as  well.     When  vineyards  of  the  variety 
came  into  bearing,  a  reaction  set  in,  and  Niagara  lost  in  popularity;  many 
who  had  planted   it  condemned   it  and  oftentimes  unjustly.     For   years 
the  reports  for  and  against  it  were  more  or  less  colored  by  personalities 
and  it  has  not  been  until  a  comparatively  recent  day  that  a  just  estimate 
of  the  variety  could  be  obtained  from  grape-growers. 

Since  one  of  the  parents  of  Niagara  is  Concord,  and  since  the  two 
grapes  are  largely  grown  in  the  same  regions  and  for  the  same  general 
markets,  and  chiefly  as  table  grapes,  we  may  best  arrive  at  the  status  of 
Niagara  by  comparing  it  with  Concord. 

In  vigor  and  productiveness,  where  the  two  grapes  are  upon  equal 
footing  as\o  adaptability,  Niagara  and  Concord  rank  the  same.     In  these 
respects   both    are    standards    scarcely    surpassed    among   our   cultivated 
native   grapes.     In  hardiness  of   root  and  vine   Niagara   falls   somewhat 
short    of    Concord;    practically   all    grape-growers   who   have    tested    the 
two  varieties  in  cold  climates  agree  as  to  the  greater  hardiness  of  Con- 
cord.    In  some  of  the  grape  regions  of  New  York  Niagara  is  not  grown 
profitablv  because  of  its  susceptibility  to  cold.     The  variety  cannot  be 
relied  upon  without  winter  protection  where  the  thermometer  falls  much 
below    zero.      Like    Concord   the   Niagara   has   much   of   the  foxiness   of 
the  wild  Labrusca,  distasteful  to  many  palates.     On  the  other  hand  there 
are  manv  Americans  who  really  like  the  foxy  taste  and  aroma  and  count 
it  an  asset  in  these  varieties.     The  foxiness  of  Niagara  is  most  marked 
just  after  the  fruit  is  picked,  and  it  is  usually  better  flavored  after  having 
stood  for  a  few  days.    The  flavor  is  not  at  its  best  unless  the  grapes  be  fully 
ripe.    Both  bunches  and  berries  of  Niagara  are  larger  than  those  of  Concord 
and  are  better  formed,  making  a  handsomer  fruit  if  the  colors  are  liked 


NIAGARA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  361 

equally  well.  The  skin  of  Niagara  does  not  crack  as  easily  as  that  of  Con- 
cord. The  fruit  shells  as  badly  and  does  not  keep  much,  if  any,  longer. 
Both  vines  and  fruits  of  Niagara  are  more  susceptible  to  fungal  diseases 
than  are  those  of  Concord  and  especially  to  black-rot,  which  proves  a 
veritable  scourge  with  this  variety  in  unfavorable  seasons  and  localities. 

It  is  likely  that  Niagara  will  continue  for  some  time  to  be  the  lead- 
ing green  grape  for  the  market.  As  long  as  grape  consumers  demand  a 
showy  grape  to  be  had  at  a  low  price,  and  w-ithotit  much  regard  as  to  qualitv, 
if  the  grape  be  passably  good,  Niagara  will  be  popular.  For  those  who 
rank  qualitv  first,  with  appearance  and  reasonable  cost  as  secondary  con- 
sideration, there  are  other  green  grapes  superior. 

Niagara  was  produced  by  C.  L.  Hoag  and  B.  W.  Clark  of  Lockport, 
Niagara  County,  New  York.  The  originators  state  that  the  variety  was 
grov/n  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Cassady,  planted  in  1868,  and 
that  it  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1872.  It  was  introduced  about  1882  b}' 
the  Niagara  Grape  Company.  In  1885  it  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of 
the  fruit  catalog  of  the  American  Pomological  Society.  Niagara  has  attained 
its  greatest  popularity  and  is  most  grown  in  New  York  and  in  the  North. 
In  the  grape  regions  of  the  South  and  Southwest,  it  is  too  susceptible  to 
fungi  especially  the  mildews  and  black-rot.  It  is  said  that  the  quality  of 
the  variety,  however,  is  improved  as  grown  to  the  southward  and  that 
where  comparatively  free  from  diseases,  or  when  they  are  controlled  by 
spraying,  it  becomes  a  profitable  early  market  grape.  In  Ohio,  Niagara 
is  grown  more  or  less  for  wine.  This  variety  is  a  typical  white  seedling 
of  Concord  showing  little  trace  of  any  other  variety. 

Vine  vigorous  to  medium,  less  hardy  than  Concord,  productive  to  very  productive, 
somewhat  subject  to  mildew  and  black-rot  in  unfavorable  locations.  Canes  medium 
to  long,  of  average  number,  thick,  dark  reddish-brown  deepening  in  color  at  the  nodes 
which  are  strongly  enlarged  and  slightly  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  long,  thick; 
pith  large  to  medium;   shoots  pubescent;   tendrils  continuous,  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  in  size  and  thickness,  short,  slightly  compressed,  conical  to 
pointed,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  lightly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along 
margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  thick;  upper  surface 
glossy,  medium  dark  green,  rather  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins 
distinct ;  lobes  three  to  five  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate 
in  depth  and  width;    basal  sinus  shallow,  wide,  often  toothed;    lateral  sinus  of  mean 


362  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

depth,   wide,   frequently  toothed;    teeth   shallow,    variable   in   width.     Flowers   feri:ile, 
open  in  mid-season;   stamens  upright 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium,  long 
to  medium,  somewhat  broad,  tapering  to  often  cylindrical,  frequently  single-shouldered, 
moderately  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length, 
thick,  covered  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  warts;  brush  pale  green,  medium  to  long. 
Berries  above  medium  to  large,  slightly  oval,  light  green  changing  to  a  pale  yellowish- 
green  tinge  as  the  ripening  season  advances,  covered  with  thin  g  ay  bloom,  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  thin,  tender,  adheres  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  slightly 
astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  moderately  tender,  foxy, 
sweet  next  the  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  as  good  or  better  than  Concord  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  rather  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three,  intermediate  in 
size,  length  and  breadth,  deeply  notched,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  deep  groove; 
chalaza  of  fair  size,  above  center,  circular  to  oval,  moderately  distinct. 

NOAH. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Gar.  MoH.,  22:176.  1S80.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  iSSi -.2^.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  iSSsisS. 
4.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:40.  1S5.  5.  lb.,  1884:217.  6.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:631.  1892. 
7.  III.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:265.  iSgj.  8.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:162.  fig.  9.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:548. 
556,  55g.  189S.  10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bid.,  48:1151,  1160.  1898.  11.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:40,  43,  44,  45. 
1899.      12.    Traitc  gen.  de  n't.,   5:171.      1903. 

For  some  years  after  its  introduction  in  1876,  Noah  was  quite  popular 
on  account  of  its  vigor,  supposed  health,  productiveness,  and  the  high 
alcoholic  content  of  its  wine.  It  is  now,  however,  but  little  grown  outside 
of  Missouri  where  it  is  still  used  somewhat  in  wine-making.  In  France 
Noah  was  largelv  grown  for  a  time  both  as  a  stock  for  grafting  and  as  a 
direct  producer  for  the  making  of  wine  and  brand}'.  Probably  no  other 
Amei'ican  grape  has  caused  more  general  discussion,  or  received  more  praise 
and  more  condemnation  in  France,  with  the  result  that  it  is  now  but 
little  grown.  The  name  was  given  the  variety  on  account  of  the  alcoholic 
strength  of  its  wine,  the  originator  holding  that  the  lamentable  accident 
which  befell  the  patriarch  Noah  could  easily  have  happened  had  he  partaken 
of  the  wine  of  this  grape. 

Noah  is  so  like  Elvira  tliat  the  two  are  often  confused.  There  are, 
however,  very  marked  differences  in  the  vine  characters;  and  the  clusters 
of  Elvira  are  smaller,  the  Ixirries  more  foxy  in  taste  and  the  skins  more 
tender  and  crack  much  more  than  do  those  of  Noah.     The  large,  dark, 


NOAH 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  36.^ 

glossy  green  leaves  make  the  vines  of  this  variety  very  handsome  and  a 
vineyard  of  them  is  a  pleasing  sight.  As  with  Elvira,  Othello,  Rommel, 
and  other  varieties  of  this  group  of  grapes,  Noah  is  of  little  value  in  New 
York.  These  grapes  are  fit  only  for  wine  but  the  wine-makers  in  this  State 
seem  not  to  have  found  tliem  desirable  for  their  wants.  Noah  shatters 
badh-  and  does  not  keep  nor  ship  at  all  well,  and  buyers  therefore  do  not 
care  for  it. 

Noah  was  originated  by  Otto  Wasserzieher  of  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  from 
seed  of  Taylor  planted  in  1869,  and  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1873.  It 
was  exhibited  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1879.  It  was 
placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog 
in  1 88 1.  Noah  shows,  like  its  parent,  characters  of  both  Riparia  and 
Labrusca.  The  vine  characters  are  markedly  those  of  Riparia  and,  among 
others  of  these,  the  healthiness  of  the  foliage  is  an  asset  of  the  variety; 
the  Labrusca  shows  more  plainly  in  the  fruit  of  Noah  than  in  that  of  Taylor, 
the  berries  being  larger  and  having  more  of  the  foxiness  than  the  last  named 
variety. 

Vine  medium  to  sometimes  vigorous,  not  hardy  in  severe  winters,  productive, 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  long,  of  average  number,  thick  to  medium, 
dark  brown,  surface  roughened;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  intermediate  in 
length  :  diaphragm  of  mean  thickness ;  pith  medium  in  size ;  shoots  slightly  pubescent ; 
tendrils  usually  continuous,  of  average  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  small,  very  short,  thick  to  medium,  somewhat  compressed, 
obtuse,  open  ven,'  late.  Young  leaves  faintly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  of  average  thickness;  upper 
surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  thinly  pubescent;  veins 
distinct ;  leaf  usually  not  lobed,  with  terminus  acuminate ;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium, 
rather  wide ;  basal  sinus  lacking ;  lateral  sinus  very  shallow  when  present ;  teeth  some- 
what shallow,  moderately  wide.  Flowers  sterile  to  semi-fertile,  open  early;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  later,  does  not  ship  nor  Keep  well.  Clusters  variable  in 
size  and  length,  above  average  breadth,  cylindrical  to  nearly  tapering,  usually  single- 
shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle  intermediate  in  length,  thick;  pedicel  short 
to  medium,  covered  with  few,  small  warts;  brush  medium  to  short,  brownish.  Berries 
small,  usually  roundish,  light  green  tinged  with  vellow,  somewhat  dull,  covered  with 
thin  gray  bloom,  not  persistent,  nearly  firm.  Skin  variable  in  thickness  and  tenderness, 
adheres  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  not  astringent.      Flesh  yellowish-green,  trans- 


364  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

lucent,  juicy,  tough,  fine-grained,  vinous,  tart  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  sprightly,  good 
in  quality.  Seeds  separate  with  difficulty  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two  or 
three,  intennediate  in  size  and  breadth,  rather  dark  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow 
groove;    chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  oval,  obscure.     Must  100°. 

NORFOLK. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera. 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpl..  1872:95.  2.  lb.,  Pt.  2:120.  1875.  3.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:164. 
1891.  4.  ///.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:261.  1893.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:163,  186.  6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
7:13s,  139.  1895.  7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  548.  1898.  8.  Va.  Sta.  Bid.,  94:138.  1898. 
9.   Mo.  Sta.   Bid.,  46:  40,  42,  44,  46,  51.      1899. 

Norfolk  Muscat  (i,  2). 

Norfolk  vi^as  disseminated  as  an  early  Catawba  and  it  resembles  that 
variety  very  much  in  appearance  and  somewhat  in  flavor,  but  ripens  much 
earlier.  Unlike  the  Catawba  too,  the  fruit  does  not  keep  well,  nor  is  the 
flavor  quite  up  to  the  high  quality  of  the  older  variety,  more  nearly 
resembling,  as  it  grows  here,  that  of  Agawam.  It  is  not,  however,  the 
fruit  characters  so  much  as  those  of  the  vine  that  have  kept  Norfolk  from 
becoming  popular.  It  falls  short  in  several  vine  characters,  chiefly  in  pro- 
ductiveness, and  after  having  been  known  for  many  years  is  now  scarcely 
cultivated. 

N.  B.  White'  of  Norwood,  Massachusetts,  originated  this  variety  some 
time  in  the  sixties  from  seed  of  a  native  Labrusca  fertilized  with  Black 
Hamburg. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Canes  long, 
numerous,  thick;  tendrils  usually  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  large  to  medium, 
moderately  light  green,  thick;  lower  surface  grayish-white  with  tinge  of  bronze,  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  early;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  earlier  than 
Concord,  does  not  keep  very  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  often  broad,  tapering, 
usually  with  a  long  single  shoulder,  loose.     Berries  large  to  medium,  oval  to  roundish. 


'  Nelson  Bonney  White  was  born  in  the  town  of  Putney,  Windham  County,  Vermont,  in  1S24. 
During  his  younger  years  he  Hved  for  a  time  in  Ohio  and  in  New  York  but  finally  settled  in  Norwood, 
Massachusetts.  White  was  a  cabinet  maker  by  trade,  but  coming  under  the  influence  of  E.  S.  Rogers 
at  the  time  when  Rogers'  hybrids  were  causing  a  stir  in  New  England,  he  took  up  grape-breeding  as 
a  pastime.  He  is  probably  the  oldest  grape-breeder  of  note  now  alive,  as  he  has  been  engaged  in 
this  occupation  over  fifty  years.  His  best  known  productions  are  August  Giant,  Amber  Queen,  and 
Norfolk.  Two  other  of  his  varieties.  International  and  King  Philip,  are  very  highly  spoken  of  but 
have  not  yet  been  distributed. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  365 

dark  purplish-red  somewhat  resembhng  Catawba,  covered  with  a  fair  amount  of  dark 
lilac  or  faint  blue  bloom,  shatter,  rather  soft.  Skin  thin,  inclined  to  tender,  astringent. 
Flesh  somewhat  tough,  stringy,  rather  coarse,  vinous,  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center, 
fair  in  quality.  Seeds  adhere  to  the  pulp,  numerous,  quite  large,  long  to  medium, 
distinctly  notched. 

NORTHERN  MUSCADINE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Horticulturist.  9:518.  1854.  2.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1854:315.  3.  Mag.  Hort.,  22:25. 
1856.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1856:166.  5.  lb.,  1862:143.  6.  .4))!,  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1862:90. 
7.  Phin,  1862:259.  8.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1877:59.  9.  Bush.  Cat..  1883:126.  10.  X.  Y.  Sta. 
An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  548,  556.  1898.  11.  Tc.^.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1151,  1160.  1898.  12.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui., 
46:40,   42,   44,   46.      1899. 

E.\RLY  Northern  Muscadine  (2,  7). 

To  those  who  profess  to  Hke  a  foxy  grape,  the  Northern  Muscadine 
should  be  the  grape  par  excellence.  Many  of  the  differences  in  opinion  to 
be  found  in  grape  hterature  regarding  the  quality  of  grapes  have  hinged 
upon  whether  foxiness  in  taste  and  aroma  is  liked  or  not.  Thus  some 
horticulturists  put  Northern  Muscadine,  both  for  the  taVjle  and  for  wine, 
well  toward  the  head  of  the  list  of  American  grapes,  while  others  condemn 
it  as  tmfit  to  eat.  The  fact  that  this  variety,  with  Lucile,  Lutie,  and  others 
with  the  foxy  taste  strongly  marked,  has  not  become  popular,  in  spite  of 
particularly  good  vine  characters,  is  presumptive  evidence  that  the  Amer- 
ican public  do  not  want  such  grapes.  In  appearance  of  fruit  Northern 
Muscadine  is  much  like  Lutie,  and  much  like  it  in  quality,  the  two  being 
distinguished  from  most  other  grapes  by  an  unmistakable  odor.  A  serious 
defect  of  the  fruit  is  that  the  berries  shatter  badly  as  soon  as  the  grape 
reaches  maturity.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  vine  characters  of  this  variety 
are  very  good  and  it  offers  possibilities  for  the  grape-breeder  because 
of  them.  It  cannot  he  recommended  for  either  the  vineyard  or  the 
garden. 

This  variety  originated  at  New  Lebanon,  Columbia  Count\-,  New  York. 
It  was  first  brought  to  notice  by  D.  J.  Hawkins  and  Philemon  Stewart 
of  the  United  Society  of  Shakers  at  that  place  about  1852.  It  was  placed 
on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in 
1862  and  dropped  in  1871.  It  is  a  typical  red  Labrusca  in  all  of  its 
characters. 


366  THE    GRAPES    OF    XEW    YORK 

Vine  variable  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  healthy,  not  always  hardy.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length  and  number,  medium  to  slender,  dark  brown,  sometimes  with  a 
a  slight  red  tinge,  heavily  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid,  dehisce  early.  Leaves 
medium  to  ver}'  large  and  of  distinct  Labrusca  type,  inclined  to  roundish,  thick:  upper 
surface  of  medium  greenness,  dull,  medium  to  rugose;  lower  surface  dark  bronze,  heavily 
pubescent;  veins  well  defined.  Flowers  fertile  to  sterile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier; 
stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Worden,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
short,  of  average  width,  frequently  oval  but  sometimes  roundish,  occasionally  single- 
shouldered,  medium  to  compact.  Berries  medium  to  large,  roundish  to  oval,  dark 
amber  to  dull  brownish-red,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  drop  badly  from  pedicel. 
Skin  variable  in  thickness,  medium  to  tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains 
little  or  no  pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  very  pale  green,  juicy,  fine-grained, 
tender  and  soft,  unusually  foxy,  sweet,  poor  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the 
pulp,  often  numerous,  large,  broad,  faintly  notched,  long,  not  blunt,  brownish;  raphe 
obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  variable  in  shape,  often  showing 
as  an  obscure  depression. 

NORTON. 

(Aestivalis,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Prince,  1830:186.  2.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1845:939.  3.  Horticulturist,  12:461.  1857. 
4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1858:68.  5.  lb..  i86o:S8.  6.  Horticulturist.  16:16,  286.  1861.  7.  U.  S. 
Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1865:107.  8.  Horticulturist,  20:39.  1865.  9.  Husmann.  1866:19,48,  85,  Sy.  fig., 
98.  10.  Horticulturist.  22:355.  1867.  11.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  12.  Am..  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt..  1867:111.  13.  Grape  Cult.,  1:5,  74,  98,  122,  138,  150.  212,  296.  1869.  14.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:126.  15.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:100.  16.  Ih.,  1889:109.  17-  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1891: 
131.  18.  Am.  Card.,  20:688.  1899.  19.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:40,  43,  45,  51,  54.  1899.  20.  A^  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  18:397.      1899.     21.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1905:59. 

Norton's  Seedling  (9).  Norton's  Virginia  (3,  5,  6,  7.  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  15,  21).  Xorton's 
Virginia  (14,  18).     Norton's  Virginia  Seedling  (i,  2,  4).      Virginia  Seedling  (9,  13). 

Norton  is  the  leading  wine  grape  in  eastern  America,  and,  if  we  except 
Cynthiana,  which  can  hardly  be  told  from  it,  the  wine  made  from  it  is  the 
best  of  its  class  made  in  the  regions  in  which  the  variety  will  grow.  The  fruit 
is  of  small  value  for  any  other  purpose  than  wine.  Norton  is  fairly  hardy 
but  requires  a  long  warm  season  to  reach  maturity.  While  it  is  said 
that  it  may  be  grown  wherever  Catawba  thrives,  this  has  not  proved  to 
be  the  case  in  New  York;  Norton  in  this  State  is  far  more  precarious  than 
Catawba  in  maturity,  so  much  so  that  it  is  now  scarcely  grown  even  in  the 
most  favored  parts  of  New  York.  It  has  great  adaptability  to  soils  and 
thrives  in  rich  alluvials  or  clays,  gravels  or  sands,  the  only  requisite  seem- 


NORTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  367 

ingly  being  a  fair  amount  of  fertility  and  soil  warmth.  The  vines  are  robust, 
very  productive,  especially  on  fertile  soils,  as  free,  or  more  so,  from  fungal 
diseases  than  any  others  of  our  native  grapes,  and  ver}'  resistant  to 
phylloxera. 

The  bunches  of  Norton  are  of  medium  size,  not  averaging  nearly  as 
large  as  the  one  shown  in  the  illustration,  and  the  berries  are  small;  the 
fruit  is  not  at  all  attractive  in  appearance.  The  grapes  are  pleasant  eating 
when  fully  rijie,  rich  and  spicy,  and  pure-flavored  l:mt  tart  if  not  quite 
ripe;  but  still  are  in  no  sense  table  grapes.  The  fruit  keeps  well.  The 
cluster  usually  ripens  evenly  and  the  berries  neither  shatter  nor  crack. 
The  variety  is  difficult  to  propagate  from  cuttings  and  to  transplant,  and 
the  vines  do  not  bear  grafts  readily. 

Norton  has  been  used  to  quite  an  extent  in  breeding  work  and  the 
blood  may  be  found  in  a  number  of  desirable  grapes  but  it  is  not  a  prolific 
parent  of  worthy  grapes  as  has  been  the  case  with  so  many  of  its  contem- 
porary varieties.  Like  Concord,  Norton  gives,  in  experimental  work, 
many  white  seedlings. 

The  origin  of  Norton  is  rather  uncertain.  In  1830  Prince  writes  that 
he  received  the  grape  from  Dr.  D.  N.  Norton,  one  of  the  pioneer  grape- 
growers  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  who  had  originated  it  from  the  seed  of  Bland 
with  Miller's  Burgundy  growing  nearby.  This  parentage,  it  appeared 
later,  was  undoubtedly  an  error  as  the  Norton  shows  none  of  the  characters 
of  either  Bland  or  Miller's  Burgundy.  Prince's  description  leaves  little 
doubt  but  that  his  Norton  was  the  Norton  of  to-day.  In  1861  there  was 
an  article  published  in  the  Horticulturist'  by  a  Mr.  Lemosy  saying  that  the 
original  Norton  vine  had  been  discovered  in  1835  by  his  father.  Dr.  F.  A. 
Lemos)'  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  on  an  island  in  the  James  Riv^er  and  that 
Dr.  Norton  secured  the  variety  from  this  source.  Since  No/ton  had  sent 
this  variety  to  Prince  prior  to  1830,  this  story  is  evidently  wrong  as  to  dates 
and  is  suspicious  as  to  facts.  It  is  probable  that  the  true  historv  of  the 
variety  will  never  be  known.  Many  grapes  of  the  Norton  class  have  been 
found  at  the  South,  a  fact  which  has  led  to  much  confusion  as  to  the  origin 
of  varieties  as  well  as  in  the  varieties  themselves.      Grapes  of  the  Norton 


'  Horticulturist.  16:286.      1861. 


368  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

type  were  not  looked  upon  with  favor  by  the  early  viticulturists  and  it  was 
not  until  some  years  after  its  introduction  that  the  variety  was  widely 
planted  —  and  then  in  Missouri  and  not  in  the  region  of  its  origin.  The 
Norton  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog  in  1867,  and  is  yet  retained. 

This  variety  has  been  usually  classed  as  Aestivalis,  which  is  approxi- 
mately correct  although  most  viticulturists  agree  that  there  is  a  strain  of 
Labrusca  present  as  indicated  by  the  occasional  continuity  of  tendrils. 
MiUardet,  of  France,  believes  that  the  variety  may  contain  a  strain  of 
Cinerea  as  well.  But  in  fruit  at  least,  Norton  is  essentially  a  variety  of 
Aestivalis. 

Vine  very  vigorous,  healthy,  usually  hardy  but  sometimes  half-hardy,  an  uncertain 
bearer  at  this  Station  but  producing  heavy  crops  in  more  southern  localities.  Canes 
long,  of  average  number,  thick  to  medium,  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown,  surface  covered 
with  considerable  blue  bloom;  nodes  much  enlarged;  internodes  medium  to  long; 
diaphragm  thick;  pith  large  to  medium;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent, 
occasionally  continuous,  long,  bifid  to  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  above  average  size  and  thickness,  short  to  medium,  often  compressed, 
obtuse  to  conical,  open  late.  Young  leaves  considerably  tinged  on  upper  and  under 
sides  with  bright  carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  large,  irregularly  roundish,  of  average 
thickness;  upper  surface  green,  dull,  rugose  on  older  leaves;  lower  surface  pale  green, 
sHghtly  pubescent ;  veins  indistinct ;  leaf  usually  not  lobed  with  terminus  acute  to  some- 
times obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping; 
basal  sinus  usually  absent;  lateral  sinus  shallow  to  a  mere  notch  when  present;  teeth 
variable  in  depth  and  width.      Flowers  self-fertile,  open  late;   stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  too  late  for  this  locality,  keeps  well  when  properly  matured.  Clusters 
medium  to  small,  inclined  to  short,  moderately  broad,  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered, 
medium  to  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick,  sometimes  flattened;  pedicel 
intermediate  in  length,  slender,  covered  with  few  warts;  brush  dull,  wine-colored. 
Berries  medium  to  small,  roundish  to  oblate,  black,  somewhat  glossy,  covered  with 
heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  soft.  Skin  thin,  of  average  toughness,  does  not  adhere  to 
the  pulp,  contains  a  large  amount  of  dark  red  pigment,  no  astringency.  Flesh  greenish, 
translucent,  juicy,  tender,  spicy,  tart  and  somewhat  astringent.  Seeds  separate  fairly 
easily  from  the  pulp,  two  to  six,  average  three,  numerous,  medium  to  small,  intermediate 
in  breadth  and  length,  not  notched,  brownish;  raphe  distinct;  chalaza  small,  above 
center,  circular,  obscure.     Must  105°-!  10°. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  369 

NORWOOD. 

(Vinifera,  Labmsca. ) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.Soc.  Rpt.,  1880:231,     2.   Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:4,5.  3-   HI.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:256. 

i8q,5.  4.   Bush.  Cat..  1894:164.     5-    -V.    V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  13:605.      1894.  6.   Col.  Sta.  Bid.,  29:19. 

1894.  7.    N.    v.  Sta.  An.   Rpt..   17:5:13.   545.  546,   548,   552.       1898.      8.  Kan.  Sta.   Bid.,   110:242. 
1902. 

Norwood  is  a  Labrusca- Vinifera  cross-breed  of  the  same  specific  parent- 
age as  Rogers'  hybrids  which  it  greatly  resembles.  It  is  rather  more 
hardy  than  most  other  grapes  of  its  breeding  and  is  preeminently  a  long 
keeper,  surpassing  most  of  the  similar  hybrids  in  this  respect,  though  all 
of  these  are  notable  for  their  keeping  quality.  But  the  variety  is  incapa- 
ble of  self-fertilization  and  does  not  set  its  fruit  well  even  in  a  mixed 
vineyard,  which  fault  should  debar  it  from  either  the  commercial  or  the 
amateur  list.     The  quality  is  from  good  to  verv  good. 

N.  B.  White  originated  Norwood  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  with 
Black  Hamburg.  It  was  introduced  about  1880  and  has  been  rather  widely 
tested  but  has  never  been  popular,  and  is  now  seldom  seen  in  varietal 
vineyards. 

Vine  vigorous,  subject  to  winter  injury  in  unfavorable  locations,  variable  in  pro- 
ductiveness. Canes  intermediate  in  length  and  number,  slender;  tendrils  continuous 
to  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  large,  not  uniform  in  color,  thin;  lower  surface  grayish- 
green,  thinly  pubescent.  Flowers  sterile  to  imperfectly  self-fertile,  open  late;  stamens 
short.  Fruit  ripens  a  httle  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large 
to  medium,  often  long  and  broad,  irregularly  tapering,  sometimes  heavily  single-shoul- 
dered, intermediate  in  compactness.  Berries  large,  roundish  to  oval,  purplish-black 
covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  very  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thick,  rather  tough,  adheres 
considerably  to  the  pulp,  decidedly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  tough,  stringy,  slightly 
foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent, 
rather  large,  long,  sharp-pointed. 

(I)   OHIO. 

(Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Mag.  Hart.,  8:168.  1842.  2.  lb.,  9:191,  430.  1843.  3.  Downing,  1845:251,  257.  4.  U. 
S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1845:937,  940.  5.  lo..  1847:465.  6.  N.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt..  1848:366.  7.  Thomas, 
1849:398.  8.  Mag.  Hort..  16:546.  1850.  9.  Hortictdt  11  rist,  6:224.  1851.  10.  Bush.  Cat..  1883: 
127.      II.    Tex.  Farm  and  Ranch.  Feb.  8,  1896:11.      12.    Traitc  gen.  dc  vit.,  6:374.      1903. 

Alabama  (12).  Black  Spanish  (12).  Black  Spanish  Alabama  (12,  ?io).  The  Black  (12). 
24 


37°  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Bhw  French  (12).  Burgundy  (12).  Cigar  Box  (2,  S,  9.  11,  12).  Devereaux  (12).  El  Paso  (12) 
Jack  (9,  10,  12).  Jacques  (10,  12).  Jacquez  (12).  Jac  (12).  Jacquet  (12).  Lenoir  (12).  Long- 
worth's  Ohio  (4,  8).  Longworth's  Ohio  (3,  7,  10,  11,  12).  MacCandlcss  (12).  0/jio  (12).  .St-gur 
So;<;  (3,  6,  7,  10,  12). 

At  one  time  Ohio  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention  in  southern  grape 
regions  as  a  wine  grape  of  the  Lenoir  group  but  was  discarded  as  inferior 
to  other  similar  grapes,  lacking  chiefly  in  hardiness  and  in  health  of  vine. 
The  grape  is  somewhat  interesting  from  its  singular  history. 

In  1834  some  grape  cuttings  in  a  cigar-box  were  left  at  the  home  of 
Nicholas  Longworth  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  during  Mr.  Longworth's  absence 
from  home.  The  man  who  left  them  did  not  return  and  Longworth  could 
not  succeed  in  tracing  the  donor's  identity.     From  these  came  Ohio. 

The  Ohio  has,  at  different  times,  been  said  to  be  the  same,  in  turn,  as 
Herbemont,  Lenoir  and  Norton.  In  regard  to  the  first,  Longworth  had 
Herbemont  in  cultivation  before  he  received  the  Ohio  and  neither  he  nor 
his  vineyardists  failed  to  see  distinct  and  constant  differences  between  the 
two  varieties.  The  last  two  are  disposed  of  in  the  Cincinnati  Horticultural 
Soc  'ety  Report  given  on  the  next  page.  Longworth  and  others  corroborated 
these  statements  from  their  own  comparisons  of  the  varieties  growing  in 
the  vineyards  around  Cincinnati.  Many  grape-growers,  and  Longworth 
of  the  number,  have  been  of  the  opinion  that  Ohio  might  be  the  same 
as  the  variety  cultivated  in  Mississippi  under  the  name  Jack  or  Jacques, 
both  names  being  corruptions  of  Jacquez,  an  old  Spaniard  who  had  intro- 
duced the  grape  into  the  section  around  Natchez.  The  Ohio  is  probably 
now  obsolete.  It  did  not  succeed  north  of  Cincinnati  and  its  culture  was 
dropped  in  the  place  of  its  origin  on  account  of  its  susceptibility  to  mildew 
and  black-rot. 

The  following  description  of  Ohio  is  taken  from  a  report  to  the  Cincin- 
nati Horticultural  Society:'  "Very  fine  specimens  of  the  grape  cultivated 
under  this  name,  were  presented  by  N.  L(jngworth  and  J.  E.  Mottier,  some 
of  the  bunches  measuring  nine  inches  in  length.  As  there  has  been  some 
belief  expressed  by  eastern  cultivators,  that  this  grape  is  the  same  as  Nor- 
ton's Seedling,  of  Virginia,  the  committee  took  pains  to  examine  them 
together,  in  Mr.  Longworth's  garden,  where  both  were  pointed  out  to  us 


^  Mag.  //or/.,  9:430.      1843. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


371 


by  Mr.  Sleath,  the  gardener.  The  difference  between  the  two  was  at  once 
apparent  and  striking.  In  the  grape  shown  as  the  Norton's  Seedling,  said 
by  Mr.  Sleath  to  have  been  obtained  from  Mr.  Norton  himself,  the  wood 
is  not  so  bright  a  red  as  in  the  Ohio,  and  the  leaf  is  large  and  entire,  whereas 
that  in  the  Ohio  is  three-lobed ;  the  bud  is  also  much  less  prominent  and  not 
so  pointed  as  in  the  Ohio.  The  bunches  of  fruit  in  the  Norton's  Seedling 
were  shorter  and  more  compact,  with  a  thick  pulp.  In  the  Ohio,  the  bunches 
were  long,  very  much  shouldered,  conical  or  sharp-pointed,  and  the  fruit 
without  pulp  —  sweeter,  more  juicy  and  vinous  in  flavor,  and  the  seeds 
smaller,  darker  colored  and  less  numerous  than  in  the  Norton's  Seedling. 

"  The  Committee  think  the  grape  brought  into  notice  here,  by  N.  Long- 
worth,  Esq.,  under  the  names  of  the  Ohio  or  Cigar  box,  a  valuable  and 
distinct  variety,  and  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  This  grape  has  a  stronger 
resemblance  to  the  Le  Noir  which  was  also  growing  near;  but  its  bunches 
were  more  shouldered,  more  pointed,  and  less  compact." 

(II)  OHIO. 

(Labrusca.) 
1.    U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1892:264.     2.   Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Kpt.,  1895:75. 

Another  Ohio  originated  with  R.  H.  Hunt  of  Euclid,  Ohio,  about 
twenty  years  ago.     Of  this  variety  Van  Deman  says: 

"  Cluster  large,  tapering,  slightly  shouldered.  Berry  rather  large,  round,  black  with 
slight  bloom;  skin  rather  thick,  tender;  pulp  moderately  juicy,  tender.  Seeds  small, 
three  or  four  in  number.     Flavor  mild,  slightly  subacid;  quality  medium.    Season  earlv." 

This  variety  is  not  in  the  collection  of  this  Station  and  we  have  not 
been  able  to  find  either  vines  or  fruit. 

ONEIDA. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:128.  2.  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bui.,  2:21.  1888.  3.  ///.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:2(11. 
1893.  4.  .V.  y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:533,  548,  556.  i8g8.  5.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  169:174.  iSyy.  6. 
Ga.  Sta.  .Alt.  Rpt.,  13:328.      1900.     7.    .V.    Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  21:306.      1902. 

Oneida  is  a  New  York  seedling,  interesting  as  an  offspring  of  the 
Vinifera- Labrusca  hybrid  Merrimac.  It  was  sold  by  subscription  in  1884 
and  thereby  somewhat  widely  distributed  but  has  not  generally  been 
reported  upon  with  favor  and  is  of  doubtful  value.     There  are  many  com- 


3/2  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

l)laints  of  its  being  unfruitful  and  some  of  its  being  unhealthy  and  in  con- 
sequence a  weak  grower.  In  some  sections,  however,  it  is  fairl}-  satisfactory. 
While  it  keeps  well  it  is  said  to  lose  flavor  soon  after  picking.  Oneida  is 
one  of  the  rare  sorts  with  erect  stamens  and  yet  self-sterile. 

H.  Thacher  of  Oneida  County,  New  York,  originated  Oneida  from 
seed  of  Merrimac  planted  in  1871.  It  bore  its  first  fruit  in  1875  '^"^  was 
introduced  by  A.  M.  Purdy  of  Palmyra  in  1884.  The  vine  characters  are 
largely  those  of  Labrusca  but  the  fruit  shows  very  strongly  the  descent 
from  Vinifera.  Unlike  the  berries  of  Labrusca  there  is  no  disagreeable 
taste  near  either  skin  or  seeds  and  the  texture  of  skin  and  flesh  is  much 
like  that  of  the  European  Malaga. 

Vine  medium  in  vigor,  not  hard}-,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  subject  to 
attacks  of  fungi.  Canes  medium  to  long,  numerous,  often  rather  slender,  roughened; 
tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves  large  to  medium,  moderately  light  green;  lower 
surface  pale  green,  pubescent.  Flowers  sterile,  open  medium  late;  stamens  upright. 
Fruit  ripens  later  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  tapering,  usu- 
ally single-shouldered,  loose.  Berries  variable  in  size,  roundish,  handsome  red  in  color, 
almost  equal  to  Delaware  although  in  some  seasons  the  berries  have  an  unattractive 
greenish-red  color.  Skin  thick,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp.  Flesh  somewhat 
stringy,  tender,  vinous,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  with  some  Vinifera  sprightliness, 
fair  to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  not  numerous,  rather 
large,  broad,  short,  plump,  usually  with  a  small  enlarged  neck;  chalaza  large,  distinct, 
roughened. 

OPORTO. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Mag.  Hor/.,  26:552.  i860,  fig.  2.  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt..  1861:477.  3-  -■!'"•  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1862:90.  4.  .Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1862:157.  5-  Strong,  1866:352.  6.  Husmann,  1866:124.  7- 
Fuller,  1867:247.  8.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  4:275.  1868.  9.  .\m.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:108.  lo. 
Mich.    Pom.   Soc.    Rpt.,    1872:540.     /fg.      11.    Btisli.  Cat..  1883:128. 

Blue  Tart  (2).      Bine  Vine  Grape  (2).      Oporto  (2). 

Oporto  was  at  one  time  somewhat  sought  for  as  a  wine  grape  from 
the  fact  that  its  wine  resembled  in  color  and  flavor  that  from  Oporto.  The 
name  has  given  many  the  idea  that  the  grape  is  a  European  variety  —  a 
misnomer  in  this  respect,  as  its  botanical  characters  show  it  to  be  a  cross 
between  Riparia  and  Labrusca.  The  variety  is  now  scarcely  known,  being 
inferior  in  most  of  its  horticultural  characters  to  others  of  its  species,  but 
it  might  be  valuable  in  breeding  work  for  some  of  its  characters.     Oporto 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


3  73 


is  very  hardy,  unusually  free  from  fungal  tliseases,  and  its  must  is  verv 
thick  and  dark,  even  staining  the  hands  a  deep  purple,  hence  suitable  for 
adding  color  to  wines.  The  variety  is  very  resistant  to  phylloxera  and  has 
been  used  in  France  as  a  phylloxera-resistant  grafting  stock. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  unknown.  It  was  introduced  into  culti- 
vation about  i860  by  E.  W.  Sylvester  of  Lyons,  New  York.  The  Oporto 
was  placed  on  the  American  Pomological  Society  list  in  1862  and  removed 
in  1867.  The  botanical  characters  indicate  that  this  variety  is  a  Riparia- 
Labrusca  cross-breed.  It  has  much  the  same  vine  characters  as  Clinton, 
but  is,  if  anything,  more  rampant  in  growth  than  that  vigorous  variety. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  unusually  hardy,  healthy,  variable  in  productive- 
ness. Canes  above  medium  to  long,  of  medium  thickness,  dark  brown  to  reddish-brown, 
surface  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;    tendrils  continuous,  bifid.      Stamens  refiexed. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord,  ships  and  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
inferior  in  length,  intermediate  in  width,  cylindrical  to  oval,  often  single-shouldered 
variable  in  compactness.  Berries  below  medium  in  size,  roundish  to  oblate,  frequentlv 
compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant 
blue  bloom,  persistent,  finn.  Skin  very  thin,  tender,  contains  a  large  amount  of  dark 
wine-colored  pigment.  Flesh  nearly  white,  or  sometimes  with  purplish  tinge,  moderately 
juicy,  fine-grained,  inclined  to  solid,  sweet  to  somewhat  acid,  decidedly  spicy,  of  fair 
quaHty.  Seeds  separate  somewhat  easily  from  the  pulp,  often  numerous,  below  medium 
to  small,  of  average  length,  inclined  to  broad,  faintly  notched,  often  sharply  pointed, 
plump,  dark  brown;  raphe  sometimes  shows  as  a  partly  submerged  cord  in  the  shallow 
groove;   chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  oval,  nearly  obscure. 

ORIENTAL. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Barry,    1883:449-     2.    Kan.    Hort.  Soc.   Rpt..    1889-90:95.     3.  III.  Sta.   Bid.,   28:256.      1S93. 
4.   Col.  Sta.  Bui.,  29:19.      1894.     5.   Basil.  Cat.,  1894:105. 

Oriental  is  an  excellent  dark  red  Vinifera-Labrusca  hybrid  resembling 
Rogers'  red  hybrids  but  not  in  any  way  surpassing  them.  While  a  good 
grape,  it  is  doubtful  if  it  can  take  the  place  of  the  better  known  varieties 
of  Rogers.  Like  many  grapes  of  this  class  its  fruit  is  of  high  quality  but 
the  vine  is  of  only  moderate  vigor  and  is  susceptible  to  mildew  and  black- 
rot.  Oriental  is  more  satisfactory  in  the  dry  portions  of  the  middle  We.st 
than  in  New  York. 


3  74  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

This  variety  was  produced  by  N.  B.  White  of  Norwood,  Massachusetts, 
from  seed  of  a  wild  Labrusca  fertilized  with  Black  Hamburg  pollen. 

Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  averages  with  Concord  in  productiveness.  Canes 
unusually  long,  above  medium  in  number  and  thickness,  surface  slightly  roughened : 
tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid  Leaves  large,  green;  lower 
surface  grayish-green,  pubescent.  Fruit  ripens  about  ten  days  before  Concord,  keeps 
well.  Clusters  intemiediate  in  size  and  length,  broad,  vary  from  single-shouldered  to 
double-shouldered,  loose.  Berries  large  to  medium,  oval  to  roundish,  dull  dark  red, 
covered  with  lilac  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  somewhat  from  pedicel,  soft.  Skin  thick, 
tough,  with  but  little  astringency.  Flesh  somewhat  tough,  stringy,  coarse,  vinous, 
sweet  from  skin  to  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent  to  the  pulp,  often  numerous, 
large,  long,  medium  to  broad,  blunt;  chalaza  central  to  distinctly  above  center,  frequently 
with  shallow  radiating  furrows. 

OTHELLO. 

(Vinifera,  Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Gar.  Moit.,  9:22,  23.  1S67.  fig.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1867:173.  3.  Downing,  1869: 
552.  4.  Grape  Cult.,  2:24,  25.  1870.  fig.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:167.  6.  Tenn.  Sta.  Bid.,  Vol.  9: 
185.  1896.  7.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui..  48:1151,  1161.  1898.  8.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:40,  43,  44,  45,  76. 
1899.  9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:47.  1901.  10.  Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:246.  1902.  11.  Traite  gen.  de 
vit ..  5  :i6o.      1903. 

Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  1  (4).  Arnold's  No.  i  (i).  Arnold's  No.  1  (3,  5,  6,  11).  Arnold's 
Hybrid  (2).  Arnold's  Hybrid  (11).  Canadian  Hamburg  (3,  11).  Canadian  Hybrid  (3,  11). 
Challenge?  (11). 

Othello  is  interesting  as  being  so  far  the  most  valuable  hybrid  between 
Vinifera  and  Riparia,  having  attracted  much  attention  in  Europe  as  well  as 
in  America.  The  significance  of  the  name  is  not  apparent  unless,  because 
of  its  dark  color,  it  was  christened  after  Shakespeare's  dusky  Moor.  In 
France,  Othello  does  remarkably  well  as  a  direct  producer  and  is  used 
somewhat  for  a  resistant  stock.  While  most  of  its  characters  are  spoken 
of  in  the  superlative  by  the  French,  in  America  it  is  not  so  highly  thought 
of  chiefly  because  of  its  susceptibility  to  fiuigi,  though  it  shows  other  weak- 
nesses which  seem  inherent  to  hybrids  of  Vinifera  and  native  species  when 
grown  in  this  country.  The  fruit  of  Othello  matures  so  late  that  it  could 
never  become  a  valuable  variety  for  any  considerable  portion  of  New  York. 
It  is  in  no  sense  a  table  grape  nor  does  it  make,  according  to  the  French,'  a 
high  grade  of  wine,  but  rather  a  well-colored,  pleasant,  ordinary  wine  of 
considerable  alcoholic  strength. 


'  Traite  gen.  de  vit.,  6:166.      1903. 


Kit-. 


OTHELLO 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  ^yr 

Charles  Arnold  of  Paris,  Brant  Count)-,  Ontario,  produced  Othello 
from  seed  of  Clinton  fertilized  by  Black  Hamburg.  The  seed  was  planted 
in  1859  and  the  variety  was  sent  out  for  testing  about  ten  )-ears  later. 
There  seems  considerable  doubt  whether  Arnold's  Clinton  was  the  same  as 
the  variety  known  under  that  name  in  the  United  States,  but  if  not,  it  was 
similar.  Assuming  that  Arnold's  is  the  well  known  Clinton,  Othello  is 
descended  from  Labrusca,  Riparia  and  Vinifera.  The  characters  of  the 
three  species  are  shown  in  the  variety.  The  foxy  flavor,  the  tomentum  of 
the  leaf,  the  pulpy  flesh,  and  the  usually  continuous  tendrils  are  all  from 
Labrusca.  Riparia  is  revealed  in  the  long,  slender  canes,  the  resistance  to 
phylloxera  and  the  shallow,  spreading  root  system.  There  are  but  few  of 
the  characters  of  Black  Hamburg,  the  Vinifera  parent,  to  be  found  and  yet 
the  much  lobed  leaf,  the  cluster,  the  oval  berry  and  the  flavor  indicate  the 
Old  World  grape  and  make  fairly  certain  the  triple  origin. 

Vines  vigorous,  hardy,  usually  productive,  slightly  susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew 
in  some  locaHties.  Canes  long,  intermediate  in  number  and  size,  light  to  dark  brown; 
nodes  enlarged,  frequently  strongly  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  below  in  length; 
diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  intermediate  in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils 
continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  of  medium  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  length  and  width,  conical  to  nearly  obtuse.  Leaves 
of  average  size  and  thickness ;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull  and  smooth ;  lower  surface 
pale  green,  pubescent ;  lobes  three  to  five  with  terminal  lobe  acute  to  obtuse ;  petiolar 
sinus  deep  to  medium,  very  narrow,  frequently  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus 
shallow,  narrow;  lateral  sinus  deep  to  medium,  not  wide;  teeth  medium  to  very  deep, 
rather  wide;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  late,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  very  large  to  above  medium,  long, 
broad,  tapering,  frequently  with  a  loose  single  shoulder,  two  to  three  bunches  per  shoot, 
compact;  peduncle  medium  to  long,  intennediate  in  thickness;  pedicel  nearly  long, 
medium  to  slender,  covered  with  numerous  small  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment 
to  fruit;  brush  very  short,  wine-colored.  Berries  large  to  medium,  oval  to  roundish, 
black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  very  persistent,  intermediate  in  firm- 
ness. Skin  thin,  tough,  adheres  strongly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  moderate  amount  of 
bright  colored  red  pigment,  without  astringency.  Flesh  dark  green,  very  juicy,  fine- 
grained, slightly  tough,  sprightly,  low  in  quality  for  table  use.  Seeds  separate  somewhat 
easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  three  in  number,  medium  to  below  in  size,  of  average  length 
and  breadth,  with  neck  sometimes  sHghtly  swollen,  brownish;  raphe  usually  distinct; 
chalaza  small,  above  center,  oval  to  circular,  not  obscure. 


376  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


OZARK. 

(Aestivalis,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:374-  2-  lb.,  1890:156.  3.  lb..  1891:128.  4.  lb.,  1892:267.  5. 
Bush.  Cat.,  1894:167.  6.  Va.  Sta.  Bill.,  94:135.  i8qS.  7.  Mo.  Slu.  Bui.,  46:40,  43,  44,  45.  52- 
1899.  8.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui,  169:174.  1899.  9.  Ky.  Sta.  Bui.  92:95.  1901.  jig.  10.  Ga.  Sta. 
Bui,  53:47.      iQoi.      II.   Mo.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1905:213. 

Ozark  belongs  to  the  South  and  to  Missouri,  and  the  Ozarks  in  par- 
ticular, and  cannot  be  ripened  in  the  average  New  York  season.  Its  merits 
and  demerits  have  been  threshed  out  by  the  Missouri  grape-growers  with 
the  result  that  its  culture  is  somewhat  increasing.  It  is  a  wine  and  not  a 
table  grape,  of  low  quality,  partly,  perhaps,  from  overbearing  which  it 
habitually  does  unless  the  fruit  is  thinned.  It  is  healthy  and  a  very  strong 
grower ;  but  is  self-sterile,  which  is  against  it  as  a  market  sort.  In  spite  of 
self-sterility  and  low  quality,  however,  it  is  a  promising  sort  for  the  country 
south  of  Pennsylvania. 

Ozark  was  originated  by  Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth.  Kansas, 
from  seed  which  he  states  was  from  an  unknown  source.  The  variety  was 
introduced  by  Stayman  &  Black  about  1890.  The  variety  apparently  is 
of  Aestivalis  descent  with  a  slight  admi.xture  of  Labrusca.  There  was 
another  Ozark'  raised  by  Frederick  Muench  of  Marthasville,  Warren 
County,  Missouri,  in  1851.     It  has  probably  long  been  obsolete. 

Vine  vigorous  to  very  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  medium  to  very  productive.  Canes 
rather  long,  often  somewhat  thick,  intermediate  in  number,  covered  with  thin  blue 
bloom,  surface  slightly  roughened;  tendrils  intermittent,  usually  bifid.  Leaves  unusu- 
ally healthy  and  attractive,  dense,  medium  to  large,  light  green;  lower  surface  pale  green, 
thinly  pubescent  and  cobwebby.  Flowers  sterile  or  nearly  so,  open  late;  stamens 
reflexed.  Fruit  ripens  late,  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  long  to  medium, 
usually  with  a  long  and  loose  single  shoulder,  very  compact.  Berries  variable  in  size, 
dull  black,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  variable  in  thickness, 
tough,  contains  a  large  amount  of  wine-colored  pigment.  Flesh  not  very  juicy,  tender 
when  fully  ripe,  mild,  fair  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  somewhat  easily  from  the  pulp, 
medium  to  small,  not  notched;  raphe  shows  as  a  distinct  cord-like  ridge;  chalaza  plainly 
above  center,  very  distinct. 


"  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1855:308. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


377 


PEABODY. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:120.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:92.  3.  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  An.  Rpt.. 
6:22.  1SQ3.  4.  \\2.  Sta.  Bill..  30:108.  1893,  5.  Can.  Cen.  Exp.  Farms  Rp!.,  1894:139.  6. 
Mifli.  Sta.  But.,  169:174.      1899.     7.   Ih.,  194:58.      1901. 

Peabody  is  a  comparatively  unimportant  offspring  of  Clinton  produced 
by  Ricketts.  The  grapes  are  too  small  for  dessert  purposes  and  their  value 
for  wine  seems  not  to  have  been  determined  though  from  its  parentage  it 
would  be  called  a  wine  grape.  In  general  appearance  Peabody  resembles 
Ricketts'  Advance  but  is  later,  not  so  strong  a  grower,  nor  so  prolific  nor 
hardy.  It  appears  to  do  better  in  the  northern  tier  of  states  or  in  Canada 
than  farther  south. 

This  variety  is  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Clinton  grown  by  J.  H. 
Ricketts  about  1870  and  introduced  in  1882.  The  fruit  is  distinctly  dif- 
ferent in  several  characters  from  Clinton  or  other  seedlings  of  that  variety 
suggesting  that  Peabody  is  not  a  pure-bred  seedling. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  produces  medium  crops.  Canes  long,  numerous,  often 
thick,  Hght  brown  with  ash-gray  tinge,  considerably  darker  at  nodes,  covered  with  thin 
blue  bloom;  tendrils  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  dark 
green,  thin,  lower  surface  pale  green,  nearly  glabrous.  Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  in 
mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  rather  early,  keeps  well.  Clusters  large 
to  medium,  medium  to  long,  usually  with  a  fair-sized  shoulder  connected  to  the  bunch 
by  a  long  stem,  compact  to  medium.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  distinctly  oval  to 
roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent.  .Skin  thick, 
tough,  not  astringent.  Flesh  very  juicy,  tender,  vinous,  spicy,  agreeably  sweet  at  skin 
to  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  usually  separate  from  the  pulp  easily  when 
fully  mature,  intermediate  in  size,  broad;  raphe  sometimes  shows  as  a  partially  sub- 
merged cord  in  the  bottom  of  a  rather  wide,  deep  groove;  chalaza  distinctly  above 
center,  often  roughened. 

PERFECTION. 

(Labrusca,  Bourquiniana,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1889:372.  2.  lb.,  1892:268.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:168.  4.  Va.  Sta. 
Bii/.,  94:138.      1898.     5.   Ga.  Sta.  Sit?.,  53:48.      1901. 

Perfection  is  a  seedling  of  Delaware,  which  it  greatly  resembles  but 
does  not  equal  in  New  York,  being  hardly  as  high  in  quality,  does  not  keep 
as  well,  shrivels  before  ripening,  and  shells  badly.     In  its  vine  characters 


378  THE    GR.A.PES    OF    XEW    YORK. 

it  is  mucli  more  like  a  Labrusca  than  Delaware,  suggesting  that  it  is  a  Dela- 
ware cross.     In  the  Southwest  it  is  considered  a  valuable  early  red  grape. 
Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  originated  Perfection  from 
seed  of  Delaware;  sent  out  for  testing  about  1890. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  healthy,  injured  in  severe  winters,  productive.  Canes 
intermediate  in  length  and  number,  slender;  tendrils  intennittent,  trifid  to  bifid.  Leaves 
healthy,  medium  in  size  and  color;  lower  surface  grayish-white  with  tinge  of  bronze, 
heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 
Fruit  ripens  before  Delaware,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size,  aver- 
aging slightly  larger  than  Delaware,  of  fair  length,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact. 
Berries  medium  to  small,  nearly  roundish  when  not  misshapen  by  compactness  of  cluster, 
attractive  red  but  slightly  less  brilliant  than  Delaware,  covered  with  thin  gray  or  faint 
lilac  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  from  pedicel,  soft.  Skin  thin,  variable  in  toughness,  not 
astringent.  Flesh  medium  in  juiciness  and  tenderness,  vinous,  mild,  moderately  sweet, 
good  in  quality  but  inferior  to  Delaware.  Seeds  adherent  to  the  pulp,  quite  numerous, 
below  medium  to  small,  of  average  length,  often  with  slightly  enlarged  neck. 

PERKINS. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  Horticnhiirist.  14:246.  1859.  2.  Mag.  Horl..  27:523,  532.  1861.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt. 
1862:147.  4-  -"l'"-  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1875:24.  5.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1878:8.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1883:58.  7.  Mo.  Horl.  Soc.  Rpt..  1883:40.  8.  -Vrfc.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1890:93.  9.  III.  Sta, 
Bid.,  28:261.  1893.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:168,  169.  fig.  11.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:534,  548, 
556.  i8g8.  12.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid..  169:174.  1899.  13.  Ala.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:69,  7°.  88.  1900.  14. 
S.  C.  Sta.  Bui.,  58:7,  8.      1901.     fig. 

Perkins  was  at  one  time  grown  largely  as  an  early  grape  but  has  been 
very  generally  discarded  on  account  of  its  poor  quality.  Its  pulp  is  hard 
and  its  flavor  is  that  of  Wyoming,  Northern  Muscadine  and  their  like,  all 
easily  identified  and  best  characterized  by  their  disagreeable  foxiness.  As 
with  nearly  all  Labruscas  it  is  a  very  poor  keeper.  Notwithstanding  the 
faults  of  its  fruit,  Perkins  mav  have  value  in  regions  where  grape-growing 
is  precarious;  for  it  is  one  of  the  most  reliable  grapes  cultivated,  being 
hardy,  vigorous,  productive,  and  very  free  from  fungal  diseases.  Added  to 
the  above  qualities,  it  is  eaily,  thus  making  a  plant  well  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  the  grape-breeder. 

This  variety  is  said  to  be  an  accidental  seedling  found  about  1830  in 
the  garden  of  Jacob  Perkins  of  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts.  For  many 
years  it  had  onlv  a  local  reputation  and  becaine  known  to  viticulturists 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  379 

al)out  i860.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  fruit  catalog  in  1875  and  although  several  efforts  have  been  made  to 
have  it  removed  it  still  remains.  It  was  suspected  by  some  of  those  familiar 
with  its  early  history  to  be  a  seedling  of  Isabella  or  Catawba  but  there  is 
little  or  nothing  in  the  vine  or  fruit  to  substantiate  such  a  supposition. 

Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  productive.  Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous, 
thick  to  medium,  rather  dark  brown,  deepening  in  color  at  the  nodes,  surface  heavily 
pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  above  medium  to  small,  thick; 
upper  surface  medium  green,  medium  to  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  grayish-white, 
heavily  pubescent ;  veins  distinct.  Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  medium  early;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Delaware,  ships  well  for  an  early  grape.  Clusters  intermedi- 
ate in  size  and  length,  broad  to  medium,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  often  with  a 
short  single  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  large  to  medium,  distinctly  oval,  dull  green 
changing  to  an  attractive  pale  lilac  or  light  red  when  fully  ripe,  covered  with  rather 
abundant  gray  or  lilac  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  considerably  from  the  pedicel,  somewhat 
soft.  Skin  thin,  tough,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  nearly  white,  medium  juicy, 
stringy,  fine-grained,  firm  and  meaty,  very  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  nearly  acid  at  center, 
poor  to  fair  in  quality.  Seeds  decidedly  adherent,  numerous,  medium  to  above  in 
size,  width  and  length,  somewhat  blunt,  light  brown  with  yellow  tips;  raphe  buried  in 
a  narrow,  nearly  deep  groove ;  chalaza  small,  distinctly  above  center,  oval  to  pear-shaped, 
rather  distinct. 

POCKLINGTON. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Car.  i\/on.,  21:207,  362.  187Q.  2.  Mass.  //ori.  Soc.  /?/><.,  1880:238.  3.  Gar.  Mon.,  22:1  ^6. 
iSSo.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:32,  44.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat..  1881:24.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt..  1883:5s.  7.  Rural  X.  Y..  45:622,  653.  1886.  8.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1886-87:171.  9. 
///.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:266.  1893.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:169.  11.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  13:605.  1894. 
12.  Ih.,  15:432.  433-  1896.  13.  lb.,  17:534.  542.  544,  545.  547.  552.  556.  1898.  14.  Ga.  Sta. 
Bui.,  53:48,  52,  58.      1901.      15.    Kail.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:237.      1902. 

Golden  Pocklington  (10). 

Before  the  advent  of  Niagara,  Pocklington  was,  all  things  consid- 
ered, the  leading  white  grape,  having  very  generally  displaced  Martha. 
The  variety  had  the  fatal  fault,  however,  of  ripening  late  in  the  latitude  of 
New  York  which,  with  some  minor  defects,  has  caused  it  to  fall  below 
Niagara  in  value  for  the  grape  districts  of  this  region  if  not  for  the  whole 
country.  It  is  now  being  grown  less  and  less,  and  though  .still  commonly 
found,  must  soon  become  largely  a  grape  for  the  amateur  and  the  collector. 


380  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Pocklington  is  a  seedling  of  Concord  and  resembles  its  parent  in  most 
of  its  vine  characters,  fully  equaling  or  surpassing  it  in  hardiness,  but  of 
slower  growth  and  not  quite  as  healthy,  vigorous  or  productive.  In  quality 
it  is  as  good  if  not  better  than  either  Concord  or  Niagara,  being  sweet, 
rich  and  pleasant  flavored,  though  as  with  the  other  two  grapes  it  has  a 
little  too  much  foxiness  for  critical  consumers  of  grapes.  It  is  a  handsome 
fi-uit,  a  delicate  golden  yellow  in  color,  being  often  called  the  Golden  Pock- 
lington, and  with  finely  formed  bunches  and  berries  making  it  one  of  the 
most  attractive  of  all  green  grapes.  Pocklington  keeps  and  ships  better 
than  Concord  or  than  any  of  the  latter's  seedlings,  having  a  tough,  though 
comparatively  thin,  skin.  Under  some  conditions,  it  ripens  unevenly  and 
in  some  localities  it  is  vmfruitful.  Pocklington  is  not  equal  to  several  other 
of  the  grapes  of  its  season  in  cjuality,  as,  for  instance  lona,  Jefferson,  Diana, 
Dutchess  and  Catawba,  but  it  is  far  above  the  average  as  a  table  grape  and 
for  this  reason  and  because  of  its  handsome  appearance,  one  of  the  most 
attractive  of  all  green  grapes,  it  should  be  retained  in  our  list  of  grapes  for 
the  garden. 

John  Pocklington  of  Sandy  Hill,  Washington  County,  New  York, 
originated  Pocklington  from  seed  of  Concord  about  1870.  The  variety 
was  first  exhibited  at  the  New  York  State  fair  in  Rochester,  in  1877,  and 
was  exhibited  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  two  years  later. 
It  was  introduced  by  John  Charlton  of  Rochester,  New  York,  about  1880. 
In  1 88 1  it  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society 
fruit  catalog.  In  spite  of  its  general  failure  as  a  commercial  sort,  it  is 
still  offered  for  sale  by  many  nurserymen. 

Vine  medium  in  \-igor,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  somewhat  subject  to 
mildew  in  the  Hudson  River  and  Central  Lakes  districts.  Canes  intermediate  in  length, 
number,  and  size,  very  dark  reddish-brown ;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened ;  internodes  medium 
to  below  in  length ;  diaphragm  thin ;  pith  slightly  above  average  size ;  shoots  pubescent ; 
tendrils  continuous,  of  fair  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  very  short,  slender,  pointed,  open  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on 
lower  side  only,  prevailing  color  light  rose-carmine.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  medium  to 
rather  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  of  average  smoothness;  lower  surface 
tinged  with  bronze,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  acumi- 
nate to  acute ;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  rather  wide ;  teeth  of  average  depth,  medium 
to  rather  narrow.     Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 


^*^ 


f 


POCKLINGTON 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  381 

Fruit  not  uniform  in  season  of  ripening  but  averaging  later  than  Concord,  keeps 
and  sliips  fairly  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large,  intermediate  in  length  and  breadth, 
cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  often  single-shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  peduncle 
medium  to  short,  of  average  thickness;  pedicel  short  to  medium,  thick,  covered  with  few 
small  warts;  brush  short,  greenish.  Berries  large  to  above  medium,  slightly  oblate, 
attractive  yellowish-green  or  with  tinge  of  amber,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  variable 
in  adhesion  to  pedicel,  nearly  firm.  Skin  covered  with  scattering  russet  dots,  thin  and 
tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  faintly  astringent.  Flesh 
light  green,  often  with  vellow  tinge,  translucent,  juicy,  tough,  fine-grained,  slightly  foxy, 
nearlv  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three,  intermediate  in  size,  length  and  breadth,  brown- 
ish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  medium  size,  slightly  above  center,  usually  oval,  obscure- 

POUGHKEEPSIE. 

(Bourquiniana,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  Car.  .Wo»..  22:176.  1880.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:44.  3.  ^V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  g:T,2g. 
1890.  4.  lb..  11:632.  iSq2.  5.  Biisli.  Cat..  1894:170.  6.  .V.  Y.  Sin.  An.  Rpt.,  17:534,  547. 
i8q8.  7.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:41.  43,  44,  45,  53.  iSqq.  8.  Mich.  Sia.  Bid.,  169:175.  1899.  9-  Ga. 
Sta.  Bid..  53:48.      iQoi.      10.    Kan.  Sta.  Bid..  110:239.      1902. 

POUGHKEEPSIE    ReD   (i.    2,   4.    5,    7,   9). 

Poughkeepsie  has  been  known  on  the  Hudson  River  for  nearly  a  half 
century  yet  it  is  now  but  little  grown  there  and  has  not  been  widely  dis- 
seminated elsewhere.  There  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  quality,  both  as  a  table 
grape  and  for  wine;  in  this  respect  it  is  considered  by  many  as  equal  to 
the  best  of  our  American  varieties  and  quite  the  equal  of  some  of  the  finer 
European  sorts.  But  the  vine  characters  are  practically  all  poor  and  the 
variety  is  thus  effectually  debarred  from  common  cultivation.  Both  vine 
and  fruit  greatly  resemble  Delaware  but  it  is  not  the  equal  of  the  latter 
variety  in  vine  characters  and  does  not  surpass  it  in  fruit.  In  particular,  it 
is  more  easily  winter-killed  and  is  less  productive  than  Delaware.  It  ripens 
with  us  a  little  earlier  than  the  last  named  sort  and  this  with  its  beauty 
and  fine  quality  is  sufficient  to  recommend  it  for  the  garden  at  least. 

A.  J.  Caywood  of  Marlboro,  New  York,  originated  Poughkeepsie,  it 
is  said,  from  seed  of  lona  fertilized  by  mixed  pollen  of  Delaware  and  Walter. 
The  original  seedling  was  raised  in  the  sixties  but  the  variety  was  only 
known  locally  until  about  1880  when  it  was  brought  before  the  public. 
It  has  never  been  popular  in  any  section  and  is  now  nearh"  obsolete. 


382  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Vine  intermediate  in  vigor,  doubtfully  hard}-,  variable  in  productiveness,  some 
seasons  producing  such  heavy  crops  that  the  vine  is  weakened,  and  on  this  account  a 
somewhat  uncertain  bearer.  Canes  medium  to  short,  intermediate  in  number,  thick  to 
medium,  dark  reddish-brown;  tendrils  intermittent,  frequently  three  in  line,  bifid  to 
trifid.  Leaves  not  healthy,  medium  to  small,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface 
medium  green,  glossy,  somewhat  rugose  on  older  leaves;  lower  surface  pale  green 
to  grayish-green,  thinly  pubescent.  Flowers  fertile,  open  medium  late;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Delaware,  keeps  and  ships  fairly  well.  Clusters  medium  t) 
below  in  size,  intermediate  in  length  and  width,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  usually  single- 
shouldered,  very  compact.  Berries  small,  roundish,  pale  red  to  attractive  red  when 
properly  ripened,  covered  with  a  medium  amount  of  dark  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  firm. 
Skin  thin  and  tender  but  does  not  crack,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  very 
juicy,  tender,  nearly  melting,  fine-grained,  vinous,  sweet  or  nearly  so  from  skin  to  center, 
refreshing,  very  good  to  best  in  quality.  The  flesh  characters  closely  resemble  Dela- 
ware. Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  small,  of  medium  length,  medium  to  broad, 
usually  plump  with  sHghtly  enlarged  neck,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  of  average 
size,  distinctly  above  center,  circular,  obscure. 

PRENTISS. 

(I^abrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mick.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  iSyS-.^sy.  2.  /&.,  1879:101,  104,  320, /ig.,  32  i.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat., 
1881:24.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:59,  61.  5.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1884:343,  345.  6.  .4;/!. 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:103,  106,  144.  7.  ,V.  r.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  9:332.  iSqo.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bid., 
28:266.  1893.  9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:171.  /jg.  10.  Husmann,  1895:93.  11.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
17:534,  542,  545,  547,  552.     1898.     12.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui..  169:175.     1899. 

Prentiss  is  a  green  grape  of  good  qualit}',  once  well  known  and  generally 
recommended,  but  now  going  out  of  cultivation.  If  popular  preference 
turned  upon  quality,  we  should  still  grow  this  variety,  but  consideration 
must  be  given  to  other  characters  and  in  these  Prentiss  fails.  Those  who 
have  grown  it  in  the  several  grape  districts  of  New  York  accredit  the  vines 
with  about  all  the  faults  a  grape  can  have.  Thus,  it  is  almost  universally 
considered  tender  to  cold,  lacking  in  vigor  and  being  unprodtictive,  while 
in  some  localities  it  is  looked  upon  as  uncertain  in  i)earing,  and  subject 
to  rot  and  mildew.  On  the  other  hand,  tliere  are  vineyards  in  which  it  does 
very  well  and  in  such  it  is  a  remarkably  attractive  green  grape,  especially 
in  form  of  cluster  and  in  form  and  color  of  berry,  in  these  respects  resembling 
the  one-time  favorite  Rebecca  though  never  so  high  in  quality  as  that 


THE  GRAPES  OP  NEW  YORK.  383 

variety.     Its  season  is  given  as  both  before  and  after  Concord.     It  must 
always  remain  a  variety  for  the  amateur  and  for  special  localities. 

This  variety  is  said  to  have  been  originated  by  J.  W.  Prentiss  of  Pul- 
teney,  Steuben  County,  New  York,  about  forty  years  ago,  from  seed  of 
Isabella.'  It  was  introduced  about  1880  by  T.  wS.  Hubbard  of  Fredonia, 
New  York.  In  iSSi  it  was  placed  on  the  catalog  of  the  American  Pomo- 
logical  Society  and  is  still  retained. 

Vine  medium  to  weak,  with  a  tendency  to  winter  injury,  unfruitful,  capricious  in 
bearing,  somewhat  subject  to  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  intermediate  in  length  and 
number,  thick,  light  to  dark  brown;  tendrils  continuous,  bifid. 

Leaves  above  medium  to  small,  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth  to  rugose 
in  the  older  leaves;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins  obscure.  Flowers  self- 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  variable  in  season  of  ripening  averaging  about  with  Concord,  keeps  well. 
Clusters  not  large,  medium  to  short,  of  average  width,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  some- 
times with  a  slight  single  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  above  medium  to  small,  vary  in 
shape  from  roundish  to  oval,  light  green  with  strong  yellowish  tinge  covered  with  thin 
gray  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  of  medium  thickness,  somewhat  tough,  contains  no 
pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  medium  in  tenderness,  slightly  foxy,  sweet  next  the 
skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent,  sometimes  numerous, 
intermediate  in  size,  variable  in  width,  very  slightly  notched,  short  to  medium,  sharp- 
pointed,  dark  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow,  narrow  groove;  chalaza  large,  slightly 
above  center,  irregularly  circular  to  oval,  surface  often  roughened,  obscure. 

REBECCA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  22:458,  484,  502.  1856.  2.  Horticnllurist,  11:528.  1856.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Sec. 
Rpt.,  1856:39,  162,  201.  fig.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1856:214.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Sac.  Rpt.,  1858:67. 
6.  Gar.  Man.,  2:200.  1S60.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1862:90.  8.  Grant's  Dcscrip.  Cat.,  1864:5. 
9.  Mag.  Hort.,  33:70,  148.  1867.  10.  Grape  Cult.,  1:43,  150,  327.  1869.  ii.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1883:59.      12.   Bash.  Cat.,  1883:132.      13.    Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:237.      1902. 

During  the  middle  and  latter  part  of  the  last  century,  when  grape- 
growing  was  more  in  the  hands  of   connoisseurs  than   now,  Rebecca  was 


'  A.  J.  Caywood,  of  Marlboro,  Mew  York,  published  the  claim  that  this  variety  was  originated  by 
him,  that  he  had  named  it  Hudson  but  had  delayed  sending  it  out  on  the  advice  of  several  grape 
experts  till  it  had  been  further  tested.  For  this  purpose  Cavwood  says  he  sent  the  variety  to  about 
sixty  men,  among  them  J.  W.  Prentiss.  Those  who  examined  fruit  from  the  two  original  vines  said 
they  were  certainly  very  similar  if  not  identical. 


384  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

one  of  the  sterling  green  varieties.  It  is  wholly  unsuited  for  commercial 
vineyards  and  for  years  has  gradually  been  disappearing  from  cultivation. 
The  fruit  of  Rebecca  is  exceptionally  fine,  consisting  of  well-formed  bunches 
and  berries,  the  latter  a  handsome  vellowish-white  and  semitransparent. 
In  quality  it  is  of  the  best,  with  a  rich,  sweet  flavor  and  pleasing  aroma. 
But  the  vine  characters  condemn  it  for  any  but  the  amateur  and  even  in 
the  garden  it  must  have  exceptionally  good  care  to  succeed.  The  vines 
lack  in  hardiness  and  vigor,  are  susceptible  to  mildew  and  other  fungi, 
and  are  prodvictive  only  under  the  best  conditions.  It  is  recommended 
as  being  especially  desirable  to  plant  on  south  walls  where  it  seems  to 
succeed  much  better  than  in  exposed  situations. 

The  original  vine  of  this  variety  was  an  accidental  seedling  found  in 
the  garden  of  E.  M.  Peake  at  Hudson,  New  York.  It  Ijore  its  first  fruit 
in  1852  when  the  vine  was  four  years  old  and  was  brought  to  the  notice 
of  the  public  four  or  five  years  later.  The  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  awarded  the  variety  their  silver  medal  in  1856  and  it  was  exhib- 
ited before  the  American  Pomological  Society  the  same  year.  Here  it 
made  so  favorable  an  impression  that  it  was  placed  with  Concord  and 
Delaware  under  "new  varieties  which  promise  well."  In  1862  it  was  placed 
on  the  regular  list  where  it  remained  till  1891,  when  it  was  removed.  It 
was  introduced  by  W.  Brooksbank  of  Hudson. 

Vine  weak  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  not  productive,  somewhat  susceptible  to 
attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  long  to  below  medium,  numerous,  above  medium  to  slender, 
inclined  to  dull  brown,  deepening  in  color  at  the  nodes;  tendrils  continuous  to  inter- 
mittent, bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface 
dark  green,  dull,  medium  to  rugose ;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  pubescent ;  veins  variable 
in  distinctness.      Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  later,  ships  and  keeps  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
small,  medium  to  short,  of  average  width,  cylindrical  to  roundish,  rarely  with  a  small 
single  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  intermediate  in  size,  oval,  green  with  yellowish  tinge 
sometimes  verging  on  amber,  not  glossy,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent, 
firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness  and  toughness,  contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  pale 
green,  very  juicy,  tender,  nearly  melting,  vinous  and  a  little  foxy,  sweet  from  skin  to 
center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  medium  to 
below  in  size,  medium  to  short,  above  medium  to  narrow,  blunt,  medium  brown;  raphe 
obscure;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  circular  to  oval,  not  distinct.     Must  69°. 


i 

i 


9 


'^  . ^ 


0 


RED  EAGLE 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  385 

RED  EAGLE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Kan.  Sla.   Bnl.   28:i()2.  1891.  2.  .V.  Y.  Sta.   An.   Rpt.,   10:49s.   1891.  3.  lb..   11:65^. 

i8q2.  4.  I'll.  Sta.    Bnl,   30:106.  1S93.  5-  'V.  Y.  Sta.   An.   Rpt.,    17:535,  534,  548,  556.   1898. 

6.  I'a.  Sia.  i?;(?.,  94:138.   1898.  7.  £7a.  S<a.  i?»/.,  53 :4s.   1901. 

Mnnson  Xo.  47  (4). 

Red  Eagle  is  a  pure-bred  seedling  of  Black  Eagle  which  it  resembles 
in  all  characters  except  color  of  fruit.  It  is  one  of  comparatively  few  pure- 
bred offspring  of  Vinifera- Labrusca  crosses  of  the  second  generation  and 
therefore  of  interest  to  grape-breeders.  Munson,  the  originator  of  the 
variety,  does  not  include  Red  Eagle  in  his  last  catalog  but  on  the  grounds 
of  this  Station  it  takes  high  rank  as  a  grape  of  quality  and  at  least 
can  be  recommended  to  the  amateur.  In  general  it  shows  the  characters 
found  in  Rogers'  first  generation  hybrids  and  ranks  with  them  in  fruit  and 
vine. 

The  variet)-  was  originated  by  T.  V.  Munson,  from  whom  it  was 
received  at  this  Station  in  1888. 

Vine  medium  in  vigor,  injured  in  severe  winters,  moderately  productive.  Canes 
of  average  length,  medium  to  few,  slender,  dark  brown,  surface  covered  with  a  small 
amount  of  blue  bloom;  nodes  prominent,  slightly  flattened;  internodes  of  fair  length; 
diaphragm  intermediate  in  thickness ;  pith  medium  in  size ;  shoots  pubescent ;  tendrils 
continuous  to  intermittent,  long  to  medium,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  of  average  thickness,  conical  to  obtuse, 
open  late.  Young  leaves  heavih'  tinged  on  under  side  and  lightly  along  margin 
of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  intermediate  in  size,  thick;  upper  surface 
light  green,  dull,  medium  to  slightly  rugose;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  slightly  pubes- 
cent ;  veins  well  defined ;  lobes  three  to  five  with  tenninus  obtuse  to  acute ;  petiolar 
sinus  deep,  medium  to  narrow,  sometimes  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  variable 
in  depth,  wide;  lateral  sinus  often  very  deep,  somewhat  wide;  teeth  medium  to  deep, 
wide.     Flowers  sterile  to  fertile,  open  moderately  late;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  a  little  before  Concord,  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
variable  in  length,  broad,  slightly  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered  but  sometimes 
double-shouldered,  loose  to  medium  with  many  abortive  berries;  peduncle  nearly  long 
to  medium,  inclined  to  slender;  pedicel  very  long,  slender;  brush  pale  green  with  brown 
tinge,  short  to  medium,  rather  slender.  Berries  variable  in  size,  roundish,  light  to  very 
dark  red,  not  glo.ssy,  covered  with  heavy  lilac  or  faint  blue  bloom,  persistent,  rather 

25 


386  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

soft.  Skin  medium  to  thick,  tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  a  small 
amount  of  red  pigment,  without  astringency.  Flesh  greenish,  transparent,  juicy,  very 
tender  and  melting,  slightly  foxy,  agreeably  tart  next  the  skin  to  slightly  acid  at  center, 
ver\^  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  three 
or  four,  often  rather  large,  of  mean  breadth,  long,  somewhat  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe 
buried  in  a  narrow,  shallow  groove;  chalaza  large,  above  center,  irregularly  circular 
to  oval,  distinct. 

REGAL. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.   Rural  .V.    1'.,  62:436.     1903.     2.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1903:82.     3.    N.    Y.  State  Fr.  Gr. 
Assoc.  Rpt.,  1904:41. 

As  was  the  case  with  the  preceding  grape,  Regal  is  also  a  second  gen- 
eration hybrid  of  Vinifera  and  Labrusca,  the  parent  of  this  variety  being 
Lindlev,  which,  as  the  technical  description  shows,  it  much  resembles. 
The  fact  is  again  demonstrated  in  this  variety  that  the  characters  of  grape- 
hybrids,  at  least  of  these  two  species,  are  passed  to  subsequent  generations 
much  as  they  were  found  in  the  first  generation.  The  fruit  of  Regal  is 
attractive  in  appearance  and  in  qualit)-,  its  characters  being  much  the 
same  as  those  of  Lindley.  A  seemingly  insignificant  fault  might  make  it 
somewhat  undesirable  in  a  commercial  vineyard ;  it  is  that  the  clusters 
are  borne  so  close  to  the  wood  that  it  is  difficult  to  liarvest  the  fruit, 
and  especially  to  avoid  injury  to  the  berries  next  to  tlie  wood.  The 
variety  is  worthy  of  extensive  trial  in  the  vineyards  and  gardens  of  the 
State. 

Regal  was  originated  in  Rockford,  Illinois,  in  1879  b}"  A.  W.  Wood- 
ward. It  was  introduced  some  years  later  by  M.  Crawford  of  Cuyahoga 
Falls,  Ohio.  The  original  vine  was  one  of  a  lot  of  Lindley  seedlings.  Some 
vines  of  this  variety  were  sent  out  by  the  introducer  under  the  title  Craw- 
ford No.  gg. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  very  productive.  Canes  intermediate  in  length 
and  size,  rather  numerous,  medium  dark  reddish -brown.  Tendrils  intermittent,  bifid 
to  trifid.  Leaves  healthy,  medium  to  nearly  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface 
green,  slightly  glossy  and  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green  with  bronze  tinge,  strongly 
pubescent.     Flowers  fully  self-fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright 

Fruit  ripens  with  Lindley  or  later;  keeps  well.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  shorter 
than  Lindley,  medium  to  broad,  cylindrical  to  tapering  with  sometimes  an  inclination 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


587 


to  oval,  usually  with  a  short  single  shoulder,  sometimes  double-shouldered,  verv  com- 
pact. Berries  above  medium  to  below,  averaging  larger  than  Brighton,  roundish  but 
frequently  compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  purplish-red  to  dark  red, 
covered  with  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  of  average  fiminess.  Skin  thin,  medium  to  tough, 
contains  no  pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  very  juicy,  fine-grained,  slightly  stringy  and 
solid  until  fully  ripe  when  it  becomes  rather  tender,  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center, 
slightly  musky,  good  in  quality  but  not  equal  to  Lindley.  Seeds  separate  easily  from 
the  pulp,  rather  numerous,  intermediate  in  size,  long  to  below  medium,  above  medium 
to  narrow,  slightly  notched,  inclined  to  blunt,  frequently  with  a  short  enlarged  neck, 
brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  medium-sized  groove;  chalaza  small,  above  center,  circular 
to  oval,  distinct. 

REQUA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  RpL,  1864:136.  2.  Horticulturist.  24:126.  i86g.  3.  Grape  Cull..  1:181. 
1869.  4.  .V.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  11:633.  1892.  5.  lb.,  17:534,  548,  556.  i8g8.  6.  Mo.  Sta.  But., 
46:41,  43,  44,  45.  1S99.  7.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.,  169:175.  iSgg.  8.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:48.  1901. 
9.    Can.   Hon..  24:261.      1901.      fig.      10.    Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:243.      1902. 

Rogers'  No.  28  (i).      Rogers'  .Vc>.  28  (2,  3,  4,  9). 

Requa  is  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids  hardly  equahng  others  of  its  color 
and  season.  It  is  an  attractive  grape  in  cluster  and  berry  and  of  very 
good  quality  but  quite  subject  to  rot  and  ripening  too  late  for  the  grape 
regions  of  this  latitude,  being  as  late  as  Catawba.  In  giving  his  grapes 
names,  Rogers  used  those  of  English  or  German  horticultural  or  botanical 
celebrities  and  of  some  of  tlie  Indian  names  of  counties  and  towns  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Requa  was  dedicated  by  Rogers  to  a  Mr.  Requa,  a  horticul- 
turist of  local  note,  of  Salem-on-Erie,  Massachusetts. 

For  an  account  of  the  parentage  and  early  history  of  this  variety  see 
Rogers'  Hybrids.  In  1869  this  variety  was  named  Requa,  it  having  been 
previously  known  as  Rogers'  Xo.  28.  There  appear  at  present  to  be  two 
varieties  passing  under  this  name.  Georgia,  Texas  and  Missouri  report 
this  variety  as  having  erect  stamens  but  in  our  vineyard  it  shows  only 
recurved  stamens. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  medium  in  productive- 
ness, not  always  heaJchy.  Canes  medium  to  long,  intermediate  in  number  and  thick- 
ness; tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  trifid  to  bifid.  Leaves  large  to  medium, 
dark  green,  often  thick  and  rugose;  lower  surface  grayish-green,  pubescent.  Flowers 
sterile  to  partly  fertile,  open  late;  stamens  reflexed.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Catawba 
or  earlier,  keeps  a  long  time  in  good  condition.     Clusters  large  to  medium,  intermediate 


388  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

in  length  and  width,  nearly  cylindrical,  often  with  a  long  single  shoulder,  compact. 
Berries  medium  to  large,  slightly  oval  to  roundish,  dark  dull  red  covered  with  thin  gray 
or  lilac  bloom,  strongly  adherent,  not  firm.  Skin  thin,  nearly  tough,  adheres  consider- 
ably to  the  pulp.  Flesh  very  pale  green,  somewhat  tender,  rather  stringy,  vinous, 
slightly  foxy,  almost  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  good  to  ver\'  good  in  quality.  Seeds 
slightly  adherent  to  the  pulp,  above  medium  to  medium  in  size  and  length,  often  rather 
broad,  somewhat  blunt. 

ROCHESTER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  W.  N.  Y.  Hort.Soc.  Rpt.,  23:60.  1878.  2.  lb..  27:22.  1882.  3.  Barry.  1883:442-  4-  ^■ 
Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:329.  i8go.  5.  lb.,  11:634.  1892.  6.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:173.  7.  V'a.  Sta. 
Bui,  94:138.  1898.  8.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:534.  54(J,  547.  552-  189S.  9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid., 
46:41,  4^,  44,  45,  5^  1899.  10.  Midi.  Sta.  Bni,  169:175.  1S99.  11.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:240. 
iyo2. 

Barry's  No.  19  (i). 

Rochester,  as  the  color-plate  shows,  is  a  large-clustered  red  grape, 
ver}-  handsome  in  appearance.  It  is  also  very  good  in  quality.  The  vine 
is  a  particularly  strong  grower  and  very  productive  and  in  the  locality  in 
and  about  Rochester  at  least,  very  free  from  diseases.  It  is  so  very  vigorous 
that  it  needs  much  room  and  lorig  pruning.  The  variety  is  difficult  to 
propagate  and  therefore  not  in  favor  with  nurserymen,  and  is  to  be  had, 
if  at  all,  usualh'  at  extra  expense.  The  grapes  are  sweet,  rich,  and  vinous, 
ranking  from  good  to  verv  good  in  quality.  The  fruit,  however,  should 
be  used  as  soon  as  ripe,  as  it  does  not  keep  well  and  the  berries  quickly 
shatter  from  the  Launch.  As  an  attractive  early  red  grape  Rochester  is 
well  worth  a  place  in  the  garden  and  possibly  in  favored  locations  for  a  special 
market. 

Ellwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  Monroe  County,  New  York,  in  1867 
fruited  over  one  hundred  seedling  grapes  which  they  had  raised  from 
mixed  seed  of  Delaware,  Diana,  Concord,  and  Rebecca.  Only  two  of 
these  seedlings  were  finally  saved,  the  Rochester  and  the  Monroe.  The 
Rochester  was  introduced  by  the  originators  al:)out  1880. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usuall_\-  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  long,  inter- 
mediate in  number  and  size,  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  moderately  enlarged,  slightly 
flattened:  internodes  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  small,  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils 
intermittent,  long,  bifid  or  trifid. 


ROCHESTER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  389 

Leaf-buds  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  of  average  tliickness,  conical,  open  in 
mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  upper  and  under  sides  with  dull  rose-carmine. 
Leaves  medium  to  large;  upper  surface  light  green,  slightly  glossy,  nearly  smooth;  lower 
surface  grayish-green,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  lobes  none  to  three  with  temiinus  acute; 
petiolar  sinus  deep  to  medium,  variable  in  width ;  basal  sinus  absent ;  lateral  sinus  shallow 
to  a  mere  notch  when  present;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  fertile,  open 
mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  earlier  than  Concord,  does  not  always  ripen  evenly,  does  not  keep  well. 
Clusters  large  to  medium,  about  average  length,  broad,  tapering,  usually  single-shoul- 
dered but  sometimes  heavily  double-shouldered,  very  compact;  peduncle  short,  inter- 
mediate in  thickness;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  few  warts;  brusli  of  medium 
length,  slender,  yellowish-brown.  Berries  above  medium  to  small,  oval,  dark  red  to 
purplish-red  but  the  berries  do  not  color  uniformly,  dull,  covered  with  thin,  lilac  bloom, 
inclined  to  drop  from  pedicel,  soft.  Skin  thick  to  medium,  somewhat  tough,  inclined 
to  crack  sometimes  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  does  not  adhere  to  pulp,  con- 
tains no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  transparent,  juicy,  tender,  fine-grained, 
somewhat  vinous  and  foxy,  sweet,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  three,  average  two,  large,  medium  to  short,  rather  broad  but  often 
blunt,  quite  variable,  however,  in  general  characters,  medium  to  dark  brown;  raphe 
buried  in  a  slight  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size,  above  center,  circular  to  oval,  obscure. 

ROCKWOOD. 

(Labrusca.) 

1.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1874:154.  2.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  3.  A''.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  I4:2jq. 
i8g5.  4.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:107.  5.  jV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:534.  54S,  556.  i8g8.  6.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bui..  169:175.  iSqy.  7.  Ala.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:74,  88.  igoo.  8.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:49.  1901. 
9.    Kan.  Sta.  Bui.,  110:237.      1902.      10.   Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1903:30. 

Rockwood  is  a  comparatively  unimportant  black  seedling  of  Concord 
and  from  the  originator  of  Concord.  It  is  of  higher  quality  than  its  parent 
and  since  it  is  earlier,  coming  with  Moore  Early  or  just  after,  it  is  worth}- 
a  place  in  garden  collections  as  an  early  black  grape.  It  has  been  thoroughly 
tested  and  discarded  as  unprofitable  by  commercial  vineyardists  probably 
on  account  of  its  vine  characters  v/hich  on  our  grounds  are  not  as  good  as 
those  of  Concord  and  would  disqualify  it  for  a  market  variety.  In 
appearance  the  fruit  is  much  like  Concord. 

The  variety-  was  originated  by  E.  W.  Bull  of  Concord,  Massachusetts, 
from  seed  of  Concord.  It  was  introduced  in  1889  by  George  S.  Josselyn 
of    Fredonia,  New  York. 


390  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ROGERS'  HYBRIDS. 

I.  Mag-  Hort..  23:86.  1857.  2.  Horticulturist.  13:86,  ug.  1858.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1860:35,  85.  4.  lb.,  1862:148.  5.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1864:135,  136,  137.  figs.  6.  .V.  Y.  Ag. 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1865:338.  figs.  7.  Horticulturist,  20:81.  1865.  8.  Strong,  1866:31,  $ii).  9.  Mead, 
1867:204.  10.  Fuller,  1867:228,  246.  10.  Rcc.  of  Hort.,  1868:46.  11.  Horticulturist,  24:126. 
1869.  12.  Grape  Cult.,  1:153,  193.  fig-,  194,  262.  1869.  13.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  5:261 .  1869.  14. 
Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1875:39.  15.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:173.  fig.  16.  Mcehan's  .I/oh.,  9:94.  1899. 
17.   Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1901:166. 

The  forty-five  seedlings  known  as  Rogers'  H}'brids  were  originated 
b}'  Edward  S.  Rogers  of  Salem,  Massachusetts.'  Rogers  states  that  the 
suggestion  which  started  him  in  this  work  was  an  article  l^y  Dr.  Lindley 
of  the  University  of  London,  originally  printed  in  the  London  Horticulturist 
and  reprinted  in  Downing's  Horticulturist  for  September,  1847.  This  article, 
which  is  entitled  "Remarks  on  Hybridizing  Plants,"  is  a  general  discussion 
of  the  results  of  this  practice  so  far  as  they  were  then  known. 

The  female  parent  used  by  Rogers  was  a  four  or  five  year  old,  large- 
fruited  Labrusca  known  locally  as  Carter  or  Mammotli  Globe,  and  very 
similar  to,  but  not  identical  with  Sage.  The  pollen  for  fertilizing  the 
blossoms  of  this  vine  was  secured  from  vines  of  Black  Hamburg  and  White 
Chasselas  growing  in  a  cold  grapery  near  by.  In  the  summer  of  1851, 
clusters  of  the  Carter  were  fertilized  with  pollen  from  the  Vinifera  vines 


'  Edward  Staniford  Rogers  was  born  in  the  old  family  mansion  on  Esse.x  Street,  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, June  28,  1826,  and  died  in  Peabody,  Massachusetts,  March  29,  1899.  He  was  the  son  of 
Nathaniel  Leverett  Rogers,  an  old-time  Salem  merchant,  who,  with  his  brothers  John  and  Richard, 
was  engaged  in  the  maritime  trade.  Edward  Rogers  was  educated  in  Master  Ira  Cheever's  school, 
a  famous  Salem  school  of  the  day,  and,  later,  he  made  several  voyages  in  his  father's  ships  as  clerk 
and  supercargo  and,  finally,  passed  a  number  of  years  in  the  counting-room  of  the  firm  in  Salem. 
After  his  father's  death,  Mr.  Rogers  lived  in  the  old  family  home  with  his  brother  and  their  mother, 
and  in  the  garden  back  of  the  house,  (juite  large  for  a  city  lot,  he  indulged  his  natural  taste  for 
horticulture  and  conducted  his  experiments  in  grape  hybridization. 

By  temperament  Mr.  Rogers  was  quiet  and  retiring  and  so  generous  that  he  gained  practically 
no  profit  from  his  horticultural  productions,  for  he  freely  gave  cuttings  and  rooted  plants  of  the 
hybrids  he  raised  to  friends  and  visitors  before  his  own  stock  was  by  any  means  large.  Mr.  Rogers 
possessed  literary  ability  and  was  an  extensive  reader,  but  could  rarely  be  drawn  into  conversation 
excepting  among  his  most  intimate  friends  who  were  wont  to  "  drop  in  "  at  his  long,  low  greenhouse 
in  the  garden  or  at  his  office,  extemporized  in  the  old  colonial  bam  at  the  rear  of  the  house.  After 
the  death  of  his  mother  the  old  house  was  sold  and  the  brot'ners  removed  to  another  house  in  Salem 
and  some  years  later,  after  the  death  of  his  brother,  Mr.  Rogers  bought  the  place,  his  last  home,  in 
Peabody,  Massachusetts,  where  he  cultivated  trees  and  flowers  for  pleasure  and  experiment.  An 
accident  which  resulted  in  a  permanent  lameness  prevented  much  physical  labor  during  his  last 
years  and  probably  in  a  measure  hastened  his  death. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  39I 

both  at  the  time  of  emasculation  and  later,  and  small  corton  bags  were 
tied  on  tlie  lilossoms  to  prevent  the  interference  of  foreign  pollen.  In 
addition  to  the  repeated  applications  of  pollen  to  the  stigmas,  Rogers 
jjlaced  clusters  of  blossoms  of  the  Vinifera  sorts  in  the  enclosing  sacks. 
As  a  result  of  these  pollinations,  he  sectired  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
seeds  which  were  planted  in  the  garden  that  fall.  In  the  spring  of  1852 
practically  every  seed  germinated,  but  cut  worms  and  other  accidents 
reduced  the  number  to  forty-five  which  finally  fruited.  These  were  left 
to  grow  on  poles  where  they  were  originally  planted  for  three  years,  when, 
because  of  crowding,  twenty-five  of  them  were  removed  to  another  part  of  the 
garden.  The  untransplanted  vines  began  to  bear  fruit  in  1856  and  the 
transplanted  ones  a  few  years  later.  The  seedlings  were  numbered  by 
Rogers  from  one  to  forty-five  and  for  a  long  time  the)'  were  known  under 
these  numbers.  Of  these,  one  to  five  inclusive  were  of  the  Carter-Black 
Hamburg  cross;  six  to  fourteen  inclusive  were  of  the  Carter- White  Chas- 
selas  cross ;  and  all  of  the  numbers  from  fifteen  to  forty-five  were  of  Hamburg 
parentage.  As  will  be  noted  under  Salem,  this  was  later  given  a  number 
higher  than  fort_\'-five,  owing  to  the  confusion  of  the  sort  with  some  other 
after  being  sent  out.  With  this  exception,  the  original  crosses  were  all 
included  in  these  numbers.  In  1858  and  1859,  Rogers  sent  many  of  these 
varieties,  under  the  original  numbers,  to  various  people  for  testing.  He 
was  compelled  to  do  this,  owing  to  lack  of  room  in  the  half  acre  which  com- 
prised the  Rogers'  garden,  to  properly  test  the  sorts  himself.  Of  this 
garden  Marshall  P.  Wilder  says:  "It  is  150  years  old;  a  cold  matted  soil, 
filled  with  old  apple  and  pear  trees,  currant  Ijushes,  flax,  and  everything 
mingled  in  together.  It  is  in  a  close,  hived  up  j^lace  in  the  city  of  Salem, 
and  it  is  a  wonder  that  he  ever  had  a  bunch  of  grapes  to  show." 

Unfortunateh',  tliis  dissemination  led  to  the  confusion  of  some  of  the 
numbers,  a  confusion  which  has  never  been  satisfactorily  straightened  out. 

In  1867,  No.  22,  or  53,  was  given  the  name  Salem.  Two  years  later 
at  the  earnest  request  of  a  committee  from  the  Lake  Shore  Grape  Growers' 
Association,  Rogers  gave  names  to  several  of  his  hybrids,  as  listed  below. 
He  stated  that  the  names  selected  were  either  those  of  persons  noted  for 
scientific  or  literary  attainments,  or  else  of  counties  and  towns  in  Massa- 
chusetts.    There  was  some  criticisin  at  the  time  from  those  who  thought 


392  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

there  were  other  numbers  as  well  deserving  of  names  as  those  which  were 
so  distinguished.  And  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  vines  of  this  collection 
are  remarkably  equal  in  their  possession  of  good  and  bad  characters.  About 
1870,  Bush  of  Bushberg,  Missouri,  received  three  sorts  as  Rogers'  No.  jg. 
One  of  these  which  was  particularly  promising,  he,  with  Rogers'  consent, 
named  Aminia.  None  of  the  others  has  ever  been  named,  although 
several  of  them  are  still  cultivated  to  a  minor  extent.  The  na^ned  varieties, 
with  the  corresponding  numbers,  are  as  follows:  i.  Goethe.  3.  Massasoit. 
4.  Wilder.  9.  Lindley.  14-  Gaertner.  15.  Agawam.  19.  Merrimac. 
28.  Requa.  39.  Aminia.  41.  Essex.  43.  Barry.  44.  Herbert.  53  or  22. 
Salem  (but  not  the  Salem  now  known). 

For  some  years,  many  grape-growers  believed  that  these  hybrids  were 
nothing  more  than  seedlings  of  the  wild  Labrusca  mother  but  it  was  soon 
generally  accepted  that  they  were  genuine  hybrids.  To  those  who  are 
familiar  with  Rogers'  work,  this  was  evident  from  the  first,  as  the  Carter  or 
Mammoth  Globe  is  a  self-sterile  sort,  and  the  sacks  enclosing  the  blossoms 
would  prevent  the  introduction  of  other  pollen  than  that  intentionally 
placed  on  the  stigmas  by  Rogers  himself.  A.  D.  Rogers,  a  brother  of  E.  S. 
Rogers,  in  a  communication  to  the  Horticulturist,  in  1858,  says  that  "  many 
of  these  seedlings  had  upright  stamens,"  but  of  the  ones  which  were  later 
named,  Agawam  alone  is  thus  characterized.  This  is  important  in  con- 
sidering the  value  of  these  varieties,  as  no  variety  has  ever  become  popular 
as  a  market  sort  which  is  self-sterile. 

Rogers'  Hybrids  are  unique  in  that  the  standard  of  excellence  was  so 
liigh  in  all  of  the  forty-five  seedlings  produced.  Some  have  credited  this 
to  the  manner  in  which  he  did  his  work  and  in  particular  to  the  excess  of 
pollen  applied  to  the  stigmas;  others  consider  it  more  likely  due  to  his 
choice  of  parent  vines.  Unfortunately  the  evidence  bearing  on  this  point 
is  not  sufficient  to  form  definite  conclusions. 

After  the  production  of  the  seedlings  mentioned  above  Rogers 
continued  the  work,  recrossing  the  varieties  already  produced  with  vari- 
ous Vinifera  varieties.  None  of  these  ever  showed  sufficient  promise  to  be 
introduced. 


"^ 


ROMMEL 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  393 

ROMMEL. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia,  Vinifera.) 

1.  An.  Hort.,  1889:101.  2.  la.  Ilort.  Soc.  lift.,  1890:117.  3.  .V.  1'.  Sla.  An.  Rpt.,  13:606. 
1894.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:174.  /i.i;.  $.  Husmann,  1895:125.  6.  Kan.  .Sta.  JUil.,  73:182.  1897. 
7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:505,  548,  556.  1898.  8.  Tex.  Sta.  Hnl.,  48:1151,  1162.  i8g8.  /i.i;. 
9.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:41,  42,  44,  45,  53,  76.  189Q.  10.  Am.  Pom.  .Soc.  Cat.,  1899:31.  11.  Tc.x. 
Sta.  BuL,  56:271.  280.      icjoo. 

Rommel  is  rarely  found  under  cultivation  in  New  York,  lacking  some- 
what in  robustness,  hardiness  and  productiveness,  and  being  very  susceptible 
to  the  leaf-hopper.  The  variety  comes  from  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas, 
and  is  seemingly  too  far  removed  from  the  warm  climate  in  which  it  origi- 
nated to  be  profitable  in  New  York.  Besides  the  defects  named  above, 
it  does  not  attain  its  natural  high  quality  in  this  latitude  and  the  grapes 
crack  badly  as  they  ripen.  The  bunch  and  berry  are  attractive  in  form, 
size  and  color  as  shown  in  the  color-plate,  though  the  illustration  does  not 
do  justice  to  the  size  of  the  bunch,  the  season  of  1908,  in  which  the  fruit 
was  produced,  having  been  cold  and  wet  and  therefore  ver_\-  unfavorable 
to  this  variety.  At  its  best,  Rommel  is  a  very  good  table  grape  and  the 
authorities  say  makes  a  very  fine  white  wine.  The  variety  is  of  interest 
to  the  student  of  grapes  from  the  standpoint  of  its  breeding,  having  very 
largely  the  vine  characters  of  its  maternal  parent,  Elvira,  with  somewhat 
better  fruit.  The  name  commemorates  the  service  to  viticulture  of  Jacol) 
Rommel  of  Morrison,  Missouri. 

T.  V.  Munson  originated  Rommel  in  1885  and  introduced  it  in  1889. 
The  parents  are  Elvira  pollinated  by  Triumph.  Rommel  was  placed  on  the 
grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  medium  to  productive,  susceptible  to 
injury  by  leaf-hoppers.  Canes  medium  to  long,  moderately  numerous,  thick  to  medium, 
light  to  dark  reddish-brown,  surface  somewhat  rough;  nodes  enlarged,  often  flattened; 
internodes  medium  to  short ;  diaphragm  thick  or  nearly  so ;  pith  medium  to  large ;  shoots 
slightly  glabrous;  tendrils  intermittent,  medium  to  long,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size  and  thickness,  short  to  medium,  prominent,  obtuse 
to  conical,  open  very  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of 
upper  side  with  light  rose-carmine.  Leaves  medium  to  above  in  size,  roundish,  thick; 
upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  rugose ;  lower  surface  pale  green,  nearly  free  from  pubcs- 


394  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cence  but  slightly  hairy;  leaf  usually  not  lobed  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate; 
petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  lacking; 
lateral  sinus  very  shallow  when  present ;  teeth  medium  to  deep,  of  average  width.  Flowers 
semi-fertile,  open  moderately  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  in  mid-season,  ships  and  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size, 
above  medium  to  short,  moderately  broad,  cylindrical  to  slightly  tapering,  usually 
single-shouldered,  compact  to  medium;  peduncle  long  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  of 
average  length,  slender,  usually  smooth;  brush  short,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to 
medium,  oblate  to  roundish,  frequently  compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  clus- 
ter, light  green  with  yellow  tinge,  glossy,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  gray  bloom, 
persistent,  firm,  but  breaking  easily  under  pressure.  Skin  thin,  cracks  badly,  medium 
to  tender,  adheres  very  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  without  astringency. 
Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  juicy,  tender  and  melting,  slightly  stringy,  sweet  to  agreeably 
tart  at  center,  variable  in  quality  but  ranks  fair  to  good,  appears  to  be  better  in  some 
locations.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four,  average  two,  medium  in 
size  and  length,  rather  broad,  sharp-pointed,  very  plump,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a 
somewhat  wide  groove;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  above  center,  oval  to  circular, 
indistinct. 

R.  W.  MUNSON. 

(Lincecumii,  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mich.  Hort.  Soc.  Rf't..  i893:ii.S.  2.  Husmann,  1895:12(1.  3.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  56:280.  1900. 
4.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:49.  1901.  5.  Rural  .V.  )'.,  60:614.  726.  igoi.  6.  lb.,  62:790.  886.  1903. 
7.  7(7.   Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:239. 

R.  W.  Munson,  from  Texas,  is  a  somewhat  promising  variet}'  for  the 
North  for  its  intrinsic  value,  atid  is  certainly  interesting  from  the  standpoint 
of  its  breeding  as  it  gives  Northern  growers  a  grape  with  a  generous 
admixture  of  Lincecumii  blood.  Its  several  essential  vine  characters  are 
very  good  though  it  is  self-sterile  and  needs  a  companion  variety  which 
produces  an  abundance  of  pollen.  Concord  and  Brilliant  are  recommended 
by  the  originator  as  notable  poUenizers.  R.  W.  Munson  is  particularly 
resistant  to  black-rot,  making  it  valuable  for  regions  where  this  fungus  is  a 
scourge.  The  fruit  is  sw^eet,  jtiicy  and  very  pleasantly  flavored,  with  tender 
ptilp,  and  while  not  of  the  highest  qualit}-  yet  a  most  pleasing  and  par- 
ticularly refreshing  grape.  The  variety  is  well  worthy  more  extensive  trial 
in  New  York. 

T.  V.  Munson  of  Denison,  Texas,  raised  the  original  vine  of  R.  W. 
Mtmson    from    seed  of    Big  Berr\-   (a  variet\-  of   Post-oak")   pollinated  by 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK  395 

Triumph.  The  seed  was  planted  in  1887  and  the  resulting  variety  intro- 
duced by  the  originator  in  the  fall  of  1894. 

Vine  vigorous,  doubtfully  hardy,  productive,  health)'.  Canes  medium  to  nearly 
long,  intermediate  in  number,  thick  to  medium,  dark  red;  internodes  medium  to  long; 
tendrils  intermittent,  bifid.  Leaves  healthy.  Flowers  sterile  or  nearly  so,  open  late; 
stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not  keep  well.  Clusters  below  medium  to 
small,  rather  short,  often  single-shouldered,  compact  to  niedium.  Berries  medium  to 
large,  slightly  oblate,  dull  black  covered  with  a  medium  amount  of  blue  bloom,  inclined 
to  shatter  considerably,  not  very  firm.  Skin  thin,  variable  in  toughness,  not  astringent. 
Flesh  pale  green,  rather  tender  when  fully  ripe,  peculiarly  vinous,  nearly  sweet  at  skin 
to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  slightly  spicy  and  with  some  Post-oak  flavor,  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  separate  easilv  from  the  pulp,  rather  numerous,  intermediate  in  size,  length,  and 
width.     Raphe  obscure  in  a  very  shallow  groove;  chalaza  slightly  above  center,  oval; 

obscure. 

SAGE. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Allen,  1848:134.  2.  Horticulturist,  6:575.  1851.  Ih.,  7:87,  loS.  1852.  4.  U.  S.  Pat. 
Off.  Rpt.,  1853:300,  301.  5.  Mag.  Hort.,  24:91.  1858.  6.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Kpt.,  1859:48,  55,  66. 
7.    {/.  S.  D.  .4.  Z^/'/.,  1864:134.     8.    .V.   V.  .4g.  Soc.  i?i5/.,  1865:337.     fig.     g.{'f)   Bush.  Cat.,  1894:151. 

Mammoth  (7,  8),      ?Mammoth  Sage  (c)).     Sage  (7,  8).      Globe  (8). 

This  variety,  which  is  variously  known  itnder  the  names  Sage,  Mammoth 
Sage,  Mammoth,  and  Globe,  is  of  interest  because  it  represents  a  type  of 
large-fruited,  early-ripening  Labruscas  which  have  been  used  frecjuentl}' 
b\-  breeders  as  the  native  parent  in  a  Vinifera  cross.  A  variety  similar  to 
this  was  used  in  particular  by  E.  S.  Rogers  as  the  mother  plant  in  making 
his  notable  crosses.     They  have  also  been  used  by  White  and  others. 

The  original  vine  was  a  chance  seedling  found  by  Henry  E.  Sage  about 
181 1  on  the  banks  of  a  small  stream  near  Portland,  Connecticut.  The 
variety  was  first  brought  to  pul^lic  notice  by  John  Fiske  Allen  in  1848 
through  a  very  laudatory  description  which  was  much  criticised  by  those 
who  objected  to  the  foxy  aroma  of  the  Sage  but  as  warmly  defended  by 
others  who  liked  the  foxiness.  The  variety  was  later  advertised  and  sent 
out  by  the  Shaker  community  at  Harvard,  Worcester  County,  Massa- 
chusetts. Within  a  few  years  it  seems  to  have  been  disseminated  through- 
out eastern  New  England,  and  was  particularly  acceptable  in  those  sections 
where  Isabella  failed  to  ripen.     There  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  ever  planted 


396  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

except  in  gardens.  With  the  introduction  of  Concord  and  other  early 
varieties  of  higher  (^uahty  the  cuhivation  of  the  Sage  was  dropped.  It 
is  probably  now  obsolete. 

The  best  description  we  have  of  Sage  is  the  following,  copied  from  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for  1864: 

"  It  is  much  like  most  of  the  -wild  Fox  grapes  of  this  vicinity,  [Massachusetts]  but 
the  berries  are  much  larger,  light  chestnut  or  mahogany  color,  and  they  have  a  flattened 
or  compressed  shape,  instead  of  being  round,  frequenth-  an  inch  in  diameter.  The 
bunch  is  small  with  three  to  six  berries  in  a  round,  ball-like  cluster,  with  sometimes  a 
side  stem  with  one  berry  at  the  end  of  it  for  a  shoulder.  The  stem  of  the  bunch  is  not 
very  long.  The  leaves  usually  are  '  entire  '  with  a  short  pointed  termination  at  the  end 
of  the  midrib,  and  two  other  points  of  the  other  divisions  into  which  all  American  leaves 
are  divided,  making  always  either  plainly,  or  in  the  rudimental  state,  five  lobes.  Thus 
the  leaves  are  not  much  lobed,  scarcely  toothed,  and  have  a  rusty,  woolly  appearance. 
The  young  wood,  last  season's  growth,  is  hard  and  wiry  and  covered  with  bristles.  The 
grape  itself  is  sweet,  but  has  a  hard  pulp,  that  some  compare  to  a  piece  of  India-rubber 
when  eating  it.  It  is  early,  and  perfectly  hardy,  as  much  so  as  any  wild  grape  in  this 
vicinity." 

ST.  LOUIS. 
(Labrusca.) 

I.  Mo.  Hon.  Sac.  Rpt.,  1899:54.  2.  la.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1905:166.  3.  ]\Iich.  Sta.  Sp.  Bid., 
30:11.      1905. 

As  St.  Louis  grows  on  the  Station  grounds  it  is  so  similar  to  Worden 
and  Concord  that  it  would  seem  to  be  superfluous  in  the  grape  list  of  the 
State.  But  the  variety  is  so  highly  recommended  in  the  West,  especially 
in  the  states  from  which  the  above  references  come,  that  it  is  possibly  worthy 
of  trial  in  the  grape  regions  of  New  York  as  an  early  type  of  Concord. 

St.  Louis  was  introduced  by  Henry  Wallis  of  Wellston,  Missouri, 
about  1897.  In  1900,  he  states  that  it  is  a  seedling  of  Concord,  was  origi- 
nated in  St.  Louis,  and  that  it  had  created  a  sensation  for  twenty  years  in 
the  St.  Louis  markets.  The  general  character  of  both  fruit  and  vine  cor- 
roborates the  Concord  parentage  though  the  frequently  intermittent  tendrils 
indicate  there  is  a  strain  of  other  than  Labrusca  blood  present. 

Vine  vif'orous,  hardy,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  long  to  medium,  intermediate 
in  number,  often  rather  thick,  medium  brown  to  nearly  dark  reddish-brown  deepening 
in  color  at  the  nodes,  covered  with  considerable  pubescence ;  tendrils  continuous  to  inter- 
mittent, bifid  to  trifid.     Leaves  very  large  to  medium,  variable  in  color,  thick;  lower 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  397 

surface  grayish-white  tinged  with  bronze;  heavily  pubescent.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly 
so,  open  medium  early;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  or  slightly 
earlier,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium,  intermediate  in  length,  rather 
broad,  usually  single-shouldered  but  occasionally  with  a  double  shoulder,  medium  to 
compact.  Berries  nearly  large  to  medium,  roundish,  dull  black,  covered  with  thick 
blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  of  average  thickness  and  toughness.  Flesh  tough,  foxy, 
sweet  at  skin  to  slightly  acid  at  center,  good  in  quality  with  a  slight  resemblance  to 
Concord.  Seeds  do  not  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  medium  to  above  in  size  and 
width,  intermediate  in  length. 

SALEM. 

■  Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  .4)):.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpl..  1862:148.  2.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt..  1865:16.  3.  A>ii.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.. 
1867:114.  4.  Mead,  1867:222.  5.  Rcc.  of  Hori..  1868:46.  6.  .V.  V.  .4g.  Soc.  Rpl..  1868:228. 
7.  .1/ag.  Hort..  34:7.  1S6S.  8.  Hortkiiltmist,  24:138.  1869.  fig.  9.  Grape  Cult.,  1:150,181, 
327.  1869.  10.  Am.  Jour.  Hort..  5:264.  iS6q.  II.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1869:42.  12.  Grape 
Cult.,  2:148,  140.  A'-.  29S.  1870.  13.  Mich.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1877:205.  14.  .\m.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1881:42,  138.  15.  .v.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:329.  iSqo.  16.  III.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:261.  1893. 
17.  Tcim.  Sta.  Bui,  Vol.  9:187.  i8g6.  18.  jV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:535.  542,  543,  544,  548,  553. 
1898.     19.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.   169:175.      1899. 

Rogers'  Xo.  22  (i,  2).  Rogers'  i\'o.  22  (3,  5,  6,  9,  11,  12,  13,  15).  Rogers'  No.  53  (4,  9,  10,  ir, 
12,  13,  15,   17V 

Salem  is  the  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids  of  which  the  originator  is  said  to 
have  thought  most  and  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  his  place  of  residence. 
Taking  all  oi  its  characters,  the  variety  is  as  close  an  approximation  to  the 
ideal  Rogers  had  in  mind  of  a  European  grape  and  an  American  vine  as 
any  one  of  the  score  or  more  of  his  hybrids.  vSalem  ranks  among  the  best 
of  these  hvbrids  for  either  the  garden  or  the  commercial  vineyard,  and  while 
commonly  found  in  both  it  has  not  been  sufficiently  recognized  by  those 
who  grow  grapes  for  the  market.  It  is  difficult  to  say  why  it  is  not  more 
largely  grown  as  a  market  fruit  in  New  York.  The  two  chief  faults,  unpro- 
ductiveness and  susceptibility  to  mildew,  are  not  found  in  all  localities, 
and  in  these  at  least  and  especially  near  good  markets,  Salem  otight  to 
take  hisfh  rank  as  a  commercial  fruit. 

As  compared  with  other  hyljrids  of  Vinifera  and  Labrusca,  Salem  is 
early,  hardy,  vigorous  and  fairly  productive  of  handsome  fruit  of  high 
quality  both  for  table  and  for  wine-making.  Though  the  color-plate  does 
not  show  it,  there  is  a  suggestion  in  bunch  and  berry  of  Black  Hamburg, 
the  paternal  parent.     So,  too,  there  is  such  a  suggestion  in  the  flavor  and 


398  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

the  keeping  quality  and,  as  with  the  parent,  the  fruit  neither  cracks  nor 
shatters  and  therefore  ships  well.  To  the  two  faults  named  above  must  be 
added  that  of  pulpiness  of  berry,  a  defect  common  to  many  hybrids  of  the 
two  species  represented  in  Salem.  It  is  useless  to  recommend  for  testing 
varieties  that  have  been  known  as  long  and  as  widely  grown  as  Salem  but 
it  is  worth  while,  is  cilmost  a  duty,  in  a  work  of  this  kind  to  urge  further 
trials  of  some  of  the  grapes  of  highest  quality,  as  Salem,  on  a  commercial 
basis.  Such  fruit  properly  grown,  packed,  and  placed  in  the  market  ought 
to  bring  remunerative  prices. 

This  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids  is  No.  22  of  his  Vinifera-Labrusca  crosses. 
It  early  attracted  favorable  attention  from  the  various  cultivators  who  had 
received  vines  from  the  originator  for  testing.  It  was  christened  Salem 
by  Rogers  in  1867,  two  years  earlier  than  his  other  hybrids  were  named. 
At  about  this  time,  owing  to  a  confusion  of  this  variety  with  some  other, 
and  charges  that  certain  parties  were  sending  out  a  black  grape  under  the 
name  Rogers    No.  22,  Rogers  changed  the  number  of  Salem  to  53. 

Salem  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  fruit  catalog  in  1869  and  was  removed  in  1871,  reinstated  in  1873, 
and  has  since  been  retained.  It  is  possible  that  the  dropping  of  the  name 
from  the  catalog  for  the  one  year  was  a  printer's  oversight  as  there  is  nothing 
in  the  body  of  the  te.xt  to  indicate  a  reason  for  such  action.  Salem  has 
always  been  one  of  the  most  popular  of  Rogers"  hybrids  and  it  is  offered 
for  sale  to-day  by  practicalh'  all  grape  nurserymen. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  unusually  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  susceptible 
to  severe  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  long,  of  average  number,  intermediate  in  thickness, 
light  to  dark  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  usually  not  flattened;  internodes  medium  to  above 
in  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  medium  to  above  in  size;  shoots  slightly  pubescent; 
tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  long  to  medium,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  rather  large,  of  average  size,  thick  to  medium,  often  compressed,  roundish, 
obtuse  to  conical,  open  early.  Young  leaves  faintly  tinged  on  lower  side  with  slight 
rose-carmine.  Leaves  variable  in  size,  medium  to  thin;  upper  surface  dark  green,  dull, 
of  medium  smoothness;  lower  surface  pale  green  with  slight  bronze  tinge,  pubescent; 
veins  moderately  distinct ;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  acute ;  petiolar  sinus  deep, 
narrow,  often  closed  and  overlapping;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow, 
often  notched;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and  width.  Flowers  sterile,  open  in  mid- 
season;  stamens  refiexed. 


SALEM 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  399 

Fruit  ripens  slightly  before  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  to 
large,  rather  short  and  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  frequently  heavily  single-shoul- 
dered, compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  medium  to  short,  thick, 
covered  with  few  small  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  berry;  brush  short, 
pale  green.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish,  verjr  dark  red,  dull,  covered  with  a 
medium  amount  of  blue  bloom,  decidedly  persistent,  soft.  Skin  tliick,  intermediate 
in  toughness,  adheres  strongly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh 
slightly  translucent,  juicy,  tender,  somewhat  stringy,  moderately  fine-grained,  inclined 
to  vinous,  sprightly,  sweet  at  skin  but  acid  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality. 
vSeeds  one  to  six,  average  four,  large,  long  and  broad,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  shows  as 
a  distinct  cord-like  ridge;  chalaza  small,  roughened  and  frequently  with  radiating  fur- 
rows, much  above  center,  variable  in  shape,  distinct. 

SCUPPERNONG.' 

(Rotundifolia.) 

I.  Atncr.  Farmer,  i:.^i7.  iSiq.  2.  lb..  31,^32.  1822.  3.  lb.,  9:29,  30.  1827.  4.  lb.,  9:139. 
1827.  5.  Prince,  1830:1(17.  6.  Ii>.,  1830:170.  7.  Downing,  1845:258.  8.  Horticulturist.  12:457. 
1857.  9.  U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt.,  1857:231.  10.  Gar.  Man.,  5:73,  74.  18(13.  11.  Grape  Cult.,  1:38, 
280,  2()2.  i86g.  12.  lb.,  3:60.  1871.  13.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1871:1(1.  14.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1881:40,  68,  147,  153,  155.  15.  Gar.  Mon.,  28:140,  173.  i88().  16.  Ala.  Sla.  Bui.,  29:18. 
iSgi.  17.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:177.  fig.  18.  Am.  Gard.,  20:688.  iSog.  19.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui.,  53:49, 
59.      igoi.     20.    N.  C.  Sta.  Bui.,  187:58,  60.      1903.     21.  S.  C.  Sta.  Bui..  132:18.      1907. 

American  Muscadine  (5,  10,  of  the  South  7).  Bull  (g,  17,  of  the  South  7).  Bitllacc  (9,  17). 
Bullet  (17,  of  the  South  7).  Fox  grape  of  the  South  (7).  Green  Scuppern'ONO  (6).  Green  Musca- 
dine (6).  Hickman  (3).  Hickman  (5,  10).  Muscadine  (g).  Roanoke  (4).  Roanoke  (5,  10,  17,  of 
the  South  7).  Scuppernong  (3,  4,  5).  White  Mttscadine  (11,  17).  White  Scuppernong  (5).  Wild 
green  Muscadine  (6).      Yellow  Muscadine  (17). 

The  Scuppernong  is  preeminently  the  grape  of  the  South.  It  is  the 
chief  representative  of  the  great  species  Vitis  rotundifolia,  which  runs  riot 
in  natural  luxuriance  from  Delaware  and  Maryland  to  the  Gulf,  and  west- 
ward from  the  Atlantic  to  Arkansas  and  Texas.  The  name  Scuppernong 
was  taken  from  the  Indians  and  is  now  coinmon  in  the  geography  of  North 


'  In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Southern  States,  the  section  where  this  variety  originated  and 
where  it  is  still  most  largely  grown,  Scuppernong  is  applied  only  to  a  white  variety  of  Vitis  rotundi- 
folia. Unfortunately  in  many  portions  of  the  South  and  in  the  North,  the  word  Scuppernong  is 
apparently  taken  as  meaning  a  grape  of  the  southern  Fox  or  Rotundifolia  class ;  thus  we  find  some 
writers  using  such  contradictory  expressions  as  White  Scuppernong,  Green  Scuppernong,  and  Black 
Scuppernong.  In  the  South,  at  least,  this  use  of  the  term  appears  to  have  arisen  in  the  last  fifty 
years,  usage  previous  to  that  time  being  practically  unanimous  in  recognizing  that  the  Scuppernong 
was  the  white  Rotundifolia  which  had  been  selected  at  an  early  day  for  cultivation  on  account  of 
certain  superior  cultural  characters  distinguishing  it  from  tlie  rest  of  the  species. 


400  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Carolina;  a  river,  a  town,  a  lake,  and  a  swamp  all  bear  this  appellation. 
Calvin  Jones,  an  agriculturist  of  note  in  North  Carolina  during  the  early 
part  of  the  last  century,  gives  the  following  history  of  the  name  as  applied 
to  the  grape  it  now  distinguishes:'  "  This  grape  &  wine  had  the  name 
of  Scuppernong  given  to  them  by  Henderson  &  myself,  in  compliment 
to  James  Blount  of  Scuppernong,  who  first  diffused  a  general  knowledge 
of  it  in  several  well  written  communications  in  our  paper  —  and  it  is  culti- 
vated with  more  success  on  that  river  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  state, 
perhaps,  except  the  Island  of  Roanoke." 

Scuppernong  is  said  to  have  been  found  on  Roanoke  Island  at  the 
time  of  the  landing  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  colony.  There  is  a  tradition 
tliat  an  old  vine  now  growing  on  this  island  is  the  original  vine.  At  an  earlv 
day  it  was  quite  common  to  propagate  Scuppernong  by  seed,  pulling  out  all 
vines  bearing  black  fruit  as  soon  as  the  color  of  the  fruit  could  be  determined. 
Because  of  this  practice  it  is  probable  that  there  are  many  seminal  varieties 
under  the  general  name  Scuppernong.  All  that  seems  to  be  required  for 
a  grape  to  pass  under  this  name  is  that  the  vine  should  be  a  Rotundifolia 
and  the  frv:it  white. 

In  the  horticultural  accounts  of  the  history  of  Scuppernong  it  is  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  having  been  found  wild  dining  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  But  Lawson,  writing  about  1700,  in  the  account 
quoted  on  page  37  of  this  work,  describes  with  sufficient  accuracy  a  white 
Rotundifolia  which  could  hardly  be  any  other  than  the  Scuppernong.  It 
is,  thus,  in  a  sense,  a  botanical  as  well  as  a  horticultural  variety.  Its  close 
relationship  to  the  black  form  of  Rotundifolia  is  attested  by  the  fact  that 
its  seedlings  are  as  often,  probably  more  often,  black  than  white.  That 
Scuppernong  is  more  distinct  than  the  other  varieties  of  Rotundifolia  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  tliat  of  the  ten  cultivated  varieties  of  Rotundifolia 
now  grown  in  the  South,  James,  Thomas,  Eden,  Meisch,  Flowers,  Memory, 
Seedlin,  Tenderpulp,  Jeter,  and  Scuppernong  as  given  by  Newman,'  all 
are  black  but  the  last  named. 

Scuppernong  vines  are  to  be  found  on  arbors,  in  gardens,  or  half  wild, 
on  trees  and  fences  on  nearly  every  farm  in  the  South  Atlantic  States.     As 

^  Amcr.  Farmer,  3:332.     1822. 

-  S.  C.  Sta.   Bid.,   132:17,   18.      1907. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  40I 

a  rule,  these  vines  receive  little  cultivation,  are  unpruned,  and  are  given 
no  care  of  any  kind,  but  even  under  neglect  they  produce  large  and  sure 
crops,  are  almost  immune  to  mildew,  rot,  phylloxera,  or  other  fungal  or 
insect  pests.  The  plants  give  not  only  an  abundance  of  fruit  but  on  arbors 
and  trellises  are  much  prized  for  their  shade  and  beauty.  The  growth 
of  the  vine  is  prodigious;  seemingly  well  authenticated  reports  state  that 
vines  are  known  which  cover  an  acre  of  land;  other  tales,  having  at  least 
the  semblance  of  truth,  are  e(|ually  marvellous.  Thus  there  are  accounts 
of  vines  of  this  variety  over  a  hundred  years  old  and  which  bear  500  bushels 
of  fruit  and  make  2000  gallons  of  wine. 

The  fruit,  to  a  palate  accustomed  to  other  grapes,  is  not  very  acceptable, 
having  a  musky  flavor  and  a  somewhat  repugnant  odor,  which,  however, 
becomes  with  familiarity,  it  is  said,  quite  agreeable.  The  pulp  is  sweet  and 
juic\-  but  is  lacking  in  sprightliness.  From  the  Scuppemong  are  made  sev- 
eral very  good  wines  and  it  would  seem  that  the  future  of  this  and  other 
varieties  of  Rotundifolia,  from  a  commercial  standpoint,  lies  largely  in 
their  value  for  wine.  Quite  aside  from  the  quality  of  the  fruit  as  a  table 
grape,  they  are  not  suitable  for  the  market  from  the  fact  that  the  berries 
drop  from  the  bunch  in  ripening  and  become  more  or  less  smeared  with 
juice  so  that  as  they  are  brought  into  market  in  quantity,  their  appearance 
is  not  at  all  appetizing. 

Vine  vigorous  to  rank,  not  hardy  in  the  North,  very  productive.  Canes  long, 
numerous,  slender,  vary  from  asJi-gra)-  to  grayish -brown  ;  surface  smooth,  thickly  covered 
with  small,  light  iDrown  dots;  pith  greenish;  tendrils  intermittent,  simple.  Leaves 
small,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  smooth;  lower  surface  very  pale  green,  slightly 
pubescent  along  the  ribs,  otherwise  smooth ;  veins  inconspicuous.  Flowers  open  very 
late;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fnut  ripens  late,  even  in  the  South,  often  ripening  unevenly,  appears  to  keep  well 
but  berries  drop  as  they  mature.  Clusters  small,  roundish,  not  shouldered,  loose. 
Berries  very  few  per  cluster,  large,  roundish,  dull  green  often  with  brown  tinge,  not  per- 
sistent, firm.  Skin  very  thick  and  tough,  covered  with  inany  small  russet  dots;  no 
pigment.  Flesh  pale  green,  juicy,  tender  and  soft,  fine-grained,  very  foxy,  sweet  to 
agreeably  tart,  fair  to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  slightly  adherent  to  pulp,  large,  medium 
to  short,  often  very  broad,  not  notched,  quite  blunt,  plump,  surface  unusually  smooth, 
brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  narrow,  shallow  groove;  chalaza  small,  nearly  central, 
elongated,  rather  obscure.  Must  88°. 
26 


402  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

SECRETARY. 

(Vinifera,  Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Grape  Cult.,  2:158.  1870.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1871:41,  112.  3.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1872:94.  4.  Horticulturist,  29:328.  1874.  5.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1876-7:32.  6.  .V.  /. 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i88i:ii.  7.  11'.  .V.  Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  27:21.  1882.  8.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:135. 
fe.  9.  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bid.,  37:11,  16.  1896.  10.  Tex.  Sta.  Bui.,  48:1151,  1162.  1S98.  11. 
Mich.  Sta.   BiiL,   169:176.      1899.      12.   Mo.  Sta.   But.,  46:41.      1S91. 

Injured  by  mildew  and  rot  which  nearly  every  year  attack  leaves,  fruit 
and  young  wood,  Secretary  is  able  only  in  exceptional  seasons  and  in  favored 
localities  to  produce  a  crop  of  good  grapes.  Nevertheless  it  has  many 
excellent  qualities  as  an  amateur  grape  and  should  not  be  lost  to  cultivation. 
The  fact  that  it  is  the  result  of  the  fecundation  of  a  Riparia  by  a  Vinifera, 
both  parents  being  excellent  varieties,  gives  Secretary  added  interest  and 
value  and  makes  its  perpetuation  still  further  worth  while. 

There  is  no  question  as  to  the  rank  of  the  fruit  characters  of  Secretary. 
Taken  together  they  make  it  a  grape  of  exceptionally  high  quality,  the 
berries  being  meaty  yet  juicy,  fine-grained  and  tender  with  a  sweet,  spicy, 
vinous  flavor.  The  bunches  are  large,  well  formed  with  medium-sized, 
purplish-black  berries  covered  with  thick  bloom,  making  a  very  handsome 
cluster.  While  the  vine  and  foliage  somewhat  resemble  those  of  Clinton,  one 
of  its  parents,  the  variety  is  not  nearly  as  hardy,  vigorous  or  productive 
nor  as  healthy,  falling  short  in  all  of  these  respects  and  making  its  culture 
in  New  York  precarious.  Moreover,  in  an}'  but  favored  localities  in  this 
State,  its  maturity  is  somewhat  uncertain.  These  defects  of  vine  have 
kept  Secretary  from  becoming  of  commercial  importance  and  make  it  of 
value  only  to  the  amateur. 

Secretary  is  one  of  the  first  productions  of  Ricketts  of  Newburgh.  He 
grew  the  original  vine  from  seed  of  Clinton  fertilized  by  Muscat  Hamburg. 
Planted  in  1867,  it  is  said  to  have  bonie  a  little  fruit  when  one  year  old 
from  the  seed.  Specimens  of  the  variety  were  exhibited  before  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society  in  1871.  Ricketts  sold  the  variety  about  1875  to 
S.  W.  Underhill  of  Croton  Point,  New  York,  who  introduced  it  a  few  years 
later.  On  account  of  its  many  weak  points  it  has  never  been  popular  and 
it  is  apparently  not  offered  for  sale  by  any  of  the  nurserymen  to-day. 

Vine  not  unifonn  in  vigor,  doubtfully  hardy,  quite  variable  in  productiveness, 
inclined  to  be  an  uncertain  bearer,  subject  to  attacks  of  fungi.     Canes  medium  to  below 


SENASQUA 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  403 

in  length,  numerous,  intermediate  in  thickness,  light  bnnvn  but  conspicuously  darker 
at  nodes,  surface  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  tendrils  intcnnittent,  bifid.  Leaves 
small  to  medium,  thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  nearly  dull,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale 
green,  almost  glabrous;  veins  indistinct.  Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  early;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  soon  after  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  to  large, 
long  to  medium,  of  average  width,  cylindrical  to  tapering,  frequently  with  a  medium 
to  large  single  shoulder,  variable  in  compactness  but  often  loose  and  with  many  abortive 
fruits.  Berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  oval,  somewhat  flattened  at  point  of 
attachment  to  pedicel,  dark  purplish-black,  glossy,  covered  with  thick  blue  bloom, 
persistent,  firm.  Skin  intennediate  in  thickness,  tough  with  wine-colored  pigment. 
Flesh  greenish,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender,  vinous,  sweet,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  sepa- 
rate readily  from  the  pulp,  medium  to  nearly  large,  broad  to  medium,  slightly  notched, 
long  to  above  medium,  dark  brown;  raphe  shows  as  a  moderately  distinct  cord;  chalaza 
small,  above  center,  distinctly  oval.     Must  93°. 

SENASQUA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt,  iS68:io.  2.  Downing,  1872:120  app.  3.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  8:g. 
1870.  fe.  4.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  1875:384.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:138.  fig.  6.  :V.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  9:327-  189°-  7-  !b.,  11:636.  1892.  8.  lb.,  17:53s,  546,  547-  1898.  9.  Ga.  Sta.  Bui, 
53:49.      190 1. 

It  is  almost  a  sufificient  characterization  of  Senasqua  to  say  that  it  is 
a  Labrusca- Vinifera  hybrid.  The  merits  and  demerits  of  the  cross-breeds 
of  these  two  species  are  so  similar  in  the  varieties  of  them  now  in  cultivation 
that  they  can  be  placed  in  a  group  having  as  few  variations  as  can  be  found 
in  the  parent  species.  The  characters  of  these  hybrid  grapes  have  been 
well  discussed  in  writing  of  the  varieties  sent  out  by  Rogers  and  the  place 
of  Senasqua  is  well  designated  when  the  statement  is  made  that  it  is  very 
similar  to  Rogers'  hybrids.  The  vine  lacks  somewhat  in  vigor,  hardiness, 
productiveness  and  health.  The  grapes  are  of  good  quality  and  when  well 
grown  the  variety  is  up  to  the  average  of  such  hybrids  in  fruit  characters 
so  far  as  the  palate  is  concerned.  Unforttmately  the  berries  have  a  tendency 
to  crack  which  is  aggravated  by  the  fact  that  the  bunches  are  so  compact  as 
to  crowd  the  berries  and  thus  add  to  the  cracking.  Senasqua  is  one  of  the 
latest  to  open  its  buds  and  is  therefore  seldom  injured  by  late  frosts.  This 
variety  is  hardly  as  well  adapted  for  commercial  viticulture  as  several 
other  such  hybrids  and  can  be  recommended  only  for  the  garden  for  the 
sake  of  variety. 


404  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Stephen  W.  Underbill  of  Croton  Point,  New  York,  originated  Senasqua 
from  seed  of  Concord  pollinated  by  Black  Prince.  The  seed  was  planted  in 
1863  and  the  resulting  variety  introduced  about  1870.  This  variety,  although 
it  attracted  much  attention  at  the  time  of  its  introduction,  was  never  popular. 
It  was  rather  widely  tested  but  was  soon  dropped  and  is  to-day  practically 
obsolete.  The  foliage  and  vines  of  Senasqua  show  little  trace  of  Vinifera 
but  the  descent  from  the  foreign  species  is  plainh"  marked  in  the  fruit. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  sometimes  weak  and  tender,  medium  to  unproductive, 
somewhat  susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  short,  few  in  number,  above  average 
size,  light  to  dark  reddish-brown;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  short  to  medium; 
diaphragm  thick;  pith  of  medium  size;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent, 
long  to  medium,  trifid  to  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  below  average  size,  short,  of  medium  thickness,  conical,  open  verv^  late, 
tinged  on  under  side  and  slightly  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose-carmine. 
Leaves  intermediate  in  size  and  thickness,  light  green,  slightlj^  glossj',  medium  to  some- 
what rugose;  lower  surface  whitish-green,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not 
lobed  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  medium  to  narrow;  basal 
and  lateral  sinuses  shallow  and  narrow  when  present ;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and 
width.     Flowers  fertile,  open  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  a  little  later  than  Concord,  keeps  well.  Clusters  large  to  medium, 
intermediate  in  length,  broad  to  medium,  irregularly  tapering,  usually  with  a  small 
single  shoulder,  very  compact  with  uneven  surface;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick; 
pedicel  intermediate  in  length,  thick,  usually  smooth,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment 
to  fruit;  brush  short  to  medium,  green  with  slight  red  tinge.  Berries  above  medium  in 
size,  roundish,  reddish-black  to  black,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  firm. 
Skin  medium  to  thick,  tender,  inclined  to  crack,  adheres  strongly  to  the  pulp,  contains 
a  fair  amount  of  light  wine-colored  pigment,  without  astringency.  Flesh  greenish, 
translucent,  very  juicy,  tender,  meaty,  vinous,  somewhat  spicy,  sprightly,  good  in 
quality.  Seeds  separate  readily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  two,  intermediate 
in  size,  rather  long,  narrow,  usually  one-sided,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  narrow 
groove;  chalaza  small,  above  center,  oval,  obscure. 

SHELBY. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia.) 

I.  Vincyardist,  Oct.  15,  1803.  2.  Rural  X.  Y.,  53:683.  1804.  3.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:180. 
4.  Rural  N.  V.,  S5:''.?8,  fig-,  642.  i8g6.  5.  X.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:535.  546.  547,  557.  1S9S. 
6.   Ga.    Sta.    Bui.,    53:49.      1901. 

Shelby  is  hardly  worth  cultivating  in  New  York.  It  ripens  at  a  time 
when  there  are  many  other  grapes  which  surpass  it  in  flavor  and  appearance. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  40S 

It  has,  however,  been  somewhat  highly  spoken  of  and  grape  experimenters 
may  want  to  try  the  variety.  The  name  is  from  Shelby,  Ohio,  the  birthplace 
of  the  originator. 

D.  S.  Marvin  of  Watertown,  New  York,  originated  the  Shelby  about 
1880.  It  was  introduced  in  the  fall  of  1894.  The  originator  writes  that 
the  parentage  of  this  variety  is  not  positively  known  but  it  is  supposed  to 
be  a  Labrusca-Riparia  cross.  The  botanical  characters  of  the  fruit  and 
vine  as  it  grows  on  the  Station  grounds  verify  this  supposition. 

Vine  vigorous,  variable  in  hardiness,  medium  to  productive.  Canes  long,  numerous, 
medium  to  slender;  tendrils  intermittent,  sometimes  continuous,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves 
uniform  in  size,  green,  often  thin;  lower  surface  grayish-green  with  tinge  of  bronze, 
strongly  pubescent.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens 
upright.  Fruit  ripens  early,  sometimes  before  Winchell,  does  not  keep  nor  ship  well. 
Clusters  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  frequently  with  a  single  shoulder,  shorter  and 
more  compact  than  Winchell.  Berries  medium  to  small,  roundish,  light  green  to  yel- 
lowish-green, covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  somewhat  inclined  to  shatter.  Skin  thin, 
variable  in  toughness,  peculiarly  astringent.  Flesh  tough,  stringy,  foxy,  sweet  from 
skin  to  center,  mild,  fair  to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  readily  from  the 
pulp,  not  very  numerous,  medium  to  below  in  size,  short,  broad,  plump. 

STANDARD. 

(Labrusca,   Vinifera,   Bourquiniana?) 

I.    Kan.    Hort.  Soc.   Rpl.,   1886:187.     2.   Mo.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpf.,   1892:266.     3.    N.    Y.  Sta.   An. 

Rpl.,    11:037.      1S92.     4.   Bush.   Cat.,   1894:180.     5.    Va.  Sta.  Bid.,   94:136.      1898.     6.    .V.   V.  Sta. 

An.  Rpt.,  17:535,  548,  557.      1S9S.     7,  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:41.  1899. 

Burr's  Xo.  2  (i). 

Standard  is  said  to  be  a  full  sister  of  Jewel,  but  it  is  not  equal  to  the 
sister  nor  nearly  equal  to  the  repitted  parent,  Delaware.  The  variety  seems 
to  be  thought  highly  of  in  the  West  and  it  is  possible  that  it  has  greater 
value  there  than  in  New  York.  The  quality  of  the  grape  is  high  and  it  is 
said  to  make  a  light-colored  wine  of  good  body,  taste  and  aroma,  but 
taking  it  all  and  all  it  does  not  rise  above  mediocre  and  cannot  be  recom- 
mended unless  for  trial. 

The  variety  was  originated  by  John  Bttrr  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
from  seed  of  Delaware  planted  about  1874.     It  was  introduced  in  1S87  by 


4o6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Stayman   &  Black  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.     There  are  few  characters  of 
either  vine  or  fruit  that  show  evidence  of  having  come  from  Delaware. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  usually  hardy  in  ordinary  seasons,  productive.  Canes  short 
to  medium,  few  in  number,  rather  slender;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bifid  to 
trifid.  Leaves  not  very  healthy,  medium  to  small,  moderately  light  green;  lower  sur- 
face tinged  with  bronze,  pubescent.  Flowers  partly  fertile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens 
upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  usually  keeps  fairly  well.  Clusters  not  uni- 
form in  size,  short,  frequently  with  a  small  single  shoulder,  compact  to  medium.  Ber- 
ries small  to  above  medium,  roundish,  very  dark  reddish-black  covered  with  a  large 
amount  of  lilac  bloom,  sometimes  shatter  considerably  from  pedicel.  Skin  thin,  rather 
tender.  Flesh  unusually  pale  green,  somewhat  stringy,  vinous,  tender,  sweet  from  skin 
to  cente.-,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  slightly  adherent,  medium  to  small,  intermediate  in 
width;  chalaza  oval,  often  distinctly  above  center. 

STARK-STAR. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifcra,  Aestivalis.) 

I.  National  Niir.,  10:128,  133.  1902.  2.  Rural  N.  Y.,  62:788.  1903.  3.  111.  Hort.  Soc. 
Rpt..  1903:65,  20S.  274,  276.     4.   .1/0.    Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:301. 

Stark-Star  is  receiving  careful  attention  in  the  South  and  Southwest 
l)ut  unfortunatelv  it  does  not  ripen  earlv  enough  to  promise  well  for  this 
latitude.  On  the  Station  grounds  it  ripens  after  Catawba,  which  does  not 
always  rnature.  If  the  variety  fulfills  the  high  expectations  of  it  in  the 
region  of  its  origin  it  is  worthy  a  trial  in  the  regions  of  this  State  where 
the  Catawba  ripens. 

The  variety  was  originated  bv  Joseph  Bachman  of  Altus,  Arkansas, 
from  seed  of  Catawba  fertilized  bv  Norton  or  Hermann.  The  seed  was 
planted  about  1892.  Stark-Star  was  introduced  by  Stark  Brothers,  of 
Louisiana,  Missouri. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  Canes  medium  to  short,  numerous, 
often  slender,  roughened;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bihd  to  trifid.  Leaves 
large  to  medium,  dark  green,  frequently  thin;  lower  surface  pale  green,  slightly  pubes- 
cent, cobwebby.  Fruit  ripens  later  than  Catawba,  appears  to  be  an  excellent  keeper. 
Clusters  large,  medium  to  long,  inclined  to  broadness,  frcquentl)^  with  a  well  marked 
short  single  shoulder,  very  compact.  Berries  medium  to  below  in  size,  oval  to  roundish 
but  frequently  compressed  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster,  black  when  ripe,  cov- 
ered with  blue  bloom,  persistent.     Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  tender.     Flesh  pale 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  407 

green,  not  very  juicy,  tough  and  solid,  slightly  aromatic  and  spicy,  almost  sweet,  fair 
to  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adhere  somewhat  to  the  pulp,  numerous,  medium  to  small, 
intermediate  in  length  and  width,  plump;  raphe  shows  as  a  distinct  cord;  chalaza  dis- 
tinctly above  center  to  nearly  central. 

SUPERB. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

I.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i8gi:i26.  2.  Mo.  Ilorl.  Soc.  Rpl.,  1891:126.  3.  Rural  N.  V'.,  52:636. 
1893.  fig.  4.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:180.  5.  Ilusmann.  1895:38.  6.  N.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpl.,  18:396. 
1899.     7.  Am.   Pom.  Soc.   Cat.,   1899:28.     8.   Ga.  Sta.   Bui.,  53:49.      1901. 

The  quality  of  Superb  ranges  from  good  to  very  good  but  the  appear- 
ance of  the  fruit  is  against  the  variet}'.  It  resembles  Etimelan,  the  reputed 
I^arent,  in  size,  shape,  and  color  but  is  not  as  attractive.  The  vine  on  the 
Station  grounds  is  not  such  as  to  recommend  it  highly,  and  since  it  has 
been  known  for  at  least  twenty  years  without  having  become  at  all  popular 
with  grape-growers,  it  may  l^e  assumed  that  the  grape  has  weaknesses 
elsewhere  as  well  as  here. 

A.  F.  Rice  of  Griswoldville,  Georgia,  originated  this  variety,  it  is  said, 
from  seed  of  Eumelan.  The  seed  was  planted  in  1880  near  South  Wey- 
mouth, Massachusetts.  Superb  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1899. 

Vine  medium  to  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  healthy,  productive.  Canes  short  to 
medium,  few  in  number,  often  tapering,  ash-gray  changing  to  light  or  dark  brown; 
tendrils  continuous,  bifid.  Leaves  healthy,  medium  to  large,  moderately  light  green; 
lower  surface  grayish-green,  thinly  pubescent,  the  pubescence  being  distributed  in  flecks. 
Flowers  strongly  self-fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  later;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens 
before  Concord,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size  and  width,  medium 
to  long,  frequently  with  a  long,  loose  single  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  medium  to 
below  in  size,  roundish  to  oval,  dark  purplish-black  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom,  per- 
sistent, not  very  firm.  Skin  thick,  tough,  without  astringency.  Flesh  juicy,  tender, 
aromatic,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  spicy,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  sepa- 
rate readily  from  the  pulp,  medium  to  small,  medium  to  long,  sharp-pointed;  raphe 
occasionally  shows  as  a  partially  submerged  cord  in  a  broad  groove;  chalaza  distinctly 
above  center. 


4o8  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

TAYLOR. 

(Riparia,  Labrusca.) 

I.  Vath-y  Farmer,  1858:122.  2.  Horticulturist,  14:486.  1850.  3.  /''•.  I5:,U-  i860.  4.  Gar. 
Mon.,  2:68,  iic),  163.  i860.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1860:78.  6.  Horticulturist.  19:156.  1864. 
7.  Husmann,  1866:104.  8.  Fuller,  1867:231.  9.  Grape  Cult.,  1:44,  74,  242,  291,  296.  i86g. 
10.  III.  Hon.  Soc.  Rpt..  1881:161.  II.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:133.  12.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:20, 
138.  13.  Te.x.  Sta.  Bill.,  48:1151,  1162.  iSgS.  14.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui,  46:41,  43,  45,  46,  76.  1899. 
15.    Ga.  Sta.  Bill.,  53:49.      igoi. 

Bullitt  (i.  4).  Bullitt  (3,  5,  7.  9,  11,  12).  T.wlor  (2.  5).  Taylor  (4,  11).  T.^ylor  Buli.it 
(13,   14).     T.wlor's  Bullitt  (8,   11).      Taylor's  Bullitt  (12). 

Taylor  is  hardly  known  in  New  York  nor,  indeed,  is  it  now  much 
grown  elsewhere.  It  is  of  interest  for  the  part  it  has  played  in  the  grape 
culture  of  the  past  and  especially  for  its  worthy  offspring.  Many  of  these 
now  outrank  the  parent  in  the  regions  and  for  the  purposes  for  which 
Taylor  is  grown.  In  truth,  the  most  valuable  quality  of  Taylor  seems  to 
be  its  capacity  for  transmitting  its  good  characters  to  its  seedlings;  some 
of  course  fall  much  below  it,  as  a  table  or  wine  grape,  but  a  considerable 
number  cjuite  equal  it,  and  a  few  surpass  it,  but  all  resemble  the  parent 
vine  much  more  than  is  common  among  grapes.  While  it  is  from  the 
species  to  which  Taylor  belongs  that  we  must  look  for  our  hardiest  vines 
yet  this  grape  and  its  offspring,  though  not  particularly  tender  to  cold,  do 
best  in  southern  regions  as  the}-  rec[uire  a  long,  warm  summer  and  fall  to 
mature  properly.  Taylor  was  long  grown  in  both  Europe  and  California 
as  a  grafting  stock  for  the  Old  World  varieties  as  a  protection  against 
phylloxera,  and  is  still  somewhat  cultivated  in  these  regions  for  that 
purpose. 

The  (jualitN*  of  the  fruit  of  Taylor  is  from  fair  to  good,  the  flavor  being 
sweet,  pure,  delicate  and  spicy  and  the  f^esh  tender  and  juicy,  but  the 
bunches  are  small,  tlie  flowers  infertile  so  that  the  berries  do  not  set  well 
and  give  very  imperfect  and  unsightly  clusters.  The  skin  is  such,  too, 
that  it  cracks  badly,  a  defect  that  is  seemingly  transmitted  to  many  of  the 
seedlings  of  the  variety.  The  vine  is  strong,  healthy,  hardy  but  not  very 
productive.  Taylor  is  essentially  a  wine  grape,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  it 
or  many  of  the  varieties  Ijred  from  it  will  make  table  grapes.  The  wine  is 
said  to  be  exceptionally  good,  of  great  body  and  high  flavor. 

The  original  vine  of   Taylor   was   a   wild   seedling  found    in  the  early 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  409 

part  of  the  last  century  on  the  Cumberland  Mountains  near  the  Kentucky- 
Tennessee  line  l)^•  a  Mr.  Cobb  who  planted  the  vine  on  his  farm  in  Shelby 
County,  Kentucky.  Later  the  farm  was  sold  to  Cuthbert  Bullitt.  About 
1840,  the  grape  came  to  the  attention  of  Judge  John  Taylor  of  Jericho, 
Henry  County,  Kentucky,  an  enthusiastic  amateur  horticulturist  who 
secured  the  vine  from  Bullitt  and  sent  cuttings  to  many  grape-growers  for 
testing.  It  was  early  introduced  into  the  grape  region  of  the  middle  West 
where  it  was  widely  tested  but  was  never  extensively  planted  owing  to  its 
lack  of  productiveness.  Its  culture  has  been  on  the  wane  for  many  years 
and  only  an  occasional  nurseryman  in  that  section  handles  the  variety 
to-day.  This  variety  has,  at  different  times,  passed  under  the  names  Bullitt, 
Taylor,  Taylor's  Bullitt,  with  various  spellings  of  the  name  Bullitt. 

The  following  description  has  been  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  vigorous  to  rank,  healtliy,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness.  Leaves  small, 
attractive  in  color,  smooth.  Flowers  bloom  early;  stamens  reflexed.  Fruit  ripens 
about  two  weeks  before  Isabella.  Clusters  small  to  medium,  shouldered,  loose  to  mod- 
erately compact.  Berries  small  to  medium,  roundish,  pale  greenish-white,  sometimes 
tinged  with  amber.    Skin  very  thin.     Pulp  sweet,  spicy,  fair  to  good  in  quality. 

TELEGRAPH. 

(Labrusca,  Aestivalis.) 

I.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt.,  i863:s4().  2.  Gar.  Mon.,  g:^i.  1S67.  3.  76.,  10  :ig,  344.  1S6S.  4.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1869:42.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1869:56.  6.  Grape  Cult.,  1:44,  115,  296.  1S69. 
7.  Gar.  Mon.,  11:83.  1809.  8.  Horticulturist,  30:73.  1S75.  9.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:82,  139.  10. 
W.  X.  y.  Hart.  Soc.  Rpt.,  36:43.  1891.  11.  A'.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:637.  1S92.  12.  Tcnn. 
Sta.  Bui,  Vol.  9:187.  1896.  13.  -V.  y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:535,  546,  547,  557.  1S9S.  14.  Mo.  Sta. 
Bui.,  46:41,  42,  44,  45.  1899.  15.  Kan.  Sta.  But.,  110:237.  1902.  16.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1906:65,  67. 

Christine  (2,  3,  7).      Christine  (4,  8,  9,  10,  12).      Telegraph  (2,  3). 

The  characters  of  Telegraph  are  not  such  as  to  give  it  high  rank 
among  grapes  and  now  that  nearly  forty  years  have  passed  since  its  origin, 
and  many  better  varieties  have  come  into  cultivation,  the  variet^'  is  worth 
mentioning  only  as  a  matter  of  record.  Its  most  remarkable  character  is 
compact,  well  shouldered  bunches,  making  them  attractive  in  appearance 
though  somewhat  small  for  a  commercial  variety.  Telegraph  is  susceptible 
to  rot  and  the  birds  are  particularly  fond  of  its  fruit.  It  ripens  very  early 
and  is  of  better  quality  than  Hartford  —  not  high  praise.     The  variety  is 


4IO  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

peculiar  in  that  the  ripening  season  seems  to  vary  from  a  few  days  after 
Hartford  to  as  late  as  Concord.  It  is  earlier,  comparatively,  in  the  Sovith 
than  in  the  North;  that  is,  in  cool  summers  it  matures  slowly. 

Telegraph,  or  Christine,  as  it  appears  to  have  first  been  called,  is  a 
chance  seedling  which  appeared  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century  in 
the  yard  of  a  Mr.  Christine,  Hestonville,  near  Westchester,  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania.  About  i860  P.  R.  Freas,  editor  of  the  Germantown  Tcle- 
grapli,  to  whom  fruit  was  sent,  bestowed  upon  it  the  name  of  his  paper, 
which  finally  supplanted  the  original  name.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape 
list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1869  and  removed 
in  1899.     Telegraph  is  apparently  a  Labrusca  with  a  strain  of  Aestivalis. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  usually  healthy,  very  productive.  Canes  unusually  long, 
medium  to  numerous;  tendrils  continuous,  trifid  to  bifid.  Leaves  healthy,  medium  to 
large,  inclined  to  roundish,  light  green;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent.  Flowers' 
fertile,  open  in  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  usually  ripens  soon  after 
Hartford  but  sometimes  later,  a  fair  shipper  and  keeper.  Clusters  medium  to  small, 
often  short,  broad,  cylindrical,  blunt  at  ends,  single-shouldered,  very  compact.  Berries 
intermediate  in  size,  roundish  to  slightly  oval  on  account  of  compactness  of  cluster, 
dull  l:)lack  covered  with  a  large  amount  of  blue  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  intermediate 
in  thickness,  tough,  does  not  adhere  to  the  pulp,  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  tough  and 
solid,  slightly  foxy,  pleasant  flavor,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  fair  to  good  in  quality. 
Seeds  somewhat  adherent  and  numerous,  medium  to  above  in  size,  variable  in  shape  and 

size. 

TO-KALON. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  1:459.  1835.  2.  X.  Y.  Ag.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1847:353.  3.  Mag.  Hort.,  21:42, 
1855.  4.  lb.,  22:507.  1856.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1856:163.  6.  Downing,  1857:345.  7.  Am. 
Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1858:72.  8.  Hortictdturist,  I4:29q.  1S59.  fig.  g.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i86o:8r. 
10.  /;>.,  1862:146.  II.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1862:90.  12.  Gar.  Mon.,  5:73,  74-  1S63.  13.  Grant, 
1864:11.  14.  Gar.  Mon.,  8:362.  1866.  15.  Grape  Cult.,  1:327.  i86g.  16.  Downing,  1869: 
556.      17.   Bush.  Cat.,  1883:139. 

The  Beautiful  (16).  Carter  (4).  Carter  (7,  10,  16,  17,  of  Bo.ston  12).  Spofford Seedling  (16,  17). 
Wy.man  (3).     Wyman  (10,  12,   16,   17). 

The  frtiit  characters  of  To-Kalon  are  so  similar  to  those  of  Catawba 
that  it  was  hardlv  wori;hy  of  introduction.  Beside  duplicating  the  Catawba 
in  fruit  the  vines  are  not  healthy,  being  very  susceptible  to  mildew  and 
rot,  the  fruit  drops  badly,  and  the  crop  does  not  rijien  well.  The  quality 
of  the  fruit  is  very  good,  once  it  can  be  secured.     A  point  in  its  favor  is 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  4II 

that  it  ripens  a  little  before  Catawba.  The  variet)-  long  since  ceased  to  be 
of  commercial  im]:)ortance  and  can  now  be  found  but  rarel}'  in  collections. 

To-Kalon  was  originated  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  centur}-  by  Dr. 
Spofford  of  Lansingburg,  New  York.  The  originator  states  that  it  is  a 
seedling  of  a  European  grape,  but  from  its  resemblance  to  Catawba  it  is 
supposed  by  many  to  have  been  a  seedling  of  that  variety.  Wyman 
and  Carter  are  two  varieties  of  later  introduction  which  are  said  to  he 
identical  with  To-Kalon,  but  as  the  origin  of  each  is  apparently  authentic 
and  distinct  it  appears  more  probable  that  they  are  merely  similar 
sorts.  To-Kalon  was  placed  on  the  list  of  sorts  recommended  by  the 
Ainerican  Pomological  Societ)-  in  1862  but  was  dropjDcd  from  this  list 
in  1 87 1. 

The  following  description  has  been  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  vigorous  to  rank,  variable  in  productiveness,  hardy,  often  mildews  badly. 
Foliage  large,  abundant.  Flowers  do  not  always  set  well.  Fruit  ripens  somewhat 
earlier  than  Catawba.  Clusters  large,  shouldered.  Berries  large,  oval  to  oblate,  darker 
than  Catawba,  covered  with  heavy  bloom,  shells.  Pulp  sweet,  of  pure  flavor,  melting, 
very  good  in  quality. 

TRIUMPH. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Grape  Cult.,  2:205.  1870.  2.  Am.  Jour.  Hort.,  9:84.  1S71.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1881:33,  40,  162.  4.  Downing,  i88i:i6g  app.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1883:26.  6.  Bush.  Cat., 
1883:140, /ig.,  141.  7.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1884:217.  8.  .4m.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:104.  9.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  11:637.  1892.  10.  Va.  Sta.  Bui,  94:142.  189S.  11.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:535- 
548.  557.  1S98.  12.  Miss.  Sta.  Bid.,  56:17.  1899.  13.  Mich.  Sta.  Bid.,  169:176.  1899.  14. 
Ala.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:89.  1900.  15.  Ga.  Sta.  Bid.,  53:49,  52,  59.  1901.  16.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  no: 
243.      1902.      17.    Traiic  gen.  de  vit.,  5:186.      1903. 

Campbell's  Concord  Hybrid  Xo.  6  (6).  Campbell's  Seedling  Xo.  6  (17).  Hybride  de  Concord 
No.  6  (17). 

When  cjuality,  color,  shape  and  size  of  bunch  and  berry  are  all  con- 
sidered. Triumph  is  one  of  the  finest  dessert  grapes  of  America.  When  at 
its  best  it  is  a  magnificent  bunch  of  golden  grapes  of  highest  equality, 
esteemed  even  in  southern  Europe  where  it  must  compete  with  the  best 
of  the  Viniferas,  though  unfortunately  it  is  nearly  as  susceptible  in  that 
region  to  phylloxera  as  the  Old  World  varieties,  a  defect  which  has  caused 
its  relegation  there  from  commercial  vineyards  to  the  collections  of  experi- 
menters and   amateurs.      In  Ainerica   its  commercial   importance   is   cur- 


412  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

tailed  Ijv  the  fact  that  it  reciuires  a  long  season  for  its  proper  development 
and  the  variety  justifies  its  name  only  in  the  South  and  more  particularly 
in  the  Southwest.  In  the  latitude  of  New  York  it  is  doubtfully  hardy  and 
the  short  summer  season  never  permits  it  to  attain  the  fjuality  and  beauty 
which  characterize  it  further  south. 

Triumph  has,  in  general,  the  vine  characters  of  the  Labrusca  parent 
Concord,  especially  its  habit  of  growth,  vigor,  productiveness  and  foliage 
characters,  falling  short  in  hardiness,  resistance  to  fungal  diseases  and 
earliness  of  maturity.  Even  in  New  York  the  vines  are  as  vigorous  and 
set  nearly  as  much  fruit  as  Concord;  but  they  are  injured  in  cold  winters 
unless  protected,  and  suffer  in  particular  from  the  mildews.  The  fruit 
matures  with  or  a  little  later  than  the  Catawba.  It  proves,  in  regions 
where  it  is  largely  grown,  to  be  quite  adaptable  to  different  soils  and  loca- 
tions and  the  small  amount  of  data  at  hand  on  this  point  in  New  York 
suggests  that  this  adaptability  holds  for  the  grape  regions  of  this  State  as 
well.  It  prefers,  if  anything,  a  deep  soil  to  a  shallow  one  and  alluvial  or 
clayey  soils  to  lighter  lands. 

While  the  vine  characters  of  Triumph  are  those  of  Labrusca  there  is 
scarcely  a  suggestion  of  the  coarseness,  or  of  the  foxy  odor  and  taste  of 
Labrusca;  and  the  objectionable  seeds,  pulp,  and  skin  of  the  native  grape 
give  way  to  the  far  less  objectionable  structures  of  Vinifera.  Grapes  of 
this  variety  do  not  have  the  firm  and  often  disagreeable  pulpiness  of  many 
other  similar  hybrids,  as  for  instance  most  of  Rogers'  hyVjrids.  The  flesh 
is  tender  and  melting  and  the  flavor  rich,  sweet,  vinous,  pure  and  delicate, 
giving  the  variety  high  rank  among  the  Iiest  American  grapes.  In  the 
North,  as  would  be  expected  from  its  lack  of  proper  maturity,  the  flavor 
is  insipid  as  compared  with  the  same  character  in  the  South.  The  skins 
of  the  berries  are  faulty  being  more  apparent  in  eating  than  those  of 
Vinifera  and  under  unfavorable  conditions  crack  badly;  because  of 
the  tenderness  of  the  skin  the  variety  neither  ships  nor  keeps  remarkably 
well.  Triumph  is  not  only  one  of  the  best  dessert  grapes  but  it  is  said  to 
make  a  very  good  white  wine. 

There  are  numerous  pure-bred  and  cross-bred  offsprings  of  Triumjjh 
in  America  which  indicate  that  this  variety  may  be  very  successfully  used 
in  grape-breeding      Munson   of   Texas,    in   particular,    among   other   viti- 


TRIUMPH 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  413 

culturists,  has  used  it  to  advantage  in  breeding  work,  his  Baile}-,  Big  Extra, 
Big  Hope,  Carman,  Early  Golden,  Fern  Munson,  Governor  Ross,  Newman, 
Ragan,  Rommel,  R.  W.  Munson,  W.  B.  Munson,  all  having  been  bred  with 
Triumph  as  an  ancestor. 

When  all  of  its  qualities  and  characters  are  considered,  and  for  all 
parts  of  America,  it  can  hardly  be  disputed  that  Triumph  is  the  best  of 
the  hybrids  of  the  two  species  from  which  it  comes  that  has  been  produced 
by  artificial  fertilization.  That  it  does  not  succeed  better  in  New  York 
is  a  distinct  loss  to  the  viticulture  of  the  State. 

Triumph  was  originated  nearly  a  half  century  ago  by  George  W. 
Campbell  of  Delaware,  Ohio,  from  seed  of  Concord  fertilized  by  Chasselas 
Musque  (Joslvn's  St.  Albans).  The  originator  considered  it  of  no  value 
in  his  vinevard  but  sent  it  to  Samuel  Miller  of  Bluffton,  Missouri,  who  gave 
it  the  name  Triumph.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in   1883. 

Vine  vigorous,  doubtfully  hardy,  medium  to  very  productive,  somewhat  subject 
to  attacks  of  mildew.  Canes  medium  to  long,  intemiediate  in  number  and  thickness, 
moderately  dark  brown,  surface  covered  with  a  slight  amount  of  bloom;  nodes  enlarged, 
variable  in  shape;  internodes  medium  to  above  in  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  medium 
in  size;  shoots  slightly  pubescent;  tendrils  intermittent,  medium  to  long,  trifid,  some- 
times bifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  long  and  thick,  obtuse  to  conical,  open  late.  Young 
leaves  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  brownish-carmine. 
Leaves  large,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  medium  to  slightly 
rugose;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  lobed 
with  terminus  obtuse  to  acute;  petiolar  sinus  medium  to  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and 
overlapping;  basal  sinus  absent;  lateral  sinus  shallow  and  narrow  when  present;  teeth 
deep,  wide  to  medium.     Flowers  fertile,  open  late;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Catawba  or  later,  does  not  rank  among  the  best  keepers.  Clus- 
ters very  large  to  medium,  long,  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  sometimes  single-shoul- 
dered, comoact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  above  average  thickness;  pedicel  medium 
to  short,  slender,  smooth,  considerably  enlarged  at  p(jint  of  attachment  to  fruit;  brush 
short,  pale  yellowish-green.  Berries  medium  to  above  in  size,  oval,  pale  green  or  golden 
yellow,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  gray  bloom,  persistent,  firm.  Skin  thin,  variable  in 
toughness,  sometimes  inclined  to  crack,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no 
pigment,  slightly  astringent.  Flesh  light  green,  translucent,  juicy,  fine-grained,  tender, 
somewhat  vinous,  good  to  very  good.     Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five. 


414  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

average  three,  below  medium  to  small,  intermediate  in  width,  long,  brownish;  raphe 
sometimes  visible  being  partly  submerged  in  the  short  shallow  groove  •  chalaza  of  average 
size,  above  center,  oval  to  circular,  distinct. 

ULSTER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:141.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:104.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885-6: 
224.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  5.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpl..  1891:128.  6.  Rural  M.  Y..  50:691. 
1891.  7.  lb.,  51:170,  681.  1892.  8.  .V.  y.  Sla.  All.  Rpt.,  11:637.  1892.  9.  III.  Sia.  Bui.,  28: 
262.  1S93.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:183.  II.  W.  N.  V.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  39:26  1S94.  12.  .V.  Y. 
Sta.  All.  Rpt.,  17:536,  548,  553,  557.  1898.  13.  Kait.  Sia.  Bui.,  110:240.  1902.  14.  Mich.  Sta. 
Bill.,  205:41.      1903. 

Ulster  Prolific  (i,  2,  3,  5,  9,  11,  13).      Ulster  Prolific  (8,  10). 

The  accompanying  color-plate  does  not  do  justice  to  Ulster  as  to  size 
and  beauty  of  the  frttit  but  it  well  il  ustrates  one  of  the  chief  faults  of  the 
variety.  The  vines  ustially  set  too  much  fruit  in  spite  of  efforts  to  control 
the  crop  bv  pruning,  and  two  undesirab  e  results  follow :  The  bunches  are 
small  and  the  vines,  lacking  vigor  at  best,  fail  to  fully  recover  from  the 
over-fruitftilness.  Over-productiveness  and  lack  of  vigor  are  the  two 
defects  in  Ulster  that  have  kept  it  from  becoming  of  more  importance 
commercially  and  a  greater  favorite  as  a  garden  grape.  The  equality  of 
the  frttit  is  very  good,  being  much  like  that  of  Catawba  both  in  flesh  char- 
acters and  in  flavor.  The  color  of  the  berries  seems  to  vary  greatly,  some- 
times being  nearly  as  red  as  Catawba  and  under  other  conditions  an  unat- 
tractive green  with  a  reddish  tinge.  As  a  rule  the  fruit  keeps  well  but 
there  are  exceptions  especially  when  the  variet}^  is  not  grown  under  the 
conditions  l^est  suited  to  it.  Ulster  has  many  good  qualities  but  its  defi- 
ciency in  vigor  and  capriciousness  hi  both  vine  and  fruit  characters  prevent 
its  becoming  a  grape  of  value  for  either  vineyard  or  garden. 

Ulster  was  originated  by  A.  J.  Ca}-wood  of  Marlboro,  New  York,  and 
w^as  introduced  by  the  originator  about  1885.  It  was  included  in  the  list 
of  sorts  recommended  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1899.  Its 
parents  are  said  to  be  Catawba  pollinated  by  a  wild  Aestivalis.  Both  vine 
and  fruit  show  unmistakable  traces  of  Labrusca  and  Vinifera,  but  the 
Aestivalis  characters,  if  jjresent,  are  not  apparent. 

Vine  medium  to  weak,  usually  hardy,  productive,  often  overbears,  sometimes 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  mildew.    Canes  medium  to  short,  not  numerous,  slender,  mod- 


ULSTER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  41 5 

erately  dark  brown,  surface  roughened  and  covered  with  faint  pubescence;  nodes 
enlarged  and  flattened;  intcrnodes  short;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  inter- 
mediate in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  usually  intermittent,  of  medium  length, 
bifid,  dehisce  early. 

Leaf-buds  intermediate  in  size,  short  to  medium,  thick,  plump,  conical  to  pointed, 
open  rather  late.  Young  leaves  faintly  tinged  on  under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper 
side,  which  is  rather  glossy,  prevailing  color  pale  green  with  considerable  rose-cannine 
tinge.  Leaves  small  to  medium,  thick;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  somewhat 
smooth;  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  leaf  usually  not  Inbcd 
with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  medium  to  wide; 
basal  sinus  absent;  lateral  sinus  a  mere  notch  when  present;  teeth  shallow  to  medium, 
above  medium  width.     Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so,  open  rather  early;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  usually  ripens  with  Concord  or  a  little  later,  keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters 
intermediate  in  size,  above  average  length,  intermediate  in  breadth,  cylindrical  to 
slightly  tapering,  often  single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short,  slender;  pedicel 
intermediate  in  length,  slender  to  medium,  covered  with  numerous  warts;  brush  short, 
yellowish-green.  Berries  above  medium  to  medium  in  size,  roundish  to  roundish-oval, 
rather  dark  dull  red  but  do  not  always  color  well,  covered  with  thin  light  to  dark  lilac 
bloom,  persistent,  of  average  finnness.  Skin  thick,  tough,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp, 
contains  no  pigment,  somewhat  astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tender, 
fine-grained,  faintly  aromatic,  slightly  foxy,  sweet  next  the  skin  to  tart  at  center,  good 
to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easil)'  from  the  pulp,  one  to  six,  average  three, 
medium  to  above  in  size,  variable  in  length  and  breadth,  somewhat  plump,  brownish; 
raphe  obscure;  chalaza  intermediate  in  size,  above  center,  oval  to  circular,  not  distinct; 
surface  of  seeds  slightly  roughened. 

UNION  VILLAGE. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera?) 

I.  Elliott,  1854:247.  2.  U.  S.  Pal.  Off.  Rpt.,  1856:433.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1856:30,  165 
4.  Downing,  i857:34().  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  i858:6g.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1858:235 
7.  Mag.  Hort.,  24:92,  94.  185S.  8.  Horticulturist,  14:74.  1859.  fig.  9.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt. 
1860:49.  lo-  -•!'"•  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1860:89,  11.  Mag.  Hort..  27:533.  1S61.  12.  Horticulturist 
16:234.  1861.  fig.  13.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1862:146.  14.  Mag.  Hort.,  29:422.  1863.  15, 
lb.,  31:103.  1S63.  16.  Mead,  1867:1. jS.  17.  Grape  Cult.,  1:43,  44.  151.239.262,327.  1S69 
18.    Bush.  Cat.,  1883:142.      19.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:59. 

Imitatio.n  Hamburg  (i).  Ontario  (8,  9,  10,  14).  Oii/arjo  (13,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19).  Shaker  (2). 
Shaker  (4,   17,  1 8). 

Rampant  in  vine,  with  thick  wood,  large  coarse  leaves,  bvmches  and 
berries,  Union  Village  is  marked  by  grossness  in  all  of  its  characters.  Its 
vigor  of  vine  and  showiness  of  fruit  attracted  the  attention  of  the  viti- 


4l6  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

culturists  of  a  h.ilf  century  ago  and  it  was  then  quite  commonly  grown 
but  has  now  been  almost  wholly  discarded  because  of  poor  quality,  sus- 
ceptibility to  disease,  and  lack  of  hardiness.  It  ripens  somewhat  late 
and  c[uite  unevenly.  It  might  prove  of  some  value  in  breeding  for  the 
characters  for  which,  even  among  the  largest  and  most  vigorous  grapes 
of  to-day,  it  is  distinguished. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  the  Shakers  at  Union  Village,  Warren 
County,  Ohio.  It  was  introduced  by  Nicholas  Longworth  of  Cincinnati 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  In  1858  it  was  placed  on  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society's  list  of  grapes  that  promise  well  and  in  1862  was 
placed  on  the  regular  list  of  recommended  sorts.  Here  it  remained  until 
1883,  when  it  was  dropped.  Ontario,  another  grape  of  this  type,  which 
was  originated  by  W.  H.  Read  of  Port  Dalhousie,  Ontario,  was  considered 
bv  many  synonymous  with  Union  Village  but  the  evidence  seems  to  show 
that,  though  verv  similar,  it  had  a  distinct  origin.  Union  Village  is  said 
to  be  a  seedling  of  Isaljella.  The  characters  generally  indicate  Labrtisca 
although  the  lobing  of  the  leaves  and  the  susceptibility  to  fungi  may  indicate 
a  strain  of  Vinifera. 

The  following  description  has  been  compiled  from  various  sources: 

Vine  vigorous  to  rank,  usually  productive,  somewhat  tender,  subject  to  attacks 
of  fungi.  Canes  large,  long;  internodes  short.  Leaves  coarse  and  large.  Fruit  ripens 
about  one  week  before  Isabella,  matures  unevenly.  Clusters  large  to  very  large,  often 
shouldered,  compact.  Berries  large  to  very  large,  roundish,  dark  purplish-black  cov- 
ered with  heavy  bloom,  shell  badly.  Skin  moderately  thin.  Flesh  tart,  resembling 
Isabella  somewhat  in  flavor,  quality  fair  to  good. 

VERGENNES. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Aiu.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:34.  117.  2.  Barry,  1883:450.  3.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1883:26. 
4.  ir.  .V.  r.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  2g:u),  112.  1S84.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1885:103,  105.  6.  Ohio 
Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1886-7:172.  7.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  .An.  Rpt.,  9:330.  iSgo.  8.  III.  Sta.  Bui.,  28:262. 
1893.  9.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:1.84.  fig.  10.  Gar.  and  For.,  8:487.  1S95.  11.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
17:536,  542,  543,  544,  548,  553.  189S.  12.  lb.,  18:383,  3S9,  396.  1899.  13.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:41, 
43,44,45,53,76.  1899.  14.  Mich.  Sia.  Bid.,  i6g:iy().  1899.  15.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid.,  iio:2;^y.  1902. 
16.  (hit.    Fr.   Gr.  .\ssoc.   Rpt.,   34:99.   1902. 

While  not  one  of  the  leading  commercial  varieties  in  New  York,  Ver- 
gennes  has  steadily  increased  in  popularity  during  the  thirty  years  since 


M 


VERGENNES 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  417 

its  introduction.  One  of  the  most  valuable  attributes  of  Vergennes  is  that 
it  seldom  fails  to  bear  a  crop  though  it  has  a  tendency  to  overbear  which 
causes  it  to  be  variable  in  size  of  fruits  and  in  time  of  ripening;  with  a 
moderate  crop  it  ripens  with  Concord  but  with  a  heavy  load  of  grapes  the  crop 
matures  from  one  to  two  weeks  later.  Vergennes  is  somewhat  unpopular 
with  vineyardists  because  of  the  sprawling  habit  of  the  vine  making  a  vine- 
yard of  this  grape  untractable  for  vineyard  operations.  This  fault  is 
obviated  somewhat  by  grafting  it  on  other  vines.  In  some  of  the  grape 
regions  of  New  York  the  vines  are  precariously  hardy  though  tenderness  to 
cold  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  a  serious  fault  of  the  variety. 

The  appearance  of  the  fruit  is  attractive  and  while  the  qualitv  is  not 
high,  yet  it  is  good;  the  flavor  is  agreeable,  the  flesh  is  tender  and  seeds  and 
skin  are  not  objectionable.  Considering  all  of  its  fruit  characters,  Vergennes 
may  be  said  to  l)e  more  than  an  ordinary  grape  —  much  1  setter  than  several 
better  known  commercial  varieties.  The  varietj'  is  somewhat  remarkable 
in  being  probabh-  the  best  shipper  and  the  best  keeper  among  the  pure 
Labrusca  varieties.  Nearl\-  all  of  the  grapes  which  ship  and  keep  well 
have  more  or  less  Vinifera  blood,  but  if  Vergennes  has  any  foreign  blood 
it  shows  it  only  in  its  keeping  and  shipping  qualities.  At  present  Vergennes 
is  the  standard  late-keeping  grape  for  this  region  being  very  commonly 
found  in  the  markets  as  late  as  Januar}-  and  sometimes  February.  A 
number  of  seedlings  of  Vergennes,  pure-bred  and  cross-bred,  growing  on 
the  Station  grounds,  show  that  this  variety  transmits  its  characters  well 
to  its  offspring  indicating  that  it  has  value  for  grape-breeding.  Vergennes 
may  be  recommended  for  its  intrinsic  value  for  the  vineyard  and  the  garden 
and  to  the  experimenter  as  one  of  the  best  pure  Labruscas  for  the  production 
of  new  and  improved  varieties. 

The  original  vine  of  this  variety  was  a  chance  seedling  found  in  the 
garden  of  William  E.  Greene,  Vergennes,  Vermont.  It  fruited  for  the 
first  time  in  1874.  It  was  placed  on  the  list  of  sorts  recommended  by  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1883  and  is  still  retained. 

Vine  variable  in  vigor,  not  always  hardy,  medium  to  verj-  productive  depending 
upon  amount  of  winter  injury,  usually  healthy.      Canes  long  to  medium,  intermediate 
in  number  and  size,  dark  dull  brown;  nodes  enlarged,  strongly  flattened;  internodes 
27 


4l8  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

of  average  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  medium  in  thickness;  shoots  pubescent; 
tendrils  continuous,  long  to  medium,  bifid  or  sometimes  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  large  to  medium,  long,  thick;  open  very  late.  Young  leaves  tinged  on 
under  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine.  Leaves  large  to  medium, 
thin;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  somewhat  rugose;  lower  surface  pale  green,  very 
pubescent ;  veins  indistinct ;  leaf  usually'  not  lobed  with  terminus  broadly  acute ;  petiolar 
sinus  of  average  depth,  medium  to  wide;  teeth  shallow,  often  wide.  Flowers  nearly 
sterile,  open  in  mid-season;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  variable  in  season  but  usually  ripens  one  to  two  weeks  later  than  Concord, 
keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size  and  length,  broad,  cylindrical  to 
tapering,  sometimes  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness  but  inclined  to  be  loose; 
peduncle  short  to  medium,  thick;  pedicel  intermediate  in  length  and  thickness,  covered 
with  numerous  small  warts,  enlarged  at  point  of  attachment  to  fruit ;  brush  slender, 
short,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to  below  medium,  oval  to  roundish,  light  and  dark  red, 
covered  with  lilac  bloom,  persistent,  medium  in  firmness.  Skin  does  not  crack,  thick, 
tough,  adheres  considerably  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  pale 
green,  juicy,  fine-grained,  somewhat  stringy,  tender,  vinous,  sweet  next  the  skin,  agree- 
ably tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp, 
one  to  five,  average  three,  variable  in  size,  length  and  breadth,  not  notched,  usually 
blunt,  brownish;  raphe  distinct;  chalaza  small,  plainly  above  center,  usually  roundish, 
often  with  shallow  radiating  furrows,  distinct. 

VICTORIA. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

1.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:92.  2.  lb..  1885:104.  3.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1891:129.  4- 
Rural  .Y.  Y.,  50:691,  847.  1891.  5.  -V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  11:037.  1892.  6.  Del.  Sta.  An.  Rpl., 
7:135,  139.  1895.  7.  Rural  .V.  V'.,  56:822.  1897.  8.  .V.  V.  .Sta.  An.  Rpt..  17:  536,  548,  557. 
1898.     9.   Midi.  Sta.   Bill.,   169:176.      1899.      10.   Ga.  Sta.  Bnl.,  53:49-      190'- 

As  a  green  seedling  of  Concord,  Victoria  has  much  in  common  with 
others  of  its  kind  that  liave  come  from  this  parent.  In  particular  it 
resembles  Hayes  but  does  not  equal  it,  being  of  poorer  quality  and  having 
smaller  and  less  attractive  fruits;  neither  does  it  equal  Martha.  Victoria 
is  marked  by  having  more  foxiness  in  flavor  than  do  most  of  the  white 
seedlings  of  Concord.  In  view  of  the  many  good  green  grapes,  there  is 
little  about  Victoria  to  recommend  it, —  there  are  many  commonplace 
grapes  of  its  color  and  season  r[uite  its  equal. 

This  variety  was  originated  by  T.  B.  Miner  of  Linden,  Union  County, 
New  Jersey,  abottt  1871. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  419 

Vine  of  medium  vigor,  usually  hardy,  productive,  subject  to  attacks  of  mildew  in 
unfavorable  locations.  Canes  medium  to  short,  not  numerous,  slender;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous, trifid  to  bitid.  Leaves  medium  in  size,  dark  green;  lower  surface  pale  green 
with  tinge  of  bronze,  covered  with  short  down.  Flowers  nearly  fertile,  open  in  mid- 
season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not  keep  well. 
Clusters  average  in  size,  long,  inclined  to  slender,  often  single-shouldered,  compact. 
Berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish,  light  green  with  pale  yellow  tinge,  covered  with 
thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  thin,  tender.  Flesh  pale  green,  slightly  tough,  foxy, 
sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  readily  from 
the  pulp,  medium  to  below  in  size,  of  average  width  and  length. 

WALTER. 

(Vinifera,  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Mag.  Hort.,  31:120.  1S65.  2.  lb.,  33:7,  54-  1867.  3.  Horticulturist.  23:359,  360.  1S6S. 
pg.  4.  Gra/'i?  CuZi.,  1:307,  327,  329.  1869.  5.  Am.  Jour.  Hori.,  6:342.  1809.  fig.  6.  76.,  8:144, 
299.  1870.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1871:16.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1875:39.  9.  lb.,  1883:59, 
154.  10.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:185.  fig.  II.  Tex.  Sta.  But,  48:1151,  1163.  1898.  12.  Ga.  Sta. 
Bui.,  53:49.      1901.      13.    Kan.  Sta.   Bui.,  110:243.      1902. 

Were  it  not  almost  impossible  to  grow  healthy  vines  of  Waiter  it  would 
take  rank  among  the  best  of  our  American  grapes.  But  stunted  by  fungi 
which  nearly  every  }'ear  attack  leaves,  young  wood  and  fruit,  it  is  only 
possible  in  exceptionally  favorable  seasons  to  produce  a  crop  of  grapes 
with  this  variety.  Not  infrecjuently  the  attacks  of  mildew  are  so  severe 
that  the  vines  are  defoliated  before  mid-season.  Besides  its  susceptibility 
to  cryptogainic  diseases  the  variety  is  fastidious  as  to  soils  and  even  in 
localities  to  which  it  seems  adapted  it  is  variable  in  growth.  While  not  to 
be  classed  among  the  tender  grapes  yet  it  is  injured  in  severe  winters,  and 
is  almost  certain  to  suffer  some  injury  after  defoliation  by  fungi.  There 
are  several  reports  at  hand  which  seem  to  show  that  it  is  hardier  and  more 
vigorous  on  the  roots  of  hardy,  strong-growing  varieties. 

As  if  to  atone  for  the  faults  of  the  vine  the  fruit  of  Walter  is  almost 
perfect,  lacking  only  in  the  size  of  bunch  and  ben-\-.  The  bunch  and  berrv 
resemble  Delaware,  one  of  its  parents,  while  it  has  the  peculiar  flavor  of 
Diana,  the  other  parent.  Well  grown,  the  fruit  is  more  attractive  than 
that  of  Delaware  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  quality  is  ({tiite  the  equal 
of  that  of  either  of  its  parents.       It  does  not  have  the  fault  of  ripening 


420  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

its  berries  unevenly,  one  of  the  defects  which  debars  Diana  from  profit- 
able cultivation.  Though  more  fastidious,  Walter  is  usually  adapted  to 
conditions  under  which  Delaware  thrives.  The  variety  has  been  cultivated 
for  nearly  half  a  century  but  is  seemingly  less  and  less  grown,  a  fact  to  be 
regretted ;  for  there  are  few  American  grapes  of  more  exquisite  flavor  and 
aroma  and  more  dainty  appearance.  It  is  said  that  when  protected  from 
dew  by  walls  or  other  shelter  the  vines  are  not  so  badly  attacked  by  fungi, 
if  at  all,  and  that  Walter  may  thus  be  grown  to  perfection.  If  this  be  true 
grape-lovers  should  see  that  the  variety  is  long  retained  in  collections  and 
for  the  garden. 

A.  J.  Cavwood  originated  this  variety  about  1850  from  seed  of  Delaware 
pollinated  by  Diana.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1871.  Walter  is  still  to  be  found 
in  an  occasional  varietal  vineyard  but  it  is  seldom  offered  for  sale  by 
nurserymen. 

Vine  moderately  vigorous,  not  hardy  in  exposed  locations,  variable  in  productive- 
ness, subject  to  attacks  of  fungi.  Canes  medium  to  above  in  length  and  size,  dark  red- 
dish-brown, surface  covered  with  thin  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes 
medium  to  above  in  length ;  diaphragm  thick ;  pith  of  fair  size ;  shoots  pubescent ;  tendrils 
intermittent,  medium  to  above  in  length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  intermediate  in  length  and  thickness,  pointed  to  conical.  Foliage 
of  average  size,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  tinged 
with  bronze,  heavily  pubescent;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  acute;  petiolar  sinus 
of  average  depth,  narrow  to  medium;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  usually  a  notch 
if  present ;  teeth  intermediate  in  depth  and  width.  Flowers  open  in  mid-season;  stamens 
tipright. 

Fruit  somewhat  variable  in  season  of  ripening,  averaging  about  with  Delaware, 
keeps  and  ships  well.  Clusters  medium  in  size  and  length,  broad,  cylindrical  to  taper- 
ing, usually  single-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  short  to  medium,  of  average  thick- 
ness; pedicel  medium  in  length,  slender,  covered  with  small  scattering  warts;  brush 
short,  slender,  green  with  brownish  tinge.  Berries  small  to  medium,  often  strongly 
ovate,  red,  much  like  Delaware,  glossy,  covered  with  a  moderate  amount  of  lilac  bloom, 
persistent,  firm.  Skin  intermediate  in  thickness,  very  tough,  adheres  but  slightly  to 
the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment,  without  astringency.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent, 
juicy,  tough,  somewhat  fo.xy,  vinous,  quite  strongly  aromatic,  sweet  next  the  skm  to 
tart  at  center,  good  to  very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  easily  from  the 
pulp,  one  to  four,  average  three,  below  medium  in  size  and  length,   intermediate  m 


WALTER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  42 1 

width,    medium   to   sharp-pointed,    hght   brown;   raphe   obscure;   chalaza   large,   above 
center,  irregularly  circular,  distinct,     Must  100°. 

WAPANUKA. 

(Labrusca,  Riparia,  Vinifera,  Bourquiniana.) 

I.  Tex.  Sla.  Bill.,  s6:2.So.  nioo.  2.  Rural  .V.  V.,  60:637.  1901.  3.  !b.,  62:790.  1903. 
4.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc.  Kpl..  1904:228.  5.  Mo.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1904:305.  6.  ///.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt., 
1905:302. 

Though  there  are  many  quaHties  to  commend  Wapaniika,  yet  it  i^ 
not  as  popixlar  in  the  North  as  was  expected  it  wottld  become  at  the  time 
of  its  introdtiction.  The  chief  reason  for  its  faihxre  is  that  it  does  not  ship 
■well,  seemingly  a  prime  requisite  for  a  commercial  grape  in  New  York, 
though  the  markets  are  seldom  far  distant.  It  is  probable,  too,  that  the 
flavor  is  not  c^tiite  as  high  in  this  latitude  as  in  the  South,  or  it  may  be  that 
the  grapes  with  which  we  compare  it  here  are  better  flavored  than  in  the 
South.  At  any  rate  it  does  not  have  the  comparatively  high  quality  in 
New  York  that  it  is  reported  to  have  elsewhere,  being  too  insipid.  There 
is  a  tendency,  too,  for  the  grapes  to  shatter.  The  fruits  when  well  grown 
are  attractive  and  the  quality  is  from  fair  to  good.  Wapanuka  is  worthy 
a  trial  in  commercial  vineyards;  and  because  of  the  handsome  appearance 
and  distinct  flavor  of  the  fruit  it  deserves  a  place  in  the  garden. 

Munson  of  Texas,  originated  Wapanuka  from  seed  of  Rommel  fertilized 
b}'  Brilliant.     It  was  introduced  by  the  originator  in  the  fall  of  1898. 

Vine  vigorous,  usually  hardy,  productive.  Canes  medium  to  short,  intermediate 
in  number  and  size,  dark  reddish-brown,  often  with  ash-gray  tinge;  tendrils  continuous, 
bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves  large,  moderately  light  green,  somewhat  rugose  on  older  leaves; 
lower  surface  dull  green  tinged  with  bronze,  pubescent.  Flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so, 
open  before  mid-season;  stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord,  does  not 
keep  well.  Clusters  intermediate  in  size,  long  to  medium,  frequentlv  with  a  long- 
peduncled  single  shoulder,  compact.  Berries  large,  roundish,  very  pale  yellowish-green, 
covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  with  a  tendency  to  shatter,  soft.  Skin  covered  with  few, 
small,  dark  dots,  very  thin  and  tender.  Flesh  unusually  pale  green,  tender,  somewhat 
foxy,  sweet  and  mild,  good  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  intermediate 
in  size,  broad,  distinctly  notched,  short. 


42  2  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

WHITE  IMPERIAL. 

(Vinifera.  Labrusca,  Bourquiniana.) 

1.    Mo.    Hort.  Soc.   Rpt..   iSSs-S.     2.    lb..   1892:270.     3.     Bush.   Cat..   1894:186.     4.    Va.  Sta. 
Bid..  94:142.      1898.     5.    Mich.  Sta.   Bui..   169:177.      iSqq.     6.    Ga.  Sta.   B:iL.  53:50.      kjoi. 

White  Imperial  is  one  of  Stavman's'  numerous  productions.  The 
originator  thought  it  one  of  the  most  valuable,  if  not  the  most  valuable, 
of  his  white  grapes.  As  the  variety  grows  in  the  Station  vineyard  the 
fruit  is  neither  especially  attractive  in  ajipearance  nor  of  very  high  quality 
though  better  in  the  latter  respect  than  the  average.  White  Imj^erial  is 
one  of  a  somewhat  large  number  of  offspring  of  Dutchess  now  known  to 
viticulture  in  wliich  the  good  qualities  of  the  parent  have  been  transmitted 
in  a  large  measure  to  the  i:)rogeny.  White  Beauty,  described  in  the  next 
chapter,  is  of  the  same  parentage  and  is  similar  in  general  characters  of 
vine  and  fruit,  though  berries  and  bunches  are  a  little  larger  and  the  vines 
a  little  more  vigorous.  White  Imperial  was  introduced  with  great  expec- 
tations in  the  West,  Ijut,  especiall)-  in  the  vineyards  of   Missouri,  while 


'Dr.  Joseph  Stayman  was  born  in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1S17.  The  family 
■was  of  German  descent  and  had  long  been  identified  with  the  Mcnnonites  of  the  region  of  his  birth- 
place. Stayman's  father  was  a  farmer  and  miller  and  during  early  life  the  son  was  engaged  in 
these  occupations.  In  1839  he  accompanied  his  parents  to  Ohio,  where  he  was  engaged  in  the 
milling  business  with  his  father  for  a  time  and  later  entered  the  lecture  field  and  studied  medicine. 
In  1849  he  married  and  established  his  home  in  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  removing  two  years  later  to 
Abingdon,  Illinois.  For  several  years  he  practiced  medicine  but  in  1S5S  purchased  a  nursery  which 
was  the  beginning  of  his  connection  with  the  fruit  business.  In  i860  he  removed  to  Leavenwortli. 
Kansas,  where  he  lived  the  remainder  of  his  life,  dying  at  his  home  in  that  city  in  1903. 

Dr.  Stayman  was  a  man  of  great  originality  and  had  varied  intere.sts.  In  plant-breeding  he 
worked  with  strawberries,  apples,  raspberries  and  grapes,  producing  among  others  the  Clyde  straw- 
berry, the  Stayman  apple  and  a  host  of  varieties  of  grapes.  Of  his  named  sorts  of  grapes  there  are: 
Black  Imperial,  Cherokee,  Concordia,  Daisy,  Darwin,  Exquisite.  Marsala,  Mary  Mark,  Mrs.  Stayman. 
Osceola,  Oscaloosa,  Oswego,  Ozark,  Pawnee,  Perfection,  Prolific,  Snowflake.  White  Beauty,  White 
Cloud  and  White  Imperial. 

Stavman  and  John  Burr  were  neighbors  and  friends,  and  held  similar  opinions  as  to  the  best 
methods  of  procedure  in  originating  new  varieties.  Neither  believed  in  artificial  pollination  but 
grew  the  several  varieties  from  which  crosses  were  desired  in  close  proximity  and  then  planted  seed 
from  the  best  developed  fruits.  Their  methods  certainly  gave  them  varieties  with  a  high  standard 
of  excellence.  Stayman  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading  viticulturists  of  the  Great  Plains 
region.  He  was,  too,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  America  in  breeding  fruits.  His  many  contributions  to 
our  lists  of  fruits  make  his  name  memorable  to  fruit-growers  and  lovers  of  fine  fruits. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  423 

still  grown  somewhat  is  not   holding   its  own  with  better  known  grapes 
of  its  class 

White  Imperial  was  produced  by  Dr.  J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  from  seed  of  Dutchess.  The  variety  was  introduced  about  twenty- 
five  years  ago  by  Stayman  &  Black. 

Vine  medium  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  susceptible  to 
attacks  of  fungi  under  unfavorable  conditions.  Canes  intermediate  in  length,  rather 
numerous,  inclined  to  slender;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent,  bifid  to  trifid.  Leaves 
above  average  size,  intermediate  in  color  and  thickness;  lower  surface  pale  green,  often 
with  considerable  pubescence,  slightly  cobwebby.  Flowers  partly  sterile,  open  early; 
stamens  upright.  Fruit  ripens  about  a  week  before  Delaware,  keeps  well.  Clusters 
variable  in  size,  intermediate  in  length,  slender,  frequently  single-shouldered,  variable 
in  compactness.  Berries  medium  to  small,  oval  to  roundish,  light  green,  sometimes 
with  a  yellow  tinge,  covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent.  Skin  sprinkled  with 
reddish-brown  dots,  thin,  tender,  without  astringency.  Flesh  pale  green,  fine-grained, 
tough,  sweet  at  skin  to  agreeably  tart  at  center,  somewhat  sprightly,  good  to  best  in 
quality.     Seeds  not  numerous,  medium  to  small,  sharp-pointed. 

WILDER. 

(Labrusca,  Vinifera.) 

I.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1861:68.  2.  Horticidtiirist,  i8:g8.  1863.  3.  76.,  21:325.  1866. 
fg.  4.  Mead,  1867:205.  207.  5.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1867:44.  6.  Horticulturist,  24:126.  1869. 
7.  Grape  Cult.,  1:181.  i86q.  8.  lb.,  2:29,  fig.,  30.  1870.  9.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:40,  42, 
123,  138,  153,  162,  168.  10.  III.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1883:81.  II.  Bush.  Cat..  1894:187,  fig.,  188. 
12.  Va.  Sta.  Bui..  94:136.  1898.  13.  .V.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  17:537,  548,  553.  1898.  14.  Mo. 
Sta.  Bui.,  46:41,  43.  44,  46,  64,  fig.  1899.  15.  Ala.  Sta.  Bid.,  110:70,  89.  1900.  i6.  Kan.  Sta. 
Bui.,   110:243.      1902. 

Rogers'  No.  4  (i,  2,  3,  4,  5).      Rogers'   No.  4  (6,  7.  S,  9,  10,  11,  15). 

The  accompanying  color-plate  scarcely  does  Wilder  justice  as  to  size 
of  bunch  and  berry  but  were  the  illustration  somewhat  enlarged  it  would 
be  very  typical  of  the  variety.  The  berries  when  fully  ripe  are  quite  similar 
in  size  and  color  to  Black  Hamburg  but  the  bunches  have  fewer  berries 
than  the  European  parent  and  the  quality,  as  would  be  expected,  is  not  so 
good,  falling  short  chiefly  in  flesh  characters.  While  Wilder  is  surpassed 
in  quality,  and,  as  usually  grown,  in  appearance  by  other  of  Rogers' 
hybrids,  it  is  one  of  the  most  reliable  of  all  of  them  for  vineyard  culture, 
the  vines  being  vigorous,  hardy,  fairly  productive,  and,  though  somewhat 


424  THE    GRAPES    OF    XEW    YORK. 

susceptible  to  mildew,  as  healthy  as  any  of  the  hybrids  of  Labrusca  and 
Vinifera.  Wilder  is  not  as  well  known  in  the  markets  as  it  should  be,  and 
now  that  fungal  diseases  can  be  controlled  by  spraying,  this,  with  other 
such  hj'brids,  should  be  more  generally  planted  in  commercial  vineyards 
and  especially  for  local  and  special  markets.  The  wine  from  this,  and  for 
tliat  matter  from  any  of  Rogers'  grapes,  is  not  of  quality  such  as  recom- 
mends it  and  neither  are  the  grapes  suitable  for  grape  juice.  Surplus  fruit 
would  often,  therefore,  be  a  loss  in  large  plantations. 

Wilder  is  one  of  the  forty-five  Labrusca- Vinifera  hvbrids  raised  by  E.  S. 
Rogers  of  Salem,  Massachusetts.  For  an  account  of  its  origin  and  parent- 
age, see  Rogers'  Hybrids.  The  first  notes  as  to  the  qualities  of  this 
variety  were  published  in  1858.  The  variety  was  placed  on  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society  list  of  recommended  sorts  in  1867  and  has  never 
Ijeen  removed.  In  1869,  Rogers  expressing  a  desire  to  name  one  of  his 
seedlings  after  Marshall  P.  Wilder,  Mr.  Wilder  selected  this  one  as  in  his 
estimation  the  best  of  all  Rogers"  hvbrids  and  it  was  given  his  name. 

Vine  medium  to  very  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  somewhat  susceptible  to  attacks 
of  mildew.  Canes  long,  moderately  numerous,  often  below  average  thickness,  ash-gray 
to  dark  reddish-brown  with  darker  tinge  at  the  nodes  which  are  usually  not  flattened; 
internodes  long;  diaphragm  of  average  thickness;  pith  intermediate  in  size;  shoots 
thinly  pubescent:  tendrils  intermittent,  medium  in  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  of  average  size,  short,  thick,  roundly  obtuse  to  conical,  open  early. 
Young  leaves  tinged  on  lower  side  and  along  margin  of  upper  side  with  rose-carmine. 
Leaves  large,  often  irregularly  roundish,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  dark  green, 
glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent;  veins  distinct;  usually  not  lobed 
with  terminus  acute  to  obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  narrow,  often  closed  and  over- 
lapping; basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow,  narrow,  or  a  mere  notch  when  present. 
Flowers  sterile,  open  mid-season  or  earlier;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  earlier,  keeps  and  ships  fairly  well.  Clusters  variable 
in  size  but  are  not  large,  short  and  broad,  irregularly  tapering,  heavily  single-shouldered, 
sometimes  double-shouldered,  loose:  peduncle  of  average  length,  thick;  pedicel  long, 
thick,  covered  with  numerous,  prominent  warts;  bnish  of  fair  length,  thick,  green  with 
tinge  of  light  red.  Berries  large,  slightly  oval,  purplish-black  to  black,  not  glossy,  cov- 
ered with  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent,  finn.  Skin  thick,  variable  in  toughness,  adheres 
somewhat  to  the  pulp,  with  bright  red  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  trans- 
lucent, juicy,  tender,  has  some  Vinifera  sprightliness,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  the  seeds, 


■/' 


WILDER 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  425 

good  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent  to  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  three,  above  medium 
in  size,  often  long,  intermediate  in  breadth,  light  brown;  raphe  sometimes  shows  as  a 
partially  submerged  cord;  chalaza  small,  above  center,  oval,  distinct. 

WINCHELL. 

(Labntsca,  Vinifera,  Aestivalis.) 

I.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  4:224.  ICSS5.  2.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt..  1887:1)1.  3.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An. 
T?/"/..  7:105,  108.  1S88.  4.  Rural  N.  1'.,  47:675.  1888.  fig.  5.  Gar.  a»d  For.,  2 :24,  432.  1S89. 
6.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Adv.  Rpt.,  1890:21.  7.  jV.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:331.  iSgo.  8.  Am.  Pom.  Soc. 
Rpt.,  1891:151.  9.  Rural  X.  Y.,  5o:(k)i,  705.  iSqi.  10.  lb..  51:19,  63,  633,  681.  fig.  1892. 
II.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:130,  131,  fig.,  188.  12.  Wis.  Sta.  .\n.  Rpt.,  13:223.  1896.  13.  Am.  Pom. 
Soc.  Cat.,  1897:19.  14.  Mo.  Sta.  Bui.,  46:31;,  42,  45,  46,  50,  54,  76.  1899.  15.  Rural  N.  Y .,  58:23. 
1899.  16.  Mich.  Sta.  BuL,  169:177.  18S9.  17.  Ala.  Sta.  Bid..  110:82.  igoo.  18.  Kan.  Sta. 
BhI.,  110:236,  238.      1902. 

Green  MouNTAi.N'  (3,  4,  5,  6,  7,8,9,  10,  11,  14,  15,  17,  18).  Green  Mountain  (10,  11,  12,  13,  16). 
Winchell  (6,  9,   14,   17,   18). 

Winchell  is  at  once  ver_v  early  and  of  very  good  qnalit}-,  characters 
seldom  found  combined  in  grapes.  But  this  is  not  all  that  can  be  said; 
the  vines  are  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive,  and  the  fruit  keeps  and 
ships  well,  altogether  making  a  most  admirable  early  grape.  Unfortunately 
the  berries,  and  under  some  conditions  the  bunches,  are  small,  and  this, 
combined  with  the  fact  that  green  grapes  are  not  as  popular  as  black  and 
red  ones,  has  kept  Winchell  from  being  as  largely  planted  as  it  otherwise 
v/ould  have  been.  Then,  too,  as  has  been  noted  before,  the  competition 
from  the  South,  in  which  larger,  cheaper  and  as  good  grapes  compete  with 
early  northern  crops  of  this  fruit,  is  limiting  the  production  of  early  varieties 
of  grapes  in  the  North. 

There  are  some  minor  faults,  too,  which  under  some  conditions  become 
drawbacks  to  the  culture  of  Winchell.  At  best  the  bunch  of  this  variety 
is  loose  and  characterized  by  a  large  shoulder.  Sometimes  this  looseness 
Ijecomes  so  pronounced  as  to  give  a  straggling,  poorly-formed  cluster;  so, 
too,  the  shoulder  when  as  large  as  the  c  uster  itself,  which  often  happens, 
makes  the  cluster  unsightly.  There  is  a  tendency,  under  some  conditions, 
for  the  grapes  to  shell  when  fully  ripe  and  this  is  often  a  serious  fault. 
Again,  while  the  crop  usually  ripens  evenly  yet  there  are  seasons  when 
two  pickings  are  needed  because  of  unevenness  in  ripening.  Lastly  the 
skin  is  thin  and  there  is  danger  in  unfavorable  seasons,  or  in  shipping,  of 


426  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

the  berries  cracking  though  this  is  seldom  a  serious  fault.  These  defects 
do  not  begin  to  offset  the  several  good  characters  of  Winchell  and  it  is,  for 
New  York  at  least,  the  standard  early  green  grape  and  deserving  to  rank 
with  the  best  early  grapes  of  any  color. 

The  original  vine  of  this  variety  was  raised  by  James  Milton  Clough  of 
Stamford,  Bennington  County.  Vermont,  about  the  midtlle  of  the  last 
century  from  seed  of  an  unknown  purple  grape.  For  some  vears  it  had  a 
local  reputation  and  was  propagated  by  some  of  Clough "s  neighbors.  By 
what  name  it  was  then  known  does  not  appear.  In  December,  1885,  accord- 
ing to  their  statements,  Ellwanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  New  York, 
received  this  variety  from  C.  E.  Winchell,  then  of  Stamford.  In  1888, 
this  firm  introduced  the  variety  to  the  trade.  The  same  year  there  was 
introduced  by  Stephen  Hoyt's  Sons  of  New  Canaan,  Connecticut,  a  variety 
under  the  name  Green  Mountain.  This  firm  states  that  thev  bought  the 
variety  from  James  M.  Paul,  of  North  Adams,  Massachusetts,  in  December, 
1885.  Previous  to  his  sale  Paul  had  sent  a  vine  of  the  grape  to  this  Station; 
he  exhibited  fruit  of  Green  Mountain  before  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1887,  but  without  any  name. 

Later  grape-growers  found  that  Winchell  and  Green  Mountain  were 
very  similar  or  identical.  Unfortunately,  in  the  meantime,  Paul  had  died 
and  no  one  knows  positively  where  he  secured  his  vines  although  there  is 
every  reason  to  believe  they  were  from  Mr.  Clough.  Those  who  consider 
the  Winchell  and  Green  Mountain  separate  varieties  say  the  Winchell  has 
larger  berries  and  is  somewhat  later  in  ripening  than  the  Green  Mountain. 
Though  unal)le  to  make  a  close  comparison  of  vines  and  fruits  of  the  two 
supposed  varieties,  the  authors  of  TIic  Grapes  of  Neiv  York  choose  to 
consider  them  so  nearly  identical,  if  not  identical,  as  to  pass  under  one 
name  which  should  be  the  one  first  published,  Winchell. 

Although  the  botanical  characters  of  this  variety  are  chiefly  Labrusca, 
the  thin  bloom  which  sometimes  shows  on  the  canes,  the  occasional  inter- 
mittent tendrils,  and  the  lobing  of  the  leaf,  indicate  slight  admixtures  of 
Vinifera  and  Aestivalis. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  very  productive.  Canes  long  to  medium,  numerous, 
slender,  medium  dark  brown,  surface  covered  with  very  thin  bloom;  nodes  enlarged, 
flattened;  internodes  above  medium  to  short;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  medium  to  below 


-C- 


WINCHELL 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  427 

in  size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent,  of  average 
length,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  meiHum  to  below  in  size,  short  to  medium,  thick,  open  carlw  Young 
leaves  faintly  tinged  on  under  side  imly  with  faint  nise-earmine.  Leaves  large  to 
medium,  of  average  thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  glossy,  smooth  to  medium; 
lower  surface  dull  green,  tinged  with  bronze,  faintly  pubescent;  lobes  three  to  five  with 
terminal  lobe  acute  to  acuminate;  petiolar  sinus  deep,  of  medium  width;  basal  sinus 
shalli)w,  intermediate  in  width;  lateral  sinus  variable  in  dr]ith  ami  width;  teeth  shallow, 
moderatel}-  wide.  Flowers  fertile,  open  about  mid-season  or  somewhat  earlier;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  ripens  very  early,  sometimes  before  Moore  Early,  keeps  and  ships  well  for  an 
early  grape.  Clusters  large  to  below  medium,  long,  slender,  cylindrical  to  slightlv  taper- 
ing, often  with  a  long  single  shoulder,  loose  U^  moderately  compact;  peduncle  long, 
moderately  slender;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  few,  small,  inconspicuous  warts; 
brush  greenish-white.  Berries  above  medium  to  small,  roundish,  light  green,  covered 
with  thin  white  bloom,  usually  persistent,  soft.  Skin  often  marked  with  small  reddish- 
brown  spots,  thin,  tender,  adheres  very  slightly  to  the  pulj),  contains  no  pigment, 
slightly  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent,  juicy,  tender,  fine-grained,  sweet; 
very  good  to  best  in  quality.  Seeds  separate  fairly  well  from  the  pulp,  one  to  four, 
average  two,  small,  plump,  moderately  wide  and  long,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  obscure, 
chalaza  small,  slightly  above  center,  circular,  not  distinct. 

WOODRUFF. 

(Labrusca,   Vinifera?) 

I.  ,4m.  Pom.  So,-.  Rpt..  1881:44.  'i.^-  2-  It^  ■  1885:107,  108.  3.  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rft..  1887-8: 
87,  209.  4.  lb..  1888-9:10.  5.  ,-i));.  I'om.  Soc.  Cat..  1889:24.  6.  Gar.  and  For.,  3:490,  5()().  iSyo. 
7.  U'.  .V.  Y.  Ilorl.  Soc.  Rpt..  1890:179.  8.  .V.  Y.Sta.  An.  Rpt..  11:038.  1S92.  9.  111.  Sta.  Bnl.. 
28:262.  1893.  10.  Bnsh.  Cat.,  1894:188.  /ig.  11.  .V.  Y.  Sta.  An.  Rpt..  I7:5',7,  545,  546,  548, 
55?.  1898.  12.  Mich.  .Sta.  Bui.,  169:177.  1899.  13.  lb.,  194:59.  1901.  14.  Kan.  Sta.  Bid., 
lio:2j8.      1902.      15.    Kan.    liort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1904-05:228. 

Woodruff   Rkd  (1,  2.  ;;.  4.  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  14).      Woodruff  Red  (10). 

Woodruff  is  a  handsome,  sliow)-,  brick-red  grape  with  large  clusters 
and  berries.  While  very  attractive  in  appearance  its  taste  belies  its  looks, 
for  the  flesh  is  coarse  and  the  flavor  foxy.  In  spite  of  its  attractive  appear- 
ance. Woodruff  would  scarcely  be  worth  attention  were  it  not  for  its  excellent 
vine  characters.  The  vines  are  hardy,  vigorous,  productive  and  fairly 
healthy.  In  appearance  it  is  a  typical  strong-growing  Labrusca  with  the 
varied   adaptabilities  of  that   species  for   soils   and   abilit\'   to  withstand 


428  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

adverse  conditions.  It  ripens  a  little  before  or  with  Concord  and  comes 
on  the  market  at  a  good  time,  especially  for  a  red  grape.  When  introduced 
Woodruff  promised  to  be  a  valuable  commerciid  grape  but  its  poor  quality, 
the  fact  that  it  does  not  keep  well,  and  a  pronounced  tendency  to  crack 
and  shatter,  have  ke])t  the  variety  from  becoming  prominent  for  either 
vinevard  or  garden.  While  it  is  worthy  of  attention  under  some  conditions 
because  of  hardiness  and  possibly  other  vine  characters,  yet  it  is  hardly 
worth  growing  where  other  varieties  of  its  color  and  season  can  be  had. 

Woodruff,  or  as  it  was  first  known,  Woodruff  Red,  came  from  C.  H. 
Woodruff  of  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  He  reported  it  as  a  chance  seedling 
which  came  up  in  1874  and  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  1877.  It  was  sup- 
posed to  be  a  cross  of  Catawba  and  Concord.  It  was  introduced  in  1885 
and  placed  on  the  grajie  list  of  the  American  Pomological  Society  fruit 
catalog  in  1889. 

Vine  verv  vigorous,  hardy,  produces  as  heavy  or  heavier  crops  than  Concord, 
inclined  to  mildew  in  unfa\-orable  locations.  Canes  intermediate  in  length,  number 
and  thickness,  dark  brown;  nodes  slightly  enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  medium  to 
short;  diaphragm  medium  to  above  in  thickness;  pith  below  average  size;  shoots  pubes- 
cent; tendrils  continuous,  of  mean  length,  bifid  to  trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short  to  medium,  slender,  pointed  to  conical.  Leaves  inter- 
mediate in  size,  of  average  thickness,  somewhat  roundish;  upper  surface  light  green, 
dull,  rugose;  lower  surface  greenish-white  to  bronze,  pubescent;  veins  indistinct;  leaf 
usually  not  lobed  with  terminus  acute  to  obtuse;  petiolar  sinus  intermediate  in  depth, 
medium  to  wide;  basal  sinus  lacking;  lateral  sinus  shallow  and  narrow  when  present; 
teeth  very  shallow  and  narrow.  Flowers  semi-fertile,  open  moderately  early;  stamens 
upright. 

Fruit  variable  in  season  of  ripening,  usually  shortly  before  Concord  but  sometimes 
slightly  later,  does  not  always  keep  well.  Clusters  variable  in  size,  of  fair  length,  broad, 
often  widely  tapering,  usually  single-shouldered  or  with  largest  clusters  sometimes 
double-shouldered,  compact;  peduncle  medium  to  long,  variable  in  thickness;  pedicel 
medium  to  short,  thick,  smooth,  with  scarcely  any  enlargement  at  point  of  attachment 
to  fruit;  brush  long,  pale  green.  Berries  large  to  below  medium,  roundish  to  oval,  dark 
red,  dull,  covered  with  thin  lilac  to  faint  blue  bloom,  sometimes  drop  badly  from  pedicel, 
finn.  Skin  thin,  medium  to  tender,  adheres  strongly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pigment, 
slightly  astringent.  Flesh  very  pale  green  to  nearly  white,  translucent,  juicy,  tough, 
coarse,  very  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  but  quite  tart  at  center,  fair  in  quality.     Seeds  do  not 


w' 


'V 


WOODRUFF 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  429 

separate  easily  from  the  pulp,  one  to  five,  average  three  or  four,  intermediate  in  size, 
medium  to  broad,  short,  rather  plump,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  obscure;  chalaza  small, 
slightly  above  center,  oval,  not  distinct. 

WORDEN. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  Am.  Hon.  An.,  1870:95.  2.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt..  1873:71.  3-  -l^'V/i.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.. 
1874:258.  4.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1881:24.  5-  -4"'-  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1881:42,  115.  i^'.  i=J.  K?", 
144,  168.  6.  IV.  .V.  y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  27:30,  g?.  1882.  7.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:103.  ^°(>- 
8.  Wis.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:176-  9-  Ohio  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1886-7:171-  lo-  -?"■  ^'"•'-  ■5"^-  ^P'- 
1887:91.  II.  Wis.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  5:162.  18SS.  12.  .V.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt.,  9:328-  i^go.  13. 
Miss.  Sta.  Bui,  22:12,  13.  1892.  14.  Bush.  Cat.,  1894:100.  15.  Col.  Sta.  Bui.,  29:20.  i8q4. 
16.  Tcnn.  Sta.  BuL,  Vol.  9:189.  1896.  17.  Gar.  and  For.,  9:3°°-  1896.  18.  .V.  1'.  Sta.  An. 
Rpt.,  17:537.  542.  543,  544,  545.  547.  553.  557-  1898-  IQ-  Ev.  Nat.  Fruits,  1898:75-  20.  Ont. 
Fr.  E.xp.  Stas.  Rpt.,  S:ii,  fig.,  w.      1901.     21.   Mich.  Sta.  Sp.  BuL,  27:10.      1904. 

Worden's  Seedling  (i,  6).      Warden's  Seedling  (12,  14)- 

Worden  possesses  most  of  the  good  qualities  of  Concord  and  lacks 
some  of  its  l)ad  ones.  Of  all  the  offspring  of  Concord,  this  variety  is  best 
known  and  is  most  meritorious.  It  is  of  the  type  into  which  nearly  all  of 
tlie  black  seedlings  of  Concord  fall  and  surpasses  all  of  these  in  qualify- 
though  it  does  not  equal  the  best  of  the  green  seedlings  of  the  parent  in 
fruit  characters,  especially  in  flavor.  It  differs  chiefly  from  Concord  in 
having  larger  berries  and  bunches,  in  having  better  quality  and  in  being 
from  a  week  to  ten  days  earlier.  It  is  equally  hardy,  healthy,  vigorous 
and  productive.  It  is  more  fastidious  in  its  adaptations  to  soil  and  other 
conditions  than  its  parents  but  now  and  then  it  is  found  to  do  even  better 
under  some  conditions. 

Worden  is  not  as  good  a  grape  in  many  minor  characters  as  the  Con- 
cord and  this  is  the  chief  reason  why  it  is  not  grown  as  much  as  its  dis- 
tinguished parent.  Its  chief  fault  is  that  the  fruit  cracks  badly,  often 
preventing  the  profitable  marketing  of  a  crop.  The  Concord  cracks  also 
in  unfavorable  weather  l)ut  the  cracked  berries  often,  or  nearly  always, 
partlv  or  wholly  recover  from  the  injur}'  through  the  growing  over  of  the 
wounds.  The  Worden  lacks  the  power  of  overcoming  the  cracking.  Beside 
this  tenderness  of  skin,  the  pulp  of  Worden  is  softer  than  that  of  Concord, 
there  is  more  juice  and  the  keeping  qualities  are  not  as  good,  so  that  the 
variety  hardly  ships  as  well  as  the  more  commonly  grown  grape.     In  some 


430  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

seasons  there  is  a  decided  tendency  to  shell  or  shatter  if  the  fruit  is  overripe. 
Worden  is  very  popular  in  New  York  and  the  North  both  for  commercial 
plantations  and  the  garden  It  is  a  more  desirable  inhabitant  of  the  garden 
and  for  nearby  markets,  because  of  higher  quality,  than  Concord,  and  under 
conditions  well  suited  to  it,  is  better  as  a  commercial  variety,  as  it  is  hand- 
somer as  well  as  of  better  quality.  In  the  markets  it  ought  to  sell  for  a 
Ihgher  price  than  Concord  if  desired  for  immediate  consumption  and  if  it 
can  be  prompth-  harvested,  as  it  does  not  hang  well  on  the  vines.  In  many 
markets  Worden  is  sold  as  Concord  and  has  the  effect  of  extending  the 
Concord  season.  Its  earlier  season  is  against  it  for  a  commercial  variety 
in  the  great  Chautaucjua  Grape  Belt  of  New  York  and  with  the  defects 
mentioned  will  j^revent  its  taking  the  place  of  Concord  to  a  great 
degree. 

The  Worden  was  originated  by  Schuyler  Worden  of  Minetto,  Oswego 
County,  New  York,  from  seed  of  Concord  planted  about  1863  It  bore 
its  first  fruit  when  four  years  old.  Its  history  is  peculiar  in  that  it  was  for 
many  years  unappreciated,  being  confused  with  Concord,  which  was  fre- 
quently sent  out  as  Worden.  It  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the  American 
Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1881,  where  it  still  remains.  The 
variety  was  given  its  name  by  J.  A.  Place  of  Oswego,  New  York,  a  local 
horticulturist  of  some  note  and  a  friend  of  Worden. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive,  yielding  as  heav}-  crops  as  Concord. 
Canes  above  medium  in  size  and  number,  thick,  dark  brown  with  reddish  tinge ;  nodes 
enlarged,  flattened;  internodes  intermediate  in  length;  diaphragm  thick;  pith  of  fair 
size;  shoots  pubescent;  tendrils  continuous,  somewhat  slender,  bifid,  sometimes 
trifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender,  pointed,  open  in  mid-season.  Young  leaves  tinged 
on  under  side  and  along  extreme  margin  of  upper  side  with  light  rose-caiTnine.  Leaves 
healthy,  large,  thick;  upper  surface  dark  green,  glossy,  smooth;  lower  surface  light 
bronze,  pubescent;  leaf  usually  not  lobed ;  petiolar  sinus  of  average  depth,  medium  to 
wide,  often  urn-shaped;  teeth  shallow,  medium  in  width.  Flowers  fertile,  open  in  mid- 
season  or  earlier;  stamens  upright. 

Fruit  ripens  one  or  two  weeks  earlier  than  Concord,  does  not  keep  long.  Clusters 
large,  medium  to  long,  broad,  tapering  to  cylindrical,  usually  single-shouldered,  some- 
what compact;  peduncle  short,  thick;  pedicel  of  medium  length,  slender,  covered  with 
few  small  warts;  brush  long,  light  green.  Berries  large,  roundish  to  oval,  dark  purplish- 
black  to  black,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  not  always  persistent,  moderately 


...dSU. 


V^^ORDEN 


THE    GRAPES    OF    XEW    YORK. 


431 


firm.  Skin  of  average  thickness,  somewhat  tender,  cracks  badly,  adheres  slightly  to  the 
pulp,  contains  considerable  dark  red  pigment,  astringent.  Flesh  greenish,  translucent, 
juicy,  fine-grained,  tough,  slightly  foxy,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  mild,  good  to 
very  good  in  quality.  Seeds  adherent,  one  to  five,  average  three,  large,  broad,  medium 
to  short,  blunt,  brownish;  raphe  buried  in  a  shallow  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size, 
slightly  above  center,  oval,  somewhat  obscure. 

WYOMING. 

(Labrusca.) 

I.  .V.  v.  As-  Soc.  Rp!.,  1868:230.  2.  Downing,  1869:558.  3.  Am.  Hort.  An..  1871:83. 
4.  Horticulturist,  29:339.  5.  Bush.  Cat.,  1883:145.  6.  Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1885:103.  7.  W.  N. 
Y.  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  3o:8q.  1885.  8.  .4;ii.  Pom.  Soc.  Cat.,  1889:24.  9.  .4»(.  Card.,  12:48.  i8gi. 
10.  /;/.  Sta.  Bid.,  28:262.  1893.  n.  I'll.  Sta.  Bid.,  94:139.  1898.  12.  .V.  V.  Sta.  An.  Rpt., 
^7-S37.  548,  557.  1898.  13.  Mo.  Sta.  Bid.,  46:41,  42,  44.  46,  54.  1899.  14.  Mich.  Sta.  Bui, 
169:178.      i8gg.      15.    Kan.  Sta.   Bid.,   110:238.      1902. 

Hopkins  Early  Red  (2).      Wilmixgton  Red  (3,  5).      Wvomi.vg  Red  (i,  2,  4,  6,  S,  9,  10,  11,  13 
14,  15).     Wyoming  Red  (5). 

Such  value  as  Wyoming  has  hes  in  its  hardiness,  productiveness, 
healthiness  and  earliness.  The  general  appearance  of  the  fruit  of  the  variety 
is  very  good;  the  bunches  are  well-formed  and  composed  of  rich  amber- 
colored  berries  of  medium  size.  But  the  quality  is  poor,  being  that  of  the 
wild  Labrtisca  in  foxiness  of  flavor  and  in  the  flesh  characters.  It  is  not 
nearly  as  valuable  as  some  other  of  the  red  Labruscas  hitherto  described 
and  can  hardly  be  recommended  for  either  the  garden  or  the  vineyard. 
It  may  be  of  value  in  breeding  work  and  possibl}'  for  localities  in  which 
grapes  are  precariously  hardy  or  in  which  inore  fastidious  varieties  cannot 
he  grown.  W^'oming  is  illustrated  in  Tlic  Grapes  of  Nezv  York  chieflv 
because  it  is  a  typical  red  Labrusca  though  in  times  past  it  has  been  of 
commercial  importance  and  hence  has  some  historical  interest. 

Wyoming  was  introduced  to  public  notice  by  Dr.  S.  J.  Parker  of  Ithaca, 
New  York,  who  states  that  it  came  from  northern  Pennsylvania  in  1861. 
About  1870  it  was  fruited  in  central  New  York  where  it  immediately 
attracted  attention  and  was  exhibited  at  various  fairs  and  horticultural 
society  meetings.  It  was  named  after  the  Wyoming  Valley,  beyond  which 
place  it  could  not  Ije  traced,  and  where  it  presumably  originated.  The 
variety  was  first  known  as  Wyoming  Red  but  later  the  Red  was  dropped. 


432  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Another  variety  under  the  name  Wyoming  preceded  this.  It  was  a  black- 
fruited  sort  of  apparently  no  value  and  seems  now  to  be  obsolete.  The 
name  Wilmington  Red  has  been  used  to  designate  this  variety,  by  what 
authority  does  not  appear,  as  it  was  apparently  first  described  under  the 
name  Wyoming  Red.  The  Wyoming  was  placed  on  the  grape  list  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society  fruit  catalog  in  1889  and  removed  in 
1899.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  this  variety  has  been  discarded  by  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  it  is  still  offered  for  sale  by  many  grape 
nvirserymen. 

Vine  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive  to  very  productive.  Canes  medium  to 
below  in  length,  numerous,  slender,  dark  reddish-brown,  surface  covered  with  a  slight 
amount  of  blue  bloom;  nodes  enlarged,  frequently  flattened;  intcrnodes  short  to  medium; 
diaphragm  medium  to  below  in  thickness;  pith  medium  in  size;  shoots  thinly  pubescent; 
tendrils  continuous,  rather  short,  bifid. 

Leaf-buds  small,  short,  slender,  pointed  to  conical,  open  late.  Young  leaves  slightly 
tinged  on  under  side  only  with  faint  rose-carmine.  Leaves  medium  in  size,  of  average 
thickness;  upper  surface  light  green,  dull,  smooth;  lower  surface  dull  green  with  tinge  of 
bronze,  slightly  pubescent;  lobes  none  to  three  with  terminus  acute  to  acuminate;  petio- 
lar  sinus  medium  to  shallow,  wide  to  medium;  basal  sinus  usually  none;  lateral  sinus 
shallow  and  wide  when  present;  teeth  shallow,  of  average  width.  Flowers  sterile,  open 
in  mid-season;  stamens  reflexed. 

Fruit  usually  ripens  from  a  week  to  ten  days  earlier  than  Concord,  keeps  and  ships 
well  for  a  grape  of  its  species.  Clusters  medium  to  small,  frequently  below  average 
length,  medium  to  rather  slender,  sHghtly  cylindrical  to  tapering,  usually  not  shouldered 
but  sometimes  with  a  small  single  shoulder,  compact  to  medium.  Peduncle  short  to 
medium,  slender;  pedicel  short,  slender,  covered  with  few  small  warts;  brush  slender, 
medium  in  length,  pale  green  with  brownish  tinge.  Berries  above  medium  to  small, 
roundish,  dark  dull  red  to  rich  amber  red,  covered  with  thin  lilac  bloom,  persistent, 
finn.  Skin  medium  in  thickness,  tender,  adheres  slightly  to  the  pulp,  contains  no  pig- 
ment, astringent.  Flesh  pale  green,  translucent,  juicy,  tough  and  solid,  strongly  foxy, 
vinous,  sweet  at  skin  to  tart  at  center,  poor  in  quality.  Seeds  do  not  separate  easily 
from  the  pulp,  one  to  three,  average  two  and  three,  intermediate  in  size,  breadth  and 
length,  slightly  notched,  usually  rather  blunt,  light  brown;  raphe  buried  in  a  narrow, 
shallow  groove;  chalaza  of  average  size,  slightly  above  center,  irregularly  circular  to 
oval,  obscure. 


''W 


WYOMING 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  433 

CHAPTER  VI 

THE  MINOR  VARIETIES  OF  AMERICAN  GRAPES. 

Abby  Clingotten.     (Lab.)     Noted  by  Prince  in  1863  as  a  worthless  Labrusca. 

Ada.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Valk's  Seedling.  (See  page  56.)  Originated  in  1845  by  Dr. 
Valk,  of  Flusliing,  Long  Island,  from  Isabella  fertilized  by  Black  Hamburg.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  bunches  very  large,  compact  to  loose;  berries  large;  skin  thin,  almost  black; 
vinous  flavor.     This  is  the  first  recorded  hybrid  between  Labrusca  and  Vinifera. 

Adelaide.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  hybrid  between  Concord  and  Muscat  Hamburg,  by 
Ricketts;  brought  to  notice  in  1870.  Bunch  shouldered,  loose;  berries  large,  oval,  black; 
sweet  and  sprightly. 

Adelia.  (Rip.?)  Petit  Noir.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Paletit  Office  Report,  iS^g, 
as  a  sniall  black  native  grape,  raised  in  Orange  County,  New  Jersey. 

Adeline.  (Lab.)  One  of  T.  B.  Miner's  seedlings  of  Concord.  Vigorous;  berry 
large,  light  green. 

Admirable.  (Line.  Aest.)  From  Munson;  introduced  in  1894.  Vigorous;  leaves 
large,  smooth;  stamens  reflexed;  bunch  medium,  shouldered,  moderately  compact; 
berry  small,  black;  sweet  and  sprightly. 

Adobe.  (Long.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  longii;  found  by  Munson  in  Hutchinson 
County,  Texas.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early. 

Aiken.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Closely  resembles  Isabella  and  is  the  same  variety  or  a 
seedling. 

Albaiis.  Noted  by  Warder  in  1867  as  follows:  "  Vine  thrifty,  hardy;  bunch  large; 
berry  large,  round,  black;    good." 

Albania.  (Line.  Aest.  Lab.  Bourq.)  Parents,  Post-oak,  Norton,  and  Herbemont; 
from  Munson.  Very  vigorous,  prolific;  cluster  large  to  very  large,  shouldered;  berry 
medium,  translucent  white;  juicy,  tender,  sprightly;  very  late. 

Albert.  (Lab.)  From  Theophile  Huber,  of  Illinois  Cit3^  Illinois.  Vigorous ;  leaf 
large,  healthy;  bunch  small,  compact;  berry  very  large,  round,  red  with  bluish  bloom; 
skin  thin,  tender;  sweet,  spicy,  vinous;  season  about  with  Concord. 

Albino.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Garber's  Albino;  Carter's  Wliite.  From  J.  B.  Garber,  Colum- 
bia, Pennsylvania,  previous  to  1830,  from  the  seed  of  York  Madeira.  Bunch  medium; 
berry  medium,  oval,  greenish-white;  sweet. 

Aledo.  (Lab.)  From  B.  F.  Stinger,  Charlottesville,  Indiana,  about  1887.  Bunch 
medium,  compact;  berry  medium  to  large,  green,  tinged  with  yellow,  nearly  round, 
oblate;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Aletha.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Brought  to  notice  about  1S70,  at  Ottawa,  Illinois;  said  to  be  a 
Catawba  seedling.  Bunch  medium;  berries  purple,  nearly  black;  flesh  pulpy,  foxy;  early. 
28 


434  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Alfarata.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Brighton  crossed  with  Delaware;  from 
Henr}^  B.  Spencer,  Rocky  River,  Ohio,  about  1890.  Berries  small,  dark  red  with  a  rich, 
vinous  flavor. 

Alice  Lee.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Lady  Washington;  from  \V.  H.  Lightfoot, 
Springfield,  Illinois.  Vigorous,  moderately  productive;  clusters  medium,  compact; 
berries  large,  golden  yellow;  very  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Allair.  Described  by  Downing  in  1869.  "  Bunch  small,  loose;  bern,-  medivim,  red- 
dish-brown; flesh  pulpy,  harsh,  poor." 

Alma.  (Rip.  Lab.  Vin.?)  A  seedling  of  Bacchus  fertilized  with  a  doubtful  hvbrid 
seedling;  from  Ricketts.  Vigorous,  healthy;  bunch  medium,  compact,  seldom  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  black,  blue  bloom;  spicy,  very  sweet;  season  with  or  after  Hartford. 

Alphonse.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.)  From  Theophile  Huber,  Illinois  City,  Illinois.  Strong 
open  grower;  leaf  subject  to  disease;  a  shy  bearer;  bunch  medium,  loose;  berry  large, 
oval,  yellowish;  later  than  Concord. 

Aluwe.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.?)  A  seedling  of  Lucky  pollinated  by  Carman; 
from  Munson  in  1899.    Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Alvey.  (Aest.  Vin.)  Hagar.  From  Dr.  Harvey,  of  Hagerstown,  Maryland. 
Brought  to  notice  about  i860;  in  1867  listed  by  the  American  Pomological  Society  but 
dropped  in  1883.  Medium  in  vigor,  uncertainly  productive,  mildews;  stamens  refiexed; 
bunches  medium,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  small,  round,  black;  juicy,  sweet,  vinous; 
very  good ;  skin  thin ;  ripens  early. 

Amalia.  (Lab.  Rip.)  Amelia.  A  cross  between  Rommel's  Faith  and  Ives;  from 
F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg,  Lincoln,  Illinois.  Very  hardy,  healthy;  leathery  foliage;  bunch 
above  medium;  berries  medium,  round,  black;  good  quality;  almost  like  Rogers'  Aminia. 

Amanda.  (Lab.)  From  Missouri,  about  1868.  Strong  grower,  productive ;  bunches 
large,  compact,  shouldered;  berries  large,  black,  blue  bloom,  hard  pulp,  thick  skinned; 
poor  quality;  may  be  the  same  as  August  Pioneer. 

Ambecon.  (Line.  Lab.  Rup.)  Parentage,  America  crossed  with  Beacon;  from 
Munson  in  1897.    Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Amber.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Rommel's  Amber.  The  same  parentage  as  Elvira;  from 
Jacob  Rommel.  Vigorous,  hardy,  moderately  productive;  bunches  long,  shouldered, 
somewhat  loose;  berry  medium,  oblong,  pale  amber;  pulp  tender,  sweet,  juicy;  skin 
thin;  season  between  Concord  and  Catawba. 

Amberbonte.  (Bourq.  Line.  Rup.)  A  cross  between  America  and  Herbemont; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous  and  prolific;  cluster  ver)'  large;  berry  small  to  medium, 
dark  red;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  fine  quality;  ripens  with  Herbemont. 

American  Hamburg.  (Lab.)  A  large  black  grape  pronounced  a  worthless 
Labrusca  by  Prince  in  1863. 

Amersion.  (Line.  Lab.  Rup.)  Parentage,  America  pollinated  by  Profusion;  from 
Munson  in  1899.    Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  435 

Amonta.  (Mont.  Rup.  Line.)  A  seedling  of  Vilis  monticola  pollinated  by  America; 
from  ^lunson  in  1899.    Cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Amos.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling  grown  in  1865  by  W.  W.  Jones, 
Douglas  County,  Illinois.    Vigorous,  productive;  berry  medium;  good  keeper. 

Amy.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  W.  H.  Lightfoot,  Springfield,  Illinois. 
Healthy,  hardy;  berries  greenish-yellow;  ripens  with  parent. 

Andover.     (Lab.)     According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  a  black  fox  grape  of  no  value. 

Anida.  Mentioned  in  the  Arkausas  Experiment  Station  Report  for  iSgo  as  "  a 
variety,  the  foliage  of  which  was  but  little  affected  by  the  grape  leaf  folder." 

Anna.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Catawba;  from  Eli  Hasbrouck,  of  Newburgh, 
New  York,  fruited  in  1851  end  later  introduced  by  Dr.  Grant  of  lona.  Resembles  the 
Catawba  in  appearance  of  vine  but  is  unhealthy  and  feeble;  bunches  medium,  loose; 
berries  medium,  pale  amber;  meaty,  vinous;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Annie  M.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  from  L.  C.  Chisholm.  Vigorous,  unpro- 
ductive; stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  whitish-green; 
sweet;  ripens  with  Diamond. 

Anuta.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  Parentage,  America  crossed  with  Beacon;  from  Munson 
in  1899.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  medium  late. 

Arbeka.  (Line.  Lab.  Rup.)  Parentage,  America  crossed  with  Profusion;  from 
Munson  in  1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Archer.  (Vin.  Lab.?)  A  chance  seedHng  which  fruited  about  185 1  in  the  garden 
of  Ellis  S.  Archer,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Foliage  shows  Vinifera;  bunch  above 
medium;  berry  medium,  round,  inclining  to  oval,  greenish-white  to  amber;  juicy,  sweet; 
very  good ;  ripens  late. 

Ariadne.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Clinton  and  a  Vinifera;  from  Ricketts. 
Vine  moderately  vigorous;  bunch  small  to  medium,  compact;  berry  small,  round,  black. 

Arkansaw.  (Lab.)  Wells  Seedling.  From  Joseph  Hart,  Fayetteville,  Arkansas, 
in  1893.  Vigorous,  productive;  bunch  medium,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium  to 
large,  round,  dull  pink  with  minute  red  dots;  sweet,  verj^  foxy;  hardly  fair  in  quality. 

Armalaga.  (Vin.  Line.  Lab.)  From  Munson,  about  1907,  who  gives  it  as  a  hybrid 
of  Armlong  and  Malaga.  Very  vigorous,  healthy;  cluster  large,  compact;  berry  large, 
yellowish-green. 

Armbrilong.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Armlong  crossed  with  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson  in  1899.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  very  large;  berry  medium,  red; 
ripens  late. 

Armlong.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  hybrid  of  Ten-Dollar-Prize  crossed  with  Black 
Eagle ;  from  Munson.  On  account  of  its  large  clusters,  used  largely  by  the  originator  in 
crossing. 

Aroma.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  the  Hermann  Grape  Nurseries  Catalog  for  1906  as  a  new 
red  variety ;  bunches  medium ;  berries  very  large ;  fine  aroma. 


436  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Arrold.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Husmann  in  1870,  "  so  much  like  Cassady 
that  it  will  not  pay  to  cultivate  the  two." 

Atavite.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  Munson,  in  1885.  Lacks  vigor, 
unproductive;  stamens  erect;  cluster  small,  irregular;  tierries  small,  black;  good; 
ver\'  early ;   now  discarded  by  Munson. 

Atoka.  (Line.  Rup.  Bourq.  Lab.)  A  cross-breed  of  America  and  Delaware; 
listed  by  ]\Iunson  in  1899.  Vigorous,  healthy;  clusters  large,  often  with  short  shoulder, 
moderately  compact;  berries  small  to  medium,  globular,  dark  purplish-red;  skin  thin; 
juicy,  sprightly;  good. 

Auburn  Pearl.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Dr.  Parker  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  as  from  a  Mr. 
Cox  of  Auburn,  New  York.     White;  mild,  sweet;  early. 

Aughwick.  (Rip.)  Found  wild  in  the  Aughwick  Valley,  Pennsylvania,  by  William 
A.  Fraker  of  Shirleysburg.     Resembles  Clinton;  berries  larger  and  vine  less  productive. 

August  Coral.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Prince  in  1858  as  from  North  Carolina.  Hardy; 
berries  bright  red;  early,  sweet. 

August  Pioneer.  (Lab.)  Origin  unknown;  introduced  about  1867.  A  coarse, 
large,  black  grape  with  firm,  hard,  pulpy  flesh;  earlj-. 

Augusta.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  T.  B.  Miner.  Vigorous,  hardy, 
unproductive;  bunch  medium;  berries  medium,  white;  fair  cjuality ;  early. 

Augusta.  (Lab.)  From  a  Mr.  Broderick  of  St.  Catherines,  Ontario.  Noted  only 
as  having  been  exhibited  by  Ontario  at  the  World's  Fair  in  1893. 

Augustina.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  By  Munson;  from  Delaware,  Goethe  and  Bril- 
liant. Introduced  in  1901  under  the  name  Augusta  but  changed  to  the  above.  Vigorous, 
very  prolific ;  cluster  large ;  berry  very  large,  translucent,  carmine ;  pulp  meaty,  tender, 
juicy. 

Australis.  (Long.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  /ont;//  found  by  Munson  on  the  Red 
River  in  Texas.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small  to  medium;  berry  very  small,  black; 
ripens  very  early. 

Auteonello.  Mentioned  in  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  Report  for  1887 
as  a  variety  of  medium  vigor. 

Avery  Prolific.  (Lab.?)  Noted  in  the  American  Horticultural  Annual  for  1870  as  a 
black  grape  received  from  John  P.  Avery,  Norwich,  Connecticut,  and  as  very  early, 
a  great  bearer,  and  of  poor  quality. 

Avilla.  (Aest.)  Noted  in  the  Missouri  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1891  as 
a  black  grape  of  the  same  type  and  character  as  Cynthiana;  a  native  of  southern  Kansas. 
Vigorous,  productive,  hardy,  healthy;  fruit  black;  sweet,  sprightly,  vinous. 

Ayres  Pride.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  E.  J.  Ayres,  Villa  Ridge,  Illinois,  about  1890. 
Healthy;  bunch  large;  berry  large,  black;  quality  best;  resembles  Norfolk. 

Azure.  (Aest.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for 
1S93,  as  from  J.  S.  Breece,  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina.     Cluster  medium,  cylindrical, 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEV/    YORK.  437 

small  shoulders,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium  to  below,  roundish,  adhering 
firmly,  black;  meaty,  sweet  with  pleasant  aroma;  season  with  Catawba. 

Badart.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Ten-Dollar-Prize  crossed  with  Triumph; 
from  Munson  in  1899.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  large;  ripens  late. 

Bailey  Prolific.  (Lab.?)  A  Mr.  Weis,  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report 
for  1865,  speaks  of  Bailey  Prolific.  Productive,  hardy,  healthy,  superior  in  flavor  to 
Hartford.     May  be  the  same  as  Avery  Prolific. 

Bailie.  From  Samuel  Bailie,  of  Virginia,  about  1830.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  red, 
free  from  pulp. 

Baker.  (Lab.  Vin.)  ]\Ientioned  by  Mitzky  in  1893  ^s  a  seedling  of  Isabella 
which  it  resembles. 

Baldwin  Lenoir.  (Bourq.)  A  supposed  seedling  of  Lenoir  from  Westchester, 
Pennsylvania.  Foliage  and  habit  of  growth  like  Lincoln;  bunch  small,  loose;  berries 
small,  black,  sugary;  a  wine  grape. 

Balziger.  (Lab.  Aest.)  A  cross  between  Norton  and  Martha;  from  J.  Balziger, 
Highland,  Illinois.     Of  agreeable  taste,  ripens  very  late. 

Balziger' s  Concord  Seedling  No.  2.     (Lab.)     Resembles  Concord;  ripens  later. 

Balziger' s   No.  32.     (Lab.)     A  fine-flavored  white  Concord  seedling;  must  84°. 

Baltimore  Seedling.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1845  ^-s 
from  Sidney  WcUer,  Brinkleyville,  North  Carolina. 

Barbara.  From  Theophile  Huber.  Moderately  vigorous;  shy  bearer;  bunch  small 
and  irregular;  berry  medium,  greenish-white;  sweet,  rich,  tender  pulp;  ripens  with 
Agawam. 

Barnes.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Parker  Barnes,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  about  1864. 
Bunches  shouldered;  berries  medium,  oval,  black;  sweet;  good;  in  season  with 
Hartford. 

Barnes.  (Champ.)  A  wild  vine  of  Vitis  champini;  found  in  Bell  County,  Texas, 
by  Munson.     Stamens  reflexed;  clusters  small;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Baroness.  (Lab.)  From  Dr.  H.  Schroeder,  Bloomington,  Illinois.  Resembles 
Moore  Early  in  vine  and  fruit. 

Bartlett.  (Lab.)  A  pale  red  variety  found  in  the  woods  at  Lexington,  Massachu- 
setts, by  Elias  Phinney.     Pronounced  a  worthless  Labrusca  by  Prince  in  1863. 

Bates.  (Lab.)  Given  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for 
1869  as  a  Labrusca. 

Bauchman  Red  Fox.  (Lab.)  Prince  states  in  1830  that  he  received  this  vine 
from  C.  Bauchman  of  Pennsylvania.  Fruit  of  large  si^e,  resembling  the  common  red 
fox  in  flavor  and  color. 

Baxter.  (Aest.)  A  southern  grape  considered  worthless  by  Prince  in  1863. 
Clusters  large;  berries  small,  black;  season  very  late. 

Bay   State.     (Vin.    Rip.    Lab.)     From   N.    B.    White;  parents,   Marion  crossed  by 


43 8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Black  Hamburg.  Vigorous,  hardy;  bunch  medium,  shouldered;  berr>'  slightly  oblong, 
red;  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  season  early. 

Beach.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Post-oak  No.  3  crossed  with  Triumph; 
from  Munson  in  1889.  Stamens  reflexed;  clusters  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens 
early. 

Beagle.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  Ives;  from  Munson,  about 
1888.  Vigorous,  moderately  productive;  bunch  medium,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry 
small  to  medium,  oblong,  black  with  heavy  bloom;  pulp  firm,  sweet;  ripens  about  with 
Moore  Early. 

Beansville.  ^Mentioned  by  William  Saunders  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  1864,  as  not  being  worthy  of  further  attention. 

Beaufort.  (Rot.)  Given  in  the  United  States  Dcpartmeut  of  Agriculture  Report 
for  1 87 1  as  a  cultivated  variety  of  Rotundifolia. 

Beauty  of  Minnesota.  (Lab.  Bourq.)  From  J.  C.  Kramer  of  La  Crescent,  Minne- 
sota, about  1866;  supposed  parents,  Delaware  and  Concord.  Vigorous,  healthy;  bunch 
large,  compact,  often  shouldered;  berry  greenish-yellow;  good;  ripens  early. 

Beaverdam.  (Lab.?  Vin.?)  Prince,  in  1830,  gives  this  variety  as  from  Virginia, 
and  states  that  vine  and  fruit  resemble  Bland. 

Beeby  Black.  Described  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1897  as 
more  productive  than  Moore  Early ;  bunch  and  berry  not  as  large ;  ripens  a  little  earlier; 
hardly  as  good. 

Belinda.  (Lab.)  From  T.  B.  Miner;  a  white  seedling  of  Concord  with  large,  juicy, 
sweet,  slightly  foxy  fruit;  ripens  shortly  after  Lady. 

Belton.  (Champ.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  De  Grasset  crossed  with  Brilliant; 
from  Munson.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  medium 
early. 

Belvidere.  (Lab.)  Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Concord  or  Hartford  from 
Belvidere,  Illinois;  brought  to  notice  by  Dr.  L.  L.  Lake  in  1870.  Resembles  the  Hart- 
ford in  vine  and  fruit;  early. 

Belvin.  (Line.  Rip.  Lab.)  From  Munson.  Very  strong  grower;  large,  loose, 
oblong  bunches;  berries  medium,  black  with  blue  bloom;  quality  fair;  ripens  ven,'  late. 

Ben.  (Line.  Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Ten-Dollar-Prize  crossed  with  Norton;  from 
Munson  in  1889.      Stamens  reflexed;   cluster  large;  berry  medium,  Vdack ;  ripens  late. 

Ben  Hur.  (Line.  Aest.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  combination  of  Post-oak  with  Norton 
and  Herbemont;  from  Munson.  Exhibited  at  the  American  Pomological  Society  in 
1903  and  introduced  about  1904.  Vigorous,  prolific,  healthy;  cluster  large,  rather 
loose;  berry  small,  black;  shells;  good;  ripens  late. 

Benjamin.  (Lab.)  From  W.  H.  Lightfoot,  Springfield,  Illinois;  offspring  of 
Northern  Muscadine.  Vigorous;  cluster  large,  loose  to  compact;  berry  large,  black 
with  blue  bloom,  pulpy;  flavor  similar  to  WoodrufT;  ripens  with  Concord. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  439 

Berks.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Lehigh.  A  seedling  of  Catawba;  from  Berks  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  1863.  Vigorous,  vine  similar  to  parent;  bunch  large,  shouldered,  com- 
pact; berry  large,  red;  of  Catawba  flavor. 

Berlaussel.  (Berland.  Line.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Vitis  herlaudieri  and  Laussel; 
from  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  clusters  large;  berry  medium,  purple;  ripens  very 
late. 

Berlin.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Geo.  Hosford,  Ionia,  Michigan. 
Vigorous,  hardy,  unproductive;  bunch  large,  small-shouldered;  berry  medium  to  large, 
round,  greenish -yellow ;  sweet,  vinous,  with  sHght  foxiness;  quality  fair  to  good;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Bertha.  (Lab.)  From  Theophile  Huber,  Illinois  City,  IlHnois;  about  1892. 
Vigorous;  self-fertile;  clusters  medium  to  large,  compact;  berry  medium,  white  with 
yellowish  tinge;  of  fair  quality;  ripens  with  Worden. 

Bertha.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Roenbeck;  from  Fred  Roenbeck,  Bayonnc, 
New  Jersey.     Bunch  and  berries  not  as  large  as  the  parent ;  white ;  sweet ;  of  fair  quality. 

Beta.  (Lab.  Rip.?)  A  cross  between  Carver  and  Concord;  from  L.  Snelter, 
Carver,  ^linnesota.     Very  hardy,  productive;  fruit  of  fair  quality;  early. 

Beta.  A  Labrusca-Vinifera  hybrid  given  by  the  Canada  Experimental  Farms 
Report,  1896,  as  originating  in  London,  Ontario.  A  table  grape,  neither  large  nor 
attractive. 

Bettina.  (Vin.  Lab.  Rip.)  Parentage,  Hartford  crossed  with  Muscat  Hamburg; 
from  G.  W.  Campbell,  Delaware,  Ohio.  In  appearance  and  quality  intermediate  between 
the  two  parents. 

Big  Berry.  (Line.)  Big  Bunch;  Great  Cluster?  A  variety  of  the  north  Texas 
glaucous  form  of  Lincecumii  considerably  used  by  Munson  in  his  breeding  work.  It  is 
characterized  by  great  vigor  of  vine  and  large  bunch  and  berry.  One  parent  of  Bailey, 
Collier,    R.    W.    Munson,   and   many   others. 

Big  Black.  (Line.  Lab.)  From  Munson.  Vigorous;  bunches  large,  loose  to  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berries  very  large,  black,  similar  to  Concord  in  appearance;  poor  in 
quality;  ripens  after  Concord;  good  shipper. 

Big  Cluster.  (Mont.)  A  variety  of  Vitis  monticola;  found  by  Munson  in  Bell 
County,  Texas.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large  to  medium;  berry  small,  purple;  ripens 
very  late. 

Big  Hope.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Munson,  about  1889;  parents.  Big  Berry 
crossed  with  Triumph.  Vigorous;  clusters  medium  to  large,  variable  in  compactness; 
berries  small  to  medium,  purplish;  fair  in  quality. 

Big  Ozark.      (Lab.)     In  1863,  Prince  noted  this  as  a  worthless  Labrusca. 

Bird's  Egg.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Downing,  in  1869,  described  Bird's  Egg  as  follows: 
"  Bunch  long,  pointed;  berry  long,  oval,  whitish,  with  brown  specks;  flesh  pulpy;  only 
good  as  a  curiosity."     Resembles  Catawba. 


440  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Bishop.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  chance  seedling  from  D.  Bishop,  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
about  1905.  A  supposed  offspring  of  Brighton  fertihzed  by  Diamond.  Fruit  much  Hke 
Diamond  in  color  and  size  but  less  compact;  ripens  with  Winchell. 

Bismarck.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Brighton;  produced  by  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg, 
of  Lincoln,  Illinois.     Almost  a  reproduction  of  its  parent  except  that  it  is  hardier. 

Bismarck.  (Lab.?)  A  chance  seedHng  from  Fred  Roenbeck,  Bayonne,  New 
Jersey.  Healthy,  vigorous,  productive;  bunch  large;  berries  large,  black,  agreeable 
aroma. 

Black  Bear.  Mentioned  in  Texas  Station  Bulletin  No.  48,  1898,  as  "  hardly 
desirable  ";  bunch  oblong,  loose;  berries  size  of  Lenoir,  black  with  blue  bloom;  acid 
but  rather  pleasant;  self-sterile;  ripens  mid-season. 

Black  Claret.      (Lab.)      Noted  by  W.  R.  Prince  in  1863  as  a  worthless  Labrusca. 

Black  Cluster.  A  very  hardy,  very  productive,  black,  medium-sized  native  raised 
at  an  early  day  in  the  Northwest. 

Black  Delaware.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  raised  by  Rommel 
of  Missouri  over  thirty  years  ago.  Fruit  resembles  Delaware  very  closely  except  for  the 
color  which  is  black.      Vine  mildews  in  some  neighborhoods. 

Black  Heart.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  Parentage,  Marion  crossed  with  Black  Ham- 
burg; originated  by  N.  B.  White  of  Norwood,  Massachusetts;  exhibited  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts Horticultural  Society  in  1872.     Berry  medium;  sweet  and  juicy. 

Black  Herbemont.  (Bourq.  Aest.?  Lab.?)  Either  a  Herbemont  seedling  or 
Herbemont  crossed  with  Norton;  from  Munson,  in  1893.  Vigorous,  productive, 
healthy;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large,  loose;  berry  small,  black;  poor  quality;  ripens 
late. 

Black  King.  (Rip.  Lab.?)  First  noticed  by  Prince  in  1863,  who  describes  it  as  an 
early,  small,  good  table  and  wine  grape.  Fuller  received  the  variety  from  Bucks  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  Reeord  of  Horticulture  for  1868  he  writes:  "  Said  to  be  a  fox  grape; 
but  the  specimen  vines  we  received  from  a  very  reliable  source,  have  persisted  in  bear- 
ing Clinton  grapes." 

Black  Madeira.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  Madeira.  Parentage,  Marion  crossed  with 
Black  Hamburg;  originated  by  N.  B.  White;  exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society  in  1873.  Large,  open  bunch;  berry  very  small;  sprightly  flavor; 
good. 

Black  Rose.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Concord  crossed  with  Salem;  raised  by 
Rautenberg,  of  Lincoln,  Illinois,  in  1884.  Vine  resembles  Concord,  hardy,  subject  to 
mildew;  bunch  similar  to  Concord;  berries  large,  black;  of  fine  flavor. 

Black  September.  (Rip.?)  Given  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for 
i860  as  a  small,  juicy,  unproductive  native  grape  under  test  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  441 

Blackstone.  (Lab.)  An  early  black  grape  of  poor  quality,  pronounced  a  worth- 
less Labrusca  by  Prince  in  1863. 

Black  Taylor.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Rommel's  No.  10.  From  Rommel,  about  1882; 
similar  to  ;\Iiintc(iore. 

Black  Tennessee.  (Aest.)  According  to  Gardener's  Monthly,  1859:  Bunch  large, 
long,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  brownish-crimson  with  blue  bloom;  very 
juicy,  sweet. 

Black  Virginia.  (Rip.)  A  wild  frost  grape  of  Virginia;  said  to  have  been  dis- 
seminated by  Peter  Raabe  as  the  Emily. 

Blackwood.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Delago  by  Governor  Ireland;  from 
Munson,  in   1897.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berr>'  large,  black;  ripens  early. 

Blanco.  (Rip.  Vin.  Lab.)  Seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  Triumph;  from  Mun- 
son. Unproductive,  self-sterile;  cluster  medium,  cylindrical,  loose;  berry  medium, 
oval,  purple  with  blue  bloom,  moderately  juicy,  somewhat  vinous,  sweet;  good;  season 
about  with  Concord. 

Bland.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Bland's  Fox;  Bland's  Madeira;  Bland's  Pale  Red;  Bland's 
Virginia;  Carolina  Powel;  Powell;  Red  Bland;  Red  Scnppernong;  Rose  Grape;  Vir- 
ginia Mtiscadcll.  An  old  variety  brought  to  notice  by  Colonel  Bland  of  Virginia  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Moderately  vigorous;  leaves  lobed,  light  green, 
smooth,  delicate;  cluster  long,  loose,  often  with  imperfect  berries;  berries  large,  round; 
pedicels  long;  skin  thick,  light  red  to  dark  purple;  flesh  pulpy,  sprightly,  slightly  foxy; 
ripens  late.  Many  of  the  early  authorities  consider  Bland  a  probable  Vinifera  hybrid 
on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  the  European  Chasselas. 

Blondin.  (Bourq.  Aest.  Line.  Lab.)  A  combination  of  Ten-Dollar-Prize,  Post- 
oak,  Norton  and  Herbemont;  from  Munson  in  1899.  Very  vigorous,  prolific;  cluster 
large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  white,  translucent;  juicy,  sprightly,  acid; 
ripens  with  Catawba. 

Blood.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedhng  of  Lincecumii  fertilized  with  Herbemont;  from 
Munson.  Moderate  in  vigor  and  productiveness;  bunch  small  to  medium,  compact; 
hevTy  small,  black,  juicy,  with  a  sprightly  subacid  flavor,  seedy;  ripens  a  week  later 
than  Concord. 

Blood  Black.  (Lab.)  From  a  Mr.  Blood,  Xewburyport,  Massachusetts,  about 
1854.  Hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  round, 
black;   sweet,  with  strong,  foxy  flavor;   ripens  early. 

Blood  White.  (Lab.)  From  Blood,  Newburyport,  Massachusetts,  about  1854. 
A  red  grape  with  the  same  general  characters  as  Blood  Black. 

Blue  Dyer.  (Rip.)  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1883:  Bunch  medium; 
berries  small,  Vjlack. 


442  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Blue  Favorite.  (Aest.?)  Purple  Favorite.  From  Georgia,  about  1825  or  earlier. 
Very  vigorous,  resembling  Cunningham  but  not  so  prolific ;  cluster  large,  conical ;  berries 
small,  round,  black;  juicy,  vinous;  good;  ripens  with  Herbemont. 

Blue  Imperial.  (Lab.)  Described  by  Downing  in  1869  as  follows:  "  Vigorous, 
healthy,  unproductive;  bunch  medium,  short;  berry  large,  round,  black,  hard  pulp;  poor 
in  quality;  ripens  with  Hartford." 

Boadicea.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  cross  of  Telegraph  with  Black  Hamburg;  from  Chas.  J. 
Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York.  Of  medium  vigor;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  oval; 
meaty,  sweet  with  a  rich,  aromatic  flavor;  good  keeper;  ripens  with  Isabella. 

Boadicea.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  T.  B.  Miner  of  New  Jersey.  Vigorous, 
unproductive;  bunch  small;  berry  small,  white. 

Bokchito.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with 
Brilliant;  from  Munson  in  1899.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  bern,^  medium,  black; 
ripens  mid-season. 

Bonne  Madame.  Listed  with  varieties  which  ripened  earliest  at  the  Experimental 
Farms,  Canada,  in  1905. 

Bottsi.  (Bourq.)  From  South  Carolina.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  bunch  very 
large,  loose;  berry  below  medium,  light  to  dark  pink,  susceptible  to  black-rot.  Very 
similar  to  Herbemont  and  names  by  some  believed  to  be  sjmonymous. 

Boulevard.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  A.  Koeth,  Charlotte,  New  York;  Concord  crossed 
with  Brighton.  Vigorous,  productive;  bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium, 
round,  greenish-white;  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Bowman.  (Lab.)  Described  in  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  1863,  by  Prince  as  a 
dark  purple,  early  table  grape  of  good  quality. 

Braddock.  (Lab.)  W.  R.  Prince,  in  Magazine  of  Horticulture  for  1863,  notes  this 
as  a  purplish,  early  sweet  table  grape;  hardy  and  adapted  to  New  England. 

Bradley.  (Lab.  Vin.  ?)  Described  by  A.  C.  Hubbard  of  Troy,  Michigan,  in  the 
United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1849  as  a  grape  of  the  Isabella  type  but  three  or 
four  weeks  earlier. 

Braendly.  (Lab.?  Vin.?)  From  Illinois.  Very  weak,  unproductive;  stamens 
upright;  bunch  small,  irregularly  loose;  berry  small,  yellow;  of  poor  quality;  ripens 
with  Cynthiana. 

Brand  White.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Resembles  Cassady;  exhibited  before  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Grape  Growers'  Association  in  1867. 

Breck.  (Lab.)  Exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1855 
by  Thomas  Waterman  who  gave  it  the  above  name.     Resembles  Winne.     Hardy;  early. 

Bridgewater.  (Lab.)  Supposed  to  be  a  sport  of  Worden,  received  at  this  Station 
in  1 901  from  J.  B.  Tuckerman,  Cassville,  New  York.  Very  similar  to  Worden  but  said 
by  the  originator  to  be  a  week  or  ten  days  earlier. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  443 

Brunk.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Lincecumii  crossed  with  Triumph;  from 
Texas.  Medium  in  vigor  and  productiveness;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  irregu- 
Lirly  loose;  berry  medium,  black;  poor  quality;  susceptible  to  black-rot. 

Buist.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  Catawba  and  Brighton;  from 
H.  B.  Buist,  Greenville,  South  Carolina,  about  1878.  Vigorous,  hardy,  inclined  to  mildew ; 
late  in  ripening. 

Bumper.  (Line.  Aest.  Lab.)  Post-oak  crossed  with  Norton;  from  Texas.  Very 
vigorous;  stamens  reflexed;  bunch  large,  irregular,  very  loose;  berry  medium,  black;  of 
poor  quality;  susceptible  to  black-rot;  season  with  Cynthiana. 

Buncombe.  (Lab.)  A  variety  of  Vitis  labrttsca  found  in  North  Carolina  and  used 
by  Munson  in  his  breeding  work.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  large,  black; 
ripens  mid-season. 

Bundy.  (Lab.)  A  black  seedling  of  Concord  from  the  same  lot  of  seeds  as  Cole- 
rain;  from  David  Bundy,  Colerain,  Ohio.  Vigorous,  productive,  hardy,  healthy;  bunch 
and  berry  resemble  parent  in  appearance  and  quality ;  ripens  with  Moore  Early. 

Burlington.  Gi\'en  in  Aniericaii  Farmer,  1S22,  as  a  New  Jersey  grape  of  high 
quality. 

Burlington.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  A.  Taylor,  Burlington,  Vermont,  about  1S71. 
Reported  hardy  in  northern  New  England  and  equal  to  Adirondac  as  a  table  grape. 

Burnet.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Hartford  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg;  from 
P.  C.  Dempsey,  Albury,  Prince  Edward  County,  Ontario.  Vigorous,  productive,  mil- 
dews; stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large,  shouldered,  loose;  berry  large,  oval,  black;  juicy; 
earlier  than  Concord. 

Burroughs.  (Rip.  Lab.?)  According  to  Downing,  1869,  from  Vennont.  Vine 
like  Clinton;  bunch  small;  berry  round,  black  with  thick  bloom;  harsh,  acid;  ripens 
earlier  than  Isabella. 

Burrows  No.  4^0.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedhng  of  Concord  crossed  with  Jefferson; 
from  J.  G.  Burrows,  Fishkill,  New  York,  received  at  this  Station  in  1888.  Sometimes 
unproductive;  bunch  medium,  very  compact,  handsome;  berry  medium  or  above,  dark 
red  with  lilac  bloom;  juicy,  sweet,  tender,  slightly  vinous,  fine  flavor;  ripens  about  with 
Concord. 

Burton  Early.  (Lab.)  Downing  notes  in  1869:  A  large,  early  grape;  unworthy 
of  culture. 

Bush.  (Bourq.  Line.)  Parentage,  Herbemont  crossed  with  a  Post-oak;  from 
Munson.      Stamens  erect;  cluster  medium;   berry  medium,  black;  ripens  very  late. 

Bushberg.  (Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Willie  crossed  with  an  Aestivalis;  from  Dr. 
L.  C.  Chisholm,  Tennessee.  Aestivalis  characters  are  predominant  in  both  vine  and  fruit. 
Described  by  the  originator  as  vigorous,  healthy;  clusters  above  medium,  long,  loose, 
shouldered;  berries  large,  oblong,  black,  adherent;  sprightly,  vinous,  tender;  ripens 
about  with  Concoid. 


444  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Cabot.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Stetson  No.  1.  A  seedling  from  A.  W.  Stetson,  Braintree, 
Massachusetts,  about  1853 ;  a  cross  of  a  native  Labrusca  and  Grizzly  Frontignan.  Bunch 
long,  firm,  short  shoulder;  berries  medium,  round,  black  with  thick  bloom;  skin  thick; 
musky,  sweet. 

Cairnano.  Tested  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1864  and 
discarded  as  worthless. 

California  Rosea.  Described  by  Warder  in  1867  as:  "  Bunch  large,  compact;  berry 
large,  round,  black,  sweet." 

California  White.  Noted  by  Warder  in  1867.  Bunch  full,  medium;  berry  large, 
yellow ;  very  fine. 

Calloway.  (Bourq.  Vin.?)  Possibly  a  synonym  of  Ruckland.  Vigorous,  healthy, 
productive;  cluster  small  to  medium,  compact;  berries  medium,  oval,  red;  skin  thin, 
tough  ;  quality  good  ;  ripens  very  late. 

Calypso.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Produced  by  Chas.  J.  Copley,  of  Stapleton,  New  York,  from 
seed  of  Lady  crossed  with  Secretary;  fruited  in  1887.  Hardy,  strong  in  growth;  bunches 
large,  heavily  shouldered;  berries  large,  black;  juicy,  vinous;  good;  ripens  with  or  after 
Concord. 

Camaks.  Found  growing  in  the  garden  of  James  Camaks,  about  1S47.  Bunch 
shouldered,  long,  loose,  tapering;  berries  small,  round,  brownish-red;  flesh  tender,  melt- 
ing, sweet ;  good. 

Cambridge.  (Lab.)  Originated  in  the  garden  of  Francis  Houghton,  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  about  1867.  Vigorous;  bunch  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  large, 
black,  covered  with  heavy  bloom;  similar  to  Concord;  ripens  four  days  earlier. 

Camden.  (Lab.)  Bunch  medium;  berry  large,  greenish-white;  flesh  with  hard 
center,  acid;  poor. 

Canaan.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Offiee  Report  in  1843,  as  one  of  the 
varieties  grown  at  that  time. 

Canby.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  W.  Canby,  Wilmington,  Delaware;  probably  a  seed- 
ling of  Isabella,  brought  to  notice  about  1852.  Hardy,  vigorous;  cluster  medium  size, 
compact;  berry  medium  size,  purple;  flavor  sweet;  quality  "  best." 

Canonicus.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  about  1888. 
Vigorous  and  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch  loose,  medium;  berry  medium,  round, 
pale  green,  translucent,  whitish  bloom;  skin  thin;  pulp  sweet,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly; 
ripens  with  Concord. 

Cape  May  Prolific.  Large  Blue  English.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1863  in  a  list  of 
varieties  in  Gardener's  Monthly. 

Capital.  (Lab.)  Given  in  Biisliberg  Catalogue  in  1894  as  a  white  Concord  seedling 
raised  by  W.  H.  Lightfoot  of  lUinois. 

Carlotte.  (Lab.)  Produced  by  T.  B.  Miner  of  Linden,  New  Jersey,  from  seed  of 
Concord.     Vigorous,  hardy;  greenish-white;  good. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  445 

Carminet.  (Bourq.?)  Bunches  small,  ragged;  berries  small,  black;  sweet;  skin 
and  pulp  tender. 

Carolina  Blue  Muscadine.  Jones'  Perfumed.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  Gardener's 
Monthly,  1863. 

Caroline.      Carolina.     Said  by  Husmann  in  187 1  to  be  the  same  as  Concord. 

Carter.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  An  old  variety  mentioned  as  early  as  1831;  a  seedling  of 
Isabella.  Bunch  large,  shouldered;  berries  large,  round,  black,  heavy  bloom;  good,  very 
similar  to  Isabella  with  which  it  ripens. 

Carter.     (Lab.)     Mammoth  Globe.     A  lai-ge-fruited  red  Labrusca  used  by  Rogers. 

Carver.     Given  as  one  of  the  parents  of  Beta.     Not  described. 

Case.  (Rip.)  Mentioned  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
1869. 

Case  Crystal.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1859  as 
a  reliable   variety  for  New  England. 

Caspar.  (Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Louisiana;  from  A.  Caspar  of  New  Orleans,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  cross  with  Herbemont.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berries 
brownish-red,  small;  juice  white;  good;  ripens  late. 

Cassady.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Arcolt;  Arnott;  Arrott.  A  chance  seedling  from  H.  P. 
Cassady,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania;  fruited  in  1852.  Medium  in  vigor,  productive; 
stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  medium, 
round,  greenish-white,  covered  with  white  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  juicy,  tender, 
pleasant;  very  good;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Catarobe.     Mentioned  in  the   Horticulturist  of  1850  as  growing  well  in  Illinois. 

Catherine.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Gen.  N.  M.  Waterman  of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
1854.  Clusters  small,  compact,  firm;  berries  medium,  slightly  oval,  green,  translucent; 
skin  thin;  pulp  soft,  sweet,  well  flavored,  foxy. 

Catoosa.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.?)  Parentage,  Lucky  crossed  with  Carman; 
from  Munson  in  1899.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens 
late. 

Caywood  \o.  1.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  From  A.  J.  Caywood,  JIarlboro,  New  York; 
a  red  seedling  of  Poughkeepsie  fertilized  with  lona. 

Caywood  No.  50.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  A.  J.  Caywood,  about  1888.  Vigorous, 
healthy,  productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  compact,  often  shouldered; 
berry  large,  roundish,  black  with  abundant  bloom;  shatters;  skin  thick,  tender:  pulp 
juicy,  sweet,  tough,  vinous;  good;  ripens  a  little  before  Worden. 

Chambersburg  White.  Mentioned  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in  1863  in  a  list  of  worth- 
less varieties. 

Chambril.  (Champ.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Vitis  champini  crossed  with 
Brilliant;  from  Munson.  Stamens  upright;  cluster  medium  or  above;  berry  small, 
purplish-black,  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  not  juicy,  vinous;  good. 


446  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Champanel.  (Champ.  Lab.)  Parents,  Vitis  champini  crossed  with  Worden;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous;  clusters  large,  conical;  berries  globular,  large,  black;  season  with 
Concord. 

Champovo.  (Champ.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  De  Grasset  crossed  with 
Brilliant;  from  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  medium;  berry  large,  black;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Chandler.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  from  N.  M.  Chandler,  Ottawa,  Kansas, 
about  1886;  probably  from  Worden.  Vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster 
medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  above  medium,  round,  rich  yellow;  good. 

Chapin.     Noted  in  Gardener's  Monthly,  1863,  as  worthless. 

Charles.  (Rip.  Lab.?)  Mentioned  by  Joseph  Hobbins  about  1869  as  having  been 
injured  by  winter;  exhibited  at  Wisconsin  State  Fair  that  year.     Resembles  Clinton. 

Charles  A.  Green.  A  white  grape  originated  by  F.  W.  Loudon,  Janesville,  Wis- 
consin; introduced  by  the  Chas.  A.  Green  Nursery  Company  of  Rochester,  New  York. 
Said  to  be  "a  vigorous  grower,  and  an  enormous  yielder  of  very  large  and  beautiful 
clusters  of  excellent  fruit." 

Charlotte.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Edmund  Ward,  Kelleys  Island,  Ohio;  a  seedling 
of  Catawba.  Bunch  medium,  not  shouldered;  berries  medium,  roundish,  pale  red;  flesh 
tender,  sweet,  vinous;  skin  thick;  season  with  Delaware. 

Charlton.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  cross  between  Brighton  and  Mills;  from  John  Charlton, 
Rochester,  New  York;  fruited  about  1893.  Vigorous,  productive,  hardy;  clusters  large, 
generally  well  shouldered,  compact;  berry  large  to  medium,  roundish-oval,  dark  red; 
skin  rather  thin,  tough;  pulp  meaty,  tender,  releases  seeds  easily;  juicy,  sweet,  rich, 
vinous;  ripens  a  week  before  Concord;  keeps  well;  promising. 

Charter  Oak.  (Lab.  Aest.)  A  large  coarse,  foxy  grape  from  Connecticut.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  canes  long  with  blue  bloom;  tendrils  continuous;  clusters  small,  loose;  berries 
large,  roundish,  dull  dark  amber;  shatter;  flesh  soft,  tough,  foxy;  fair  quality;  ripens 
with  Concord. 

Chavoush.  Exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1868. 
Productive;  bunch  large;  berry  large,  oval,  white;  keeps  well. 

Cheowa.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for  1863  as  a 
variety  to  be  discarded. 

Cherokee.  (Aest.  Lab.)  From  Stayman,  of  Kansas;  the  same  parentage  as  Ozark. 
Vigorous;  free  from  rot  and  mildew;  bunch  large,  compact;  berry  medium,  black;  tender, 
juicy,  sweet;  season  with  Cynthiana. 

Chicago.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  found  in  Lincoln,  Illinois,  by  F.  E.  L.  Rauten- 
berg.  Vigorous,  productive,  hardy;  bunch  medium,  sometimes  double;  berries  medium, 
round;  skin  tough;  color  red  resembling  Delaware;  sweet,  rich;  ripens  early;  ships  well. 

Chidester's  Seedlings.  Produced  by  C.  P.  Chidester,  Battle  Creek,  Michigan,  about 
thirty  years  ago.     All  are  apparently  second  generation  Vinifera-native  hybrids.     They 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  447 

are  of  high  quality  but  all  seem  to  have  some  weakness  which  makes  their  permanent 
popularity  doubtful.  These  varieties  appear  to  have  become  confused,  as  the  Michigan 
Experiment  Station  Bulletins,  our  chief  source  of  information,  have  published  con- 
tradictory descriptions  in  different  places. 

No.  1.     See  Lyon. 

No.  2.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Moderately  vigorous,  hardy ;  stamens  reflexed ;  cluster  medium, 
compact;  berry  medium,  round,  dark  red;  flesh  soft,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  early; 
shatters  somewhat. 

No.  3.  Vigorous;  cluster  large,  loose,  shouldered;  berry  large,  dark  purple;  flesh 
firm,  juicy,  sweet;  keeps  well. 

No.  4-  Vigorous;  cluster  medium,  roundish,  shouldered,  loose;  berries  large,  round, 
nearly  black;  flesh  tender,  vinous;  good;   ripens  just  after  Concord. 

Chillicothe.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Ohio.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  Report  in  1863.     Bunch  long,  loose;  berry  medium,  oval,  dark  purple. 

Chippewa.  Found  growing  on  the  banks  of  Chippewa  Creek,  Ontario;  described  in 
1858  by  W.  H.  Read.  Bunch  large,  compact,  heavily  shouldered;  berry  medium,  black; 
flesh  tender,  sweet,  good. 

Chisholm's  Seedlings.  Produced  by  Dr.  L.  C.  Chisholm,  Spring  Hill,  Tennessee. 
Of  his  named  sorts  there  are:  Annie  M.,  Bushberg,  Delawba,  Gilt  Edge,  La  Marie,  Lutie, 
and  Willie,  the  best  known  being  Lutie.  The  following  unnamed  seedlings  from  Chis- 
holm have  been  tested  and   described: 

No.  1.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling.  Weak,  healthy ;  stamens  reflexed; 
cluster  small,  very  loose;  bern,^  medium,  purple;  quality  poor;  ripens  with  Worden. 

No.  3.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware.  Medium  in  vigor,  healthy; 
stamens  upright;  cluster  small,  compact;  berry  small,  reddish-purple;  quality  fair;  ripens 
with  Worden. 

No.  4.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium 
size;  berries  light  green,  sprightly,  vinous;  good;   ripens  with  Delaware. 

No.  5.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling.  Moderately  vigorous;  berry 
light  red;  good  quality;  ripens  just  before  Concord. 

No.  6.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware.  Weak,  apparently  healthy, 
a  shy  bearer;  stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small,  loose;  berry  medium,  purple;  fair  quality; 
ripens  with  Worden;    not  a  good  keeper. 

No.  8.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling.  Vigorous,  hard}^  productive; 
cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  black;  very  good;  ripens  with  Moore  Early. 

No.  9.  (Aest.)  Moderately  vigorous,  attacked  somewhat  by  black-rot,  hardy; 
stamens  upright;  cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  red;  quality  hardly  fair;  ripens  with 
Concord. 

Chocolate.  Mentioned  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in 
1863. 


448  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Choleau.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.  ?)  Parentage,  Lucky  crossed  with  Carman ;  from 
Munson  in  1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Church  Seedling.  (Lab.)  From  Dr.  Durfee,  Fall  River,  Massachusetts;  a  seedling 
of  a  wild  grape  unworthy  of  cultivation. 

Claret.  (Rip.)  From  Charles  Carpenter,  Kellcys  Island,  Ohio.  Vigorous;  bunch 
and  berry  medium;  claret  red;  acid;  resembles  Clinton. 

Clarissa.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  white  seedling  of  Salem;  from  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg,  Lin- 
coln, Illinois. 

Clark.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  J.  S.  Phelps,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
Cluster  of  medium  length,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium,  oval,  dull 
red,  heavy  bloom ;  sweet,  foxy. 

Clark  Seedling.  (Lab.)  From  a  Mr.  Clark  of  Framingham,  Massachusetts; 
described  in  Magazine  of  Horticulture  in  1S61.  Hardy  and  early;  bunch  loose;  berry 
reddish ;  quality  excellent. 

Clarkes.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  being  grown  in  Virginia.  Bunch  and 
berry  large ;  early ;  keeps  well. 

Claude.  (Lab.)  From  Georgia.  Vigorous;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  loose; 
berry  large,  black;  poor  quality;  ripens  a  little  before  Norton. 

Cleopatra.  (Lab.  Rip.)  Parentage,  Ives  crossed  with  Faith;  from  F.  E.  L.  Rauten- 
berg, Lincoln,  Illinois.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  bunch  and  berry  medium;  black; 
early. 

Clifton.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Parents,  Telegraph  crossed  with  White  Frontignan;  from 
C.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York.  Vigorous,  productive;  bunch  large,  compact; 
berries  white,  large;  ripens  in  September. 

Climax.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  from  A.  Reisinger  of  Naples,  New  York,  about 
1883;  supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Catawba.  Vigorous;  berry  medium  to  large,  red; 
tender,  sweet,  sprightly;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Clinton-Vialia.  (Rip.)  Probably  identical  with  Franklin.  Used  in  France  as  a 
grafting  stock. 

Cloantha.  (Vin.  Lab.)  An  Isabella  seedling  from  Kentucky.  Vigorous;  berry 
black,  small;  foxy. 

Clover  Street  Black.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Diana  crossed  with  Black  Ham- 
burg; from  Jacob  Moore.  Bunches  large,  compact;  berries  large,  round,  black;  flesh 
tender,  sweet,  ripens  with  Concord. 

Clover  Street  Red.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Diana  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg; 
from  Jacob  Moore.  Vigorous;  berries  large,  roundish-oval,  crimson;  Diana  flavor  and 
season. 

Cluster.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1852,  as  a  native 
grape. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  449 

Clyde.  (Lab.?  Vin.?)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Bunch  medium, 
compact;  berry  large,  red;  tender,  juicy,  sweet. 

Cochee.  (Lab.  Bourq.)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  1SS7.  Vigorous; 
tendrils  intermittent;  cluster  medium  to  small,  compact;  berry  medium,  dark  red,  lilac 
bloom;  flesh  tender,  fine,  vinous,  sweet;  good;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Coe.  (Lab.)  From  Iowa.  Hardy,  vigorous;  cluster  small,  compact,  rarely  shoul- 
dered ;  berries  small  to  medium,  black ;  a  week  earlier  than  Concord. 

Colesvine.  (Lab.?  Vin.?)  Enumerated  in  a  list  of  unpromising  grapes  for  North 
Carolina  by  Sidney  Weller  in  1845. 

Collier.  (Line.  Lab.)  Big  Red;  Dr.  Collier.  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  by  Concord; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  productive;  tendrils  intermittent;  stamens  upright;  cluster 
medium  to  large,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  large,  roundish,  dark  reddish-purple, 
heavy  bloom;  flesh  tender,  fine-grained,  vinous,  nearly  sweet;  quality  good;  ripens  just 
after  Concord. 

Collina.     Hill  Grape  of  Ohio.     Listed  by  Prince  in  Gardeners'  Monthly  in  1863. 

Colorado.  From  John  Gravestock,  Canon  City,  Colorado.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium, 
long,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium;  sweet,  tender;  late. 

Colp.  (Lab.)  A  wild  vine  of  Vitis  labrusca  found  in  Maryland  and  used  by  Munson. 
Stamens  depressed;  cluster  medium;  berry  large,  white;  ripens  mid-season. 

Columbia.  (Rip.)  Said  to  have  been  found  by  Major  Adlum  on  his  fann  at  George- 
town, District  of  Columbia.,  previous  to  1830.  Vigorous,  productive;  cluster  small, 
loose;  berries  round,  black,  small;  quality  poor. 

Columbia.  (Lab.)  From  J.  T.  C.  Clark,  Washington,  before  1883.  Vigorous; 
cluster  and  berry  medium,  white;  good;  late. 

Columbian.  Originated  about  the  same  time  as  Columbian  Imperial  and  probably 
identical  with  it.  The  literature  of  the  two  is  so  confused,  Columbian  Imperial  having 
been  sold  as  Columbian,   that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  they  are  distinct. 

Columbus.  (Bourq.  Aest.  Rip.)  From  John  Hertlein,  Spielerville,  Arkansas; 
parents,  Delaware  and  Norton.  Vigorous;  bunches  large,  nearly  compact;  berries 
medium,  black;  sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  ripens  with  Delaware. 

Compacta.  (Bourq.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Herbemont  crossed  with  Triumph; 
from  Munson.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  small,  white;  ripens  very  late.  Now 
discarded  by  originator. 

Concord  Chasselas.  (Vin.  Lab.)  From  G.  W.  Campbell,  Delaware,  Ohio,  1881;  a 
cross  between  Golden  Chasselas  and  Concord.  Vigorous;  cluster  long,  moderately  com- 
pact, sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large,  oval,  greenish-white;  pure  flavor;  good;  ripens 
with  Concord. 

Concord  Muscat.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  crossed  with  Muscat;  from 
G.  W.  Campbell.  Vigorous;  cluster  compact,  long,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large, 
29 


450  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

oval,  light  greenish-white;  flesh  tender  and  melting;  quality  very  good;  ripens  with 
Concord. 

Concordia.  (Lab.  Bourq.)  From  Dr.  J.  Stayman,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  bunch  large,  compact;  berry  large,  black;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  very 
good ;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Conelva.  (Lab.  Rip.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  crossed  with  Elvira;  from  Munson. 
Vigorous,  hardy;  stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  round, 
black;  quality  fair;  ripens  with  Cottage. 

Connecticut.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties  in  Gardener's 
Monthly  fur  1863. 

Connecticut  Seedling.  Cited  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1868  as 
a  promising  table  grape. 

Conqueror.  (Vin.  Lab.)  From  Rev.  Archer  Moore,  New  Jersey,  about  1868;  sup- 
posed by  him  to  be  a  cross  between  Concord  and  Royal  Muscadine.  Vigorous;  stamens 
upright;  bunch  medium,  loose;  berries  medium,  oval,  black,  pulpy;  quality  fair;  ripens 
about  with  Concord. 

Cooper  Wine.  From  Joseph  Cooper,  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey,  about  1800. 
Vigorous;  berry  round,  medium,  purple;  quality  fair. 

Copley's  Hybrids.  Chas.  J.  Copley  of  Stapleton,  Staten  Island,  New  York,  about 
thirty  years  ago  originated  and  exhibited  a  large  number  of  hybrid  grapes.  His  produc- 
tions were  chiefly  the  result  of  fertilizing  cultivated  American  varieties  with  pollen  of 
standard  Viniferas,  particularly  the  White  Frontignan.  His  seedlings  which  received 
names  are  Boadicea,  Calypso,  Clifton,  Cornelia,  Daphne,  D'Elboux,  Lulie,  Mineola, 
Paragon,  and  Zelia.  They  show  too  many  Vinifera  weaknesses,  particularly  a  tendency 
to  mildew,  to  become  popular.     None  of  them  was  ever  introduced. 

Coppermine.  Discarded  as  worthless  from  test  vineyards  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  1864. 

Corby.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  C.  C.  Corby,  Montclair,  Now  Jersey.  Vigorous,  hardy, 
productive;  blooms  mid-season;  stamens  upright;  clusters  above  medium,  variable  in 
compactness;  berries  intennediate  in  size,  oval  to  roundish,  dull  black  with  heavy  blue 
bloom;  flesh  fine-grained,  sweet,  resembles  Concord  in  flavor;  good;  ripens  about  with 
Concord. 

CorieL  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  New  Jersey.  Hardy;  bunch  medium;  berry  small,  oval, 
black;  good. 

Cornelia.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Telegraph  crossed  with  White  Frontignan; 
from  Chas.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York.  Bunch  large,  shouldered;  berries  round, 
white  with  amber  tint;  juicy,  rich,  sweet. 

Cornucopia.  (Vin.  Rip.)  Arnold's  No.  2.  Parents,  Clinton  crossed  with  Black 
St.    Peters;   from   Charles   Arnold,    Paris,    Ontario,    1859.     Vigorous;  stamens   upright; 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  451 

cluster  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium  to  large,  black;  flesh  tender,  vinous, 
juicy;  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Corporal.  (Lab.  Aest.  Vin.)  Parents,  Eumelan  crossed  with  Worden;  from  D.  S. 
Marvin,  about  1881.     Bunch  and  berry  medium,  loose;  black;  vinous;  good. 

Corsican.     From  Ohio.     Hardy;  bunch  large;  berry  small,  round,  red;  very  good. 

Cortland.  (Lab.)  Courtland.  A  seedling  of  Concord  crossed  with  Hartford; 
from  M.  F.  Clear>',  Cortland,  New  York,  about  1863.  Believed  by  some  to  be  identical 
with  Champion.     Vigorous;  clusters  large,  compact;  berry  large,  black;  sweet;  early. 

Cotoctin.  Described  by  Fuller  in  1867  as  a  cliance  seedling  from  Pennsylvania. 
Bunch  large,  shouldered;  berries  large,  white;  good;  late. 

Covert.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling;  from  N.  B.  Covert,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 
Bunch  large,  compact;  berries  large,  greenish-white;  sweet;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Cowan.  (Rip.)  McCowan;  McGowan;  McOwen.  An  old  variety  of  unknown 
origin;  once  raised  on  Lake  Champlain.  Very  hardy;  clusters  medium;  berries  small, 
black,  heavy  bloom;  juicy,  sour;  very  earl}-. 

Cozy.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  J.  S.  Breece,  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina.  Cluster 
large,  compact;  berry  oval,  medium,  black,  blue  bloom;  flesh  translucent,  tender;  good; 
ripens  a  week  before  Ives. 

Craig.  (Rip..'')  French  Grape.  A  variety  found  growing  at  Franklin,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  1809;  perhaps  synonymous  with  Franklin.  Fruit  dark-colored;  bunch 
and  berry  medium;  juicy;  good. 

Critic.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  A  seedling  of  Jefferson;  from  J.  S.  Breece,  Fayetteville, 
North  Carolina;  described  in  1892.  Cluster  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  round, 
medium,  dull  red;  foxy;  good;  earlier  than  Brighton. 

Crown.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  From  Munson;  parents,  Post-oak  crossed  with  Tri- 
umph. Vigorous;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  compact;  berry  large,  black;  good; 
ripens  with  Catawba. 

Crystal.  (Lab.)  A  native  grape  found  by  S.  D.  Case,  Canton  Center,  Connecticut. 
Vigorous;  cluster  medium;  berries  large,  oblate,  green  with  white  dots;  sweet,  juicy. 

Culbert  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  New  York. 
Parents,  Zona  crossed  with  ]\Iuscat  Hamburg.  Bunch  and  berry  large;  purplish-black; 
good. 

Curtis.  Stetson's  Seedling  No.  4.  From  Nahum  Stetson,  Bridgewater,  Massa- 
chusetts; mentioned  in  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture  in  1857  as  being  a  seedling  of 
"  superior  flavor  ". 

Curtis.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  Parentage,  Post-oak  No.  3  crossed  with  Triumph;  from 
Munson  in  i88g.    Stamens  erect;  cluster  large ;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Cuyahoga.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Coleman's  White;  Wemple;  Wemple's  Seedling.  Found 
by  a  Mr.  Wemple  at  Euclid,  Ohio,  previous  to  1859,  and  named  after  the  county  in 
which  it  was  found.     Vigorous;  cluster  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  round. 


452  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

covered  with  bloom,  pale  yellowish-green  tinged  with  amber;  pulp  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
fine  musky  flavor;  ripens  about  with  Catawba. 

Cuyarano.  (Lab.)  Given  in  a  list  of  native  fox  grapes  in  the  report  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  1869. 

Cyncon.  (Lab.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Cynthiana  crossed  with  Concord;  from  Mun- 
son.      Vigorous,  healthy,  dark  green  foliage;  bunch  long;  berry  black;  late. 

Dana.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  Francis  Dana,  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  about 
i860.  Vigorous,  hardy,  mildews  slightly;  bunch  medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berries 
large,  nearly  round,  red  with  heavy  bloom;  free  from  pulp  as  Delaware,  not  as  sweet; 
ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Danbury.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  from  H.  C.  Coble,  Danbury,  Connecticut. 
Hardy,  healthy;  bunches  medium,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large,  black; 
flesh  tender,  mild,  sweet;  good;  ripens  earlier  than  Hartford. 

Daphne.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Telegraph  crossed  with  White  Frontignan; 
from  Chas.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York,  about  1875.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy, 
productive;  bunch  medium  to  large  with  very  long  stem;  berry  medium  to  large,  white; 
without  pulp,  sweet,  rich,  Muscat  flavor;  ripens  early. 

Dartmouth.  (Lab.)  Listed  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863  as  a  worth- 
less variety. 

Darwin.  (Aest.  Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  some 
vigorous  Aestivalis;  from  Dr.  J.  Stayman.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive; 
foliage  of  Aestivalis  type;  bunch  large,  compact,  double-shouldered;  berry  medium, 
red;   tender,  juicy,  vinous;  ripens  with  Delaware. 

Davis.  (Long.)  A  variety  of  Vitis  longii  found  by  Munson  in  Hutchinson  County, 
Texas.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early. 

Davkina.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  A  cross  of  America  and  Beacon;  from  Munson  in 
1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

De  Grasset.  A  variety  of  Champini,  noted  by  Munson  in  Texas  Station  Bulletin 
No.  56  as  the  female  parent  for  a  few  of  his  crosses. 

Delago.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  cross-polHnated  by  Goethe; 
from  Munson  in  1883;  introduced  in  1896.  Medium  in  growth  and  productiveness, 
not  hardy,  susceptible  to  mildew;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters  below  medium  to  small, 
often  (jval,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  medium  to  above,  roundish  to  oval,  dark 
red,  Hlac  bloom,  very  persistent;  meaty,  vinous,  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  late. 

Delaware  Seedling.  (Bourq.  Vin.  Lab.)  J.  A.  Warder  in  1867  describes  a  "  Dela- 
ware Seedling  "  from  Ohin.  Healthy;  bunch  short;  berry  medium,  dull  red;  rich,  sweet, 
somewhat  foxy  ;  very  early. 

Delaware  Seedling.  (Vin.  Bourq.  Lab.)  Delaware  Seedling  No.  4.  A  seedling 
of  Delaware  crossed  with  Gen.  Mannora;  from  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  New 
York.     More  vigorous  grower  than  Delaware,  hardy,  prolific. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


453 


Delaware  Seedling  No.  2.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Jacob  Rommel.  Vigorous, 
healthy,  productive;  bunch  above  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  black; 
pulpy,  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  earlier  than  Hartford. 

Delaware  Seedling  No.  9.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Jacob  Rommel.  Moderate 
grower,  healthy,  hardy,  very  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  black, 
firm,  sweet;  ripens  before  Concord;  good  keeper  and  shipper, 

Delaware  Seedling  No.  IG.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Jacob  Rommel.  Moderate 
grower,  very  productive,  healthy;  bunch  medium;  berry  medium,  white  with  white 
bloom;  very  sweet,  pure  fla\'or,  pulplcss;  ripens  with  Concord;  fine  keeper  and  shipper. 

D'Elboux.  (Vin.  Lab.)  D'Elboitx  Seedling.  A  seedling  of  Telegraph  crossed 
with  Black  Hamburg;  from  C.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York,  in  1876.  Very  vigorous, 
productive,  hardy,  healthy;  foliage  like  Labrusca  except  smooth  underneath;  bunch 
very  large,  sometimes  slightly  shouldered,  compact,  handsome;  berries  very  large,  black 
with  blue  bloom,  oval,  persistent;  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  vinous;  skin  thick;  ripens  with 
Hartford. 

Delgoethe.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  Goethe; 
from  Munson;  possibl}^  same  as  Delago.  Noted  by  Mitzky  in  1893  as  still  under 
test. 

Delicious.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Big  Berry  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from  Munson  in 
1887,  introduced  about  1894.  Vigorous,  productive,  healthy;  stamens  upright;  bunch 
medium,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium,  round,  black  with  blue  bloom;  sprightly, 
sweet;  skin  thin,  tough ;  ripens  a  little  after  Concord. 

Delmar.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Mentioned  by  Mitzky  in  1893  as  a  seedling  of  Dela- 
ware crossed  with  Martha;  from  Munson. 

Delmerlie.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Governor  Ire- 
land; from  Munson,  in  1898.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Dempsey's  Seedlings.  P.  C.  Dempsey,  Albury,  Prince  Edward  County,  Ontario, 
a  noted  Canadian  hybridist  of  various  cultivated  plants,  has  produced  several  hybrid 
grapes  which  are  mentioned  in  grape  literature  as  follows: 

No.     4-      (Lab.   Vin.)      Medium  in  vigor. 

No.     5.     (Lab.   Vin.)      Resembles  Massasoit  in  some  respects  but  earlier. 

No.  18.     (Lab.    Vin.)     Failure. 

No.  25.      (Lab.    Vin.)      Failure. 

No.  60.     (Lab.    Vin.)      Hardy;   white,    vinous,    very    good. 

Apparently  none  of  these  were  ever  introduced.  Besides  these  he  originated  Bur- 
net.     (See  p.  443.)      Dempsey's  work  with  grapes  was  done  about  thirty  years  ago. 

Denison.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Moore  Early;  from  Munson.  Medium  in  vigor, 
unproductive,  usually  healthy;  bunch  medium  in  size  and  compactness;  berry  large, 
round,  black  with  blue  bloom,  of  Concord  flavor. 


454  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Dennis  Seedling.  (Lab.)  Found  growing  wild  on  the  bank  of  a  river  by  John 
Dennis,  Hillsborough,  New  Hampshire.  Compact  grower,  hardy,  productive;  fruit 
large,  amber-colored,  of  fine  flavor. 

Denniston.  (Lab.)  A  native  grape  found  on  an  island  in  the  Hudson  River  below 
Albany,  by  Isaac  Denniston  about  1823.  Very  vigorous,  hardy;  berry  large,  yellowish- 
red;  slight  musky  flavor. 

De  Soto.  (Rot.  Muns.)  A  seedling  of  Scuppernong  pollinated  by  Vitis  miin- 
soniana;  from  Munson  in  1896.  Stamens  reflexcd;  cluster  small;  berry  medium,  black; 
ripens  very  late. 

Detroit.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Supposed  to  be  a  Catawba  seedling;  found  in  the  garden 
of  T.  R.  Chase,  Detroit,  Michigan,  about  i860.  Vigorous,  hardy,  with  foliage  like 
Catawba;  bunch  large,  very  compact;  berry  medium,  round,  darker  than  Catawba; 
rich,  sweet,  sprightly  Catawba  flavor;  earlier  than  its  parent. 

DUler.  (Lab.)  According  to  Strong,  1866,  pulpy  and  inferior  to  Isabella  which 
it  resembles. 

Dingwall  White.  (Lab.)  Vigorous,  healthy;  bunch  short,  compact;  berry  large, 
round,  white;  quality  poor;  late. 

DinkeL  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  Catawba  seedling;  from  Munson.  Vine  and  leaf  much 
like  parent;  bunch  medium  to  large,  compact,  slightly  shouldered;  berry  medium,  round, 
deep  coppery  red  with  thick  bloom;  much  like  Catawba  in  flavor;  ripens  with  parent. 

Dixie.  (Rot.  Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parents,  San  Jacinto  crossed  with  Brilliant, 
from  Munson  in  1899.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  large,  amber-colored; 
ripens  late. 

Dr.  Bain.      (Lab.)     A  white  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Illinois. 

Dr.  Kemp.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from 
Munson;  introduced  in  1896.  Vigorous  and  productive,  subject  to  downy  mildew; 
stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  loose,  shouldered;  berry  small,  purple;  poor  quality; 
ripens  a  week  after  Concord. 

Dr.  Robinson  Seedling.  (Lab.?)  Described  by  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  in 
1888.  Productive;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  round,  black,  purple 
bloom ;  poor  quality ;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Dr.  Warder.  (Lab.)  Of  unknown  parentage;  from  Theophile  Huber,  Illinois  City, 
Illinois.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy;  cluster  medium  to  large,  compact,  often  heavily 
shouldered;  berries  large,  round,  black,  heavy  bloom;  pulp  tough,  juicy,  sprightly,  sweet; 
good ;  said  to  ripen  before  Hartford  which  it  closely  resembles. 

Doder.  Washington.  Noted  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1877 
as  a  seedling  from  a  Mr.  Doder,  Washington  County,  Iowa. 

Dog  Ridge.  (Champ.)  A  variety  of  Vilis  champini  found  by  Munson  in  Bell 
County,  Texas.  Stamens  depressed;  cluster  small;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  mid- 
season. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  455 

DoUe.  According  to  W.  F.  Bassett  in  Rural  Xcw  Yorker  for  1885,  supposed  to 
have  come  from  Germany  but  it  has  none  of  the  characters  of  Vinifera.  Vigorous; 
clusters  sometimes  loose;  berry  larger  than  Moore  Early;  of  good  quality,  persistent; 
ripens  early. 

Dorinda.  (Lab.)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Rebecca;  from  Hudson,  New  York, 
about  1858.  Bunch  medium;  berry  oval,  greenish-white,  sweet,  sprightly,  with  scarcely 
any  pulp. 

Dorr  Seedling.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  Liv- 
ingston County,  New  York.  Resembles  Delaware  in  form,  color,  and  bunch  but  the 
berries  are  larger  and  have  a  foxy  odor. 

Dry  Hill  Beauty.  Described  in  Hermann  Grape  Nursery  Catalog  for  1906  as  a  red, 
very  sweet  grape  with  medium  bunches  and  small  berries. 

Dufour.  (Line.  Aest.)  Jaeger  No.  56.  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  (No.  43)  crossed 
with  Aestivalis;  from  Hermann  Jaeger.  Resembles  Herbemont  in  quality  and  size  of 
bunch  and  hemes,  but  is  of  Catawba  color;  ripens  two  weeks  after  Norton. 

Dunlap.  (Lab.  Vin.)  One  of  Rickett's  hybrids;  probably  the  same  as  Lady 
Dunlap. 

Dunn.  (Bourq.?)  G.  Onderdonk,  of  Texas,  obtained  this  variety  from  a  Mr. 
Dunn,  of  western  Texas.  It  resembles  Herbemont  but  has  larger,  paler-colored  berries 
and  ripens  two  weeks  later. 

Duquett.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Duquett's  Seedling.  Noted  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker, 
1868,  as  a  new  variety  from  Orleans  County,  New  York.  Hardy;  berries  large,  white, 
transparent ;  of  White  Chasselas  flavor. 

Eames  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  Concord  and  Delaware; 
from  Luther  Eames,  Framingham,  Massachusetts,  about  18S7.  Bunch  large,  double- 
shouldered;  berry  large,  light  amber;  pulp  tender  with  Muscat  flavor. 

Early.  (Lab.)  A  pure  seedling  of  Pierce;  from  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa, 
California.  According  to  originator,  the  variety  is  vigorous,  productive,  and  ripens 
two  weeks  earlier  th^n  Concord;  berries  large,  black  with  lilac  bloom;  sweet  and 
meaty. 

Early  Amber.  (Lab.)  Amber.  A  native  grape  from  the  United  Society  of  Shakers, 
Harvard,  Massachusetts;  possibly  same  as  Sage.  Hardy,  productive,  healthy;  fruit 
dark  amber;  sweet,  slightly  foxy. 

Early  August.  (Lab.)  Burton's  Early  August.  A  native  seedling  from  the 
United  Society  of  Shakers,  Lebanon,  New  York.     Large;  early;  foxy. 

Early  August.  (Lab.)  A  twin  seedling  of  Pocklington,  ofifspring  of  Concord;  from 
John  Pocklington,  Sandy  Hill,  New  York.  Vigorous,  productive,  healthy,  hardy.  Concord 
foliage;  bunch  medium  to  large,  moderately  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry 
medium,  round,  greenish-yellow,  white  bloom;  translucent,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly  acid 
flavor;  ripens  before  Moore  Early. 


456  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Early  Bird.  (Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  dark  red  grape  from  Munson,  the  parentage 
being  a  Lincecumii  seedling  crossed  with  Agawam  for  one  parent,  and  Brilliant  for  the 
other. 

Early  Black.  Mentioned  in  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1853  as  an  early 
foreign  variety  wliich  always  ripens  in  Utica,  New  York.  Ten  years  later  Prince  pro- 
nounced this  Early  Black  a  worthless  Labrusca. 

Early  Black.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  J.  B.  Moore,  Concord,  Massachusetts; 
exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1880.  Bunch  and  berry 
large;   quality  similar  to  Hartford. 

Early  Black.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  a  seedling  of  Dela- 
ware; from  Jacob  Rommel.  Vigorous,  productive,  healthy;  bunch  medium,  compact, 
shouldered;  berries  medium,  black;  firm,  sweet;  ripens  with  Hartford. 

Early  Black  July.  (Rip.  Vin.?)  Described  by  Dufour  in  1826  as  a  prolific  bearer; 
bunches  small;  berries  small,  round,  black;  season  early.  Dufour  suspects  it  to  be  a 
Riparia-Vinifera  hybrid. 

Early  Black  Summer  Grape.  (Lab.?)  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830  as  an  early  Vir- 
ginia variety  with  fruit  of  large  size. 

Early  Concord.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  John  Kready,  Mt.  Joy,  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania  in  1874.  Vigorous,  hardy;  bunch  and  berries  resembling  Concord  in  size, 
color,  taste,  and  substance ;  ripens  early. 

Early  Delmonico.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  in  Rural  New  Yorker  for  1886  as  a  variety 
resembling  Brighton;  from  Wm.  E.  Green,  Vermont.  Green  states  that  the  variety 
is  very  early  and  superior  to  Vergennes  or  Brighton. 

Early  Golden.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Campbell.  A  seedling  of  Triumph;  from  Munson 
from  seed  planted  in  1883;  disseminated  as  Campbell  but  the  name  was  changed  in  1894 
to  Early  Golden  to  avoid  confusion  with  Campbell  Early.  Weak  grower,  productive; 
bunch  large,  usually  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium,  roundish,  yellowish-green, 
gray  bloom,  usually  persistent;  later  than  Catawba. 

Early  Harvest.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  United  States  Patent  Ojfice  Report  for  1855  as 
an  early  grape  grown  in  Indiana.  Fruit  larger  and  rounder  than  Isabella;  light  purple 
to  amber;  sweet,  juicy,  musky  flavor. 

Early  Hudson.  (Lab.?)  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1863  as  a  worthless  variety. 
Berries  medium,  round,  black;  early;  frequently  seedless. 

Early  June.  (Rip.?  Lab.?)  Described  by  Warder  in  1S67  as  like  Vitis  cordifolia. 
Bunch  large;  berry  large,  dark;  sweet;  very  early. 

Early  Lebanon.  Given  by  Warder  in  1867  as  from  Pennsylvania.  Bunch  medium; 
berry  medium,  blue;  good;  very  early. 

Early  Malvasia.  (Vin,?)  Noted  in  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1853 
as  a  foreign  variety  that  habitually  ripens  at  Utica,  New  York. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  457 

Early  Market.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira,  crossed  with  Bacchus;  from 
Munson,  in  1885.  Vigorous,  productive;  subject  to  mildew;  bunch  small  to  medium, 
moderately  compact;  berry  small,  round,  black;  of  fair  quality;  ripens  with  Moore  Early. 

Early  Prolific.  (Lab.)  Supposed  to  be  a  Concord  seedling.  Described  in  Mis- 
souri Horticitltiiral  Society  Report  for  1892,  as  vigorous,  very  hardy,  productive;  bunch 
large,  shouldered,  compact,  handsome;  berry  large,  black,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly, 
sweet;  very  good;  ripens  a  few  days  after  Jewel. 

Early  Purple.  (Line.)  A  Post-oak  native  grape  found  in  the  woods  near  Denison, 
Texas;  used  by  Munson  in  grape-breeding.  Described  in  his  catalog  for  igoi  as  vigor- 
ous, healthy;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters  large,  cylindrical,  shouldered;  berry  large,  purple, 
persistent;  of  fair  quality. 

Early  Vicks.  Noted  in  the  Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1886  as  a 
desirable  red  grape. 

Early  Wine.  (Line.  Rup.)  Parentage,  Jaeger  No.  70  crossed  with  a  Rupestris 
seedling;  from  Mtinson  about  1894.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  clusters  small  to  medium, 
moderately  compact;  berries  medium,  black  with  heavy  bloom;  fair  quahty. 

Ebony.  One  of  Munson's  grapes  which  was  not  introduced  on  account  of  refiexed 
stamens.  Vines  tested  at  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  proved  very  vigorous  and 
productive ;  bunch  and  berry  medium ;  black  ;  fair  quality. 

Echland.  Mentioned  in  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  Report  for  1887 
as  a  variety  of  inedium  vigor. 

Eden.  (Rot.)  Exhibited  by  Dr.  Samuel  Hape,  Hapeville,  Georgia,  before  the 
American  Pomological  Society  in  1887  as  a  new  fruit.  Very  vigorous,  productive; 
bunches  contain  from  four  to  twelve  black  berries;  good  quality;  ripens  late. 

Edmeston.  (Lab.)  Edmcston  Xo.  1.  Supposed  to  be  a  pure  Concord  seedling; 
from  D.  G.  Edmeston,  Adrian,  Michigan,  in  i8go.  Vigorous;  stamens  upright;  bunch 
medium,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium  to  large,  dark  purple  with  blue  bloom; 
pulp  moderately  tough,  juicy,  vinous,  sweet,  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Edward.  (Lab.)  From  Theophile  Huber,  Illinois  City,  Illinois.  Vigorous ;  stamens 
upright;  bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  golden  yellow;  tender, 
sweet;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Elaine.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw 
Paw,  Michigan,  about  1890.  Vigorous,  unproductive,  hardy,  healthy;  stamens  reflexed; 
bunch  long,  loose;  berry  medium,  dark  red  with  bluish-white  bloom;  juicy,  rich, 
sprightly;  very  good;  ripens  early. 

Elbling.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1859  as 
a  northern  grape  under  test  in  the  government  experimental  garden. 

Eleala.  (Lab.?  Vin.?  Bourq.?)  Described  in  the  Missouri  Horticultural  Society 
Report,  1904.  Very  vigorous;  bunch  and  berry  much  like  Concord;  white;  quality 
similar  to  Wapanuka  but  flesh  is  more  meaty. 


4S8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Electra.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Brighton  crossed  with  Delaware; 
from  Henry  B.  Spencer,  Rocky  River,  Ohio,  about  1890.  The  berries  resemble  Dela- 
ware but  the  bunches  are  larger. 

Elizabeth.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Joseph  Hart,  near  Rochester,  New  York,  about 
1845.  Productive,  medium  hardy;  bunches  large,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered; 
berries  large,  oval,  greenish-white  with  reddish  tinge  in  the  sun;  juicy,  pleasant,  brisk 
acid  flavor. 

Elkton.  (Lab.)  Described  by  Adlum  in  1828  as  an  uncommonly  large  fox  grape 
of  a  deep  purple  color. 

Ellen.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  From  Charles  Carpenter,  Kelleys  Island,  Ohio,  exhibited  as 
a  new  variety  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1862.  Berries  small, 
amber-colored;  subacid,  with  slight  Catawba  flavor. 

Elpo.  (Line.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  Lincecumii;  from  Mun- 
son.  Described  by  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station  in  1898  as  vigorous,  productive; 
bunch  long,  rather  loose,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  small,  globular,  pale  green,  not 
adherent;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  firm,  meaty,  tender,  mild  subacid,  almost  sweet,  agree- 
able ;  good ;  resembles  Elvira. 

Elsmere.  From  Texas.  Described  by  Georgia  Experiment  Station  in  igoi  as  very 
vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch  large,  moderately  compact;  berry  small, 
black;  ripens  just  after  Concord. 

Elvibach.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  Bacchus;  from  Munson. 
Vigorous  and  hardy,  very  productive;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters  medium,  sometimes 
single-shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium  to  small,  roundish,  black,  heavy  blue  bloom, 
not  adherent;  spicy,  good  in  flavor  and  quality;  skin  thin,  tender;  ripens  before  Concord. 

Elvin.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Elvira  crossed  with  Irving;  from  Munson  in 
1885.     Stamens  erect;   cluster  medium;  berry  large,  white;  ripens  mid-season. 

Emerald.  (Vin.  Bourq.  Lab.)  A  supposed  cross  of  Delaware  and  some  foreign 
variety,  possibly  Buckland  Sweetwater;  from  Dr.  William  Saunders,  Ottawa,  Canada, 
about  1886.  Vigorous,  hardy,  not  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters  small  to 
medium,  cylindrical,  usually  not  shouldered,  medium  to  compact;  berries  small, 
roundish,  jet-black  with  heavy  bloom;  juicy,  tender,  spicy,  vinous,  mildly  sweet. 

Emma.  (Lab.)  Of  unknown  parentage;  from  Theophile  Huber,  lUinois  City,  Illi- 
nois. Lacking  in  vigor;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium  to  small,  shouldered,  compact; 
berry  round,  translucent,  yellow;  rich,  sweet,  tender  pulp;  skin  very  thin,  tender. 

Enfield.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1845  as  a  select 
American  grape  grown  in  North  Carolina. 

Engle's  Seedlings.  C.  Engle,  of  Paw  Paw,  Michigan,  about  twenty-five  years  ago 
originated  Elaine,  Guinevra,  Honey,  Iris,  Metis,  Michigan,  Pulpless,  Themis,  and  Vesta. 
They  are  all  seedlings  of  Salem.  None  of  them  has  ever  been  regularly  introduced 
although  some  have  been  sent  out  for  testing. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  459 

Ensenberger's  Seedlings.  About  twenty-five  years  ago,  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  of  Bloom- 
ington,  Illinois,  originated  several  varieties  of  grapes  from  seed  of  standard  sorts.  Of 
his  varieties  which  received  names  there  are :  Herald,  Hercules,  Isabella  SeedHng,  Juno 
and  Mathilde.  None  of  them  has  apparently  been  introduced  and  none  has  qualities 
which  would  make  it  permanently  popular. 

Eolia.  (Lab.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  a  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Robert 
Linville,  Forsyth  County,  North  Carolina,  and  introduced  by  N.  W.  Craft,  Shore, 
North  Carolina.  Hardy;  bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  greenish- 
white;  tender,  sweet;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Epurill.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson  in  iSqy.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  medium;  berry  very  large,  red; 
ripens  late. 

Erickson.     (Lab.)     Pronounced  a  worthless  Labrusca  by  Prince  in  1S63. 

Essex  County  (Mass.)  Seedling.  (Lab.)  Given  in  the  American  Pomological  Society 
Report,  1862,  as  from  Thomas  C.  Thurlow;  a  variet}'  of  fox  grape;  common  all  through 
the  country. 

Estella.  (Line.  Rup.  Rip.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Jaeger  No.  7.3  crossed  with 
Rommel;  from  Munson  in  iSqg.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  medium;  berrv  medium,  white; 
ripens  late. 

Etawa.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Woodruff's  No.  1.  Described  in  the  American  Pomological 
Society  Report,  1883,  as  an  accidental  seedling  from  W.  W.  Woodruff,  Vineyard  P.  O., 
near  Griffin,  Georgia.  Vigorous,  foliage  luxuriant,  shows  Labrusca  characters;  bunch 
large;  berry  large,  round,  blue;  pulp  dissolving,  vinous;  best;  fruit  showy  and  hangs 
on  the  vines  for  two  months. 

Eudora.  (Lab.)  Noted  as  a  worthless  Labrusca  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Alonthly 
for  1863. 

Eufaula.  (Line.  Rup.  Bourq.  Lab.  Aest.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with 
Laura;  from  Munson  in  1895.  Weak  grower;  stamens  erect;  cluster  large,  loose;  berry 
small,  red;  ripens  late. 

Eugenia.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  White  Frontignan  crossed  with  Catawba; 
from  J.  T.  Clark,  of  Washington.  Said  to  have  been  raised  from  seed  of  the 
same  berry  that  produced  the  Columbia,  a  white  grape.  A  red  grape  of  good  quality; 
late. 

Eugenia.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  T.  B.  Miner.  Vigorous,  hardy; 
bunch  medium;  berry  medium,  white;  fair  quality;  ripens  early. 

EumedeL  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Eumelan  crossed  with  Delaware; 
from  Munson.  Of  medium  growth,  usually  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  sus- 
ceptible to  mildew;  stamens  upright;  clusters  medium  to  small,  shouldered,  compact; 
berries  small,  roundish,  black,  heavy  blue  bloom,  persistent;  flesh  tender,  slightly  foxy, 
sweet  to  agreeably  tart;  good.    The  vine  has  pronounced  Labrusca  characters. 


460  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Eumorely.  (Lab.  Aest.  Vin.)  Parents,  Eumclan  crossed  with  Moore  Early;  from 
Munson,  in  1887.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  early.  Dis- 
carded by  originator. 

Eva.  (Lab.)  Miller's  No.  2.  A  Concord  seedling;  from  Samuel  Miller,  Calmdale, 
Pennsylvania,  about  i860.  On  account  of  its  close  resemblance  to  its  sister  Martha,  it 
was  dropped  by  the  originator.  Medium  in  vigor,  tender;  stamens  upright;  bunch  small, 
compact;  berries  medium,  greenish-yellow,  sweet,  of  mild  flavor,  lacks  sprightliness ; 
ripens  about  with  Martha. 

Evaline.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Ideal;  from  John  Burr.  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  white  with  light 
bloom;  very  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  vinous;  skin  thin,  tough;  ripens  before 
Concord. 

Everett.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  i860,  as  a  native  grape 
under  propagation  at  the  government  experimental  garden. 

Ewing.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Ewing's  Seedling.  A  seedling  of  Isabella;  from  Jefferson 
City,  Missouri.  Husmann,  in  1869,  considered  this  variety  an  improvement  on  its  parent 
which  it  resembles. 

Exquisite.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  J.  Stayman,  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas.  Moderate  grower,  hardy,  healthy,  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact; 
berry  small,  black,  slight  bloom;  very  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  vinous;  ripens 
with  Delaware. 

Extra.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  Big  Extra.  A  seedhng  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Triumph; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  healthy,  productive;  cluster  large,  usually  shouldered,  compact; 
berry  medium  to  large,  dark  purple  or  black;  good  in  quality  in  the  South;  does  not 
mature  at  Geneva. 

Fallwicke.  An  undescribed  variety  from  Joseph  Fallwicke,  Wartburg,  Morgan 
County,  Tennessee,  about  i860. 

Fancher.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Saratoga.  Introduced  by  T.  B.  Fancher  of  Lansingburg, 
New  York,  over  fifty  years  ago.  A  seedling  of  Catawba  and  so  similar  to  it  that  many 
consider  them  identical. 

Fanny  Hoke.  A  chance  seedling  of  Aestivalis  or  Bourquiniana  reported  from  North 
CaroUna  in  1871.  Vigorous,  short -jointed;  cluster  rather  large,  not  shouldered;  berry 
medium,  black;  sweet,  sprightly. 

Farmers  Club.  A  seedling  from  David  Thompson  of  Green  Island,  near  Troy,  New 
York,  over  forty  years  ago.     A  green  grape,  undescribed. 

FarreU.  A  seedling  found  in  the  garden  of  a  Dr.  Farrell  and  introduced  by  Dr. 
Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  about  1880.  Hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  clusters 
medium,  tapering;  berries  large,  light  yellowish-green,  roundish  or  sHghtly  oblate; 
pulp  firm,  moderately  juicy,  sweet;  good;  skin  thin,  tender;  ripens  with  Concord. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  46 1 

Far  West.  (Aest.)  A  variety  of  Aestivalis;  found  by  Hermann  Jaeger  in  the  woods 
of  southwest  Missouri,  about  1870.  Vigorous,  hardy;  leaves  large;  clusters  large,  shoul- 
dered; berries  small;  skin  thin,  tough,  black  with  blue  bloom;  pulp  soft,  tender,  meaty, 
sweet  and  spicy;  seeds  few;  ripens  with  Norton. 

Feemster.     (Lab.)     Cluster  and  berry  small;  foxy  and  worthless. 

Feemster  Favorite.  (Lab.)  From  Indiana.  Hardy;  cluster  medium;  berry  large, 
green. 

Fena.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Jewel;  from  Ludwig  Hencke,  Collinsville, 
Illinois.  Similar  to  its  parent  but  more  vigorous  and  with  fruit  larger  in  bunch  and 
berry. 

Fisk.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Probably  a  seedling  of  Isabella  which  it  resembles  very  closely, 
It  was  originated  by  John  Fisk  Allen  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  about  fifty  years  ago. 

Fitchburg.  (Lab.)  Fox;  Free  Black.  A  local  New  England  variety  of  Labrusca, 
apparently  never  known  in  cultivation. 

Flickwir.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Tested  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
about   1S60  and  proved  to  be  the  same  as  Clinton. 

Flora.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  Vinifera  hybrid;  from  A.  M.  Spangler  of  Philadelphia,  about 
the  middle  of  the  last  century.  Vine  hard)'  and  productive;  cluster  small,  compact; 
berry  medium,  oval,  dark  purplish-red;  somewhat  pulpy,  juicy;  late. 

Florence.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.)  Originated  by  Marine,  about  1875.  It  is  a  probable 
cross  between  Eumelan  and  Union  Village  and  is  a  large,  handsome  grape,  resembling 
in  some  respects  the  Isabella. 

Florence.  (Lab.)  A  variety  known  for  about  thirty  years  and  which  has 
attracted  considerable  attention  on  account  of  its  extreme  earliness,  ripening  earlier 
even  than  Hartford.  Hardy,  vigorous;  bunches  small,  imperfect;  berries  medium, 
black;  resembles  Hartford  in  quality. 

Flower  of  Missouri.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling;  from  William  Poe- 
schel,  Hermann,  Missouri.     Said  to  resemble  Walter. 

Flowers.  (Rot.)  A  Rotundifolia,  the  origin  of  which  is  unknown;  introduced 
about  1850.  Vine  tender,  very  vigorous,  very  productive;  berries  large,  oval,  growing 
in  clusters  of  twelve  to  fifteen ;  blossoms  self-sterile ;  ripens  very  late ;  quality  not  as 
good  as  Scuppernong.     Probably  a  strain  of  other  than  Rotundifolia  blood  is  present. 

Fluke's  Hybrids.  Newton  K.  Fluke,  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  has  originated  a  scries  of 
hybrids  which  are  now  being  tested  but  as  yet  none  has  been  introduced. 

Foster.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Niagara;  from  John  Reichenbach,  Columbus, 
Ohio.     A  white  grape  said  by  the  originator  to  be  of  high  quality. 

Fox.  This  name  has  been  applied  to  man}^  varieties  of  Labrusca  and  Rotundifolia. 
It  does  not  indicate  any  particular  variety. 

Framingham.  (Lab.)  Resembles  Hartford  so  closely  that  they  can  hardly  be 
distinguished.    It  was  raised  by  J.  G.  Morneberg,  Saxonville,  Massachusetts,  about  1850. 


462  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Frances  E.  Willard.  (Lab.?  Bourq.?  Vin.)  A  seedling  noted  in  the  Rural  New 
Yorker  for  1894.    Said  to  resemble  Delaware  but  with  a  thicker  skin. 

Franklin.  French  grape.  A  wild  grape  found  at  least  sixty  years  ago  on  an  island 
in  French  Creek,  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania.  It  resembles  Clinton  very  closely 
but  the  wood  is  of  lighter  color,  the  fruit  sweeter,  and  it  matures  earlier. 

Fredonia.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Scth  Avery  of  Fredonia,  New  York.  Vigorous,  hardy, 
productive;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent;  leaves  of  the  Labrusca  type; 
clusters  medium,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  medium,  oval,  light  green  with  gray 
bloom,  some  small,  dark-colored  dots;  sweet;  good. 

Fritz.  A  seedUng  of  Roenbeck;  raised  by  F.  Roenbeck,  of  Bergen  Point,  New  Jersey. 
Vigorous;  cluster  large,  compact;  berry  white;  skin  thin,  tough;  juicy;  ripens  with 
Concord. 

Frost.  A  class  name  commonly  applied  in  America  to  varieties  of  Cordifolia  though 
sometimes  to  those  of  Riparia. 

Gallup  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Probably  a  seedling  of  Salem;  from  Adams  Basin, 
New  York.  Resembles  Salem;  berries  a  little  larger;  quality  good;  excellent  keeper; 
ripens  with  Concord. 

Garber.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  J.  B.  Garber,  Columbia,  Pennsylvania.  Vigorous, 
hardy,  very  productive;  bunch  below  medium,  compact;  berries  medium,  black,  with 
very  dark  juice;  fair  quality;  ripens  early. 

Garber  Red  Fox.  (Lab.  Vin.  ?)  Produced  by  J.  B.  Garber,  of  Pennsylvania,  from 
the  same  lot  of  seed  as  Albino.  Fruit  resembles  the  wild  red  Labrusca,  except  that  it 
ripens  later  and  is  sweeter. 

Garfield.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Missouri  Riesling,  from  John  Reichenbach, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  about  1902.    Vigorous;  berries  large,  green;  rich  and  sweet. 

Garnet.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Red  Frontignan  and  Clinton;  from  Dr. 
A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester,  South  Carolina.  Bunch  and  berries  larger  than  Clinton;  deep 
garnet  color;  flavor  and  texture  that  of  a  Vinifera  but  foliage  that  of  Clinton. 

Garrigues.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Probably  a  seedHng  of  Isabella;  from  Edward  G. 
Kingsessing,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Resembles  Isabella  but  is  a  few  days 
earlier. 

Gassman.  (Aest.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report 
for  1869  as  a  variety  of  Aestivalis. 

Ganger.  Described  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1901  as  vigorous 
and  healthv,  but  too  poor  in  flavor  to  be  desirable. 

Gazelle.  A  seedling  from  J.  H.  Ricketts.  Vigorous,  healthy  and  productive ,  bunches 
medium,  compact;  berry  small,  greenish-white;  sprightly,  sweet,  pleasant. 

General  Pope.  (Aest.)  A  seedling  from  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  about 
1880.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  bunch  and  berries  smaller  than 
those  of  Concord;  without  foxiness. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  463 

Genesee.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  lona;  from  near 
Rochester,  New  York,  about  1880.  Vigorous,  productive,  healthy;  bunch  large,  com- 
pact; berries  large,  red;  high  quality. 

Gerbig  No.  2.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Eumelan,  open  to  cross  fertiliza- 
tion; from  A.  V.  Gerbig,  Archbald,  Pennsylvania,  about  1890. 

Gerbig  No.  10.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Gerbig  No.  2,  open  to  cross  fer- 
tilization; from  A.  V.  Gerbig,  about  1892.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  cluster  small, 
compact;  berry  medium,  slightly  oval,  yellowish-green;  juicy,  slightly  meaty,  sweet, 
mild;  good. 

German  Seedling.  (Rip.)  Noted  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  .Society  Report,  187 1, 
as  much  like  Clinton  but  not  as  productive. 

Giant.  (Rup.)  A  wild  male  Rupestris;  found  by  Munson  in  Missouri.  It  is  now 
discarded  by  him. 

Gibb.  (Rip.)  From  Magloire  Dery,  St.  Hilaire,  Canada.  Slow  in  growth,  hardy; 
bunch  small,  loose,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  small,  black  with  heav}'  bloom;  melt- 
ing, juicy:  good. 

Gilbert's  White  Shonga.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Floy-Lindley,  1833,  this  is  a 
wild  grape  found  by  Garret  Gilbert  on  the  Shonga  Mountains,  New  York,  in  1825.  Simi- 
lar to  Isabella  in  habits ;  bunch  and  berries  resemble  Isabella  in  size  and  shape ;  white 
with  purple  tinge  on  sunny  side;  sweet;  good. 

Gill  Wylie.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  in  the  Bushbcrg  Catalogue,  1883,  as  a  new  grape 
from  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester,  South  Carolina.  Foliage  healthy,  of  Labrttsca  type; 
bunch  large,  loose,  shouldered;  berry  large,  oblong;  texture  soft,  rich;  ripens  with 
Concord. 

Gilt  Edge.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  Dr.  L.  C.  Chisholm. 
Medium  in  vigor,  shy  bearer;  stamens  upright;  bunch  small,  compact;  berries  small, 
yellowish-green;  subacid,  delicate  flavor;  ripens  a  few  days  later  than  its  parent. 

Gold  Dust.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Munsoii  No.  22.  A  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed 
with  Delaware;  from  Munson,  about  1880.  Vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright; 
clusters  medium  to  above,  usually  shouldered,  loose;  berries  medium,  roundish,  yellowish- 
green  with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  with  tendency  to  shrivel  before  ripening;  juicy, 
foxy,  mild;  fair  in  quality. 

Golden  Beauty.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Perkins;  from  J.  B.  Miller,  Anna,  Illinois. 
Bunches  short ;  berries  medium ;  sweet ;  good ;  long  keeper. 

Golden  Berry.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Culbert  No.  5.  A  white  seedling  of  Hartford  and 
General  Marmora;  from  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  New  York;  exhibited  as  a 
new  fruit  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1877;  hardy  and  a  free  bearer. 

Golden  Clinton.  (Rip.)  King.  A  chance  seedling,  probably  of  Clinton,  found  in 
a  garden  in  Rochester;  fruited  in  1857;  introduced  by  WiUiam  King.  Apparently  the 
same  as  Clinton  except  that  it  is  less  productive  and  the  berries  are  greenish-white. 


464  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Golden  Concord.  (Lab.)  Valle's  White  Concord.  A  white  seedling  of  Concord; 
from  John  Valle,  New  Haven,  Missouri.     Reported  as  inferior  to  Martha. 

Golden  Drop.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Adirondac  crossed  with  Delaware, 
from  C.  G.  Pringle,  Vermont,  in  1869.  Medium  in  vigor,  shy  bearer;  stamens  upright; 
clusters  small,  loose;  berries  small,  roundish,  greenish-yellow,  persistent;  firm,  juicy; 
tender,  sweet,  mild;  good. 

Golden  Gem.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  lona;  from 
J.  H.  Ricketts;  first  exhibited  before  American  Pomological  Society  in  1881.  Vigorous, 
hardy,  productive;  clusters  small,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  small,  roundish,  golden 
yellow,  thin  bloom;  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  very  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Golden  Grain.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed  with  Delaware; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  doubtfully  hardy,  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters 
medium,  frequently  shouldered,  compact;  berries  small,  oval,  light  green,  thin  bloom, 
inclined  to  drop  and  to  shrivel;  moderately  juicy,  foxy,  sweet;  fair  quality. 

Goldstein.  (Lab.)  Goldstein's  Early.  From  Mississippi,  about  1897;  similar  to 
Champion.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters  medium,  shouldered, 
compact;  berries  large,  rovmd,  black;  poor  quality;  ripens  early. 

Good  Adle.  (Vin.?)  Noted  in  the  Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1872 
as  a  fine  white  German  grape;  exhibited  by  a  Mrs.  Curtis,  Milwaukee. 

Goodman.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863  as  a  worthless 
Labrusca. 

Governor  Ireland.  (Lab.)  A  pure  seedling  of  Moore  Early;  from  Munson.  Lacks 
vigor,  medium  in  productiveness;  bunch  large,  loose;  berry  large,  globular,  black  with 
whitish  bloom;  resembles  Concord  but  is  much  coarser;  subject  to  rot. 

Governor  Ross.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Triumph;  from  Munson  and  introduced 
in  1894.  Weak  to  medium  in  growth,  not  productive;  stamens  upright;  nearly  self- 
sterile;  bunch  large,  oblong,  compact;  berries  large,  oval;  sprightly,  sweet;  good;  rots 
badly. 

Graham.  An  accidental  seedling,  supposed  to  have  been  a  cross  of  Bland  and 
Elsinburgh;  from  W.  Graham  of  Philadelphia,  about  1850.  Cluster  of  medium  size, 
shouldered,  not  compact;  berry  large,  round,  purple;  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  very  good. 

Gravel.  Received  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1863  for 
testing. 

Grayson.  (Lab.)  Seedling  of  Moore  Early;  raised  by  Munson.  A  black,  large- 
berried  variety  with  clusters  medium  to  large;  moderately  vigorous  and  productive; 
flavor  sweet  but  lacks  character;  good. 

Gray's  Seedlings.  A  number  of  seedlings  of  Concord  were  raised  by  W.  C.  Gray  of 
Atwood,    Illinois,   about    1890.      None  attained  prominence. 

Green  Castle.  (Lab.)  A  large-clustered,  large-berried  black  seedling  of  Concord; 
from  D.  S.  Mar^^n. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  465 

Green  Ulster.  (Lab.)  A  light  green  seedling  of  Concord;  from  J.  B.  Moore,  of 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  about  1870. 

Greer.  (Doan.)  A  wild  male  vine  of  Vitis  doaiiiaiia  found  by  Munson  in  Greer 
County,  Oklahoma. 

Grein  Extra  Early.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Grcin  No.  7.  A  yellowish-green  seedling  of  Taylor; 
from  Nicholas  Grein.  Vigorous,  productive;  bunch  medium;  berry  small  with  speck  at 
distal  end;  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Grein's  Seedlings.  Nicholas  Grein,  of  Hermann,  Missouri,  over  thirty  years  ago 
planted  a  number  of  seeds  of  the  European  Riesling,  and  also  seeds  of  Taylor.  He  stated 
that  the  Taylor  seedlings  failed  to  germinate  but  that  the  European  Riesling  seeds  germ- 
inated and  of  the  resulting  seedlings  Missouri  Riesling,  Grein  Golden  and  Grein  Extra 
Early  were  named  and  introduced.  As  they  are  all  of  the  Riparia  type,  very  similar  to 
Taylor,  and  show  no  trace  of  Vinifera,  it  has  always  been  supposed  that  Grein  had  his 
seeds  confused  and  that  it  was  the  European  Riesling  that  failed  to  genninate,  Taylor 
being  the  real  parent  of  these  varieties. 

Grevaduly.  A  Massachusetts  seedling  of  over  fifty  years  ago,  mentioned  in  the 
United  States  Patent  Office  Report  of  1859. 

Greverson.  A  seedling  received  by  tlie  United  States  Department  of  iVgriculture 
over  fifty  years  ago. 

Grote.  (Rip.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  riparia  secured  by  Munson  from  Mauston, 
Wisconsin.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early. 

Grove.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  cross  of  Clinton  with  Concord.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive; 
cluster  and  berry  of  medium  size  and  of  pale  green  to  amber  color;  flesh  tender,  sweet 
and  spic)';  ripens  shortly  after  Concord. 

Guesta.  A  variety  mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  i860  as 
being  blue;  sweet,  slightly  pulpy,  of  agreeable  flavor. 

Guignard.  Black  Guignard.  Origin  unknown  but  at  one  time  raised  by  Longworth, 
of  Ohio.     Vigorous,  productive;  small,  brown  berries;  high  quality. 

Guinevra.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  C.  Engle,  of  Paw  Paw,  Michigan;  a  seedling  of 
Salem.  Hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  clusters  large,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact; 
berry  large,  yellowish-green;  very  late. 

Gula.  (Line.  Lab.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with  Beacon;  from  Munson 
in  1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Gulch.  (Line.  Rup.)  Parents,  Jaeger  No.  70  crossed  with  a  seedling  Rupestris; 
from  Munson  in  1888.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late; 
now  discarded  by  the  originator. 

Hadden  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  a  Mr.  Hadden,  of  Pulteney,  New  York,  about 
1S90.  Vigorous;  cluster  small,  compact;  berries  red  with  a  peculiarly  wrinkled  skin; 
pleasant,  sweet,  Muscat  flavor. 

3° 


466  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Hagar.  Noted  in  the  Illiiwis  HorticuUural  Society  Report,  1893,  as  one  of  the  varie- 
ties exhibited  at  the  World's  Fair. 

Halifax.  (Lab.)  Weller's  Halifax.  Noted  by  Sidney  Weller,  Brinkleyville,  Halifax 
County,  North  Carolina,  in   United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1845,  as  a  native  grape. 

Halifax  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Halifax  by  a  Vinifera;  from  Sidney 
Weller,  about  1840.  Fruit  like  Catawba  but  sweeter.  Used  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie  in  the 
production  of  new  varieties. 

Hall.  A  seedling  from  David  Hall,  Urbana,  Ohio;  first  mentioned  in  1858.  Berries 
larger  and  better  flavored  than  Clinton,  but  not  equal  to  Isabella;  nearly  black;  ripens 
earlier  than  Isabella. 

Hall.  (Lab.)  From  a  Mr.  Hall,  Michigan;  received  at  the  Michigan  Experiment 
Station  in  1893.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  bunches  below  medium,  cylindrical,  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berries  above  medium,  round,  black;  ripens  with  Early  Victor. 

Hamilton.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Mills;  from  a  Mr.  Gardner,  of  Rochester, 
New  York.  Less  vigorous  than  parent;  bunches  large,  shouldered,  compact,  attractive; 
berries  adherent;  pulp  tougher  than  Mills  and  the  flavor  is  inferior;  keeps  well. 

Hamill  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Tested  by  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  about  i860  and  proved  to  be  so  near  like  Isabella  that  the  two  could  not 
be  distinguished. 

Hardy  Chasselas.  (Vin.  Lab.)  From  a  cross  between  Diana  and  Royal  Muscadine; 
from  Jacob  Moore;  exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  1865. 
Hardy,  with  Vinifera  foliage;  juicy;  good. 

Harmer.  (Lab.  Rip.)  A  cross  between  Vitis  labrnsca  and  Vitis  riparia,  found  in 
Hartford  County,  Connecticut,  by  D.  Alderton,  Marlboro,  New  York.  Very  vigorous, 
healthy,  hardy,  medium  in  productiveness;  bunch  small,  compact;  berries  black  with 
hard  pulp;  sweet,  spicy;  late. 

Harmer  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  in  the  American  Horticultural  Annual  for 
1870  as  a  native  red  grape  with  a  small  Catawba-like  berry  having  hard  pulp. 

Harrell.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling;  from  Obed  Harrell,  Chrisman,  Illinois,  about 
1890.  Vigorous,  productive;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  white,  round; 
very  sweet. 

Harriet  Beecher.  From  William  M.  Marine.  Bunch  small;  berry  large,  round,  dark 
red;  pulp  soft;  skin  thick;  good. 

Harris.  (Bourq,?)  Old  House  Grape.  Found  growing  near  a  deserted  house  by 
a  Mr.  Harris  of  Milledgeville,  Georgia.  Described  in  Horticulturist  for  1857  as  vigorous; 
clusters  medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  small  to  medium,  round,  black  with  blue 
bloom;  a  little  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  agreeable;  very  good. 

Harrison.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  ;  from  Isaac  Staples,  Dayton,  Ohio.  Thrifty 
as  Concord,  hardy;  foliage  thick,  healthy;  bunch  large,  compact;  berries  medium,  red, 
pure  flavor;  ripens  with  Concord. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  467 

Harrison.  (Lab.)  T.  T.  Lyon,  in  the  Michigan  Horticultural  Society  Report  for 
1881,  thinks  this  is  Woodruff's  No.  2.  A  black  grape  of  the  character  of  Concord,  but 
larger  in  both  berry  and  bunch  and  a  week  earhcr. 

Harvard  Seedling.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for 
1853  as  a  native  seedling  raised  at  Harvard,  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts;  may  be 
synonymous  with  Northern  Muscadine. 

Harwood.  (Bourq.)  Improved  Warren;  Sacks  of  Wine.  From  Major  Harvvood, 
Gonzales,  Texas;  noted  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1881.  Like 
Herbemont  but  not  as  vigorous  and  the  fruit  is  about  twice  as  large,  lighter  purple,  and 
ripens  four  or  five  days  earlier. 

Haskell's  Seedlings.  George  Haskell,  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  was  one  of  the 
early  and  persistent  grape-breeders  of  the  last  century.  His  efforts  were  similar  to  those 
of  Rogers  in  that  he  produced  direct  hybrids  of  Vinifera  with  early  ripening  selected 
Labruscas.  He  used  several  varieties  of  both  parent  species  and  produced  several 
thousand  seedlings.  Experts  to  whom  samples  were  sent  aiiirmed  that  their  quality  was 
of  the  best.  A  few  were  sent  out  for  testing  but  the  most  of  them  were  destroyed  as  Mr. 
Haskell  did  not  think  that  any  of  the  offers  would  recompense  him  for  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction. Those  sent  out  were  highly  commended  at  first  but  soon  dropped  from  sight. 
The  only  named  variety  of  his  is  Ruby. 

Haskew.  Noted  in  the  American  Horticidtiiral  Annual  for  1S71  as  a  native  grape 
from  W.  B.   Kelly,  Abingdon,  Virginia. 

Hattie.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Michigan  or  Catawba;  from  N.  R.  Haskell, 
Monroe,  Michigan;  fruited  in  1861.  Leaves  similar  to  Catawba  but  smaller;  bunch 
medium,  loose ;  berries  medium,  slightly  oval,  red  with  white  bloom ;  little  pulp,  pleasantly 
vinous ;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Hattie.  (Lab.)  Given  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  a  chance  seedling  from  J.  A.  Putnam, 
Fredonia,  New  York.  Productive;  bunch  short,  compact;  berries  medium,  black;  very 
sweet,  flavor  similar  to  Aminia;  ripens  with  Moore  Early. 

Hattie.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Mitzky,  in  1893,  as  a  supposed  seedHng  of  Concord; 
from  Benjamin  Stratton,  Richmond,  Indiana;  nearly  identical  with  Concord.  Probably 
the  same  variety  that  Bush  mentions  as  being  introduced  by  E.  Y.  Teas,  of  Richmond. 

Hatton.  (Lab.  Rip.)  A  cross  between  Faith  and  Ives;  from  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg, 
Lincoln,  Illinois.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  very  productive;  foliage  resembles  Faith, 
and  fruit.  Telegraph;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  black;  vinous;  ripens  a 
little  after  Concord ;  a  better  keeper. 

Hattus.  (Lab.  Vin.  ?)  Noted  by  Mead  in  1867  as  perhaps  the  same  as  Hattie.  Said 
to  be  a  seedling  of  Catawba,  but  of  smaller  size  and  quite  acid;  of  claret  color. 

Hawkins  No.  3.  From  William  Hawkins,  Hamilton,  Ontario.  Exhibited  as  a 
new  grape  at  the  American  Pomological  Society  meeting  in  1879.  Described  as  hardy; 
bunch  and  berry  large;  white;  vinous,  high  flavored;  best. 


468  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Hawkins  No.  10.  From  same  grower  as  above  and  exhibited  at  the  same  time  and 
place.     Hardy;  bunch  and  berry  small;  white;  sweet,  very  good;  skin  tough. 

Hearthenge.  Listed  with  varieties  of  grapes  under  test  by  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  1863. 

Helen.  Noted  by  Buchanan  as  a  grape  grown  and  exhibited  by  N.  Longworth  in 
1846. 

Helen  Keller.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.?)  Said  to  be  an  accidental  seedling  from  James 
Nicholson;  sent  out  in  1895  by  P.  R.  De  Muth,  Connellsville,  Pennsylvania.  Very 
vigorous,  hardy,  usually  productive;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters  medium,  usually  shoul- 
dered, loose;  berries  large,  roundish,  dark  dull  red  with  lilac  bloom,  persistent;  juicy, 
tender,  vinous,  good;  skin  thick,  rather  tender,  inclined  to  crack.  Resembles  Salem  in 
appearance;  worthy  of  further  trial. 

Helpfer.  (Lab.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  from  Theophile  Huber,  Illinois  City, 
Illinois.     Medium  in  vigor  and  hardiness;  bunch  and  berries  medium,  white;  good. 

Henrico.  Noted  by  Prince  in  his  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  1830,  as  a  native  grape  found 
in  Henrico  County,  Virginia.  Berries  size  of  Bland;  clusters  half  the  size;  pale  blue  or 
purplish ;  sweet,  agreeable. 

Henry.  (Lab.)  From  Theophile  Huber.  Described  by  Mitzk)-  in  1893;  bunch 
size  of  Concord;  berry  large,  round,  white;  juicy,  sweet,  foxy;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Henshaw.  A  native  grape  from  Martinsburg,  Virginia.  Described  in  United 
States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1859  as  purple  and  of  medium  size. 

Herald.  (Lab.)  Received  from  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  Bloomington,  Illinois,  in  1889. 
Vigorous,  productive;  foliage  good;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry 
large,  poor  in  quality;  ripens  early. 

Herbemont  Seedling.  (Bourq.)  Noted  by  Warder  in  1867  as  from  Ohio;  like  its 
parent;   very  good;  promising  for  wine. 

Hero.  (Lab.)  A  bud  variation  of  Concord;  introduced  by  Ludwig  Hencke,  Col- 
linsville,  Illinois;  exhibited  at  World's  Fair  in  1893.  Moderate  in  growth;  apt  to  over- 
bear; foliage  healthy;  bunch  large,  showy;  berry  very  large,  black;  in  flavor  similar  to 
Concord. 

Hertia.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan;  brought  to  notice 
in  1890.  Bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  large,  round,  purple;  juicy,  sweet,  slightly 
foxy ;  good ;  mid-season. 

Hettie.  Husmann  in  the  Grape  Cidturist  for  1869  describes  this  variety  as  much 
like  Isabella,  but  not  better.  This  may  be  the  grape  which  Downing  in  1869  describes 
as  "  bunch  small;  berry  black;  flesh  somewhat  pulpy;  a  poor  grower  and  bearer;  ripens 
early." 

Heunis.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  W.  W.  Jones,  Douglas 
County,  Illinois,  about  1870.  Hardy,  productive;  bunch  resembles  Clinton  in  shape; 
berry  medium,  white;  good. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  469 

Hexamer.  (Line.  Lab.  Yin.)  Dr.  Hexanicr.  A  seedling  of  a  wild  Post-oak 
crossed  with  Triumjih;  from  JMunson,  introduced  in  1893.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive, 
similar  to  America  in  foliage  and  fruit  characters ;  tendrils  intermittent ;  stamens  reflexed ; 
clusters  medium,  often  shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  medium  to  below, 
slightly  oblate,  black  with  heavy  bloom,  persistent;  tender,  spicy,  nearly  sweet,  with 
Post-oak  flavor. 

Hiawasse.     Discarded  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1863. 

Hine.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Hine  Seedling.  Raised  by  Jason  Brown  (son  of  the  patriot, 
John  Brown),  at  Put-in-Bay,  Ohio,  in  1851,  from  seed  of  Catawba  and  Isabella  grapes 
growing  close  together.  Hardy,  producti\-e;  bunch  and  bciTV  much  like  Catawba  in 
size  and  form,  but  darker;  tender,  sprightly,  sweet,  rich;  ripens  earlier  than 
Catawba. 

Hock.  (Bourq.  Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Herbemont  crossed  with  Norton;  from 
Munson  about  1890. 

Hofer  Seedling  A'o.  ~.  (Lab.)  A  volunteer  grape  from  the  Concord  vineyard  of 
A.  F.  Hofer,  Iowa,  in  1876.  Described  as  an  improved  Concord;  berries  larger  and  the 
clusters  more  compact ;  ripens  with  Worden. 

Holmes.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  believed  to  be  a  cross  between  a  variety 
of  the  Herbemont  group  and  a  Labrusca;  from  Galveston,  Texas.  Onderdonk  states 
that  it  combines,  in  its  growth  and  apperance,  both  Aestivalis  and  Labrusca  blood. 
Very  productive ;  fruit  about  the  size  and  color  of  Lindley. 

Honey.  Given  in  Prince's  Treatise  on  the  Vine  as  a  native  variety,  grown  near 
Philadelphia  about  1827.  Leaves  deeply  five-lobed,  indentures  irregular,  under  surface 
covered  with  down;  clusters  medium,  compact;  sweet. 

Honey.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan, 
about  1890.  Vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered; 
berry  medium  to  large,  white,  almost  translucent;  of  honeyed  sweetness;  ripens  with 
Worden. 

Honey  Dew.  (Lab.)  Yonkcr's  Honey  Dew;  Yonngken's  Honey  Dew;  Ynnker's 
Honey  Deiu.  A  seedling  of  Concord  which  was  thought  to  have  been  fertilized  by  Dela- 
ware; from  David  Youngken,  Richlandtown,  Pennsylvania.  Lacks  vigor;  fairly  pro- 
ductive, foliage  healthy;  bunch  medium,  long,  compact;  berry^  large,  round,  black  with 
blue  bloom;  pulpy,  verj'  foxy,  sweet;  ripens  after  Hartford. 

Hooker.  Given  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for  1869  as 
a  Labrusca. 

Hopeon.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.?)  A  seedling  of  Big  Hope  crossed  with  Carman; 
from  Munson  in  1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  white;  ripens  late. 

Hopherbe.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from 
Munson.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch  large,  very  compact; 
berry  medium,  of  dark  copper  color;  quality  fair;  ripens  late. 


47°  THE    GRAPES    OF    XEW    YORK. 

Hopican.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.  Rip.)  A  seedling  of  Eumelan  fertilized  by  Elvira; 
from  D.  S.  ]\Iarvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  about  1S89.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy, 
productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berries 
medium,  roundish,  unattractive  yellowish-green,  persistent,  moderately  juicy,  tender; 
fair  in  quality;  skin  thin,  adheres  to  pulp;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Hopkins.  (Line.  Acst.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Cynthiana; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness,  susceptible  to 
mildew;  stamens  upright;  clusters  small,  frequently  shouldered,  very  compact;  berries 
small,  oblate,  black  with  heavy  bloom,  persistent;  soft,  juicy,  tough,  spicy,  vinous;  fair 
in  flavor;  ripens  after  Catawba. 

Horner.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Joel  Horner,  Delair,  New  Jersey; 
received  at  this  Station  in  1894.  Moderately  vigorous;  bunch  large;  berries  small,  round, 
black  with  blue  bloom;  sweet,  slightly  foxy;  skin  thick,  tough;  ripens  early. 

Hoskins  Seedling.  A  seedling  which  came  up  between  an  Alvey  and  a  Delaware ; 
from  A.  Hoskins,  Toronto,  Ontario,  in  1886.  Bunches  large,  compact;  berries  similar 
to  Clinton  in  size  and  color  but  inferior  in  quality;  ripens  unevenly  and  late. 

Howell.  From  Edward  Tatnall,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  about  i860.  Bunch 
large;  berries  medium,  black;  pulp  firm;  skin  thick;  good;  ripens  early. 

Hubbard  Seedless.  (Lab.)  Grown  by  the  T.  S.  Hubbard  Company,  Fredonia, 
New  York,  but  has  not  been  disseminated.  Vigorous,  very  hardy,  somewhat  unpro- 
ductive, of  Labrusca  type;  equality  equal  to  Delaware;  berries  the  size  of  Delaware  but 
darker  in  color. 

Huber.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Taylor;  from  Jacob  Rommel,  Morrison,  Mis- 
souri.    Vigorous,  healthy;  bunch  smaller  than  Concord;  color  of  Catawba;  late. 

Huber's  Seedlings.  Theophile  Huber  of  Illinois  City,  Illinois,  something  over  twenty 
years  ago  originated  a  large  number  of  seedlings  which  he  sent  out  for  testing.  He 
writes  that,  with  the  exception  of  Huber  No.  12,  which  is  from  Hartford,  his  seedlings 
are  from  mixed  seed  of  Concord,  Clinton,  Marion,  Rebecca,  Isabella,  Delaware,  Catawba 
and  Creveling.  Of  his  named  sorts  there  are:  Albert,  Alphonse,  Bertha,  Braendly, 
Doctor  Warder,  Edward,  Emma,  Illinois  City,  Marguerite,  Marie  Louise,  and  Theophile. 
Most  of  Huber's  grapes  were  named  before  disseminating  but  a  few,  as  follows,  have 
gone  out  with  numbers. 

No.  11.  As  tested  by  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station,  weak,  unproductive; 
stamens  upright;  bunch  small,  loose;  berries  large,  black;  poor  quality;  ripens  between 
Concord  and  Catawba. 

No.  12.  Described  by  Illinois  Experiment  Station  as  very  vigorous,  healthy, 
promising;  bunch  medium,  oblong,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berry  small  to 
large,  round,  black  with  heavy  bloom;  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  very  rich;  skin  tender;  about 
a  week  later  than  Concord. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  471 

No.  13.  Described  by  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station  as  weak;  stamens  upright; 
bunch  small,  compact;  berry  medium,  coppery  in  color;  ripens  late. 

Hudson.  (Lab.)  Given  by  Downing  in  1857  as  from  Mr.  Calkins,  Hudson,  New 
York.  Growth  similar  to  Isabella;  two  or  three  weeks  earlier;  bunch  and  berry  much 
the  same,  but  less  sprightly  and  not  quite  so  rich. 

Hudson.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Rebecca;  from  A.  J.  Caywood,  Marlboro, 
New  York,  about  1870.  According  to  Caywood  and  several  prominent  horticulturists, 
this  variety  is  identical  with  Prentiss.  Caywood  says  he  refrained  from  introducing 
this  grape  on  the  advice  of  several  grape  experts  but  sent  it  out  for  testing  to  several 
persons  amongst  whom  was  J.  W.  Prentiss,  introducer  of  the  Prentiss. 

Hulkerson's  Seedlings.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Twenty-one  seedlings  from  a  single  bunch 
of  Wilder,  from  W.  G.  Hulkerson  and  Company,  Oriel,  Michigan,  were  shown  before 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1879.  None  was  better  than  the  parent,  but  all 
were  interesting  as  they  showed  much  variation  in  size  of  berries  and  in  color,  the  latter 
ranging  from  black  to  red. 

Humboldt.  (Rip.  Bourq.?)  A  seedling  of  Louisiana,  probably  crossed  with 
Riparia;  from  Frederick  Muench,  Marthasville,  Warren  County,  Missouri.  Vigorous 
vine  of  Riparia  character,  hardy,  healthy;  stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  sometimes 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  oblate,  dull  golden  green  with  thick  bloom,  amber 
when  fully  ripe;  sweet,  of  Elvira  flavor;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Hunterville.  Mentioned  by  Sidney  Weller,  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report 
for  1845,  as  a  native  variety,  subject  to  rot,  grown  in  North  Carolina. 

Huntingdon.  (Rip.)  Australian.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  subject  to  mil- 
dew; resembles  Clinton;  bunch  small,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  small,  round,  black; 
juicy,  vinous;  drops  badly;  ripens  unevenly. 

Husmann.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Armlong  crossed  with  Perry;  from 
Munson,  introduced  in  iqoo.  Vigorous,  prolific,  subject  to  mildew;  clusters  very  large, 
long,  cylindrical,  compact;  berries  medium,  globular,  black,  with  tendency  to  drop; 
juicy,  tender,  more  vinous  than  Black  Eagle  but  less  sweet;  skin  thin,  tough;  ripens 
with  Herbemont. 

Hutchinson.  (Long.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  longii;  secured  from  Hutchinson 
County,  Texas,  by  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Hutporup.  (Long.  Line.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  Hutchinson  fertilized  by  Porup; 
from  Munson.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early. 

Hyde  Black.  (Lab.)  Given  in  Prince's  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  1830,  as  a  native 
variety  found  on  the  farm  of  Wilkes  Hyde,  near  Catskill,  New  York.  Very  vigorous 
and  productive;  berries  medium,  black;  juicy,  tender,  rather  astringent,  foxy. 

Hyde  Eliza.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  from  Wilkes  Hyde,  about  1828.  This  variety 
so  closely  resembles  York  Madeira  that  it  has  caused  much  confusion.     Charles  Downing 


472  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

in  the  Horticulturist  for  i860  says  that  it  is  more  vigorous;  bunch  and  berry  larger, 
somewhat  like  the  Isabella,  but  a  week  or  two  earlier. 

Icterida.  (Aest.  Lab.  Line.  Bourq.)  A  cross  of  Gold  Coin  with  Bull;  from  Munson, 
about  1899.  Vigorous,  healthy;  cluster  medium,  well-formed;  hercy  large,  light  yellow, 
persistent;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  of  medium  tenderness,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  ripens  about 
with  Gold  Coin. 

Ida.  (Lab.)  A  white  seedling  prodiiced  by  T.  B.  ]\Iincr,  from  seed  of  Concord. 
Vigorous,  hardy  but  not  productive;  cluster  large;  berry  large  and  of  light  green  color; 
late. 

Iden.  Lake.  Noted  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1858  as 
worthless. 

Illinois  City.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Theophile  Huber,  about  thirty 
years  ago.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  unproductive;  cluster  small;  berries  medium, 
dull  yellowish-green;  skin  thin  and  tender;  foxy,  mild,  sweet;  good.  The  flowers  are 
sterile  and  the  fruit  ripens  with  Concord. 

Illinois  Early.  From  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  Bloomington,  Illinois,  about  1897. 
Vigorous;  clusters  small;  berries  medium,  black;  ripens  a  few  days  later  than  Moore 
Early. 

Illinois  Prolific.     Noted  as  worthless  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863. 

Improved  Purple  Fox.  (Lab.)  Buchanan  mentions  this  variety  as  having  been 
raised  and  exhibited  by  Longworth  in  1846. 

Indiana.  Mentioned  by  Buchanan  in  1852  as  having  been  tested  b}'  Warder  in  1846 
and  found  worthless. 

Indian  Field.     A  staminate  vine  mentioned  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863. 

International.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Marion  fertilized  by  White 
Frontignan;  from  N.  B.  White,  Norwood,  Massachusetts,  about  1888.  Vigorous,  not 
always  hardy,  very  productive;  clusters  large;  berries  large,  light  red;  flavor  resembles 
Delaware  but  with  an  Aestivalis  taste;  very  good. 

lola.  (Rip.)  Originated  by  John  Burr.  Described  by  Stayman:  "  bunch  medium, 
compact;  berry  medium,  white;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  rich, 
sweet,  best;  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive,  free  from  rot  and  mildew;  ripe 
before  Concord.     *     *     *     of  the  Riparia  class." 

Iowa.     Mentioned  about  forty  years  ago  as  being  of  very  high  quality. 

Iowa  Excelsior.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Originated  by  Professor  Mathews,  of  Iowa,  about 
1880.     Clusters  medium;  berries  large,  red;  high  quality;  ripens  early;  self-sterile. 

Iris.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  one  of  Rogers'  hybrids;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw, 
Michigan,  about  1888.  Vigorous;  cluster  large,  long,  compact;  berry  large,  round,  dark 
amber,  thin  bluish  bloom;  skin  thin;  pulp  tough,  slightly  astringent,  sweet,  vinous,  foxy; 
good. 

Irvin  October.      (Rourq.)     Originated  on  the  Irvin  farm  in  Guilford  County,  North 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  473 

Carolina,  about  1885.     Vigorous  but  inclined  to  mildew;  cluster  large,  long,  tapering; 
berries  medium  in  size,  of  dingy  red  color;  sweet;  good;  very  late. 

Irving.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Catawba  fertilized  by  Chasselas  de  Fontain- 
bleau;  from  S.  W.  Underbill  in  1868.  Vigorous  canes,  short -jointed;  clusters  large,  long, 
shouldered,  not  well  filled;  berry  large,  round,  yellowish-green,  thick  bloom;  skin  thick, 
tough;  flesh  tender,  melting;  flavor  vinous,  sweet;  very  good;  rots  and  mildews  badly. 

Ithaca.  (Vin.  Bourq.  Lab.)  Parker;  Tucker's  Parker.  A  seedling  of  Delaware 
fertilized  by  Chasselas  Musque;  from  a  Mr.  Tucker,  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  about  1868. 
Of  moderate  vigor;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  pale  green  with  amber  tinge;  skin  thick; 
pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  high  quality. 

Jacent.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Noted  by  T.  V.  Munson  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1884,  as 
undistinguishable  from  Bacchus,  except  that  the  saccharometer  shows  less  sugar. 

Jaeger's  Seedlings.  About  forty  years  ago  Hennann  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  Missouri, 
became  interested  in  the  horticultural  possibilities  of  the  wild  grapes  of  his  neighbor- 
hood. He  corresponded  with  Frederick  Mucnch,  of  Marthasville,  who  encouraged  him 
in  his  eft'orts.  Beside  selecting  various  vines  from  the  woods  he  made  crosses  of  species. 
His  object  was  to  secure  more  vigorous,  productive  and  disease-resistant  sorts  than  any 
of  our  standard  varieties.  He  was  particularly  impressed  with  the  Lincecumii  or  so-called 
Summer  grapes  of  his  section.  His  selections  of  this  species  are  notable  for  their  extreme 
vigor  but  many  of  them  are  susceptible  to  fungi  and  as  they  are  all  self-sterile  they 
are  uncertain  bearers  when  removed  from  the  wild  male  vines.  His  most  promising 
seedlings  are  as  follows; 

Productive;  subject  to  black-rot;  cluster  large;  berry  below  medium;  juicy, 

Cluster  and  berry  medium;  sweet. 

Hardy,  prolific;  as  large  as  Ives  and  of  no  better  quality. 
Cluster  large;  berries  medium;  sweet;  good. 

Cluster  very  large;  berry  medium;  very  sweet  and  juicy;  good. 
(Line.)     One  of  Jaeger's  selections  from  the  woods.     Rank  grower;  canes 
thick,    numerous,    glaucous;   diaphragm   thick;   shoots   glabrous,   spiny;   tendrils   inter- 
mittent; leaves  large,  thick,  glossy  green,  glaucous  below,  not  lobed;  cluster  large;  berry 
medium,  oblate,  black;  ripens  too  late  for  this  section.      Does  not  ripen  its  wood  well 
and  is  slightly  tender  and  very  susceptible  to  leaf-hopper  here.     Self-sterile. 
No.  50.     See  Longworth. 
No.  56.     See  Dufour. 
No.  70.     See  Munson. 

No.  72.  (Line.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  No.  43  crossed  with  a  male  vine  of  Vitis 
rupestris.  Bunch  medium,  very  compact;  berry  size  of  Concord,  black  with  pale  bloom; 
sweet,  of  pure  flavor;  ripens  with  Norton. 

No.  100.     (Rip.   Lab.)     A  seedling  of  Elvira.     Vine  shows   Labrusca  characters, 


No. 

9. 

sweet ;  good. 

No. 

12. 

No. 

13. 

No. 

17. 

No. 

42. 

No. 

43. 

474  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

very  hardy,  productive;  bunch  and  berry  as  large  as  Concord,  yellowish  with  reddish 
tinge;  quality  and  flavor  s-milar  to  Catawba;  cracks  when  ripe;  season  with  Delaware. 

James  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  J.  H.  James,  Urbana,  Ohio.  Resembles 
Catawba  but  is  hardier  and  healthier. 

Jane  Wylie.  (Rip.  Vin.  Lab.)  faitie  Wylic.  A  hybrid  between  Clinton  and  a 
foreign  grape;  from  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester,  South  Carolina,  about  1870.  Vigorous, 
productive;  bunch  large,  shouldered;  berry  large,  globular  to  oval,  dark  red  with  thick 
bloom;  pulp  fii-m,  meaty,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  vinous;  skin  thick,  tender;  early. 

Jelly.  Exhibited  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1856  and  described 
by  William  G.  Waring  of  Pennsylvania  as  "  extremely  productive,  good;  especially 
valuable  for  culinary  use.     Very  good  when  dried." 

Jemina.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  an  unknown  variety; 
from  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  about  1891.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy; 
bunch  short,  compact;  berry  medium,  black,  delicious;  skin  thin,  liable  to  crack;  much 
earlier  than  Elvira. 

Jennie  May.  (Lab.)  Mitzky,  in  1893,  states  that  this  variety  is  a  Concord  seed- 
ling grown  by  John  Laws,  Geneva,  New  York.     Apparently  identical  with  Concord. 

Jennings.  (Lab.)  A  native  grape  from  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  noted  in  Maga- 
zine of  Horticulture  for  i860.  Hardy,  productive,  free  from  mildew;  bunch  medium; 
berries  black;  pulpy,  foxy;  ripens  very  early. 

Jessie.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  a  cross  between  Delaware  and  Diana; 
received  by  the  Gardener's  Monthly  in  1879,  from  F.  W.  Loudon,  Janesville,  Wisconsin. 
Described  as  looking  like  Diana  but  of  better  flavor. 

Jeter.  (Rot.)  Described  in  South  Carolina  Station  Bulletin  No.  132.  Vigorous, 
very  productive ;  bunches  contain  three  to  eight  large,  brownish-black  berries ;  skin  thick, 
very  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy;  quality  good;  ripens  about  August  2sth. 

Joen.     Noted  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863  as  a  worthless  variety. 

John  Burr.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Mitzky,  in  1893,  as  "  a  Concord  seedling  grown  by 
the  late  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas." 

Johnson.  A  South  Carolina  seedling.  Mentioned  in  the  American  Pomological 
Society  catalogs  for  1875  and   1881. 

Jolly.     A  Pennsylvania  grape  noted  by  Waring  in  1851. 

Joly.  (Champ.)  A  wild  vine  of  I'itis  champini  secvired  by  Munson  from  Lam- 
pasas County,  Texas.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens 
early. 

Jonathan.  Noted  by  S.  J.  Parker  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  in  the  United  States  Patent 
Office  Report  for  1861  as  a  grape  that  "  grew  well  and  ripened  its  wood." 

Joplin's  Peaks  of  Otter.  A  native  grape  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  Virginia, 
from  J.  Jophn.  Noted  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1869  as  having  been  in  cultivation 
for  thirty-five  years.     Very  vigorous,  very  productive,  healthy;  fine  wine  grape. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  475 

Jordan  Large  Blue.  Jordan's  Bine.  Prince  in  1830  states  tliat  this  grape  is  an 
exotic  but  that  a  Mr.  Smith  of  New  Jersey  beheved  it  to  be  a  native  of  New  England- 
Bunches  large;  berries  large,  blue;  flesh  pulpy. 

Joseph  Henry.  A  seedling  from  D.  J.  Piper,  Illinois;  received  first  premium  at  the 
State  Fair  in  Frccport,  Illinois,  in  1877,  as  the  best  new  grape.  Said  to  be  very  early 
and  as  of  high  quality  as  Delaware. 

Judd.  Noted  in  the  American  Horticidtnral  Aiiniial  for  187 1,  as  a  seedling  raised 
by  P.  Stewart  of  Mt.  Lebanon,  New  York. 

Judge.  (Doan.)  A  wild  male  vine  of  Vitis  doaniana  secured  by  Munson  from 
Greer  County,  Oklahoma. 

Judge  Miller.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Herbemont  crossed  with  Martha; 
from  Munson.  Described  by  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station  as  moderately  vigorous; 
stamens  upright;  bunch  large,  moderately  compact;  berries  medium,  greenish-yellow, 
of  good  quality:  ripens  a  little  earlier  than  Catawba. 

July.  C.  E.  Goodrich  of  Utica,  New  York,  mentions  this  variety,  in  the  United 
States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1853,  as  valuable  because  of  ripening  early. 

July  Twenty-fifth.  (Rip.  Lab.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  this  is  an  Elvira 
seedling;  from  Jacob  Rommel,  Morrison,  Missouri. 

Jumbo.  (Lab.)  Big  Concord.  Probably  a  Concord  seedling;  from  Reuben  Rose, 
Marlboro,  New  York.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  bunches  and  berries  vary  in  size 
from  year  to  year;  ripens  a  week  earlier  than  Concord. 

Juno.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  Bloom- 
ington,  Illinois,  1882.  Vigorous  and  productive;  cluster  medium,  sometimes  shouldered; 
berry  white,  translucent  with  yellow  tinge,  round,  medium;  pulp  tender;  good. 

Juno.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Uiio.  A  cross  between  Muscat  Hamburg  and  Belvidere;  from 
G.  W.  Campbell,  Delaware,  Ohio,  about  1882.     Rich  and  sweet. 

Juno's  Sister.  (Vin.  Lab.)  The  same  origin  and  parentage  as  the  preceding. 
Berry  black,  blue  bloom;  flesh  meaty;  seeds  part  readily;  no  acidity. 

Kalamazoo.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  a  Mr.  Dixon  of  Steubenville,  Jefferson  County, 
Ohio,  about  i860,  from  seed  of  Catawba.  Resembles  Catawba  closely  but  is  larger  in 
bunch  and  berry ;  not  of  as  high  quality  and  ripens  ten  days  earlier. 

Kalista.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  white-fruited  seedling  of  Delaware  produced  by  J. 
Sackstedcr  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Resembles  the  parent  except  for  the  color  of  fruit 
and  greater  vigor  of  vine. 

Kansas  July.  (Rip.?)  A  variety  mentioned  by  Mead  forty  years  ago  as  an  early 
grape  from  Kansas  with  small  bunches  of  very  small  sweet  berries.     Vine  vigorous. 

Kay  Seedling.     (Bourq.)     A  seedling  of  Herbemont  from  Kentucky. 

Keller.     Dr.  Keller.     Noted  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in  1863. 

Keller  White.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  by  Mitzky  in  1893  as  a  seedling  of  Catawba 
inferior  to  the  parent. 


476  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Kellog.  (Lab.)  A  wild  Labrusca  from  New  Canaan,  Connecticut,  and  described 
by  Prince  in  1830  as  liaving  large,  purple,  foxy  fruit  of  oblate  form. 

Kemp.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from 
Munson  in  1885.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  dark  red;  ripens  very 
late. 

KendalL  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Isabella;  from  Brooklyn,  New  York,  about 
1865.     Resembles  Isabella  very  closely  but  larger  in  bunch  and  berry. 

Kenena.  (Line.  Rup.)  A  cross  between  Munson  of  America  and  a  Post-oak  hybrid, 
about  1898.  Very  vigorous;  canes  smooth,  much  branched;  leaves  rather  small,  deeply 
four- to  seven-lobed;  cluster  above  medium;  berries  small,  purple,  round,  persistent; 
skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  good;  seeds  small;  ripens  just  before  Herbemont. 

Kenrick's  Native.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830  as  a  wild  Labrusca  found  near 
Newton,  Alassachusetts.     Fruit  light  green,  oval. 

Kentucky.  (Aest.  Lab.)  A  supposed  seedling  of  Norton ;  found  by  James  Childers 
of  Auburn,  Kentucky,  in  1887.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  canes 
rather  slender;  tendrils  continuous;  leaves  large;  flowers  self -sterile;  clusters  large,  shoul- 
dered, tapering;  berries  small,  oblate,  purplish -black,  persistent;  moderateh^  juicy, 
tough,  mild,  somewhat  insipid,  hardly  fair  in  quality;  seeds  numerous,  medium  size  to 
above;  raphe  a  cord;  ripens  late. 

Kentucky  Wine.    Mentioned  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863. 

Ketchum.  Received  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  about  i85o 
from  an  unknown  source.    Fruit  described  as  black,  sweet,  pulpy,  of  medium  size. 

Keystone.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  John  Kready,  Mount  Joy,  Penn- 
sylvania. Resembles  Concord  very  closely  but  considered  by  some  as  of  better  quality 
and  as  a  better  keeper. 

Kiamichi.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parents,  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from  Munson, 
in  1899.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  medium;  berry  large,  purple;  ripens  mid-season. 

Kilvington.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Bought  by  a  Mr.  Cassady  of  Philadelphia  for  an  Isabella, 
in  1847.  Grant  considers  it  a  seedling  of  Catawba  which  it  resembles  in  every  respect 
except  that  the  berries  are  smaller,  rounder  and  of  a  duller  red. 

King  Philip.  (Vin.  Lab.  Rip.)  A  second  generation  Vinifera-Labrusca-Riparia 
hybrid;  produced  by  N.  B.  White  of  Norwood,  Massachusetts,  about  ten  years  ago. 
Vine  vigorous,  resembling  Labrusca;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  roundish  or  slightly  oval, 
purple;  flesh  solid,  tender;  flavor  vinous,  sweet;  very  good. 

Kingsessing.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Of  unknown  origin,  mentioned  in  1866  by  Husmann. 
Vine  tender,  subject  to  mildew  and  rot;  cluster  large,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  medium, 
round,  pale  red  with  lilac  bloom;  fair  quality. 

King  William.     One  of  Marine's  seedlings,  not  disseminated. 

Kinney's  Seedlings.  According  to  Mitzky,  I.  Kinney  of  Zanesville,  Ohio,  has  pro- 
duced two  seedlings  as  follows: 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  477 

Kinney  No.  1.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Vergennes.  "  Bunch  medium  to  large, 
compact;  berries  large,  round;  skin  tough;  very  fine  flavor;  good  keeper;  ripens  early." 

Kinney  Xo.  2.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord.  "  Bunch  medium,  compact;  berries 
small,  round,  white,  transparent,  but  few  seeds,  very  sweet,  without  any  disagreeable 
taste;  leaf  similar  to  Concord;  healthy;  good  grower." 

Kiowa.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Jaeger  No.  43  crossed  with  Herbemont; 
from  Munson,  in  1898.  Described  by  him  as  follows:  "  Growth  very  strong  and  healthy, 
much  branched,  leaves  small  to  medium,  S  to  7  lobed;  cluster  medium  to  large,  with  long 
peduncle;  berry  small  to  medium,  nearly  black,  round;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sprightly,  agreeable  quality;  ripens  just  before  Herbemont." 

Kitchen.  (Rip.)  A  seedling  of  Franklin,  about  1865.  Cluster  medium;  berry 
medium  to  small,  round,  black;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender;  very  late. 

Knob  Mountain.  A  variety  mentioned  in  1869  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  as  under  trial. 

Kosomo.  (Lab.  Line.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Beacon; 
from  Munson  in  1899.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  purple;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Kramer  Seedling.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  J.  C.  Kramer,  of  La  Cres- 
cent, Minnesota.  Vine  resembles  Concord  but  not  thrifty;  fruit  resembles  Concord  but 
is  sweet  and  with  a  spicy  flavor. 

Krause.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  second  generation  Herbemont-Niagara  cross;  from 
Munson,  in  1908.  Munson  says,  "Vine  vigorous,  usually  healthy,  very  prolific;  clusters 
large,  handsome;  berries  medium  size,  pearly  white,  fine  quality;  promising  for  South- 
west." 

Kruger.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.  Vin.)  Parents,  America  by  R.  W.  Munson;  from 
Munson,  in  1899.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  very  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens 
late. 

Labe.  An  accidental  seedling  from  Lebanon,  Pennsylvania,  about  1850.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  bunch  small,  short,  loose;  berry  black;  flesh  tender,  sweet. 

Lacon.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  from  D.  H.  Wier,  Lacon,  Illinois,  about 
1862.     Medium  in  vigor,  hardy;  bunch  small;  berry  medium,  black;  Concord  flavor. 

Laconia.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Jos.  N.  Sanborn,  Laconia,  New  Hampshire.  Received 
at  this  Station  in  1903  for  testing  but  has  not  fruited.    Rather  weak  grower;  self-sterile. 

La  Crissa.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  Sacrissa;  Saccharissa.  A  Delaware  seedling;  from  J. 
Sacksteder,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     Vigorous;  berry  small,  white;  good. 

Ladies.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  by  Downing  in  1845  ^s  a  fox  grape  with  a  strong  scent, 
harsh  flavor  and  of  no  value  for  dessert. 

Lady  Charlotte.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  lona; 
from  C.  G.  Pringle  of  Vermont,  1869.  Vigorous;  bunch  large,  shouldered,  compact; 
berry  medium,  round,  light  green  to  golden;  juicy,  sweet;  good. 


478  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Lady  Dunlap.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Diuilap?  From  J.  H.  Ricketts,  about  1875.  Bunch 
medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  amber;  vinous;  good. 

Lady  Helene.  From  Fred  Roenbeck,  Bergen,  New  Jersey.  Vigorous;  cluster  large, 
shouldered,  compact;  berry  large,  white;  good. 

Lady  Younglove.  (Lab.  Rip.)  A  cross  between  Missouri  Riesling  and  Perkins; 
from  John  Sacksteder,  Leavenworth,  Indiana.  Vigorous,  hardy;  cluster  medium, 
generally  shouldered;  berry  large,  oval,  light  red. 

Lake.  Iden.  Exhibited  by  Nicholas  Longworth  in  1852.  Bunch  and  berry  small, 
black;  acid,  harsh;  early. 

La  Marie.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Willie;  from  L.  C.  Chisholm.  Vigorous,  hardy; 
bunch  large,  shouldered;  berry  large,  very  foxy,  color  "  ashes  of  roses." 

La  Reine.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  America  by  Beacon;  from  Munson  in 
1899.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Large  Berry.  (Long.)  A  wild  vine  of  Vitls  longii  secured  by  Munson  from  Motley 
County,  Texas.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  early. 

Large  Leaf.  (Long.)  Like  the  preceding,  this  is  one  of  Munson's  varieties,  a  wild 
form  of  Vilis  lougii  from  Motley  County,  Texas.  Stamens  depressed;  cluster  small; 
berry  small,  black ;  ripens  early. 

La  Salle.  (Rip.  Line.  Rot.)  A  Scuppernong  crossed  with  a  Post-oak  hybrid;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous  and  comparatively  hardy;  stamens  depressed;  cluster  medium, 
ovate,  short;  berries  large  to  very  large,  black  with  white  specks;  juicy;  "  better  than 
Scuppernong." 

Laughlin.  (Lab.?  Bourq.?  Vin.?)  A  chance  seedling,  probably  of  Concord  crossed 
with  Delaware;  from  W.  R.  Laughlin,  College  Springs,  Iowa.  Hardy;  cluster  large, 
compact,  shouldered;  berries  medium,  white;  skin  tender;  sweet,  vinous,  high  quality; 
early. 

Laura.  (Lab.)  From  H.  B.  Lum,  Sandusky,  Ohio,  1867.  Hardy,  productive; 
berry  large,  pale  red;  sweet,  somewhat  foxy. 

Laura.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Aest.  Vin.)  Lama;  Watertown.  A  cross  of  Eumelan  with 
Delaware;  from  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  about  1880.  Medium  in  vigor; 
bunch  small,  shouldered;  berry  small,  dark  purple;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy; 
hardly  good. 

Laussel.  (Line.  Lab.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  a  Post-oak  crossed  by  Gold  Coin;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous,  hardy;  cluster  medium,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium,  round, 
dark  purple  or  black;  skin  thin;   pulp  firm;  good. 

Lavega.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  hybrid  seedling;  from  W.  H.  Mills,  Hamilton,  Ontario. 
Hardy;  bunch  medium;  berry  large,  reddish;  vinous;  very  good. 

Lawrence.  (Lab.)  Found  growing  wild  by  Dr.  R.  B.  Black,  Fay,  Pennsylvania, 
about  1S80.  Very  vigorous;  cluster  large,  conical,  compact;  berry  medium  to  large, 
round,  dark  purple  to  black;  sub-acid;  quality  poor. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  479 

Lawson.  (Lab.)  From  E.  W.  Bull,  Massachusetts;  first  exhibited  before  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1874.     Bunch  largo;  berry  large,  white. 

Leader.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  A  chance  seedling  of  unknown  parentage;  from  the  Storrs 
and  Harrison  Company,  Painesville,  Ohio,  about  1893.  Variable  in  vigor  and  productive- 
ness; flowers  semi-fertile;  tendrils  continuous;  clusters  not  uniform,  medium  to  short, 
shouldered;  berries  medium,  roundish,  light  green  changing  to  yellowish;  skin  thin, 
tender;    flesh  tender,  vinous;    good  to  very  good. 

Leavenworth.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Burr  No.  47'.  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Francis 
Godard  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  about  1888.  Weak,  hardy,  medium  in  productive- 
ness; tendrils  continuous;  flowers  fertile  or  nearly  so;  cluster  small,  short,  moderately 
compact;    berries  small,  slightly  oval,  dull  green;    flesh  tender  and  soft;   fair  in  quality. 

Lehman.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  William  Lehman,  New  Lebanon,  Pennsylvania; 
parentage.  Bland  crossed  with  Isabella.     Bunch  and  berry  large,  nearly  white;    late. 

Lenori.     Alvey's  Lenori.     Noted  in  the    United  States  Patent  Office  Report  of  1861. 

Leon.  (Vin.  Lab.?)  From  William  H.  Marine.  Bunch  medium;  berry  large,  oval, 
pale  red. 

Letovey.  (Line.  Lab.?  Vin.)  Froni  Munson.  Very  vigorous;  shybearer;  stamens 
reflexed;  cluster  large,  compact;  berry  small,  round,  deep  purple  to  black;  pleasant 
flavor;  quality  medium. 

Lewis.  Noted  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1S81  as  productive, 
healthy,  early;  berry  black;  fair  quality. 

Lexington.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  T.  B.  Miner,  New  Jersey.  Hardy, 
not  productive;  bunch  large;  berry  medium  to  large,  black;  quality  medium. 

Lida.  A  chance  seedling  from  Ludwig  Hencke,  Collinsville,  Illinois.  Bunch  and 
berry  medium,  red;  sweet,  not  foxy;  mid-season. 

Lightfoot's  Seedlings.  W.  H.  Lightfoot,  of  Springfield,  Illinois,  has  raised  a  large 
number  of  seedlings  from  standard  varieties,  such  as  Concord,  Northern  Muscadine, 
Goethe  and  others.  Of  his  named  seedlings  there  are  Alice  Lee,  Amy,  Benjamin,  Capital, 
Lightfoot,  Miriam,  Sangamon  and  Springfield. 

Lightfoot.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Niagara;  from  W.  H.  Lightfoot,  Springfield, 
Illinois.  Vigorous,  healthy;  stamens  upright;  leaves  three-  to  five-lobed;  cluster 
medium,  shouldered,  loose;  berry  medium,  round,  light  green  to  yellowish;  flesh 
melting,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  keeps  well;  ripens  after  Concord. 

Lightfoot  Seedling  No.  34.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Lady  Washington;  from 
W.  H.  Lightfoot,  Springfield,  Illinois.  Vigorous  and  healthy;  bunch  large,  compact; 
berries  large,  round,  black;  juicy  and  sweet. 

Limington  White.  (Lab.)  Described  by  Cole  in  1849.  Hardy;  bunch  and  berry 
large;  good. 

Linceola.  (Line.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  cross  between  a  Lincecumii  and  Elvira  credited  to 
Munson  but  not  cataloged  bv  him.     Vigorous,  shv  bearer. 


480  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Lincoln.  Hart;  McLean.  A  southern  grape  found  growing  in  the  Catawba  River 
in  North  Carolina,  by  Dr.  Wm.  McLean,  about  1800.  Vigorous,  hardy,  early;  berry 
small,  round;  skin  thin,  dark  purple  with  light  bloom;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich, 
vinous.     Resembles  Devereaux,  and  by  some  considered  identical. 

Lincoln.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Lincoln  County;  Read's  Hybrid.  A  seedling  of  Concord 
crossed  with  Black  Hamburg;  from  Wm.  H.  Read,  Port  Dalhousie,  Ontario.  Vigorous, 
hardy,  productive;  cluster  below  medium,  compact,  cylindrical,  shouldered;  berry 
below  medium,  round,  black;  skin  thick,  tough;  pulp  firm  but  breaking,  sweet,  sprightly, 
slightly  foxy;  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Lincoln  Downer.  (Lab.)  Listed  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Reports  of  1859-61 
as  being  under  test.    Vigorous. 

Lincrup.  (Line.  Rup.)  From  Texas.  Vigorous;  productive;  stamens  refiexed; 
bunch  large,  medium  in  compactness;  berry  small,  black;  medium  in  quality. 

Lincy.  (Line.)  From  Texas.  Vigorous;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  compact; 
berry  medium,  black;  quality  medium. 

Lindell.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed  with  Delaware;  from 
T.  V.  Munson. 

Linden.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  T.  B.  Miner,  Linden,  New  Jersey.  Hardy ; 
bunch  and  berry  large,  black,  firm. 

Linherbe.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed  with  Herbemont; 
from  Munscjn.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium,  conical;  berry  small,  red,  translucent;  flavor 
sweet;  quality  medium. 

Lindmar.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed  with  Martha;  from  JIunson. 
Vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  tendrils  continuous;  flowers 
partly  fertile;  stamens  upright;  cluster  small,  compact;  berries  small,  oval,  dull,  pale 
green,  thin  gray  bloom;  flesh  pale  green,  slightly  vinous,  foxy;  good. 

Linelvi.  (Rip.  Lab.  Vin.)  Munson  No.  43.  From  Munson;  parentage  given  as 
Lindley  by  Humboldt,  or  Lindley  by  Elvira.     So  lacking  in  vigor  as  to  be  unpromising. 

Linley.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Rommel  crossed  with  Delaware; 
from  Munson  in  1S97.  Stamens  erect;  cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  yellow;  ripens 
early. 

Linn.  (Lab.)  From  P.  B.  Crandall,  Ithaca,  New  York,  about  i8go.  Vigorous; 
tendrils  continuous;  cluster  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  round, 
yellowish-grccn  with  reddish  dots;  pulp  fibrous,  foxy  and  acid;  good. 

Linn  Queen.  (Lab.)  Vigorous;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berry  large,  black,  poor; 
stamens  upright. 

Little  Blue.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.)  From  A.  J.  Caywood,  Marlboro,  New  York,  about 
1888.  Vigorous,  medium  in  productiveness;  tendrils  intennittent  to  rarely  continuous; 
diaphragm  thick;  flowers  partly  fertile;  stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  oblong,  black;  pulp  juicy,  sweet,  good;  ripens  after  Concord. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  481 

Little  Giant.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  as  under  test  in  the  vineyards  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  from  1863  to  1866.    Resembles  Isabella  very  closely. 

Little  Ozark.     Hardy;  bunch  long,  loose;  berry  medium,  black;  juicy;  good. 

Livingston.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  John  C.  Wheaton,  Dansville,  Livingston  County, 
New  York;  believed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Wilder  or  Aminia.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy, 
productive;  tendrils  continuous;  leaves  large,  dull  green;  flowers  nearly  self-fertile; 
stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  long,  frequently  loosely  single-shouldered,  ver>-  compact; 
berries  medium,  roundish,  black  with  blue  bloom,  persistent;  skin  thin,  tender;  flesh 
tender,  faintly  spicy;  good;  characters  of  vine  and  fruit  indicate  Labrusca  and  Vinifera. 

Lizzie.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  E.  W.  Bull,  exhibited  by  him  before  the  Massachu- 
setts Horticultural  Society  in  1874.     Bunch  and  berry  large,  white. 

Lobata.  (Line.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Munson  crossed  with  Profusion;  from  Munson 
in  1897.     Stamens  depressed;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Logan.  (Lab.  Vin.)  David  Hall  Grape;  Purple  Urbana;  Urbana.  A  seedling  of 
unknown  parentage,  brought  to  notice  by  Dr.  Thompson;  supposed  to  have  come  from 
Logan  County,  Ohio.  Medium  in  vigor,  usually  hardy ;  cluster  medium,  compact,  shoul- 
dered; berries  large,  oval,  dark  purple  to  black;  sweet,  juicy;  good. 

Logan.  Alvey's  Logan.  Mentioned  by  Dr.  G.  P.  Morris,  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
in    United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1861,  as  a  hardy  grape. 

Long.  (Bourq.)  Madison  County.  Found  by  Col.  James  Long  on  his  plantation 
near  Danielsville,  Madison  County,  Georgia,  about  1827.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium  to 
large,  compact,  shouldered;  berries  small,  dark  purple  with  thin  bloom;  pulp  tender, 
sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  late.     Considered  by  some  synonymous  with  Cunningham. 

Long  John.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  Parents,  Big  Berry  crossed  with  Triumph ;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous,  not  hardy  here;  cluster  large,  long,  cyHndrical  to  tapering,  compact; 
berry  large,  roundish,  black;  skin  thin,  tough;  texture  tough  and  coarse;  flavor  tart, 
slightly  acid  at  center;  good;  ripens  very  late. 

Longworth.  (Bourq.)  Longworth  No.  20.  Found  in  the  garden  of  Nicholas  Long- 
worth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  about  1S67.  Healthy,  vigorous,  productive;  clusters  large, 
shouldered;  berry  small,  round,  black,  juicy,  refreshing;  of  the  Herbemont  type  but 
ripens  earlier. 

Longworth.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Jaeger  No.  50.  A  seedling  of  Jaeger  No.  43  crossed 
with  Herbemont;  from  Hermann  Jaeger,  Neosho,  Missouri,  about  1880.  Susceptible  to 
mildew;  bunches  large;  berries  medium,  blue-black;  good;  very  late. 

Longworth  Monster.  From  Ohio.  Vigorous,  healthy,  productive;  bunch  medium; 
berry  large,  round,  blue. 

Loomis'  Honey.  (Lab.)  Exhibited  in  1863  by  Peter  Raabe  of  Philadelphia,  in  New 
York  at  the  New  York  Fruit  Growers'  meeting.  Hardy;  clusters  large;  berries  large, 
black;  sweet. 

31 


482  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Looney  Seedling.  (Lab.)  From  C.  S.  Looney,  Cowan,  Tennessee,  about  1902. 
Cluster  small,  shouldered,  blunt  at  end,  loose;  berry  large,  round,  thick  blue  bloom  over 
black;  skin  thin,  tender;  sweet,  slightly  foxy;  good;  ripens  early.     Resembles  Concord. 

Lorain.  From  Lorain,  Ohio,  about  1865.  Cluster  medium;  berry  large,  amber- 
yellow;  sweet;  good. 

Loretto.  (Lab.)  Queen  Lorctto.  From  Tennessee.  Berry  medium,  round,  white; 
good;  mid-season. 

Loudon  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  and  Diana; 
from  F.  \V.  Loudon,  Janesville,  Wisconsin.  Resembles  Diana  in  bunch,  berry  and 
flavor. 

Louisa.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Grown  by  Samuel  Miller,  Calmdale,  Pennsylvania.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  cluster  compact,  occasionally  shouldered;  berry  round,  oval,  black  with  blue 
bloom;  flavor  resembles  Isabella;  ripens  early. 

Louise.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Given  by  Mitzky  as  a  seedling  from  New  Jersev.  Vigorous; 
bunch  large,  compact;  berries  large,  white;  juicy,  sweet;  very  good. 

Louisville.  Noted  in  a  list  of  supposed  hardy  grapes  in  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  Report  for  1863. 

Lowell  Globe.  Noted  in  a  list  of  worthless  vai'ieties  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in 
1863. 

Lucky.  (Line.)  An  undescribed  variety  used  by  Munson  as  a  parent  in  a  number 
of  crosses. 

Lucy  Winton.  Noted  in  the  Gardener's  Month'y  for  1861  as  being  equal  in  quality 
to  Isabella  and  four  weeks  earlier. 

Luders.  (Rip.)  A  wild  male  vine  of  Vitis  riparia  secured  from  near  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  by  Munson. 

Luffborough.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Found  near  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia,  before 
1828.  Berries  large,  deep  purple;  juice  sweet,  foxy.  Recommended  by  John  Adlum 
for  wine  and  cited  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties  in  Gardener's  Monthly.  1863. 

Lugawana.  Noted  in  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  Report  for  1887  in  a 
list  of  \'aricties  ripening  late. 

Lukfata.  (Champ.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Moore  Early  crossed  with  Vitis  chanipini; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  hardy;  cluster  medium,  ovate,  compact;  berries  globular, 
large,  black,  persistent;  juicy,  very  sweet  and  agreeable;  good;  early;  stamens  reflexed. 

Luckyne.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Parents,  Lucky  crossed  with  Sweety;  from  Munson  in 
1897.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  late. 

Lulie.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Telegraph  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg;  from 
C.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York.  Hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  cluster  large; 
berry  very  large,  black  with  a  fine  bloom;  good.  Awarded  a  medal  at  the  World's  Fair, 
Chicago,  1893. 

Luna.     (Lab.)     From  William  M.  Marine.    A  large,  hardy,  white  grape. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  483 

Lycoming.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  a  Mr.  Evenden,  Williamsport.  Lycoming  County, 
Pennsylvania,  about  i860.  Hardy;  canes  short -jointed;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  oval, 
light  red. 

Lydia.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  chance  seedling  from  Charles  Cari^cnter,  Kellcys  Island, 
O'.iio.  Cluster  short,  compact ;  berries  large,  oval,  greenish-white  ;  skin  thick  ;  pulp  tender, 
sweet,  slightly  vinous;  good;  ripens  with  Delaware. 

Lyman.  (Rip.)  A  northern  variety  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Quebec  more 
than  tifty  years  ago.  Hardy;  productive,  vigorous;  cluster  large,  handsome,  compact; 
berry  medium,  round,  black  with  thick  bloom;  juicy;  good. 

Lyon.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Chidcstcr  No.  1;  Prcs.  Lyon.  A  seedling  of  Concord 
crossed  with  Delaware;  from  C.  P.  Chic  ester,  Battle  Creek,  Michigan,  named  in  honor  of 
T.  T.  Lyon  of  Michigan  about  1890.  Vigorous,  productive;  cluster  medium  to  large, 
cylindrical,  shouldered,  medium  compact;  berries  large,  round,  white,  whitish  bloom; 
pulp  tender,  sweet,  rich,  vinous;  ver\'  good. 

MabeL  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Originated  by  A.  J.  Caywood  of  Marlboro,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Walter.  Moderately  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  inclined  to  mildew,  pro- 
ductive; canes  medium  size  with  thin  blue  bloom;  tendrils  interrhittent ;  leaves  medium 
size,  thin,  slightly  puliescent;  flowers  fertile;  clusters  large,  usually  shouldered;  berries 
large,  round,  black;  skin  thin,  rather  tough,  inclined  to  crack,  purplish  pigment;  flesh 
tender,  juicv,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  before  Concord  but  not  a  good  keeper. 

McDonald's  Ann  Arbor.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  the  American  Pomological  Society  Report 
for  1881.  Berry  very  large,  black  with  blue  bloom;  quality  of  Concord;  ripens  with 
Worden. 

Macedonia.  (Lab.)  Miller's  No.  3.  An  early  white  seedling  of  Concord;  raised 
by  Samuel  Miller  of  Calmdale,  Pennsylvania,  over  fifty  years  ago.  Said  to  resemble 
Martha  but  not  so  vigorous. 

McKinley.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Originated  by  Frank  L.  Young.  Lockport,  New  York, 
from  seed  of  Niagara  pollinated  by  Moore  Early,  planted  in  1891.  Not  vigorous,  usually 
hardy,  moderately  productive;  tendrils  continuous;  leaves  of  medium  size;  clusters 
medium  to  large,  usually  single-shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  oval,  light  green;  skin 
tender;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  good;  resembles  Niagara  but  about  ten  days  earlier. 

McNeil.  (Lab.?  Rip.?)  A  variety  resembling  Clinton,  cultivated  in  the  Champlain 
region  from  fifty  to  seventy-five  years  ago. 

Madeira.  The  name  Madeira  is  common  in  the  early  grape  literature  of  the  country. 
Its  use  was  begun  at  the  time  when  many  of  the  cultivated  sorts  were  supposed  to  bs  of 
foreign  origin.  The  significance  of  the  word  when  found  unqualified  depends  somewhat 
on  the  time  and  place.  Thus,  in  the  South,  Madeira  usually  means  Herbemont's  Madeira; 
in  Ohio,  Ives  Madeira  and  in  Pennsylvania,  York  Madeira. 

Madeline.  (Lab.)  Given  by  Mitzky,  in  1893,  as  a  chance  seedling  grown  by  G. 
Henderson,  Eddyville,  New  York.     Bunch  medium  to  large,  compact,  often  shouldered; 


484  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

berry  large,  round,  greenish-white  with  a  white  bloom;  skin  medium  thin  but  tough, 
translucent:  sweet,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant  flavor;  ripens  early. 

Magee.  Given  by  Mitzky  as  the  name  of  the  variety  described  in  this  work  as 
Glenfeld. 

Magnificent.  (Lab.?  Vin.?)  From  A.  F.  Rice,  Griswoldville,  Georgia,  about  twenty- 
five  years  ago.  Cluster  large,  broad,  shouldered,  loose;  berries  large;  skin  thin,  tender; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  ver}'  good. 

Maguire.  (Lab.)  This  variety  was  known  about  fifty  years  ago  as  a  very  early 
black  sweet  grape  of  fair  quality  which  originated  at  Lansingburg,  New  York.  Similar 
to  Hartford  but  more  foxy. 

Mahogany  Colored.  (Lab.)  Mahogany.  A  wild  Labrusca  introduced  over  fifty 
years  ago  by  G.  W.  Clark,  of  Maiden,  Massachusetts.  Fruit  of  the  Labrusca  type; 
mahogany-red. 

Main.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  in  the  horticultural  periodicals  of  fifty  years  ago  as  a 
variety  very  similar  to  Concord  and  thought  by  many  to  be  the  same;  from  a  Mr. 
Main,  of  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  about  1854.  Said  to  be  about  ten  days  earlier  than 
Concord. 

Malinda.    An  early  white  variety  mentioned  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in  i86g. 

Malvin.  One  of  Marine's  seedlings,  described  as  black,  of  good  quality  and  with 
cluster  and  berry  of  medium  size. 

Manhattan.  An  amber-green  seedling  of  Isabella  which  originated  on  Long  Island 
about  1850.  Unproductive;  cluster  small,  compact;  berry  medium;  flesh  tough,  foxy; 
good;  ripens  late;  shatters. 

Manockanock.     Listed  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  in  1863  as  worthless. 
■    Mansfield.     (Lai).  Vin.)     A  seedling  of  Concord  fertilized  by  lona;  raised  in  1869 
by  C.  G.  Pringle  of  Charlotte,  Vermont.    Very  vigorous;  leaves  large,  thick,  very  pubes- 
cent below;  cluster  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  large,  slightly  oval,  black;  flesh 
tender;  very  good;  ripens  before  Concord. 

Manson.  A  cross  between  R.  W.  Munson  and  Gold  Coin;  produced  by  Munson  in 
1899  and  introduced  in  1906.  Munson  saj^s:  "  Vigorous  and  productive;  clusters  large; 
berry  above  medium, .of  yellow  color;  skin  thin  and  tough;  pulp  tender;  quality  excel- 
lent; ripens  late,  with  Triumph." 

Marguerite.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  Labrusca-Vinifera  variety;  from  Theophile  Huber, 
Illinois  City,  Illinois.  Vigorous,  not  productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster  small,  loose; 
berries  medium,  light  amber;  tender,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  a  week  after  Concord. 

Marguerite.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Originated  by  Munson;  from  Post-oak  No.  2  fertil- 
ized by  Herbemont.  Very  vigorous,  very  productive;  shoots  spiny,  not  downy;  leaves 
medium  to  large,  three- to  fivc-lobed;  stamens  upright;  clusters  medium,  cylindrical, 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  round,  dark  purple;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender; 
good;  ripens  ten  days  later  than  Catawba. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  485 

Marine's  Seedlings.  A  number  of  varieties  were  produced  by  Wm.  M.  Marine  about 
1870.  They  were  all  crosses  of  native  sorts  produced  by  putting  the  pollen  in  water 
and  then  applying  the  water  to  the  stigma  of  the  sort  to  be  fertilized.  Of  the  varieties 
thus  produced  are  Nerluton,  Greencastle,  Leon,  Lucas,  Mianna,  Malvin,  Olympia,  King 
William,  Minnie,  Harriet  Beecher,  U.  B.,  Uncle  Tom,  Red  Jacket,  and  many  others. 

Mariole.  Joe's  Mariole.  Mentioned  by  R.  O.  Thompson,  of  Nursery  Hill,  Nebraska, 
in  the   United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for  1866. 

Marique.  Warder,  in  1867,  says,  "  Ohio.  Healthy,  vigorous,  very  productive; 
bunch  full  medium,  compact;  berry  oval,  large,  blue;  spicy;  very  good." 

Marker.  Listed  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  Experimental  Garden  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the  report  for  1863. 

Marsala.  (Lab.)  A  dark  red  grape  introduced  about  thirty  3'ears  ago  by  Dr.  Stay- 
man.  Cluster  large;  berry  large;  foxy,  somewhat  solid,  tough;  good;  very  resistant  to 
rot. 

Marvin's  Seedlings.  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  grew  manv  crosses  of 
American  varieties,  few  if  any  having  been  made  by  him  with  Vinifera.  His  best  known 
grapes  are  Cayuga,  Centennial,  Hopican,  Rutland  and  Shelby.  Besides  these  he  pro- 
duced others,  many  of  which  were  never  named  nor  disseminated.  One  of  these  which 
was  received  at  this  Station  in  1892  was  described  in  the  Thirteenth  Annual  Report 
under  the  name  Marvin's  Seedling.  Clusters  medium,  compact;  berry  small,  pale  green 
or  yellow;  flesh  firm,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  season  last  of  September. 

Marvina.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Laura  by  Brilliant;  from  Munson 
in  1897.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  white;  ripens  early. 

Mary.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  chance  seedling  of  Catawba  found  in  1849  in  the  garden  of 
Datus  Kelley,  Kelleys  Island,  Ohio.  Vigorous,  hardy;  leaf  medium,  light-colored,  downy 
beneath;  cluster  large,  loose;  berry  medium,  round,  greenish-white,  gray  bloom,  trans- 
lucent; flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  very  good;  ripens  with  Catawba;  mildews 
badly. 

Mary.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Catawba  introduced  by  a  Mr.  Hassclkus,  of  Griffin, 
Georgia,  about  1885.  Resembles  Lindley  very  closely  but  is  said  to  be  more  vigorous 
with  larger  and  rounder  berries  of  a  lighter  red  and  shorter,  more  compact  clusters; 
ripens  with  Concord. 

Mary  Ann.  (Lab.  Vin.)  North  Carolina  Aluscadinc.  Originated  by  J.  B.  Garbcr, 
Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  about  1850.  Vigorous  and  productive;  cluster  medium,  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berry  medium,  oval,  black,  foxy,  poor;  resembles  Isabella;  ripens  with 
Hartford. 

Mary  Favorite.  From  J.  T.  Coffin,  of  Westland,  Hancock  County,  Indiana,  in  1889; 
a  chance  seedling  found  growing  near  a  trellis  on  which  Delaware  and  one  of  Rogers* 
hybrids  were  growing.  Vigorous,  usually  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  canes  long; 
tendrils  continuous;  leaves  large,  lower  surface  grayish-white,  pubescent;  flowers  fertile, 


486  THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK. 

open  carlv:  clusters  medium  to  small,  usually  shouldered,  very  compact:  berries  small, 
roundish,  purplish-black,  persistent;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tough,  slightly  vinous, 
sweet,  tart  at  center;  good  to  best. 

Mary  Mark.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedHng  of  Delaware;  from  Dr.  Stayman. 
Lacks  vigor,  hardy,  apparently  healthy,  productive ;  berry  medium,  red ;  flesh  tender, 
juic\',  \'inotis.  sweet;  verv  good;  ripens  with  its  parent  which  it  closely  resembles. 

Mary  Wylie.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  hybrid  of  Clinton  and  Red  Frontignan;  from 
Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester,  South  Carolina.  Cluster  large,  loose;  berry  above  medium, 
vellowish-green ;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  delicate;  very  good;  ripens  late. 

Maryland  Purple.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  a  seedling  from  the  woods  of 
Maryland.     Berries  medium,  purple,  sweet  and  juicy;  ripens  very  late. 

Mason.  A  chance  seedling  of  18S1;  from  Mrs.  E.  Mason,  Lamont,  Ottawa  County, 
Michigan.  Vigorous;  clusters  medium,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large, 
round,  reddish-amber;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  vinous,  sprightly,  slightly  fo.xy;  good;  ripens 
just  before  Worden. 

Mason.  (Lab.)  Mason's  Seedling.  A  white  Concord  seedling  raised  by  B.  Mason, 
of  Mascoutah.  Illinois,  about  thirty  3''ears  ago.  Moderately  vigorous,  unproductive; 
cluster  small,  compact;  berry  large,  round,  light  yellowish-green;  skin  thin;  flesh  tender, 
juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  slightly  foxy;  ripens  a  few  days  before  Concord;  very  persistent; 
self-fertile. 

Mason  Renting.  (Lab.)  Described  in  Bulletin  10.  iSqo,  Alabama  Experiment 
Station.  Vigorous,  productive;  clusters  small,  compact;  berries  small,  greenish-yellow; 
good ;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Massachusetts  White.  (Lab.)  A  red  foxy  Labrusca,  apparently  a  wild  grape  sent 
out  by  B.  M.  Watson,  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  about  i860.  Utterly  worthless  and 
name  a  misnomer. 

Matchless.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.?)  Originated  by  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas, 
about  1887.  Vigorous,  hardy;  black  with  heavy  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  flesh  tender, 
sprightly,  vinous;  very  good;  ripens  with  Brighton  and  hangs  well  for  some  time. 

Mathilda.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  Originated  by  G.  A.  Ensenberger,  Blnnmington, 
Illinois,  from  seed  of  Delaware.  Vigorous,  productive,  not  quite  hardy;  cluster  large, 
very  compact;  berry  small  to  large,  round,  dark  red  with  lilac  bloom;  small  ones  seedless; 
flesh  tender,  juicy,  vinous;  good;  very  late. 

Mauston.  (Rip.)  A  wild  vine  of  Viiis  riparia  secured  by  Munson  from  near  Mauston, 
Wisconsin.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early. 

May  Red.  Mentioned  in  the  Report  of  the  Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  for 
1S87  as  ripening  with  Janesville. 

Mead  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Found  in  1S47  '"  t'le  garden  of  John  Mead,  Lowell. 
Massachusetts.  A  supposed  seedling  of  Catawba  which  it  strongly  resembles  but  darker 
and  with  round  berries. 


THK  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  487 

Meanko.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant,  from 
Munson,  in  1S99.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  medium;  berry  large,  red;  ripens  mid-season. 

Medora.  (Bourq.  Vin..''  Lab.?)  A  seedling  of  Lenoir,  probably  pollinated  by  Croton; 
raised  by  Dr.  Thos.  R.  Cooke,  Victoria,  Texas.  Moderately  vigorous;  leaf  resembles 
Lenoir;  clusters  large;  berries  pale  green,  medium,  round,  very  translucent;  sprightly, 
vinous;  good. 

Melasko.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  by  Governor  Ireland;  from 
Munson  in  1S99.     Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Memory.  (Rot.)  Vigorous,  very  productive,  tender;  cluster  small,  containing 
four  to  twelve  large,  round,  brownish-black  berries;  skin  thick;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  sweet; 
good  to  best ;  ripens  early  for  a  Rotundifolia. 

Mendota.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Originated  about  i88j  by  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  from  mixed  seed.  Not  vigorous  nor  productive ;  leaves  round,  pale  green ;  stamens 
upright;  cluster  small,  very  compact;  berry  above  medium,  round,  black;  skin  tender; 
flesh  tender,  melting,  sprightly,  sweet;  good;  ripens  just  before  Brighton. 

Meno.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Mentioned  in  Bulletin  10,  1890,  Alabama  Experiment  Station. 
Clusters  small  and  compact;  berries  medium  size,  amber;  good;  ripens  with  Catawba; 
rots  and  mildews. 

Merceron.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  somewhat  recent  seedling  of  Catawba  and  so  similar  as 
to  be  difficult  to  distinguish  from  it. 

Merceron.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  F.  E.  Merceron,  Catawissa,  Pennsylvania,  about 
1893;  said  to  be  a  cross  of  Wilder  and  Concord.  Cluster  large,  heavily  shouldered; 
berries  large,  black;  sweet,  sprightly;  very  late. 

Mericadel.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with 
Delaware;  from  Munson,  in  i8q8.  Very  vigorous,  very  productive;  cluster  large,  berry 
medium,  purple,  very  persistent;  skin  thin  and  tough;  flesh  tender,  sweet;  very  good; 
ripens  just  after  Concord, 

Meta.  According  to  Mitzky,  a  seedling  of  Jewel  produced  by  Mr.  L.  Hencke,  of 
Illinois.  Bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  large,  red;  sweet  and  juicy;  good; 
ripens  before  Concord. 

Metis.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  of  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 
Cluster  small,  not  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  large,  dark  red,  gray  bloom; 
skin  thick;  flesh  rather  tough,  juic^',  vinous;  good. 

Metternich.  (Rip.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Metterny.  A  seedling  of  Clinton  fertilized 
by  Poughkeepsie ;  from  A.  J.  Caywood,  Marlboro,  New  York.  Moderately  vigorous; 
cluster  medium,  long,  cylindrical,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berry  small,  roundish 
or  slightly  oval;  skin  thin,  tough,  light  green  to  medium  dark  red;  flesh  tender,  not  very 
sweet,  fine  flavor;  good;  ripens  late. 

Mianna  or  Mienna.  One  of  Marine's  seedlings  which  some  call  a  white  grape  and 
others  black. 


488  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Michigan.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 
Vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  cluster  large,  compact,  usually  shouldered;  berry  above 
medium,  light  green;  good;  ripens  with  Concord.  There  was  another  sort  named  ilich- 
igan  or  Michigan  Seedling  about  fifty  years  ago  which  was  said  to  resemble  Catawba 
but  about  two  weeks  earlier. 

Middlesex.     (Lab.)     One  of  E.  W.  Bull's  seedlings.     Apparently  never  disseminated. 

Miland.  Described  in  Alahcwia  Station  Bulletin  No.  29,  1891,  as  a  vigorous,  not 
very  healthy  vine  with  medium-sized  amber  berries. 

Miles.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Matlock.  From  West  Goshen  Township,  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  over  sixty  years  ago.  Vigorous,  productive,  very  early  but  does  not 
keep ;   better  than  Hartford. 

Millardet.  (Berland.)  From  Llano  County,  Texas.  Moderately  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive; stamens  refiexed ;  cluster  large;  berry  small,  black;  good;  ripens  late. 

Miller.  (Cord.  Vin.)  Mentioned  by  John  Craig  in  the  Canadian  Horticulturist  as 
a  new  grape,  "  a  xery  happy  combination  of  the  European  V.  viiiifcra  and  the  American 
V.  cordifolia.     It  also  keeps  excellently." 

Miller.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Herbemont  by  Martha;  from  Munson. 
Stamens  erect;  cluster  large;  berry  medium,  white;  ripens  late. 

Miller's  Seedlings.  Samuel  Miller,  during  his  early  life  a  resident  of  Calmdale, 
Pennsylvania,  later  of  Bluffton,  Missouri,  was  one  of  the  well  known  grape-breeders 
of  the  last  century.  He  started  this  work  about  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  Con- 
cord and  continued  it  until  his  death  in  igoi.  Miller  was  an  advocate  of  close  breeding 
rather  than  cross-breeding  as  a  means  of  improving  fruit.  His  best  known  grape  pro- 
ductions are:  Black  Hawk,  Eva,  Macedonia,  Martha  and  Young  America.  Martha  is 
the  best  known  of  these  and  this  has  been  superseded.  At  the  time  of  Miller's  death 
he  was  engaged  in  improving  the  native  persimmon. 

Millington.  (Lab.)  Tested  by  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station  and  reported  in 
1 899  as  being  fairly  vigorous,  variable  in  productiveness;  clusters  large,  roundish, 
moderately  compact;  berries  large,  round,  black  with  blue  bloom;  flesh  tender,  very 
light  green,  sprightly,  sweet,  vinous,  with  a  perceptible  aroma;  fair  to  good;  ripens 
mid-season. 

Millington  White.  (Rip.)  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  having  been  found 
growing  north  of  the  Missouri  River,  in  Missouri,  by  Dr.  Millington  of  that  state.  "  Fruit 
of  good  size,  very  juicy,  rather  tart,  the  skin  is  thin  and  each  berry  generally  contains 
three  seeds." 

Mineola.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  cross  between  a  seedling  of  Telegraph  and  Chasselas 
Musque;  from  C.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York.  Of  medium  vigor,  healthy,  hardy 
and  productive;  bunches  medium,  cylindrical,  compact,  seldom  shouldered;  berries 
large,  roundish,  white  or  pale  yellow,  transparent,  no  pulp;  very  rich,  pure,  Muscat 
flavor;  ripens  very  early. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  489 

Miner's  Seedlings.  About  forty  years  ago,  T.  B.  Miner,  of  Linden,  Union  County, 
New  Jersey,  raised  1500  seedlings  of  Concord  in  central  New  York.  In  1879  after 
Miner's  death,  twelve  of  these  seedlings  were  named  and  sent  out  for  testing.  They 
are  Adeline,  Antoinette,  Augusta,  Belinda,  Boadicea,  Carlotta,  Eugenia,  Ida,  Lexing- 
ton, Linden,  Rockingham  and  Victoria.  None  of  these  is  of  great  value  and  they  are 
chiefly  of  interest  as  indicating  what  may  be  expected  from  Concord  seedlings. 

Mingo.  Mentioned  by  Samuel  Miller  in  1895  ^^  being  among  the  newer  varieties; 
bunch  and  berry  small,  black;  ripens  before  any  other;  makes  a  heavy  dark  wine. 

Minnehaha.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Said  to  be  a  cross  between  Muscat  of  Alexandria  and 
Massasoit;  from  Marshall  P.  Wilder.  Vigorous,  productive,  not  hardy;  bunch  large, 
very  long,  variable  in  compactness,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  very  sweet,  vinous, 
"of  the  most  delicious  qualit}'."     Said  by  some  to  be  Croton. 

Minnesota.  (Rip.)  A  wild  vine  of  Vitis  riparia,  secured  by  Munson  from  near 
Carver,  ^Minnesota.  Stamens  reflexed ;  cluster  small ;  berry  very  small,  white ;  ripens 
very  early. 

Minnesota  Mammoth.  (Lab.)  Introduced  by  L.  W.  Stratton,  Excelsior,  Minne- 
sota, about  rS79.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  bunch  and  berry  large,  dark  red; 
skin  thick;  characteristic  spicy  flavor,  sweet;  poor. 

Minnie.  Fn^ni  William  M.  Marine.  Bunch  small;  berry  medium,  dark  red;  sweet; 
nearly  equal  to  Delaware. 

Miriam.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Lady  Washington;  from  W.  H.  Lightfoot, 
Springfield,  Illinois.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy;  bunch  large,  compact,  shouldered; 
berries  large,  black,  juicy  and  sweet;  of  superior  quality;  ripens  two  weeks  later  than 
Concord. 

Mish.  (Rot.)  Meisch.  Origin  in  North  Carolina.  Vine  vigorous,  very  pro- 
ductive; bunches  contain  from  six  to  fifteen  medium-sized,  reddish-black  oval  berries 
with  thin  skin ;  tender  and  sweet ;  very  good ;  self-sterile. 

Mission.  (Vin.  Gird.?)  El  Paso.  The  exact  origin  of  Mission  is  unknown  but  it 
is  believed  to  have  originated  in  the  remote  Missions  of  northern  Mexico  at  a  time  when 
grape-growing  was  forbidden  by  Spain.  The  variety  was  introduced  into  California  at 
a  very  early  day  and  was  raised  by  the  Mission  fathers,  hence  the  name.  Mission 
is  believed  by  some  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Vinifera  and  Girdiana.  Vigorous;  canes 
short -jointed,  dull  dark  brown  to  grayish;  leaf  above  medium  size,  slightly  oblong,  five- 
lobed ;  stamens  erect;  clusters  slightly  shouldered,  loose,  distinctly  compound;  berries 
medium,  round;  skin  thin,  purplish-black  with  heavy  bloom;  flesh  tender,  vinous, 
sweet;  very  good;   ripens  with  Concord  in  Texas;  said  to  be  imperfectly  self- fertile. 

Missouri.  Missouri  Seedling.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  a  native  grape. 
Vine  weak,  not  very  productive;  bunches  medium  size,  loose;  berries  small,  round, 
bluish-black  with  little  bloom;  tender  with  little  pulp,  sweet  and  pleasant. 


490  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Missouri  Bird  Eye.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1S59 
as  being  free  from  ri:)t  in  the  vicinity  of  Hermann,  Missouri. 

Missouri  Muscadine.  Mentioned  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  for  1877 
as  being  very  liardy  and  very  productive. 

Modena.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  Caywood,  about  1S67.  Vigorous  and 
hardy;  bunch  and  berry  medium,  roundish,  black;  similar  to  Concord  in  flavor  and  ripens 
about  with  that  variety. 

Moffats.  Mentioned  in  the  Minnesota  Horticultural  Society  Report,  1877,  as  being 
a  large,  hardy  grape. 

Moltke.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg,  of  Lincoln, 
Illinois.  Very  productive  and  vigorous,  resembles  Agawam;  cluster  medium,  some- 
times shouldered;  berries  very  large,  oblong,  dark  red;  skin  thick;  sweet  and  aromatic; 
ripens  ten  days  earlier  than  Agawam. 

Monarch.  (Lab.?)  Tested  by  the  Alabama  Experiment  Station  and  reported  as 
"  vigorotis  and  a  strong  grower.  Clusters  large,  compact;  berries  large,  round,  black 
with  blue  bloom;  skin  thick;  pulp  half  tender,  pleasant,  quaUty  good;  season  last  of 
August;  productive.     A  promising  market  grape." 

Monard.  Vine  weak;  stamens  reflexed;  bunch  small  to  medium;  berry  medium, 
light  red;  very  good;  a  few  days  later  than  Concord. 

Monlintawba.  (Mon.  Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Vitis  nionticola  by  Fern 
Munson;  from  Munson.  Stamens  depressed;  cluster  large;  berry  small,  purple;  ripens 
very  late. 

Montclair.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  C.  C.  Corby,  of  Montclair,  New  Jersey.  Moderately 
vigorous,  not  fully  hardy,  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters  above  medium,  long 
and  broad,  tapering,  shouldered;  variable  in  compactness;  berries  large  to  medium, 
slightly  oval,  dark  red  with  lilac  bloom,  unusually  persistent;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp 
greenish,  somewhat  tough  and  solid,  slightly  vinous,  sweet;  good  to  very  good;  late  in 
ripening. 

Montisella.  (Mon.  Line.  Lab.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Vitis  nionticola  crossed  with 
Laussel;  from  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  purple; 
ripens  very  late. 

Montour.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
their  report  for  i86g  in  a  list  of  varieties  of  Labrusca. 

Montreal.  Noted  in  the  Rural  New  Yorker  for  1886  as  being  a  new  black  grape, 
superior  to  Concord;  from  Wm.  E.  Green  of  Vermont. 

Morin.     Noted  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly,  1863,  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties. 

Morrell  Seedling.  Raised  by  a  Mr.  Morrell  of  Germantown,  New  York;  noted  in 
Gardener's  Monthly  for  1871.  A  medium-sized  blue  grape  with  a  sharp  and  pleasant 
flavor.  Said  to  be  a  "  better  grape  than  Hartford  Prolific  or  Concord,  but  not  equal 
to  them  in  earliness." 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  49I 

Morse.     Noted  by  Prince  in  i86j  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties. 

Mottled.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Carpenter's  Seedling.  An  offspring  of  Catawba  grown  by 
Chas.  Carpenter,  Kelleys  Island,  Ohio,  about  i860.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  prolific;  bunch 
medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  round,  like  Catawba  in  color  and  mottled 
with  darker  shades;  skin  thick;  pulp  tender,  sweet,  juicy,  brisk  and  sprightly,  rather 
pulpy  and  acid  at  center. 

Mountain.  One  "f  a  list  of  worthless  varieties  mentioned  by  Prince  in  Gardener's 
Monthly.  1863. 

Mount  Lebanon.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  George  Curtis  of  the  United  Society  of  Shakers, 
Mount  Lebanon,  Columbia  County,  New  York;  supposed  to  be  a  cross  of  Spanish 
Amber  and  Isabella.     Bunch  medium;  berry  round,  reddish;  flesh  pulpy,  tough,  sweet. 

Mrs.  McLure.  (Rip.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  McLure.  One  of  Dr.  Wylie's  hybrids 
from  a  cross  between  Clinton  and  Peter  Wylie;  noted  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1875.  Vigorous,  productive;  foliage  resembles  Clinton;  stamens  upright; 
bunch  medium,  shouldered,  not  ver\'  compact;  berries  medium,  round,  white;  good; 
ripens  before  Catawba. 

Mrs.  Munson.  (Line.  Bourq.)  From  Munson;  a  cross  between  Neosho  and  Herbe- 
mont.  Vigorous,  hardy,  very  productive;  clusters  large,  conical,  shouldered,  compact; 
berry  small,  purple  with  a  thin,  tough  skin;  pulp  melting,  juicy,  sprightly;  very  good; 
ripens  late. 

Mrs.  Stayman.  (Bourq,  Lab.  Vin.)  A  Delaware  seedling;  from  Dr.  J.  Stayman. 
Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive:  free  from  rot  and  mildew;  bunch  large, 
compact;  berry  above  medium,  red  with  light  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough;  pulp  tender, 
juicy,  sprightly,  rich,  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Muench.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Neosho  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from  Mun- 
son. in  1887.  Very  vigorous,  hardy;  cluster  large,  usually  shouldered;  berry  below 
medium,  round;  skin  thin,  tough,  dark  purple;  flesh  tender,  juicy. 

Multiple.  (Bdurq.  Lab.  Vin.)  Munson's  No.  107.  A  seedling  of  Herbemont 
pollinated  by  Triumph;  produced  bv  Munson.  Vigorous,  self-fertile;  cluster  large; 
berries  medium,  purple;  ripens  very  late. 

Muncie.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Elvira;  from  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
Described  by  Stayman  in  Missouri  Horticultural  Society  Report,  1892,  as  follows: 
"  Bunch  medium,  compact,  handsome;  berry  medium,  white;  skin  thin,  rather  tough; 
pulp  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  rich,  sweet,  very  good;  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive;   free  from  rot  and  mildew;  ripe  about  with  Concord." 

Muncy  Black.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  having  been  found  on  the 
same  farm  as  the  Pale  Red  Muncy.     Very  productive,  with  harsh  and  unpleasant  fruit. 

Munier.  Noted  in  Gardener's  Monthly,  1863.  as  coming  from  a  German  near  Mas- 
sillun,  Ohio.  Early,  of  excellent  quality  as  a  table  grape,  productive  and  as  hardy  as 
the  Isabella  or  Concord. 


492  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Munson.  (Line.  Rup.)  Jaeger  No.  70.  A  seedling  of  Jaeger  No.  43  crossed 
with  a  male  Rupestris.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  clusters  medium,  shouldered, 
moderately  compact;  berries  large,  black;  slight  Post-oak  flavor;  ripens  before  Norton. 

Murdock.  A  grape  grown  by  Judge  Murdock  at  Elkader,  Clayton  County,  Iowa. 
Hardv  and  free  from  mildew;  very  sweet. 

Muscadine  Superior.  A  seedling  exhibited  by  John  Hopkins,  of  Wilmington,  North 
Carolina,  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1S71. 

Muscat.  The  name  of  a  group  of  Vinifera  grapes  the  best  known  variety  of  which 
is  Muscat  of  Alexandria. 

Muscat  Catawba.     Listed  by  Prince  in  1863  as  a  worthless  sort. 

Mylitta.  (Lin.  Rup.  Lab.)  From  ^Munson;  a  cross  between  America  and  Beacon. 
Cluster  large;  berry  large,  black;  ripens  late;  self-fertile. 

Nahab.  (Lab.)  Described  in  Alabama  Station  Bulletin  No.  87  for  1900  as  follows: 
••  Vines  lacking  in  vigor;  clusters  medium  in  size,  compact;  berries  medium,  round, 
white;  skin  thin;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  slightly  acid;  season  middle  of  August;  not 
productive." 

Nashua,     ilentioned  by  Prince  in  1830  as  originating  in  Maine. 

Nashua.  A  variety  under  this  name  was  exhibited  at  the  Massachusetts  Horti- 
cultural Society  meeting  in  1869  by  Allen  Putnam.  Described  as  "  between  the  Hart- 
ford and  Concord,  but  sweeter  than  either  and  does  not  drop." 

Naumkeag.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Isabella  raised  by  a  Mr.  Bowker  of  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  which  fruited  in  1848.  Bunches  resemble  the  parent;  berries  above 
medium,  round,  red  with  slight  bloom;  pulpy,  with  Isabella  flavor;  a  little  earlier  than 
its  parent. 

Nazro.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Prince,  in  1830,  states  that  this  variety  was  originated  from 
seed  of  the  Troy  grape  planted  in  1825  by  Henry  Nazro  of  this  state;  fruited  in  1S28. 
Berries  medium  in  size,  oval;  sweet,  of  pleasant  flavor,  slightly  foxy;  ripens  early. 

Nebraska,  Noted  by  Fuller  in  1867  as  "  a  beautiful  ornamental  vine,  but  the  fruit 
of  no  value." 

Neff.  (Lab.)  Kcitka.  From  a  Mr.  Xeff,  near  Keuka,  New  York.  Bunch  and 
berry  medium,  dark  red;  foxy;  good;  early. 

NeU.  (Bourq.  Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedHng  of  Herbemont  crossed  with  Norton;  from 
Munson.     A  very  late,  large-clustered,  small-berried,  white  grape;  self-fertile. 

Nelson.  A  chance  seedling  from  Roger  Nelson,  Ilion,  New  York,  about  1S96; 
undescribed. 

Neosho.  (Line.)  Found  growing  wild  on  the  farm  of  E.  Schoenborn,  Neosho, 
Missouri,  by  H.  Jaeger.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  not  productive;  large,  glossy,  beautiful 
dark  green  foliage;  stamens  reflexed;  bunches  medium  to  large,  long,  shouldered;  berries 
small,  black  with  blue  bloom;  skin  thin;  pulp  firm,  sweet,  spicy;  produces  a  light  wine 
with  a  peculiar  aroma. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  493 

Neponset.     Noted  as  a  worthless  sort  by  Prince  in  1863. 

Nerluton.  One  of  Marine's  seedlings.  Vigorous;  leaf  large,  leathery;  cluster  large; 
berries  medium,  black. 

Neva  Munson.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Neva.  One  of  Munson'  scrosses  between  Neosho 
and  Herbemont;  originated  about  18S5.  Very  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  stamens 
upright;  clusters  large,  cylindrical,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  small,  purple  with  thin, 
tough  skin;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sweet  flavor;  too  late  for  the  North. 

Neverfail.  Mitzky  in  1893  says:  "  This  variety  was  found  in  Roanoke  County, 
Virginia.  Feeble  at  first  but  grows  rapidh'  when  older;  free  from  rot;  bunch  and  berry 
medium,  black,  juicy  and  vinous;  too  late  for  the  North." 

Newark.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  hybrid  between  Clinton  and  a  Vinifera;  from 
Newark,  New  Jerse}-.  Vigorous,  hard}^  and  very  productive ;  bunches  long,  loose,  shoul- 
dered; berries  medium,  dark,  almost  black;  sweet,  juicy  and  vinous,  of  pleasant  taste. 

New  Buda.  (Lab.)  Tested  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
1863  and  thought  to  be  Concord. 

Newburgh.  (L'ib.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  crossed  with  Trentham  Black; 
from  Ricketts.  Mitzkj'  in  1893  says:  "  Bunch  and  berry  of  the  largest  size,  bunch 
heavily  shotddered;  berries  large,  black,  with  bluish-gray  bloom;  flesh  tender,  juicy  with 
peculiar  flavor;  very  vigorous,  a  fine  amateur  grape." 

Newburgh  Muscat.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Cidberfs  No.  3;  White  Moliiie:  White  Miiseat  of 
Newburgh.  From  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert  of  Newburgh,  New  York,  in  1877;  a  seedling 
of  Hartford  crossed  with  Ljna;  exhibited  before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in 
1877.  Vigorous  and  hardy,  unproductive;  flowers  sterile;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters 
medium,  short,  often  single-shouldered,  loose;  berries  medium,  roundish,  pale  yel- 
lowish-green, gray  bloom,  shatter  badly;  skin  thick,  tender;  flesh  soft  and  tender, 
musky,  sweet,  mild;  good. 

New  Haven.  (Lab.)  New  Haven  Red.  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  J.  Valle  of 
New  Haven,  Missouri.  Vigorous,  thrifty,  hardy,  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunches 
medium,  variable  in  compactness,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large,  black  with  blue 
bloom;  skin  thin  and  tender;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  good;  ripens  about  a  week  before 
Concord. 

Newman.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  cross  between  Big  Berry  and  Triumph;  from 
Munson,  introduced  in  1894.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  stamens  erect;  bunches 
large,  loose;  berry  large,  black,  with  thin  tough  skin;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  nearly  sweet; 
good;   late. 

New  Mary.     (Lab.  Vin.)     Mitzky,  1893,  says  this  is  "  Lindley  under  a  new  name." 

Newport.      (Bourq.)     A  seedling  of  Herbemont;  resembles  its  parent. 

Newton.  A  large,  showy  grape  bought  from  an  agent  by  Stephen  H.  Shallcross, 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  exhibited  at  the  Mississippi  Valley  Horticultural  Society 
mectinir  at  St.  Louis  in  1S81. 


494  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Newtonia.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedlint^  of  America  pollinated  by  R.  W. 
Munson;  from  Munson,  in  1897.  Cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  self-fertile;  i^ipcns 
early. 

Nimalba.  (Line.  Bourq.)  From  Te.xas.  Tested  by  Georgia  Experiment  Station 
and  described  as  follows:  Very  weak,  light  yieldcr;  stamens  upright;  bunch  small,  com- 
pact; berry  small,  white;  good;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Nina.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Mitzky,  1893,  says  this  is  "a  seedling  of  Diana,  raised  by 
C.  H.  Woodruff,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  Vine  very  hardy  and  productive;  bunch  medium 
to  large;  berries  medium,  dark  red,  very  sweet  and  good  quality;  ripens  early  with 
Champion  and  Moore  Early,  in  quality  better  than  either." 

Ninekah.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson,  in  1899.     Cluster  medium;  berry  large,  red;  self-fertile;  ripens  mid-season. 

Nizola.  Noted  by  Cole  in  1849.  From  Col.  L.  Chase,  Cornish,  New  Hampshire; 
medium  bunch  and  berry;  vinous  and  excellent. 

Nonantum.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  raised  by  Francis  Dana  near  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts; exhibited  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1864.  Vigorous; 
bunch  small,  shouldered;  berries  medium,  oval,  entirely  free  from  pulp;  good;  in  appear- 
ance very  much  like  Isabella  and  probably  a  seedling  of  that  variety. 

Nonpareil.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with 
Brilliant;  from  Munson,  in  1896.  Cluster  medium;  berry  large,  red;  self- fertile;  ripens 
early. 

Nora.  (Bicolor,  Vin..'')  Received  for  testing  at  this  Station  in  1902  from  Dr.  G.  L. 
Tinker,  New  Philadelphia,  Ohio.  Lacks  vigor;  tendrils  intermittent;  buds  apparently 
tender.     Has  not  fruited. 

North  America.  (Lab.  Rip.?)  Noted  frequently  since  i860;  said  to  be  a  seedling 
of  Franklin.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  unproductive;  bunch  small,  shouldered;  berries 
round,  black;  juicy,  sweet,  foxy;  early. 

North  Carolina.  (Lab.  Vin.i  North  Carolina  Sccdliui^.  From  J.  B.  Garber, 
Columbia,  Pennsylvania.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  very  productive;  stamens 
erect;  bunches  medium  to  large,  generally  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  oblong, 
black  with  slight  blue  bloom;  skin  very  thick;  pulpy,  sweet;  good;  ripens  a  few  days 
after  Hartford. 

North  Carolina  White.  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830.  From  North  Carolina  and  dif- 
ferent from  Scuppernong;  white  berries  of  good  flavor. 

Northern  Light.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  from  John  D.  Cameron,  L'Original, 
Ontario,  about  1880.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  leaf  thick,  leathery;  bunch  long, 
cylindrical,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large,  round,  greenish-white  with 
thin  whitish  bloom;  pulp  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  a  little  later  than 
Champion. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  495 

Northern  Muscat.  Mentioned  in  Rhode  Island  Station  Bulletin  No.  (!,  1890.  as 
being  a  new  variety  received  from  Ohio  for  testing;  bunch  medium  or  above;  berry 
medium,  amber  color;  good. 

North  Star.  Noted  in  the  Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  Report,  1886,  as  a  seed- 
ling from  Waupaca  County,  Wisconsin.     A  black  grape  with  long  clusters;  poor  quality. 

Obed.  Noted  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  "  a  chance  seedling  grown  by  Obed  Harrell, 
Chrisman,  Illinois.  Cluster  medium  to  large,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium, 
round,  whitish-green  with  delicate  bloom;  vigorous  and  productive." 

Oberon.  (Vin.  Lab.)  From  G.  W.  Campbell  about  1880;  a  cross  between  Concord 
and  Muscat  Hamburg.  Moderately  vigorous,  productive,  not  hardy;  bunch  large;  berry 
large,  black,  resembles  Muscat  Hamburg;  good. 

Occidental.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Produced  by  N.  B.  White  from  a  cross  between  a  wild 
Labrusca  and  Black  Hamburg.     Clusters  compact  with  dark  red  berries. 

Octavia.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  seedhng  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson,  in  1896.  Cluster  large;  berry  large,  red;  self-sterile;  ripens  mid- 
season. 

Offer.  (Lab.)  Warder  in  1867,  says  of  this  variety:  "  Bunch  large;  berry  large, 
dark  red,  sweet,  musky;  not  approved." 

Ohio  Claret.  A  native  variety  under  test  by  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  1863. 

Oktaha.  (Champ.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.?)  A  seedling  of  Vitis  chanipini  pollinated  with 
Brilliant  or  Delaware;  from  Munson  and  introduced  in  1898.  Moderately  vigorous, 
healthy,  productive;  cluster  medium,  cylindrical,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium, 
round,  black  with  little  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  melting,  juicy,  sprightly,  good; 
early. 

Old  Ford.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Mitzky  in  1893  as  a  wild  grape  from  the  mountains 
of  North  Carolina.  Remarkably  healthy  and  vigorous,  productive;  bunches  medium; 
berries  large,  round,  dark  wine  color;  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet;  very  early. 

Old  Gold.  (Rip.  Lab.  Vin.)  Munson'' s  No.  29.  Elvira  crossed  with  Brighton; 
from  Munson.  Tested  by  Virginia  Experiment  Station  and  discarded;  not  introduced 
by  the  originator. 

Old  Hundred.  (Cin.  Aest..-")  Mitzky,  in  1893,  says  of  this  variety:  "  Introduced 
by  J.  A.  Francis,  Salem,  Virginia.  Bunch  medium,  not  very  compact;  about  the  size 
of  Clinton:  black;  very  prolific;  good  table  and  wine  grape;  contains  Cinerea  blood  in 
large  quantity  with  probably  Aestivalis." 

Olita.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  fertilized  by  Irving;  from  Mun- 
son in  1898.  Moderately  vigorous,  not  hardy,  moderately  productive,  somewhat  sub- 
ject to  attacks  of  mildew ;  flowers  semi-fertile ;  stamens  upright ;  clusters  variable  in  size, 
long,  nearly  cylindrical,  single-shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  medium, 
round,  yellowish-green,  often  with  slight  amber  tinge,  gray  bloom;  skin  thin;  somewhat 


496  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

tough;  flesh  tender  and  melting;  mild,  slightly  vinous,  nearly  sweet;  fair;  ripens  about 
with  Concord;  of  the  Delaware  type  but  inferior  to  that  variety  in  both  fruit  and  vine 
characters. 

Olitatoo.  (Vin.  Lab.  Line.)  A  seedling  of  Armlong  crossed  with  Excelsior;  from 
Munson  in  1896.  Cluster  very  large;  berry  medium,  white;  self-fertile;  ripens  very 
late. 

Olmstead.  (Lab.)  A  fox  grape  mentioned  by  Nicholas  Longworth  in  Buchanan's 
Culture  of  the  Grape,  1852. 

Olympia.  From  William  M.  Marine  about  1S70.  Bunch  and  berry  medium,  round, 
black. 

Omega.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Moderately 
vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  not  productive;  clusters  medium  to  small,  short,  usually 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  oblate  to  roundish,  dull  red  with  thin  gray  bloom, 
persistent,  soft;  flesh  green,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  good;  ripens  about  with 
Concord;  self-sterile. 

Omega.  Noted  in  the  Record  of  Horticulture .  1868,  as  "a  new  variety  from  the 
West,  resembling  Catawba  but  said  to  be  better."     Possibly  the  same  as  the  preceding. 

Onderdonk.  (Bourq.  Lab.?  Vin.")  Said  to  be  a  pure  seedling  of  Herbemont  but 
also  given  as  Herbemont  crossed  with  Irving;  from  Munson,  about  1890.  Very  vigorous, 
hardy,  very  productive;  aft'ected  some  with  soft  rot;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large, 
conical,  compact;  berries  small,  white,  translucent,  with  scattering  dots;  skin  thin, 
tough;  pulp  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly;  very  good;  makes  excellent  white  wine. 

Oneovem.  (Rip.  Bourq.  Lab.)  A  seedling  from  Munson  in  1897;  from  One  Seed 
fertilizcil  liv  Rommel.     Cluster  medium ;  berry  large,  white ;  stamens  reflexed ;  ripens  late. 

One  Seed.  (Rip.  Bourq.  Lab.)  A  variety  produced  by  Munson  from  Elvira  crossed 
with  Humboldt;  used  by  him  as  a  parent  in  some  of  his  breeding  work. 

Onondaga.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  a  cross  between  Diana  and  Dela- 
ware; from  Lewis  Hueber,  Fayetteville,  Onondaga  County,  New  York;  exhibited  at  the 
American  Institute  Fair  in  1865.  Hardy,  vigorous  and  prolific;  bunches  large,  com- 
pact; berries  medium,  amber  color  with  thick  skin;  pulp  sweet,  rich,  fine  flavored;  ripens 
with  Delaware. 

Ontario.     (Lab.)     A  very  large  black  grape,  probably  identical  with  Union  Village. 

Onyx.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Delago  crossed  with  Golden  Gem;  from 
Munson  in  1899.     Cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  dark  red;  stamens  erect;  ripens  early. 

Opal.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  white  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed  with  Martha;  from  Mun- 
son, introduced  about  1892.  Lacks  vigor;  hardy,  not  productive  at  this  Station;  self- 
fertile;  bunch  medium  to  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  nearly  round, 
yellowish-white  with  thin  white  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tough,  not  readily  releas- 
ing seed,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  vinous  with  little  or  no  foxy  flavor;  good;  ripens  with 
Niagara. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  497 

Oriole.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Devereaux;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous  and  productive;  stamens  erect;  bunch  medium  to  large,  cylindrical, 
shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries  small,  black,  with  thin,  tough  skin;  pulp  tender, 
sweet ;  best  quality ;  very  late. 

Orphan  Boy.  (Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  Noted  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  from  J.  H.  Dawson, 
Weatherford,  Texas,  and  as  a  cross  between  Delaware  and  Wilder.  Bunch  medium, 
shouldered;  berry-  large,  black  with  fine  bloom;  quality  much  like  Delaware;  ripens  a 
little  after  Delaware. 

Orwigsburg.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Black  Palestine;  Schuylkill.  Found  growing  near 
Orwigsburg,  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  by  Dr.  W.  E.  Hulings  of  Philadelphia. 
Generally  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  a  Vinifera  and  some  native  species,  prob- 
ably Labrusca;  said  to  be  productive,  hardy,  subject  to  mildew;  berries  round,  small, 
white;  juicy,  sweet;  good. 

Osage.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  black  seedling  of  Concord;  from  John  Burr,  of  Kansas. 
Vigorous,  usually  hardy  and  healthy,  medium  to  very  productive;  flowers  sterile;  stamens 
reflexed;  tendrils  continuous;  clusters  variable  in  size,  usually  short,  shouldered,  com- 
pact; berries  large,  distinctly  flattened  to  sometimes  roundish;  dull  black  with  blue 
bloom,  shatter  badly,  not  firm;  flesh  tough,  foxy,  sweet,  good;  of  Concord  type  but  less 
foxy;  a  week  earlier  than  its  parent. 

Osceola.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedhng  of  Standard;  from  Dr.  J.  Stayman. 
Vigorous,  very  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium  to 
large,  compact;  berry  large,  white;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  sweet,  rich,  sprightly, 
vinous;  very  good;  ripens  with  Jewel. 

Osee.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  white  Riparia  from  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas;  said 
to  be  a  seedling  of  Grein  Golden.  Variable  in  vigor,  very  productive,  hardy;  bunch 
medium,  short  and  thick,  compact;  berry  white,  very  large;  tender,  very  juicy,  sprightly, 
sweet  with  a  peculiar  flavor;  good  only  for  wine;  ripens  before  Concord. 

Oskaloosa.  (Bourq.  Lab.)  A  Delaware  seedling;  from  Dr.  J.  Stayman.  Vigorous, 
hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  large,  black  with  bloom; 
skin  thick,  tough;  pulp  tender,  rich,  sweet,  sprightly,  juicy,  vinous;  very  good;  very  late. 

Osmond.  (Rip.)  Noted  by  Downing,  1869,  as  a  seedling  of  FrankHn  from  0.  T. 
Hobbs,  Randolph,  Pennsylvania.  Bunch  small;  berry  small,  round,  black,  blue  bloom; 
flesh  vinous,  harsh. 

Oswego.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  Biishhcrg  Catalogue,  1894;  origin  unknown,  from  Dr. 
J.  Stayman  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  bunch  and 
berry  very  large,  handsome,  resembling  Concord  in  color;  little  pulp  and  with  native 
aroma;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Otoe.     Mentioned  in    the   United   States  Department  of   Agriculture  Report,  1863,  as 
one  of  the  varieties  under  trial  in  the  government  experimental  garden. 
32 


498  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ouachita.  (Aest.)  A  wild  grape  found  on  the  plantation  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Lawrence 
near  Midland  on  the  Ouachita  River,  Hot  Springs  County,  Arkansas.  Hardy  and  pro- 
ductive with  long,  compact  bunches;  one  time  popular  in  France  for  wine-making. 

Owego.  From  John  Burr.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  bunches 
medium,  compact;  berry  very  large,  red;  tender,  juicy,  sprightly  and  vinous;  best 
quality. 

Owens  White.  (Lab.")  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830  as  from  Wm.  Owens  of  Virginia. 
A  large-fruited,  white  Labrusca. 

Owosso.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  chance  seedling  from  C.  H.  Goodhue,  Owosso,  Michigan; 
supposed  to  be  from  Catawba.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  self-sterile;  bunches 
medium  to  large,  round,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  round,  dark  amber  with 
slight  lilac  blcjom;  pulp  tough,  sweet,  vinous;  quality  not  high;  ripens  with  Delaware. 

Ozark  Seedling.  Among  the  worthless  sorts  listed  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly, 
1863. 

Pagan.    Noted  by  Mitzky,  in  1893.  ^^  on  trial. 

Palermo.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson,  fruited  in  1899.  Intermediate  in  vigor,  hardy,  not  a  heavy  bearer;  tendrils 
usually  intermittent;  foliage  medium  to  large,  light  green,  pubescent;  flowers  semi- 
fertile;  stamens  upright;  clusters  medium  to  below  in  size  and  length,  often  single- 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  average  size,  roundish,  yellowish-green  with  tinge  of  amber, 
covered  with  thin  gray  bloom,  adherent,  firm;  skin  thick,  tough;  flesh  green  with  tinge 
of  yellow,  tender  and  nearly  melting,  vinous,  sweet  from  skin  to  center,  agreeable  flavor; 
very  good. 

Palmer.  (Lab.)  From  a  Mrs.  Millington,  of  New  York,  about  1890.  Vigorous, 
hardy;  cluster  large;  berry  large,  round,  black;  pulp  soft,  sweet;  very  good. 

Palmetto.  (Bourq.)  From  David  Johnson,  Union,  South  Carolina.  Resembles 
Herbemont  ^■ery  closely  in  form,  size  of  cluster  and  berry  but  is  distinct.  Berry  dark 
red,  heavy  light  blue  bloom;  flesh  soft,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic,  vinous. 

Pamlico.  (Rot.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  in 
187 1  as  a  Rotundifolia  with  must  having  a  saccharine  strength  of  80°. 

Paradox.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Seedling  No.  502.  A  seedling  of  Hartford  crossed  with 
lona;  from  Ricketts.  Vine  variable  in  vigor,  not  always  hardy,  an  uncertain  bearer; 
tendrils  continuous:  foliage  healthv,  large  to  medium;  flowers  semi-fertile,  bloom  medium 
late;  stamens  upright;  fruit  ripens  about  with  Concord  or  earlier,  docs  not  keep  well; 
clusters  large,  of  medium  length,  broad,  compact;  berries  medium,  roundish,  purplish- 
black,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue  bloom,  drop  considerably  from  pedicel,  firm; 
skin  thin  to  medium,  often  rather  tender,  astringent;  flesh  nearly  tough,  stringy, 
somewhat  vinous;  good  in  quality. 

Paragon.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Telegraph  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg; 
from  Chas.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York,  years  ago.     Moderate  vigor;  leaves  dark 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  499 

green,  three- to  five-lobed;  cluster  large,  compact;  berries  large,  black;  quality  very 
good;  good  keeper;    rots  some. 

Paragon.  (Lab.)  Burr's  No.  15.  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 
Lacks  vigor;  tendrils  intermittent;  flowers  nearly  fertile;  stamens  upright;  season 
between  Worden  and  Concord;  keeps  well;  clusters  not  uniform,  short,  compact;  ber- 
ries medium,  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  abundant  blue  bloom,  persistent; 
skin  varies  in  toughness,  tender,  not  astringent;  flesh  moderately  tender,  stringy  and 
foxy,  ncarlv  sweet  at  skin  to  acid  at  center;  good,  equal  to  Concord. 

Parker  Rocky  Mountain  Seedling.  Noted  in  a  list  of  native  grapes  under  test  in 
the  experimental  \-ineyards  of  tlie  Department  of  Agriculture  in  i860. 

Pattison.  (Lab.?)  Given  in  a  list  of  earliest  ripening  varieties  in  the  report  of 
the  Canada  Centra!  Experimental  Farms  for  1905. 

Pauline.  (Bourq.)  Burgundy  of  Georgia;  Red  Lenoir.  A  Southern  grape  valuable 
only  for  wine;  grown  rather  extensively  fifty  years  ago.  Not  vigorous;  leaves  more 
downy  than  Dcvercaux;  cluster  large,  long,  tapering,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  below 
medium,  copper  color  or  violet,  lilac  bloom;  brisk,  sweet,  vinous. 

Paultne.  Described  by  Wm.  Falconer,  Glen  Cove,  New  York,  in  Country  Gentle- 
man in  1884.  Cluster  medium,  loose;  berries  greenish,  unequal,  not  over  medium; 
foliage  healthy. 

Pawnee.  (Aest.  Lab.)  From  Dr.  J.  Stayman,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Medium  in 
vigor,  productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  double-shouldered,  compact;  berry 
above  medium;  skin  thin,  tough,  black;  pulp  tender,  meaty,  not  juicy,  sprightly,  rich, 
vinous,  sweet,  peculiar  flavor  resembling  Ozark;  quality  medium. 

Paxton.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  F.  F.  Merceron,  Catawissa,  Pennsyl- 
vania; fruited  in  1863.  Said  to  be  as  hardy  and  productive  as  the  Concord,  which  it 
much  resembles;  large  bunch  and  berry;  quality  given  by  originator  as  better  than 
Concord. 

Pearl.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Rommel's  Taylor  Seedling  .\o.  10.  From  Jacob  Rommel, 
of  Morrison,  Missouri.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous, bifid  to  trifld;  leaves  large,  light  green;  lower  surface  pale  green,  pubescent; 
flowers  semi-fertile,  open  early:  stamens  upright;  fruit  ripens  with  Concord  or  later; 
clusters  intermediate  in  size,  short,  slender,  usually  with  a  small  single  shoulder,  com- 
pact; berries  small,  roundisli,  \'ery  light  green,  often  with  amber  or  yellow  tinge,  cov- 
ered with  thin  gray  bloom,  shatter  badly;  skin  variable  in  thickness  and  toughness; 
flesh  moderately  juicy,  tender  and  vinous,  sweet  from  skin  to  center;  fair  in  quality. 
The  vine  is  peculiar  in  having  very  hairy  petioles  and  nearly  glabrous  shoots. 

Pedee.  (Rot.)  Discovered  on  Pedee  River,  South  Carolina,  over  thirty  years  ago. 
Vigorous;  stamens  reflexcd;  cluster  very  small,  loose,  irregular;  berry  very  large,  black; 
medium  in  quality ;  ripens  a  month  after  Scuppernong. 


500  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Peerless.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  hybrid  between  Hartford  and  Muscat  Hamburg;  from 
Geo.  W.  Campbell,  Delaware,  Ohio.  Productive;  cluster  long,  slightly  shouldered, 
rather  loose;  berry  green,  large,  adherent;  skin  thin,  tough;  seeds  two  to  four;  pulp 
quite  large,  firm,  separating  easily  from  seeds,  juicy;  excellent  quality. 

Peggy-      (Lab.)     In  1869,  R.  W.  Gandy,  Troy,  Iowa,  described  Peggy  as  hardy  and 
healthy;  berry  size  of  Isabella  and  equal  to  Delaware  in  flavor;  ripens  five  days  before 
Hartford.     In  1876,  John    Balsiger,  of  Highland,  Madison  County,  Illinois,  said  of  it: 
A  verj'  foxy,  small  and  valueless  grape." 

Pell's  Illinois.  (Rip.  ?)  Found  wild  in  prairies  of  Illinois  and  sent  to  Prince  by 
G.  T.  Pell,  of  Illinois,  about  1830. 

Peola.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  about  1890.  Vigor- 
ous, hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  free  from  rot  and  mildew;  berry  medium,  black, 
with  some  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  vinous;  very 
good ;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Perfume.  Named  by  a  General  Jones  previous  to  1830.  The  original  vine  grew  on 
a  small  island  in  the  Roanoke  River  a  few  miles  above  the  Great  Falls,  in  North  Carolina. 
A.  J.  Davie,  describing  it  in  the  American  Farmer  gives  the  color  as  purple;  berry  one- 
third  larger  than  common  grape  of  woods,  slightly  enlongated ;  fine  flavor. 

Perry.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Post-oak  No.  2  fertilized  with  Herbemont; 
from  Munson.  Very  vigorous,  healthy,  very  productive;  cluster  large,  slender,  compact; 
berry  small  to  medium,  purple;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  melting,  juicy,  good;  season  two 
weeks  later  than  Concord. 

Peter  Wylie.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Peter  Wylic  No.  1.  Parents,  Halifax  crossed 
with  a  Vinifera,  fertilized  with  Delaware  crossed  with  a  Vinifera;  from  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie, 
of  Chester,  South  Carolina.  Vigor  and  hardiness  medium,  inclined  to  rot  in  some  places, 
not  productive;  shoots  smooth;  leaves  medium  to  small,  shallow  three-lobed,  glabrous 
underneath;  stamens  upright;  cluster  medium  to  large,  compact,  often  shouldered; 
berry  medium,  greenish  to  greenish-yellow;  skin  thin,  tender;  flesh  tender,  sweet,  vinous, 
Muscat  flavor;  quality  good;  ripens  soon  after  Concord. 

Pierce.      (Lab.  Vin.)     Isabella  Regia;  Royal  Isabella.     A  bud-sport  from  Isabella, 
originating  about  1882  with  Mr.  J.  P.  Pierce,  of  Santa  Clara,  California.     Very  vigorous, 
large  leaves,  prolific;  cluster  large;  berries  very  large,  black,  light  bloom,  not  firm;  pulp 
tender,  sweet,  strongly  aromatic;  good;  a  valuable  grape  west  of  Rocky  Mountains. 
•     Pioneer.     (Lab.  Vin.)     A  seedling  of  Isabella  and  very  similar  to  it. 

Piqua.    Mentioned  by  Buchanan  as  raised  and  exhibited  by  Longworth  in  1846. 

Pittsburg  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Found  growing  wild  in  1851,  by  J.  S.  Arthur, 
of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  Does  not  yield  as  well  as  Delaware,  but  earlier,  more 
sprightly  and  vinous  and  with  less  pulp;  ripens  in  August. 

Pizarro.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  Parents,  a  Clinton  seedling  crossed  with  a  Vinifera; 
from  J.   H.  Ricketts,   Newburgh,   New  York.     Medium  in  vigor,   productive;  stamens 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  5°! 

upright;  cluster  large,  loose;  berry  medium,  black,  oblong;  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic;  good 
quality ;  ripens  mid-season. 

Planchette.  (Bourq.  Lab.  Vin.)  Herbemont  fertilized  by  Triumph;  from  Munson. 
Self-fertile;  cluster  medium;  berry  white;  season  late. 

Planet.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Rickctts;  parents,  Concord  crossed  by  Black  Muscat  of 
Alexandria.  Healthy  and  productive;  cluster  large,  loose,  shouldered ;  berries  large, 
intermixed  with  smaller  ones  which  have  no  seeds,  oblong;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet; 
good  flavor  with  slight  taste  of  Muscat. 

Plymouth.  (Lab.)  Plymouth  While.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office 
Report  of  i860  as  a  native  white  grape,  suitable  for  culture  in  the  Northern  and  Middle 

States. 

Pocohontas  Red.     (Lab.)    A  worthless  variety  noted  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863. 

Poeschel  Mammoth.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Mammoth  Catawba;  from  Michael 
Poeschel,  Hennann,  Missouri.  Healthy;  cluster  medium,  compact,  sometimes  shoul- 
dered; berry    very    large,  round,  red;    pulpy,  deficient    in    flavor;  season  a  week  later 

than  Catawba. 

Pollock.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  a  Mr.  Pollock,  of  Tremont,  New  York,  previous  to  1862. 
A  free  grower;  foliage  thick  and  leathery;  free  from  mildew;  cluster  compaci,  long, 
large;  berry  dark  purple  or  black;  flesh  tender,  vinous,  not  too  sweet. 

Pond's  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  grown  by  Samuel  Pond  of  Massachusetts, 
previous  to  1830.  Very  vigorous,  short-jointed;  shy  bearer;  cluster  long,  large;  berry 
round,  purple;  juicy;  good  quality. 

Ponroy.  (Doan.)  A  named  wild  variety  found  by  Munson  in  Wilbarger  County, 
Texas.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  medium;  berry  medium,  black;  season  eariy. 

Pontotoc.  (Vin.  Bourq.  Lab.)  A  cross  of  Delago  fertilized  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  and  berry  large,  red;  quahty  as  good  or  better  than 

Brighton ;  season  early. 

Porup.  (Line.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  by  Rupestris ;  from  Munson.  Missis- 
sippi Station  Bulletin   No.  56  says:    A  late  ripening  variety;  shatters  badly;  yield  and 

quality  poor. 

Post-oak  No.  I.     (Line.)     From  Munson,  found  in  1 88 1.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster 

large;  berry  medium  to  small;  black;  season  late. 

Post-oak  No.  2.  (Line.)  From  Munson,  found  in  1883.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster 
and  berry  medium;  black;  season  very  late. 

Post-oak  No.  3.  (Line.)  Found  by  Munson  in  1883.  Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  and 
berry  black;  season  very  late. 

Potter.  (Lab.)  Potter's  Early;  Potter's  Seedling;  Potter's  Sweet.  Originated  in 
Providence,  Rhode  Island  about  1881.  Vigorous;  cluster  compact,  medium  size,  not 
shouldered;  berry  large;  skin  thick,  black;  pulp  rather  tough;  season  earlier  than 
Concord. 


502  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Prairie  State.  (Lab.)  From  Jacob  Christian,  Mount  Carroll,  Illinois,  before  1892, 
Hardy,  productive:  cluster  large,  compact;  berries  large,  white,  tine  bloom;  skin  thin: 
no  pulp,  sweet,  pleasant  flavor;  good;  ripens  ten  days  before  Concord. 

President.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Herbert;  from  Munson.  Strong,  healthy, 
prolific;  flower  perfect;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berry  large,  black,  persistent,  does 
not  crack;  quality  better  than  Concord;  ripens  with  Moore  Early. 

Presly.  (Lab.  Rip.)  Lyon;  President  Lyon.  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with 
Champion;  from  Munson,  the  name  changed  by  him  from  President  Lyon  to  Presly. 
Vigorous,  hardy,  produces  good  crops;  tendrils  continuous;  flowers  nearly  fertile;  stamens 
upright;  fruit  ripens  the  last  of  August;  clusters  medium,  slender,  cyHndrical,  frequently 
single-shouldered,  loose;  berries  small,  roundish,  purplish-red,  heavy  blue  bloom,  per- 
sistent; skin  medium,  tender,  adheres  strongly  to  pulp;  flesh  dull  green,  juicy,  tender, 
foxv,  mild,  sweet  from  skin  to  center;  good  quality. 

Primate.  (Lab.  Bourq.?)  Originated  by  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  from 
mixed  seed.  Vigorous,  hardv,  healthy,  productive;  cluster  long,  compact,  handsome; 
berry  medium  or  above,  red,  firm;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  rich,  vinous;  quaUty  very  good; 
season  a  little  after  Concord. 

Professor  Brunk.  Vigorous,  healthy;  cluster  medium  size,  ragged;  ripens  unevenly; 
very  late.     Reported  upon  at  Mississippi  Experiment  Station  in  1899. 

Professor  Gulley.  According  to  Mississippi  Station  Bulletin  No.  56,  1899,  vine 
and  fruit  resemble  those  of  Concord  and  fruit  ripens  irregularly  about  the  same  time. 
Yield   not  so  large,  more  subject  to  rot. 

Professor  Hilgard.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Parents,  Post-oak  crossed  with  Herbemont; 
from  Munson.  Cluster  large,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium,  purple;  juicy,  sweet 
and  sprightly ;  medium  to  late. 

Profitable.  (Lab.  Rip.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  fertilized  by  Perkins;  from  Munson. 
Vigorous  and  productive,  hardy;  stamens  upright,  perfectly  self-fertile;  cluster  medium 
to  large,  long,  medium  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium  size,  round,  inclined  to 
oblong,  pale  greenish-red;  skin  rather  thin,  tender;  ]5ulp  tender,  sweet,  juicy;  flavor 
pleasant  and  agreeable;  season  about  with  Concord. 

Profusion.  (Line.  Lab.)  Ten-Dollar-Prize  fertilized  b}^  Worden;  from  Munson, 
1889.  Very  vigorous;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  compact;  berr\'  small,  black, 
adheres  well;  quality  good;  later  than  Concord  in  Texas. 

Progress.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Thought  to  be  a  hardy  native  Labrusca  by  Black  Ham- 
burg cross;  from  A.  F.  Rice,  of  South  Weymouth,  Massachusetts,  previous  to  1883. 
Good  grower;  cluster  medium  size,  shouldered;  berries  large,  dark  red;  skin  thick,  rather 
tender;  quite  pulpy,  juicy,  not  high  flavored;  quality  fair. 

Progress.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  previous  to  1885. 
Very  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy;  cluster  large,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  large,  medium, 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  503 

black,  fine  bloom ;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  rich,  vinous;  quality  best;  season  a  little  later 
than  Concord. 

Prolific.  (Lab.)  From  Dr.  Stayman  about  1880.  Vigorous,  productive;  clusters 
large,  double-shouldered,  compact,  hang  well  on  vine;  berry  large,  black;  season  soon 
after  Jewel. 

Prolific  Chicken  Grape.  (Rip.?)  A  wild  grape  from  Goochland  County,  Virginia; 
mentioned  by  Prince  in  iSjo.  Very  productive;  flavor  pleasant;  ripens  in  August  in 
Virginia. 

Provost  White.  (Lab.)  Noted  by  Strong  in  1866  as  a  common  wild  variety  of 
little  value. 

Prunella.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  from  M.  Vibert,  of  France,  produced  by  crossing 
a  Vinifera  with  Isabella,  about  1842.     Resembles  Wilder  very  closely. 

Pukwana.  (Mont.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  Vitis  monticola  crossed  with  Rupestris; 
from  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  blooms  mid-season;  cluster  small;  berry  small, 
black. 

Pulaski.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.?)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Vine 
vigorous,  hardy,  medium  to  productive;  canes  long;  tendrils  continuous  to  sometimes 
intermittent;  foliage  large  to  medium;  flowers  nearly  fertile;  stamens  reflexed;  keeps 
well;  clusters  small,  inclined  to  short,  often  with  a  small  single  shoulder,  compact; 
berries  intermediate  in  size,  roundish,  dark  purplish-black  covered  with  blue  bloom; 
skin  thin,  tender,  adheres  to  pulp;  flesh  greenish,  tender,  sweet;  good  to  very  good  in 
quality. 

PuUiat.  (Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Herbemont;  from  M.  Pulliat,  of  France; 
received  at  this  Station  in  1896.  Vigorous,  not  hardy,  very  productive;  foliage  shows 
Vinifera,  mildews;  tendrils  intermittent;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large,  compact, 
shouldered;  berries  small,  round,  black;  pulp  tender,  moderately  juicy,  of  good  flavor; 
ripens  about  ten  days  later  than  Herbemont. 

Pulpless.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 
Vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  shouldered,  medium  in  compact- 
ness; berry  large,  black,  oval;  vinous,  rich;  quality  very  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Purity.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  cross  between  Delaware  and  some  native  variety; 
from  G.  W.  Campbell,  about  1870.  A  white  grape  of  the  Delaware  type  but  a  stronger, 
healthier  grower;  foliage  larger  and  thicker;  bunches  smaller  than  Delaware;  berries 
larger;  sweet,  of  very  fine  qualit}-;  ripens  very  early;  difficult  to  propagate. 

Purple  Bloom.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Culbert's  Seedling  No.  6.  A  seedling  of  Hartford  and 
General  Marmora;  from  Dr.  W.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  New  York,  exhibited  before 
the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1877.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  bunches 
large,  showy;  berries  above  medium,  purple,  of  good  quality. 

Purple  Favorite.  (Aest.)  Discarded  as  a  worthless  variety  by  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  1864. 


504  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Purple  Marion.  Motticr.  Noted  by  W.  R.  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for 
1863. 

Putnam.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Rickctts'  Delaware  Seedling  No.  2.  A  cross  between 
Delaware  and  Concord;  from  J.  H.  Ricketts,  Newburgh,  New  York,  previous  to  1871. 
Vine  resembles  Concord  more  than  Delaware;  tendrils  intermittent;  clusters  medium, 
moderately  compact,  usually  single-shouldered;  berries  medium,  oval,  black,  persistent; 
pulp  tender,  sweet,  good;  ripens  early. 

Quassaic.  (Vin,  Rip.  Lab.)  A  cross  between  Clinton  and  ]\Iuscat  Hamburg;  from 
Ricketts  of  Newburgh,  about  1870.  Usually  vigorous,  productive;  stamens  upright; 
bunch  large,  shouldered,  sometimes  double-shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries 
large,  roundish-oval,  black  with  heavy  blue  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  slightly  vinous,  rich,  aromatic;  good;  ripens  soon  after  Concord. 

Queen  of  Sheba.  Sent  out  from  Connecticut  about  1869  as  a  promising  variety 
but  proved  to  be  Diana. 

Quinnebang.     Pronounced  worthless  by  Prince  in  1S63. 

Quintina.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with  Jaeger;  from 
Munson  in  1897.     Cluster  large;  berry  medium,  black;  stamens  erect;  ripens  late. 

Raabe.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Honey;  Raabe's  Honey;  Raabe's  No.  3.  Raised  by  Peter 
Raabe  of  Philadelphia  about  1850;  supposed  to  be  a  Catawba  seedling  but  some  say 
it  is  a  cross  between  Elsinburgh  and  Bland.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  prolific;  foliage 
much  like  Catawba;  bunches  small,  compact,  rarely  shouldered ;  berries  small,  round, 
dark  purplish-red,  heavy  bloom;  pulp  sugary,  very  juicy,  vinous  with  Catawba  aroma; 
very  good ;  early. 

Raabe's  Seedlings.  Peter  Raabe,  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  years  ago  originated 
several  varieties  of  pure  Vinifera  seedlings.  The  best  known  of  these  were  Brinckle  and 
Emily.  They  were  unfit  for  outdoor  culture  and  are  now  long  obsolete.  Raabe  originated 
native  varieties  as  well  as  the  above  mentioned  Vinifera  sorts. 

RacheL  Exhibited  at  the  grape  show  in  New  York  in  1867  from  the  vineyard  of 
Rev.  J.  Knox,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  Healthy  and  vigorous;  bunch  and  berry  medium, 
white;  early. 

Racine.  (Line.)  According  to  Bushbcrg  Catalogue,  1883,  "  of  similar  origin  as 
Neosho  and  at  first  supposed  to  be  the  same  grape  but  afterwards  recognized  as  distinct." 
Hardy,  healthy,  not  very  productive;  small  pulpy  berries  of  poor  quahty. 

Ragan.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  Reagan.  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Triumph; 
from  Munson  about  1892.  Vigorous  and  fairly  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters 
large,  conical,  sometimes  shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium,  roundish,  a  little  flat- 
tened; skin  moderately  thick,  tough,  shiny  black  with  blue  bloom;  pulp  rather  tender, 
juicy,  some  trace  of  Post-oak  flavor;  fair  to  good. 

Raisin.  Notcdin  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report  ioT  iS(^-!.  Very  productive ; 
a  medium-sized  bunch  with  small,  black  berries  of  fair  quahty. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  505 

Raisin  de  Cote.  According  to  Prince  1830,  this  is  a  native  of  Louisiana  of  which 
there  are  two  varieties,  the  more  common  one  being  dark  blue,  round  with  thick  skin , 
somewhat  pulpy,  extremely  sweet  and  not  musky. 

Ramsey.  (Champ.)  One  of  Munson's,  a  variety  of  Vilis  chauipiiii  found  in  San 
Saba  County,  Texas.     Cluster  small;  berry  medium,  black;  ripens  early;  self-sterile. 

Randall.  Received  at  this  Station  in  1893  from  Peter  Henderson  and  Company, 
New  York,  as  a  cutting  of  a  seed  sport  originating  in  the  garden  of  a  ;\Ir.  Randall,  Bayonne, 
New  Jersev.     It  proved  to  be  very  similar  if  not  identical  with  Agawam. 

Raritan.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Rickctts'  Delaware  Seedling  No.  1.  A  seedling  of 
Delaware  crossed  with  Concord,  from  J.  H.  Ricketts.  Moderately  vigorous,  doubtfully 
hardy;  foliage  much  like  Delaware;  quite  productive;  bunch  medium,  shouldered,  resem- 
bles Delaware;  berry  medium,  round,  black;  flesh  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  ripens  about 
with  Delaware. 

Rautenberg's  Seedlings.  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg,  of  Lincoln,  Illinois,  has  originated 
many  varieties  of  grapes.  His  varieties  were  raised  from  seed  of  various  standard  vari- 
eties and  are  most  of  them  second  generation  hybrids.  His  best  known  sorts  are:  Amalia, 
Black  Rose,  Bismarck,  Chicago,  Clarissa,  Cleopatra,  Hatton  and  Moltke. 

Read  Seedling.  From  M.  A.  Read,  Port  Dalhousie,  Ontario;  awarded  the  first 
premium  at  the  Industrial  Fair,  Toronto,  1895,  ^s  the  best  seedling  grape.  Described 
by  the  originator  as  vigorous  with  heavy  foliage  similar  to  Concord,  very  productive; 
bunch  large,  well  shouldered,  very  compact;  berry  of  fair  size,  firm,  black;  good;  early. 

Red  Bird.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Munson's  No.  33.  A  cross  between  Lindley  and  Champion; 
from  Munson,  about  1888.  Vigorous,  hardy  except  in  severe  winters,  variable  in  pro- 
ductiveness; tendrils  continuous;  flowers  sterile;  stamens  reflexed ;  clusters  medium, 
usually  shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  medium,  roundish,  dull  dark  red 
with  heavy  blue  bloom;  skin  thick,  tough;  pulp  tough,  sweet,  juicy,  decidedly  foxy;  good. 

Red  Giant.  (Lab.)  From  Penns\dvania,  about  1898.  Vigorous,  health)^  prolific; 
steinle;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  very  large;  skin  thick  and  tough,  dark  red; 
pulp  tender,  sweet,  foxy;  similar  to  Columbian  Imperial. 

Red  Jacket.  From  William  M.  Marine.  A  medium-sized  bunch  with  large  oval 
berries  of  the  Isabella  type. 

Red  Juice.    Mentioned  by  Adium  in  1823.    Said  to  make  a  claret  wine. 

Red  Leaf.  (Rup.)  A  wild  Rupestris  found  in  Missouri  and  used  by  Munson.  Cluster 
very  small;  berry  small,  black;  stamens  reflexed;  ripens  early. 

Red  Riesling.  Introduced  by  the  Hennann  Grape  Nurseries,  Hermann,  Missouri. 
Described  as  being  hardy  and  free  from  rot;  bunches  medium;  berries  dark  red,  large. 

Red  Rover.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Found  growing  in  the  vineyard  of  C.  W.  Seelye  at  Vine 
Valley,  on  Canandaigua  Lake,  New  York.  Vigorous,  healthy,  fairly  productive;  clusters 
large,  shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries  medium,  round,  resemble  Brighton  in 
size  and  color;  skin  moderately  thick  and  tough;  pulp  tender,   sweet,   vinous,  juicy. 


5o6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

agreeable  flavor;  good;  ripens  two  weeks  later  than  Brighton  and  is  a  better  keeper 
but  not  so  high  in  quality. 

Red  Sheperd.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Disseminated  by  a  Mr.  Estell  of  Rush  County,  Indiana. 
Very  vigorous,  resembles  Taylor;  bunches  small  and  compact;  berries  small,  round,  red; 
sweet,  very  foxy. 

Red  Sweet  Water.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  exhibited  at  the  Ohio  State  Fair,  1876, 
from  Dr.  Clark  of  Lebanon ;  said  to  be  of  southern  origin  and  of  the  Catawba  type. 

Regina.  Listed  among  the  grapes  on  trial  in  the  government  experimental  garden 
in  1863. 

Reinecke.  (Lab.i  From  F.  E.  L.  Rautenberg  of  Lincoln.  Illinois.  A  seedling  of 
Woodruff  and,  according  to  Bushbcrg  Catalogue,  1894,  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  be 
disseminated  as  a  different  variety. 

Reinike.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Noted  in  the  \Visco)isin  Horticultural  Society  Report.  iSyt, 
as  a  vigorous,  hardy  grape  resembling  Clinton  but  with  a  less  compact  bunch. 

Reliance.  (Vin.  Bourq.  Lab.)  Exhibited  by  J.  G.  Burrows,  Fishkill,  New  York, 
before  the  American  Pomological  Society  in  1881;  a  probable  cross  between  Delaware 
and  lona.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  very  productive;  bunch  resembles  Delaware  in  size  but 
not  so  compact;  berry  medium,  light  red;  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  ripens  with  Delaware. 

Rentz.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Rents  Seedling;  Riatz.  A  Catawba  seedling;  from  Sebastion 
Rentz,  of  Cincinnati.  Vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  very  productive;  stamens  upright; 
bunch  medium,  compact,  usually  shouldered;  berries  large,  round,  black,  shatter  badly; 
pulp  firm,  sweet,  juicy,  foxy;  earlv. 

Rhenish.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1849-50,  as  being  "  an 
excellent  variety  ",  grown  in  Illinois;  supposed  to  be  of  European  origin,  though  doubtful. 

Richmond.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report, 
1875,  ^s  being  a  very  early  southern  grape. 

Riehl's  SeedUngs.  Seedlings  originated  by  E.  IL  Riehl,  of  Alton,  Illinois.  Those 
tested  at  this  Station  all  show  unmistakable  traces  of  Concord  blood  and  are  presum- 
ably seedlings  of  that  variety.  The  most  promising  of  these  is  Eclipse,  for  a  description 
of  which  see  page  254.  With  the  exception  of  Eclipse,  none  of  his  seedlings  has  been 
named  or  introduced. 

Riesenblatt.  (Aest.)  Giant  Leaf.  A  chance  seedling  found  growing  in  the  vineyard 
of  M.  Poeschel  at  Hermann,  Missouri.  Hardy,  healthy,  productive;  with  a  very  large 
leaf;  buncli  and  berries  small. 

Roanoke  Red.  (Cord.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Te.xas,  previous  to  1900.  Very  vigorous; 
stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  moderatelv  compact;  berry  medium,  reddish-purple; 
fair  to  good;  ripens  with  Pocklington. 

Robert  Wylie.  Produced  by  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  Chester,  South  Carolina.  Described 
in  Bushbcrg  Catalogue.  1883,  as  a  great  bearer  but  not  quite  hardy;  bunch  large  and 
long;  berry  large,  blue;  skin  thin;  rich  and  juicy;  ripens  as  late  as  Catawba. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  XEW  YORK.  507 

Robeson.  From  a  Mr.  Robeson,  of  South  Texas.  Resembles  Devereaux:  prob- 
ably a  seedling  of  that  \'ariety  but  inferior  to  it  in  every  respect. 

Robeson  Seedling.  According  to  the  Bushherg  Catalogue,  1894,  identical  with 
Louisiana.     Probably  the  same  as  Robeson. 

Robinson  Unnamed  Seedling.  (Lab.)  Given  in  Bushherg  Catalogue.  1894.  as  an 
accidental  seedling  found  by  Mrs.  E.  Mason,  Lament,  Michigan,  in  1881.  Moderate 
grower  with  Labrusca  foliage;  bunch  medium,  round,  reddish-amber  with  thin  whitish 
bloom;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly,  a  little  foxy,  "  very  good  ";  ripens  with 
Delaware. 

Robusta.  (Long.)  A  variety  of  Vitislougii  found  in  Motley  County,  Texas, and  used 
bv  Munson.     Cluster  small;  berry  small;  self-sterile;  ripens  early. 

Rockingham.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  T.  B.  Miner,  of  New  Jersey. 
Described  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  "  hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  bunch  and  berry  medium, 
black;  quality  like  Concord." 

Rockland  Favorite.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling  from  Rockland,  Massachusetts, 
introduced  by  EUwanger  &  Barry  as  earlier,  hardier  and  better  than  its  parent.  Bunch 
and  berry  large,  black;  sweet,  juicy. 

Roenbeck.  (Vin.?)  A  chance  seedling  originated  on  the  grounds  of  Jas.  W.  Trask, 
Bergen  Point,  New  Jersey;  first  fruited  in  1870.  Fairly  vigorous,  hardy,  very  produc- 
tive, with  tendency  to  overbear;  clusters  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berries  medium, 
roundish,  slightly  flattened;  skin  thin,  tough,  greenish  with  yellowish  tinge,  white  bloom; 
pulp  nearly  transparent,  melting,  juic\',  sweet,  vinous;  fair  to  good. 

Rogers'  \'o.  5.  (Lab.  Vin.)  One  of  Rogers'  unnamed  hybrids;  a  seedling  of  Mam- 
moth Globe  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  moderately 
productive;  tendrils  continuous  to  intennittent ;  leaves  large;  stamens  reflexed;  self- 
sterile;  cluster  medium  size,  rather  loose,  frequently  shouldered;  berries  large,  roundish 
to  oval;  skin  thin,  tough,  dark  red  to  purplish-black;  slightly  foxy  and  vinous;  good; 
ripens  with  Concord. 

Rogers'  Xo.  lit.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Mammoth  Globe  crossed  with  White 
Chasselas.  Vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  uncertainly  productive;  tendrils  contintious  to 
intermittent ;  stamens  upright ;  self-fertile  or  nearly  so ;  clusters  medium,  rather  loose ; 
berries  large,  roundish  to  oblate;  skin  medium  thick,  rather  tender,  dark  red  to  almost 
black;  flesh  tender,  foxy,  rather  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  with  Concord;  not  a  good 
keeper. 

Rogers'  \'o.  24-  (Lab.  Vin.)  Parents,  Mammoth  Globe  crossed  with  Black  Ham- 
burg. Vigorous,  productive,  not  ahva3'S  hardy;  tendrils  continuous  to  intermittent; 
stamens  upright;  flowers  nearly  self-fertile;  clusters  large,  attractive,  short,  rather 
broad,  variably  compact;  berries  rather  large,  roundish  to  slightly  oval,  persistent; 
skin  rather  thin,  rather  tough,  medium  to  light  red;  flesh  somewhat  tough,  stringy, 
sweet,  vinous;  good;  resembles  Goethe  and  of  about  the  same  season. 


5o8  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Rogers'  No.  32.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  cross  of  Mammoth  Globe  and  Black  Hamburg. 
Moderately  vigorous,  usually  hardy;  tendrils  continuous,  sometimes  intermittent; 
stamens  upright;  flowers  partly  self-fertile;  cluster  medium  size,  usually  shouldered; 
berries  large  to  medium,  roundish  to  slightl}'  oblate;  skin  rather  thick  and  tough,  dark 
red;  flesh  slightly  tough,  sweet,  vinous,  musky;  very  good;  ripens  after  Concord  and 
sometimes  unevenly. 

Rombrill.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  of  Rommel  and  Brilliant;  from  Munson 
in  1897.    Cluster  large;  berry  large,  yellow;  medium  early;  self-fertile. 

Rosalie.  (Lab.)  One  of  E.  W.  Bull's  seedlings,  exhibited  by  him  before  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1874.  Bunch  large;  berry  red;  very  foxy; 
shatters. 

Roscoe.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  crossed  with  Martha;  from 
Munson,  about  1888.  Vigorous,  healthy,  moderately  productive;  clusters  resemble 
Delaware  in  size  and  shape;  berries  medium,  nearly  round,  white  or  pale  green  with 
white  bloom;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tough,  nearly  sweet,  sprightly;  good;  ripens  with 
Delaware;  self-sterile. 

Rose.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware  fertilized  with  lona;  from  J.  H. 
Ricketts,  about  1873.  "  Bunch  four  inches  long,  compact;  berries  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  reddish  purple;  skin  thick;  pulp  very  tender,  sprightly;  very  good; 
one  of  the  earliest." 

Roslyn.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Diana  crossed  with  Hartford;  from  C.  J.  Copley, 
Stapleton,  New  York,  about  1880.  Bunch  large,  shouldered,  very  compact;  berry  large, 
round,  sometimes  compressed,  purplish  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thick;  pulp  firm,  sweet 
with  a  strong  musky  flavor. 

Roswither.  (Lab.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Jewel;  from  L.  Hencke,  Collinsville,  IlHnois. 
Described  by  Mitzky,  in  1893,  as  very  productive  and  hardy;  bunch  and  berry  medium 
to  large;  dark  purplish,  nearly  black;  quality  fine;  ripens  about  ten  days  before  Concord. 

Ruby.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  Geo.  Haskell,  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.  Hardy, 
variable  in  vigor;  somewhat  subject  to  rot;  bunch  medium,  loose;  berry  above  medium, 
round,  dark  ruby  red;  very  good  quality;  ripens  abcmt  with  Hartford;  stamens  reflexed. 

Ruby.  (Lab.  Vin.  Rip.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  crossed  with  Brighton ;  from  Munson, 
about  1890.  Vigorous,  healthy,  not  very  hardy;  bunches  imperfectly  filled,  small, 
shouldered;  berry  medium,  round,  dull  red  with  stripes,  resembling  Elvira  in  flavor  and 
texture;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Ruckland.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Grown  in  Louisiana  and  said  to  have  been  brought  from 
England.      Munson  pronounced  it  a  Labrusca-Vinifera  hybrid.     Very  late;  red. 

Rulander.  (Bourq.)  Amorciix;  Red  Elben;  St.  Genevieve.  A  southern  grape,  by 
some  claimed  to  be  a  foreign  seedling  brought  to  this  country  by  the  early  French  set- 
tlers; probably  native.  Vigorous,  short -jointed,  healthy,  not  productive  nor  hardy; 
stamens   upright;  bunch   medium,   shouldered,   very   compact;  berry  small,   roundish- 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  509 

oval,  purplish-black;  without  pulp,  juicy,  sweet  and  rich;  makes  an  excellent  pale  red 
wine  closely  resembling  sherry;  ripens  last  of  July  in  the  South. 

Rupel.  (Rup.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Rupestris  pollinated  by  July  Twenty-fifth; 
from  Munson.     Cluster  small;  berry  small,  black;  ripens  early;  stamens  upright. 

Rupert.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  America  and  Brilliant; 
from  Munson.  Vigorous,  not  \-ery  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  stamens  upright; 
clusters  medium,  slender,  usually  shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries  medium, 
nearly  round,  dark  dull  reddish-black  with  blue  bloom ;  skin  thin,  tough ;  flesh  pale 
green,  tender,  melting,  somewhat  musky,  with  Post-oak  flavor;  fair;  ripens  with  Worden. 

Rustler.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  Munson,  about  1888;  a  seedling  of  Lindley  crossed 
with  Martha.  Vine  vigorous,  not  always  hardy,  variable  in  productiveness;  stamens 
reflexed;  clusters  medium,  cylindrical,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  medium, 
roundish;  skin  medium  thick,  tough,  dull  light  green  with  gray  bloom,  covered  with 
scattering  russet  dots;  pulp  pale  green,  tough,  stringy,  foxy,  sweet,  somewhat  musky; 
fair  to  good;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Rusty  Coat.  Described  by  Mississippi  Station  Bulletin  No.  56  as  healthy,  fair 
yielder;  bunches  long,  loose  and  irregular;  berries  medium,  black;  good. 

Rutland.  (Lab.  Vin.  Aest.)  From  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York,  about 
thirty  years  ago;  a  seedling  of  Eumelan  pollinated  by  Concord.  Of  medium  vigor,  not 
very  hardy  or  productive;  stamens  upright;  clusters  medium,  shouldered,  usuallv  com- 
pact; berries  small,  roundish,  inclined  to  shatter;  skin  thin,  somewhat  tough,  dark 
reddish-black  with  blue  bloom;  flesh  tender  and  nearly  melting,  vinous,  sweet;  very  good; 
ripens  about  with  Worden. 

Saginaw.  Noted  in  Michigan  Pomological  Society  Report.  1880,  as  a  seedling  from 
G.  Wing^vorth,  Saginaw  City,  Michigan.     Vigorous,  hardy,  early. 

St.  Albans.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Ives  crossed  with  Niagara;  from  Jacob  P. 
Bossung,  Jefferson  County,  Kentucky,  about  1889.  Fair  grower,  hardy,  healthy ;  described 
as  a  "  Black  Niagara  ". 

St.  Augustine.  (Aest.?)  Noted  in  American  Pomological  Society  Report  for  1877, 
as  a  native  variety  from  Florida. 

St.  Catherine.  (Lab.)  From  James  W.  Clark,  Framingham,  Massachusetts,  about 
i860.  Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  bunches  large,  rather  compact;  berries  large,  round, 
red;  pulpy,  sweet,  foxy. 

St.  Hilaire.  (Rip.?)  From  Alexis  Dery,  St.  Hilaire,  Quebec,  before  1892.  Hardy, 
vigorous;  cluster  small,  rather  loose;  berry  small,  black;  pulp  tough  with  a  marked 
acidity. 

St.  John.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Brighton  pollinated  by  Delaware; 
from  Henry  B.  Spencer,  Rocky  River,  Ohio,  about  1890.  Vigorous,  healthy,  productive; 
foliage  like  Delaware;  short -jointed;  fruit  resembles  Brighton;  pulp  sweet,  meaty,  tender, 
vinous;  ripens  about  with  Delaware. 


5IO  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Salabra.  Described  by  Georgia  Experiment  Station  in  1901  as  weak  in  vigor, 
unproductive;  stamens  reflexed;  bunches  irregular,  very  loose;  berries  small,  black,  of 
fair  quality ;  ripens  with  Delaware ;  perhaps  same  as  Salado. 

Salado.  (Champ.  Lab.  Vin.)  Seedling  of  De  Grasset  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson.  Resistant  to  drought,  vigorous,  prolific;  pistillate;  adapted  to  limy  and  black 
soils  of  the  South. 

Sally.  (Bourq.  Vin.  Rip.)  A  cross  between  Delaware  and  Sherman;  from  D.  S. 
Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York.  Vigorous,  healthy;  bvmch  smaller  than  Delaware; 
berry  same  size,  sweeter,  white;  very  early. 

Salt  Creek.  (Doan.)  A  variety  of  Vitis  doaiiiaua  found  by  Munson  in  Greer  County, 
Oklahoma;  stamens  reflexed;  small  bunch  with  medium-sized  black  berry;  early;  an 
excellent  graft  stock. 

Saluda.  Noted  in  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  i860  as  very  vigorous; 
blue,  large;  juicy,  somewhat  pulpy. 

Salzer  Earliest.  (Lab.)  From  John  A.  Salzer,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  in  1892.  Very 
hardy,  prolific;  resembles  Concord  in  type  but  of  better  quality;  early. 

Samuels.  (Vin.?)  A  cross  between  a  Vinifera  and  a  native  Texas  species;  exhib- 
ited by  Bruni  &  Brother,  Laredo,  Texas,  at  the  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893.  Bunch 
large,  compact,  much  compounded;  berries  medium,  white;  skin  adherent;  flavor  not 
high. 

Sanalba.  (Rot.  Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  of  San  Jacinto  and  Brilliant; 
from  Munson,  about  iqo6.  Said  to  be  very  vigorous,  prolific;  cluster  larger  than  Scup- 
pernong;  berry  large,  white,  rich  in  sugar,  tender,  of  good  quality;  skin  thin. 

Sanbornton.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Sanhorton.  Purchased  for  an  Isabella  by  Dr.  Carr,  of 
Sanbornton,  New  Hampshire,  in  1826.  Said  to  resemble  Isabella  except  that  it  has 
rounder  berries  and  ripens  earlier. 

San  Jacinto.  (Rot.  Line.)  A  seedling  of  Scuppernong  crossed  with  a  Lincecumii 
Iiybrid;  from  Munson,  about  1898.  Medium  in  vigor,  prolific,  healthy;  stamens  reflexed; 
bunch  small,  irregular,  very  loose;  berry  large,  black,  of  fair  quality;  ripens  two  to  three 
weeks  after  Scuppernong. 

Sanmelaska.  (Rot.  Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  hybrid  of  San  Jacinto  and  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson, about  1906.  Said  to  be  ver}^  vigorous,  prolific;  bunch  three  times  as 
large  as  Scuppernong;  berry  about  same  size,  sweeter,  black. 

Sanmonta.  (Bourq.  Rip.  Line.)  A  seedling  of  San  Jacinto  crossed  with  Herbe- 
mont;  from  Munson,  about  1906.  Vigorous,  verj'  prolific;  bunch  above  medium;  berry 
black;  very  juicy,  melting,  sprightly;  skin  thin;  seeds  small. 

Sanrubra.  (Rot.  Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  San  Jacinto  and  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson,  about  1906.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  cluster  medium;  berry 
not  quite  as  large  as  Scuppernong  but  more  persistent;  melting,  sweet,  of  good  quality; 
skin  thin,  tough. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  51I 

Santa  Clara.  (Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  unkncnvn  parentage,  probably 
Delaware;  from  J.  B.  Tuckerman,  Cassville,  New  York,  first  fruited  in  1900.  Lacks 
vigor;  strongly  Vinifcra  in  vine  characters;  tendrils  intermittent;  stamens  upright; 
flowers  sterile;  clusters  usually  single-shouldered;  berries  small,  roundish,  light  green 
with  thin  gray  bloom,  persistent,  rather  soft;  fair  in  flavor  and  quality;  skin  nearly  thin, 
tender. 

Saxe  White  Seedling.  Found  in  Catskill  Mountains  by  W.  H.  Saxe,  Palenville, 
New  York,  about  igoo.     Vigorous,  hardy,  productive;  ripens  a  little  before  Early  Ohio. 

Schenck  White.  Noted  in  Grape  Culturist,  1871,  as  "  supposed  to  have  come  from 
Germany  about   1790." 

Schiller.  (Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Louisiana;  from  Frederick  Muench,  Marthas- 
ville,  Missouri.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  productive;  bunch  below  medium;  berries 
medium,  purplish-blue. 

Schmitz  Seedling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  in  Magazine  of  Horticulture  for  1853  as  a 
seedling  grape  from  Gerhard  Schmitz,  Pennsylvania.  Resembles  Isabella  closely  but 
may  be  a  little  earlier. 

Schoonemunk.  (Lab.)  Skimnymimk.  A  native  seedHng  found  by  W.  A.  Wood- 
ward, Mortonville,  Orange  County,  New  York,  about  i860,  named  after  a  neighboring 
mountain.  Said  to  be  hardy,  productive;  fruit  equal  in  size  and  flavor  to  the  Concord; 
earlier  in  ripening. 

Scott.  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830  as  a  native  North  Carolina  grape  found  by  Gen. 
John  Scott  of  the  same  state.  Berries  medium,  round,  white,  amber  when  ripe;  juicy, 
of  good  flavor;  ripen  late. 

Secunda.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Early  Purple  crossed  with  Bril- 
liant; from  Munson,  about  1896.     Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  medium;  berry  large,  red; 

early. 

Seedlin.  (Rot.)  Noted  in  South  Carolina  Station  Bulletin  \'o.  132,  1907,  as  medium 
in  vigor,  very  productive ;  flowers  perfect ;  bunches  contain  three  to  six  reddish-black 
berries;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  slightly  acid,  of  good  quality;  skin  thick. 

Selma.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Elvira  probably  crossed  with  Concord; 
from  G.  Segessman,  Amazonia,  Missouri;  first  mentioned  about  1890.  Hardy,  pro- 
ductive, healthy;  bunches  large,  perfect,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  round,  black, 
adherent;  juicy,  sprightly,  pleasant  flavored;  skin  thick;  ripens  a  few  days  after  Moore 
Early. 

Seneca.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Hartford;  first  exhibited  at  Hammondsport,  New 
York,  in  1867  by  R.  Simpson,  Geneva,  New  York.      Similar  to  its  parent. 

Seneca.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  John  Burr,  Leavenworth,  Kansas;  mentioned  in  Mis- 
souri Horticultural  Society  Report  in  1892.  Very  vigorous,  not  quite  hardy,  healthy, 
productive;  bunch  large,  compact;  berry  large,  red,  with  slight  bloom;  tender,  juicy, 
Sprightly,  sweet,  of  Catawba  flavor;  skin  thin,  tough;  ripens  after  Concord. 


512  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Septimia.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.  Bourq.?)  From  Munson,  in  1S97;  a  cross  between 
Early  Purple  and  Carman.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  large  with  medium-sized,  black  ber- 
ries; late. 

Seward.  A  seedling  from  S.  V.  Smith,  Syracuse,  New  York;  exhibited  as  a  new 
variety  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1880.  Bunch  medium,  com- 
pact, frequently  shouldered;  berry  large,  round,  color  of  Catawba;  sweet,  juicy,  rich, 
not  adherent ;  skin  medium  thick. 

Shala.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with  Beacon;  from  Munson, 
in  1899.  Vigorous,  prolific;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large;  berry  large,  black,  tender, 
juicy,  delicious;  skin  thin,  tough;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Sharon.  (Lab.  Vin.  ?)  A  seedling  of  Adirondac;  introduced  by  D.  S.  Marvin,  Water- 
town,  New  York.  Resembles  its  parent  but  is  sweeter,  hardier,  more  reliable;  ripens  at 
the  same  time. 

Sharp  Beak.  (Rup.  Rip.  Lab.)  From  Munson;  parents,  Vitis  rupestris  crossed  with 
Elvira.     Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  and  berry  small,  black;  early. 

Shelley  Seedling.  A  seedling  from  Daniel  Shelle}',  Cumberland  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, exhibited  in  1S79.  Fruit  medium  in  size,  of  Catawba  color  and  of  very  good 
flavor. 

Sheppard  Delaware.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  by  Downing  in  1869  as  a  seedling  of 
Catawba  from  J.  N.  Sheppard,  in  1853.  The  vine  and  fruit  are  similar  in  all  respects  to 
Delaware. 

Shepperd.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  from  E.  W.  Bull,  Concord,  Massachusetts;  exhibited 
in  1874  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  Bunch  and  berrj*  medium, 
black,  not  adherent. 

Sherman.  (Rip.)  Resembles  Lyman  in  most  characters  and  by  some  considered 
svnonvmous.     Poor  bearer;  stamens  imperfect;  ripens  earlier  than  Hartford. 

Sheruah.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  America  fertilized  by  R.  W.  Munson; 
from  Munson,  in  1899.  Described  by  originator  as  "  vigorous  and  prolific;  cluster  very 
large;  berry  large,  black  and  handsome;  skin  thin  and  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  delicious; 
medium  late  season."  Resembles  Concord  in  type  of  cluster  and  general  appearance 
but  is  superior  in  the  texture  and  flavor  of  the  pulp. 

Shull  No.  2.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  chance  seedling  of  unknown  parentage;  from  J.  Shull, 
Ilion,  New  York,  about  1892.  Very  vigorous,  healthy,  productive;  stamens  long;  clusters 
medium  to  large,  compact,  cvlindrieal;  berry  medium,  roundish-oblong;  skin  thin, 
tender,  pale  green  covered  with  thin  bloom;  pulp  tender,  releases  seeds  readily,  sweet; 
good  but  not  equal  to  Winehell;  early. 

Shurtleff  Seedling.  Lilac.  A  chance  seedling,  probably  from  a  foreign  grape, 
found  in  the  garden  of  Dr.  S.  A.  ShurtlefT,  of  Pemberton  Hill,  near  Boston,  in  1822. 
Bunches  large,  shouldered;  berries  nearly  large,  oval;  skin  thick,  light  purple  or  lilac, 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  513 

with  a  spotted  appearance,  grayish  bloom;  pulp  firm,  sweet,  rich;  very  good;  ripens 
early  in  September. 

Siglar.  Mentioned  in  the  Gardener's  Monthly,  i86g,  as  a  new  variety  resembling 
Delaware  but  with  fruit  twice  as  large.    Comparatively  hardy,  productive ;  rich  and  sweet. 

Silkyfine.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.)  A  cross  of  One  Seed  with  Rommel;  from  Munson,  in 
1898.     Stamens  erect;  bunch  medium;  berry  large,  white;  late. 

Silvain.  (Doan.)  A  wild  staminate  variety  of  Vitis  doaniana  found  in  Greer  County, 
Oklahoma,  by  Munson.     It  furnishes  an  excellent  graft  stock. 

Silver  Dawn.  (Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Israella  fertilized  with  Muscat  Hamburg, 
of  the  same  lot  of  seed  as  Early  Dawn;  from  Dr.  Wm.  A.  M.  Culbert,  Newburgh,  New 
York,  about  1877.     Vigorous,  hardy;  white;  best. 

Sinawissa.  Noted  in  the  Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  Report.  1876,  as  a  grape  of 
delicious  flavor  but  not  to  be  recommended  for  general  cultivation. 

Sloe.  (Rot.)  A  varietv  of  Vitis  rotiindijolia  which,  according  to  Prince,  1830, 
"  is  probably  the  original  vine  whence  the  improved  varieties  of  its  race  have  emanated, 
but  inferior  to  all  the  others.  The  fruit  is  sour  and  scarcely  eatable,  and  of  a  dark  purple 
or  black  color." 

Small  Leaf.  (Rup.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  rnpcstris  found  by  Munson  in  Texas. 
Stamens  reflexed;  cluster  very  small;  berry  small,  black;  very  early. 

Smallwood.  A  native  of  North  Carolina;  from  E.  Smallwood.  According  to  Prince, 
1830,  the  fruit  is  about  half  the  size  of  the  Muscatel,  and  is  much  esteemed  for  making 
wine. 

Snelter.  Mentioned  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  a  seedling  of  Riparia  crossed  with  Concord; 
from  L.  Snelter,  Carver,  Minnesota. 

Snowflake.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1894,  a  seedling 
of  Jewel,  from  Dr.  J.  K.  Stayman.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  productive;  bunch  medium, 
compact;  berry  large,  white;  tender  but  firm,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  sweet;  of  very 
good  quality;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Solander  Large  Purple.  According  to  Prince,  1830,  a  variety  highly  esteemed  in 
Missouri,  from  which  place  it  was  received  by  him. 

Solrupo.  (Long.  Line.  Rup.)  A  cross  between  Vitis  longii  and  a  seedling  of  Lince- 
cumii  crossed  with  Rupestris;  from  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  and  berry  small, 
black;  early. 

Somerville.  A  large-berried  variety,  growing  in  the  vineyard  of  Sidney  Weller, 
Brinkleyville,  North  Carolina,  in  1845. 

Sophia.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Concord  fertilized  with  Zona;  from  D.  J.  Piper, 
Forreston,  Ogle  County,  lUinois,  about  1880.  Equal  to  Concord  in  hardiness,  ver}-  pro- 
ductive; clusters  compact;  berries  having  the  rich  vinous  nature  of  the  Zona  and  the 
sweetness  of  the  Concord ;  ripens  with  Concord  and  is  a  good  keeper. 

2>Z 


514  THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK. 

Souland.  (Rip.)  Mentioned  in  the  Illinois  Horticultural  Society  Report,  iS68, 
as  a  good  winter  grape,  resembling  Clinton;  exhibited  by  John  H.  Tice  before  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Grape  Growers'  Association  in  that  year. 

South  Carolina.  According  to  Warder,  1867,  from  Ohio.  Vigorous;  bunch  large; 
berry  small,  black;  juicy,  spicy;  ver}'  promising. 

Southern  Champion.  Exhibited  by  Stephen  H.  Shallcross  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
at  the  fruit  show  of  the  Southern  Exposition  in  Louisville. 

Spencer.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Wells;  Wells  White.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent 
Office  Report,  1861,  as  an  accidental  cross  between  Sweetwater  and  Isabella. 

Spinosa.  (Lab.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  labrusca  from  North  Carolina;  collected  by 
Munson,     Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  very  small;  berries  large,  black;  mid-season. 

Spotted  Globe.  According  to  Fuller,  1867,  a  hybrid  from  Jacob  Moore,  Rochester, 
New  York.     Very  feeble;  flesh  sweet,  very  tender;  good. 

Springfield.  (Lab.)  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1894,  a  seedling  of  Northern 
Muscadine;  from  W.  H.  Lightfoot,  Springfield,  Illinois.  Strong,  healthy  and  hardy; 
bunch  medium  to  large,  very  compact;  berries  large,  reddish-brown  becoming  dark  brown 
when  fully  ripe;  pulpy  yet  juicy  and  very  sweet;  ripens  about  a  week  before  Concord. 

Stace  White.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  An  unnamed  seedling  from  S.  Stace,  Barnard 
Crossing,  Monroe  Countv,  New  York.  A  cross  between  Delaware  and  Isabella;  the 
vine  closely  resembles  Rebecca  in  foliage,  habit  and  fruit. 

Stelton.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  W.  Thompson,  of  New  Brunswick,  about  1882.  Bunch 
large,  shouldered,  rather  loose;  berries  medium,  greenish-white  with  white  bloom;  pulp 
juicy,  sweet;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Sterling.  (Lab.  Vin.)  From  E.  P.  Fisher,  Sterling,  Kansas,  about  1904.  Moderate 
grower,  healthy  and  hardy;  bunch  small  to  medium,  irregular  in  shape;  berry  large, 
round ;  ripens  with  Concord ;  good  keeper. 

Stetson's  Seedlings.  From  Amos  Stetson,  of  East  Braintree,  Massachusetts,  about 
sixty  years  ago. 

No.  1.    See  Cabot. 

No.  ™'.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  red  native  Labrusca  crossed  with  Grizzly  Frontignan.  Ber- 
ries nearly  white,  with  a  little  tinge  of  blush. 

No.  3.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  native  red  Labrusca  fertilized  by  Grizzly  Frontignan.  Resem- 
bles  A^t>.  ;?  but  has  larger  berries. 

No.  4-  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  red  native  Labrusca  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg.  Ripens 
early  in  September,  fourteen  days  sooner  than  Isabella. 

No.  5.  (Lab.  Vin. )  A  cross  between  a  native  red  Labrusca  and  vSweetwater.  Resem- 
bles Sweetwater  very  closely ;  color  dark  blue. 

Storm  King.  (Lab.)  A  sport  of  Concord;  from  E.  P.  Roe,  Cornwall-on-Hudson, 
New  York.  Resembles  its  parent  in  all  respects  except  that  the  berries  are  about  twice 
as  large  and  are  less  foxy. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  $1$ 

Strawberry.  According  to  Cole,  1849,  from  Col.  L.  Chase,  Cornish,  New  Hamp-- 
shire.     Bunch  and  berry  small;  pleasant,  sub-acid  flavor. 

Striped  Ruby.  Munsons  No.  1:1.  One  of  Jlunson's  seedlings  on  trial  at  the  Vir- 
ginia Experiment  Station  in  1893. 

Success.  (Line.  Riip.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Post-oak,  Rupestris  and  Bourquiniana; 
from  Munson.  Noted  in  the  Kitra!  New  Yorker  for  igoi.  Very  vigorous  and  highly 
prolific;  cluster  size  of  Concord,  compact;  berries  variable  in  size  from  small  to  above 
medium;  skin  thin,  tough;  very  sweet  and  rich,  of  the  best  quality. 

Sugar  Grape.  (Lab.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  lahrusca;  grows  in  great  abundance 
near  Plymouth,  Massachusetts.  Growth  moderate,  short-jointed;  healthy;  bunches 
and  berries  of  medium  size,  round  and  flat;  very  sweet. 

Sugar  Grape.  (Rot.)  A  variety  of  the  Scuppernong  family,  cultivated  by  L. 
Froelich,  of  Enfield,  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  Report,  187 1,  as  having  a  saccharine  strength  of  80°. 

Summer  White.  (Lab.)  Mentioned  in  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  1854,  as  hav- 
ing been  found  wild;  ripens  the  last  of  July  and  in  August  and  September;  decidedly 
superior  to  Isabella. 

Sumner.  Noted  in  the  .\mcrican  Horticultural  Annual  for  1871  as  a  seedling  raised 
by  P.  Stewart,  of  ]\It.  Lebanon,  New  York. 

Sunrise.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  From  Jos.  Bachman,  Altus,  Arkansas,  about  1897; 
seedling  of  Brilliant.  Described  by  the  originator  as  a  strong  grower;  bunches  rather 
open;  berries  red;  skin  tender;  best;  ten  days  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  Delaware. 

Superior.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Jewel;  from  John  Burr  of  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas,  about  1890.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  stamens 
upright;  bunch  medium,  moderately  compact;  berry  medium,  black  with  heavy  bloom; 
skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  rich,  sweet,  vinous,  sprightly;  very  good;  ripens  a  few 
days  later  than  Jewel. 

Supreme.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  Delaware  seedling;  from  John  Burr,  of  Leaven- 
worth, Kansas,  about  1890.  Variable  in  vigor  and  productiveness,  hardy,  healthy; 
stamens  upright;  cluster  medium,  usually  compact;  berry  medium,  black;  tender,  sweet, 
sprightly,  vinous;  quality  better  than  Jewel  and  about  a  week  earlier. 

Swatara.  From  Pennsylvania;  according  to  Horticulturist,  1858,  this  variety  was 
discovered  many  years  ago  in  a  ravine  through  which  the  Swatara  River  flowed.  Bunch 
and  berry  below  medium  size,  compact;  sweet;  early. 

Sweetey.  (Line.  Bourq.)  Mimson's  No.  111.  A  seedling  of  Lincecumii  fertilized 
with  Herbemont;  from  Munson.  Very  vigorous,  tender,  a  shy  bearer;  stamens  upright; 
bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  small,  round,  dark  purple  or  Vjlack  with 
heavy  bloom;  skin  thin,  tender;  pulp  large  and  tough;  rather  poor  quality;  a  few  days 
earlier  than  Concord. 

Taft.     Given  by  Prince  in  a  list  of  worthless  varieties  in  Gardener's  Monthly,  1863. 


5l6  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Talala.  (Lab.  Rip.  Cand.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  Elvicand  and  Brilliant; 
from  Munson.  An  attractive  compact  bunch  with  large  red  berries  of  rather  tough 
pulp;  not  high  quality. 

Talequah.  (Bourq.  Rup.  Line.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with  Herbemont; 
from  Munson,  about  1895.  Clusters  large,  conical;  berries  medium,  dark  red;  skin  thin, 
tough;  without  pulp,  melting,  juicy;  nearly  as  good  as  Delaware;  late. 

Tamala.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Governor  Ross; 
from  Munson;  first  fruited  in  1899.  Moderately  vigorous;  stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry 
medium,  yellowish-white;  good;  ripens  mid-season  in  Texas. 

Tekoma.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  in  the  American  HorticulUiral  Annual,  1870,  as  a 
Missouri  seedling  of  Catawba,  more  healthy  than  that  variety. 

Tenderpulp.  (Rot.)  A  Rotundifolia,  originated  about  1870.  Vigorous,  very  pro- 
ductive; stamens  reflexed;  berries  medium,  black,  in  clusters  of  four  to  twelve;  skin 
tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  poor;  ripens  about  a  month  after  Scuppernong. 

Ten-Dollar-Prize.  (Line.)  A  wild  Post-oak  grape  found  by  a  Mr.  Hopkins, 
of  Texas,  about  1883.  Used  by  Munson  as  one  of  the  parents  in  a  number  of  his 
crosses. 

Tennessee.     Noted  as  on  trial  in  the  government  experimental  garden  in   i860. 

Tennessee  Island.  A  wild  grape  growing  in  great  abundance  on  the  islands  in  the 
Tennessee  River.  Very  similar  to  Scuppernong  and  Prince  says  "  it  is  quite  probable 
it  may  be  the  genuine  Scuppernong." 

Texas.  (Line.)  Diverse  Leaved.  A  variety  of  grape  received  by  Prince  about  1S30 
from  the  border  of  Texas  with  leaves  very  variable  in  fonn ;  produces  a  great  abundance 
of  very  good  grapes. 

Texas.  (Line.)  According  to  Prince,  1830,  "a  large,  sHghtly  reddish  fruit,  yery 
juicy,  sweet,  with  little  or  no  pulpy  coherence." 

Texas.  (Bourq.)  Munson's  No.  181.  A  Herbemont  seedling;  from  Munson  of 
Texas.  Variable  in  vigor;  stamens  upright;  bunches  small,  compact;  berries  small, 
black;  good;  ripens  with  Herbemont. 

Texas  Highland.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  Munson's  No.  130.  A  seedhng  of  Post-oak 
crossed  with  Agawam;  from  Munson,  about  1885.  Vigorous,  not  very  productive; 
stamens  erect;  bunch  medium,  loose;  berries  medium  to  large,  black;  juicy,  rich  and 
pleasant;  late. 

Themis.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 
According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1894,  a  strong  grower,  hardy,  productive;  bunch 
medium,  short,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  bemes  large,  Catawba-colored ;  meaty, 
firm;  good;  ripens  with  Worden.     Considered  by  some  same  as  Metis. 

Theodosia.  (Lab.?  Rip.?)  A  chance  seedhng  originating  on  the  grounds  of  E.  S. 
Salisbury,  Adams,  New  York,  in  1862.  Hardy  and  productive;  bunch  medium,  very 
compact,  usually  shouldered;  berries  medium,  black;  juicy,  quite  tart;  very  early. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  517 

Theophile.  'Lab.)  From  Thcophile  Flubcr,  Illinois  City,  Illinois.  Bunch  medium, 
compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  large,  yellowish-white;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet 
vinous;  very  good;  ripens  before  Concord. 

Thomas.  (Rot.)  A  variety  of  Rotundifolia  discovered  in  the  woods  near  Marion, 
South  Carolina,  by  Drtiry  Thomas,  about  1845.  Vigorous,  very  productive;  stamens 
erect;  berries  growing  in  clusters  of  from  four  to  ten;  very  large;  skin  thin,  varies  in 
color  from  a  reddish-purple  to  a  deep  black;  pulp  tender,  sweet,  vinous;  good  to  very 
good;  ripens  about  with  Scuppernong  or  a  little  earlier.  One  of  the  best  of  this  species 
for  wine. 

Thompson's  Seedlings.  The  following  seedlings  were  originated  about  twenty 
years  ago  by  Jos.  T.  Thompson  of  Oneida,  New  York: 

No.  2.     (Lab.)     A  seedling  of  Brighton,  resembling  it  very  closely,  fully  equal  in 
quality  and,  so  far  as  tested,  earlier  and  a  better  keeper. 
No.  S.    A  white  grape  of  unknown  parentage. 
No.  4-     A  chance  seedling;  early,  black  and  large. 

No.  5.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Worden  and  fruit  somewhat  of  the  same  type. 
Clusters  medium,  loose;  berries  nearly  large,  roundish,  reddish-purple  with  thin  bloom; 
skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  rather  tough,  juicy,  sweet,  not  foxy;  good;  stamens  reflexed; 
shows  Vinifera ;  late. 

No.  7.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Agawam.  Vigorous,  healthy;  clusters  nearly 
large,  compact;  berries  medium  to  large,  round;  skin  thick,  tough,  dull  dark  red  with 
blue  bloom;  pulp  sweet,  rather  tough,  vinous;  good;  late. 

Thompson's  Seedlings.  A  large  ntmiber  of  seedlings  were  raised  by  David  Thomp- 
son, of  Green  Island,  in  the  Htidson  River,  near  Troy,  about  forty  years  ago.  Nearly  all 
are  of  Vinifera  parentage  and  consequently  of  little  value  for  open  vineyard  culture. 
Among  his  named  seedlings  are:  David  Thompson,  General  Grant,  L.  H.  Tupper,  Nathan 
C.  Ely,  A.  B.  Crandall,  Bonticue,  Early  August,  William  Tell,  Lavina,  Elenor,  Jas.  M. 
Ketchum. 

Thompson  Red  Seedling.  According  to  Grape  Ctilturist,  1869,  from  a  Mr.  Thomp- 
son, originator  of  the  Missouri  Mammoth  blackberry,  said  to  be  a  Concord  seedling  but 
bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  some  of  Rogers'  hybrids. 

Thompson  Wine.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Received  by  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture  in  1S65 
from  Mr.  R.  O.  Thompson,  of  Nebraska.  Bunch  and  berry  resembling  Isabella  in  shape; 
black. 

Tishomingo.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Governor 
Ireland;  from  Munson,  about  1899.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  medium  with  large  black 
berry;  ripens  mid-season. 

Togni.  (Aest.)  A  seedling  of  St.  Augustine  cultivated  in  Florida  about  thirty 
years  ago. 


5l8  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Tonkawa.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson,  of  Texas,  about  1899.  Vigorous,  nearly  hardy,  productive;  stamens  upright; 
clusters  medium,  rather  slender,  shouldered,  variable  in  compactness;  berries  not  uniform 
in  size,  oval,  dull  dark  red  with  lilac  bloom;  skin  moderately  thick  and  tough;  pulp 
slightly  tough,  vinous,  sweet;  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Transparent.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  Taylor  seedling;  from  Jacob  Rommel,  of  Missouri, 
about  1880.  Vine  vigorous,  healthy,  moderately  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch 
small,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  very  juicy,  sweet;  good;  ripens  a  few  days  before 
Concord. 

Trask.  (Lab.  Vin.)  The  Bushhcrg  Catalogue  says,  "  a  chance  seedling  that  first 
fruited  in  1875.  Introduced  by  Peter  Henderson  and  Company.  Healthy ;  leaves  smooth ; 
bunches  large,  long,  often  shouldered;  berries  medium  to  large,  brown  or  bluish-black; 
tender,  melting,  very  sweet,  vinous;  ripens  before  Concord. 

Triumphant.  A  failure  at  the  Ontario  Experimental  Farm  where  it  was  tested 
in  1886. 

Trollinger.  Jlentioned  in  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1859  as  being  on 
trial  in  the  government  experimental  garden. 

Trowbridge.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  American  Horticultural  Annual,  1870, 
a  sport  from  the  Isabella  with  much  larger  bunches  and  berries  than  those  of  its 
parent. 

Troy.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Purple  Hamburgh  ol  Troy;  Troy  Hamburg.  Described  by  Prince 
in  1830  as  hardy,  vigorous,  productive;  beiries  large,  oval,  a  little  foxy,  pleasant;  very 
good;  similar  to  Isabella. 

Tryone.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.  Bourq.)  From  a  cross  by  Munson  between  One  Seed 
and  Rommel,  about  1897.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry  large,  white;  veiy 
late. 

Tuckerman.  From  J.  B.  Tuckerman,  Cassville,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  about 
1870.      A  white  grape. 

Tuskahoma.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  member  of  Mimson's  Delago  family,  the  male 
parent  being  Brilliant;  first  fruited  in  1S99.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry  large, 
translucent  red;  equal  to  Brighton  in  quality;  early. 

U.  B.    One  of  Marine's  seedlings;  a  black  grape,  of  Labrusca  type. 

Uhland.  (Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Taylor;  from  Wm.  Weidmeyer,  Hennann, 
Missouri.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy,  usually  a  shy  bearer;  stamens  erect;  bimch  medium, 
nearly  cylindrical,  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  medium,  slightly  oblong, 
greenish-yellow  with  thin  bloom;  skin  thin,  tender,  cracks;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet, 
pleasant;  good;  ripens  a  few  days  later  than  Concord;  subject  to  rot  in  some  sections; 
makes  a  very  good  wine. 

UUer  Mammoth.  Reported  by  the  Tennessee  Experiment  Station  in  1894  as  an 
exceedingly  large  grape  of  inferior  quality;  a  vigorous  vine. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  519 

Ulrey.  Mentioned  by  Warder  in  1867.  From  Indiana;  medium  bunch  with  large 
white  berry;  sweet,  rich. 

Una.  (Lab.)  A  White  Concord  seedling;  from  E.  W.  Bull,  about  1867.  Healthy 
and  vigorous;  bunch  and  berries  medium;  resembles  Martha  but  not  so  sweet  and  more 
foxy;  ripens  a  week  before  Concord. 

Underbill.  (Lab.)  UnderhiH's  Celestial:  Underhill's  Seedling.  A  variety  of  the 
wild  Fox  grape:  from  Dr.  A.  K.  Underbill,  Charlton,  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  about 
1863.  Of  medium  vigor,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  stamens  reflexed;  bunches 
medium  to  large,  cylindrical,  frequently  shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries  large, 
usually  roundish,  dark  dull  red  with  lilac  bloom,  inclined  to  drop  when  ripe;  skin  thick, 
tough,  very  astringent;  pulp  tough,  svreet,  fox}-,  moderately  juicy,  fair;  ripens  about 
with  Concord;  of  tlie  Wyoming  type  but  inferior  to  that  variety. 

Undine.  (Lab.  Rip.)  From  J.  H.  Ricketts;  a  seedling  of  Concord  and  Clinton; 
vigorous  and  healthy;  bunch  large,  shouldered;  berries  large,  yellowish-white  when 
fully  ripe ;  sprightly,  ver\'  good. 

Universal.  (Line.  Lab.  Rup.)  A  seedling  of  America  crossed  with  Profusion ;  from 
Munson, about  1897.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  large  with  medium-sized  black  berry;  equal 
to  Concord  in  qiiality;  very  late. 

Urbana.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Indiana.  Buncli  medium,  shouldered; 
berry  large,  white;  juicy,  vinous,  not  very  sweet;  ripens  about  with  Isabella. 

Ursula.  (Lab.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1S93,  "  produced  by  T.  Huber,  Sr.,  Illinois. 
Bunch  small,  compact;  berries  small,  white;  flesh  melting,  juicy  and  sweet;  fine  quality; 
vigorous  grower;  ripens  with  Concord." 

Valencia.  Grown  bv  Munson  from  seed  secured  in  South  Spain,  near  Valencia. 
Described  by  the  originator  as  vigorous,  short -jointed;  healthy,  a  light  cropper;  cluster, 
small,  shouldered,  ver}^  compact;  beny  small,  brownish-red;  pulp  melting,  juicy,  very 
sweet  and  fine.     Munson' gives  the  species  as  Bourquiniana. 

Valentine.     August  Isabella.     Mentioned  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1S63. 

Valhallah.  (Lab.  Cand.  Rip.  Vin.  Bourq.)  From  Munson.  about  1902;  a  hybrid 
of  Elvicand  and  Brilliant.  Described  by  the  originator  as  a  very  vigorous,  drouth- 
enduring,  prolific  vine;  cluster  medium;  berry  large,  bright  clear  red;  skin  thin,  tough; 
pulp  juicy,  tender,  nearly  equaling  Brilliant  in  quality;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Valverde.      (Champ.   Lab.  Vin.   Bourq.)      From  Munson;  a  seedling  of  De   Grasset 
fertilized  with  Brilliant.     Stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry  large;  ripens  mid-season  in- 
Texas. 

Van  Deman.  (Line.  Lab.  Vin.)  From  Texas;  a  cross  of  Lincecumii  and  Triumph. 
Vigorous;  stamens  erect;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  medium,  black;  poor  to  good; 
ripens  about  two  weeks  after  Catawba. 

Vanderburgh.  Noted  in  Record  of  Horticulture  for  1868  as  a  new  and  promising 
variety  from  Lansingburg,  New  York;  not  yet  sent  out. 


520  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Venango.  (Lab.)  Minor's  Seedling.  According  to  Buchanan  (Mss.),  an  old  variety, 
said  to  have  been  cultivated  by  the  French  at  Fort  Venango,  on  Allegheny  River,  over 
a  century  ago.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  visually  productive;  stamens  erect; 
bunch  medium,  compact;  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  medium,  round  or  sometimes 
flattened  by  compactness;  skin  thick  and  tough,  pale  red  with  white  bloom;  flesh  sweet, 
aromatic;  pulpy  and  foxy;  ripens  about  with  Concord. 

Vermont.     Listed  by  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly,  1863,  as  a  worthless  sort. 

Vermont  Giant.  (Lab.)  From  C.  G.  Pringle  of  Charlotte,  Vermont.  Noted  in 
the  Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society  Report,  18S2,  as  a  black,  very  ptilpy  grape 
with  poor  flavor. 

VermoreL  (Champ.)  A  wild  variety  of  Vitis  champini  from  Williamson  County, 
Texas;  collected  by  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  small  with  medium-sized  black 
berry;  early. 

Vesta.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Salem;  from  C.  Engle,  Paw  Paw,  Michigan. 
Vigorous,  hardy,  productive ;  stamens  upright ;  bunches  medium  to  large,  long,  shouldered, 
moderately  compact;  berries  large,  round,  greenish-white;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender, 
juicy,  vinous,  rich;  very  good;  about  a  week  later  than  Concord. 

Viala.  (Champ.)  A  wild  variet}'  of  Vitis  champini,  from  Coryell  Count}',  Texas; 
collected  by  Munson.     Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  small;  berry  medium,  black;  early. 

Vialla.  (Rip.)  According  to  Biishberg  Catalogue,  1883,  "  a  Franco-American  variety, 
recommended  as  a  grafting  stock;  resembles  the  Franklin  and  is  by  some  supposed  to 
be  the  same  variety;  others  contend  that  it  is  distinct  from  and  superior  to  Franklin." 

Victoria.  Origin  unknown.  Moderately  vigorous,  open,  healthy;  bunch  very  small, 
short  and  thick;  berry  large,  round,  dark  purple,  scarcely  black,  with  thin  bloom;  skin 
tender;  pulp  tender  but  stringy,  juicy,  mild  acid,  without  decided  character;  poor; 
about  a  week  later  than  Concord. 

Victoria.  (Lab.)  Ray's  Victoria.  Introduced  in  1872  by  M.  M.  Samuels,  of  Clinton, 
Kentucky.  Vigorous,  healthy,  and  productive;  bunch  medium;  berry  medium,  round, 
amber  color;  skin  thin;  pulp  tender,  sweet  and  of  high  flavor;  very  good;  resembles 
Venango. 

Vine  Arbor.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1845,  as  being 
grown  at  Brinkleyvillc,  Halifax  County,  North  Carolina,  at  that  time.  So  called  on 
account  of  its  very  large  leaf  and  extended  growth,  consequently  adapted  for  arbors. 

Vinita.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  crossed  with  Herbemont;  from 
Munson,  about  1885.  Very  vigorous,  productive;  stamens  erect;  bunch  large,  conical, 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  small  to  medium,  purple;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  juicy, 
melting;  "  best";  very  late. 

Vinrouge.  (Lab.  Aest.  Vin.  Bourq.  Rup.  Line.)  From  a  cross  between  America 
and  Laura;  by  Munson  about  1894.  Vigorous,  healthy;  stamens  erect;  bunch  large; 
berry  medium;  black;  early. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  52 1 

Virginia.  Noted  by  Buchanan,  1852,  as  a  grape  raised  and  exhibited  by  N.  Long- 
worth  in  1846. 

Vivie  Hybrid.  I'ivic's  Hartford.  According  to  Biishbcrg  Catalogue,  18S3,  "  pro- 
duced by  M.  Vivie  in  France,  and  by  some  called  Vivie 's  Hartford.  Of  very  vigorous 
growth,  very  productive  and  its  grape  of  good  quality  making  a  very  good  wine." 

Waddel.  (Lab.)  Noted  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report 
for  1893.  Found  in  the  woods  of  Highland  County,  Ohio,  about  1863,  by  John  F.  Wad- 
del.  Productive  and  hardy;  cluster  medium,  heavily  shouldered,  moderately  compact; 
berry  oval,  medium  to  large,  persistent;  skin  thick,  tender,  dark  purple  or  black  with 
heavy  blue  bloom;  pulp  translucent,  tender,  melting,  very  juicy,  mildly  sweet,  rich, 
pleasant  with  slightly  musky  aroma;  good  to  verj^  good;  season  September  2o-3oth 
in  Ohio. 

Waldo  Seedling.  (Lab.)  A  chance  seedling  found  on  the  farm  of  J.  B.  Waldo, 
Johnsville,  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  about  1881.  Of  medium  vigor,  healthy,  hardy, 
productive;  clusters  as  large  or  larger  than  Concord,  often  nearly  double,  somewhat 
loose;  berries  large,  black  with  abundant  blue  bloom;  skin  variable  in  thickness,  tender; 
pulp  moderately  sweet,  juicy,  slightly  foxy  with  Concord  flavor;  good;  ripens  a  little 
before  Moore  Early.     Resembles  Concord  closely. 

Wales.  (Lab.)  A  seedling  having  a  medium-sized  bunch,  exhibited  by  E.  W.  Bull 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  in  1874. 

Waneta.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Brilliant;  from 
Munson,  about  1896.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  medium  with  large  red  berry;  equal  to 
Brighton  in  flavor;  late. 

Warmita.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  From  a  cross  between  America  and  Beacon;  by 
Munson,  about  1896.  Healthy  and  vigorous;  stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry  large, 
black;  ripens  mid-season. 

Warren.  Supposed  by  some  to  be  identical  with  Herbemont  but  claimed  to  be 
distinct  by  others.     The  original  vine  grew  near  Warrenton  in  Warren  County,  Georgia. 

Washington.     Noted  by  Warder  in  1867.     From  New  York.     Early,  black. 

Washita.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Delago  crossed  with  Governor  Ire- 
land; from  Munson,  about  1896.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  medium  with  large,  black  berry, 
equal  to  Concord  in  flavor;  early. 

Washita.  A  white  grape  from  Arkansas;  on  trial  in  the  goverment  experimental 
gardens  in  1859. 

Waterloo.  Rock  House  Indian.  A  native  grape  from  Illinois,  grown  by  F.  IMuench. 
Vigorous  and  a  good  bearer;  cluster  and  berry  small. 

Watertown.  From  D.  S.  Marvin,  Watertown,  New  York.  According  to  jMitzky, 
1893,  a  good  grower;  bunch  medium,  sometimes  shouldered;  berry  medium,  slightly 
oblong,  white;  sweet;  fine    quality. 


522  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Watova.  (Lab.  Rip.  Vin.  Aest.)  A  cross  between  Gold  Coin  and  Rommel;  from 
Munson,  in  1899.     Stamens  erect;  bunch  and  berry  large,  yellow;  late. 

Waubeck.  (Line.  Lab.  Aest.)  A  seedling  of  Jaeger  No.  43  fertilized  with  Laussel; 
from  Munson,  about  1893.  Stamens  erect;  bunch  large;  berry  medium,  black,  equal  to 
Concord  in  fiavor;  very  late. 

Waverly.  (Vin.  Rip.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Clinton  and  one  of  the  Muscats;  from 
Jas.  H.  Ricketts,  about  1870.  Usually  vigorous  and  productive,  hardy,  healthy;  bunch 
medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berry  medium,  round  to  oval,  black  with  blue  bloom; 
pulp  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  good;  ripens  with  Brighton. 

W.  B.  Munson.  (Line.  Vin.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Post-oak  No.  3,  crossed  with 
Triumph;  from  Munson,  about  18S7.  Vigorous,  very  productive,  subject  to  mildew  in 
the  South;  stamens  erect;  bunch  medium  or  sometimes  large,  cylindrical,  compact, 
sometimes  shouWered;  berry  medium,  round,  black,  persistent;  pulp  juicy,  melting, 
sprightly;  very  good;  late. 

Webb  Grape.  Mentioned  by  Prince  in  1830.  Discovered  by  Samuel  Webb,  of 
Philadelphia,  near  Woodbury,  Pennsylvania.     Berries  large,  black. 

Weeks  Seedling.  Mentioned  in  the  American  Horticultural  Annual,  1871.  Raised 
by  Dr.  Cyrus  Weeks,  of  Bellville,  New  Jersey.  Medium  bunch  and  berry;  verv-  sweet; 
pleasant  flavor. 

Wells.  (Lab.)  Wells'  Seedling.  Originated  in  Ohio  where  it  was  discovered  by 
a  Mr.  Wells  about  1882.  Vigorous,  healthy,  very  productive;  clu.sters  large,  cylindrical, 
shouldered,  moderately  compact;  berries  large,  bronze  or  wine-colored,  oval;  pulp  tender, 
mild,  very  juicy  with  a  peculiar  musky  flavor  and  foxy  aroma ;  fair  quality;  ripens  about 
two  weeks  after  Concord. 

Western  Beauty.  Grown  from  mixed  seed  by  E.  P.  Fisher,  Sterling,  Kansas,  about 
1904.  Described  by  the  originator  as  a  black  or  purple  grape  of  superior  quality,  better 
than  Concord,  a  stronger  grower  than  that  variety  and  perfectly  hardy;  ripens  about 
with  Catawba. 

Wetumka.  (Lab.  Aest.  Rip.  Bourq.)  From  a  cross  by  Munson  between  One  Seed 
and  Gold  Coin,  about  1893.  Of  medium  vigor,  healthy,  productive;  stamens  erect; 
clusters  medium,  ovate,  moderately  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  large, 
globular,  yellowish-green;  pulp  juicy,  tender;  good;  ripens  after  Concord. 

Wewoka.  (Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  Produced  by  Munson,  about  1893,  by  crossing 
America  with  Beacon.     Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  very  large;  berry  large,  black;  late. 

Wheaton.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  Jolm  C.  Wheaton, 
of  Dansville,  New  York,  in  1873.  Rather  weak  grower,  hardy,  variable  in  productive- 
ness; tendrils  irregularly  continuous;  foliage  not  very  healthy;  stamens  upright;  flowers 
nearly  fertile;  clusters  medium  to  small,  much  like  Delaware,  cylindrical,  nearly  com- 
pact, sometimes  shouldered;  berries  small,  roundish,  light  green  with  yellow  tinge,  with 
thin  gray  bloom;  pulp  tender,  nearly  sweet;  good;  ripens  about  with  Delaware. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


523 


White  Ann  Arbor.  (Lab.)  Ann  Arbor.  A  seedling  of  Concord;  raised  by  Chas. 
H.  Woodruff,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  in  1870.  Of  medium  vigor,  very  hardy,  moder- 
ately productive;  bunch  and  berry  large,  white  with  white  bloom;  pulp  tough,  sweet; 
good;  ripens  about  two  weeks  before  Concord. 

White  Beauty.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedhng  of  Dutchess;  from  Stayman 
of  Kansas.  Very  vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  very  productive;  bunch  large,  long, 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  medium  size,  white;  pulp  tender,  sprightly,  rich,  vinous, 
sweet;  best;  ripens  with  Concord  and  will  hang  until  frost. 

White  Cape.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  similar  to  Alexander  except 
that  it  is  greenish -white  in  color. 

White  Catawba.  (Lab.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Catawba;  raised  by  John  E.  Mottier, 
of  Ohio,  about  1849.  Bunch  medium,  shouldered;  bern,'  large,  round,  greenish;  pulpy, 
foxy. 

White  Clinton.  White  Delaivarc.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  Report  for  1864,  as  being  a  hardy  and  vigorous  vine  with  a  small  white  grape, 
insipid  and  worthless. 

White  Cloud.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  seedling  of  Dutchess;  from  Stavman,  of 
Kansas.  Vigorous,  hardy,  healthy  and  productive;  clusters  large,  long,  compact; 
berries  large,  white;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sprightly,  vinous,  sweet; 
best;  ripens  with  Concord. 

White  Delaware.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  From  Geo.  W.  Campbell,  of  Delaware, 
Ohio.  Lacking  in  size  and  productiveness  as  compared  with  its  parent;  resembles 
Delaware  in  form  of  bunch  and  berry,  compact  and  shouldered;  greenish-white  with 
thin  white  bloom ;  early. 

White  Delaware.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1894, 
fi-om  Hermann  Jaeger,  of  Neosho,  Missouri;  bunch  and  berries  closely  i-esemble  the 
Delaware   in  shape  and  size  but  it  has  some  Labrusca  characteristics. 

White  Delaware.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Produced  by  Jacob  Rommel  of  Morrison, 
Missouri.  Described  by  Mitzky,  1893,  as  healthy,  moderate  grower,  very  productive; 
bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  white  with  white  bloom;  skin 
tough;  without  pulp,  ven,^  sweet,  pure  flavor,  delicious;  ripens  with  Concord. 

White  Delaware.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  From  C.  J.  Copley,  Stapleton,  New  York. 
Described  in  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  Report,  1880,  as  having  a  small  bunch, 
exceedingly  compact;  berries  very  small,  round,  green  with  an  amber  tint  in  the  sun, 
thin  bloom;  skin  xezy  thick;  sweet  with  not  much  pulp  but  pretty  hard. 

White  Delaware  seedlings  have  also  been  produced  by  John  Burr,  J.  Sacksteder, 
Dr.  J.  Stayman,  D.  B.  Woodbury  and  others. 

White  Elizabeth.  Hart's  White;  White  Isabella.  Listed  by  Prince  in  Gardener's 
Monthly  for  1863. 


524  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

White  English.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report  for  1845  as 
being  grown  by  Sidney  Weller,  Brinklej^ville,  North  Carolina. 

Whitehall.  (Lab.)  Supposed  to  be  a  chance  seedling  from  Geo.  Goodale,  of  White- 
hall, Washington  County,  New  York;  first  fruited  in  1870.  Of  medium  vigor,  not  very 
productive,  comparatively  healthy;  stamens  reflexed;  clusters  large,  moderately  com- 
pact, shouldered;  berry  medium,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black  with  thin  bloom;  pulp 
tender,  melting  and  sweet ;  ripens  about  with  Hartford. 

White  Jewel.  (Rip.  Lab.)  Burr's  Xo.  19.  A  seedling  of  Elvira;  supposed  to  be 
from  John  Burr,  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Vigorous,  hardy  and  very  productive; 
stamens  upright;  bunch  medium,  long,  compact;  berry  medium,  round,  white  with 
abundant  bloom;  skin  thin,  rather  tender;  pulp  very  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  sprightly, 
very  good;  ripens  about  with  Moore  Early. 

White  Mountain.     From  Connecticut;  very  early. 

White  Muscadine.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1862,  in 
a  list  of  grapes  that  do  well  as  far  north  as  Burhngton,  Vermont. 

White  Musk.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Fuller,  1867,  a  hybrid  from  Jacob  Moore, 
of  Rochester,  New  York.  Vine  resembles  Sweetwater  but  does  not  require  protection; 
of  medium  size  with  insipid  flavor. 

White  Northern  Muscat.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Culinary  Grape;  White's  Northern  Mus- 
cadine. A  seedling  of  Brighton  fertilized  with  Muscat ;  from  W.  T.  White,  Troy,  Ohio, 
about  1889.  Vigorous,  tender,  moderately  productive;  stamens  upright;  bunch  medium 
size,  compact;  berries  large,  nearly  round,  brownish-green  or  amber  color;  skin  thick, 
tough;  pulp  large,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  high  flavor;  about  ten  days  earlier  than  Concord. 

White  Norton.  (Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Norton;  from  F.  Langendoerfer,  Her- 
mann, Missouri.  Noted  in  Missouri  Horticultural  Society  Report,  1883,  as  a  slow  grower, 
moderately  productive,  very  hardy;  smaller  than  its  parent,  of  a  golden  yellow  color 
and  a  few  days  earlier. 

White  Norton.  (Aest.  Lab.)  White  Virginia  Seedling.  Another  Norton  seedling, 
probably  crossed  with  some  Labrusca;  produced  by  J.  Balziger,  Highland,  Illinois. 
Strong,  hardy;  healthy  and  vigorous;  fruit  similar  to  Elvira  but  better  in  quality; 
very  late;  shows  some  Labrusca  blood. 

White  Rose.  Received  at  this  Station  for  testing  in  1906  from  Miss  R.  R.  Short, 
Clifton  Springs,  New  York. 

White  Sugar.  W.  R.  Prince  in  Gardener's  Monthly  for  1863,  mentions  this  variety 
as  a  worthless  Labrusca. 

White  Tennessee.  According  to  Grape  Culturist,  1871,  grown  by  W.  Valiant,  of 
Clarksville,  Tennessee,  and  known  by  him  for  about  fifty  years.  Hardy,  productive  and 
free  from  disease. 

White  Ulster.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Bushherg  Catalogue,  1894,  an  amateur 
variety,  raised  by  A.  J.  Caywood  from  a  seedling  of  Ulster  crossed  with  White  Concord. 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  525 

Wilcox.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1845,  ^s  being  grown 
by  Sidney  Weller,  Brinkleyville,  North  Carolina. 

Wilding.  (Rip.  Lab.i  A  seedUng  found  by  Jacob  Rommel,  Morrison,  Missouri 
Vigorous,  hardy  and  healthy,  moderately  productive;  stamens  reflexed;  bunch  medium, 
loose,  shouldered;  berry  medium,  round,  pale  green,  almost  '".ransparent ;  skin  very  thin, 
and  tender;  no  pulp,  juicy,  very  sweet;  very  good;  ripens  with  Concord. 

Wilkins  Seedling.  iLab.)  From  O.  Fitzalwyn  Wilkins,  Bridgeburgh,  Ontario, 
about  1895.  Described  in  the  Canadian  Horticulturist,  1898,  as  follows:  Bunch  of  good 
size  and  form;  berries  white,  round,  of  medium  size;  skin  thin  and  tender;  pulp  tender 
and  separates  readily  from  the  seeds;  flavor  agreeable,  somewhat  foxy,  but  much  sweeter 
and  pleasanter  than  Concord ;  early. 

Willard.  (Lab.)  From  E.  P.  Fisher,  Sterling,  Kansas;  received  at  this  Station 
for  testing  in  1905.  Described  by  originator  as  a  vigorous,  short -jointed  grower,  per- 
fectly hardy,  sometimes  mildews;  bunch  a  little  smaller  than  Concord,  compact;  berry 
nearly  large,  round,  red;  sweet,  without  any  foxiness;  lacks  vigor  here;  tendrils  con- 
tinuous or  sometimes  intennittcnt. 

Williamson.  (Cand.)  A  wild  variety  of  Candicans  from  Williamson  County, 
Texas;  collected  by  T.  V.  Munson.  Stamens  reflexed;  small  bunch  with  very  large, 
black  berry ;  early. 

Williamsport.  Noted  in  the  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  i860,  as  a  n^w  variety 
originated  on  the  mountain  near  Williamsport,  Pennsylvania.  Perfectly  hardy,  and 
very  prolific. 

William  Wine.  (Lab.  Aest.)  Mentioned  by  S.  J.  Parker  in  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  Report  ior  1&64.  Cluster  small  with  long  peduncle ;  berry 
large,  round,  having  "  the  fox  grape  perfume  mingled  with  that  of  a  rose." 

Willie.  (Lab.)  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Northern  Muscadine  crossed  with  Concord; 
from  L.  C.  Chisholm,  Spring  Hill,  Tennessee.  Vigorous,  rampant  grower,  health}^  and 
very  prodtictive;  fruit  larger  than  Concord,  shouldered,  very  showy;  black  with  white 
bloom;  pulp  vinous  and  sprightly,  no  foxiness;  excellent  wine  grape;  ripens  with  or  a 
few  days  later  than  Concord. 

Willis.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware;  from  Willis  W.  Jones, 
Camargo,  Illinois,  about  '865.  Usually  vigorous,  as  hardy  as  Concord,  healthy,  gen- 
erally quite  productive;  bunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered,  in  shape  like  the  Dela- 
ware; berry  meditnn,  round,  pale  green  or  amber-yellow  with  a  slight  bloom;  pulp 
tender,  very  juicy,  slightly  vinous,  sweet,  foxy;  good;  early. 

Willis  Fredonia.  Guernsey  Grape;  Jersey  Grape.  Origin  imknown ;  grown  b}' 
John  Willis,  of  Maryland.  According  to  Prince,  1830,  a  vigorous  rampant  grower, 
healthy,  \-evy  productive;  fruit  black  and  pleasant  for  the  table. 

Willis  Large  Black.  Great  Black  Muscadine.  An  old  variety  mentioned  by  Prince 
in  18.50,  who  says,  "  according  to  a  traditional  account  of  the  Southern  Indians,  this 


526  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

vine  and  the  White  Scuppernong  have  been  in  bearing  among  them  for  more  than  five 
hundred  3'ears."     Very  vigorous;  berries  very  large;  foxy. 

Wilmington.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Wilmington  While.  Originated  with  a  Mr.  Jeffries, 
near  Wihnington,  Delaware,  about  1S36.  Very  vigorous,  hardj',  productive;  bunches 
large,  loose,  shouldered;  berries  large,  roundish  or  inclining  to  oval,  greenish-white; 
tender  and  not  pulpy,  sweet  and  pleasant  when  properly  ripened  but  requires  a  long 
southern  season;  late. 

Winchester.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Bracket's  Sccdliiii;;  Brackett's  M'ijicliester.  A  seedling 
of  Union  Village;  from  E.  A.  Brackctt,  Winchester,  Massachusetts,  first  fruited  in  1858. 
Vigorous,  hardy;  bunch  large;  berr^r  large,  round,  black,  heavy  bloom;  juicy,  sweet, 
vinous ;  resembles  parent  but  ripens  a  week  earlier. 

Windsor.  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830.  Found  growing  wild  twelve  miles  north  of 
Baltimore,  at  Windsor,  on  the  plantation  of  George  Fitzhugh.  Very  luxuriant  and  pro- 
ductive; clusters  large  and  long;  berries  round,  blue,  juicy. 

Winedrop.  (Line.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  Post-oak  No.  i  and  Herbemont  by 
Munson,  in  1884.     Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  large  with  small,  dark  red  berry;  late. 

Wine  House.  Noted  in  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  1854.  Found  growing 
spontaneously  in  the  vineyard  of  Frederick  Muench.  Sweet  and  aromatic;  not  very 
juicy. 

Wine  King.  (Aest.  Line.  Rup.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Winona  crossed  with  America; 
from  Munson,  in  1898.  Very  vigorous,  prolific,  healthy;  stamens  erect;  cluster  large, 
compact;  berry  medium,  black  with  blue  bloom;  very  little  pulp,  tender,  very  juicy, 
vinous,  rich  and  sprightly;  good. 

Winona.  (Aest.  Lab.)  A  seedling  of  Norton;  from  Munson,  about  1895.  Vigorous, 
productive;  stamens  upright;  cluster  large,  loose,  conical;  berries  small  to  medium, 
black;  skin  thin,  tough;  pulp  juicy,  tender,  good;  about  a  week  earlier  than  Norton. 

Winslow.  (Rip.?)  A  seedling  raised  by  Charles  Winslow,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
about  1857.  Hardy  and  productive;  bunch  medium,  long,  compact;  berries  small, 
round,  black;  pulp  vinous  and  juicy;  resembles  Clinton  but  is  less  acid;  veiy  early. 

Winter  Wine.  (Simp.  Line.  Bourq.)  A  cress  between  Vilis  simpsoni  and  Mar- 
guerite by  Munson  in  1898.  Stamens  reflexed;  bunch  large  with  medium-sized  black 
berry;  "  extra  late." 

Witt.  (Lab.)  A  white  seedling  of  Concord;  from  Michael  Witt,  of  Columbus,  Ohio, 
about  1880.  Not  very  vigorous,  hardy,  moderately  healthy,  very  productive;  clusters 
medium  to  large,  conical,  moderately  compact,  sometimes  shouldered;  berries  variable 
in  size,  usually  large,  roundish,  greenish-white  or  pale  yellow  with  thin  whitish  bloom; 
pulp  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  sweet;  good;  ripens  with  Concord  or  a  little  before. 

Woodbury.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Woodbury  White.  A  seedling  of  Delaware  from 
D.  B.  Woodbury,  Paris,  Maine,  about  1891.  Descrilxni  in  Bushbcrg  Catalogue,  1894,  as 
resembling  Delaware  in  growth  and  foliage;  bunch  medium,  compact;  berry  larger  than 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK.  527 

Delaware,  slightly  oblong,  greenish-white  with  fine  bloom;  skin  thin,  yet  tough,  almost 
transparent;  juicy,  sweet,  good;  ripens  two  weeks  before  Concord;  a  very  good  keeper. 

Woodbury.  Mentioned  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report  for 
1863,  as  Ijcing  on  trial  in  the  government  experimental  garden. 

Woodcock  Seedling.  Exhibited  by  H.  Woodcock  at  the  Western  New  York  Horti- 
cultural Society  meeting  in  1887.  A  large  red  grape,  of  very  good  quality;  ripens  with 
Delaware. 

Woodford.  On  trial  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  experimental 
vineyard  in  1 8O0.     Vigorous ;  purple ;  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet. 

Woodriver.  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1883,  originated  near  Woodriver, 
Washington  County,  Rhode  Island,  by  a  Mr.  Brown.      White,  very  early,  fine  quality. 

Woodson.  From  Prince  Edward  County,  Virginia,  previous  to  1830.  Bunch 
medium,  very  compact;  berry  medium  red;  no  pulp,  rich;  good  for  table  and  wine;  later 
than  Cunningham. 

Wyman.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Wymaii's  Seedling.  Exhibited  by  Joseph  Breck  in  1854 
at  a  session  of  the  fruit  committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.  Said  to 
be  a  seedling  of  Catawba;  berries  large,  sweet  and  free  of  pulp;  ripens  with  or  before 
Isabella. 

Wynant.  (Lab.  Vin.)  According  to  Mitzky,  1893,  a  chance  seedling  grown  by 
D.  W.  Babcock,  Dansville,  New  York;  almost  identical  with  Dutchess. 

Wyoming.  Noted  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office  Report,  i860.  Vigorous; 
black;  juicy,  somewhat  pulpy. 

Wylie's  Seedlings.  Unnamed  seedlings  of  Dr.  A.  P.  Wylie,  of  Chester,  South 
Carolina : 

Xo.  4.  A  cross  between  two  hybrids.  Described  by  originator  in  Bushberg  Cata- 
logue, 1883,  as  bunch  somewhat  larger  than  Lenoir;  berry  medium,  of  a  clear  transparent 
golden  color ;  finest  texture  and  flavor,  resembles  White  Frontignan ;  ripens  as  early  as 
Concord. 

Concord  and  Foreign  No.  8.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Seedling  of  Concord  and  Bowood  Mus- 
cat. Strong  grower;  foliage  Labrusca;  cluster  very  large,  loose;  berry  very  large,  black, 
of  foreign  texture ;  skin  thick ;  ripens  with  Catawba. 

Delaware  and  Concord  \'o.  1.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Very  hardy  with  Labrusca 
foliage;  a  great  bearer;  bunch  and  berry  medium;  skin  thick,  dark  red;  juicy,  rich  and 
sweet,  slightly  musky. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  30.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  The  same  color  as  Delaware 
with  bunch  of  same  size  and  berries  one  half  larger ;  texture  and  flavor  also  much  like 
Delaware;  generally  more  healthy  than  that  variety;  a  great  bearer. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  3S.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Hardy  and  healthy  with 
Labrusca  foliage,  not  so  strong  a  grower  as  No.  SO;  dark  red  in  color  with  purple  bloom 
and  superior  to  No.  SO  in  flavor. 


528  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  Jfi.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  black  grape  of  high  vinous 
flavor. 

Halifax  and  Delaware  No.  55.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  Bunch  medium,  long,  shoul- 
dered; berries  large,  dark  blue  or  purple  with  a  purple  bloom;  flesh  tender,  juicy,  very 
sweet,  sprightly,  high  flavored;  best. 

Halifax  and  Hamburg  No.  11.  (Vin.  Lab.)  Very  productive  and  healthy;  bunch 
medium;  berry  medium,  black,  with  thick  skin. 

Hybrid  Scuppernong  No.  4.  (Rot.)  Exhibited  at  the  American  Pomological 
Society  in  1877.  Healthy,  very  productive;  bunches  medium,  compact;  berry  round, 
greenish -white ;  pulp  nearly  melting,  very  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  with  a  musky  aroma; 
good. 

Hybrid  Scuppernong  No.  5.  (Rot.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Bland  Madeira  and  Foreign 
No.  I ,  crossed  with  a  staminate  hybrid  Scuppernong  produced  by  impregnating  Black 
Hamburg  with  Scuppernong.  Healthy  and  hardy;  bunch  medium;  berries  large,  white, 
transparent  with  thin  tough  skin;  almost  pulpless,  rich,  sweet,  with  a  pecuHar  flavor; 
as  early  as  Concord. 

Xenia.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  Parentage,  Delaware,  Goethe  and  Triumph;  from 
Munson.  Vigorous;  cluster  medium,  compact;  berry  very  large,  white;  skin  thin  and 
tough;  pulp  meaty,  tender,  sprightly,  high  flavor;  best;  very  late,  with  Fern  Munson  or 
just  before. 

Xlnta.  (Line.  Rup.  Vin.  Lab.)  One  of  Munson 's  seedlings;  America  fertilized 
with  R.  W.  Munson.  Vigorous,  hardy  in  Southern  States;  stamens  reflexed;  cluster 
large,  cylindrical,  shouldered,  fairly  compact;  berries  medium  to  large,  globular,  black, 
with  little  bloom;  skin  thin;  pulp  meaty,  tender,  sprightly;  season  with  or  later  than 
Concord. 

Yoakum.  (Bourq.)  According  to  Bushberg  Catalogue,  1894,  "  resembling  the 
Herbemont,  its  juice  is  of  deeper  color,  its  foHage  is  more  deeply  lobed,  but  otherwise 
much  inferior;  ripening  unevenly  and  being  less  productive." 

Yomago.  (Lab.  Vin.  Bourq.)  A  cross  between  Delago  and  Brilliant,  by  Munson, 
about  1894.  As  grown  at  this  Station,  a  weak  grower,  not  hardy,  variable  in  pro- 
ductiveness; flowers  fertile,  bloom  late;  stamens  upright;  clusters  large,  usually  single- 
shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  roundish,  black,  glossy,  covered  with  heavy  blue 
bloom;  skin  thin  and  tender;  flesh  pale  green,  tender,  spicy,  sweet  with  Post-oak  flavor; 
fair  to  good;  it  is  doubtful  if  it  will  ripen  in  this  locality. 

Yonkers.  (Lab.)  A  Concord  seedling;  from  J.  W.  Gray,  Atwood,  Illinois.  Hardy, 
not  a  strong  grower;  bunch  medium,  shouldered,  compact;  berries  large,  round,  light 
green;  sweet;  good;  ripens  a  little  before  Concord. 

York  Claret.  (Lab.)  According  to  Prince,  1830,  a  native  cultivated  near  York, 
Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  much  esteemed  for  wine.  Bunches  and  berries  smaller  than 
those  of  Alexander;  without  pulp,  very  juicy,  sweet. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  529 

York  Lisbon.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Noted  by  Prince  in  1830.  Grown  around  York,  Penn- 
sylvania. Resembles  Alexander  but  larger  and  a  little  elongated  and  the  pulp  is  more 
acid;  coarse,  pulpy  and  foxy;  some  consider  it  identical  with  Alexander. 

York  Madeira.  (Lab.  Vin.?)  Baldwin's  Early;  Black  German;  Canhy's  August; 
German  Wine;  Large  German;  Marion  Port;  Montcith;  Shepherd's  Port  Wine;  Small 
German;  Tryon;  Wolfe.  An  old  variety  of  Isabella  type,  originated  at  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Vigorous,  generally  hardy,  productive;  cluster  medium,  compact,  shouldered; 
berries  medium,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval,  black;  pulp  juicy,  sweet,  somewhat  vinous, 
pleasant;  ripens  with  Isabella  or  before.  Some  consider  Marion  (II)  identical  with  this 
variety. 

Young  America.  (Lab.)  Raised  by  Samuel  Miller,  of  Calmdale,  Pennsylvania, 
about  i860.  A  seedling  of  Concord  and  resembling  its  parent  in  color  and  shape  but 
three  weeks  later. 

Zane.  From  a  Mr.  Zane,  Wheeling,  West  Virginia;  found  by  him  growing  wild  on 
Wheeling  Island.     Berry  medium,  red. 

Zelia.  (Lab.  Vin.)  Parentage,  Telegraph  crossed  with  Black  Hamburg;  from 
C.  J.  Cople)',  Stapleton,  New  York.  Medium  in  vigor,  productive,  quite  hardy;  leaves 
five-lobed,  some  indistinctly  so,  dull  green;  cluster  large,  compact;  berry  very  large, 
black;  skin  thin,  fine  bloom;  pulp  tender,  rich,  sweet,  aromatic;  season  earlier  than 
Concord. 

Zinnia.  (Lab.)  Origin  unknown.  Cluster  large,  loose,  shouldered ;  berry  mediurh, 
round,  black  with  a  rich  bloom. 

Zita.  (Lab.  Bourq.  Vin.)  A  seedling  of  Delaware ;  from  John  Sacksteder,  Leaven- 
worth, Crawford  County,  Indiana.  Vigorous,  productive,  healthy;  cluster  above 
medium;  berry  medium,  round,  yellow. 

Zoe.  Mentioned  by  Campbell  in  Garden  and  Forest,  1S90,  as  a  northern  grape 
attaining  its  best  quality  in  long  seasons. 

34 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  53 1 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND  REFERENCES  WITH  ABBREVIATIONS  USED 


In  the  standard  works  listed  below,  the  date  of  copyright  has  been 
preferred  to  that  of  the  title  page  although  where  there  are  several  editions 
from  the  same  copyright  they  are  given,  so  far  as  our  knowledge  permits. 
This  is  thought  to  be  more  just  to  the  writers  as  the  copyright  date  is  usually 
a  better  indication  of  the  time  when  tlie  book  was  written  than  the  date  of 
publication.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  present  a  complete  bibliography 
of  grape  literature  in  the  United  States  including  many  books  which,  owing 
to  their  nature,  have  been  of  no  use  in  the  preparation  of  this  work.  In 
addition  there  are  given  all  agricultural  works  and  periodicals  to  which 
references  will  be  found  in  the  preceding  pages.  Reports  and  bulletins  of 
experiment  stations  and  reports  of  horticultural  societies  are  not  included 
as  in  each  case  the  al^breviation  used  is  standard  and  sufhcienth-  full  for 
ready  recognition.  Only  such  European  works  have  been  included  as  were 
found  useful  in  preparing  the  volume. 

Adlum A  Memoir  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine  in  America  and  the 

Best  Mode  of  Making  Wine.  By  John  Adlum.  Washington: 
1823.     Second  edition,  1828. 

Allen A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Treatment  of  the  Grape 

Vine,  etc.  By  J.  Fisk  Allen.  Second  edition,  Boston:  1848. 
Third  edition,  1853. 

Amer.  Farmer The  American  Farmer.  ■   Baltimore:   1S19-1832. 

Amer.  Card The    American    Garden.       1888-1891.      American    Gardening, 

New  York:  1892-1904.  (The  American  Garden  and  Popular 
Gardening  were  combined  in  1892  to  form  American 
Gardening.) 

Am.  Hort.  An American  Horticultural  Annual.  A  Year  Book  of  Horticul- 
tural Progress,  etc.     New  York:   1 867-1 871. 

Am.  Jour.  Hort The  American  Journal  of  Horticulture  and  Florist's  Com- 
panion. Name  changed  in  1869  to  Tilton's  Journal  of  Hor- 
ticulture and  Florist's  Companion.     Boston:   1 867-1 87 1. 

Am.  Pom.  Soc.  Rpt.  .  .  American  Pomological  Society  Report.  Issued  usually  bienni- 
ally from  1852  to  date. 

Andrae A  Guide  to  the  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Texas,  and 

Instructions  for  Wine-Making.  By  E.  H.  Andrae.  Dallas, 
Texas:  1890. 


532  THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

An.  Hort Annals    of    Horticulture    in    North    America.     A    Witness    of 

Passing  Events  and  a  Record  of  Progress.     By  L.  H.  Bailey. 

New  York:  1889-1893.     (Appearing  annually.) 
Antill An   Essay  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine,   etc.     By   Edward 

Antill.      (Appearing  in  Transactions  American  Philosophical 

Society.)     Philadelphia:  1771. 
Bailey American   Grape  Training;  An  Account  of  the  Leading  Forms 

Now   in   Use  of.  Training  the  American   Grapes.     By    L.    H. 

Bailey.     New  York:   1893. 
Barry The  Fruit  Garden;  A  Treatise,  etc.     By  P.  Barry.     New  York: 

1851.     Revised  edition  (Barry's  Fruit  Garden),  New  York: 

1872.     Revised  edition  (Barry's  Fruit  Garden),   New  York: 

1883. 
Boiling Sketch  of  Vine  Culture.     By  Robert  Boiling.     (Never  printed 

but   several   manuscript    copies   were   circulated   during   the 

latter  half  of  the  i8th  century.     Extracts  were  published  in 

several  periodicals.) 
Bright Bright's  Single    Stem    Dwarf   and    Rene\i?al    System  of    Grape 

Culture,  etc.     By  William  Bright.     New  York:  i860.     Sec- 
ond   edition.    New    York:  1861.     (Same    copyright    date    as 

first  edition.) 
Buchanan The    Culture    of    the    Grape    and    Wine-Making.      By    Robert 

Buchanan.     Cincinnati:   185 2-1 860  or  later.     (Eight  editions 

or  more.) 
Budd- Hansen American  Horticultural  Manual,  etc.     By  J.  L.  Budd  and  N.  E. 

Hansen.     New  York  and  London:   1903. 
Busby Journal  of  a  Recent  Visit  to  the  Principal  Vineyards  of  Spain 

and  France,  etc.     By  James  Busby,   Esq.     New  York  and 

Boston:  1835. 
Bush.  Cat Illustrated   Descriptive    Catalogue   of   American    Grape   Vines, 

etc.     By  Bushand  Son  and  Meissner.    Tliird  edition,  St.  Louis: 

1883.     Fourth  edition  same,  St.  Louis:  1894. 

Can.  Hort Canadian  Horticulturist.     Toronto:  1878  to  date. 

Chorlton The  Cold  Grapery,   from   Direct  American  Practice,  etc.     By 

Wm.  Chorlton.     New  York:   1853. 
Chorlton The  American  Grape  Growers'  Guide,  etc.     By  Wm.  Chorlton, 

Many  editions.     With  the  exception  of  a  final  chapter  added 

to   the   later   editions   there   are   no   revisions.     New   York: 

1832-1883. 
Cole The  American  Fruit  Book,  etc.     By  S.  W.  Cole.     Boston  and 

New  York:  1849. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  533 

Cope Physiography  in  its  Apphcation  to  Grape  Culture.     An  essay  in 

Saunders'  "  Both  Sides  of  the  Grape  Question  ". 
Dc  Bcrncaud The  Vine-Dresser's  Theoretical  and  Practical  Manual,  etc.     By 

Thiebaut  de  Berneaud.     (Translated  from  the  French.)     New 

York:  1829. 
Denniston Grape  Culture  in   Steuben   County,   New  York.      By   G.    Dcn- 

niston.     Albany:   1S65.     (In  New  York   Agricultural  Society 

Report,  and  also  as  a  separate.) 
Dom.  Enc The    Domestic    Encyclopedia;   or   a    Dictionary   of  Facts,    etc. 

By  A.  F.  M.  Willich.     First  American  edition  with  additions 

by  James  Mease.     In  five  volumes.     (The  fifth  volume  con- 
tains an  article  on    grapes  by  William   Bartram  and   James 

Mease.)     Philadelphia:     1804. 
Downing The  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America.     By  A.  J.   Downing, 

1845.     Second  edition,  same  text,  with  colored  plates,  1847. 

First  revision,  by  Charles  Downing,   1857.     Second  revision, 

1869.     First  appendix,  1872.     Second  appendix,  1876.    Third 

appendix,  1881. 
Du  Breuil The  Thomcry  System  of  Grape  Culture.     (A  translation  from 

the  French.)     New  York:  No  date. 
Du  Breuil Vineyard  Culture,  etc.     By  A.   Du  Breuil.     Translated   (from 

the  French)  by  E.  &  C.  Parker,  with  notes  and  adaptations 

by  John  A.  Warder.     Cincinnati:   1867. 
Dufour The    American    Vine-Dresser's    Guide,    etc.      By    John    James 

Dufour.     Cincinnati:   1826. 
Eisen The  Raisin  Industry,  etc.     By  Gustav  Eisen.     San  Francisco: 

1890. 
Elliott EUiott's  Fruit   Book,   or  the   American   Fruit   Growers'   Guide, 

etc.     By  F.  R.  Elliott.     New  York:   1854.       Revised  edition 

(same),  1859. 
Ev.  of  Nat.  Fruits Sketch  of  the  Evolution  of  our  Native  Fruits.     By  L.  11.  Bailey. 

New  York:   1898. 
Fisher Observations  on  the  Character  and  Culture  of  the   European 

Vine,  etc.      By  S.  I.  Fisher.      Philadelphia:   1S34. 
Flagg Three  Seasons  in  European  Vineyards,  etc.     By  Wm.  J.  Flagg. 

New  York:   1869. 
Floy-Lind Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden,  etc.     By  George  Lind- 

ley ;  edited  by  John  Lindley.     American  edition  with  notes 

and  additions  by  Michael  Floy.     New  York:   1833. 


534  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Fuller The   Grape   Culturist;  a  Treatise,   etc.     By  Andrew  S.    Fuller. 

New  York:  1864.  Same,  new  and  enlarged  edition,  New 
York:  1867.  Same,  new  revised  and  enlarged  edition.  New 
York:   1894. 

Gard.  Chron Gardener's  Chronicle,  etc.     London:  1841  to  date. 

Gar.  Mon Gardener's  Monthly,  etc.  Thomas  Meehan,  editor.  Phila- 
delphia:  1859-1887. 

Goessman Contribtition  to  the   Chemistry  of  the  American   Grape  Vine. 

By  C.  A.  Goessman.  In  Proceedings  American  Chemical 
Society,  volume  2,  and  also  as  separate. 

Grape  Cult The  Grape  Culturist,  a  Monthly  Journal,  etc.    George  Husmann, 

editor.     St.  Louis:   1869-1871. 

Grant Manual  of  the  Vine.     By  C.  W.  Grant,  lona,  N.  Y. :   1S64. 

Haraszthy Grape  Culture,  Wines  and  Wine-Making,  etc.    By  A.  Haraszthy. 

New  York:   1862. 

Haskell An  Account  of  Various  Experiments  for  the  Production  of  New 

and  Desirable  Grapes.      Ipswich,  Mass.:   1877. 

Hoare A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  on 

Open  Walls.  By  Clement  Hoare.  Boston:  1837.  Same, 
Boston:   1S40.    Same,  Boston:   1845.    Same,  New  York:  1847. 

Hofer Grape  Growing.     A  Simple  Treatise  on  the  Single  Pole  System, 

etc.     By  A.  F.  Hofer.     New  York:  1878. 

Hooper Hooper's  Western  Fruit  Book,  etc.  By  E.  J.  Hooper.  Cin- 
cinnati: 1857. 

Horticola The  pseudonym  of  Dr.  Charles  Siedhof  who  translated  and  added 

notes  to  Mohr's  "  The  Grape  Vine,"  etc. 

Horticulturist The  Horticulturist  and  Journal  of  Rural  Art  and  Rural  Taste. 

Albany,  Philadelphia  and  New  York:  1846-1875. 

Husmann The    Cultivation    of    the    Native    Grape    and    Manufacture    of 

American  Wines.     By  George  Husmann.     New  York:  1866. 

Husmann American  Grape  Growing  and  Wine  Making.  By  George  Hus- 
mann.    Fourth  edition.  New  York:   1S95. 

Hyatt Hyatt's  Handbook  of  Grape  Culture,  etc.     By  T.  Hart  Hj-att. 

San  Francisco:    1867. 

Johnson Rural  Econom}-,  etc.     By  S.  W.  Johnson.     New  York:   1806. 

Kccch The  Grape  Growers'  Guide.     By  J.   Keech.     Waterloo,  N.  Y.: 

1869. 

Lond.  Hort.  Soc.  Cat.  .  A  Catalog  of  the  Fruits  Cultivated  in  the  Garden  of  the  Hor- 
ticultural Society  of  London.  First  edition,  London:  1826. 
Same,  second  edition,  1831. 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK.  535 

Longworth The  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  and  Manufacture  of  Wine.     By 

N.  Long-worth.     Cincinnati:  1846. 

L,-,,,l3at The    American   Vine    Dresser's   Guide.      By   Alphonse   Loubat. 

New  York:   1827.     Same,  1872. 

McMaiion The  American  Gardener's  Calendar,  etc.    By  Bernard  McMahon. 

Philadelphia:   1806. 

McMinn A  Contribution  to  the  Classification  of  the  Species  and  Varieties 

of  the  Grape  Vine.     By  J.  M.  McMinn.     (An  essay  appearing 
in  Saunders'  "  Both  Sides  of  the  Grape  Question.") 

McMurtrie Report  upon  Statistics  of  Grape  Culture  and  Wmc  Production 

in  the  United  States  for  1880.     By  Wm.  McMurtrie,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.     Washington:   1881. 

M,,g    Hort Magazine    of   Horticulture.      Published    first   two   years   under 

name  American  Gardener's  Magazine.     C.  M.  Hovcy,  editor. 
Boston:   1 835-1 868. 

jyig^^i An  Elementary  Treatise  on  American  Grape  Culture  and  Wine 

Making.     By  Peter  B.  Mead.     New  York:   1867. 

H,Iit2ky Our     Native    Grape,    etc.     Published    by    C.    Mitzky    &    Co. 

Rochester:   1893. 
lyiQhj. The  Grape  Vine.     A  Practically  Scientific  Treatise  on  its  Man- 
agement,   etc.     By   Frederick    Mohr.     Translated   from   the 
German  by  Hcrrieola  (Charies  Siedhof).     New  York:  1867. 

Muench School  for  American  Grape  Culture,  etc.     By  Frederick  Mucnch. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Elizabeth  H.  Cutter.  St. 
Louis:  1865. 

I^Iunson Classification    and    Generic   Synopsis   of   the    Wild    Grapes    of 

North  America.  By  T.  V.  Munson.  United  States  Depait- 
ment  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Pomology,  Bulletin  3. 
Washington:     1890. 

My  Vineyard My  Vineyard  at    Lakeview.     By  a  western  grape-grower  (A.  N. 

Prenriss).     New  York:     1866. 
pgrsoz New  Process  for  the  Culture  of  the  Vine.     By  Persoz.     Trans- 
lated by  J.  O.  C.  Barclay.     New  York:   1856. 

pi^glps The  Vine:   Its  Culture  in  the  United  States,  etc.     By  R.   H. 

Phelps.     Hartford:   1855. 

phin Open   Air   Grape    Culture,   etc.      By   John   Phin.     New   York: 

1862.     Same,  1876. 

prij^ce A  Treatise  on  the  Vine,  etc.     By  William  Robert  Prince,  aided 

by  William  Prince.     New  York:   1830. 

Rafinesque American  Manual  of  the  Grape  Vines,  etc.    By  C.  S.  Rafinesque. 

Philadelphia:   1830. 


536  THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 

Rec.  of  Hort Woodward's  Record  of  Horticulture.     Edited  by  A.  S.   Fuller. 

(An  annual).     New  York:  1 866-1 868. 
Reemelin The  Vine-Dresser's  Manual;  An  Illustrated  Treatise,  etc.     By 

Charles  Reemelin.     New  York:   1856. 

Rural  N.  Y Rural  New  Yorker.    Rochester  and  New  York:   1850  to  date. 

Saunders Both  Sides  of  the  Grape  Question,  etc. :    Three  essays  on  grape 

culture  by  Wm.   Saunders,   F.  J.   Cope  and  J.   M.   McMinn. 

Philadelphia:   i860. 

Siedhof,  Charles (See  Mohr.) 

Sou.  Agr Southern  Agriculturist,  Horticulturist,  etc.     Charleston:  1828- 

1846. 
Speechly A    Treatise    on    the    Culture    of    the    Vine,    etc.     By    William 

Speedily.     Dublin:  1791. 
Spooner The    Cultivation    of    American    Grape    Vines,    etc.      By  Alden 

Spooner.     Brooklj-n:   1846. 
Story  of  the  Vine The  Story  of  the  Vine.     By  Edward  R.  Emerson.     New  York 

and  London:   1901. 

Strong Culture  of  the  Grape.     By  W.  C.  Strong.     Boston:  1866. 

Thomas The  American  Fruit  Culturist.     By  J.  J.  Thomas.     Published 

at  various  places.     First  edition,  1846;  twenty-first  edition, 

1903. 

Tomes The  Champagne  Country.    By  Robert  Tomes.    New  York:  1867. 

Traits  gen.  de  vit Trait6  general  de  viticulture,  etc.     Published  under  the  direc- 
tion   of    P.  Viala  and  V.  Vermorel  assisted    by  many  others. 

In  six  volumes.    Paris:   1903. 
Tryon A  Practical  Treatise  on  Grape  Culture,  etc.     By  J.  H.  Tryon. 

Willoughby,  Ohio:   1887.     Same,  second  edition,  Willoughby, 

Ohio:   1893. 
U.  S.  D.  A.  Rpt Reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture:  1862 

to  date. 
U.  S.  Pat.  Off.  Rpt Reports  of  the  Agricultural  Section  of  the  United  States  Patent 

Office:   1837  to  1861. 

Vineyardist The  Vineyardist.     Pcnn  Yan,  N.  Y. 

Wait Wines  and  Vines  of  California,  etc.     By  Frona  Eunice  Wait. 

San  Francisco:   1889. 

Warder See  Du  Breuil. 

West.  Hort.  Rev Western  Horticultural  Review.     J.  A.  Warder,  editor.     Cincin- 
nati:  1850-1853. 
Woodward Woodward's  Graperies  and  Horticultural  Buildings.     By  Geo. 

E.  &  F.  W.  Woodward.     New  York:  1865. 


INDEX. 


(Names  of  varieties  in  this  index,  if  accepted  names,  appear  in  roman  type;  if  synonyms,  in  italics.) 


Abby  Clingottcn,  433 

Ada,  433 

Adaptation,  68;  influence  of  air  current,  71;  of 
altitude  and  latitude,  O9;  of  fertility,  70:  of 
insects  and  fungi,  72;  of  moisture,  69,  70; 
of  soil,  71 ;  of  temperature,  69 

Adelaide,  433 

Adelia,  433 

Adeline,  433 

Adirondac,  157 

Adlum,  John,  attempt  to  establish  an  experi- 
mental farm,  45,  46;  book  by,  45;  life  of,  45; 
quoted,  45,  46,  161;  var.  found  by.  449 

Admirable,  433 

Admirable;  (syn.  of  Fern  Munson),  271 

Admiral  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Adobe,  433 

Adobe  Land  grape  (syn.  of  V.  champini),  124 

Advance,  15S 

Agawam,  158 

Aiken,  433 

Air  currents,  71 

Alabama,  grapes  in,  20 

Alabama  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Alabama  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  369 

Albaiis,  433 

Albania,  433 

Albert,  433 

Albino,  433 

Alderton,  D.,  var.  found  by,  466 

Aledo,  433 

Aletha,  433 

Alexander,  17,  45,  50,  160 

Alexander  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Alexander,  John,  var.  found  by,  161 

Alexander,  S.  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  163 

Alexander  Winter,  163 

Alexander's  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Alexandria  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Alfarata,  434 

Alice  (I),  164 

Alice  (II),  164 

Alice  Lee,  434 

AUair,  434 

Allen,  John  Fisk,  var.  orig.  by,  166,  461 

Allen's  Hybrid    56,  57.  165 

Alma,  434 

Alphonse,  434 

Aluwe,  434 

Alvey,  434 


Alvey's  Lenori  (syn.  of  Lcnori),  479 

Alvcy's  Logan  (syn.  of  Logan),  481 

Amadas  and  Barlowc,  quoted,  30,  31,  51 

Amalia,  434 

Amanda,  434 

Ambecon,  434 

Amber,  434 

Amber  (syn.  of  Early  Amber),  453 

Amber  Queen,  166 

Ambrosia,  167 

Amelia  (syn.  of  Amalia),  434 

Amerbonte,  434 

America,  168 

American  grapes,  characters  of,  3,  4,  98,  103, 
105;  distribution  of,  26;  early  history  of,  26 
et  seq. ;  resistance  to  disease,  6;  species  of,  107 

American  grape  vine  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Ainerican  Hamburg,  434 

American  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 

Amersion,  434 

Amethyst,  169 

Aminia.  i  70 

Amonta.  435  > 

Amorcaux  (syn.  of  Louisiana),  331 

Amoreux  (syn.  of  Rulander),  50S 

Amos,  435 

Amy,  435 

Andover,  435 

Anida,  435 

Anna,  435 

.4)111  Arbor  (syn.  of  White  Ann  Arbor),  523 

Annie  M.,  435 

Anthracnose,  87 

Antill,  Edward,  essay  by,  15,  40;  quoted,  41 

Antoinette,  171 

Anuta,  435 

Arbeka,  435 

Archer,  435 

Archer  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Archer,  Ellis  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  435 

Arcott  (syn.  of  Cassady),  445 

Ariadne,  435 

Arizona  grape  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 

Arizonensis  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 

Arkansas,  grapes  in,  54 

Arkansas  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Arkansas  (syn.  of  Cynthiana),  228 

Arkansas  (syn.  of  V.  rottmdi folia),  109 

Arkansaw,  435 

Armalaga,  43  s 


53S 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Annbrilong,  435 

Armlong,  435 

Arnold,  Charles,  life  of,  200;  var.  orig.  by,   174. 

190,  200,  375,  450 
Arnold's  Hybrid  No.  1  (syn.  of  Othello),  374 
Arnold's  No.  S  (syn.  of  Cornucopia),  450 
Arnold's  No.  5  (syn.  of  Autuchon),  173 
Arnold's  No.  S  (syn.  of  Brant),  190 
Arnold's  No.  16  (syn.  of  Canada),  199 
Arnott  (syn.  of  Cassady),  445 
Aroma,  435 
Arrold,  436 

Arrott  (syn.  of  Cassady),  445 
Arthur,  J.  S.,  var.  found  by,  500 
Ash  (syn.  of  Ironclad),  306 
Ash-lcavcd  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cinerca),  131 
Ashy  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cincrea),  131 
Asiatic  Wine  grape  (syn.  of  V.  vinijcra),  154 
Atavite,  436 
Atoka,  436 
Auburn  Pearl,  436 
Aughwick,  436 
August  Coral,  436 
August  Giant,  172 

August  Isabella  (syn.  of  Valentine),  519 
August  Pioneer,  436 
Augusta.  436 
Augustina,  436 

Australian  (syn.  of  Huntingdon),  471 
Australis,  436 
Auteonello,  436 
Autuchon,  173 

Avery,  John  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  436 
Avery,  Seth,  var.  orig.  by,  462 
Avery  Prolific,  436 
Avilla,  436 

Ayres,  E.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  436 
Ayres  Pride,  436 
Azure,  436 

Babcock,  D.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  527 

Bacchus,  174 

Bachman,  Joseph,  var.  orig.  by,  177,  406,  515 

Badart,  437 

Bailey,  176. 

Bailey,  L.  H.,  cited,   106,   121,   149;  life  of,   142; 

quoted,  4,  112,  133,  144 ;  work  on  Vitis  by,  loi; 

writings  of,  142 
Bailey  Prolific,  437 
Bailie,  437 

Bailie,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  437 
Baker,  437 
Baldwin  Lenoir,  437 

Baldwin's  Early  (syn.  of  York  M.adeira),  529 
Baltimore  Seedling,  437 
Balziger,  437 


Balziger,  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  437 

Balziger' s  Concord  Seedling  No.  2,  437 

Balziger' s  No.  32,  437 

Banner,  177 

Barbara,  437 

Bark,  taxonomic  value  of,  105 

Barnes,  437 

Barnes,  Parker,  var.  orig.  by,  437 

Baroness,  437 

Barry,  177. 

Barry,  Patrick,  cited,  350 

Barry's  No.  19  (syn.  of  Rochester),  388 

Bartlett,  437 

Bartram,  John,  life  of,  97 

Bartram,    William,   cited,    161,    162;  life  of,    97; 

quoted,  4,   67,   139;  species  compared  by,  98; 

works  of,  97 
Bashtitc,  H.  T.,  var.  found  by,  211. 
Bates,  437 

Bauchman  Red  Fox,  437 
Baxter,  437 
Bay  State,  437 
Beach,  438 

Beach,  Dr.  Soloman,  mentioned,  206 
Beach,  S.  A.,  quoted,  105 
Beach  grape  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 
Beacon,  179 

Beaconsficld  (syn.  of  Champion),  210 
Beagle,  438 
Beansville,  438 
Beaufort,  43  S 
Beauty,  180 

Beauty  of  Minnesota,  438 
Beaverdam,  438 
Beeby  Black,  438 
Belinda,  438 
Bell,  181 

Bellomont,  Earl  of,  cited,   13;  quoted,  12 
Belton,  438 
Belvidere,  438 
Belvin,  438 
Ben,  43S 
Ben  Hur,  43  8 
Benjamin,  438 

Bentham,  George,  hfe  of,  135;  works  of,  135 
Berckmans,  182 

Berckmans,  P.  J.,  mentioned,  182 
Berks,  439 

Berlandier,  Jean  Louis,  life  of,  131 
Berlaussel.  439 
Berlin,  439 

Bermuda  vine  (syn.  of  I',  riparia),  117 
Bertha,  439 
Bertrand,  183 
Bessey,  C.  E.,  cited,  :o6 
Beta,  439 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


539 


Bettina,  439 

Beverly,  Robert,  quoted,  8,  33,  38,  39 

Big  B  Con  (syn.  of  Beacon),  179 

Big  Berry,  439 

Big  Black,  439 

Big  Bunch  (syn.  of  Big  Berry),  439 

Big  Cluster,  439 

Big  Concord  (syn.  of  Jumbo),  475 

Big  Extra  (syn.  of  Extra),  460 

Big  Hope,  439 

Big  Ozark,  439 

Big  Red  (syn.  of  Collier),  449 

Bird  grape  (syn.  of  V.  mimsoniana).  112 

Bird's  Egg,  439 

Bird's-eye  rot  (See  Anthracnose) 

Bishop,  440 

Bishop,  D.,  var.  orig.  by,  440 

Bismarck,  440 

Bissell,  J.  W.,  cited,  214 

Black,  Ur.  R.  B.,  var.  found  by,  478 

Black  Bear,  440 

Black  Cape  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Black  Claret,  440 

Black  Cluster,  440 

Black  Delaware,  440 

Black  Delaware  (syn.  of  Nectar),  358 

Black  Defiance.  1S4 

Black  Eagle,  1S5 

Black  El  Paso  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Black  Fox  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 

Black  German  (syn.  of  Marion  (I)  ),  339 

Black  German  (syn.  of  York  Madeira).  529 

Black  Gibraltar  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  1S6 

Black  Grape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Black  Guignard  (syn.  of  Guignard),  465 

Black  Hamburg,  186 

Black  Hawk,  18S 

Black  Heart,  440 

Black  Herbemont,  440 

Black  Imperial,  189 

Black  July  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Black  July  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32S 

Black  King,  440 

Black  Lenoir  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32 S 

Black  Madeira,  440 

Black  Palestine  (syn.  of  Orwigsburg),  497 

Black  Pearl,  i8g 

Black  Portugal  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  1S6 

Black  Rose,  440 

Black-rot,  86 

Black  September,  440 

Black  Souvignon  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Black  Spanish  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Black  Spanish  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  369 

Black  Spanish  Alabama  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),       369 

Blackstone.  441 


Black  Taylor,  441 

Black  Tencrifje  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Black  Tennessee,  441 

Black  Virginia,  441 

Blackwood,  441 

Blanco,  441 

Bland,  441 

Bland's  Fox  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Bland's  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 

Bland's  Madeira  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Bland's  Pale  Red  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Bland's  Virginia  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Blondin,  441 

Blood,  441 

Blood,  Mr.,  var.  originated  by,  441 

Blood  Black,  441 

Blood  White,  441 

Bloom  (syn.  of  Creveling),  224 

Bloomburg  (syn.  of  Creveling),  224 

Blue  Dyer,  441 

Blue  Elsingburg  (syn.  of  Elsingburgh),  257 

Blue  Favorite,  442 

Blue  French  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Blue  French  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Blue  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Blue  Grape  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Blue  grape  (syn.  of  V.  bicolor),  144 

Blue  Grape  of  the  South  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Blue  Imperial,  442 

Bbn:  Seedling  (syn.  of  Bertrand),  183 

Blue  Tart  (syn.  of  Oporto),  372 

Blue  Trollinger  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Blue  Vine  Grape  (syn.  of  Oporto),  372 

Boadicea,  442 

Bocksaugcn  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Bogue's  Eureka  (syn.  of  Eureka  (I)),  268 

Bokchito,  442 

Boiling,  Col.  Robert,  book  by.  15;  quoted,  40 

Bommcrer  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Bonne  Madame,  442 

Bossung,  Jacob  P.,  var.  orig.  by.  509 

Bostwick,  Rev.  William,  mentioned,  54,  83 

Bottsi,  442 

Bottsi  (syn.  of  Herbemont), 2 S8 

Boulevard,  442 

Bowker,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  492 

Bowman,  442 

Bracket's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Winchester),  526 

Brackett's  Winchester   (syn.   of  Winchester),    526 

Braddock,  442 

Bradley,  442 

Braendley,  442 

Brand  White,  442 

Brant,  190 

Breck,  442 

Breece,  J.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  436,  451 


540 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Bridgewater,  442 

Brighton,  igt 

Brillant,  193 

Broderick,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  436 

Brown,  195 

Brown,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  527 

Brown,  Jason,  var.  orig.  by,  469 

Brown,  Wm.  B.,  quoted,  195;  var.  found  by,  195 

Brown  French  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  288 

Brown  Hamburgh  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  1S6 

Brown  Seedling  (syn.  of  Brown),  195 

Brown's  Early  (syn.  of  Brown),  195 

Bruce,  Philip  Alexander,  quoted,  32 

Brunk,  443 

Buck  Grape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Buckley,  Samuel  Botsford,  cited,  128;  life  of  116, 

117 
Buist,  443 

Buist,  H.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  443 
Bull  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Bull,  Ephraim  W.,  life  of,  221 ;  var.  orig.  by,  221, 

223,  264,  389,  479,  481,  488,  508.  519 
Bull  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotiindijolia),  loS 
Bull's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Concord),  219 
Bullace  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Bullace  (syn.  of  V.  rot nndi folia),  109 
Bullet  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Bullet  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotundifolia),  108 
Bullis  (syn.  of  V.  rotundifolia),  109 
Bullit  (syn.  of  V .  rotundifolia),  109 
Btdlitt,  (syn.  of  Taylor),  408 
Bullitt,  Cuthbert,  mentioned,  409 
Bumper,  443 

Bunch  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis) ,  138 
Buncombe,  443 
Bundy,  443 

Bundy,  David,  var.  orig.  by,  217,  443 
Burbank,  Luther,  var.  orig.  by,  455 
Burgunder  (syn.  of  Louisiana),  331 
Burgundy  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 
Burgundy  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 
Burgundy  of  Georgia  (syn.  of  Pauline),  499 
Burlington,  443 
Burnet,  443 
Burr,  John,  lifeof,  251 ;  var.  orig.  by,  251,  256,  301, 

322,  337,  405,  449,  460,  462,  472,  474,  4S6,  4S7, 

496,  497.  498,  499.  500.  5°2.  503.  5".  515.  524 
Burr  No.  1  (syn.  of  Jewel),  321 
Burr  No.  9  (syn.  of  Ideal),  301 
Burr  No.  ^7  (syn.  of  Leavenworth),  479 
Burr's  Early  (syn.  of  Jewel),  321 
Burr's  No.  15  (syn.  of  Paragon),  499 
Burr's  No.  19  (syn.  of  White  Jewel),  524 
Burroughs,  443 

Burrows,  J.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  443 
Burrows  No.  4^C,  443 


Burton  Early,  443 

Burton's  Early  August  (syn.  of  Early  August),  455 

Bush,  443 

Bush,  Isadore,  cited,   119,   180,  208;  life  of,   119; 

quoted,  144 
Bush  grape  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 
Bush  grape  of  Texas  (syn.  of  V.  rupcstris),  113 
Bushberg,  443 

Bushberg  Catalogue,  quoted,  189,  236 
Bushy  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotundifolia),  109 

Cabot,  444 

Cairnano,  444 

California  grape  (syn.  of  V.  calif  arnica).  133 

'California  grape  (syn.  of  V.  girdiana),  136 

California,  grapes  in,  25;  raisins  in,  67 

California  region,  61 

California  Rosea,  444 

California  White,  444 

Calkins,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  471 

Calloway,  444 

Caloosa  (syn.  of  V.  caribma),  146 

Caloosa  grape  (syn.  of  V.  candicans  coriacea),  148 

Calypso,  444 

Camaks,  444 

Camaks,  James,  var.  orig.  by,  444 

Cambridge,  444 

Camden,  444 

Cameron,  John  D.,  var.  orig.  by,  494 

Campbell  (syn.  of  Campbell  Early),  196 

Campbell  (syn.  of  Early  Golden),  456 

Campbell,  Geo.  W.,  cited,  115;  life  of,  198;  var. 

orig.  by,  198,  413,  439,  475,  495,  500,  503,  523, 

540,  550 
Campbell  Early,  196 
Campbell's    Concord     Hybrid     No.     6    (syn.    of 

Triumph),  411 
Campbell's  Seedling  No.  8  (syn.  of  Triumph),  411 
Canaan,  444 
Canada,  199 

Canadian  Hamburg  (syn.  of  Othello),  374 
Canadian  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Othello),  374 
Canandaigua,  201 
Canby,  444 

Canby,  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  444 
Canby's  August  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 
Canon  grape  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 
Canonicus,  444 

Canyon  grape  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 
Cape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
Cape  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Cape  e,rape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  50 
Cape  May  Prolific,  444 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  grape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
Capital,  444 
Captain,  201 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW   YORK. 


541 


Captraube  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Carlotte,  444 

Carman,  202 

Carminet,  445 

Carolina  (syn.  of  Caroline)  445 

Carolina  Blue  Muscadine,  445 

Carolina  Powcl  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Caroline,  445. 

Carpenter,  Charles,  var.  orig.  by,  448,  458,  483, 
491 

Carpenter's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Mottled),  491 

Carter,  445 

Carter  (syn.  of  To-Kalon),  410 

Carver,  445 

Case,  445 

Case,  S.  D.,  var.  found,  by  451 

Case  Crystal,  445 

Caspar,  445 

Caspar,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  445 

Cassady,  445 

Cassady,  H.  P.,  var.  orig.,  by,  445 

Cat  Bird  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rnbra),  125 

Cat  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 

Catarobe,  445 

Catawba,  50,  203 

Catawba  Tokay  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Catawissa  (syn.  of  Creveling).  224 

Catawissa  Bloom  (syn.  of  Creveling),  224 

Catherine,  445 

Catoosa,  445 

Cayuga,  208 

Caywood,  Andrew  Jackson,  life  of,  247  ;  var.  orig. 
by  247,  272,  358,  381,  414,  420,  445,  471,  4S0, 
483,  487,  490,  524. 

Caywood  No.  /,  445 

Caywood  No.  50,  445 

Centennial,  208     ' 

Central  lake  district,  72;  acreage  of,  85;  climate 
of,  82,  83  ;  first  plantings,  in  83  ;  first  shipments 
from,  84;  fungi  in,  86,  87;  geology  of,  81;  in- 
sects in,  85,  86;  pruning  and  training  in,  85; 
season  of,  84,  85;  soils  of,  82;  topography  of, 
82;   wine  in,  84 

Challenge,  209 

Challenge  (syn.  of  Othello),  374 

Chambersburg  White,  445 

Chambril,  445 

Champagne,  65;  production  of  in  U.  S.,  65 

Champanel,  446 

Chanipania  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Cham  pin  grape  (syn.  of  V.  champini).  124 

Champion,  2  10 

Champova,  446 

Chandler,  446 

Chandler,  N.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  446 

Chapin,  446 


Charles,  446 

Charles  A.  Green,  446 

Chas.  Downing  (syn.  of  Downing),  242 

Charlotte,  446 

Charlton,  446 

Charlton,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  446 

Charter  Oak,  446 

Chase,  Col.  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  494,  575 

Chautauqua   2 1 1 

Chautauqua  district,  61.  72;  acreage  of  ,78;  care 
of  vineyards  in,  79;  climate  of,  75,  76;  first 
plantings  in  54,  76;  first  shipments  from,  77; 
geology  of,  73;  grape  juice  in,  66,  history  of, 
76  et  seq.;  insects  in,  79;  production  of 
grapes  in,  79;  rank  of  varieties  in,  79;  soil  of 
74.  75;  wine  in  77 

Chavoush,  446 

Cheowa,  446 

Cherokee,  446 

Cherokee  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Cherokee  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Chicago,  446 

Chicken-grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Chidester,  C.  P.,  var.  orig.  by  446,  447,  483 

Chidestcr  No.  1  (syn.  of  Lyon),  483 

Chidester's  Seedlings,  446,  447 

Childers,  James,  var.  found  by,  476 

Chillicothe,  447 

Chippewa,  447 

Chisholm,  Dr.  L.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  235,  334,  435, 

443.  447.  463.  478,  525 
Chisholm's  Seedlings,  447 
Chlorosis,  87 
Chocolate,  447 
Choteau,  448 

Christian,  Jacob,  var.  orig.  by,  502 
Christie's  Improved  Isabella    (syn.    of   Isabella), 

307 
Christine  (syn.  of  Telegraph),  409 
Christine,  Mr.,  var.  found  by,  410 
Church  Seedling,  448 
Cigar  Box  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 
Cigar  Box  Grape  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 
Cincinnati  Horticultural  Society  Report,  quoted, 

370.  371 
Clarence,  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Claret,  448 

Clarissa,  448 

Clark;  448 

Clark,  B.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  361 

Clark,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  506 

Clark,  J.  T.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  449,  459 

Clark,  James  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  448,  509 

Clark  Seedling,  448 

Clarkes,  448 

Classification  of  Vitis,  107 


542 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Claude,  448 

Cleary,  M.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  451 

Clement,  Asa,  var.  orig.  by,  244 

Cleopatra,  448 

Clevener,  2  1 2 

Cleveticr  (syn.  of  Louisiana),  331 

Clifton,  448 

Clifton,  William,  mentioned,  161 

Clifton's  Constantia  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Climax,  448 

Clinton,  213 

Clinton-Vialia,  448 

Cloantha,  448 

Cloeta,  216 

Clough,  James  Milton,  var.  orig.  by,  426 

Clover  Street  Black,  44S 

Clover  Street  Red,  448 

Cluster,  448 

Clyde,  449 

Cobb,  Mr.,  var.  found  by,  409 

Coble,  H.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  452 

Cochee,  449 

Coe,  449 

Coffin,  J.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  4S5 

Coleman's  White  (syn.  of  Cuyahoga),  451 

Colerain,  217 

Colesvine,  449 

Collier,  449 

CoUina,  449 

Colorado,  449 

Colp,  449 

Columbia,  449 

Columbia  Bloom  (syn.  of  Crevcling),  224 

Columbia  County  (syn.  of  Creveling),  224 

Columbian,  449 

Columbian  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Columbian  (syn.  of  Columbian  Imperial),  218 

Columbian  Imperial,  218 

Columbus,  449 

Common  Blue  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  13S 

Compacta,  449 

Conckling's  Wilding  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Concord,  55,  57,  66,  219 

Concord  Chasselas,  449 

Concord  Muscat,  450 

Concordia,  450 

Conelva,  450 

Connecticut,  450 

Connecticut  Seedling,  450 

Conqueror,  450 

Constantia  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Constantia  (syn.  of  Isabella).  307 

Continental  (syn.  of  Centennial),  20S 

Cooke,  Dr.  Thos.  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  487 

Cooper,  Joseph,  var.  orig.  by,  450 

Cooper  Wine,  450 


Copley,  C.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  442,  444,  448,  45°. 

452,  453,  482,  488,  498,  508,  523,  529 
Copley's  Hybrids,  450 
Coppermine,  450 
Corby,  450 

Corby,  C.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  450,  490 
Coriel,  450 
Cornelia,  450 
Cornucopia,  450 
Corporal,  451 
Corsican,  451 
Cortland,  451 
Cotoctin,  451 
Cottage,  222 

Courtland  (syn.  of  Cortland),  451 
Covert,  451 

Covert,  N.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  451 
Cowan,  451 

Cox,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  436 
Cozy,  451 
Craig,  451 

Crandall,  P.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  4S0 
Crans,  Peter,  mentioned,  344 
Crehore,  Mrs  Diana,  var.  orig.  by,  240 
Creveling,  224 
Critic,  451 
Croton,  225 
Crown,  451 
Crystal,  451 
Culbert,  Dr.  W.  A.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  249,  451, 

452,  463,  493,  503,  513 
Culbert  Seedling,  451 

Cidbcrt's  No.  3  (syn.  of  Newburgh  Muscat),  493 
Culbert  No.  5  (syn.  of  Golden  Berry),  463 
Culbert's  Seedling  No.  6  (syn.  of  Purple  Bloom), 

503 
Culinary  Grape  (syn.  of  White  Northern  Mus.cat), 

Cunningham,  227 

Cunningham,  Jacob,  var.  orig.  by,  228 

Currant  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotundifolia),  109 

Curtis,  451 

Curtis,  Dr.,  cited,  236 

Curtis,  Geo.,  var.  orig.  by,  491 

Curtis,  Mrs,  var.  orig.  by,  464 

Cuyahoga,  451 

Cuyarano,  452 

Cyncon,  452 

Cynthiana,  228 

Daisy,  230 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  mentioned,  32 

Dana,  452 

Dana,  Francis,  var.  orig.  by,  452,  494 

Danbury,  452 

Dankers,  Jasper,  quoted,  10 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


543 


Daphne,  452 

Dartmouth,  452 

Darwin,  452 

David  Hall  Grape  (syn.  of  Logan),  481 

Davis,  452 

Davkina,  452 

Davy,  General,  mentioned.  206 

Dawson,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  497 

De    CandoUe,    Augustin    Pyramus,    Hfe    of,   146; 
writings  of,  146 

De  Candolle,  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre  Pyrame,  life 
of,  146;  writings  of,  146;  cited,  155 

De  Grassct,  452 

Delago,  452 

Delaware  and  Clinton  Xo.  1  (syn.  of  Berckmans), 
182 

Delaware,  231 

Delaware,  grapes  in,  34 

Delaware,  Lord,  mentioned,  32  ;  quoted,  6,  g 

Delaware  Seedling,  452 

Delaware  Seedling  No.  2,  453 

Delaware  Seedling  jVo.  4  (syn.  of  Delaware  Seed- 
ling), 452 

Dclaivare  Seedling  No.  9,  453 

DcUnvare  Seedling  No.  10,  453 

Delawba,  234 

D'Elboux,  453 

D'Elboux  Seedling  (syn.  of  D'Elboux),  453 

Delgoethe,  453 

Delicious,  453 

Delmar,  453 

Delmerlie,  453 

De  Lyon,  Abraham,  mentioned,  9 

Dempsey,  P.  C,  var.  orig.  by  443,  453 

Dempsey's  Seedlings,  453 

Denison,  453 

Dennis,  John,  var.  found  by  454 

Dennis  Seedling,  454 

Denniston,  454 

Denniston,  Isaac,  var.  found  by  454 

Department  of  Agriculture  Report,  quoted  396 

Dery,  Alexis,  var.  orig.  by  509 

Dery,  Magloire,  var.  orig.  by  463 

De  Soto,  454 

Detroit,  454 

Devereaux,  235 

Devereaux  of   "Gardening  for  the   South"    (syn. 
of  Lenoir),  328 

Devereaux  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Devereaux  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 

Devereaux,  Samuel  M.,  mentioned  236 

Devereux  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Devereux  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Diamond,  236 

Diamond,  Moore  (syn.  of  Diamond),  236 

Diana,  238 


Diana  Hamburg,  241 

Diaphragm,  taxonomic  value  of,  102 

Dickens,  Albert,  cited  2  7 1 

Diller,  454 

Dingwall  White,  454 

Dinkel,  454 

Diogenes  (syn.  of  Ironclad),  306 

Dissected  vine  (syn.  of  V.    aestivalis    lincccumii), 

140 
Distribution,  factors  of,  69 
Diverse  Leaved  (syn.  of  Texas),  516 
Dixie,  454 

Dixon,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  475 
Doan's  grape  (syn.  of  V.  doaniana),  137 
Dr.  Bain,  454 

Dr.  Collier  (syn.  of  Collier),  449 
Dr.  Keller  (syn.  of  Keller),  475 
Dr.  Kemp,  454 
Dr.  Robinson  Seedling,  454 
Dr.  Warder,  454 
Doder,  454 

Doder.  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  454 
Dog  Ridge,  454 
DoUe,  455 
Don  Juan,  242 

Donnelly,  R.  J.,  mentioned.  210 
Dorchester  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Dorinda,  455 
Dorr  Seedling,  455 
Downing,  242 

Downing,  A.  J.,  quoted,  56,  163 
Downing,  Charles,  quoted,  191,  195,  341 
Downy  Canyon  grape  (syn.  of  \'.  arizonica),  133 
Downy  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cincrea),  131 
Dovv'ny  mildew,  86 
Dracut  Amber,  244 
Dry  Hill  Beauty,  455 

Duck-shot  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
Dufour,  455 
Dufour,  John    James,    cited,     163;    life    of,     17; 

quoted,  17,  18,  19,  20,  24,  47,  57,  162 
Dunlap,  455 

Dunlap  (syn.  of  Lady  Dunlap),  47S 
Dunn,  455 

Dunn  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  2 88 
Duquett,  455 

Duquvtt's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Duquett),  455 
Durfee,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  448 
Dutch,  American  grape  culture  by,  10 
Dutch  Hamburgh  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 
Dutchess,  246 

Eames,  Luther,  var.  orig.  by,  455 

Eames  Seedling,  455 

Early,  455 

Early  Amber,  453 


544 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Early  Amber  (syn.  of  Dracut  Amber),  244 

Early  August,  455 

Early  Bird,  456 

Early  Black,  456 

Early  Black  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Early  Black  July,  456 

Early  Black  Summer  Grape,  456 

Early  Champion  (syn.  of  Champion),  210 

Early  Concord,  456 

Early  Daisy,  248 

Early  Dawn,  249 

Early  Delmonico,  456 

Early  Golden,  456 

Early  Harvest,  456 

Early  Hudson,  456 

Early  June.  456 

Early  Lebanon,  456 

Early  Malvasia,  456 

Early  Market,  457 

Early    Northern    Muscadine    (syn.    of   Northern 

Muscadine),  365 
Early  Ohio,  249 
Early  Prolific,  457 
Early  Purple,  457 
Early  Vicks,  457 
Early  Victor,  250 
Early  Wine,  457 
Eastern  region,  59,  61 
Eaton,  252 

Eaton,  Calvin,  var.  orig.  by,  253 
Eaton's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Eaton),  252 
Ebony,  457 
Echland,  457 
Eclipse  (I),  254 
Eclipse  (II),  256 
Eden,  457 
Edmeston,  457 

Edmeston,  D.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  457 
Edmeston  No.  1  (syn.  of  Edmeston),  457 
Edward,  457 

Eggert,  H.,  mentioned,  115 
Egbert's  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Eichelberger,  Thomas,  mentioned,  44 
Elaine,  457 
Elbhng.  457 
Eleala,  457 
Electra,  4 58 
Elizabeth,  458 
Elkton,  45S 
Ellen,  458 

Ellwanger  and  Barry,  var.  orig.  by,  350,  38S 
El  Paso  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 
El  Paso  (syn.  of  Mission),  489 
El  Paso  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 
Elpo,  458 
Elsenbiirgh  (syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 


Elsinboro  (syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 

Elsinborough  (syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 

Elsinhurg  (syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 

Elsingbttrg  (syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 

Elsinburgh.  257 

Elsmere,  458 

Elvibach,  458 

Elvicand,  258 

Elvin,  458 

Elvira,  259 

Elvira  Seedling  No.  3  (syn.  of  Etta),  263 

Emerald,  45S 

Emma,  458 

Empire  State,  261 

Enfield,  45S 

Englemann,  George,  life  of  131,   132;  cited   106, 

iiS,    123,    128,    132;   quoted,    104,    105,    143; 

work  on  Vitis  by,  100,  10 1 
Engle,   C,  var.  orig.  by,  457,  458,  465,  468,  469, 

472,  487,  488,  503,  516,  520,  565 
Engle's  Seedlings,  458 
English,  American  grape  culture  by,  6 
Ensenberger,  G.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  293,  311,  459, 

468,  472,  475.  486 
Ensenberger's  Seedlings,  459 
Eolia,  459 
Epurill,  459 
Erickson,  459 

Erskine,  E.  M.,  mentioned,  62;   quoted,  53 
Essex,  263 

Essex  County  (Mass.)  Seedling,  459 
Estave,  Andrew,  mentioned,  8 
Estell,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  506 
Estella,  459 
Ester,  264 
Etawa,  459 
Etta,  265 
Eudora,  459 
Eufala,  459 
Eugenia,  459 
Eumedel   459 
Eumelan,  266 
Eumorely,  460 
Eureka  (I),  268 
Eureka  (II).  2  68 

European  grape  (syn.  V.  vinifcra),  154 
European  grapes,  American  culture  by  French, 

9;  characters  of,  3,  4,  155;  culture  in  Virginia, 

8;   first  plantings  in  America,  6 
Eva,  460 
Evaline,  460 

Evenden,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  483 
Everbearing  grape  (syn.  of  V.  munsoniana),  112 
Everett,  460 
Ewing,  460 
Swing's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Ewing),  460 


TK£    GRAPES    OP    NEW    YORK. 


545 


Excelsior.  269 
Exquisite,  460 
Extra,  450 

Faitli,  270 

Fall  grape  (syn.  of  V '.  bL-'landicri),  130 

Fallwicke,  460 

Fallwicke,  Joseph,  var.  orig.  by.  460 

False  Scuppernong  (syn.  of  l'.  rotnndijolia),   109 

Fancher,  460 

Fancher  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Fanny  Hoke.  460 

Farmers  Club,  460 

Farrell,  4O0 

Farrell.  D.,  var.  found  by,  460 

Far  West,  46- 

Fay,  Elijah,  inentioned,  54;   life  of,  76 

Fay,  Lincoln,  mentioned,  77 

Feemster,  461 

Feemster  Favorite,  461 

Fena,  401 

Fern  (;A"n.  of  Fern  Munson),  271 

Fern  Munson,  271 

Fidi'i,  70.  80 

Fidia  riti  ida  (See  Fidia) 

Fisher,  E.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  514,  522.  525 

Fisk,  461 

Fitchburg,  461 

Flea-beetle,  80 

Flcish  Traube  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  iS() 

Flickwir,  461 

Flora,  461 

Florence,  272 

Florence,  461 

Florida,  grapes  in,  30 

Florida  Bird  grape  (syn.  of  1'.  mini  son  iana),  112 

Florida  grape  (syn.  of  V.  mimsoniana),  112 

Flower  of  Missouri,  461 

Flowers,  461 

Fluke,  Newton  K.,  var.  orig.  by,  461 

Fluke's  Hybrids,  461 

Folsom,  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  208 

Foreign  grape  (syn.  of  V.  vinijera),  154 

Foster,  461 

Fox,  461 

Fox  (syn.  of  Fitchburg),  461 

Fox  grape,  39,  41 

Fox  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cordijoUa),  127 

Fox  grape  (syn.  of  V.  labriisca),  149 

Fox  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotiindifolia).  loS 

Fox  grape  of  the  Norlhern  States  (syn.  of  1'.  la- 

brnsca),  150 
Fox  grape  of  the  South  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Foxy,  defined,  4 
Frakenthaler  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  iSO 

35 


Fraker,  William  A.,  var.  found  by,  436 

Framboisier  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Framingham,  461 

Frances  E.  Willard,  462 

Franc's  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Hybrid  Franc),  300 

Frankendale  (syn.  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Frankenthaler  gros  noir  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg), 

186 
Franklin,  462 
Fredonia,  462 

Free  Black  (syn.  of  Fitchburg),  461 
French,  American  grape  culture  by,  9 
French  Grape  (syn.  of  Craig),  451 
French  grape  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 
French  Grape  (syn.  of  Franklin),  462 
Fritz,  462 
Frost,  462 

Frost  (syn.  of  V .  riparia),  117 
Frost  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
Frost  grape  (syn.  of  1'.  cordifolia),  127 
Frost-grape  (syn.  of  1'.  labrnsca),  150 
Fruit,  taxonomic  value  of,  103 

Gaertner,  272 

Gallup  Seedling.  462 

Gandy,  R.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  500 

Garber,  462 

Garber,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  433,  462,  485,  494 

Garber  Red  Fox,  462 

Garber's  Albino  (syn.  of  Albino),  433 

Garbcr's  Red-Fox  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Garber's  White  (syn.  of  Albino),  433 

Gardner,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  466 

Garfield,  462 

Garnet,  462 

Garrigues,  462 

Gassman,  462 

Ganger,  462 

Gazelle,  462 

Gelbholzigcr  Troltinger  (syn.  of  Black  Hamliurg), 

186 
General  Pope,  462 
Genesee,  463 
Geneva,  274 

Georgia,  grapes  in,  9,  54 
Gerbig,  A.  V.,  var.  orig.  by,  463 
Gerbig  No.  2,  463 
Gerbig  No.  10,  463 

German  Grape  (syn.  of  Marion  (ID),  341 
Gennan  Seedling,  463 

German  Wine  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 
Giant,  463 

Giant  Leaf  (syn.  of  RiesenljUitt),  506 
Gibb,  463 
Gibbs,  Mrs.  Isabella,  mentioned,  50S     ^"^ 


546 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Gibb's  grape  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Gibrallcr  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Gilbert,  Garret,  var.  orig.  by,  463 

Gilbert's  White  Shonga,  463 

Gill  Wylie,  463 

Gilt  Edge,  463 

Glenfeld,  273 

Globe  (syn.  of  Sage),  3Q5 

Godard,  Francis,  var.  orig.  by,  479 

Goethe,  276 

Goflf,  277 

Goff,  E.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  27S 

Gold  Coin,  280 

Gold  Dust,  463 

Golden  Beauty,  463 

Golden  Berry,  463 

Golden  Clinton,  463 

Golden  Concord,  464 

Golden  Drop,  281,  464 

Golden  Gem,  464 

Golden  Grain,  464 

Golden  Pocklington  (syn.  of  Pocklington),  379 

Goldstein,  464 

Goldstein's  Early  (syn.  of  Goldstein),  464 

Good  Adle,  464 

Goodale,  Geo.,  var.  orig.  by,  524 

Goodhue,  C.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  498 

Goodman,  464 

Governor  Ireland,  464 

Governor  Ross,  464 

Graham,  464 

Graham,  W..  var.  orig.  by,  464 

Grant,  Dr.  C.  W.,  life  of,  304;  var.  orig.  by,  304, 
312 

Grape  districts  of  New  York,  72 

Grape  fruit  worm.  So,  81 

Grape-growers,  early,  in  United  States,  48 

Grape-growing,  development  of,  58;  rank  of,  in 
states,  72;  specialization  of,  59;  status  of  in 
1830,  47,  48,  49;  status  of  in  1859,  53,  55; 
status  of  in  1880,  59;  status  of  in  1890,  59,  61 

Grape  juice,  66 

Grape  leaf-hopper,  80 

Grape  regions,  59,  60 

Grape-vine  flea-beetle.  So 

Grape-vine  fidia,  79 

Grapes,  adaptation  of,  68;  culture  by  Dutch,  10; 
culture  by  English,  6,  7  ;  culture  by  Spaniards, 
6;  culture  by  Swedes,  10;  early  history  of,  26; 
evolution  of,  36  ;  accounts  of  by  early  explorers, 
29;  classification  of,  107,  108;  improvement  of, 
28;  evolution  of,  26;  first  records  of ,  29;  habi- 
tat of,  27;  means  of  distribution  of,  27;  native, 
39;  value  of,  36;  self-fertility  of,  104;  selfsteril- 
ity  of,  104;  soil  for,  71 ;  wild,  as  index  to  grape 
regions,  28;    wild,  in  North  America,  26 


Gravel,  464 

Gravestock,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  449 

Gray,  Asa.  cited,  106 

Gray,  J.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  528 

Gray,  W.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  464 

Gray  Delaware  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 

Gray's  Seedlings,  464 

Grayson,  464 

Great    Black    J\lHScadine    (syn.    of    Willis    Large 

Black),  525 
Great  Cluster   (syn.  of  Big  Berry),  439 
Greeley,  Horace,  mentioned,  222;  quoted,  220 
Green  Castle,  464 
Green  Early,  2 Si 
Greene,  O.  J.,  var.  found  by,  281 
Greene,  William  E.,  var.  found  by,  417 
Green,  William  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  456,  490 
Green  Mountain  (syn.  of  Winchell),  425 
Green  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Green  Scuppernong  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Green  Ulster,  465 
Greer,  465 

Grein  Extra  Early,  465 
Grein  Golden,  282 

Grein,  Nicholas,  var.  orig.  by,  283,  349,  465 
Grein  No.  7  (syn.  of  Grein  Extra  Early),  465 
Grein's  Xo.  1  (syn.  of  Missouri  Riesling),  349 
Grein's  No.  2  (syn.  of  Grein  Golden),  282 
Grein's  SeedUngs,  465 
Grevaduly,  465 
Greverson,  465 
Grote,  465 
Grove,  465 

Guernsey  Grape  (syn.  of  Willis  Fredonia),  525 
Guesta,  465 
Guignard,  465 

Guignardia  bidwcllii  (See  Black-rot) 
Guinevra,  465 
Gula,  465 
Gulch,  465 

Gulch  grape  (syn.  of  V.  arizotiica),  133 
Gulch  grape  (syn.  of  V .  longii),  123 
Gunn,  Ward  D.,  var.  found  by,  164 

Hadden,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  465 

Hadden  SeedUng,  465 

Hagar,  466 

Hagar  (syn.  of  Alvey),  434 

Halifax,  466 

Halifax  Seedling,  466 

Hall,  466 

Hall,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  466 

Hall,  David,  var.  orig.  by,  466 

Haltica  chalybca    (See  Grape-vine  flea-beetle) 

Hamill  Seedling,  466 

Hamilton,  466 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


547 


Hampton  Court  Vine  (syn.   of   Black  Hamburg), 

1 86 
Hanover  (southern)  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Hardy  Chasselas,  466 
Hariot,  Thomas,  cited,  31 
Harmer,  466 
Harmer  Seedling,  466 
Harmonists,  grape  culture  by,  iq,  20 
Harrell.  466 

Harrell,  Obed,  var.  orig.  by,  466,  495 
Harriet  Beecher,  466 
Harris,  466 

Harris  (syn.  Lenoir),  328 
Harris,  Mr.,  var.  found  by,  466 
Harrison,  466,  467 
Hart  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 
Hart  (syn.  of  Lincoln),  480 
Hart.  Joseph,  var.  orig.  by.  435,  458 
Hartford,  284 

Hart's  White  (syn.  of  White  Elizabeth),  523 
Hartford  Prolific  (syn.  of  Hartford),  284 
Harvard  Seedling.  467 
Harvey,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  434 
Harwood,  467 

Harwood,  Major,  var.  orig.  by,  467 
Hasbrouck,  Eli,  var.  orig.  by,  435 
Haskell,  George,  var.  orig.  by,  4O7,  508 
Haskell,  N.  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  467 
Haskell's  Seedlings,  467 
Haskew,  467 
Hattie,  467 
Hatton,  467 
Hattus,  467 

Hawkins,  Captain  John,  cited,  30 
Hawkins,  D.  J.,  mentioned,  365 
Hawkins,  William,  var.  orig.  by,  467,  468 
Hawkins  No.  3,  467 
Hawkins  No.  10,  468 
Hayes.  286 
Headlight,  287 
Hearthenge,  468 

Heart-leaved  vitis  (syn.  of  V.  cordifoUa),  127 
Heath  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 
Helen,  468 
Helen  Keller,  46S 
Helpfer,  468 

Hencke,  Ludwig,  var.  orig.  by,  461,  479,  4S7,  50S 
Henderson,  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  483 
Henrico,  468 
Henry,  468 

HenselVs  Long  Island  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Henshaw,  468 
Herald,  468 
Herbemont,  288 
Herbemont,     Nicholas,     cited,     329;    mentioned 

290,  309 


Herheuiout      Madeira      (syn.      of      Herbemont), 

288 
Herbemont  Seedling,  468 
Herbert,  291 
Hercules,  293 

heriulfusson,  Biarni,  mentioned,  29 
Hermann,  294 

Hermann  Jaeger  (syn.  of  Jaeger),  314 
Hero,  46S 
Hertia,  468 

Ilertlein,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  449 
Hettie,  468 
Heunis,  468 

Hewitt,  Alexander,  quoted,  9 
He.xamer,  469 

Hexamer,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  469 
Hiawasse,  469 

Hicktnan  (syn.  of  Scuppemong),  399 
Hicks,  295 
Hidalgo,  296 

Higginson,  Francis,  quoted,  12 
Highland,  297 

Hilgarde  (syn.  of  Fern  Munson),  271 
Hill  Grape  of  Ohio  (syn.  of  Collina),  449 
Hine,  469 

Hine  Seedling  (syn.  of  Hine),  469 
History,  of  Old  World  grape,  i 
Hoag,  C.  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  361 
Hobbs,  O.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  497 
Hock,  469 

Hofer,  A.  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  469 
Hofer  Seedling  No.  S,  469 
Holmes,  469 
Honey,  469 

Honey  (syn.  of  Raabe),  504 
Honey  Dew,  469 
Hooker,  469 
Hcpeon,  469 
Hophcrbe,  469 
Hopican,  470 
Hopkins,  470 

Hopkins,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  516 
Hopkins  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Wyoming),  431 
Homer,  470 

Homer,  Joe,  var.  orig.  by,  470 
Hosford,  299 

Hosford,  George,  var.  orig.  by,  299,  439 
Hosford's  Mammoth  Seedling  (syn.  of  Hosford), 

299 
Hosford's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Hosford),  299 
Hoskins,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  470 
Hoskins  Seedling,  470 
Houghton,  Francis,  var.  orig.  by,  444 
Howell,  470 
Hubbard  Seedless,  470 
Huber,  470 


548 


THE    GRAPES   OF    NEW    YORK. 


Huber,  Theophile,  var.  orig.  by,  339,  433,  434, 
437,  439,  454,  457.  458,  468,  471,  472.  484, 
S16,  S19 

Huber's  Seedlings,  470,  471 

Hudler  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Hudson,  471 

Hudson  River  district.  72.  88;  acreage  of.  88; 
climate  of,  89;  diseases  in,  92;  early  plantings 
in,  89,  90;  early  viticulturists  in,  90:  first 
plantings  in,  55;  geology  of,  88;  packing  and 
shipping  in,  91,  92;  rain-fall  in,  89;  training 
and  pruning  in,  91;  \-arieties  in,  90,  91 

Hueber,  Lewis,  var.  orig.  by,  496 

Huguenots,  38 

Hulings,  Dr.,  mentioned,  258 

Hulkerson's  Seedlings,  471 

Humboldt,  471 

Hunt  (syn.  of  Herbemont).  288 

Hunt,  R.  A.,  var.  found  by,  250 

Hunt,  R.  H,,  var.  found  by,  371 

Hunterville,  471 

Huntingdon,  471 

Husmann,  471 

Husmann,  G.,  cited  .115,  221;  quoted,  114 

HussoH  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Hutchinson,  471 

Hutporup.  471 

Hybridc  de  Concord  No.  6  (syn.  of  Triumph),  4 1 1 

Hybrid,  first  Labrusca-vinifera,  56 

Hybrid  Franc,  300 

Hyde,  Wilkes,  var.,  orig.  by,  471 

Hyde  Black,  471 

Hyde  Eliza,  471 

Icterida,  472 

Ida,  472 

Ideal,  301 

Iden,  472 

Iden  (syn.  of  Lake),  47S 

Illinois,  grapes  in,  53,  54 

Illinois  City,  472 

Illinois  Early,  472 

Illinois  Prolific,  472 

Imitation  Hamburg  (syn.  of  Union  Village),  415 

Imlay,  Mr,  mentioned,  326 

Imperial,  302 

Imperial  (syn.  of  Columbian  Imperial),  218 

Improved  Purple  Fox,  472 

Improved  Warren  (syn.  of  Hanvood),  467 

Indiana,  472 

Indiana,  grapes  in,  20,  54 

Indian  Field,  472 

Infloresence,  taxonomic  value  of,  102 

International,  472 

lola,  472 

lona,  302 


Iowa,  472 

Iowa,  grapes  in,  61 

Iowa  Excelsior,  472 

Iris,  472 

Ironclad,  306 

Irvin  October,  472 

Irving,  473 

Isabella,  50,  307 

Isabella  Regia  (syn.  of  Pierce),  500 

Isabella  Seedling,  310 

Isabelle  d' Amerigue  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Israella.  3 1 1 

Italian  wine  grape  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 

Ithaca.  473 

Ives,  312 

Ives,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by,  313 

Ives'  Maderia  (syn.  of  Ives),  312 

Ives'  Maderia  Seedling  (syn.  of  Ives),  312 

Ives'  Seedling  (syn,  of  Ives),  312 

Ives'  Seedling  Maderia  (syn.  of  Ives),  312 

Jac  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Jac  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Jacent,  4  73 

Jack  (syn.  of  Lenoir).  328 

Jack  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Jacques  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32S 

Jacques  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Jacquet  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Jacquet  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Jacqttcz  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Jacqiiez  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Jaeger,  314 

Jaeger,  Hermann,  cited,  115;  var.  found  by,  461 

var.  orig.  by,  455,  473,  474.  481,  492,  5^3 
Jaeger,  Herman  (syn.  of  Jaeger),  314 
Jaeger  No.  50  (syn.  of  Longworth),  481 
Jaeger  A'o.  S6  (syn.  of  Dufour),  455 
Jaeger  No.  70  (syn.  of  Munson),  492 
Jaeger's  Seedlings,  473 
James,  315 

James,  J.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  474 
James  Seedling.  474 
Janesville.  316 
Jane  Wylie,  474 

Janie  Wylie  (syn.  of  Jane  Wylie).  474 
Jaques,  John,  mentioned,  89 
Jefferson,  317 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  quoted,  45,  161 
Jeffries,  Mr,  var.  orig.  by,  526 
Jelly.  4  74 
Jemina,  474 
Jennie  May,  474 
Jennings,  474 

Jersey  Grape  (syn.  of  Willis  Fredonia),  525 
Jessica,  320 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


549 


Jessie,  474 
Jesuits,  1 7 
Jeter,  474 
Jewel,  321 

Jewell  (syn.  of  Jewel).  321 
Joan,  474 

Joe's  Mariole  (syn.  of  Mariolc).  485 
John  Burr,  474 
Johnson,  474 

Johnson,  David,  var.  orig.  by,  498 
Johnson,  J.,  mentioned,  206 
Johnson,  S.  W.,  cited,  17;   quoted,  44 
Jolly,  474 
Joly,  4  74 
Jonathan,  474 

Jones.  Calvin,  quoted,  51,  400 
Jones,  Judge  J.  B.,  var.  found  by,  184 
Jones,  W.  W.  var.  orig.  by,  435.  468.  525 
Jones   Pcrjumcd   (syn.  of  Carolina  Blue  Musca- 
dine), 445 
Joplin,  J.,  var.  orig.  by.  474 
Joplin's  Peaks  of  Otter,  474 
Jordan  (syn.  of  Moyer).  354 
Jordan  Large  Blue,  475 
Jordan's    Blue    (syn.    of    Jordan     Large   Blue), 

475 
Joseph  Henry,  475 
Josselyn,  John,  quoted,  35 
Judd,  475 
Judge,  475 
Judge  Miller,  473 
July,  475 

July  Sherry  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32 8 
July  Twenty-fifth,  475 
Jumbo,  475 

Jumbo  (syn.  of  Columbian  Imperial),  218 
June  Grape  (syn.  of  V.  riparia  prcBcox),  121 
Juno,  475 
Juno's  Sister,  475 

Kalamazoo,  475 

Kalista,  475 

Kansas  July,  475 

Kay  Seedling,  475 

Kay's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  28S 

Keller,  475 

Keller  White,  475 

Keller's  White  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Kelley,  Datus,  var.  orig.  by,  485 

Kellog,  476 

Kelly,  W.  B..  var.  orig.  by,  467 

Kemp,  476 

Kendall,  476 

Kenena,  476 

Kenrick's  Xative,  476 

Kensington,  322 


Kentucky,  476 

Kentucky,  grapes  in,  17.  54 

Kentucky  wine,  476 

Ketchum,  476 

Keuka  (syn.  of  Neff),  492 

Keuka  Lake,  first  plantings  about,  54 

Key  to  species  of  Vitis  107,  loS 

Keystone,  476 

Kiamichi,  476 

Kilvington,  476 

King,  324 

King  (syn.  of  Golden  Clinton),  463 

King  Philip,  476 

Kingsessing,  476 

Kingsessing,  Edward  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  4O2 

King  William,  476 

Kinney,  L.  var.  orig.  by,  476,  477 

Kinney's  Seedlings,  476,  477 

Kiowa,  477 

Kitchen,  477 

Kittredge  (syn.  of  Ives),  312 

Kniflin,  William,  mentioned,  91 

Kniffin  system  of  training,  gi 

Knob  Mountain,  477 

Knox,  Rev.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  504 

Koeth,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  442 

Kosomo,  477 

Kramer,  J.  C,  var.  orig.  by,  438,  477 

Kramer  Seedling,  477 

Krause,  477 

Kready,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  248,  456,  476 

Kruger,  477 

Labe,  477 

Labrusca,  origin  of  the  name,  149 

Lacon,  477 

Laconia,  477 

La  Crissa,  477 

Ladies,  477 

Ladies  Choice  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 

Lady,  325 

Lady  Charlotte,  477 

Lady  Dunlap,  478 

Lady  Helene,  478 

Lady  Washington,  327 

Lady  Younglove,  4 78 

Lake,  478 

Lake  (syn.  of  Idcn),  472 

Lama  (syn.  of  Laura),  47S 

La  Marie,  478 

Lane,  Ralph,  cited,  31 

Langendoerfer,  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  295,  524 

Languedoc  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Langworthy,  L.  B.,  var.  found  by,  214 

La  Reine,  478 

Large  Berry,  478 


55° 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Large  Blue  English  (syn.  of  Cape  May  Prolific), 

444 
Large  German  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 
Large  Leaf,  478 

Larrowe,  Hon.  Jacob,  mentioned,  83 
La  Salle,  478 
Laughlin,  478 

Laughlin,  W.  R.,  var.  orig.,  by  47S 
Laura,  478 

Laura  Beverly  (syn.  of  Crcveling),  224 
Laussel,  478 
Lavega,  478 
Lawrence,  4 78 

Laws,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  474 
Lawson,  479 

Lawson,  John,  life  of,  36;  quoted,  37 
Leader,  479 

Leaf-hopper  (See  Grape  leaf-hopper) 
Leather-Leaf  grape  (syn.  of  V.  candieans  eoriacca), 

148 
Leavenworth,  479 

Leaves,  taxonomic  value  of,  105,  106 
Lebanon  Seedling  (s)'n.  of  Catawba),  204 
Le  Conte,  John  Eaton,  life  of,  144;  work  on  Vitis 

by,  100;  writings  of,  144 
Legaux,  Peter,  cited,  42;  life  of,   16;  mentioned, 

15,  18,  161,  162 
Lehigh  (syn.  of  Berks),  439 
Lehman,  479 

Lehman,  William,  var.  orig.  by,  479 
Leif  the  Lucky,  29,  30 
Lemosy,  Mr.,  cited,  367 
Lenoir,  328 

Lenoir  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 
Lenoir  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 
Lenori,  479 
Leon,  479 

Lespeyre  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Letovey,  479 
Lewis,  479 
Lexington,  479 
Lida,  479 
Lightfoot,  479 
Lightfoot,  W.  H.,   var.  orig.  by,  434,  435,  438, 

444.  479.  489,  514 
Lightfoot  Seedling  No.  34,  479 
Lightfoot's  Seedlings,  479 
Lilac  (syn.  of  Shurtleff  Seedling),  512 
Limington  White,  479 
Linceola,  479 
Lincoln,  480 

Lincoln  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Lincoln  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 
Lincoln  County  (syn.  of  Lincoln),  480 
Lincoln  Downer,  480 
Lincrup,  480 


Lincy,  480 

Lindell,  480 

Linden,  480 

Lindley,  329 

Lindley,  John,  mentioned,  330 

Lindmar,  480 

Linelvi,  480 

Linherbe,  480 

Linley,  480 

Linn,  480 

Linn  Queen,  480 

Linnaeus,  Carolus,  life  of,  149,  150;  quoted,  118, 

IS'.  155 

Linville,  Robert,  var.  orig.  by,  459 

Little  Blue,  480 

Little  Giant,  481 

Little  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Little  Mountain  grape  (syn.  of  V.  berlandieri) ,  130 

Little  Ozark,  48 1 

Livingston,  481 

Lizzie,  4S1 

Lobata,  481 

Logan,  481 

London  Company.  6,  7 

Long,  481 

Long  (syn.  of  Cunningham),  227 

Long  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32S 

Long,  Col.  James,  var.  found  by,  481 

Long  John,  481 

Long  No.  2  (syn.  of  Cunningham),  227 

Longfellow,  quoted,  204 

Long's  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 

Long's  Arkansas  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 

Longworth,  481 

Longworth  Monster,  481 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  books  by,  23;  grapes  im- 
ported by,  23;  life  of,  22,  23;  mentioned,  206, 
236,  340,  416;  var.  found  by,  370:  var.  orig. 
by,  48 1 

Longivorth  No.  SO  (syn.  of  Longworth),  4S1 

Longworth's  Ohio  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Longworth' s  Ohio  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 

Loomis'  Honey,  481 

Looney,  C.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  482 

Looney  Seedling,  482 

Lorain,  482 

Loretto,  482 

Loubat,  Alphonse,  mentioned,  24 

Loudon,  F.  W.,  var.  orig.  by  281,  316,  446,  474, 
482 

Loudon  Seedling,  482 

Louisa,  482 

Louise,  482 

Louisiana,  331 

Louisiana,  grapes  in,  13 

Louisville,  482 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


551 


Louisville  Seedling  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Lowell  Glolio,  482 

Lucile,  332 

Lucky,  482 

Luckyne,  482 

Lucy  Winton,  482 

Luders,  4S2 

LufTborough,  482 

Lugawana.  482 

Lngiana  ncra  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Lukfata,  4S2 

Lulie,  482 

Lum,  H.  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  478 

Luna,  482 

Lutie,  334 

Lycoming,  483 

Lydia,  483 

Lyman,  483 

Lyon,  483 

Lyon  (syn.  of  Presly),  502 

Mabel,  483 

MacCandlcss  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

MacCandless  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  370 

McCowan  (syn.  of  Cowan),  451 

McDonald's  Ann  Arbor,  483 

McGowan  (syn.  of  Cowan),  451 

Macedonia,  483 

McKay,  E,  A.,  mentioned,  83 

McKce  (syn.  of  Herbemont).  2 88 

McKinley,  483 

McKinley,  J.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  218 

McLean  (syn.  of  Devereau.x),  235 

McLean  (syn.  of  Lincoln),  480 

McLean,  Dr.  Wm.,  var.  orig.  by  4S0 

Mc Litre  (syn.  of  Mrs.  McLure).  491 

McMahon,  Bernard,  cited,  44 

McMurtrie,  Dr.  William,  mentioned,  59 

McNeil,  483 

Mc  Given  (syn.  of  Cowan),  451 

McPike,  335 

McPike,  H.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  336 

Madeira,  483 

Madeira  (syn.  of  Black  Madeira),  440 

Madeira  of   York,  Pa.  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Madeline,  4S3 

Madison  County  (syn.  of  Long),  481 

Magee,  484 

Magee,  George  J.,  cited,  275;   var.  found  by,  275 

Magnate,  336 

Magnificent,  484 

Maguel,  Francis,  cited,  32 

Maguire,  484 

Mahogany  (syn.  of  Mahogany  Colored),  484 

Mahogany  Colored,  484 

Main,  484 


Main,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  484 

Maine,  grapes  in,  13 

Malinda,  484 

Malvasier  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Malvin,  484 

Mammoth  (syn.  of  Sage),  395 

Mammoth  Catawba  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Mammoth  Globe  (syn.  of  Carter),  445 

Mammoth  Sage  (syn.  of  Sage),  395 

Manhattan,  484 

Manito,  337 

Manockanock,  484 

Mansfield,  484 

Manson,  484 

Marguerite,  484 

Marie  Louise,  338 

Marine's  Seedlings,  485 

Marine,  William  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  461,  466,  476, 

479.  482.  484,  485,  487,  489,  493.  496.  50s 
Mariole,  485 
Marion  (I),  339 
Maricn  (11),  341 

Marion  Port  (syn.  of  Marion  (I)),  33 
Marion  Port  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 
Marique,  485 
Marker,  485 
Marsala,  485 
Marshall,  Humphrey,  life    of,    96;    quoted,    151; 

writings  of,  96 
Martha,  341 
Marvin,  D.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  208,  209,  405,  444, 

451,  464.  470.  474.  478,  485,  509,  510,  521 
Marvina,  485 
Marvin's  Seedlings,  485 
Mary,  485 
Mary  Ann,  485 
Mary  Favorite,  485 
Mary  Mark,  486 
Maryland,  grapes  in,  9,  10,  18 
Maryland  Purple,  486 
Mary  Wylie,  486 
Mason,  486 

Mason,  Mrs.  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  486,  507 
Mason,  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  486 
Mason  Renting,  486 
Mason's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Mason),  4S6 
Massachusetts,  grapes  in,  12 
Massachusetts  White,  486 
Massascit,  343 
Matchless,  486 

Mathews,  Professor,  var.  orig.  by,  472 
Mathilde,  486 

Matlock  (syn.  of  Miles),  488 
Mauston,  486 
Maxatawney,  344 
May  Red,  486 


552 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Mead,  John,  mentioned,  84 

Mead,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  4S6 

Mead  Seedling,  486 

Mead's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Meanko,  487 

Mease,  Dr.  James,  hfe  of,  42,  43;  mentioned,  45 

paper  by,  43 
Medora,  487 

Mcisch  (syn.  of  Mish),  489 
Melasko,  487 
Memory,  487 
Mendota.  487 
Meno,  487 
Merceron,  487 

Merccron  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Merceron,  F.  E.,  var.  orig.  Ijy,  487,  499 
Mericadel,  4S7 
Merrimac,  345 
Meta.  487 
Metis.  487 
Metternich,  487 
Mianna  or  Mienna,  487 
Michaux,  Andr<5,  cited,  126;  Hfe  of,  loS;  quoted, 

118;  works  of,  108 
Michaux,  F.  Andre,  life  of,  loS;  works  of,  loS 
Michigan,  488 

Mtchigan  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Michigan,  grapes  in,  61 
Middle  region,  59,  60,  Oi 
Middlesex,  488 

Mignonette  vine  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 
Miland,  488 

Mildew  (See  Downy  and  Powdery  mildew) 
Miles,  488 
Millardet,  4S8 

Millardet.  cited,  102,  233,  36S 
Miller.  4S8 

Miller,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  463 
Miller,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  18S,  342,  460,  482, 

483,  488,  529 
Miller  No.  1  (syn.  of  Martha),  341 
Miller's  Xo.  2  (syn.  of  Eva),  4^0 
Miller's  Xo.  3  (syn.  of  Macedonia),  483 
Miller's  Xo.  4  (syn.  of  Black  Hawk),  188 
Miller's  Seedlings,  488 
Millington,  48S 

Millington,  Dr.,  var.  found  by,  48S 
Millington,  Mrs.,  var.  orig.  by,  498 
Millington  White,  488 
Mills,  347 

Mills,  W.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  348,  47S 
Mineola,  488 
Miner,  T.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  i  72,  4  iS,  433,  436,  438, 

442.  444.  459.  472.  479.  480,  489,  507 
Miner's  Seedlings,  489 
Mingo,  489 


Minnehaha,  489 

Minnesota,  489 

Minnesota  Mammoth,  489 

Minnie,  489 

Minor's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Venango),  520 

Miriam.  489 

Mish,  489 

Mission,  489 

Missouri,  489 

Missouri,  grapes  in,  52 

Missouri  Bird  Eye,  490 

Missouri  Bird's  Eye  {syn.  of  Elsinburgh),  257 

Missouri  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 

Missouri  Muscadine,  490 

Missouri  Riesling,  349 

Missouri  Seedling  (syn.  of  Missouri),  489 

Modena,  490 

Moffats,  490 

Mohrendiitte  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Moltke,  490 

Monarch,  490 

Monard,  490 

Monlintawba,  490 

Monroe,  350 

Montclair,  490 

Montefiore,  351 

Monteith  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 

Montisella,  490 

Montour,  490 

Montreal,  490 

Moore,  Captain  John  B.,  var.  orig.  by  286,  353, 

456,  465 
Moore,  Jacob,  life  of,  192;  var.  orig.  by,  192,  237, 

241,  274,  448,  466,  514,  524 
Moore,  Rev.  Archer,  var.  orig.  by,  209,  450 
Moore  Early,  353 

2iloore's  Diamond  (syn.  of  Diamond).  23O 
Moore's  Xo.  31  (syn.  of  Hayes),  286 
Morin,  490 

Momeberg,  J.  G.,  var.  orig.  by.  461 
Morrell,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  490 
Morrell  Seedling,  490 
Morse,  491 

Morton,  Thomas,  quoted,  35 
Mosher,  S.,  mentioned,  206 
Mottier,  John  E.,  var.  orig.  by.  523 
Mottier  (syn.  of  Purple  Marion),  504 
Mottled,  491 
Mountain,  491 

Mountain  grape  (syn.  of  V.  berlandieri),  130 
Mountain  grape  (syn.  of  V .  monticola),  116 
Mountain  grape  of  Texas  (syn.  of  V.  rupestris), 

113 
Mount  Lebanon,  491 
Moyer,  354 
Mayer's  Early  Red  (syn.  of  Moyer),  354 


THE    GRAPES    OF    XEW    YORK. 


553 


Mrs.  McLure,  491 
Mrs.  Munson,  491 
Mrs.  Stayman,  491 
Muench,  491 

Muench,  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  376,  471,  511,  521 
Multiple,  491 
Muncie,  491 

Mmicy  (syn.  of  Catawba).  204 
Muncy  Black,  491 

Aluncy  Pale  Red  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Munier,  491 
Munson,  492 

Munson,  Thomas  Volney,  cited,    105,    106,    114, 
iiS,  124,  128,  134,  143.  149.  ^ii-  2''7.  271,  287, 
290,  331;    life  of,  122;    quoted,   122,   126.  216; 
var.  orig.  by,  122,  169,  170,  176,  179,  iSi,  194. 
202,  216,  259,  271,  280,  287,  296,  315,  337,  385, 
393.  394.  421.  433.  434,  435.  43'>.  437.  438.  439. 
440,  441,  442,  443,  445,  448,  449,  450,  451.  452. 
453.  454,  456.  457.  45*.  459,  4()o,  463,  464,  465, 
470,  471.  474.  475.  476,  477.  478.  479.  480,  481, 
482,  4S4,  485,  486,  487,  488.  489,  400,  401,  402, 
493,  494,  495,  496,  497,  498,  500,  501,  502,  503, 
504.  505.  508.  509.  510.  5".  512,  513,  514.  5i.i. 
516,  517,  518,  519,  520,  521,  522,  525,  526,  528; 
work  on  Vitis  by,  :oi 
Munson,  W.  K.,  var.  found  by,  324 
Mimson's  No.  13  (syn.  of  Striped  Ruby),  515 
Munson's  No.  31  (syn.  of  Bell),  iSi 
Munson  No.  22  (syn.  of  Gold  Dust),  463 
Alunson's  No.  29  (syn.  of  Old  Gold),  493 
Munson's  No.  S3  (syn.  of  Red  Bird),  505 
Munson  No.  4^  (syn.  of  Linelvi),  480 
Munson  No.  47  (syn.  of  Red  Eagle),  385 
Mimson's  A'o.  76  (syn.  of  Fern  Munson),  271 
Munson  No.  81  (syn.  of  Jaeger),  314 
Munson's  No.  107  (syn.  of  Multiple),  491 
Munson's  No.  Ill  (syn.  of  Sweetey),  515 
Munson's  No.  130  (syn.  of  Texas  Highland),  516 
Munson's  No.  181  (syn.  of  Texas),  516 
Munson's     R  paria    (syn.    of    V.    longii    iiiicro- 

spcrma).  123 
Munson's  Riparia  (syn.  of  V.  longii).  123 
Murdock,  492 

Murdock,  Judge,  var.  orig.  by,  492 
Murry,  William,  mentioned,  206 
Muscadine  Superior,  492 
Muscadine  (syn.  of  V.  rot undi folia),  109 
Aluscadinc  (syn.  of  Scuppemong),  399 
Muscadine  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rotundijolia),  toS 
Muscat,  492 
Muscat  Catawba.  492 
Muscat  Hamburg.  356 
Musky,  defined.  4 

Mustang  (syn.  of  V .  rotundijolia'),  109 
Mustang  grape  (syn.  of  V.  candicans),  147 


.Mustang  grape  of  Chapman  (syn.  of  V.  munsoni- 

ana),  112 
Mylitta,  492 

Xahab,  492 

Naomi.  357 

Xashua,  492 

.N'ative  grape,  39,  41,  42.  43 ;  de.scribcd  by  Prince, 

49;  evolution  of,  36;  habitat  of,  27;  means  of 

dstribution  of,  27;    value  of,  36 
Naumkeag,  492 
.\'azro,  492 

Xazro,  Henry,  var.  orig.  by.  492 
Neal  grape  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  288 
Nebraska,  492 
Nectar,  358 
Neff,  492 

\eff,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by.  492 
Neil  grape  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  28S 
Nell,  492 
Nelson,  492 

.Nelson,  Roger,  var.  orig.  by.  492 
Neosho,  492 
Neponset,  493 
Nerluton,  493 

Neva  (syn.  of  Neva  Munson),  493 
Neva  Munson,  493 
Neverfail,  493 
Newark,  493 
New  Buda,  493 
Newburgli,  493 
Newburgh  Muscat,  493 
New  England,  grapes  in.  12,  13,  34,  35;   wine  in, 

13 
New  Hanover  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
New  Haven,  493 

New  Haven  Red  (syn.  of  New  Haven),  493 
New  Jersey,  grapes  in,  53 
Newman,  493 

Newman,  C.  C,  cited,  iii,  400 
New  Mary,  493 

New  Netherland,  grapes  in,  ti 
Newport,  493 
Newton,  493 
Newtonia,  494 
New  York,  champagne  in,  65;   grapes  in,  10,  11, 

12,  23,  24,  53,  54,    grape  districts  of.  72  et  seq.: 

viticulture  in,  68;  wine  in,  11,  12 
Niagara,  359 
Niagara  district,  72  ;   acreage  of,  92  ;    climate  of, 

93;    diseases  in,  94:    geology  of,  92;    markets 

of,  93 ;   soil  of,  93 
Nicholson,  James,  var.  orig.  by,  498 
Nicolls,  mentioned,  1 1 
Nimalba,  494 
Nina,  494 


554 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Ninekah,  494 

Nizola,  494 

No.  03  A  (syn.  of  Imperial),  302 

Noah,  362 

Nonantum,  494 

Nonpareil,  494 

Nora,  494 

Norfolk,  364 

Norfolk  Muscat  (syn.  of  Norfolk),  364 

Norseman,  account  of  grapes  bv,  21) 

North  America,  494 

North   California  grape  (syn.  of   \'.  calif ornica), 

North  Carolina,  494 

North  Carolina,  grapes  in,  3S,  54 

North  Carolina  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Mary  Ann), 

485 
North  Carolina  Seedling  (syn.   North  Carolina), 

494 
North  Carolina  White,  494 
North  Star,  495 

Northern  aestivalis  (syn.  of  V.  hicolor).  145 
Northern  Fox  Grape  (syn.  of  \' .  labrusca),  150 
Northern  Light,  494 
Northern  Muscadine,  365 
Northern  Muscat,  495 

Northern  Summer  grape  (syn.  of  V.  bicotor),  145 
Norton,  366 

Norton  (syn.  of  Cynthiana),  228 
Norton,  Dr.  D.  N.,  mentioned,  367 
Norton,  E.  Q.,  quoted,  27 
Norton's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Norton),  366 
Norton  Virginia  (syn.  of  Cynthiana),  228 
Norton's  Virginia  (syn.  of  Norton),  366 
Norton's  Virginia  Seedling  (syn.  of  Cynthiana), 

228 
Norton's  Virginia  Seedling  (syn.  of  Norton),  366 
Norwood,  369 
Noyes,  Dr.,  mentioned,  215 
Nuttall,    Thomas,    quoted,    56,    57;    life    of    9.S; 

writings  of  98 

Obcd,  495 

O heron,  495 

Occidental,  495 

Octavia,  405 

Odart,  Count,  quoted.  144 

Offer,  495 

Ohio  (I),  369 

Ohio  (II),  371 

Ohio  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Ohio,  grapes  in,  22,  52,  53,  54 

Ohio  Cigar  Box  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Ohio  Claret,  495 

Oklahoma,  grapes  in,  61 

Oktaha,  495 


Old  Ford,  495 

Old  Gold,  495 

Oldhonse  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Old  House  Grape  (syn.  of  Harris),  466 

Old  Hundred,  495 

Old  World  grape,  19,  24:  failure  in  America.  29; 

habitat  of,  i;  history  of,  i,  et  seq. 
Olita,  495 
Olitatoo,  496 
Olmstead,  496 
Olympia,  496 
Omega.  496 

Omega  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Onderdonk,  496 

Onderdonk,  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  455 
Oneida,  37  i 
Oneovem,  496 
One  Seed,  496 
Onondaga,  496 
Ontario,  496 

Ontario  (syn.  of  Union  Village),  415 
Onyx,  496 
Opal,  496 
Oporto,  372 
Oriental,  373 
Oriole,  497 
Orphan  Boy,  497 
Orwigsburg,  497 
Osage,  497 
Osceola,  497 
Osee,  497 
Oskaloosa,  497 
Osmond,  497 
Oswego,  4(17 
Othello,  374 
Otoe,  497 
Ouachita,  498 
Owego,  498 
Owens  White,  498 
Owens,  Wm.,  var,  orig.  by,  498 
Owosso,  498 
Ozark,  376 
Ozark  Seedling,  498 

Pacific  region,  59;  development  of,  60,  61 

Pagan,  498 

Paign's  Isabella  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Pale,  Tennis,  mentioned,  34 

Pal:  Wooded  Trollinger  (syn.  of  Black  Il.-imburg) 

186 
Palermo,  4(18 

Palmate  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Palmate-leaved  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Palmate-leaved  vine  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
I'almatcd  leaves  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Palmer,  4 98 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


555 


Palmetto,  498 

PalmcUo-lcavcd  grape  (syn.  of  V.  simpsoni),   140 

Pamlico,  498 

Paradox,  498 

Paragon,  49S,  499 

Parker  (syn.  of  Ithaca),  473 

Parker,  Dr.  S.  J.,  cited,  431 

Parker  Rocky  Mountain  Seedling,  499 

Parmcntier,  M.,  mentioned,  23,  24 

Parry,  cited,  134 

Pattison,  499 

Pauline,  499 

Paultne,  499 

Pawnee,  499 

Paxton,  499 

Payne's  Early  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Peabody,  377 

Peake,  E.  jM.,  var.  found  by,  3S4 

Pearl,  499 

Pearson,  A.  W.,  cited,  306 

Pearson's  Ironclad  (syn.  of  Ironclad),  306 

Pedee,  499 

Peerless,  500 

Peggy,  500 

Pell,  G.  T.,  var.  orig.  by,  500 

Pell's  Illinois,  500 

Penn,  William,  mentioned,  10 

Pennsylvania,  grapes  in,  19,  44,  53,  54 

Peola,  500 

Perfection,  377 

Perfume,  500 

Perkins,  3 78 

Perkins,  Jacob,  var.  orig.  by,  378 

Perry,  500 

Peter  Wj-lie,  500 

Peter  Wylie  No.  1  (syn.  of  Peter  Wylie),  500 

Petit  Noir  (syn.  of  Adelia),  433 

Phelps,  J.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  448 

Phinney,  Elias,  var.  found  by,  437 

Phylloxera.  5 

Phylloxera  vastatrix  (See  Phylloxera) 

Pierce,  500 

Pigeon  grape  (syn.  of  T.  aestivalis),  138 

Pine-wood  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

140 
Pioneer,  500 

Piper,  D.  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  475,  513 
Piqua,  500 

Pittsburg  Seedling,  500 
Pizarro.  500 
Planchette,  501 
Planchon,  Jules  Emile,  cited,  106,  124,  126,  131; 

life  of,  124 
Planet,  501 

Plant  lice  (See  Phylloxera) 
Plantagenet,  Beauchamp,  quoted,  34 


Plasmopara  vilicola  (See  Downy  mildew) 

Pliny,  cited,  2 

Plum  grape  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 

Plymouth,  501 

Plymouth  White  (syn.  of  Plymouth).  501 

Pocklington,  379 

Pocklington,  John,  var.  orig.  by,  3S0  455 

Pocohontas  Red,  501 

Poeschel  Mammoth,  501 

Poeschcl,  William,  var.  orig.  by,  461,  501 

Pollock,  SOI 

Pollock,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  501 

Polychrosis  viteana  (See  Grape  fruit  worm) 

Pond,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  501 

Pond's  Seedling,  501 

Ponroy,  501 

Pontotoc,  501 

Pomp,  501 

Possum  grape  (syn.  of  V.  baileyana) ,  129 

Possuin  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cordifolia),  127 

Post-oak  grape  (syn.  of  V .  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

52,  140 
Post-oak  No.  I,  501 
Post-oak  No.  2,  501 
Post-oak  No.  3,  501 
Potter,  501 

Potter's  Early  (syn.  of  Potter),  501 
Potter's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Potter),  501 
Potter's  Sweet  (syn.  of  Potter),  501 
Poughkeepsic,  3S1 

Poiighkeepsie  Red  (syn.  of  Poughkeepsie),  381 
Powdery  mildew,  86 
Powell  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 
Prairie  State,  502 
Prentiss,  382 

Prentiss,  J.  W.,  mentioned,  83 ;  var.  orig.  by,  383 
President,  502 

President  Lyon  (syn.  of  Presly),  502 
Presly,  502 

Pres.  Lyon  (syn.  of  Lyon),  4S3 
Primate,  502 

Prince  Edward  (syn.  of  Cunningham),  227 
Prince  Nurseries,  48 
Prince,  William  Robert,  cited,  121;  life  of,  2  i.  22  ; 

quoted,  57,  161;    writings  of,  22 
Pringle,  C.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  281,  464,  477,  484, 

520 
Professor  Brunk,  502 

Prof.  Curtis'  grape  (.syn.  of  V.  caribcea),  146 
Professor  Gulley,  502 
Professor  Hillgard,  502 
Profitable,  502 
Profusion,  502 
Progress,  502 
Prolific,  503 
Prolific  Chicken  Grape,  503 


556 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Provost,  Paul  H.,  mentioned,  233 

Provost  White,  503 

Prunella,  503 

Pukwana,  503 

Pulaski,  503 

Pulliat,  s°3 

PuUiat,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  503 

Pulpless,  503 

Pungo  of  N.  C.  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32 S 

Purity,  503 

Purple  Bloom,  503 

Purple  Favorite,  503 

Purple  Favorite  (syn.  of  Blue  Favorite),  442 

Purple  Fox  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 

Purple    Hamburgh    (syn.    of     Black  Hamburg), 

186 
Purple  Hamburgh  of  Troy  (syn.  of  Troy),  518 
Purple  Marion,  504 
Purple  Urbana  (syn.  of  Logan),  4S1 
Pursh,  cited,  128 
Putnam,  504 
Putnam,  J.  A.,  var.  orig.  by  164,  t.^;},.  467 

Quassaic,  504 

Queen  Loretto  (syn.  of  Loretto),  482 

Queen  of  Sheba,  504 

Quinnebang,  504 

Quintina,  504 

Raabe,  504 

Raabe,  Peter,  var.  orig.  by,  504 

Raabe' s  Honey  (syn.  of  Raabe),  504 

Raabe's  No.  3  (syn.  of  Raabe),  504 

Raabe's  seedlings,  504 

Raccoon  grape  (syn.  of  1'.  cordifolia),  127 

Rachel,  504 

Racine,  504 

Rafinesque,    Constantine   Samuel,   book  by,    47: 

life  of,  99 ;   quoted,  42,  47,  1 13  ;  works  of,  99 
Ragan,  504 
Raisin,  504 

Raisin  de  cassis  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Raisin  de  Cote,  505 
Raisin  du  Cap  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Raisin  Fraise  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Raisin  Framboise  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Raisins,  how  made,  67 
Ramsey,  505 
Randall,  505 

Randall  (syn.  of  Agawam),  159 
Randall,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  505 
Raritan,  505 
Rautenberg,  F.  E.  L.,  var.  orig.  by.  434,  440,  446, 

448,  467,  490.   505.  506 
Rautenberg's  SeedUngs,  505 
Ravenel,  H.  W.,  cited,  114;   mentioned,  20O 


Ravesies,  Frederick,  quoted,  2  i 

Ray's  Victoria  (syn.  of  Victoria),  520 

Read,  M.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  505 

Read,  William  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  320,  355,  416, 
480 

Read  Seedling,  505 

Read's  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Lincoln),  480 

Reagan  (syn.  of  Ragan),  504 

Rebecca,  3  S3 

Red  Bird,  505 

Red  Bland  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 

Red  Eagle,  385 

Red  Elben  (syn.  of  Louisiana),  331 

Red  Elben  (syn.  of  Rulander),  508 

Red  Fox  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 

Red  Giant,  505 

Red  grape,  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 

Red  Hamburgh  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Red  Jacket,  505 

Red  Juice,  505 

Red  Leaf,  505 

Red  Lenoir  (syn.  of  Pauline).  499 

Red  Muncy  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Red  Riesling,  505 

Red  Riesling  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 

Red  River  (syn.  of  Cynthiana),  228 

Red  Rover,  505 

Red  Scuppernong  (syn.  of  Bland).  441 

Red  Sheperd.  506 

Red  Sweet  Water,  506 

Regal,  386 

Regina,  506 

Regions  of  grape  growing.  59 

Reichenbach,  John,  var.  orig.  by.  461,  462 

Reinecke,  506 

Reinike,  506 

Reisinger,  Andrew,  mentioned,  54,  83 ;  var.  orig. 
by,  448 

Reliance,  506 

Rentz,  506 

Rentz,  Sebastian,  var.  orig.  by,  506 

Rentz  Seedling  (syn.  of  Rentz),  506 

Requa.  387 

Rhenish,  506 

Rhode  Island,  grapes  in,  13 

Riatz  (syn.  of  Rentz),  506 

Rice,  A.  F.,  var.  orig.  by  407,  484,  502 

Richards.  Paul,  mentioned,  11.  12 

Richmond.  506 

Richmond  Villa  Hamburgli  (syn.  of  Black  Ham- 
burg), 186 

Ricketts,  James  H.,  life  of,  3  iS,  319;  quoted,  2O9 ; 
var.  orig.  by,  158,  169,  175,  242,  243,  257,  262, 
269,  298,  302,  318,  319,  327,  357,  377,  402,  433, 
434.  435.  455.  462,  464,  478.  493.  500.  501.  504, 
505,  508,  S19.  522 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


557 


Rickctts'  Delaware  Seedlinti  No.  t  (syn.  of  Rari- 
tan),  505 

Rickctts'  Delaware  Secdliitii  No.  >'  (syn.  of  Put- 
nam), 504 

Rickctts'  No.  1  (syn.  of  Downing),  242 

Rickctts'  No.  37  (syn.  of  Highland),  297 

Richl,  E.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  255,  506 

Ricld's  New  Early  Grape  (syn.  of  Eclipse),  254 

RieJtl's  No.  10  (syn.  of  Eclipse),  254 

Riehl's  Seedlings,  506 

Riesenblatt,  506 

Riesling  (syn.  of  Missouri  Riesling),  349 

Riverbank  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

River  grape  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

Riverside  grape  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

Roanoke  (syn.  of  Scuppemong).  399 

Roanoke  Red,  506 

Robert  Wylie,  506 

Robeson,  507 

Robeson,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  507 

Robeson  Seedling,  507 

Robinson  Unnamed  Seedling,  507 

Robusta,  507 

Rochester,  388 

Rock  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rupestris),  113 

Rock    House  Indian  (syn.  of  Waterloo),  521 

Rockingham,  507 

Rockland  Favorite,  507 

Rock  wood,  389 

Roe,  E.  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  514 

Roenbeck,  507 

Roenbeck,  Fred,  var.  orig.  by,  439,  440,  46-,  478 

Rogers,  A.  D.,  quoted,  392 

Rogers,  Edward  Staniford,  life  of,  390 ;  var.  orig. 
by,  158,  170,  17S,  263,  273,  276,  292,  330,  343, 
346,  387,  390,  397,  424,  507,  508 

Rogers'  Hybrids  discussed,  390 

Rogers'  No.  1  (syn.  of  Goethe),  276 

Rogers'  No.  3  (syn.  of  Massasoit),  343 

Rogers'  No.  4  (syn.  of  Wilder),  423 

Rogers'  No.  5.  507 

Rogers'  No.  9  (syn.  of  Lindlcy),  329 

Rogers'  No.  13.  507 

Rogers'   No.  I4  (syn.  of  Gaertner).  272 

Rogers'  No.  IS  (syn.  of  Agawam),  159 

Rogers'  No.  19  (syn.  of  Merrimac),  345 

Rogers'  No.  S2  (syn.  of  Salem),  307 

Rogers'  No.  24,  507 

Rogers'  No.  28  (syn.  of  Requa),  387 

Rogers'  No.  S3,  508 

Rogers'  No.  39  (syn.  of  Aminia),  170 

Rogers'  No.  4I  (syn.  of  Essex),  263 

Rogers'  No.  43  (syn.  of  Barry),  i7S 

Rogers'  No.  44  (syn.  of  Herbert),  291 

Rogers'  No.  53  (syn.  of  Salem),  397 

Rombrill,  508 


Rommel,  393 

Rommel,  Jacob,  life  of,  352;  var.  orig.  by,   180, 

260, 265,  270,  3*52,  434,  440,  441.  45.5.  4.';().  470. 

475.  499.  518,  523,  525 
RommeVs  Amber  (syn.  of  Amber).  434 
Rommers  Etta  (syn.  of  Etta),  265 
Rommel's  No.  3  (syn.  of  Etta).  265 
Rommel's  No.  19  (syn.  of  Black  Taylor),  441 
Rommel's  Taylor  Seedling  No.  10  (syn.  of  Pearl), 

499 
Rommel's  Taylor  Seedling  No.  I4  (syn.  of  Monte- 

fiore),  351 
Root  worm  (See  Fidia) 
Rosalie,  508 
Roscoe,  508 
Rose,  508 

Rose,  Alfred,  var.  orig.  by.  167 
Rose,  Henry,  mentioned,  84 
Rose,  Reuben,  var.  orig.  by,  475 
Rose  Colored  Delaware  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 
Rose  Grape  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 
Rose  of  Tennessee  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Roslyn,  508 
Roswither,  508 
Rot  (See  Black-rot) 

Rothrock  of  Prince  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
Royal  Isabella  (syn.  of  Pierce),  500 
Ruby.  508 
Ruckland,  508 
Ruff  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 
Rulander,  50S 

Rulandcr  (syn.  of  Louisiana).  331 
Rupel,  509 
Rupert,  509 
Rustler,  509 
Rusty  Coat,  509 
Rutland,  509 
R.  W.  Munson,  394 
Ryckman,  G.  E.,  cited,  78 


Saccliarissa  (syn.  of  La  Crissa),  477 

Sacks  of  Wine  (syn.  of  Harvvood),  467 

Sacksteder,  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  475.  4  77. 

Sacrissa  (syn.  of  La  Crissa),  477 

Sage,  395 

Sage,  Henry  E.,  var.  found  by,  395 

Saginaw,  509 

St.  Albans,  509 

St.  Augustine,  509 

St.  Catherine,  509 

St.  Genevieve  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

St.  Genevieve  (syn.  of  Louisiana),  331 

St.  Genevieve  (syn.  of  Rulander),  508 

St.  Hilaire,  509 

St.  John,  509 

St.  Louis,  396 


478 


558 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Sainte-  Hclene  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Salabra,  510 
Salado,  510 
Salem,  397 

Salisbury,  E.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  516 
Salisbury  Violet  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  1S6 
Sally,  si° 
Salt  Creek,  510 
Saluda,  510 

Saluda  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Salzer  Earliest,  510 
Salzer,  John  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  510 
Samuels,  510 

Samuels,  M.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  520 
Sanalba,  510 

Sanborn,  Jos.  N.,  var.  orig.  by,  477 
Sanborn  ton,  510 

Sanbornton  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Sanborton  (syn.  of  Sanbornton),  510 
Sand-beach  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rupcstris),  113 
Sand  grape  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 
Sand  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rupestris),  113 
San  Jacinto,  510 
Sanmelaska,  510 
Sanmonta,  510 
Sanrubra,  510 
Santa  Clara,  511 
Saratoga  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Saratoga  (syn.  of  Fancher),  460 
Saunders,  Dr.  William,  var.  orig.  by,  323,  458 
Saxe  White  Seedling,  511 
Saxe,  W.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  511 
Schenck  White,  511 
Schiller,  5 1 1 
Schmitz  Seedling,  511 
SchoU,  Mrs,  mentioned,  205 
Schoonemunk,  511 
Schraidt,  Casper,  var.  orig.  by,  igo 
Schraidt's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Black  Pearl),  i8g 
Schroeder,  Dr.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  437 
Schuylkill  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Schuylkill  (syn.  of  Orwigsburg),  497 
Schuylkill  Muscadcl  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
Schuylkill  Muscadell  (syn.  of  Alexander),  50 
Schuylkill  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Ale.xander),  160 
Schwarzeblatier   Trollinger   (syn.  of  Black   Ham- 
burg), 186 
Schwarzcr  Gutedcl  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 
Schwarzwelscher  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 
Scott,  511 

Scott  (syn.  of  Ironclad),  306 
Scott,  Colonel,  mentioned,  306 
Scott,  Gen.  John,  var.  orig.  by,  511 
Scuppernong,  399 

Scuppernong  (syn.  of  V.  rotundijolia),  109 
Scuppernong,  origin  of  the  word,  51 


Secretary,  402 

Secunda,  511 

Seedlin,  51 1 

Seedling  No.  502  (syn.  of  Parado.x),  498 

Seeds,  taxonomic  value  of,  103 

Seelye,  C.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  505 

Segar  Box  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Segar  Box  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)),  370 

Segessman,  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  51: 

Self-fertility,  104,  105 

Self-sterility,  104,  105 

Selma,  51 1 

Senasqua,  403 

Seneca,  5 1 1 

Septimia,  5  12 

Seward,  5 1 2 

Sex,  taxonomic  value  of,  104 

Shaker  (syn.  of  Union  Village),  415 

Shala,  512 

Sharon,  512 

Sliaron  (syn.  of  Cayuga),  208 

Sharp  Beak,  5 1 2 

Shelb^^  404 

Shelley.  Daniel,  var.  orig.  by,  512 

Shelley  Seedling,  512 

Shephard,  Orlando,  mentioned,  83 

Shepherd,  Tlr,  mentioned,  340 

Shepherd's  Port  Wine  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 

Sheppard,  J.  N.,  var.  orig.  by,  512 

Sheppard  Delaware,  512 

Sheppard,  512 

Sherman,  512 

Sherry  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Sherry  of  the  South  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Sheruah,  512 

Shirland,  W.  W.,  mentioned,  83 

Short,  Miss  R.  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  524 

Shull,  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  512 

Shull  No.  2,  512 

Shurtleff,  Dr.  S.  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  512 

Shurtleff  Seedling.  512 

Shuttleworth,  mentioned,  148 

Siglar,  513 

Silkyfine,  513 

Silvain,  513 

Silver  Dawn,  513 

Sitnpson,  J.  H.,  mentioned,  113 

Simpson,  R.,  var.  orig.  by,  511 

Simpson's  grape  (syn.  of  1'.  siinpsoni),  148 

Sinawissa,  513 

Singleton  (syn,  of  Catawba).  204 

Skunk  grape  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca).  150 

Skunnyniunk  (syn.  of  Schoonemunk),  511 

Skuppernong  (syn.  of  I',  rotundijolia),  109 

Sloe,  513 

Sluyter,  Peter,  quoted,  10 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


559 


Small  German  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 

Small  grap'-  (syn.  of  1'.  aestivalis),  138 

Small  Leaf,  J13 

Smart's  Elsingborough  (syn.  of  Elsin.sijburgh).  257 

Smart's  Elsingburgh  (syn.  of  Elsingburgh),  257 

Smallwood,  513 

Smallwood,  E.,  var.  orig.  by,  513 

Smith,  Captain  John,  quoted,  31,  32 

Smith,  S.  v.,  var.  orig.  by,  512 

Smooth  Canyon  Grape  (syn.  of  V.  trdeasci),  122 

Snelter,  5  13 

Snelter,  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  439,  513 

Snow,  Seward,  var.  orig.  by,  356 

Snowflake,  513 

Solander  Large  Purple,  513 

Solrupo,  513 

Somerville,  513 

Sophia,  513 

Souland,  514 

Sour  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Sour  or  Pungent  Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cordi- 
folia),  127 

Sour  Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cordifolia),  127 

South  Calijornia  grape  (syn.  of  V.  girdiana),  136 

South  Carolina,  514 

South  Carolina,  grapes  in,  54 

Southern  Aestivalis  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  bour- 
qiiiniana),  142 

Southern  Champion,  514 

Southern  Fox  grape  (syn.  of  I',  rotnndijolia),  109 

Southern  region,  59,  60,  61 

Spangler,  A.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  461 

Spaniards,  American  grape  culture  by,  6 

Spanish  grape  (syn.  of  V .  berlandieri) ,  130 

Species,  blooming  order  of,  103  ;  botanical  key  to, 
107,  108;  compared  by  Bartram,  98;  con- 
spectus of,  107,  108;  resistance  to  Phylloxera, 
5  ;  seed  characters  of,  103 

Spencer,  514 

Spencer,  Henry  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  434,  458,  509 

Sphaceloma  ampelinum  (See  Anthracnose) 

Spinosa.  514 

Spoffoid,  Dr.,  var.  orig.  by,  411 

Spojford  Seedling  (syn.  of  To-Kalon),  410 

Spotswood,  Alexander,  mentioned,  8 

Spotted  Globe,  514 

Springfield,  514 

Spring  Mill  Consiantia  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Springstein  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Stayman,  Dr.  J.,  life  of,  422;  quoted,  155,  422; 
var.  orig.  by,  189,  230,  268,  337,  376,  378,  422, 
423,  446,  450,  452.  460,  486,  491,  497.  499.  503. 

513.  523 
Stace.  S.,  var.  orig.  by,  514 
Stace  White,  514 
Standard,  405 


Staples,  Isaac,  var.  orig.  by,  466 

Stark-Star,  406 

Steele,  Paphro,  var.  found  by.  285 

Steele's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Hartford),  284 

Stelton,  514 

Sterlin.g,  5  1 4 

Stetson,  Amos  W.,  var.  orig.  by.  444,  514 

Stetson,  Xahum,  var.  orig.  by,  451 

Stetson  No.  1  (syn.  of  Cabot),  444 

Stetson's  Seedling  No.  4  (syn.  of  Curtis),  451 

Stetson's  Seedlings,  5  14 

Stewart,  Philemon,  mentioned,  365 

Stewart,  P.,  var.  orig.  by,  475,  515 

Stinger,  B.  p.,  var.  orig.  by,  433 

Stock,  112,  114,  121,  14S 

Stone,  J.  1.,  mentioned,  210 

Stonn  King,  514 

Strachey,  William,  quoted,  32 

Stratton,  Benjamin,  var.  orig.  by,  467 

Strawberry,  515 

Striped  Ruby,  515 

Success,  515 

Sugar  Grape    5  15 

Sugar  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rupestris),  113 

Summer  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 

Summer  grape  (syn.  of  V .  aestivalis  linceeumii) ,  141 

Summer  White,  515 

Sumner,  515 

Sumpter  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Sumpter  (syn.  of  Lenoir).  32S 

Sunrise,  5 1 5 

Superb,  407 

Superior,  515 

Supreme,  515 

Swamp  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  13S 

Swatara,  515 

Swedes,  American  grape  culture  by,  10 

Sweet  Mountain  grape  (syn.  of  V.  moitticola).  116 

Sweet  scented  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

Sweet  scented  grape  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

Sweet  Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V .  cinerea),  131 

Sweetey,  515 

Taft    515 

Talala,  516 

Talequah,  516 

Tallman  (syn.  of  Champion).  210 

Tallman's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Champion),  210 

Tamala,  5  16 

Tasker,  Mr.,  mentioned,  50,  161 

Tasker's  grape  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 

Tatnall,  Edward,  var.  orig.  by,  470 

Taylor,  40  S 

Taylor,  A.,  var.  orig.  by,  443 

Taylor,  Judge  John,  mentioned,  409 

Taylor  Bullit  (syn.  of  Taylor),  408 


56o 


THE  GRAPES  OF  NEV/  YORK. 


Taylor's  Seedling  No.  I4  (syn  of  Montefiorc).  351 

Tekoma.  516 

Tekomah  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Telegraph,  409 

Tenderpulp,  516 

Ten-Dollar-Prize,  516 

Tendrils,  continuous,  102;  intermittent,  102; 
taxonomic  value  of.  102 

Tennessee,  516 

Tennessee,  grapes  in,  54 

Tennessee  Island,  516 

Texas,  516 

Texas  Highland,  516 

Texas  Panhandle  Large  Crape  (syn.  of  \' . 
doaniana),  137 

Texas  Post-oak  grape  (syn.  of  l'.  aestivalis  lince- 
cumii),  141 

Thacher,  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  373 

The  Beautiful  (syn.  of  To-Kalon),  410 

The  Black  (syn.  of  Ohio  (I)  ),  369 

Themis,  516 

Theodosia,  516 

Theophile,  517 

Thomas,  5 1  7 

Thomas,  Drury,  var.  found  by,  517 

Thompson,  Abram,  mentioned,  232 

Thompson.  David,  var.  orig.  by,  460,  517 

Thompson,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  517 

Thompson,  R.  O.,  var.  orig.  by,  517 

Thompson,  W.,  var.  orig.  by.  514 

Thompson  Red  Seedling,  5  i  7 

Thompson's  Seedlings,  517 

Thompson  Wine,  5 1 7 

Thome,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by.  267 

Thurmond  (syn.  of  Devereaux).  235 

Thurmond  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  32S 

Thurlow,  Thomas  C,  var.  orig.  by,  439 

Tinker.  Dr.  G.  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  494 

Tishomingo,  5 1 7 

Togni,  517 

To-Kalon.  410 

Tokay  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 

Tolman  (syn.  of  Champion),  210 

Tolman's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Champion).  210 

Tonkawa,  518 

Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de.  life  of,  95;  men- 
tioned, iiS 

Traminer  (syn.  of  Delaware),  t^i 

Transparent,  5 1 8 

Trask,  518 

Trash  (syn.  of  Brighton),  191 

Trask.  Jas.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  507 

Triumph,  411 

Triumphant,  518 

Trailer  (syn.  Black  Hamburg),  1S6 

TroUinger,  5  18 


Trollinger  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  1R6 

Trowbridge,  518 

Troy,  518 

Troy  Hamburg  (.syn.  of  Troy),  51S 

True  Frost  grape  (syn.  of  I',  cordifolia),  127 

Tryoii  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 

Tryonc,  518 

Tucker,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by.  473 

Tucker's  Parker  (syn.  of  Ithaca).  473 

Tuckerman,  518 

Tuckerman,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  442,  511,  518 

Tuley  (syn.  of  Devereaux),  235 

Turkey  grape  (syn.  of   V.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

141 
Tuskahoma,  51S 

Two-colored-leaved  vi)ie  (syn.  of  1'.  bieolor),  144 
Typhlocyba  comes  (See  Grape  leaf-hopper) 
Tyrker,  mentioned,  30 

U.  B.,  518 
Uhland,  51S 
UUer  Mammoth,  518 
Ulrey,  5  19 
Ulster.  414 

Ulster  Prolific  (syn.  of  Ulster).  414 
Una.  5 1 9 

Uncinula  necator  (See  Powdery  mildew) 
Underhill.  519 

Underhill,  Dr.  A.  K.,  var.  orig.  by,  519 
Underhill,  Robert,  life  of,  226;  mentioned.  23,  24 
Underhill.  R.  T..  life  of,  226;   mentioned,  24 
Underhill,  Stephen  W.,  life  of,   26;  var.  orig.  by, 

184,  185,  226,  404.  473 
Underhill,  William  A.,  life  of,  226:  mentioned.  24 

UnderhiU's  Celestial  (syn.  of  Underhill),  519 

UnderhiU's  seedling  (syn.  of  Underhill),  519 

UnderhiU's  S-8  Hybrid  (syn.  of  Black  Defiance), 
184 

UnderhiU's  S-12  (syn.  of  Black  Eagle).  185 
Undine,  519 
Union  village,  415 
Universal,  519 

Uno  (syn.  of  Juno),  475 
Urbana,  519 

Urbana  (syn.  of  Logan),  48 1 
Ursula,  519 

Uva  Fragola  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 

Vahl,  Martin,  cited,  126;   life  of,  125 
Valencia,  519 
Valentine,  5 1 9 

Valentines  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 
Valhallah,  519 

Valiant,  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  524 
V.ilk,  Dr.  William  W.,  mentioned.  56;   var.  orig. 
by.  433 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


561 


Valk's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Ada),  433 
Valle,  John,  var.  orig.  by  464.493 
Valle's  While  Concord,  (syn.  of  Golden  Concord), 

464 
Valley  grape  (syn.  of  V.  girdiana),  136 
Valverde,  519 
VanDeinan,  519 
Van  Deman,  H.  E.,  quoted,  371 
Vanderburgh,  519 
Van  Lindley,  J.,  var.  orig.  by,  315 
Van  Wormer,  E.  L.,  var.  found  by.  201 
Variable  grape  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
Venango,  520 
Vergenncs,  416 
Vergil,  quoted,  2,  3,  303 
Vermont,  520 
Vermont  Giant,  520 
Vermorel,  520 

Vernet  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Vesta,  520 

Vevay  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
Viala,  520 
Viala,  P.,  cited,  229 
Vialla,  520 

Vibert,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  503 
Victoria,  418,  520 

Victoria  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 
Villars,  Charles,  cited,  20 
Vine  and  Olive  Colony,  20,  21 
Vine  Arbor,  520 
Vine  Wood  grape  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

141 
Vinita,  520 
Vinland,  29 
Vinrouge,  520 
Virginia,  521 
Virginia,  grapes  in,  8,  14,  31,  32,  ^^,  2^',  wine  in, 

8,  40 
Virginia  Amber  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
Virginia  grape  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Virginia  Muscadell  (syn.  of  Bland),  441 
Virginia  Seedling  (syn.  of  Norton),  366 
Viticulture  of  New  York,  68 
Vitis,  characters  of,  28 

classification  of,  107,  loS 

classified  by  Rafinesque,  100 

described  by  Linnaeus,  95,  96;  by  Marshall, 
96;  by  Michau.x,  97;  by  Nuttall,  98,  99; 
by  Tournefort,  95;  by  Walter,  96,  97 

distribution  of,  26 

genus  of,   95 

number  of  species  of,  106 

sexual  status  of,  104 
Vitis  accrifolia  (syn.  of   V.  rot undi folia),  109 

aestivalis,  108,  138;  (syn.  of  V.  bicolor),  144; 
(syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 

36 


Vilis  aestivalis  boiirquiniana,   142 
lincecumii,  140 

var.  bicolor  (syn.  of  V.  bicolor),  145 
canescens  (syn.  of  V.  cincrea),  131 
canescens  (syn.  of  V .  cinerca  cane- 
scens), 133 
cinerca  (syn.  of  V.  cinerea),  131 
Lincecumii  (syn.  of   V.    aestivalis 

lincecumii),  141 
monticola  (syn.  of  V.  berlandicri) , 

'3° 
Americana   (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
angulata  (syn.  of  V .  rotundij olia) ,  109 
arancosiis  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
Argrntijolia  (syn.  of  V.  bicolor),  144 
Arizonensis  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 
arizonica,  107,  133 
arizonica  glabra,  134 
Arizo>iica  var.  glabra   (syn.   of  V.   arizonica 

glabra),    134 
baileyana,  107,  129 
berlandicri,   107,  130 
bicolor,  108,  144 

blanda  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
blandi  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
Bourquina   (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  boiirquini- 
ana), 142 
Bourquiniana  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  bourquini- 

ana),    142 
bracteata  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
californica,  107,  135 
Californica  (syn.  of  V.  arizonica),  133 

var.  Girdiana  (syn.  of  V.  girdiana),  136 
callosa  (syn.  of  V.   riparia),  117 
Canadensis aceris folio  (syn .of  V.  riparia) ,117 
candicans,  108,   147;  as  stock,  148 

coriacea,   148 

Florida    form     (syn.    of    V.    candican:; 
coriacea),  148 
canina  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
caribaea,  108,   146 

Caribca  (syn.  of  V.  candicans  coriacea),  148 
caribea  var.  coriacea    (syn.  of    V.  candicans 

coriacea),  148 
champini,   107,  124 
cinerea,    107,  131 

canescens,  133 

floridana,  133 
var.  canescens  (syn.  of  V.  cincrea  canescens), it,t, 

Floridana  (syn.  of  V.  cinerca  floridana), 

1.33 
cordifolia  107,  127;  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 
coriacea  (syn.  of  V.  berlandieri) ,  130 
foetida,  128 
helleri,  129 
scmpervirens,  129 


56: 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Vi!is  cordifolia  var.  (syn.  of  V.  cordifolia  hcllcri), 
129 
joctida  (syn.  of  V.  cordifolia 

joetida),  128 
HeUcri  (syn.  of  V.  cordijolia 

hdleri)    129 
riparia   (syn.  of  V.  riparia), 

117 
scmpervircns  (syn.  of  V .  cor- 
difolia scmpervircns),  129 
coriacea  (syn.  of  V.  candicans  coriacea),  148 
dimidiata  (syn.  of  K.  riparia),  117 
diversifolia  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis  lincecumii) , 

140 
doaniana,  108,  137 
fcrru^inca  (syn.  of  V.  labrtisca),  150 
Floridana  (syn.  of  V.  mitnsoniana),  112 
Floridana  (syn.  of  V.  rotiindifolia),  109 
girdiana,  108,  136 
hyemalis  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 
Illinoensis  (syn.   of  F.  riparia),   117 
iiicisa  (syn.  of  U.  cordifolia),  127  ;   (syn.  of  V. 
riparia),  117;  (syn.  of  V.  rotiindifolia),  108 
incisifolia   (syn.  of  F.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

141 
intermedia  (syn.  of  l'.  aestivalis),   138;    (syn. 

of  F.  riparia),  1 17 
iaintsca,  4,  102,  108,    149 
Labrusca  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138;   (syn.  of 

V.  cordifolia),  127 
labrusca  var.  aestivalis  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis), 

138 
Labrusca  var.  a/ta  (syn.  of  F.  labrusca),  150 
nigra  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
j-oit-a  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
labrnscoides  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca).  150 
latifolia  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
linsecomii  (syn.  of  \'.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

140 
longii,  107.    123 
longii  microsperma,  123 
luteola  (syn.  of  K.  labrusca),  150 
Missoiiriensis  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),    117 
monosperma  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
monticola,  107,  116;   (syn.  of  V.  bcrlandicri), 

13° 
multiloba   (syn.  of   V.  aestivalis  lincecumii), 

140 
munsoniana,  107,  112 
muscadina  (syn.  of  V.  rotiindifolia),  108 
.l/jiitangfijjzs  (syn.  of  V.  candicans),  147 
A'ortoni  (syn.  of   V.  aestivalis),  ■38;   (syn.  of 

Cynthiana),  228 
Afoz;o  Mexicana  (syn.  of  T^.  longii),   123 

var.  (syn.  of  V.  longii  inicrosperma),  123 
Nuevo  Mexicana  (syn.  of  I'',  longii),  123 


V'zVii  obovata  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),   150 

occidentalis   (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),   13J 

(syn.  of  I',  labrusca),  150 
odoratissima   (syn.  o"   V.  riparia),    117; 
(syn.  of  V.  riparia  prcecox),   121 
Palmata  (syn.  of  K.  rubra),  125 
peltata  (syn.  of  V.  munsoniana),    112;  (syn. 

of  y.  rotiindifolia),   109 
prolifera  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
pullaria  (syn.  of  T'.  cordifolia),  127 
riparia,    107,    117;    (syn.    of    V.    arizonica), 

133 

var.  palmata   (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
priEcox,  121 
rotiindifolia,  50,  51,    107,  108 
rubra,  107,  125 

riigosa  (syn.  of  1'.  labrusca),  150 
rupestris,  70,  71,  107,  113,  114 
dissect  a,  115 

var.  dissecta   (syn.   of    l'.  rupestris  dis- 
sect a),  115 
serotina   (syn.  of   1'.   cordifolia),    127;    (syn. 

of    K.    riparia),    117 
simpsoni,  108,     148 
Sotonis  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 

var.     microsperma    (syn.    of    V.    longii 
microsperma),   123 
svlvestris  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138;   (syn.  of 
v.  labrusca),  150 
V''/rg!)!Ja«a  (syn.  of  F.  labrusca),  149 
taurina  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  149;  (syn.  of  K. 

rotiindifolia),   108 
tcnuifolia  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 
Texana  (syn.  of  l^.  monticola),    116 
treleasci,   107,   122 

verrucosa  (syn.  of  V.  rotundifolia),  108 
vinifera,  3,  4,  25,  io8,  154 
amcricaKa  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138 
sylvestris  americana  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca), 
149 
Virginiana  (syn.  of  F.  baileyana),  129;  (syn. 
of  V.  cordifolia),  127;   (syn.  of  V.  riparia), 

117 
virginiana  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
Virginiensis  (syn.  of  V.  rubra),  125 
vulpina  (syn.  of  V.  aestivalis),  138;    (syn.  of 
V.    cordifolia),      127;     (syn.     of      V. 
labrusca)    149;   (syn.  of    V.    riparia), 
117;    (syn.   of  V.  rotundifolia),  108 
var.    cordifolia    (syn.    of    V.   cordifolia), 
127 
prcccox  (syn.  of  V.  riparia  prcEcox), 
12  I 
Vivie,  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  521 
Vivie  Hybrid,  52  i 
l/j'w'i  Hartford  (syn.  of  Vivie  Hybrid),  521 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


563 


Waddel,  521 

Waddel,  John  F.,  var.  orig.  by,  521 

Waldo,  J.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  521 

Waldo  Seedling,  521 

Wales,  521 

Wallis,  Henry,  cited,  396 ;  mentioned,  295 

Walter,  419 

Walter,  Thomas,  life  of,  96 

Waneta,  521 

Wapanuka,  421 

Ward,  Edmund,  var.  orig.  by,  446 

Warder,  J.  A.,  mentioned,  311;  var.  orig.  by,  452 

Warmita,  521 

Warner's  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Warner's  Black   Hamburgh  (syn.  of  Black  Ham- 
burg), 186 

Warner's    Hambiirgli  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg), 
186 

Warren,  521 

Warren  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  288 

Warren  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Warrettden  (syn.  of  Herbemont)  2SS 

Warrenton  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  288 

Warty  grape  (syn.  of  V'.  rotundijolia),  109 

Washington,  52  i 

Washington  (syn.  of  Doder),  454 

Washington  (syn.  of  Eumelan),  266 

Washita,  521 

Wasserziehcr,  Otto,  var.  orig.  by,  363 

Waterloo,  521 

Waterman,  X.  M.,  var.  orig.  by,  445 

Watertown,  521 

Watertown  (syn.  of  Laura),  478 

Watova,  522 

Waubeck,  522 

Waverly,  522 

W.  B.  Munson,  522 

Webb  Grape,  522 

Webb,  Samuel,  var.  orig.  by,  522 

Weeks,  Dr.  Cyrus,  var.  orig.  by,  522 

Weeks  Seedling,  522 

Weidmeyer,  Wm.,  var.  orig.  by,  518 

Weisshohiger    Trollinger    (syn.    of    Black    Ham- 
burg), 186 

Weller,  Sidney,  var.  orig.  by,  466 

Wellcr's  Halifax  (syn.  of  Halifax),  466 

Wells,  522 

Wells  (syn.  of  Spencer),  514 

Wells,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  522 

Wells  Seedling  (sj'n.  of  Arkansaw),  435 

Wells'  Seedling  (syn.  of  Wells),  522 

Wells  While  (syn.  of  Spencer),  514 

Welsclter  (syn.  of  Black  Hamburg),  186 

Wempk  (syn.  of  Cuyahoga),  451 

Wemple,  Mr.,  var.  found  by,  451 

Wemple's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Cuyahoga),  451 


Western  Beauty,  522 

Western  region,  59,  60,  Oi 

Wetumka,  522 

Wewoka,  522 

Wheaton,  522 

Wheaton,  John  C,  var.  orig.  by,  481,  522 

White,  Nelson  Bonney,  life  of,  364;  var.  orig.  by, 

166,  172,  364.  369.  374.  437.  440,  472.  476.  495 
White,  Hugh,  mentioned,  215 
White  Ann  Arbor,  523 
White  Beauty,  523 
White  Cape,  523 

White  Catawba  (syn.  of  Catawba),  204 
White  Clinton,  523 
White  Cloud,  523 
White  Delaware,  523 

White  Dclaivare  (syn.  of  White  Clinton),  523 
White  Elizabeth,  523 
White  English,  524 
White  Fox  (syn.  of  V.  labrusca),  150 
White  grape  (syn.  of  V.  monticola),  116 
Whitehall,  524 

White  Herbemont  (syn.  of  Herbemont),  288 
White  Imperial,  422 

White  Isabella  (syn.  of  White  Elizabeth),  523 
White  Jewel,  524 

White  Moline  (syn.  of  Newburgh  Muscat),  493 
White  Mountain,  524 
White  Muscadine,  524 

White  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
White  Muscat  of    Ncwbiirgh   (syn.  of  Newburgh 

Muscat),  493 
White  Musk,  524 
White's     Northern    Muscadine    (syn.    of    White 

Northern  Muscat),  524 
White  Northern  Muscat,  524 
White  Norton,  524 
White  Rose,  524 

White  Scuppernong  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
White  Sugar,  524 
White  Tennessee,  524 
White  Ulster,  524 
White  Virginia  Seedling  (syn.  of  White  Norton), 

524 
Wier,  D.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  477 
Wilcox,  525 
Wilder,  423 
Wilder,  Marshall  P.,  quoted, 391;    var.  orig.  by, 

489 
Wild  Grape  (syn.  of  V.  californica),  135 
Wild  green  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Scuppernong),  399 
Wilding,  525 

Wilkins,  O.  Fitzalwyn,  var.  orig.  by,  525 
Wilkins  Seedling,  525 
Willard,  525 
Williamson,  525 


$64 


THE    GRAPES    OF    NEW    YORK. 


Williamsport,  525 

William  Wine,  525 

Willie,  525 

Willie  Bell  (syn.  of  Bell),  181 

Willis,  525 

Willis  Fredonia.  525 

Willis  Large  Black,  525 

Wilmington,  526 

Wilmington  Red  (syn.  of  Wyoming),  431 

Wilmington  White  (syn.  of  Wilmington),  526 

Winchell,  425 

Winchell,  C.  E.,  mentioned,  426 

Winchester,  526 

Windsor,  526 

Wine,  53,  62;  color  of ,  62,  63;  how  made,  62,  63; 

kinds  of,  63;   production  of  in  U.  S.,  63,  64 
Winedrop,  526 

Wine  Grape  (syn.  of  Delaware),  231 
Wine  grape  (syn.  of  V.  vinifera),  154 
Wine  House,  526 
Wine  King,  526 
Wineland,  30 

Wine-making,  55;  premiums  for,  7 
Wingworth.  G.,  var.  orig.  by,  509 
Winne  (syn.  of  Alexander),   160 
Winona,  526 
Winslow,  526 

Winslow,  Charles,  var.  orig.  by,  526 
Winslow,  Governor  Edward,  quoted,  35 
Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  berlandieri),  130 
Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  bicolor),  145 
Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  cordifolia),  127 
Winter  grape  (syn.  of  V.  riparia),  117 
Winter  Wine,  526 
Winthrop,  John,  mentioned,  13 
Witherbee,  J.  G.,  var.  found  by,  157 
Witt,  526 

Witt,  Michael,  var.  orig.  by,  526 
Wolfe  (syn.  of  York  Madeira),  529 
Wood,  William,  quoted,  35 
Woodbury,  526,  527 
Woodbury,  D.  B.,  var.  orig.  by,  526 
Woodbury  White  (syn.  of  Woodbury),  526 
Woodcock  Seedling.  527 
Woodford,  527 
Woodriver,  527 
Woodruff,  427 

Woodruff,  C.  H.,  var.  orig.  by,  428,  494,  523 
Woodruff,  W.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  459 


Woodruff's  A'o.  1  (syn.  of  Etawa),  459 
Woodruff  Red  (syn.  of  Woodruff),  427 
Woodson,  527 

Woodivard  (syn.  of  Isabella),  307 
Woodward,  A.  W.,  var.  orig.  by,  386 
■Woodward,  W.  A.,  var.  found  bv,  511 
Wooly  Riparia  (syn.  of  V.  longii),  123 
Worden,  429 

Worden,  Schuyler,  var.  orig.  by,  430 
Warden's  Seedling  (syn.  of  Worden),  429 
Worthington  (syn.  of  Clinton),  213 
Wylie  (syn.  of  Lenoir),  328 

Wylie,   Dr.  A.  P.,   life   of,    182,    183;    var.  orig 
by,  182,  462,  463,  474,  486,  491,  500,  506,  527, 

5  =  8 
Wylie's  Seedlings,  527,  528 
Wyman,  527 

Wyman  (syn.  of  To-Kalon),  410 
Wyman  s  Seedling  (syn.  of  Wyman),  527 
Wynant,  527 
Wyoming,  431,  527 
Wyoming  Red  (syn.  of  Wyoming),  431 

Xenia,  52S 
Xlnta,  528 

Yellow-leaf  (See  Chlorosis) 

Yellow  Muscadine  (syn.  of  Scuppemong),  399 
Yoakum,  528 
Yomago,  528 
Yonkers,  528 

Yonkers     Honey    Dew     (syn.    of    Honey    Dew), 

469 
York  Claret,  528 
York  Lisbon,  529 

York  Lisbon  (syn.  of  Alexander),  160 
York  Madeira,  529 
Young,  Frank  L.,  var.  orig.  by,  4S3 
Young  America,  529 

Youngken's  Honey  Dezi'  (syn.    of    Honey    Dew), 
469 

Yunkcr's  Honey  Deiv  (syn.  of  Honey  Dew),  469 

Zane,  529 

Zane,  Mr.,  var.  orig.  by,  529 

Zelia,  529 

Zinnia,  529 

Zita,  529 

Zoe,  529 


'1    t 


New  York  Bolantcal , 

QL196.V5mH41c.2  gen 

Hedrick,  Ulysses  Pr/The  grapes  of  New  Yo 


3   5185  00084  4736 


'-■^'''A--\:ri*'^*