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Gray's School and Field Botany
REVISED LESSONS
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GRAY'S
SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK
OF
BOTANY.
CONSISTING OF
"LESSONS IN BOTANY," AND "FIELD, FOREST, AND
GARDEN BOTANY,"
BOUND IN ONE VOLUME.
BY ASA GRAY,
USHER PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
FROM THE PRESS OP
IVIBON, BLAKEMAN & COMPANY.
PUBLISHERS' PREFACE
TO
GRAY'S SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK OF BOTANY.
THIS work consists of the "LESSONS IN BOTANY" and the " FIELD, FOREST AND
GARDEN BOTANT," bound together in one complete volume, forming a most popular and
comprehensive SCHOOL BOTANT, adapted to beginners and advanced classes, to Agri-
cultural Colleges and Schools, as well as to all other grades in which the science is
taught. It is also adapted for use as a hand-book to assist in analyzing plants and
flowers in field study of botany, either by classes or individuals.
The book is intended to furnish Botanical Classes and beginners with an easier
introduction to the Plants of this country, and a much more comprehensive work, than
is the MANUAL.
Beginning with the first principles, it progresses by easy stages until the student,
who is at all diligent, is enabled to master the intricacies of the science.
It is a Grammar and Dictionary of Botany, and comprises the common Herbs,
Shrubs, and Trees of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, including
the commonly cultivated, as well as the native species in fields, gardens, pkasure-
gronndx, or house culture, and even the conservatory plants ordinarily met with.
This work supplies a great desideratum to the Botanist and Botanical Teacher,
then- being no similar class-book published in this country.
(i KAY'S LESSONS IX BOTAXY
REVISED EDITION
TUP:
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY
FOR BEGINNERS AND FOR SCHOOLS
BY ASA GRAY
NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
FROM THE PRESS OF
IVISON, BLAKEMAN & COMPANY.
Copyright,
BT ASA GRA*.
PREFACE.
THIS volume takes the place of the author's LESSONS IN BOTANY
AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, published over a quarter of a cen-
tury ago. It is constructed on the same lines, and is a kind
of new and much revised edition of that successful work. While
in some respects more extended, it is also more concise and terse
than its predecessor. This should the better fit it for its purpose
now that competent teachers are common. They may in many cases
develop paragraphs into lectures, and fully illustrate points which
are barely, but it is hoped clearly, stated. Indeed, even for those
without a teacher, it may be that a condensed is better than a
diffuse exposition.
The book is adapted to the higher schools, " How Plants Grow
ajul Behave " being the " Botany for Young People and Common
Schools." It is intended to ground beginners in Structural Botany
and the principles of vegetable life, mainly as concerns Flowering
or Phanerogamous plants, with which botanical instruction should
always begin ; also to be a companion and interpreter to the Man-
uals and Floras by which the student threads his flowery way to
a clear knowledge of the surrounding vegetable creation. Such a
book, like a grammar, must needs abound in technical words,
which thus arrayed may seem formidable ; nevertheless, if rightly
apprehended, this treatise should teach that the study of bot-
any is not the learning of names and terms, but the acquisition
of knowledge and ideas. No effort should be made to com-
mit technical terms to memory. Any term used in describing a
plant or explaining its structure can be looked up when it is
wanted, and that should suffice. On the other hand, plans of
iv PREFACE.
structure, types, adaptations, and modifications, once understood,
;uv not readily i'n i jntteii ; and they give ni'-aning and interest to
tin' technical term- u.-cil in explaining them.
In these " Elements " naturally no mention lias been made of
certain terms and names which recent eryptogamically-minded
botanists, with lack of proportion and ju>t perspective, are en-
deavoring to introduce into phanerogamous botany, and which are
not needed nor appropriate, even in more advanced works, fur the
adequate recognition of the ascertained analogies and homologies.
As this volume will be the grammar and dictionary to more than
one or two Manuals, Floras, etc., the particular directions for pro-
cedure which were -iven in the, "First Lessons" are now relegat>-<!
to those works themselves, which in their new editions will pro-
vide the requisite explanations. On the other hand, in view of
such extended use, the Glossary at the end of this book has been
considerably enlarged. It will be found to include not merely the
common terms of botanical description but also many which are
unusual or obsolete ; yet any of them may now and then be encoun-
tered. Moreover, no small number of the Latin and Greek words
which form the whole or part of the commoner specific names are
added to this Glossary, some in an Anglicized, others in their Latin
form. This may be helpful to students with small Latin and less
Greek, in catching the meaning of a botanical name or term.
The illustrations in this volume are largely increased in number.
They are mostly from the hand of Isaac Sprngue.
It happens that the title chosen for this book is that of the
author's earliest publication, in the year 1836, of which copies are
rarely seen ; so that no inconvenience is likely to arise from the
present use of the name.
ASA GRAY.
CAM BUI DISK, MASSACHUSETTS,
March, 1887.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY 9
SECTION II. FLAX AS A PATTERN PLANT 11
Growth from the Seed, Organs of Vegetation 11
Blossoming, Flower, &c 14
SECTION III. MORPHOLOGY OF SEEDLINGS 15
Germinating Maples 15
Cotyledons thickened, hypogseous in germination 18
Store of Food external to the Embryo 20
Cotyledons as to number 22
Dicotyledonous and Polycotyledonous 23
Monocotyledonous 24
Simple-stemmed Plants 2ti
SECTION IV. GROWTH FROM BUDS; BRANCHING .... 27
Buds, situation and kinds 27
Vigorous vegetation from strong Buds 28
Arrangement of Branches 29
Non-developed, Latent, and Accessory Buds 30
Enumeration of kinds of Buds ... 31
Definite and Indefinite growth ; Deliquescent and Excurrent . 31
SECTION V. ROOTS 33
Primary and Secondary. Contrast between Stem and Root . 34
Fibrous and Fleshy Roots ; names of kinds 34
Anomalous Roots. Epiphytic and Parasitic Plants .... 36
Duration : Annuals, Biennials, Perennials 37
SECTION VI. STEMS 38
Those above Ground : kinds and modifications 39
Subterranean Stems and Branches 42
Rootstock, 42. Tuber, 44. Corm, 45. Bulb and Bulblets . . 46
Consolidated Vegetation 47
SECTION VII. LEAVES 49
§ 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE 49
Parts and Venation 50
Forms as to general outline 52
As to apex and particular outline 53
vi CONTEXTS.
As to lobing or division 56
Compound, Perfoliate, and Equitant Leaves 57
With no distinction of Petiole and Blade, Phyllodia, 6c. . . . 61
§ 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USB .... 62
Leaves for storage 62
Leaves as bud-scales, 63, Spines, 64, and for Climbing ... 64
Pitchers, 64, and Fly-traps 65
§ 3. STIPULES 66
§ 4. TUB ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES 67
Phyllotaxy, 67, of Alternate Leaves 69
Of Opposite and Whorled Leaves 71
Venation or Prafoliation 71
SECTION VIII. FLOWERS 72
§ 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT, INFLORESCENCE .... 73
Raceme, 73, Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head 74
Spadix, Catkin, or Araent 75
Panicle: Determinate Inflorescence 76
Cyme, Fascicle, Glomerule, Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes . . 77
Mixed Inflorescence 78
§ 2. PARTS OR ORGANS OF THE FLOWER 7!>
Floral Envelopes : Perianth, Calyx, Corolla 79
Essential Organs : Stamen, Pistil 80
Torus or Receptacle 81
§ 3. PLAN OF THE FLOWER 81
When perfect, complete, regular, or symmetrical 81
Numerical Plan and Alternation of Organs 82
Flowers are altered branches 83
§ 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE 85
Unisexual or diclinous 85
Incomplete, Irregular, and Unsym metrical 86
Flowers with Multiplication of Parts 88
Flowers with Union of Parts : Coalescence 88
Regular Forms, 89, Irregular Forms 90
Papilionaceous, 91, Labiate, 92, and Ligulate Corollas . ... 93
Adnation or Consolidation '.'I
Position of Flower or of its Parts 96
§ 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD 97
^Estivation or Pnefloration, its kinds 97
SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR 98
Androccium, 98, Insertion, Relation, &c 99
Anther and Kilanu'iit. Pollen 101
SECTION X. PISTILS IX PARTICULAR 105
§ 1. ANGIOSPEKMOUS OR ORDINARY GTN<ECIUM 105
I 'arts of a complete Pistil 105
Carpels, Simple Pistil 106
CONTEXTS. vii
Compound Pistil with Cells and Axile Placentae 107
One-celled with Free Central Placenta 108
One-celled with Parietal Placentas 108
§ 2. GYMNOSPERMOUS GYNCECIUM 109
SECTION XI. OVULES 110
Their Parts, Insertion, and Kinds Ill
SECTION XII. MODIFICATIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE . . 112
Torus, Stipe, Carpophore, Disk 113
SECTION XIII. FERTILIZATION 114
§ 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA . . . 114
Close and Cross Fertilization, Aneinophilous and Entomophilous 115
Dichogamy and Heterogony 116
§ 2. ACTION OF THE POLLEN AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO 117
SECTION XIV. THE FRUIT 117
Nature and kinds 118
Berry, Pepo, Pome 119
Drupe and Akene 120
Cremocarp, Caryopsis, Nut 121
Follicle, Legume, Capsule 122
Capsular Dehiscence, Silique and Silicle 123
Pyxis, Strobile or Cone 124
SECTION XV. THE SEED 125
Seed-coats and their appendages 125
The Kernel or Nucleus, Embryo and its parts, Albumen . . 127
SECTION XVI. VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK 128
§ 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH 129
Nature of Growth, Protoplasm 129
Cells and Cell-walls. Cellular Structure or Tissue .... 130
Strengthening Cells. Wood, Wood-cells, Vessels or Ducts . 132
§ 2. CELL-CONTENTS 136
Sap, Chlorophyll, Starch 136
Crystals, Rhaphides 137
§ 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STEMS 138
Endogenous and Exogenous Stems 130
Particular structure of the latter 140
Wood, Sapwood and Heart-wood. The living parts of a Tree 141
§ 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES 142
Epidermis, Stomata or Breathing pores 143
§ 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION 144
§ 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT 149
Movements in Cells or Cyclosis 149
Transference from Cell to Cell . . 150
viii CONTENT-.
Movements of Organs, Twininu Stems, Loaf movements . . 100
Movements ul Tendrils, Sensitiveness \->'l
Mi>\ fim-iits in Flowers 153
Movements for capture ol Injects 154
\\'urk costs, U;-ini,r up Material ami Energy 155
SECTION XVII. ('UVl'TOdAMOUS OH FLO \VKK LESS PLANTS 156
Vascular Cryptogams, Pteridophytea 15(3
Horsetails (Equisetacese), Ferns 157
Club-Mosses (Lycopodium), &c 101
Quillworts (Isoetes), Pillworts (Marsilia) 101
Azolla. Cellular Cryptogams 1<>-
J'iryopliytes. Mosses (Musci) 163
Liverworts (Hcpath-ze) lb'4
Tliallopliytes 1<;5
Cliaraceee 107
Alu:r, Si a \\ceils, &C 108
Liclienes or Liuhens 171
Fungi 172
SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 175
§ 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP 175
Species, Varieties. Individuals 17'i
Genera, Orders, Classes, &c 177
§ 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS 178
Nomenclature of Genera, Species,. and Varieties IT'.i
Nomenclature of Orders, Classes, &c. Terminology .... 180
§ 3. SYSTEM 181
Artificial and Natural 1s-
Synopsis of Series, Classes, &e 183
SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK 184
§1. COLLECTION ou HEIJBOKIZATION 1S1
§ •_'. HERBARIUM ini
$ '•}. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OK PLANTS . . . 187
§4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES or ROTANISTS I'm
GLOSSARY COMBINED WITH INDEX 103
ELEMENTS OF BOTANY,
SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY.
1. BOTANY is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in
general ; that is, of plants.
2. Plants may be studied as to their kinds and relationships. This
study is SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables,
as far as known, classified according to their various degrees of resemblance
or difference, constitutes a general System of plants. A similar account of
the vegetables of any particular country or district is called a Flora.
3. Plants may be studied as to their structure and parts. This is
STRUCTURAL BOTANY, or ORGANOGRAPHY. The study of the organs or
parts of plants in regard to the different forms and different uses which
the same kind of organ may assume, — the comparison, for instance, of
a flower-leaf or a bud-scale with a common leaf, — is VEGETABLE MOR-
PHOLOGY, or MORPHOLOGICAL BOTANY. The study of the minute structure
of the parts, to learn by the microscope what they themselves are formed
of, is VEGETABLE ANATOMY, or HISTOLOGY ; in other words, it is Micro-
scopical Structural Botany. The study of the actions of plants or of their
parts, of the ways in which a plant lives, grows, and acts, is the province
of PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY, or VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.
4. This book is to teach the outlines of Structural Botany and of the
simpler parts of the physiology of plants, that it may be known how
plants are constructed and adapted to their surroundings, and how they
live, move, propagate, and have their being in an existence no less real,
although more simple, than that of the animal creation which they support.
Particularly, this book is to teach the principles of the structure and rela-
tionships of plants, the nature and names of their parts and their modifica-
tions, and so to prepare for the study of Systematic Botany ; in which the
learner may ascertain the name and the place in the system of any or all
of the ordinary plants within reach, whether wild or cultivated. And in
ascertaining the name of any plant, the student, if rightly taught, will come,
to know all about its general or particular structure, rank, and relationship
lo other plants.
10 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. [SECTION 1.
5 Tlir ' !e kingdom is so vast ;nid various, and tlic difference is
BO will.- between ordinary trees, shrubs, and herbs on the one hand, and
mosses, moulds, and such like on the other, that it is hardly possible to
frame an intelligible ueeount of plants as a whole without contradictions
<.r misstatements, or endless and troublesome fjinlilieations. If we say
that plant> come from seeds, bear (lowers, and have roots, stems, and
leaves, this is not true of the lower orders. It is best for the beginner,
therefore, to treat of the higher orders of plants by themselves, without
particular reference to the lower.
6. Let it be understood, accordingly, that there is a higher and a lower
series of plants ; namely -. —
PIIANEKOGAMOI s I'l . \NTs, which come from seed and bear JJowers, es-
sentially stamens and pistils, through the co-operation of which seed is
produced. For shortness, these are commonly called PHANEROGAMS, or
Pheenof/iunx, or by the equivalent English name of FLU\VI-:RING PLANTS.1
CRTPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, or CRYPTOGAMS, come from minute bodies, which
answer to seeds, but are of much simpler strueiure, and such plants have
not stamens and pistils. Therefore they are called in English FLO \VKRLESS
PLANTS. Such are Ferns, Mosses, Algae or Seaweeds, Fungi, etc. These
sorts have each to be studied separately, for each class or order has a plan
of its own.
7. But Phanerogamous, or Flowering, Plants arc all constructed on one
plan, or type. That is, taking almost any ordinary herb, shrub, or tree for
a pattern, it will exemplify the whole scries: the parts of one plant an>\\.-r
to the parts of any other, with only certain dill'.-ivnecs in particulars. And
the occupation and the delight of the scientilic botanist is in tracing out
this common plan, in detecting the likenesses under all the diversities, and
in noting the meaning of these manifold diversities. So the attentive study
of any one plant, from its ^rowlli out of the seed to the flowering and
fruiting slate and the production of seed like to that from which the plant-
grew, would not only give a correct general idea of the structure, growth,
and characteristics of Flowering Plants in general, but also serve as a pat-
tern or standard of comparison. Some plants will ser\e this purpose of a
pattern much better than others. A proper pattern will be one that is
perfect in the sense of having all the principal parts of a phanerogamous
plant, and simple ami regular in having these parts free from complications
or disguises. The common Flax-plant, may \er\ well serve this purpo-e.
I'.emg an annual, it has the advantage of being easily raised and carried
in a short ti'ne through its circle of existence, from seedling to fruit and
seed.
ii,-iiiii- 1^ sniiirtiiiifs Phanerogamous, somrtiim-s Vlnrnor/amotts (Phanero-
x, or PAanogams) , terms of tin- samr meaning etymologically ; the former of
pirlVr.-ihli' form, but tin- latter shorter. The meaning of such terms is explained
in the Glossary.
SECTION 2.]
A PATTERN PLANT.
11
SECTION II. FLAX AS A PATTERN PLANT.
8. Growth from the Seed. Phanerogamous plants grow from seed,
and their flowers are destined to the production of seeds. A seed has a
rudimentary plant ready formed in it, — sometimes with the two most
essential parts, i. e. stem and leaf, plainly discernible ; sometimes with no
obvious distinction of organs until germination begins. This incipient
plant is called an EMBRYO.
9. In this section the Flax-plant is taken as a specimen, or type, and
the development and history of common plants in general is illustrated by
it. In flax-seed the embryo nearly fills the coats, but not quite. There
is a small deposit of nourishment between the seed-coat and the embryo :
this may for the present be left out of the account. This embryo consists
of a pair of leaves, pressed together face to face, and attached to an ex-
tremely short stem. (Fig. 2— i.) In this rudimentary condition the real
nature of the parts is not at once apparent ; but when the seed grows they
promptly reveal their character, — as the accompanying figures (Fig. 5-7)
show.
10. Before the nature of these parts in the seed was altogether under-
stood, technical names were given to them, which are still in use. These:
initial leaves were named COTYLKDOXS. The initial stem on which they
stand was called the RADICLE. That was because it gives rise to the first
root; but, as it is really the beginning of the stem, and because it is the
stem that produces the root and not the root that produces the stem, it is
better to name it the CAULICLE. Recently it has been named Hypocofyle ;
which signifies something below the cotyledons, without pronouncing what
its nature is.
FIG. 1. Pod of Flax. 2. Section lengthwise, showing two of the seeds; one whole,
the other cut half away, bringing contained embryo into view. 3. Similar section
of a flax-seed more magnified and divided flatwise; turned round, so that the
stem-end (caulicle) of the embryo is below: the whole broad upper part is tli^e
inner face of one of the cotyledons; the minute nick at its base is the plumule.
4. Similar section through a seed turned edgewise, showing the thickness of the
cotyledons, and the minute plumule between them, i. e. the minute bud on the
upper end of the caulicle.
12
A 1'ATTEKN PLANT.
[SECTION -2.
11. Uu committing these seeds to moist aud warm soil they soon sin-out,
i. e. yt'?iniii<i/. •. The- very short stem-part of the embryo is the first to
grow. It lengthens, protrudes its root-end; this turns downward, if not
already pointing in that direction, and while it is lengthening a root form.--
ai its point and grows downward into the ground. This root continues to
grow on from its lower end. and thus insinuates itself aud
penetrates into the soil. The stem meanwhile is adding
to its length throughout; it erects itself, and, seeking the
light, brings the seed up out of the ground. The mate-
rials for this growth have been supplied by the cotyledous
or seed-leaves, still in the seed: it was the store of nour-
ishing material they held which gave them their thickish
shape, so unlike that of ordinary leaves. Now, relieved of
a pan of this store of food, which has formed the growth by
which they have been raised into the air
nnd light, they appropriate the remain-
der to their own growth. In enlarging
they open aud throw oil' the seed-husk;
they expand, diverge into a horizontal
position, turn green, and thus become
a pair of evident leaves, the first foliage
of a liny plant. This seedling, although
diminutive and most simple, possesses
and puts into use, all theOiu,\Ns of
YI:<;I:TATION, namely, root, stem, and
leaves, each in its proper element, — the
root in the soil, the stem rising out of
il, (lie leaves in the light and open air
It now dra\\s in moisture and some 657
food-materials from the soil b\ its root,
conveys this through the stem into the leaves, where these materials, along
wilii other crude food which these imhibe from the air, are assimilated into
\egelalile mailer, i.e. into the material for further growth.
12. Further Growth, soon proceed- to the formation of new parts, —
downward in the production of more root, or of branches of the main root,
upward in the development of more stem and leaves. That from which a
stem with ils leaves is continued, or a new stem (i.e. branch) originated, is
a l>ri>. The most conspicuous and familiar buds are those of most shrubs
and trees, bearing buds formed in summer or autumn, to grow the following
I'l... 6. F.aih l'la\ aeedlillg ; stem (caulicle), root at lower cud, expanded seed-
, (entylediins) at the other: minute bud (plumule) bet ween these. (i. Same
later; the bud developed into econd pair of leaves, with hardly any stem-part Vie-
low them; then into a third pair of leave-, rai-ed on a short joint of stem : and a
fifth leaf also showiir:. 7. Same still older, with more leaves developed, hut. tie BI
siu;.:l\ (one aft. r another), and with joints of stem between them.
SECTION 2.]
A PATTERN PLANT.
spring. But every such point for new growth may equally bear the uame.
When there is such a bud between the cotyledons in the seed or seedling
it is called the PLUMULE. This is conspicuous enough in a bean (Fig. 29.),
where the young leaf of the new growth looks like a little plume, whence the
name, plumule. In flax-seed this is very minute indeed, but is discernible
with a magnilier, and in the seedling it shows itself distinctly (Fig. 5, 6, 7).
13. As it grows it shapes itself into a second pair of leaves, which of
course rests on a second joint of stem, although in this instance that remains
too short to be well seen. Upon its
summit appears the third pair of
leaves, soon to be raised upon its
proper joint of stem; the next leaf is
single, and is carried up still further
upon its supporting joint of stem ;
and so on. The root, meanwhile,
continues to grow underground, not
joint after joint, but continuously,
from its lower end ; and commonly
it before long multiplies itself by
branches, which lengthen by the
same continuous growth. But
steins are built up by a succession
of leaf-bearing growths, such as are
strongly marked in a reed or corn-
stalk, and less so in such an herb as
Flax. The word "joint " is ambigu-
ous : it may mean either the portion
between successive leaves, or their
junction, where the leaves are at-
tached. For precision, therefore,
the place where the leaf or leaves
are borne is called a NODE, and the
naked interval between two nodes,
an INTERNODE.
14. In this way a simple stem
with its garniture of leaves is de-
veloped from the seed. But besides
this direct continuation, buds may form and develop into lateral stems, that
is, into branches, from any node. The proper origin of branches is from
the AXIL of a leaf, i. e. the angle between leaf and stem on the upper side ;
and branches may again branch, so building up the herb, shrub, or tree.
But sooner or later, and without long delay in an annual like Flax, instead
of this continuance of mere vegetation, reproduction is prepared for by
FIG. 8. Upper part of Flax-plant in blossom.
11
A PATTERN PLANT.
[SECTION 2.
1."). Blossoming, in Flax the (lowers make their appearance at the
end uf ili.' stem anil branches. The gro\\ th, \vhicli otherwise iniylit con-
tinue tiirin farther or indefinitely, now takes the form of blossom, and is
subservient to the production of .seed.
111. The Flower of Flax consists, lirst, of Ihi1 small given leaves,
crowded mi" a circle : this is the CALYX, or flower-cup. "\Ylieu its sepa-
rate Leaves are referred to they are called SEPALS, a name which distin-
guishes them from foliage-leaves on the one band, and from petals on the
other. Then come live delicate and colored leaves (in the Flax, blue). \\ liich
form the COROLLA, and its leaves are PETALS; then a circle of organs, in
9 10
which all likeness to leaves is lost, consisting of slender stalks with a knob
at summit, the STAMKNS; and lastly, in the centre, the rounded body,
which becomes a pod, surmounted by live slender or stalk-like bodies.
This, all together, is the PISTIL. The lower part of it, which is to contain the.
seeds, is the OVARY; Hie .slender organs surmounting this are STYLES; the
knob borne on the apex of each style is a STIGJI.V. Going back to the sta-
mens, these are of two parts, viz. the stalk, called Fn, \\IKNT, and the body
it bears, the ANTIIIK. Anthers arc filled with POLLEN, a powdery sub-
stance made up of minute grains.
17- The pollen shed from the anthers when they open falls upon or is
convened to the stigmas ; then the pollen-grains set up a kind of growth (to
lie discerned only by aid of a go. Ml microscope), which penetrates the st\le :
this gro\\th takes the form of a thread more delicate than the finest spider's
web, and reaches the bodies which arc to become seeds (OvTJLES they an?
called until this change occurs) ; these, touched by this influence, are in-
cited t.o a new growth within, which becomes an embryo. So, as the ovary
ripens into the seed-pod or capsule (Fig. 1, etc.) containing seeds, each
seed enclosing a rudimentary new plantlet, the round of this vegetable
existence is completed.
FIG. S>. Flax t!'i\\vrs alunit natural si/t\ in. Section of a flower moderately
ciilai-.'i'il, showing a |>.-irt i>f tli<- petals and stamens, all five styles, and a section
of ovary r.itli t\\.. ovules m1 rudimentary seeds.
SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 15
SECTION III. MORPHOLOGY OF SEEDLINGS.
18. Having obtained a general idea of the growth and parts of a pha-
nerogamous plant from the common Flax of the field, the seeds and seed-
lings of other familiar plants may be taken up, and their variations from the
assumed pattern examined.
19. Germinating Maples are excellent to begin with, the parts being
so much larger than in Flax that a common magnifying glass, although
convenient, is hardly necessary. The only disadvantage is that fresh seeds
are not readily to be had at all seasons.
20. The seeds of Sugar Maple ripen at the end of summer, and germi-
nate in early spring. The em-
bryo fills the whole seed, in
which it is nicely packed ; and
the nature of the parts is ob-
vious even before growth begins.
There is a stemlet (caulicle) and
H pair of long and narrow seed-
leaves (cotyledons), doubled up and coiled, green even in the seed, and in
germination at once unfolding into the first pair of foliage-leaves, though
of shape quite unlike those that follow.
21. Red Maple seeds are ripe and ready to germinate at the beginning of
summer, and are therefore more convenient for study. The cotyledons are
crumpled in the seed, and not easy to straighten out until they unfold them-
selves in germination. The story of their development into the seedling is
told by the accompanying Fig. 14-20 ; and that of Sugar Maple is closely
similar. No plumule or bud appears in the embryo of these two Maples
until the seed-leaves have nearly attained their full growth and are acting
as foliage-leaves, and until a root is formed below. There is no great store
of nourishment in these thin cotyledons; so further growth has to wait
until the root and seed-leaves have collected and elaborated sufficient ma-
terial for the formation of the second internode and its pair of leaves,
which lending their help the third pair is more promptly produced, and
so OH.
22. Some change in the plan comes with the Silver or Soft "White Maple.
(Fig. 21-25). This blossoms in earliest spring, and it drops its large and
ripened keys only a few weeks later. Its cotyledons have not at all the
appeai-siice of leaves ; they are short and broad, and (as there is no room
to be sated by folding) they are straight, except a small fold at the top, —
a vestige of the habit of Maples in general. Their unusual thickness is due
FIG. 11. Embryo of Sugar Maple, cut through lengthwise and taken out of the
seed. 12, 13. Whole embryo of same just beginning to grow; a, the stemlet or
caulicle, which in [3 has considerably lengthened.
16
SEEDLINGS.
[SECTION 3.
to the large store of nutritive matter they contain, and this prevents their
d.-vrluping into actual leaves. Correspondingly, their caulicle does not
lengthen to elevate them above the surface of the soil ; the growth below
thc°cotylcdons is nearly all of root. It is the little plumule or bud between
them which makes the upward growth, and which, being well fed by the
cotvlcdons, rapidly develops the next pair of leaves and raises them upon
;i long iiiternode, and so on. The cotyledons all the while remain below,
in the husk of the fruit and seed, and perish when they have yielded up the
sture of food which they contained.
23. So, even in plant* so much alike as Maples, there is considerable
difference in the amour-t of food stored up in the cotyledons by which the
is to be wade ; and there arc corresponding differences in the ger-
1'ic. 1 <•. One if the pair of keys or winged fruits of Red Maple; the seed-hear-
ing portion cut open to show the seed. 15. Seed enlarged, and divided to show
ninii'led embryo which tills it. Hi. Embryo taken out and partly opened.
17. F.nili] yu whii-h lias unfolded in early stage of germination and begun to grow.
18. Smiling willi next joint of stem and leaves apparent; and 19 with these parts
full-grown, and bnd at apex for further growth. 20. Seedling with another joint
of stem and pair of leaves.
SECTION 3.]
SEEDLINGS.
17
lil
mination. The larger the supply to draw upon, the stronger the growth,
and the quicker the formation of root below and of stem and leaves above.
This deposit of food thickens the
cotyledons, and renders them less
and less leaf-like in proportion to
its amount.
24. Examples of Embryos
with thickened Cotyledons.
In the Pumpkin and Squash (Fig.
26, 27), the cotyledons are \vell
supplied with nourishing matter,
as I heir sweet taste demonstrates.
Still, they are flat and not very
thick. Ill germination this store
is promptly utilized in the devel-
opment of the caulicle to twenty or
thirty times its length in the seed,
and to corresponding thickness, in
the formation of a cluster of roots
at its lower end, and the early pro-
duction of the incipient plumule;
also in their own growth into effi-
cient green leaves. The case of
our common Be'iii (Phaseoltis vul-
garis, Tig. 28-30) is nearly the
same, except that the cotyledons
are much more gorged ; so that, although carried up into the air and light
upon the lengthening caulicle, and there acquiring a green color, they
never expand into useful leaves. Instead of this, they nourish into rapid
growth the plumule, which is plainly visible in the seed, as a pair of
incipient leaves; and these form the first actual foliage.
25. Very similar is the germination of the Beech (Fig. .'51-33), except
that the caulicle lengthens less, hardly raising the cotyledons out of the
ground. Nothing would be gained by elevating them, as they never grow
out into efficient leaves; but the joint of stem belonging to the plumule
lengthens well, carrying up its pair of real foliage-leaves.
26. It is nearly the same in the Bean of the Old World (Vicia Faba,
here called Horse Bean and Windsor Bean) : the caulicle lengthens very
little, does not undertake to elevate the heavy seed, which is left below or
FIG. 21. Fruit (one key) of Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, of natural size, the
seed-bearing portion divided to show the seed. 22. Embryo of the seed taken
out. 23. Same opened out, to show the thick cotyledons and the little plumule
or bud between them. 24. Germination of Silver Maple, natural size; merely the
base of the fruit, containing the seed, is shown. 2o. Embryo of same, taken out
of the husk ; upper part of growing stem cut off, for want of room.
2
24
18
SEEDLINGS.
[SECTION 3.
upon the surface of the soil, the flat but thick cotyledons remaining in it,
and supplying food for tin- irmwlh of the root below and the plumule
above. In its near relative, the Tea (Fig. o-i, oa), this use of cotyledons
29
for storage only is most completely carried out. For they are thickened
to the utmost, even into hemispheres; the caulicle does not lengthen at all ;
merely sends out roots from the lower end, and develops its strong plu-
mule from the upper, the seed remaining unmoved underground. That is,
in technical language, the germination is hypog&ous.
27- There is sufficient nourishment in the cotyledons of a pea to make
a very considerable growth before any actual foliage is required. So it
is the stem-portion of the plumule which is at first conspicuous and strong-
growing. Here, as seen in 1'ig. 35, its lower nodes bear each a useless
leaf-scale instead of an edieient leaf, and only the later ones bear leaves
Hied fur foliage.
Frc. ->'>. Embryo of Pumpkin-seed, partly opened. '27. Fonng seedling of same.
Fie. ilu-yo of ('mnmnii IVan (I'hascolus vnl.^aris) : caulicle bent down
y\vr c.l:,v nl' .'Mtyli'ilons. 2'J. Same grnnin.-itiiii: : caulicle well Irirjtlifiinl and root
« :min£; thick cotyledons partly spreading; and plumule (pair of leaves) growing
.tctwcon them. 30. Same, older, with plumule developed into internode and
,iair of
SECTION 3.]
SEEDLINGS.
19
28. This hypogceous germination is exemplified on a larger scale by the
Oak (Fig. 36, 37) and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 38, 39); but in these the
downward growth is wholly a stout tap-root. It is not the caulicle ; for
this lengthens hardly any. Indeed, the earliest growth which carries
the very short caulicle out of the shell comes from the formation of foot-
stalks to the cotyledons ; above these develops the strong plumule, below
grows the stout root. The growth is at first entirely, for a long time
FIG. 31. A Beech-nut, cut across. 32. Beginning germination of the Beech,
showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has
scarcely formed. 33. The same, a little later, with the plumule-leaves developing,
and elevated on a long internode.
FIG. 34. Embryo of Pea, i. e. a pea with the coats removed; the short and
thick caulicle presented to view. 35. Same in advanced germination : the plumule
has developed four or five internodes, bearing single leaves ; but the first and sec-
ond leaves are mere scales, the third begins to serve as foliage ; the next more so.
L'U
SEEDLINGS.
mainly, nt the expense of the great store of food in tbe cotyledons. Tbesc,
r serving their purpox-. decay and fall a\v;iy.
29. Such thick eoi\ledon> aever separate; indeed, they sometimes grow
together by sumo part of their contiguous faces; so that the germination
3S
seems to proceed from a solid bulb-like mass.
This is the case in a Lorse-cLestnut.
30. Germinating Embryo supplied by its
own Store of Nourishment, i. e. the store in
the cotyledons. This is so in all the illustrations
thus far, essentially so even in the Tlax. This
nourishment was supplied by the mother plant to
the ovule and seed, and thence taken into the
embryo during its growth. Such embryos, filling
the whole seed, arc comparatively large and strong,
and vigorous in germination in proportion to the
amount of their growth while connected with the parent plant.
31. Germinating Embryo supplied from a Deposit outside of It-
self. This is as common as the other mode; and it occurs in all degrees.
Fio. 3fi. Half of an n.-oni. '-tit IniL'tliwisr, tilled liy tin- very thick cotyledons,
tin- K-isi- of which encloses thr minute canlicle. 37. Oak-swilling.
Fio. 38. Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut ; the caulicle is curved down on
tin- side of one of the thick cotyledons. 39. Horse-chestnut in germination ; foot-
stalks are formed to tin- cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing
parts,
SECTION 3.]
SEEDLINGS.
21
Some seeds have very little of this deposit, but a comparatively large em-
bryo, with its parts more or less developed and recognizable. In others
this deposit forms the main bulk of the seed, and the embryo is small or
minute, and comparatively rudimentary. The following illustration exem-
plify these various grades. When an embryo in a seed is thus surrounded
by a white substance, it was natural to liken the latter to the white of an
egg, and the embryo or germ to the yolk. So the matter around or by
the side of the embryo was called the Albumen,
i. e. the white of the seed. The analogy is not
very good ; and to avoid ambiguity some botan-
ists call it the ENDOSPERM. As that means in
English merely the inwards of a seed, the new
name is little better than the old one ; and, since
we do not change names iu botany except
when it cannot be avoided, this name of albu-
men is generally kept up. A seed with such a
deposit is albuminous, one with none is e.r al-
buminous.
32. The ALBUMEN forms the main bulk of
the seed in wheat, maize, rice, buckwheat, and
the like. It is the floury part of the seed.
Also of the cocoa-nut, of coffee (where it is dense
and hard), etc. ; while in peas, beans, almonds,
and in most edible nuts, the store of food, al-
though essentially the same in nature and in
use, is in the embryo itself, and therefore is not
counted as anything to be separately named.
In both forms this concentrated food for the
germinating plant is food also for man and for
animals.
33. For an albuminous seed with a well-developed embryo, the com-
mon Morning Glory (Ipomcea purpurea, Fig. 40-43) is a convenient exam-
ple, being easy and prompt to grow, and having all the parts well apparent.
The seeds (duly soaked for examination) and the germination should be
compared with those of Sugar and Red Maple (19-21). The only essen-
tial difference is that here the embryo is surrounded by and crumpled up in
the albumen. This substance, which is pulpy or mucilaginous in fresh
and young seeds, hardens as the seed ripens, but becomes again pulpy in
germination ; and, as it liquifies, the thin cotyledons absorb it by their
FIG. 40. Seed of Morning Glory divided, moderately magnified ; shows a longi-
tudinal section through the centre of the embryo as it lies crumpled in the albu-
men. 41. Embryo taken out whole and xmfolded; the broad and very thin
cotyledons notched at summit ; the caulicle below. 42. Early state of germina-
tion. 43. Same, more advanced ; caulicle or primary stem, cotyledons or seed-
leaves, and below, the root, well developed.
22
HT.IiUNGS.
[sKf'TION 3.
whole surface. It supplements the nutritive mutter contained in the
embryo. l>otli together form no large store, but sufficient for establishing
the seedling, with tiny root, stem, and pair of leaves for initiating its
independent growth; whieh in due time proceeds as in Fig. 41, 45.
34. Smaller embryos, less developed in the seed, are more dcpendeui
upon the extraneous supply of food. The figures 46-53 illustrate fou»
grades in this respect. The smallest, that of the Peony, is still large enough
to be seen with a hand magnifying glass, and eveu. its cotyledons may be
discerned by the aid of a simple stage microscope.
35. The broad cotyledons of j\lirabilis, or Four-o'clock (Fig. 52, 53),
with the slender cauliclc almost encircle and enclose the floury albumen,
instead of being enclosed iu it, as in the other illustrations. Evidently
here the germinating embryo is principally fed by one of the leaf-like coty-
ledons, the oilier being out of contact with the supply. In the embryo of
Abronia (Fig. 54, 55), a near relative of Mirabilis, there is a singular
modification; one cotyledon is almost wanting, being reduced to a rudi-
ment, leaving it for the other to do the work. This leads to the question
of the
:'>i'i. Number of Cotyledons. In all the preceding illustrations, the
rmbryu, however diH'erent in shape and degree of development, is evidently
Fio. 44. Seedling of .Moi-min; Glory more advanced (root cut away); cotyledons
\\rll di'\.-ln].rd into foli.i'v l.'avrs: suivirding; intiTiiode and li-.-if well developed,
and tin- next forming. 45. Seedling more advanced; reduced to much below
n:itnr:il size.
SECTION 3.]
SEEDLINGS.
23
constructed upon one and the same plan, namely, that of two leaves on a
caulicle or initial stem, — a plan which is obvious even when one cotyledon
becomes very much smaller than the other, as in the rare instance of Abro-
nia (Fig. 54, 55). In other words, the embryos so far examined are all
37. Dicotyledonous, that is, two-cotyledoued. Plants which are thus
similar in the plan of the embryo agree likewise in the general structure of
48 50 62
their stems, leaves, and blossoms; and thus form a class, named from their
embryo DICOTYLEDONES, or in English, DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. So long
a name being inconvenient, it may be shortened into DICOTYLS.
38. Polycotyledonous is a name employed for the less usual case in
which there are more than two cotyledons. The Pine is the most familiar
case. This occurs in all Pines, the number of cotyledons varying from three
to twelve ; in Fig. 56, 57 they are six. Note that they are all on the same
level, that is, belong to the same node, so as to form a circle or whorl at the
summit of the caulicle. When there are only three cotyledons, they divide
the space equally, are one third of the circle apart. When only two they
are 180° apart, that is, are opposite.
39. The case of three or more cotyledons, which is constant in Pines
and in some of their relatives (but not in all of them), is occasional among
Dicotyls. And the polycotyledonous is only a variation of the dicotyledonous
type, — a difference in the number of leaves in the whorl ; for a pair is a
whorl reduced to two members. Some suppose that there are really only
FIG. 46. Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the
albumen, near one end. 47. This embryo detached, and more magnified.
FIG. 48. Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the
middle of the albumen. 49. Its embryo detached.
FIG. 50. Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen.
51. Its embryo detached.
FIG. 52. Section of the seed of Mirabilis or Four-o'clock, showing the embryo
coiled round the outside of the albumen. 53. Embryo detached; showing the very
broad and leaf-like cotyledons, applied face to face, and the pair incurved.
FIG. 54. Embryo of Abronia umbellata; one of the cotyledons very small
55. Same straightened out.
24
SEEDLINGS.
[SECTION 3.
,'
two cotyledons even in a Pine-embryo, but these divided or split up con-
geuitally so as to imitute a greater number. But as leaves are often in
whorls ou ordinary stems, they may be so at the very beginning.
40. Monocotyledonous (meaning with
single cotyledon) is the name of the one-coty-
'ledoued sort of embryo. This goes along
with peculiarities in stem, leaves, and flowers ;
which all together associate such plants into
a great class, called MONOCOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS, or, for shortness, MONOCOTYLS. It
means merely that the leaves are alternate
from the very first.
41. In Iris (Fig. 53, 59) the embryo in
the seed is a small cylinder at one end of the
mass of the albumen, with no apparent dis-
tinction of parts. The end which almost
touches the seed-coat is caulicle ; the other
end belongs to the solitary cotyledon. In
germination the whole lengthens (but mainly the
cotyledon) only enough to push the proximate
end fairly out of the seed : from this end the root
is formed; and from a little higher the plumule
later emerges. It would appear, therefore, that
the cotyledon answers to a minute leaf rolled up,
and that a chink through which the plumule
grows out is a part of the inrolled edges. The
embryo of Indian Corn shows these parts on a
larger scale and in a more open state (Fig. 66-
68). Tin iv, in the seed, the cotyledon remains,
imbibing nourishment from the softened albu-
men, and transmitting it to the growing root
below and new-forming leaves above.
42. The general plan is the same in the Onion (Fig. 00-05), but with
a striking difference. The embryo is long, and coiled in the albumen of the
seed. To ordinary examination it shows no distinction of parts. But
germination plainly shows that all except, the lower end of it is cotyledon.
For after it has lengthened into a long thread, the chink from which the
Kit;. 56. Section of a Pine-seed, showing its polycotyledonous emhryo in the
of the albumen; moderately magnified. f>7. Seedling of same, showing the
freshly expanded six cotyledons in a whorl, and tin- ]>lnnmlt> just appearing.
Fig. 58. Section of a sect] of the Iris, or Flower-de-Lnce, enlarged, showing its
.small emhryo in the albumen, near the bottom. 59. A germinating seedling of the
same, its plumule developed into the first four leaves (alternate), the first one
rudimentary; the cotyledon remains in the seed.
Fit;. 60. Section of an Onion-seed, showing the slender anil coiled embryo iu the
albumen: moderately magnified. 61. Seed of same in early germination.
SECTION 3.]
SEEDLINGS.
25
plumule in time emerges is seen at the base, or near it; so the caulicle is
62 63 64 65
extremely short, and does not elongate,
but sends out from its base a simple
root, and afterwards others in a cluster.
Not only does the cotyledon lengthen
enormously in the seedling, but (un-
like that of Iris, Indian Corn, and all
FIG. 62. Germinating Onion, more advanced ; the chink at base of cotyledon
opening for the protrusion of the plumule, consisting of a thread-shaped leaf.
63. Section of base of Fig. 62, showing plumule enclosed. 64. Section of same
later ; plumule emerging. 65. Later stage of 62; upper part cut off. 66. A grain
of Indian Com, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo, lying on the
albumen, which makes the principal bulk of the seed. 67. A grain cut through the
middle in the opposite direction, dividing the embryo through its thick cotyle-
don and its plumule, the latter consisting of two leaves, one enclosing the other.
68. The embryo, taken out whole: the thick mass is the cotyledon; the narrow
body partly enclosed by it is the plumule ; the little projection at its base is the
very short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the first leaf of the plumule.
FIG. 69. Grain of Indian Corn in germination ; the ascending sprout is the first
leaf of the plumule, enclosing the younger leaves within ; at its base the primary
root has broken through. 70. The same, advanced; the second and third leaves
developing, while the sheathing first leaf does not further develop.
SEEDLINGS.
[SECTION a
the cereal grains) it raises the comparatively light seed into the air, th,.
tip still remaining in the seed and feeding upon the albumen. "\Vlin\
this food is exhausted and the seedling is well cs
tablislied in the soil, the upper end decays and ihn
emptied husk of the seed falls a\\;i\.
43. In Maize or In-
dian Corn (Fig. 60-70),
tliu cmbrvo is more dc-
v
veloped in the seed, and
its parts can be made out.
It lies against the starchy
albumen, but, is not
enclosed therein. The
larger part of it is the
cotyledon, thickish, its
edges involute, and its
back in contact \vith the
albumen ; partly enclosed
by it is the well-devel-
oped plumule or bud
which is to grow. For
the cotyledon remains in
the seed to fulfil its office
of imbibing nourishment
from the softened albu-
men, which it convey to
the growing sprout ; the
part of this sprout which is visible is the first leaf of the plumule rolled up
into a sheath and enclosing the rudiments of the succeeding leaves, at the
base enclosing even the minute caulicle. In germination the first leaf of
the plumule develops only as a sort of sheath, protecting the tender parts
within; the second and the third form the first foliage. The cauliele m \er
lengthens: the first root, which is formed at its lower end, or from any
part of it, has to break through the enclosing sheath ; and succeeding roots
soon spring from all or any of the nodes of the plumule.
II Simple-stemmed Plants are thus built up, by the continuous pro-
duction of one Leaf-bearing portion of stem from the summit of the preced-
ing one, beginning \\ilh the initial stem (or caulicle) in the embryo. Spine
I)ic>.il\ls ami many Mmioeotvls develop only in this single line of growth (as
to parts above ground) until the flowering stale is approached. For some
examples, see ( 'yeas (Fig. 71, front, at the left); a tall Yucca or Spanish
I'.ayouel, and two Cocoa-nut Palms behind; at the right, a group of Sugar-
canes, and a Banana behind.
Fu;. 71.
reputation.
SECTION 4.]
BUDS.
27
SECTION IV. GROWTH FROM. BUDS : BRANCHING.
45. Most plants increase the amount of their vegetation by branching,
that is, by producing lateral shoots.
46. Roots branch from any part and usually without definite order.
Stems normally give rise to branches only at definite points, namely, at the
nodes, and there only from the axils of leaves.
47. Buds (Fig. 72, 73). Every incipient shoot is a Bud (12). A
stem continues its growth by its terminal bud ; it branches by the forma-
tion and development of lateral buds. As normal lateral buds occupy the
axils of leaves, they are called axillary buds. As leaves are symmetrically
arranged on the stem, the buds in their axils and the branches into which
axillary buds grow partake of this symmetry.
The most conspicuous buds are the scaly winter-
buds of most shrubs and trees of temperate and
cold climates ; but the name belongs as well to
the forming shoot or branch of any herb.
48. The Terminal Bud, in the most general
sense, may be said to exist in the embryo, — as
cotyledons, or the cotyledons and plumule, — and
to crown each successive growth of the simple
stem so long as the summit is capable of growth.
The whole ascending growth of the Palm, Cy-
cas, and the like (such as in Fig. 71) is from
a terminal bud. Branches, being repetitions of
the main stem and growing in the same way,
are also lengthened by terminal buds. Those of
Horse-chestnut, Hickory, Maples, and such trees,
being the resting buds of winter, are conspicu-
ous by their protective covering of scales.
These bud-scales, as will hereafter be shown,
are themselves a kind of leaves.
49. Axillary Buds were formed on these
annual shoots early in the summer. Occasion-
ally they grow the same season into branches ; at least, some of them are
pretty sure to do so whenever the growing terminal bud at the end of the
shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise they may lie dormant until the
following spring. In many trees or shrubs these axillary buds do not
show themselves until spring ; but if searched for, they may be detected,
though of small size, hidden under the bark. Sometimes, although early
FIG. 72. Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the
leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal hud and smaller axillary buds-
FIG. 73. Similar shoot of Shagbark Hickory, Carya alba.
73
28
BUDS.
[SECTION 1.
formed, they are concealed all summer long under the base of the leaf-stalk,
which is then hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a caiidle-
extiiiguisher, lo cover ihcm ; as in the Locust, the Yclluw-woud, or more
strikingly iu the Button-wood or Plane-tree (Fig. ?i).
50. The kaf-scars, so conspicuous in Fig. 72, 73, under each axillary
bud, mark the place where the stalk of the subtending leaf was attached
until it fell in autumn.
51. Scaly Buds, which are well represented in Fig. 72, 73, commonly
belong to trees and shrubs of countries in which growth is suspended dur-
ing winter. The scaly coverings protect the tender young parts beneath,
not so much by keeping out the cold, which of course would (tenet rate the
bud in time, as by shielding the interior from the effects of sudden changes.
There are all gradations between these and
.52. Naked Buds, in which these scales are inconspicuous or wanting,
as in most herbs, at least above ground, and most tropical trees and shrubs.
Hut nearly related plants of the same climate may dill'er widely in this re-
spect. Rhododendrons have strong and scaly winter-buds ; while in Kalmia
they are naked. One species of Viburnum, the Bobble-bush, has com-
pletely naked buds, what would bo a pair of scales developing into the first
leaves in spring; while another (the Snowball) lias eniispienoiis scaly buds.
53. Vigor of Vegetation from strong buds. Large and strong buds,
like those of the Horse-chestnut, Hickory, and the like, contain several
leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready funned, folded and packed away in small
compass, just as the seed-leaves of a strong embryo arc packed away in the
seed : they may even contain all the blossoms of the ensuing season, plainly
visible as small buds. And the steins upon which these buds rest are iilled
with abundant nourishment, which was deposited the summer before in the
FIG. 71. An axillary Imd, concealed under the hollowed base of the leafstalk,
in Buttoiiwood or I'Luiu-trec.
SECTION 4.] BUDS. 29
wood or in the bark. Under the surface of the soil, or ou it covered with
the fallen leaves of autumn, similar strong buds of our perennial herbs may
be found; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers, chared
with a great store of nourishment for their use. This explains how it is that
vegetation from such buds shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the
year, and clothes the bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as
the naked boughs of trees, very promptly with a covering of fresh green,
and often with brilliant blossoms. Everything was prepared, and even
formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud have only to
lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other so that they may un-
fold and grow. Only a small part of the vegetation of the season comes
directly from the seed, and none of (he earliest vernal vegetation. This is
all from buds which have lived through the winter.
54. The Arrangement of Branches, being that of axillary buds, answers
to that of the leaves. Now leaves principally are either opposite or alternate.
Leaves are opposite when there are two from the same joint of stem, as in
Maples (Fig. 20), the two being on opposite sides of the stem ; and so the
axillary buds and branches are opposite, as in Fig. 75. Leaves are alter-
nate when there is only one from each joint of stem, as in the Oak, Lime-
tree, Poplar, Button-wood (Fig. 74), Morning-Glory (Fig. 45, — not
counting the seed-leaves, which of course are opposite, there being a pair
of them) ; also in Indian Corn (Fig. 70), and Iris (Fig. 59). Consequently
the axillary buds are also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 73) ; and the
branches they form, alternate, — making a different kind of spray from the
other mode, one branch shooting on one side of the stem and the next
on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is on the same
side of the stem as the one next above or next below it.
55. But the symmetry of branches (unlike that of the leaves) is rarely
complete. This is due to several causes, and most commonly to the
56. Non-development of buds. It never happens that all the buds
grow. If they did, there might be as many branches in any year as there
were leaves the year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a
large portion perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment, or for want
of light, or because those which first begin to grow have an advantage,
which they are apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the
stem, and starving the weaker buds. In the Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72),
Hickory (Fig. 73), Magnolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds,
the terminal bud is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth ; and
next in strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues
the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches, and
the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also (Fig. 75), the uppermost axillary
buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely appears at
all ; in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow, and so each
stem branches every year into two, — making a repeatedly two-forked
ramification, as in Fig. 76.
30
BUDS.
[SECTION 4.
57. Latent Buds. Axillary buds that do not grow at the proper season,
and especially those which make no appearance externally, may long remain
latent, aiid at length upon a favorable occasion start into growth, so form-
ing branches apparently out of place
as they are out of time. The new
shoots seen springing directly out
of large stems may sometimes orig-
inate from such latent buds, which
have preserved their life for years.
But commonly these arise from
58. Adventitious Buds. These
are buds which certain shrubs and
trees produce anywhere on the sur-
face of the wood, especially where
it has been injured. They give rise
to the slender twigs which often
feather the sides of great branches
of our American Elms. They some-
times form on the root, which natu-
rally is destitute of buds ; they are
even found upon some leaves ; and
they are sure to appear on the
trunks and roots of Willows, Pop-
lars, and Chestnuts, whrn these are
wounded or mutilated. Indeed
Osier-Willows are yW/,//vA'Y, or cut
off, from time to time, by the culti-
vator, for the purpose of produc-
ing a crop of slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Sueh
branches, being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural
symmetry of the tree. Another cause of
irregularity, in certain trees and shrubs,
is the formation of what are called
59. Accessory or Supernumerary
Buds. There are cases where two, three,
or more buds spring from the axil of a
leaf, instead of the single one which is or-
dinarily found there. Sometimes they are
placed one over the other, as in the Aris-
tolocliia or Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarean Honeysuckle (Fig. 77) ; also
in the IIoney-Loeust , and in Hie Walnut and Butternut (Fig. 78), where
Fio. 75. Shoot of Lilac, with winter l>mls ; the two uppermost axillary ones
itrong; the terminal not developed. 76. Forking ramification of Lilac; reduced
Ji si/e.
Flo. 77. Tartarean Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in each axil.
SECTION 4.J
BUDS.
31
ihe upper supernumerary bud is a good way out of the axil and above the
others. And this is here stronger than the others, and grows into a
branch which is considerably out of the axil, while the lower aud smaller
ones commonly do not grow at all. lu other cases
three buds stand side by side in the axil, as in the
Hawthorn, and the Red Maple (Fig. 79.) If these
were all to grow into branches, they would stifle each
other. But some of them are commonly flower-buds :
in the Red Maple, only the middle one is a leaf-bud,
and it does not grow until after those on each side of
it have expanded the blossoms they contain.
60. Sorts of Buds. It may be useful to enumerate
the kinds of buds which have been, described or men-
tioned. They are
Terminal, when they occupy the summit of (or ter-
minate) a stem,
Lateral, when they are borne on the side of a stem ;
of which the regular kind is the
Axillary, situated in the axil of a leaf. These are
Accessory or Supernumerary, when they are in
addition to the normal solitary bud ; and these are
Collateral, when side by side ; Superposed, when one
above another;
Extra-axillary, when they appear above the axil, as
some do when superposed, and as occasionally is the
case when single.
Naked buds ; those which have no protecting scales.
Scaly buds; those which have protecting scales,
vhich are altered leaves or bases of leaves.
Leaf-buds, contain or give rise to leaves, and develop into a leafy shoot.
Flower-buds, contain or consist of blossoms, and no leaves.
Mixed buds, contain both leaves and blossoms.
61. Definite annual Growth from winter buds is marked in most of
the shoots from strong buds, such as those of the Horse-chestnut and
Hickory (Fig. 72, 73). Such a bud generally contains, already formed in
miniature, all or a great part of the leaves and joints of stem it is to pro-
duce, makes its whole growth in length in the course of a few weeks, or
sometimes even in a few days, and then forms and ripens its buds for the
next year's similar growth.
62. Indefinite annual Growth, on the other hand, is well marked in
such trees or shrubs as the Honey-Locust, Sumac, a:id in sterile shoots of
FIG. 78. Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil.
FIG. 79. Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. The an-
nular lines toward the base in this and in Fig. 72 are scars of the bud-scales, and
indicate the place of the winter-bud of the preceding year.
7S
32
BUDS.
[SECTION 4.
the Hose, Blackberry, and Raspberry. That is, these shoots are apt to
grow all .summer long, until slopped by the frosts of autumn or some other
cause. Consr.<iuentl\ they form ami ripen no terminal bud protected by
scales, and the upper axillary buds are produced so late iu the season that
they have no time to mature, nor has their wood time to solidify and ripen.
Such stems therefore commonly die back from the top in winter, or at
least all their upper buds are small and feeble; so the growth of the suc-
ceeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary bv.ds, which are
more mature.
63. Deliquescent and Excurrent Growth. In the former case, and
wherever axillary buds take the lead, there is, of course, no single main
Blew, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk is soon lost
in the branches. Trees so formed commonly have rounded or spreading
lops. Of such trees with deliquescent stems, — that is, with the trunk
dissolved, as it wore, into the successively divided branches, — the common
American Elm (Fit,'- 80) is a good illustration.
64. On the oilier hand, the main stem of Firs and Spruces, unless de-
stroyed by some injury, is carried on in a direct line throughout the whole
urowth c* the tree, by the development year after year of a terminal bud :
this forms a single, uninterrupted shaft, — an e.rciin-<'/it trunk, which can-
not be confounded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such ajtiry
or njnrr-a/in /ifil trees, the Firs or Spruces are characteristic and familiar
examples. There are all gradations between the two modes.
Fio. 80. An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, ami on the left Arbor Vitae.
SECTION 5.J
ROOTS.
33
SECTION V. ROOTS.
65. It is a property of stems to produce roots. Stems do not spring
from roots in ordinary cases, as is generally thought, but roots from stems.
When perennial herbs arise from the ground, as they do at spring-time,
they rise from subterranean steins.
60. The Primary Root is a downward growth from the root-end of
the caulicle, that is, of the initial stem of the embryo (Fig. 5-7, 81). If
it goes on to grow it makes a main or tap-root, as in Fig. 37, etc. Some
plants keep this main root throughout
their whole life, and send oil' only
small side branches ; as in the Carrot
and Radish : and in various trees, like
the Oak, it takes the lead of the
side-branches for several years, unless
accidentally injured, as a strong tap-
root. But commonly the main root
divides off very soon, and is lost in the
branches. Multiple primary roots now
and then occur, as in the seedling of
Pumpkin (Fig. 27), where a cluster
is formed even at the first, from the
root-end of the caulicle.
G7. Secondary Roots are those
which arise from other parts of the
stem. Any part of the stem may
produce them, but they most readily come from the nodes. As a general
rule they naturally spring, or may be made to spring, from almost any
young stem, when placed in favorable circumstances, — that is, when
placed in the soil, or otherwise supplied with moisture and screened from
the light. For the special tendency of the root is to avoid the light, seek
moisture, and therefore to bury itself in the soil. Propagation Ijy division,
which is so common and so very important in cultivation, depends upon
the proclivity of stems to strike root. Stems or branches which remain
under ground give out roots as freely as roots themselves give off branches.
Stems which creep on the ground most commonly root at the joints; so
will most branches when bent to the ground, as in propagation by layer-
ing ; and propagation by cuttings equally depends upon the tendency of the
cut end of a shoot to produce roots. Thus, a piece of a plant which has
stem and leaves, either developed or in the bud, may be made to produce
roots, and so become an independent plant.
FIG. 81. Seedling Maple, of the natural size ; the root well supplied with root-hairs,
here large enough to be seen by the naked eye. 82. Lower end of this root,rn;igni-
fierl, the root seen just as root-hairs are beginning to form a little behind the tip.
3
82
ROOTS.
[SECTION 5.
68. Contrast between Stem and Root. Stems are ascending axes;
roots are descending axes. Stems grow 1>\ the successive development of
internodes (lo), one after another, each leal-bearing
at its summit (or node); so that it is of the essen-
tial nature 'of a stem to bear leaves. Roots bear no
leaves, are not distinguishable into nodes and inter-
ludes, but grow on continuously from the lower
end. They commonly branch freely, but not from
any fixed points nor in delinite order.
69. Although roots
generally do not give
ri>e to stems, and there-
fore do not propagate
the plant, exceptions are
not uncommon. For as
steins may produce ad-
ventitious buds, so also
may roots. The roots of
the Sweet Potato among
herbs, and of the Osagc
Orange among trees
freely produce adventi-
tious buds, developing
into leafy shoots ; and
so these plants are
propagated by root-cut-
tings.
of subterranean
which pass for roots are forms of stems, the common Potato for example.
70. Roots of ordinary kinds and uses may be roughly classed vt&Q fibroma
andy/W///.
71. Fibrous Roots, such as those of Indian Corn (Fig. 70), of most
annuals, and of many perennials, serve only for absorption : these are
slender or thread-like. Fine roots of this kind, and the fine branches which
most roots send out are called ROOTLETS.
72. The whole surface of a root absorbs moisture from the soil while fresh
and new ; and the newer roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they im-
bibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and expands
fresh foliage, from which moisture largely escapes into the air, so long it
continues to extend and multiply its roots in the soil beneath, renewing and
increasing the fresh surface for absorbing moisture, in proportion to the
demand from above. And when growth ceases above ground, and the
leaves die and fall, or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing,
P>nt most growths
origin
FIQ. 83-85. Forms of tap-root.
SECTION 5.]
ROOTS.
aud their soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until
growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplanting ;
especially for trees and shrubs.
73. The absorbing surface of young roots is much increased by the for-
mation, near their tips, of ROOT-HAIRS (Fig. 81, 82), which are delicate
/I
tubular outgrowths from the surface, through the delicate walls of which
moisture is promptly imbibed.
74. Fleshy Roots are those in which the root becomes a storehouse of
nourishment. Typical roots of this kind are those of such biennials as the
turnip and carrot ; in which the food created in the first season's vege-
tation is accumulated, to be expended the next season in a vigorous growl li
and a rapid development of flowers, fruit, and seed. By the time the seed
is matured the exhausted root dies, and with it the whole plant.
75. Fleshy roots may be single or multiple. The single root of the
commoner biennials is the primary root, or tap-root, which begins to
thicken in the seedling. Names are given to its shapes, such as
Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or where it joins the stem,
and tapers regularly downwards to a point, as in the Parsnip and Carrot
(Fig. 84) ;
Turnip-shaped or napiform, when greatly thickened above, but abruptly
becoming slender below; as the Turnip (Fig. 83) ; and
FIG. 86. Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are
just beginning to thicken; one at the left has grown more; one at the right is still
larger.
Fia. 87. Fascicled fusiform roots of a Dahlia : a, a, buds on base of stem.
36
HOOTS.
[SECTION .">.
Spindle-shaped, or l-'uxlform, when thickest iu the middle aiid tapering to
both cuds; as the common Radish (Fig. S5).
70. These examplc.s arc of primary roots. It will be seen that turnips,
carrots, and the like, are not pure root throughout ; for the caulicle, from
the lower end of which tin' root grew, partakes of the thickening, perhaps
also some joints of stem above : so the bud-bearing and growing top is
stem.
77. A fine example of secondary roots (67), some of which, remain fibrous
for absorption, while a few thicken and store up food for the next season's
growth, is furnished by the Sweet Potato (Fig. SO). As stated above,
these arc used for propagation by rut I ings; for any part will produce ad-
ventitious buds and shoots. The Dahlia produces fascicled (i. e. clustered)
fusiform roots of the same kind, at the base of the stem (Fig. 87) : but
these, like most roots, do not, produce adventitious buds. The buds by
which Dahlias are propagated belong to the surviving base of the stem
above.
78. Anomalous Roots, as they may be called, are those which subserve
other uses than absorption, food-storing, and fixing the plant to the soil.
Aerial Roots, i. e. those that strike from steins iu the open air, are
common iu moist and warm
climates, as in the Mangrove ,*-sS- f •gjlMp ^\i
which reaches the coast of ^^L ^ % !*^ ™
Florida, the Banyan, and, less >=?^Ad^>O^I fr\
. _-=^>^ L-^l () vrsA!/k>r7SV7^L; Pi ^\\\
strikingly, in some herbace-
ous plants, such as Sugar
Cane, ami even in Indian
Corn. Such roots reach the
ground at length, or tend to
do so.
Ai'i'inl Hnof/t'f* are ab.in-
dautly produced by many
climbing plants, such as the
Ivy, 1'uison Ivy, Trumpet
( 'I'eepcr, etc., springing from
the side of stems, which they
fasten to trunks of trees,
walls, or other supports.
'I'll !S6 are used by the plant
for climliiii!^.
79. Epiphytes, or Air-
Plants (Fiur. ^s), an; called by the former name because commonly growing
IMC. 88. Epiphytes of Florida and Georgia, viz., EpMendrum conopsenm, a
small Orcliid, nnd Tillandsia usm-oidi-N the so-called Long Moss or Kla< k Moss,
which i; no moss, Imi, a flowering plant, also T. recurvata ; on a bough of Live Oak.
SECTION 5.]
HOOTS.
37
upon the trunks or limbs of other plants ; by the latter because, having no
connection with tlie soil, they must derive their sustenance from the air
only. They have aerial roots, which do not reach the ground, but are used
to fix the plant to the surface upon which the plant grows : they also take
a part in absorbing moisture from the air.
80. Parasitic Plants, of which there are various kinds, strike their
roots, or what answer to roots, into the tissue of foster plants, or form at-
tachments with their surface, so as to prey upon their juices. Of this sort
is the Mistletoe, the seed of which germinates on the bough where it
falls or is left by birds; and the forming root penetrates the bark and en-
grafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as firmly as a natural
branch to its parent stem; and indeed the parasite lives just as if it were
a branch of the tree it grows and feeds on. A most common parasitic herb
is the Dodder ; which abounds in low grounds in summer, and coils its
long and slender, leafless, yellowish steins — resembling tangled threads of
yarn — round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch
piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of
suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold of.
Other parasitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten their roots
under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and rob them of their
juices.
SI. Some plants are partly parasitic ; while most of their roots act in
the ordinary way, others make suckers at their tips which grow fast to the
roots of other plants and rob them of nourishment. Some of our species of
Gerardiado this (Fig. 89).
82. There are phanerogamous plants, like Monotropa or Indian Pipe,
the roots of which feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter in the soil.
These are SAPROPHYTES, and they imitate Mushrooms and other Fungi in
their mode of life.
83. Duration of Roots, etc. Roots are said to be either annual, bien-
nial, or perennial. As respects the first and second, these terms may be
applied either to the root or to the plant.
84. Annuals, as the name denotes, live for only one year, generally for
FIG. 89. Roots of Yellow Gerardia, some attached to and feeding on the root oJ
a Blueberry- bush.
38 STEMS. [SECTION G.
only a part of I he year. They arc of course herbs ; they spring from the
seed, blossom, mature I heir fruit and seed, and then die, root and all. An-
nuals of our temperate climate* with severe winters start from the seed in
spring, and perish at or before autumn. Where the winter is a moist and
growing season and the summer is dry, wintef animals prevail; their seeds
germinate under autumn or winter rains, grow more or less during winter,
blossom, fructify, and perish in the following spring or summer. Annuals
are fibrous-rooted.
85. Biennials, of which the Turnip, Beet, and Carrot are familiar ex-
amples, grow the lirst season without blossoming, usually thicken their
roots, laying up in them a stock of nourishment, are quiescent during the
winter, but shoot vigorously, blossom, and seed the next spring or summer,
mainly at the expense of the food stored up, and then die completely.
Annuals and biennials flower only once ; hence they have been called
Monocarpic (that is, once-fruiting) plants.
86. Perennials live and blossom year after year. A perennial herb, in
a temperate; or cooler climate, usually dies down to the ground at the end
of the season's growth. But subterranean portions of stem, charged with
buds, survive to renew the development. Shrubs and trees are of course
perennial ; even the steins and branches above ground live on and grow
year after year.
87. There are all gradations between annuals and biennials, and between
these and perennials, as also between herbs and shrubs; and the distinc-
tion between shrubs and trees is quite arbitrary. There are perennial herbs
and even shrubs of warm climates which are annuals when raised in a cli-
mate which has a winter, — being destroyed by frost. The Castor-oil plant
is an example. There arc perennial herbs of which only small portions
survive, as off-shoots, or, in the Potato, as tubers, etc.
SECTION VI. STEMS.
88. The Stem is the axis of the plant, the part which bears all the
other organs. Branches arc secondary stems, that is, stems growing out of
stems. The stem at the very beginning produces roots, in most plants a
silide root from the base of the embryo-stem, or cauliele. As this root
becomes a descenilimi ,/./•/*. so the stem, which grows in the opposite direc-
tion is called the (ix,;;i,li,i,j ti.ri*. Rising out of the soil, the stem bears
leaves; and leaf-bearing is t he particular characteristic of the stem. But
there are forms of stems that remain underground, or make a part of their
growth there. These do not bear leaves, in the common sense; yet they
bear rudiments of leaves, or what answers to leaves, although not in the
form of foliage. The so-called stemless or acaulesccnt plants are those
which bear no obvious stem (caul!*) above ground, but only flower-stalks,
and the like.
SECTION 6.]
STEMS.
39
89. Stems above ground, through differences in durat «r, texture, and
size, form herbs, shrubs, trees, etc., or in other terms are
Herbaceous, dying down to the ground every year, or after blossoming.
Suffrutescent, slightly woody below, there surviving from year to year.
Sujfruticose or Frutescent, when low stems are decidedly woody below,
but herbaceous above.
Fruticose or Shrubby, woody, living from year to year, and of considerable
size, — not, however, more than three or four times the height of a man.
Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance or mode of growth, or ap-
proaching a tree in size.
Arboreous, when forming a proper tree-trunk.
90. As to direction taken in growing, stems may, instead of growing
upright or erect, be
Diffuse, that is, loosely spreading in all directions.
Declined, when turned or bending over to one side.
Decumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand.
Assurgent or Ascending, rising obliquely upwards.
Procumbent or Prostrate, lying flat on the ground from the first.
Creeping or Repent, prostrate on or just beneath the ground, and striking
root, as does the White Clover, the Partridge-berry, etc.
Climbing or Scandent, ascending by clinging to other objects for support,
whether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape- Vine, and Passion-flower and
Virginia Creeper (Fig. 92, 93) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks, as the Virgin's
Bower; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and Trumpet Creeper.
Twining or Voluble, when coiling spirally around other stems or
supports ; like the Morning- Glory (Fig. 90) and the Hop.
91. Certain kinds
of stems or branches,
appropriated to spt-
cial uses, have re-
ceived distinct substantive names ; such as the following :
92. A Culm, or straw-stem, such as that of Grasses
and Sedges.
93. A Caudex is the old name for such a peculiar
trunk as a Palm-stem ; it is also used for an upright and
thick rootstock.
94. A Sucker is a branch rising from stems under
ground. Such are produced abundantly by the Rose,
Raspberry, and other plants said to multiply "by the
root." If we uncover them, we see at once the great
difference between these subterranean branches and real
90 roots. They are only creeping brandies under ground.
Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches become separate
FIG. 90. Twining or voluble stem of Morning-Glory.
40 STEMS. [SECTION G.
plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting under-ground stems, the
gardener expedites the result by cutting them through with his spade.
That is, he propagates the plant "by division."
95. A Stolon is a branch from above ground, which reclines or becomes
prostrate and strikes root (usually from the nodes) wherever it rests on the
soil. Thence it may send up a vigorous shoot, which has roots of its own,
and becomes an independent plant when the connecting part dies, as it
does after a while. The Currant and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in
this way, as well as by suckers (which are the same thing, only the connect-
ing part is concealed under ground). Stolons must have suggested the
operation of layering by bending down ami covering with soil branches
which do not naturally make stolons; and after they have taken root, as
they almost always will, the gardener cuts through the connecting stem,
and so converts a rooting branch into a separate plant.
96. An Offset is a short stolon, or sucker, with a crown of leaves at the
end, as in the Houseleek (Fig. .
91), which propagates abundantly ^ , r V'\t
in this way.
97. A Runner, of which the
Strawberry presents the most fa-
miliar and characteristic example,
i i i j i -i vi
is a long and slender, tendril-like
stolon, or branch from next the
ground, destitute of conspicuous
lea\es. Each runner of the Straw-
berry, after having grown to its full
length, strikes root from the tip, which fixes it to the ground, then forms
a bud there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new
plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this
manner a single Strawberry plant, will spread over a large space, or produce
a great number of plants, in the course of the summer, all connected at
first by the slender runners ; but these die in the following winter, if not
before, and leave the plants as so many separate individuals.
9S. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not destined
like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute of buds or leaves,
being intended only for climbing. Simple tendrils are such as those of
I'as.sion-llowers (Fig. 92). Compound or branching tendrils arc borne by
the Cucumber and Pumpkin, by the Grape-Vine, Virginia Creeper, etc.
99. A tendril commonly grows straight and outstretched until it reaches
some neighboring support, such as a stem, when its apex hooks around it
to secure a hold; then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up
spirally, and so draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the sup-
porting object. But the tendrils of the Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis, Fig.
FIG. 91. IIouM.-li'i'k (Srnipc'rvivuin), with ofl'M-ts
SECTION 6.]
STEMS.
41
93), as also the shorter ones of the Japanese species, effect the object differ-
eiitly, namely, by expanding the tips of the tendrils into a flat disk, with
an adhesive face. This is applied to the supporting object, and il adheres
firmly ; then a
shortening of
the tendril and
its branches by coiling brings up the growing
shoot close to the support. This is an adapta-
tion for climbing mural rocks or walls, or the
trunks of trees, to which ordinary tendrils are
unable to cling. The Ivy and Poison Ivy attain
the same result by means of aerial rootlets (78).
100. Some tendrils are leaves or parts of
leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 35). The na-
ture of the tendril is known by its position. A
tendril from the axil of a leaf, like that of Pas-
sion-flowers (Fig. 92) is of course a stem, i. e.
a branch. So is one which terminates a stem,
as in the Grape-Vine.
101. Spines or Thorns (Fig. 95, 96) are
commonly stunted and hardened branches
or tips of stems or branches, as are those of
Hawthorn, Honey-Locust, etc. In the Pear
and Sloe all gradations occur between spines
and spine-like (spinescent) branches. Spines
may be reduced and indurated leaves ; as in the Barberry, where theit
nature is revealed by their situation, underneath an axillary bud. But
FIG. 92. A small Passion-flower (Passiflora si<-n»iil< '.-•), showing the tendrils.
FIG. 93. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, hearing a leaf and a tendril.
94. Tips of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold
fast to walls, etc.
42
STEMS.
[SECTION 6.
prickles, such as those of Blackberry aud Roses, are only excrescences
of the bark, and nut branches.
102. Equally s\ I'inns of
stems are charaetrrislie of the
Cactus family (Fig. 111). These
may be better understood by com-
parison with
103. Subterranean Stems
and Branches. Tin1 so are very
numerous and various; but they
arc commonly overlooked, or else
are confounded with roots. From
their situation they are out of or-
dinary sight; but they will well
repay examination. For the veg-
etation that is carried on under
ground is hardly less varied or
important than that above ground.
All their forms may be referred to
four principal kinds : namely, the
Rhizomii (R//i:o»if) or R<i<>txt<><-h\
the Tuber, the Corm or solid bulb,
and l.lie true Bulb.
]<)*. The Rootstock, or Rhi-
zoma, in its simpler form, is
merely a creeping stem or branch
growing beneath the surface of the soil, or partly covered by it. Of
this kind are the so-called creeping, running, or scaly roots, such as those
by which the Mint (Fig. 97), the Couch-grass, or Quirk -grass, and manr
other plants, spread so rapidly and widely, — " by (lie root,'' as it is said.
That these arc really stems, and not roots, is evident fnun the way in which
Fio. 95. A brandling thorn of Honey Locust, Wins a" indurated leafless branch
developed from an accessory bud far above the axil : at the cut portion below, three
other buds (a) are concealed under the petiole.
Fio. 96. Spine of Cockspur Thorn, developed from an axillary bud, as the leaf-
scar below witnesses: an accessory leaf-bud is seen at its base.
Fia. 97. Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches, of the Peppermint.
SECTION G.] STEMS. 43
they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints; and from the
(eaves which they bear on each node, in the form of small scales, just like
the lowest ones on the upright stem next the ground. They also pro-
duce buds in the axils of these scales, showing the scales to be leaves;
whereas real roots bear neither leaves nor axillary bnds. Placed as
they are in the damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots,
just as the creeping stem does where it lies on. the surface of the
ground.
105. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstocks take
such rapid and wide possession of the soil, and why they are so hard to
get rid of. They are always perennials ; the subterranean shoots live over
the first winter, if not longer, and are provided with vigorous buds at every
joint. Some of these buds grow in spring into upright stems, bearing
foliage, to elaborate nourishment, aud at. length produce blossoms for re.
production by seed ; while many others, fed by nour-
ishment supplied from above, form a new generation
of subterranean shoots ; and this is repeated over and
over in the course of the season or in succeeding
years. Meanwhile, as the subterranean shoots in-
crease in number, the older ones, connecting the suc-
cessive growths, die off year by year, liberating the
already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants; and so on indefi-
nitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into pieces, therefore, by the hoe
or the plough, far from destroying the plant, only accelerates the propaga-
tion ; it converts one many-branched plant into a great number of separate
individuals. Cutting into pieces only multiplies the pest; for each piece
(Fig. 98) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a bud in the axil of
its scale-like leaf (either latent or apparent), and with prepared nourishment
enough to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; aud so a single plant is all the
more speedily converted into a multitude. Whereas, when the subterra-
nean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem completely destroys
the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the root freely produces
adventitious buds.
10G. Rootstocks are more commonly thickened by the storing up of
considerable nourishing matter in their tissue. The common species of
Iris (Fig. 164) in the gardens have stout rootstocks, which are only partly
covered by the soil, and which bear foliage-leaves instead of mere scales,
closely covering the upper part, while the lower produces roots. As the
leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar left in the form of a ring marks
the place where each leaf was attached, that is, marks so many nodes,
separated by very short internodes.
107. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a different
FIG. 98. A piece of the running rootstock of the Peppermint, with its node 01
joint, and an axillary bud ready to grow.
STEMS.
[SECTION G.
sort, likr those of the Solomon's Sesil (Fig. 90), which gave this name to
the plant, from their looking somewhat like the impression of a seal upon
\v:tx. Here the
root-lock sends Up
every spring an
herbaceous stalk or
stem, which bears
the foliage and
flowers, and dies
in autumn. The
seal is the circular
scar left by the death and separation of the base of the stout stalk from the
living rootstock. As but one of these is formed eacli year, they mark
Hie limits of a year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock iu the
figure (which was taken in summer) will grow the next spring into the
stalk of the season, which, dying in autumn, will
leave a similar soar, while another bud will be formed
farther on, crowning the ever-advancing summit or
growing end of the stem.
108. A? each year's growth of stem makes its
own roots, it soon becomes independent of the older
parts. And after a certain age, a portion annually
dies off behind, about as fast as it increases at the
growing end, death following life with equal and cer-
tain step, with only a narrow interval. In vigorous
plants of Solomon's Seal or Iris, the living rootstock
is several inches or a foot in length; while in the
short, rootstock of Trillium or Birthroot (Fig. 100)
life is reduced to a narrower span.
109. An upright or short rootstock, like this of Trillium, is commonly
called a CAUDEX (93) ; or when more shortened and thickened it would
become a conn.
110. A Tuber may be understood to be a portion of a rootstock thick-
ened, and with buds (eyes) on the sides. Of course, there are all grada-
tions between a tuber and a roi«l>lock. Ilelianthns tubemsus, the so-called
Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101), and the common Potato, are typical and
familiar examples of the tuber. The stalks by which the tubers are at-
tached to the parent , stem are at once seen to be dil!eivnl, from the roots,
both in appearance and manner of growth. The scales on the tubers are the
rudiments of leaves ; the eyes are the buds in their axils. The Potato-plant
Fio. 99. Rootstock of Solomon's Senl, with the bottom of the stalk of the sea-
son, and the. bud for the next year's growth.
Fio. 100. The very short rootstock and strong terminal bud of a Trillium or
Birthroot.
SECTION G.]
STEMS.
45
has three forms of branches : 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves expanded
in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what the roots gather
from the soil, and convert it into nourishment. 2. After a while a second
set of branches at the summit of the plant bear flowers, which form fruit
and seed out of a portion of the nour-
ishment which the leaves have pre-
pared. 3. But a larger part of this
nourishment, while in a liquid state,
is carried down the stein, into a third
sort of branches under ground, and
accumulated in the form of starch at
their extremities,
which become tu-
bers, or deposito-
ries of prepared
solid food, — just
as in the Turnip,
Carrot, and Dah-
lia (Fig. 83-37),
it is deposited in
the root. The use of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn
the whole plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and the tubers ;
and the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small
portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed feeds the
embryo when it germinates, so the much larger portion deposited in the
tuber nourishes its buds, or eyes, when they likewise grow, the next
spring, into new plants. And the great supply enables them to shoot
with a greater vigor at the beginning, and to produce a greater amount
of vegetation than the seedling plant could do in the same space of time ;
which vegetation in turn may prepare and store up, in the course of a
few weeks or months, the largest quantity of solid nourishing material,
in a form most available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has
transported the Potato from the cool Andes of Chili to other cool climates,
and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially important in
countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too little, for
profitably cultivating the principal grain-plants.
111. The Corm or Solid Bulb, like that of Cyclamen (Fig. 103), and
of Indian Turuip (Fig. 104), is a very short and thick fleshy subterranean
stem, often broader than high. It sends off roots from its lower end, or rat her
face, leaves and stalks from its upper. The corm of Cyclamen goes on to
enlarge and to produce a succession of flowers and leaves year after year.
FIG. 101. Tubers of Heliantlms tuberosus, called " artichokes."
FIG. 102. Bulblet-like tubers, such as are occasionally formed on tie stem of a
Potato-plant above ground.
46
STEMS.
[SECTION G.
That of Indian Turnip is formed one year and is consumed the next. Fig.
JO I represents it iu early summer, having below the corm of last year, from
which the roots have fallen. It is partly consumed by the growth of the
stem for the season, and the
corm of the year is forming
at base of the stem above
the line of roots.
112. The corm of Crocus
(Fig. 105, 106), like that
of its relative Gladiolus, is
also reproduced annually,
the new ones forming upon
the summit and sides of the old. Suoli a conn is like a tuber in bud-
dim: from the sides, i. e. from the axils of leaves; but these leaves, instead
of being small scales, are the sheathing bases of fo-
liage-leaves which covered the surface. It resem-
bles a true bulb in having these sheaths or broad
scales ; but in the corm or solid bulb, this solid part
or stem makes up the principal bulk.
113. The Bulb, strictly so-called, is a stem like
a reduced corm as to its solid part (or plate) ;
while the main body consists of thickened scales,
which are leaves or leaf-bases. These are like bud-
scales ; so that in fact a bulb is a bud with fleshy
scales on an exceedingly short stem. Compare a
"White Lily bulb (Fig. 107) with the strong scaly
buds of the Hickory and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72
and 73), and the resemblance will appear. In
corms, as in tubers and rootstocks, the store of
food for future growth is deposited in the stem ;
while in the bulb, the greater part is deposited iu
the bases of the leaves, changing them into thick
scales, which closely overlap or enclose one another.
114. A Scaly Bulb (like that of the Lily, Fig. 107, 108) is one in which
the scales are thick but comparatively narrow.
115. A Tunicated or Coated Bulb is one in which the scales enwrap
each other, forming concentric coats or layers, as in Hyacinth and Onion.
FIG. 103. Corm of Cyclamen, much reduced in size : roots from lower face, leaf-
stalks ami flower-stalks from the upper.
Fi<:. Ml. Corm of Indian Turnip (Aristrma).
FIG. 105 Corm of a Crocus, the investing sheaths or dead Iraf-Kises stripped
off. The faint cross-lines represent thf scars, where the leaves wen- attached, i. e.
the nodes : the spaces between are the internodes. The exhausted corm of the
previous year is underneath ; forming ones for next vear on the summit and sides.
ic;. 106. Section of the same.
SECTION G.]
STEMS.
47
116. Bulblets are very small bulbs growing out of larger ones ; or
small bulbs produced above ground ou some plants, as in the axils of the
leaves of the bulbiferous Lilies of the gardens (Fig. 110), and often hi the
flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are plainly
buds with thickened scales. They never grow into
branches, but detach themselves when full grown, fall to
the ground, and take root there to form new plants.
117. Consolidated Vegetation. An ordinary herb,
shrub, or tree is evidently constructed on the plan
developing an extensive surface. In fleshy rootstocks,
\\
tubers, conns, and bulbs, the more enduring portion of the plant is con-
centrated, and reduced for the time of struggle (as against drought, heat,
or cold) to a small amount of
exposed surface, and this mostly
sheltered in the soil. There are
many similar consolidated forms
which are not subterranean.
Thus plants like the Houseleek
(Fig. 91) imitate a bulb. Among
Cactuses the columnar species of
Cereus (Fig. Ill, b), may be lik-
ened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliage ; but the
surface is as nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant of the same
bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known, the Giant Cereus
of the Gila River (Fig. Ill, in the background), which rises to the height
of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy tree of the same height, such
as that in Fig. 89, and estimate how vastly greater, even without the foli-
age, the surface of the latter is than that of the former. Compare, in the
FIG. 107. Bulb of a wild Lily. 108. The same divided lengthwise, showing two
forming buds of the next generation.
FIG. 109. A ground leaf of White Lily, its base (cut across) thickened into a
bulb-scale. This plainly shows that bulb-scales are leaves.
FIG. 110. Bulblets in the axils of leaves of a Tiger Lily.
48
STEMS.
[SECTION G.
same view, an Opuntia or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches
formed of a succession of thick ami flattened joints (Fig. Ill, a), which
may be likened to tubers, or an Epipbyllum ('/), having short and flat
joints, -with an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of equal size. And finally,
in Melon-Cactuses, Echiuocactus (c), or other globose forms (which may
be likened to permanent conns), with their globular or bulb-like sh
we have plants in the compactest shape ; their spherical figure being such
as to expose the least possible amount of substance to the air. These are
adaptations to climates which are very dry, either throughout or for a ]>art
of the year. Sinrlarly, bulbous and conn-bearing plants, and the like, are
examples of a form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a
large surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the living
AI •( table is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least possible surface;
and this protected by its outer coats of dead and dry scales, as well as by
its situation under ground. Such are also adapted to a season of drought.
They largely belong to countries which have a long hot season of little or
no rain, when, their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath early
perishing, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled with
nourishment and retaining their moisture with great tenacity, until the
rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves and flowers with
wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert of arid saud becomes
green with foliage and gay with blossoms, almost in a day.
6 t
SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 49
SECTION VII. LEAVES.
118. STEMS bear leaves, at definite points (nodes, 13) ; and these are
produced in a great variety of forms, and subserve various uses. The
commonest kind of leaf, which therefore may be taken as the type or
pattern, is an expanded green body, by means of which the plant exposes
to the air and light the matters which it imbibes, exhales certain portions,
and assimilates the residue into vegetable matter for its nourishment and
growth.
119. But the fact is already familiar (10-30) that leaves occur under
other forms and serve for other uses, — for the storage of food already
assimilated, as in thickened seed-leaves and bulb-scales ; for covering, as in
bud-scales ; and still other uses are to be pointed out. Indeed, sometimes
they are of no service to the plant, being reduced to mere scales or rudi-
ments, such as those on the rootstocks of Peppermint (Fig. 97) or the
tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101). These may be said to be of
service only to the botanist, in explaining to him the plan upon which a
plant is constructed.
120. Accordingly, just as a rootstock, or a tuber, or a tendril is a kind
of stem, so a bud-scale, or a bulb-scale, or a cotyledon, or a petal of a flower,
is a kind of leaf. Even in respect to ordinary leaves, it is natural to use
the word either in a wider or in a narrower sense ; as when in one sense
we say that a leaf consists of blade and petiole or leaf-stalk, and in another
sense say that a leaf is petioled, or that the leaf of Hepatica is three-lobed.
The connection should make it plain whether by leaf we mean leaf-blade
only, or the blade with any other parts it may have. And the student will
readily understand that by leaf in its largest or morphological sense, the
botanist means the organ which occupies the place of a leaf, whatever be
its form or its function.
§ 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE.
121. This is tautological; for foliage is simply leaves: but it is very
convenient to speak of typical leaves, or those which serve the plant for
assimilation, as foliage-leaves, or ordinary leaves. These may first be
considered.
122. The Parts of a Leaf. The ordinary leaf, complete in its parts,
consists of blade, foot-stalk, or petiole, and a pair of stipules.
123. First the BLADE or LAMINA, which is the essential part of ordinary
leaves, that is, of such as serve the purpose of foliage. In structure it con-
sists of a softer part, the green pulp, called parenchyma, which is traversed
and supported by a fibrous frame, the parts of which are called ribs or veins,
on account of a certain likeness in arrangement to the veins of animals.
50
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
The whole surface is covered by a transparent skin, the Epidermis, not
unlike that which covers the surface of all fresh shoots.
12 i. Note that the leaf-blade expands horizontally, — that is, normally
presents its faces one to the sky, the other to the ground, or when the
leaf is erect the upper face looks toward the stem that bears it, the lower
face away from it. Whenever this is not the case there is something to be
explained.
125. The framework consists of wood, — a flbrous and tough material
which runs from the stein through the leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the
form of parallel threads or bundles of fibres ;
and in the blade these spread out in a hori-
zontal direction, to form the ribs and ceins
of the leaf. The stout main branches of
the framework are called the Ribs. When
there is only one, as in Fig. 112, 114, or a
middle one decidedly larger than the rest,
it is called the Midrib. The smaller divi-
sions are termed Veins ; and their still
smaller subdivisions, Vemlets. The latter
subdivide again and again, until they be-
come so fine that they are invisible to the
naked eye. The fibres of which they are
composed are hollow ; forming tubes by
which the sap is brought into the leaves
and carried to every part.
126. Venation is the name of the mode
of veiuing, that is, of the way in which the
veins are distributed in the blade. This is
of two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined, and the ndted-veined.
127. In Netted-veined (also called Reticulated} leaves, the veins branch
off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer veinlets, and the
branches unite with each other to form meshes of network. That is, they
anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins and arteries of the body. The
Quince-leaf, in Fig. 112, shows this kind of vcining in a leaf with a single
rib. The Maple, Basswood, Plane or Buttonwood (Fig. 74) show it in
leaves of several ribs.
128. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of slender
ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly so, from the
base to the point of the leaf, — not dividing and subdividing, nor forming
meshes, except by minute cross-veinlets. The leaf of any grass, or that of
the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 113) will furnish a good illustration. Such
parallel veins Linnaeus called Nerves, and parallel-veined leaves are still
commonly called nerved leaves, while those of the other kind are said to be
Fio. 112. Leaf of the Quince: b, blade; p, petiole; st, stipules.
SECTION 7.]
ORDINARY LEAVES.
51
veined, — terms which it is convenient to use, although these " nerves "
and " veins " are all the same thing, and have no likeness to the nerves and
little to the veins of animals.
129. Netted-veined leaves belong to plants which have a pair of seed-
leaves or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 20, 24,), Beech (Fig. 33), and
the like ; while parallel-veined or nerved leaves belong to plants with one
cotyledon or true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 59), and Indian Corn
(Fig. 70). So that a mere glance at the leaves generally tells what, (he
structure of the embryo is, and refers the plant to one or the other of these
two grand classes, — which is a great convenience. For when plants differ
from each other in some one important respect, they usually differ corres-
pondingly in other respects also.
130. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts, — one kind, and the com-
monest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to the point of
the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in another kind they run
from a midrib to the margin, as in the common Pickerel-weed of our
ponds, in the Banana, in Calla (Fig. 114), and many similar plants of
warm climates.
131. Netted-veined leaves are also of two sorts, as in the examples al-
ready referred to. In one case the veins all rise from a single rib (the
midrib), as in Fig. 112, 116-127. Such leaves are called Feather-veined
or Penni-veined, i. e. P innately -veined; both terms meaning the same thing,
namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib like the plume
of a feather on each side of the shaft.
FIG. 113. A (parallel- veined) leaf of the Lily of the Valley. 114. One of the
Calla Lily.
r,o
LEAVKS.
[SECTION 7.
132. In the other case (as in Fig. 74, 129-132), the veins branch of!
from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which spread from the top of the leaf-
stalk, and run through the blade like the toes of a web-footed bird. Ilence
these are said to be Palmately or Digilately veined, or (since the ribs di-
verge like rays from a centrej Radiate-veined.
133. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-work or
skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined (or penni-vcine<! > leaves will incline
to elongated shapes, or at least to be longer than broad ; while in radiate-
veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A glance at the
following figures shows this.
131. Forms of Leaves as to 'General Outline. It is necessary to give
names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely, since
they afford easy marks for distinguishing species. The same terms are used
115 116 117 li"8 119 120
for all other flattened parts as well, such as petals; so that they make up a
great part of the descriptive language of Botany. It will be a good exer-
cise for young students to look up leaves answering to these names and
definitions. Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest
forms, a leaf is said to be
Linear (Fig. 115), when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of
the same breadth throughout.
Lanceolate, or Lance-sJutped, when conspicuously longer than wide, and
tnpering upwards (Fig. 116), or both upwards and downwards.
Ohlnng (Fig. 117), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad.
Elliptical (Fig. 118) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends alike
in width.
Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth con-
siderably more than half the length.
Ovate (Fig. 119), when the outline is like a section of a hen's egg
lengthwise, the broader end downward.
Orliiculnr, or Rotund (Fig. 132), circular in outline, or nearly so.
135. A leaf which tapers toward the base instead of toward the apex
may be
Ohliinceolatf (Fig. 121) when of the lance-shaped form, only more tapering
toward I he base than in the opposite direction.
Spaliilutc (Fit,'. 122) when more rounded above, but tapering thence to a
narrow base, like an old-fashioned spalula.
FIG. 115-120. A series of shapes of feather-veined leaves.
SECTION 7.]
ORDINARY LEAVES.
53
Obovate (Fig. 123) or inversely ovate, that is, ovate with, the narrower
end down.
Cuneate or Cuneiform, that is,
Wedge-shaped (Fig. 124), broad
above and tapering by nearly
straight lines to an acute angle at
the base.
136. As to the Base, its shape
characterizes several forms, such as
Cordate or Heart-shaped (Fig.
120, 129), when a leaf of an ovate form, or something like it, has the out-
line of its rounded base
turned iu (forming a
notch or sinus) where the
stalk is attached.
Ratiforw, or Kidney-
skaped (Fig. 131), like
the last, only founder and
broader than long.
Auriculate, or Eared,
having a pair of small
125 126 127 and blunt projections, or
ears, at the base, as in one species of Magnolia (Fig. 126).
Sagittate, or arrow -shaped,
where such ears are acute
and turned downwards,
while the main body of the
blade tapers upwards to a
point, as in the common
Sagittaria or Arrow-head,
and in the Arrow-leaved
Polygonum (Fig. 125).
Hastate, or Halberd-shaped,
when such lobes at the base
point outwards, giving the
shape of the halberd of the
olden time, as in another
Polygonum (Fig. 127).
Peltate, or Shield-shaped (Fig. 132), is the name applied to a curious
modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where the footstalk
is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and therefore is natu-
FIG. 121 , oblanceolate ; 122, spatulate ; 123, obovate ; and 124, wedge-shaped^
feather-veined, leaves.
FIG. 125, sagittate ; 126, auriculate ; and 127, halberd-shaped or hastate leaves.
FIG. 128-132. Various forms of radiate-veined leaves.
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
rally likened to a shield borue by the outstretched arm. The common
Watershield, the Nelumbium, and the White Water-lily, and also the Man-
drake, exhibit this sort of leaf. On comparing the shield-shaped leaf of
the common Marsh Pennywort (Fig. 132) with that of another common
species (Fig. 130), it is at once seen that a shield-shaped leaf is like a
kidney-shaped (Fig. 130, 131) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at
the base brought together and united.
137. As to the Apex, the following terms express the principal varia-
tions : —
Acuminate, Pointed, or Taper-pointed, when the summit is more or less
prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point; as in Fig. 133.
Acute, ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point ; Fig. 134.
Obtuse, with a blunt or rounded apex ; as in Fig. 135, etc.
Truncate, with the end as if cut off square ; as in Fig. 136.
Reluse, with rounded summit slightly indented, forming a very shallow
notch, as in Fig. 137.
Emarginate, or Notched, indented at the end more decidedly; as in
Fig. 138.
Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf is more
deeply notched at the end (Fig. 139), as in White Clover and Wood-sorrel ;
so as to resemble a cordate leaf inverted.
Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point ; as in Fig. 1-1-0.
Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a mere
projection of the midrib ; as in Fig. 141.
Arixtatc, Awn-pointed, and Bristle-pointed, are terms used when this
mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or slender appen-
dage.
The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as to the
upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the apex only.
135
136
137
138
139
140 141
1 .'5s. As to degree and nature of Division, there is first of all the dif-
ference between
Simple Leaves, those in which the blade is of one piece, however much
it may be cut up, and
Compound Jji'ttrra, those in which the blade consists of two or more sep-
arate pieces, upon a common leaf-stalk or support. Yet between these tv, o
kinds every intermediate gradation is to be met with.
139. As to Particular Outlines of Simple Leaves (and the same
applies to their separate parts), they are
Fu;. 133-141. Forms of the apex of leaves.
SECTION 7.]
ORDINARY LEAVES.
55
147
Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that the
margin is an even line, without teeth or notches.
Serrate, or Saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp teeth,
like those of a saw, and pointing forwards : as in Fig. 142.
Dentate, or Toothed,
when such teeth point
outwards, instead of
forwards ; as in Fig.
143.
Crenatc, or Scal-
loped, when the teeth
are broad and round- j
ed ; as in Fig. 144.
Repand, Undulate,
or Wavy, when the \
margin of the leaf \\H,IJ|
forms a wavy line,
bending slightly in-
wards and outwards in succession; as in Fig. 145.
Sinuate, when the margin is more strongly sinuous or turned inwards
and outwards ; as in Fig. 146.
Incised, Cut, or Jagged, when the margin is cut into sharp, deep, and
irregular teeth or incisions ; as in Fig. 147.
Lobed, when deeply cut. Then the pieces are in a general way called
LOBES. The number of the lobes is briefly expressed by the phrase two-
lobed, three-lobed,Jive-lobed, many -lobed, etc., as the case may be.
140. When the depth and character of the lobiug needs to be more par-
ticularly specified, the following terms are employed, viz. : —
Lobed, in a special sense, when the incisions do not extend deeper than
about half-way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far,
and are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig. 148,
and the Hepatica, Fig. 152.
Cleft, when the incisions extend half way down or more, and especially
when they are sharp; as in Fig. 149, 153. And the phrases two-cleft, or,
in the Latin form, bifid, three-cleft or trifid, four-cleft or quadrijid, Jive-
cleft or quinqiiejid, etc., or many-cleft, in the Latin form, multifid, — express
the number of fhe Segments, or portions.
Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite reach
to the midrib or the base of the blade; as in Fig. 150, 154. And
the terms two-parted, three-parted, etc., express the number of such
divisions.
Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the lower
part of Fig. 151, or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 155 ; which really makes the
FIG. 142-147. Kinds of margin of leaves.
56
LEAVIiS.
[SECTION 7
leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is said to be bisected,
trisected (Fig. 155), etc., according to the number of the divisions.
141. The Mode of Lobing or Division corresponds to that of the
veining, whether pinnatefy rnm:d or palmately veined. In the former the
notches or incisions, or sinuses, coining between the principal veins or ribs
are directed toward the midrib : in the latter they are directed toward the
apex of the petiole ; as the figures show.
142. So degree and mode of division may be tersely expressed in brief
phrases. Thus, in the four upper figures of pinnately veined loaves, the
first is said to be pi /mutely /<>^e</ i in the special sense), the second pinnately
cleft (or pinnatijid in Latin form), the third, pinnately parted, the fourth
l>iii nut >'li/ i/lrided, or pinnatisected.
143. Correspondingly in the lower row, of palinatcly veined leaves, the
first is palmately lobe/1, the second palmntehf clfft, the third palmulelif
parted, the fourth pal /a at el// divided. Or, in other language of the same
meaning (but now less commonly employed), they are said to be digitately
lobcd, cleft, parted, or divided.
144. The number of the divisions or lobes may come into the phrase.
Thus in the four last named figures the leaves are respectively palmately
in
(hrr<>-l<ibrd, (hrce-clrft for trifid), three-parted, llirce-diriili-d, or better (in
Latin form), IriwItiL And so for higher numbers, v&five-lobed, five-cleft,
FIG. 148, piimati'ly I<>l>.-d; 149, pinnately cleft; 150, pinnately parted; 151,
pilmately divided, leaves.
Fi'i. 152, palinati-ly tlnvc-loln-d ; I'.ri, jialmati-ly three-cleft; 1">4, jialmately
tlirc-r pai-lnl; l.'o, ]ialinatrly tlircc ilivi.lcd cir dlstrti-d, K-aves.
SECTION 7.]
ORDINARY LEAVES.
57
etc., up to many-lobed, many-cleft or multifid, etc. The same mode of ex-
pression may be used for piimately lobcd leaves, as pinnately 1 -lobed, -cleft,
-parted, etc.
145. The divisions, lobes, etc., may themselves be entire (without teeth
or notches), or serrate, or otherwise toothed or incised; or lobed, cleft,
parted, etc. : in the latter cases making twice pinnatifid, twice palma lely or
pinnately lobcd, parted, or divided leaves, etc. From these illustrations
one will perceive how the botanist, in two or three words, may describe
any one of the almost endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to give a
clear and definite idea of it.
146. Compound Leaves. A compound leaf is one which, has its blade
in entirely separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own; and the
stalklct is often jointed (or articulated} with the main leaf-stalk, just as this
158
is jointed with the stem. Wheu. this is the case, there is no doubt that
the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no stalklets, and are not
jointed with the main leaf-stalk, it may be considered either as a divided
simple leaf, or a compound leaf, according to the circumstances. This is
a matter of names where all intermediate forms may be expected.
147. While the pieces or projecting parts of a simple leaf-blade are
called Lobes, or in deeply cut leaves, etc., Segments, or Divisions, the sep-
arate pieces or blades of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS.
148. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the Pinnate
and ft&Palmate; answering to the two modes of veining in reticulated
leaves, and to the two sorts of lobed or divided leaves (111).
149. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged on the
sides of a main leaf-stalk; as in Fig. 15G-15S. They answer to the
FIG. 156-158. Pinnate leaves, the first with an odd leaflet (n,7t?-ptn>i«(i-); the
second with a tendril in place of uppermost leaflets ; the third abruptly pinnate,
or of even pairs.
LEAVES.
[SECTION
feath>-f-r<-i,ied (i. e. j>itiiin/rfi/-veitted) simple leaf; as will be seen at once
on comparing the forms. The leaflet* of llic former answer to the lobes or
.lirixionii of the latter; and tin: continuation of the petiole, along which the
i, a, Ids arc arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf.
150. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 15G is pinnate
trith cm odd or end l-djlet, as in the Common Locust and the Ash. Pig.
157 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of the odd leaflet, as in
[he Vetches and the Pea. Tig. 158 is evenly or abruptly pinnate, as in the
Honey-Locust.
151. Palmate (also named Digitate) leaves are those in which the leaf-
lets are all borne on the tip of the leaf-
stalk, as in the Lupine, the Common
Clover, the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 93),
and the Horse-chestnut and Buckeye
(Fig. 159). They evidently answer to
the radiate-veined or palmately-veined
simple leaf. That is, the Clover-leaf of
three leaflets is the same as a palmately
three-ribbed leaf nit into three separate
leaflets. And such a simple fivc-lobed
leaf as that of the Sugar-Maple, if
more cut, so as to separate the parts,
would produce a palmate leaf of five leaflets, like that of the Horse-chestnut
or Buckeye.
152. Either sort of compound leaf may have any number of lenflets ; yet
palmate leaves cannot well have a great many, since they are all crowded
together on the end of the main leaf-stalk. Some Lupines have nine or
eleven; the Horse-chestnut has seven, the Sweet Buckeye more commonly
five, the Clover three. A pinnate leaf often has only seven or live leaflets,
or only three, as in Beans of the genus Phascolus, etc. ; in some rarer cases
only two; in the Orange and Lemon and also in the common I'.arbcrry
there is only one! The joint at the place where the leaflet is united with
the petiole distinguishes this last case from a simple leaf. In other species
of Ihcse genera the lateral leaflets also are present.
1.-,:$. The leaflets of a compound leaf may be either entire (as in Fig.
1-V.-128), w serrate, or lobed, cleft, parted, etc.; in fact, may present all
the variations of simple leaves, and the same terms equally apply to them.
154. When the division is carried so far as to separate what would be
one leaflet iulo two, three, or several, the leaf becomes <!,,<i!,h/ or linec
wnd, either phtnalely or palmnfeh/, as the case may be. For example,
while the clustered leaves of the Honey-Locust are simply pinnate, thai is,
oner pinnate, those on new shoots are f>ipin»afe, or tines pinnate, as in
l"i- K,0. When these leaflets are again divided in the same way, the leaf
Fiu. 159. I'ulmair (,,r digitate) 1-al' <•!' live l.MiMs, »f Hie Swcrt Buckeye.
SECTION 7.J
ORDINARY LEAVES.
50
becomes thrice pinnate, or tripinnate, as iu many Acacias. Tlie Qrst divi-
sions are called Pinna;; the others, Pinnules; and the last, or little blades
themselves, Leaflets.
155. So the palmate leaf, if again
compounded in the same way, be-
comes twice palmate, or, as we say
when the divisions are in threes,
twice ternate (in Latin form biter-
nate) ; if a third time compounded,
thrice ternate or triternate. But
if the division goes still further, ^.
or if the degree is variable, we
simply say that the leaf is decom-
pound ; either palmately or piu-
nately decompound, as the case
may be. Thus, Fig. 161 repre-
sents a four times ternately com-
pound (in other words a ternately
decompound) leaf of a common
Meadow Rue.
156. When the botanist, in de-
scribing leaves, wishes to express
the number of the leaflets, he
may use terms like these : —
Unifoliolate, for a compound
leaf of a single leaflet ; from the
Lathi unum, one, and foliolum, ICO
leaflet.
Bifoliolate, of two leaflets, from the Latin bis, twice, and foliolum, leaflet.
Trifoliolate (or ternats), of three leaf-
lets, as the Clover ; and so on.
Pal-mutely bifoliolate, trifoliolate,
quadrifoliate, plurifoliolate (of several
leaflets), etc. : or else
Pinnately hi-, tri-, quadri-, or pluri-
foliolate (that is, of two, three, four,
five, or several leaflets), as the case
may be : these are terse ways of de-
noting in single phrases both the num-
ber of leaflets and the kind of com-
pounding.
157. Of foliage-leaves having certain peculiarities in structure, the
following may be noted : —
FIG. 160. A twice-pinnate (uliruptly) leaf of the Honey-Locust.
FIG. 161. Ternately decompound leaf of Meadow Rue.
GO
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
15S. Perfoliate Leaves. In these the stem that bears them seems to
run through the blade of the leaf, more or less above its base. A coinmou
Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata, Fie
162) is a familiar illustration. The
lower and earlier leaves show it
distinctly. Later, the plant is apt
to produce some leaves merely
clasping the stem by the sessile
and heart-shaped base, and the
latest may be merely sessile. So
the series explains the peculiarity :
in the formation of the leaf the
bases, meeting amnnd the stem, grow together there.
1.")'.). Connate-perfoliate. Such are tlie upper leaves of true Honey-
suckles. Here (Fig. 163) of the opposite and sessile leaves, some pairs,
especially the uppermost, in the course of their formation unite around the
stem, which thus seems to run through the disk formed by their union.
K)0. Equitant Leaves. While ordinary leaves spread horizontally, and
present one face to the .sky and the. other to the earth, there are some that
present their tip to the sky, and their faces ri^lit and left to the horizon.
Among these an: the fquifniit leaves of the Iris or FIower-de-Luce. In-
sp.-etioii sho\vs that, eaeh leaf \\as formed as if fnhleil lop-flier lei/<///tirixf>
Vic.. \('>'2. A summer branch of Uvulavia perfoliata; lower leaves perfoliate, upper
foril.'dc i-l;i^i'in;,', ii|>i>tTmnst simply scssilo.
Pitt !>'> '• r.:-:iuch of a Hoi)i'\siii'kl.-, \vitli comintc-porfoliate leaves.
Fie,. K, |. l;,,otst.>ck rind i-ipiitant leaves of Iris. 165. A section across the
cluster of lynxes at the l>ulti'iii, .sliowiiiL; thu equitation.
SECTION 7.J
ORDINARY LEAVES.
61
so that what would be the upper surface is within, and all grown together,
except next the bottom, where each leaf covers the next younger one. It
was from their straddling over each other, like a man on horseback (as is
seen in the cross-section, Fig. 165), that Linnaeus, with his lively fancy,
called these Equitaiit leaves.
161. Leaves -with no distinction of Petiole and Blade. The leaves
of Iris just mentioned show one form of this. The flat but narrow leaves
of Jonquils, Daffodils, and the cylindrical leaf of Onions
are other instances. Needle-shaped leaves, like those of
the Pine, Larch, and Spruce, and the awl-shaped as well
as the scale-shaped leaves of Junipers, Red Cedar, and
Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 1GG), are examples.
162. Phyllodia. Sometimes an expanded petiole takes
the place of the blade ; as in numerous New Holland
Acacias, some of which are now common in greenhouses.
Such counterfeit blades are called phyllodia, — meaning
leaf-like bodies. They may be known from true blades
by their standing edgewise, their margins being directed
upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the faces
look upwards and downwards ; excepting in equitant
leaves, as already explained.
163. Falsely Vertical Leaves. These are apparent
exceptions to the rule, the blade standing edgewise in-
stead of flatwise to the stem ; but this position comes
by a twist of the stalk or the base of the
blade. Such leaves present the two
faces about equally to the light. The
Compass-plant (Silphium laciniatum) is
an example. So also the leaves of Bolto-
nia, of Wild Lettuce, and of a vast num-
ber of Australian Myrtaceous shrubs
and trees, which much resemble the
phyllodia of the Acacias of the same
country. They are familiar in Calliste-;
mon, the Bottle-brush Flower, and in
Eucalyptus. But in the latter the
leaves of the young tree have the nor-
mal structure and position.
IG-i. Cladophylla, meaning branch-
leaves. The foliage of Ruseus (the Butcher's Broom of Europe) and of
Myrsiphyllum of South Africa (cultivated for decoration under the false
FIG. 166. Branch of Arbor-Vitae, •with awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves.
FIG. 167. The ambiguous leaf? (cladophyllum) of Myrsiphyllum.
FIG. 168. Same of Ruseus, or Butcher's Broom.
167
168
62
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
name of Smilax) is peculiar and puzzling. If these blades (Fig. 167, 168)
are really leaves, they are most anomalous iu occupying the axil of another
Ira!', reduced to a little scale. Yet they have an upper and lower face, as
s should, although they soon twist, so as to stand more or less edge-
wise. It thev arc branches which have assumed exactly the form and
office of leaves, they arc equally extraordinary in iiot making any further
development. But in Ruscus, flowers are borne on one face, in the axil
of a little scale : and this would seem to settle that they are branches. In
Asparagus just the same things as to position are thread-shaped and
branch-like.
§ 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USE.
165. Leaves for Storage. A leaf may at the same time serve both
ordinary and special uses. Thus in those leaves of Lilies, such as the
common White Lily, which spring from the bulb, the upper and green part
v serves for foliage
and elaborates
nourishment, while
the thickened por-
tion or bud-scale
beneath serves for
the storage of this
nourishment. The
thread-shaped leaf
of the Onion ful-
fils the same office,
and the nourishing
matter it prepares
is deposited in
its sheathing base,
forming one of the
concentric layers of
the onion. "\Vhen
these layers, so thick and succulent, have given up their store to the grow-
ing parts -within, they are left as thin amt dry husks. In a Ilouscleek,
an Aloe or an Agave, the green color of the surface of the fleshy leaf indi-
cates that it- is doing tin; work of foliage; the deeper-seated white por-
tion within is the storehouse of the nourishment which the green surface
lias elaborated. So, also, the seed-leaves or cotyledons are commonly used
for storage. Sonic, as in one of the Maples, the Pea, Horse-chestnut,
Oak, etc., arc for nothing else. Others, as in Beech and in our common
FIG. 169. A yomr,' A;_':ivu Aiiirru'ana. <>r Century-plant;
SECTION 7.]
SPECIAL LEAVES.
G3
Beans, give faint indications of service as foliage also, chiefly in vain. Still
others, as in the Pumpkin and Flax, having served for storage, develop
into the first efficient foliage. Compare
11, 22-30, and the accompanying figures.
\
166. Leaves as Bud-Scales serve to
protect the forming parts within. Hav-
ing fulfilled this purpose they commonly
fall off when the shoot develops and
foliage-leaves appear. Occasionally, as
in Fig. 170, there is a transition of bud-
scales to leaves, which reveals the nature
of the former. The Lilac also shows a
gradation from bud-scale to simple leaf.
In Cornus florida (the Flowering Dog-
wood), the four bud-scales which through
the winter protect the head of forming
flowers remain until blossoming, and then the base of each grows out into
FIG. 170. Series of bud-scales and foliage-leaves from a developing bud of the
Low Sweet Buckeye (/Esculus parviflora), showing nearly complete gradation, from
A scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets; and that the scales answer to reduced
petioles.
J^G. 171. Shoot of common Barberry, showing transition of foliage-leaves to
opines.
G4
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
a large and very showy petal-like leaf ; the original dry scale is apparent
in the notch at, the apex.
107. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants. A familiar instance is
that of the common Barberry (Fig. 171). In almost any summer shoot,
most, of the gradations may be seen between the ordinary leaves, with
sharp bristly teeth, and leaves which are reduced to a branching spine or
thorn. The fact that the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud in
their axil also proves them to be leaves.
168. Leaves for Climbing are various in adaptation. True foliage-
leaves serve this purpose ; as ia Gloriosa, where the attenuated tip of a sim-
ple leaf (othcrwi.se like that of a Lily) hooks around a supporting object;
or in Solanum jasminoides of the gardens (Fig. 172), and in Maurandia,
etc., where the leaf-stalk coils round and clings to a support ; or in the
compound leaves of Clematis and of Adlumia, in which both the leaflets
and their stalks hook or coil around the support.
IG'J. Or in a compound leaf, as in the Pea and most Vetches, and in
Cobfea, while the lower leaflets serve for foliage, some oHhc uppermost
arc developed as tendrils for climbing (Fig. 167). In the common Pea this
is so with all but one or two pairs of leaflets.
170. In one European Vetch, (he leaflels arc wanting and the whole
petiole is a tendril, while the stipules become the only foliage (Fig. 173).
171. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes, arc familiar in the common
Pitcher-plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarraccnia, Fig. 174) of our bogs.
These pitchers arc generally half full of waier, in which (lies and other in-
sects are drowned, often in such numbers as to make a rich manure for the
plant. More curious an- sonic of the southern species of Sarraeenia, which
seem to be specially adapted to the capture and destruction of flies and
other insects.
I'n.. 17'J. Leaves of Sohmuni jasminoides, the petiole adapted for climliini:.
Flu. 173. Leaf of Lalhyrus Apliaca, consisting of a pair of stipules and a tendril.
SECTION 7.]
SPECIAL LEAVES.
65
172. The leaf of Nepenthes (Fig. 175) combines three structures and
uses. The expanded part below is foliage : this tapers into a tendril for
174 175
climbing ; and this bears a pitcher with a lid. Insects are caught, and per-
haps digested, in the pitcher.
173. Leaves as Fly-traps. Insects are
caught in another way, and more expertly,
by the most extraordinary of all the plants
of this country, the Diouaea or Venus's Fly-
trap, which grows in the sandy bogs around
Wilmington, North Carolina. Here (Fig.
176") each leaf bears at-its summit an appen-
dage which opens and shuts, in shape some-
thing like a steel-trap, and operating much
like one. For when open, no sooner does
a fly alight on its surface, and brush against
any one of the two or three bristles that grow
there, than the trap suddenly closes, captur-
ing the intruder. If the fly escapes, the trap
soon slowly opens, and is ready for another
capture. When retained, the insect is after
a time moistened by a secretion from mi-
nute glands of the inner surface, and is
digested. In the various species of Drosera or Sundew, insects are caught
Fin. 174. Leaf of Sarracenia purpurea, entire, and another with the upper part
off.
FIG. 175. Leaf of Nepenthes; foliage, tendril, and pitcher combined.
FIG. 176. Leaves of Dionaea; the trap in one of them open, in the others closed.
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
by sticking fast to very viscid glands at the tip of strong bristles, aided
by adjacent gland-tipped bristles which bend slowly toward the captive.
The use of such adaptations aud operations may be explained in another
place.
§3. STIPULES.
174. A leaf complete in its parts consists of blade, leaf-stalk or petiole,
and a pair of stipules. But most leaves have either fugacious or minute
stipules or none at all; many have no petiole (the blade being sessile or
stalkless) ; some have no clear distinction of blade and petiole ; and many
of these, such as those of the Onion aud
all phyllodia (1 66), consist of petiole only,
175. The base of the petiole is apt to
be broadened and flattened, sometimes
into thin margins, sometimes into a sheath
which embraces the stem at the point of
'} attachment.
178
180
170. Stipules are such appendages, cither wholly or partly separated
from the, petiole. When quite separate they arc said to be free, as in Fiur-
1 1 2. AVhen attached to the base of the petiole, as in the Rose and in
Fiu. 1 77. Leaf of Red Clover: st, stipules, adhering to the base of p, the petiole;
b, lilade of three leaflets.
KM;. 17*. Part of stein and leaf of Frince's-Feather (Polygonum orii-ntaK') with
the united sheathing stipules forming a sheath or ocrca.
Flo. 179. Terminal winter hud of Magnolia Umbrella, natural size. 180. Outer-
most bud-scale (pair of stipules) detached.
SECTION 7.]
THEIR ARRANGEMENT.
67
Clover (Fig. 177), they are adnate. When the two stipules unite and
shoiithe the stem above the insertion, as in Polygonum (Fig. 178), this
sheath is called an Ocrca, from its likeness to a greave or leggin.
177. In Grasses, when the sheathing base of the leaf may answer to
petiole, the summit of the sheath commonly projects as a thin and short
membrane, like an ocrea : this is called a LIGULA or LIGULE.
178. When stipules are green and leaf-like they act as so much foliage.
In the Pea they make up no small part of the actual foliage. In a related
plant (Lathyrus Aphaca, Fig. 173), they make the whole of it, the remainder
of the leaf being tendril.
179. In many trees the stipules are the bud-scales, as in the Beech, and
very conspicuously in the Fig-tree, Tulip-tree, and Magnolia (Fig. 179).
These fall off as the leaves unfold.
ISO. The stipules are spines or prickles in Locust and several other
Leguminous trees and shrubs ; they are tendrils in Smilax or Greeubrier.
§ 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.
181. Phyllotaxy, meaning leaf-arrangement, is the study of the position
of leaves, or parts answering to leaves, upon the stem.
182. The technical name for the attachment of leaves to the stem is
181
182
the insertion,. Leaves (as already noticed, 54) are inserted in three modes.
They are
Alternate (Fig. 181), that is, one after another, or in other words, with
only a single leaf to each node ;
FIG. 181. Alternate leaves, in Linden, Lime-tree, or Basswood.
FIG. 182. Opposite leaves, in Red Maple.
68
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
The so-
Opposite (Fig. 182), when there is a pair to each node, the two leaves in
this case being always mi opposite sides of the stein ;
Wkorled or Vertic.illate (Fig. 183) when there are more than two Ic-
on a node, in which case they divide the circle
equally between them, tunning a Verticvl or whorl.
When there are three Kav, s in the whorl, the
leaves are one third of the circumference apart :
when four, one quarter, and so on. So the plan of
opposite leaves, which is very common, is men 1 y
that of whorled leaves, with the fewest leaves to the
whorl, namely, two.
183. In both modes and in all their modifica-
tions, the arrangement is such as to distribute the
leaves systematically and in a way to give them a
gocd exposure to the light.
184. No two or more leaves ever grow from the same point,
called Fascicled or Clustered leaves are
the leaves of a branch the nodes of
which are very close, just as they are
in the bud, so keeping the leaves in a
cluster. This is evident in the Larch
(Fig. 184), in which examination shows
each cluster to be made up of nume-
rous leaves crowded on a spur or short
axis. In spring there are only such
clusters ; but in summer some of them
lengthen into ordinary shoots with scat-
tered alternate leaves. So, likewise,
each cluster of two or three needle-
shaped leaves in Pilch 1'iues (as in Fig. 185), or of five leaves
in White Pine, answers to a similar extremely short branch,
springing from the axil of a thin and slender scale, which
represents a leaf of the main shoot. For Pines produce two
kinds of leaves, — 1. primary, the proper leaves of the shoots,
not as foliage, but in the shape of delicate scales in spring,
which soon fall away; and 2. secondary, the f,t*nd,;1 leaves,
from buds in the axils of the former, and these form the
actual foliage. l85
Fig. 183. Whorli-d l<-a\vs of Galinni.
Fio. 184. A piece of stem of Larch with two clusters (fascicles) of numerous
leaves.
Fio. 185. Piece of a branch of Pitch Pin.\ with three leaves in a fascicle or 1
die, in the axil of a thin scale which answers 1o a primary h-af. The bundle is sur-
roonded at the base by a short sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the axillary
bud.
SECTION 7.]
THEIR ARRANGEMENT.
69
185. Phyllotaxy of Alternate Leaves. Alternate leaves are distrib-
uted along the stem in an order which is uniform for each species. The
arrangement in all its modifications is said to be spiral, because, if we
diuiw a line from the insertion (i. e. the point of attachment) of one leaf to
that of the next, and so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as
it rises, and in the same species will always bear the same number of leaves
for each turn round the stem. That is, any two successive leaves will
always be separated from each other by an equal portion of the circum-
ference of the stem. The distance in height between any two leaves may
vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that depends upon the length of
the internodes, or spaces between the leaves ; but the distance as measured
around the circumference (in other words, the Angular Divergence, or angle
formed by any two successive leaves) is uniformly the same.
186. Two-ranked. The greatest possible di-
vergence is, of course, where the second leaf stands
on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the
first, the third on the side opposite the second, and
therefore over the first, and the fourlh over the
second. This brings all the leaves into two ranks,
one on one side of the stem and one on the other,
and is therefore called the Two-ranked arrangement.
It occurs in all Grasses, — in Indian Corn, for in-
stance ; also, in the Basswood (Fig. 181). This
is the simplest of all arrangements, and the one
which most widely distributes successive leaves, but
•which therefore gives the fewest vertical ranks.
Next is the
187. Three-ranked arrangement, — that of all
Sedges, and of White Hellebore. Here the second
leaf is placed one third of the way round (lie stem,
the third leaf two thirds of the way round, t he fourth
leaf accordingly directly over the first, the fifth over
the second, and so on. That is, three leaves occur
in each turn round the stem, and they are separated
from each other by one third of the circumference.
(Fig. 186, 187.)
188. Five-ranked is the next in the series, and
the most common. It is seen in the Apple (Fig. 188), Cherry, Poplar,
and the greater number of trees and shrubs. In this case the line traced
from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the stem before it reaches a leaf
FIG. 186. S^-ranked arrangement, shown in a piece of the stalk of a Sedge,
with the leaves cut off above their bases ; the leaves are numbered in order, from
1 to 6. 187. Diagram or cross-section of the same, in one plane; the leaves simi-
larly numbered ; showing two cycles of three.
70
LEAVES.
[SECTION 7.
189
•^— •
X
situated directly over any below (Fig. 189). Here the sixth leaf is over
the first; the leaves stand in five perpendicular ranks, with equal angular
distance from each other; aud this distance between any two successive
leaves is just two fifths of the circumference of the stem.
189. The five-ranked arrangement is expressed by the fraction £. This
fraction denotes the divergence of
the successive leaves, i. e. the an-
gle tln'\ form v, il li c;ich other : the
I ^"7* numerator also expresses the num-
ber of turns made round the stem
by the spiral line in completing
one cycle or set of leaves, namely, < (
two; and the denominator gives
the number of leaves in each cy-
cle, or the number of perpendic-
ular ranks, namely, five. In the
same way the fraction ^ stands for
the two-ranked mode, aud J for
the three-ranked : and so these
different sorts are expressed by
the series of fractions \, \, \. Other cases follow in
the same numerical progression, the next being the
190. Eight-ranked arrangement. In this the ninth
leaf stands over the first, and three turns are made
around the stem to reach it ; so it is expressed by
the fraction •$. This is seen in the Holly, and in the
common Plantain. Then comes the
191. Thirteen-ranked arrangement, in which the
fourteenth leaf is over the first, after five turns around the stem. The
common Houscleek (Fig. 191) is a good example.
192. The series so far, then, is \, \, |, |, -fa; the numerator and the
denominator of each fraction being those of the two next preceding ones
added together. At this rate the next higher should be ^r, then \\, and
so on: and in fact just such cases arc met with, and (commonly) no others.
These higher sorts are found in the Pine Family, both in the leaves and
the cones and in many other plants with small and crowded leaves. But
in those the number of the ranks, or of leaves in each cycle, can only rarely
FIG. 188. Shoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first; as in the
Apple-tree.
Fia. 189. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attach,
ment of one leaf to the next, aud so on ; the parts on the side turned from the eye
are fainter.
FIG. 190. A ground-plan of the same; the section of the leaves similarly num-
bered ; a dotted line drawn from the edge of one leaf to that of the next marks out
the spir.il.
SECTION 7.]
THEIR ARRANGEMENT.
71
be made out by direct inspection. They may be indirectly ascertained, how-
ever, by studying the secondary spirals, as they are called, which usually
become conspicuous, at least two series of them, one
turning to the right and one to the left, as shown in
Fig. 191. For an account of the way in which the
character of the phyllotaxy may be deduced from the
secondary spirals, see Structural Botany, Chapter IV.
193. Phyllotaxy of Opposite and whorled Leaves.
This is simple and comparatively uniform. The leaves
of each pair or whorl are placed over the intervals
between those of the preceding, and therefore under
the intervals of the pair or whorl next above. The
whorls or pairs alternate or cross each other, usually
at right angles, that is, they decussate. Opposite
leaves, that is, whorls of two leaves only, are far com-
moner than whorls of three or four or more members.
This arrangement in successive decussating pairs gives
an advantageous distribution on the stem in four verti-
cal ranks. Whorls of three give six vertical ranks,
and so on. Note that in descriptive botany leaves in
whorls of two are simply called opposite leaves ; and
that the term verticillate or whorled, is employed only
for cases of more than two, unless the latter number
is specified.
194. Vernation or Praefoliation, the disposition
:* the leaf-blades in the bud, comprises two things ; 1st,
the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled,
or packed up in the bud; and 2d, the arrangement
of the leaves in the bud with respect to one another.
The latter of course depends very much upon the
phyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves upon the stem. The
same terms are used for it as for the arrangement of the leaves of the
flower in the flower-bud. See, therefore, " ^Estivation, or Preefloration."
195. As to each leaf separately, it is sometimes straight and open in
vernation, but more commonly it is either bent, folded, or rolled up. When
the upper part is bent down upon the lower, as the young blade in the
Tulip-tree is bent upon the leafstalk, it is said to be Liflexed or Reclined in
vernation. WThen folded by the midrib so that the two halves are placed
face to face, it is Conduplicate (Fig. 193), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry,
and the Oak. When folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is
FIG. 191. A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded)
numbered, and exhibiting the 13-ranked arrangement; and showing secondary
spirals.
FIG. 192. Opposite leaves of Euonymus, or Spindle-tree, showing the successive
pairs crossing each other at right angles.
72
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
Plicate or Plaited (Fig. 194), as in the Maple aud Currant. If rolled, it
may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the Sundew
(Fig. 197), when in unroll-
193 194 196 ing it resembles the head
>^_ A A ^— . ^^ of a crosier, aud is said to
^^r /' * fm ^^^^\ ke drdnate ; or it may be
^Jj I/)/) OV| vC^/7 rolled up parallel with the
"«^W^I ^^m*^ axis, either from one edge
into a coil, when it is Con-
volute (Fig. 195), as in the
Apricot and Plum ; or rolled
from both edges towards
the midrib, — sometimes
inwards, when it is Invo-
lute (Fig. 193), as in the
Violet and Water - Lily ;
sometimes outwards, when it is Revolute (Fig. 196), in the Rosemary and
Azalea. The figures are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf,
in the way they were represented by Linnaeus.
196
198
SECTION VIII. FLOWERS.
196. Flowers are for the production of seed (10). Stems and branches,
which for a time put forth leaves for vegetation, may at length put forth
(lowers for reproduction.
§ 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS, OR INFLOR-
ESCENCE.
197. Flower-buds appear just where leaf-buds appear; that is, they are
either terminal or axillary (47-49). Morphologically, flowers answer to
shoots or branches, and their parts to leaves.
198. In the same species the flowers are usually from axillary buds only,
or from terminal buds only, but in some they are both axillary and
terminal.
199. Inflorescence, which is the name used by Linnaeus to signify mode
of flower-arrangement, is accordingly of three classes : namely, Indeterminate,
when the flowers are in the axils of leaves, that is, are from axillary buds;
Determinate, when they are from terminal buds, and so terminate a stem
or branch ; and Mixed, when these two are combined.
200. Indeterminate Inflorescence (likewise, and for the same reason,
called iinli'jlnite inflorescence} is so named because, as the flowers all come
from axillary buds, the terminal bud may keep on growing and prolong the
stem indefinitely. This is so in Moneywort (Fig. 199).
SECTION 8.]
INFLORESCENCE.
73
201. When flowers thus arise singly from the axils of ordinary leaves,
they are axillary and solitary, not collected into flower-clusters.
202. But when several or many flowers are produced near each other,
the accompanying leaves are
apt to be of smaller size, or of
different shape or character :
then they are called BRACTS,
and the flowers thus brought
together form a cluster. The
kinds of llower-clnsters of the
indeterminate class have re-
ceived distinct names, according to their form and disposition. They are
principally Raceme, Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head, Spadix, Catkin, arid
Panicle.
203. In defining these it will be necessary to use some of the following
terms of descriptive botany which relate to inflorescence. If a flower is
stalkless, i. e. sits directly in the axil or other support, it is said to be
sessile. If raised on a naked stalk of its own (as in Fig. 199) it is pedun-
culate, and the stalk is a PEDUNCLE.
204. A peduncle on which a flower-cluster is raised is a
Common peduncle. That which supports each separate flower
of the cluster is a Partial peduncle., and is generally called a
PEDICEL. The portion of the general stalk along which
flowers are disposed is called the Axis of inforesccnce, or,
when covered with sessile flowers, the Rhachis (hack-bone),
and sometimes the Receptacle. The leaves of a flower-cluster
generally are termed BRACTS. But when bracts of different
orders are to be distinguished, those on the common pedun-
cle or axis, and which have a flower in their axil, keep the
name of bracts ; and those on the pedicels or partial flower-
stalks, if any, that of BRACTLETS or Bracteoles. The for-
mer is the preferable English name.
205. A Raceme (Fig. 200) is that form of flower-cluster
in which the flowers, each on their own foot-stalk or pedicel,
are arranged along the sides of a common stalk or axis of
inflorescence; as in the Lily of the Valley, Currant, Bar-
berry, one section of Cherry, etc. Each flower comes from
the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which, however, is often
so small that it might escape notice, and even sometimes (as
m the Mustard Family) disappears altogether. The lowest blossoms of a
FIG. 199. Piece of a flowering-stem of Moneywort (Lysimachia immmularia,)
with single flowers successively produced in the axils of the leaves, from below
upwards, as the stem grows on.
FIG. 200. A raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (p1), bracts (i), and
bractlets (b'). Plainly the bracts here answer to the leaves iu Fig. 199.
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
raceme are of course the oldest, and therefore open first, and the order of
blossoming is ascending from the bottom to the top. The summit, never
being stopped by ;i terminal flower, nriy go on to grow, and often dms
so (as in the common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral llowcrs one
after another for many weeks.
206. A Corymb (Fig. 202) is the same as a raceme, except that it is
flat and broad, cither convex, or level-topped. That is, a raceme becomes
a corymb by lengthening the lower pedicels while the uppermost remain
202
203
shorter. The axis of a corymb is short in proportion to the lower pedicels.
By extreme shortening of the axis the corymb may be converted into
207. An Umbel (Fig. 203) as iu the Milkweed, a sort of flower-cluster
where the pedicels all spring apparently from the same point, from the top
of the peduncle, so as to resemble, when spreading, the rays of an umbrella ;
whence the name. Here the pedicels are sometimes called the
Rays of the umbel. And the bracts, when brought in this way
into a cluster or circle, form what is called an INVOLUCRE.
208. The corymb and the umbel being more or less level-
topped, bringing the flowers into a horizontal plane or a eon-
vex form, the ascending order of development appears as Cen-
ffi/tefal. That is, the flowering proceeds from the margin or
circumference regularly towards the cent re; the lower flowers
of (lie former answering to the outer ones of the latter.
200. Iu these three kinds of flower-clusters, the flowers are
raised on conspicuous />,'t/t,-rts (20i) or stalks of their own. The
shortening of these pedicels, so as to render the flowers sessile
or nearly so, converts a raceme into a Spike, and a corymb or an
umbel jiito a Head.
210. A Spike is a flower-cluster with a more or less length-
ened axis, along which the flowers arc sessile or nearly so; as in
the Plantain (Fiir. 201.).
A Head (Ciipi/iilHiii) is a round or roundish cluster of flowers,
Fio. 201. A raceme. 202. A corymb. 203. An umbel.
FIG. 204. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort.
SECTION 8.]
INFLORESCENCE.
75
which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in the Button-ball,
Button-bush (Fig. 205), aud Red Clover. It is just what a spike would
were all
become if its axis were shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels
shortened until the flowers became sessile. The head
of the Button-bush is naked ; but that of the Thistle,
of the Dandelion, and the like, is surrounded by empty
bracts, which form an Involucre. Two particular forms
of the spike aud the head have received particular
names, namely, the Spadix and the Catkin.
212. A Spadix is a fleshy spike or head, with small
and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, Indian
Turnip, (Fig. 206), Sweet Flag, etc. It is commonly
surrounded or embraced by a peculiar enveloping leaf,
called a SPATHE.
213. A Catkin, or Ament, is the name given to the
scaly sort of spike of the Birch (Fig. 207) and Alder,
the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of flower-clusters
of the Oak, Hickory, and the like, — the so-called Amen-
taceous trees.
214. Compound flower-clusters of these kinds are
not uncommon. When the stalks which in the sim-
ple umbel are the pedicels of single flowers themselves
branch into an umbel, a Compound Umbel is formed.
FIG. 205. Head of the Button-bush (Cephalanthus).
FIG. 206. Spadix and spathe of the Indian Turnip; the latter cut through below.
FIG. 207. Catkin, or Ament, of Birch.
70
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
This is the inflorescence of Caraway (Fiir. 208), Parsnip, and almost all of
the great family of Umbelliferous (umbel-bearing) plants.
215. The second-
ary or partial umbels
of a compound um-
bel are UMBELLETS.
\\ lien the unibellets
arc subtended by an
in \olucre, this sec-
ondary involucre is
called an IN VOLUCI i..
216. A Compound raceme is a cluster of racemes
racemosely arranged, as in Smilacina racemosa. A
compound corymb is a corymb some branches of which
branch again in the same way, as in Mountain Ash. A
compound spike is a spicately disposed cluster of spikes.
217. A Famcle, such as that of Oats and many
Grasses, is a compound flower-cluster of a more or less
open sort which branches with apparent irregularity,
neither into corymbs nor racemes. Fig. 209 repre-
sents the simplest panicle. It is, as it were, a raceme
of which some of the pedicels have branched so as to
bear a few flowers on pedicels of their own, while
others remain simple. A compound panicle is oi:e that 209
branches in this vay again and again.
218. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the flowers are from
terminal buds. The simplest case is that of a solitary terminal flower, as
c 6 c n r 6 o
211
212
in Fig. 210. This stops the growth of the stem; for its terminal bud, be-
coming a blossom, can no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any
FIG. 208. Compound Umbel of < 'a run-ay.
FIG. 209. Diii.LT.'iiii <>f a simple panicle.
FIG. 210. Diagram of an oppositc-lcavi-d plant, with a single terminal flower.
5211. Same, with a cyme of three flowers ; a, the first flower, of the main axis: 6 6.
those of branches. 212. Same, with flowers also of the third order, c c.
SECTION 8.] INFLORESCENCE. 77
further growth must be from axillary buds developing into brauches. If
such branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms,
the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of stem and
branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts in place of ordi-
nary leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster called
219. A Cyme. This is commonly a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster,
like a corymb, only the blossoms are from terminal buds.
Fig. 211 illustrates the simplest cyme in a plant with oppo-
site leaves, namely, -with three flowers. The middle flower,
a, terminates the stem ; the two others, b b, terminate branches,
one from the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being
later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from the
centre outwards, or is Centrifugal. This is the opposite of
the indeterminate mode, or that where all the flower-buds are
axillary. If flowering branches appear from the axils below,
the lower ones are the later, so that the order of blossoming
continues centrifugal or, which is the same thing, descending,
as in Fig. 213, making a sort of reversed raceme or false ra-
ceme,— a kind of cluster which is to the true raceme just
what the flat cyme is to the corymb.
220. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be
produced from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 212 represents the
case where the branches, b b, of Fig. 211, each with a pair of small leaves
or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and produced the
brauchlets and flowers c c, on each side. It is the continued repetition of
this which forms the full or compound cyme, such as that of the Laures-
tinus, Hobble-bush, Dogwood, and Hydrangea (Fig. 214).
221. A Fascicle (meaning a bundle), like that of the Sweet William
and Lychnis of the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded.
222. A Glomerule is a cyme still more compacted, so as to imitate a
head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers not expanding
ceutripetally, that is, not from the circumference towards the centre.
223. The illustrations of determinate or cymose inflorescence have been
taken from plants with opposite leaves, which give rise to the most regular
cymes. But the Rose, Cinquefoil, Buttercup, etc., with alternate leaves,
furnish also good examples of cymose inflorescence.
22<i. A Cymule (or diminutive cyme) is either a reduced small cyme of
few flowers, or a branch of a compound cyme, i. e. a partial cyme.
225. Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes, of various sorts, are forms of de-
terminate inflorescence (often puzzling to the student) in which one half of
the ramification fails to appear. So that they may be called incomplete
cymes. The commoner forms may be understood by comparing a complete
FIG. 213. Diagram of a simple cyme in which the axis lengthens, so as to take
the form of a. raceme.
78
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
cyme, like that of Fig. 215 with Fig. 216, the diagram of a cyme of an op-
posite-leaved plant, having a series of terminal (lowers and the axis con-
tinued by the development of a branch in the axil of only one of the leaves
at each node. The dotted lines on the left indicate the place of the wanting
branches, which if present would
convert this siorpioid cyme into the
complete one of Fig. 215. Fig. 217
is a diagram of similar inflorescence
with alternate leaves. Both are
kinds of false racemes (219). When
the bracts are also wanting in such
cases, as in many Borragiueous
plants, the true nature of the in-
florescence is very much disguised.
21 G
Flo. 211. Compound cyme of Hydrangea arborescens, with neutral enlarged
flowers round the cin-uinfi-rcnce.
Fio. 215. A complete forking cyme of an Arenaria, or Cliiekweed.
Flo. 216. Diagram of a seorpioid cyme, with opposite leaves or bracts.
FIG. 217. Diagram of analogous seorpioid cyme, with alternate leaves or bracts.
SECTION 8.] ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. 79
226. These distinctions between determinate and indeterminate inflores-
cence, between corymbs and cymes, and between the true and the false
raceme and spike, were not recognized by botanists much more than half
a century ago, aiid even now are not always attended to in descriptions.
It is still usual and convenient to describe rounded or flat-topped and open
ramification as corymbose, even when essentially cymose; also to call the
reversed or false racemes or spikes by these (strictly incorrect) names.
227. Mixed Inflorescence is that in which the two plans are mixed or
combined in compound clusters. A mixed panicle is one in which, while
the primary ramification is of the indeterminate order, the secondary or
ultimate is wholly or partly of the determinate order. A contracted or
elongated inflorescence of this sort is called a THYRSUS. Lilac and Horse-
chestnut afford common examples of mixed inflorescence of this sort. When
loose and open such flower-clusters are called by the general name of
Panicles. The heads of Composite are centripetal; but the branches or
peduncles which bear the heads are usually of centrifugal order.
§ 2. PARTS OR ORGANS OF THE FLOWER.
228. These were simply indicated in Section II. 16. Some parts are
necessary to seed-bearing ; these are Essential Organs, namely, the Stamens
and Pistils. Others serve for protection or for attraction, often for both.
Such are the leaves of the Flower, or the Floral Envelopes.
229. The Floral Envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the
PERIANTH, also Periyone, in Latin form Perigonium. In a flower which
possesses its full number of organs, the floral envelopes are of two kinds,
numely, an outer circle, the CALYX, and an inner, the COROLLA.
230. The Calyx is commonly a circle of green or greenish, leaves, but
not always. It may be the most brightly colored part of the blossom.
Eacli calyx-leaf or piece is called a SEPAL.
231. The Corolla is the inner circle of floral envelopes or flower-leaves,
usually of delicate texture and colored, that is, of some other color than
green. Each corolla-leaf is called a PETAL.
232. There are flowers in abundance whi?h consist wholly of floral envel-
opes. Such are the so-called full double flowers, of which the choicer roses
and camellias of the cultivator are familiar examples. In them, under the
gardener's care and selection, petals have taken the place of both stamens
and pistils. These are monstrous or unnatural flowers, incapable of pro-
ducing seed, and subservient only to human gratification. Their common
name of double flowers is not a sensible one : except that it is fixed by
custom, it were better to translate their Latin name, fores pleni, and call
them full flowers, meaning full of leaves.
233. Moreover, certain plants regularly produce neutral flowers, consist-
big of floral envelopes only. In Fig. 214, some are seen around the margin
80
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
of the cyme in Hydrangea. They are likewise familiar in the Hobble-bush
and in \\ild-Cranlji-rry tree, Viburnum Oxycoccus; where they form an
attractive setting to the cluster of small and comparatively inconspicuous
219
perfect flowers which they adorn. In the Guelder Rose, or Snow-ball ot
ornamental cultivation, all or most of the blossoms of this same shrub are
transformed into neutral flowers.
231. The Essential Organs are likewise
of two kinds, placed one above or within
the other ; namely, first, the STAMENS or
fertilizing organs, and second, the PISTILS,
which arc to be fertilized and bear the
seeds.
235. A Stamen consists of two parts,
namely, the FILAMKNT or .-stalk (Fig. 219 a),
and the ANTIIKR (/;). The latter is tin- only
essential part. Tt is a case, commonly witli two lobes or cells, each opening
lengthwise by a slit, at the proper time, and discharging a powder or dust-
like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder is the POLLEN, or
fertilizing matter, to produce which is the office of the stamen.
236. A Pistil (Fig. 220, 221) when complete, has three parts; OVARY,
STYLK, and STIGMA. The Ovary, at base, is the hollow portion, which con-
tains one or more OVULES or rudimentary seeds. The Stylr is the-tapering
Fir,. 218. A flns plen UK, namely, a full double flower of Rose.
Fro. 219. A stamen : a, filament : b, anther, discharging pollen.
FIG. 220. A pistil; with ovary, a, half cut away, to show the contained ovules ;
b, style; c, stigma.
SECTION 8.]
PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
81
portion above : the Stigma is a portion of the style, usually its tip, with
moist iiaked surface, upon which grains of pollen may
lodge and adhere, and thence make a growth which ex-
tends down to the ovules. When there is no style then
the stigma occupies the tip of the ovary.
237. The Torus or Receptacle is the end of the
flower-stalk, or the portion of axis or stem out of which
the several organs of the flower grow, upon which they
are borne (Fig. 223).
23S. The parts of the flower are thus disposed on the
receptacle or axis essentially as are leaves upon a very
short stem ; first the sepals, or outer floral leaves ; then
the petals or inner floral leaves ; then the stamens ; lastly,
at summit or centre, the pistils, when there are two or
more of them, or the single pistil, when only one. Fig.
223 shows the organs displayed, two of each kind, of such
a simple and symmetrical flower as that of a Sedum or
Stouecrop, Fig. 222.
221
§ 3. PLAN OF FLOWER.
239. All flowers are formed upon one general plan, but with almost in-
finite variations, and many disguises. This common plan is best understood
by taking for a type, or standard for comparison, some perfect, complete,
222
r, and symmetrical blossom, and one as simple as such a blossom
could well be. Flowers are said to be
Perfect (hermaphrodite}, when provided with both kinds of essential or-
gans, i. e. with both stamens and pistils.
Complete, when, besides, they have the two sets of floral envelopes, namely,
FIG. 221. Model of a simple pistil, with ovary cut across and slightly opened
ventrally, to show the ovules and their attachment.
FIG. 222. Flower of Sedum ternatum, a Stonecrop.
FIG. 223. Parts of same, two of each kind, separated and displayed ; the torus or
receptacle in the centre; a, a sepal ; b, a petal ; c, a stamen ; d, a pistil.
6
82
FLOWERS.
[SECTION s.
225
calyx and corolla. Such are completely furnished with all that belongs to
a flower.
Regular, when all the parts of each set are alike in shape and size.
Symmetrical, when there is au equal number of parts in each set or circle
of organs.
240. Flax-flowers were taken for a pattern in Section II. 16. But in
them the live pistils have their ovaries as it were consolidated into one body.
Sedum, Pig. 222, has the pistils and all the other parts
free from such combination. The flower is perfect,
complete, regular, and symmetrical, but is not quite
as simple as it might be ; for there are twice as many
stamens as there are of the other organs. Crassula,
a relative of Sedum, cultivated in the conservatories
for winter blossoming (Fig. 224) is simpler, being
isostemonous, or with just as many stamens as petals or
sepals, while Sedum is diplostemonous, having double
that number : it has, indeed, two sets of stamens.
241. Numerical Plan. A certain number either
runs through the flower or is discernible in some of
its parts. This number is most commonly either five
or three, not very rarely four, occasionally two. Thus
the ground-plan of the flowers thus far used for illus-
tration is five. That of Trillium (Fig. 226, 227) is
three, as it likewise is as really, if not as plainly, in Tulips and Lilies, Crocus,
Iris, and all that class of blossoms. In some Scdums all the flowers are
in fours. In others the first flowers are
on the plan of five, the rest mostly on
the plan of four, that is, with four sepals,
four petals, eight
stamens (i. e. twice
four), and four pis-
tils. Whatever the
ground number may
be, it runs through
the whole in symmet-
rical blossoms. 227 226
242. Alternation of the successive Circles. In these flowers the
parts of the successive circles alternate, ; and such is the rule. That is,
Fio. 224. Flower of a Crassnla. 225. Diagram or ground-plan of same.
Fio. 226. Flower of a Trillium; its juris in threes.
Fio. 227. Diagram of flower of Trillium. In tliis, as in all such diagrams of cross-
section of Mossoms, the jwts of the outer circle represent the calyx ; the next, co-
rolla; witliin. stamens (here in two circles of three each, and the cross-section is
through the anthers) ; in the centre, section of three ovaries joined into a compound
one of three cells
SECTION 8.] PLAN OF THE FLOWER, 83
the petals stand over the intervals between the sepals ; the stamens, when,
of the same number, stand over the intervals between the petals ; or when
twice as many, as in the Trillium, the outer set alternates with the petals,
and the inner set, alternating with the other, of course stands before the
petals; and the pistils alternate with these. This is just as it should be oil
the theory that the circles of the blossom answer to whorls of leaves, which
alternate in this way. While in such flowers the circles are to be regarded
as whorls, in others they are rather to be regarded as condensed spirals of
alternate leaves. But, however this may be, in the mind of a morphological
botanist,
2i3. Flowers are altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered
leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and lengthened
into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to accomplish other
purposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis remains short, nearly
as it, is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain close together in sets or
circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx, generally partake more or less
of the character of foliage ; the next set are more delicate, and form the co-
rolla, while the rest, the stamens and pistils, appear under forms very dif-
ferent from those of ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production
of seed. This view gives to Botany an interest which one who merely no-
tices the shape and counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding
their plan, has no conception of.
244. That flowers answer to branches may be shown, first, from their
position. As explained in the section on Inflorescence, flowers arise from
the same places as branches, and from no other; flower-buds, like leaf-buds,
appear either on the summit of a stem, that is, as a terminal bud, or in the
axil of a leaf, as an axillary bud. And, as the plan of a symmetrical flower
shows, the arrangement of the parts on their axis or receptacle is that of
leaves upon the stem.
245. That the sepals and petals are of the nature of leaves is evident
from their appearance ; they are commonly called the leaves of the flower.
The calyx is most generally green in color, and foliaceous (leaf-like) in
texture. And though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper
leaves always green. In our wild Painted-cup, and in some scarlet Sages,
common in gardens, the leaves just under the flowers are of the brightest
red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla itself. And
sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina Allspice) there is such a
regular gradation from the last leaves of the plant (bracts or bractlets) into
the leaves of the calyx, that it is impossible to say where the one ends and
the other begins. If sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no
clearly fixed limit between them. Not only in the Carolina Allspice and
Cactus (Fig. 229), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 228) and in a variety of
flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete transi-
tion between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell how many of the
leaves belong to the oue^ and how many to the other.
84
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
246. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and there-
fore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions that occur
between the one and the
other in many blos-
soms ; especially in cul-
tivated flowers, such as
Roses and Camellias,
when they begin to
double, that is, to change
their stamens into pet-
als. Some wild and
natural flowers show
the same interesting
transitions. The Caro-
lina Allspice and the
White Water-Lily ex-
hibit complete grada-
tions not only between
sepals and petals, but
between petals and stamens. The sepals of our Water-Lily are green out-
side, but whit.: and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows,
gradually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower; some of these
are tipped with a trace of a yellow
anther, but still are petals; the
next are more contracted and sta-
men-like, bnt with a flat petal-like
filament ; and a further narrow-
ing of this completes the genuine
stamen.
247. Pistils and stamens now
and then change into each other in
s e Willows; pistils often turn
into petals ill cultivated llo\\rrs ;
and in the Double Cherry they
arc occasionally replaced by small
i; reel i leaves. Sometimes a whole
blossom changes into a cluster of
green leaves, as in the "green
roses" occasionally noticed in gar-
dens, atrl sometimes it degenerates into a leafy branch. So the botanist
regards pistils also as answering to leaves; that is, to single leaves when
simple and separate, to a whorl of leaves when conjoined.
FIG. 223. Series <>f sepals, petals, and stamens of White Water-Lily, showing
Uic transitions.
VIG. 229. A Cactus blossom.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
§ 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
248. The Deviations, as they may be called, from the assumed type or
pattern of flower are most various and extensive. The differences between
one species and another of the same genus are comparatively insignificant ;
those between dilFerent genera are more striking ; those between different
families and classes of plants more and more profound. They represent
different adaptations to conditions or modes of life, some of which have
obvious or probable utilities, although others are beyond particular expla-
nation. The principal modifications may be conveniently classified. First
those which iii place of perfect (otherwise called hermaphrodite or bisexual)
flowers, give origin to
2i9. Unisexual, or Separated, or Diclinous Flowers, imperfect flow-
ers, as they have been called in contradistinction to perfect flowers ; but that
term is too ambiguous. In
these some flowers want the
stamens, while others want the pistils. Taking
hermaphrodite flowers as the pattern, it is natural
to say that the missing organs are suppressed. This
expression is justified by the very numerous cases
in which the missing parts are abortive, that is,
are represented by rudiments or vestiges, which
serve to exemplify the plan, although useless as
to office. Unisexual flowers are
Monoecious (or Monoicous, i. e. of one household), when flowers of both
sorts or sexes are produced by the same individual plant, as in the Ricinus
or Castor-oil Plant, Fig. 230.
Dioecious (or Dioicous, i. e. of separate households), when the two kinds
are borne on different plants ; as in Willows, Poplars, Hemp, and Moon-
seed, Fig. 231, 232.
Polygamous, when the flowers are some of them perfect, and some
stain mate or pistillate only.
FIG. 230. Unisexual flowers of Castor-oil plant : s, staminate flower ; p, pistillate
flower.
FIG. 231, staminate, and 232, pistillate flower of Moonseed.
8G
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
250. A blossom having stamens and no pistil is a Staminute or Male
flower. Sometimes it is called a Sterile flower, not appropriately, for other
flowers may equally be sterile. One having pistil but no stamens is a
Pistillate or Fi-iiiale flower.
251. Incomplete Flowers are so named
in contradistinction to complete : they want
either one or both of the floral envelopes.
Those of Fig. 230 are incomplete, having ca-
lyx but no corolla. So is the flower of Anem-
one (Fig. 233), although
its calyx is colored like a
corolla. The flowers of
SaururusorLizard's-tail,
although perfect, have neither calyx nor corolla (Fig.
234). Incomplete flowers, accordingly, are
Silked or Achlamydeous, destitute of both floral en-
velopes, as in Fig. 234, or
Apetalous, when wanting only the corolla. The case of corolla present
and calyx wholly wanting is extremely rare, although there are seeming
instances. In fact, a single or simple perianth is taken to be a calyx,
unless the absence or abortion of a calyx can be made evident.
252. In contradistinction to
regular and symmetrical, very
many flowers are
Iffcyular, that is, with the
members of some or all of the
floral circles unequal or dissim-
ilar, and
Unsymmetrical, that is, when
the circles of the flower or
some of them differ in the num-
ber of their members. (Sym-
metrical and nusymmetrieal are
used in a different sense in some
recent books, but the older use
should be adhered to.) "Want
of numerical symmetry and
irregularity commonly go to-
gether; and both are common.
Indeed, few flowers are entirely
FIG. 233. Flower of Anemone Pemisylvaniea; apctalmis, hermaphrodite.
FIG. 234. Flower of Saururus or Lizard's-tail; naked, Imt hermaphrodite.
FIG. 235. Flower of Mustard. 23r>. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged.
FlG. 237. Flower of a Violet. 238. Its calyx and corolla displayed: the five
smaller parts are the sepals; the five intervening larger ones are the petals.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
87
symmetrical beyond calyx, corolla, and perhaps stamens ; and probably no
irregular blossoms are quite symmetrical.
253. Irregular and Unsymmetrical Flowers may therefore be illus-
•2-11
trated together, beginning with cases
which are comparatively free from other
complications. The blossom of Mustard,
and of all the very natural family which
it represents (Fig. 235, 236), is regular
but unsymmetrical in the stamens. There
are four equal sepals, four equal petals ;
but six stamens, and only two members
in the pistil, which for the present may
FIG. 239. Flower of a Larkspur. 240. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five
i/arger parts are the sepals; the four smaller, of two shapes, are the petals; the
place of the fifth petal is vacant. 241. Diagram of the same ; the place for the
missing petal marked by a dotted line.
FIG. 242. Flower of a Monkshood. 243. Its parts displayed; five sepals, the up-
per forming the hood; the two lateral alike, broad and flat; the two lower small.
The two pieces under the hood represent the corolla, reduced to two odd-shaped
petals; in centre the numerous stamens and three pistils. 244. Diagram of the
calyx and corolla ; the three dotted lines in the place of missing petals.
88
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
be left out of view. The want of symmetry is in the stamens. These are in
two circles, an outer and an inner. The outer circle consists of two stamens
only; the inner has its proper number of four. The flower of A^iolet, which
is on the plan of five, is symmetrical in calyx, corolla, and stamens, inas-
much as each of these circles consists of five members ; but it is conspicu-
ously irregular in the corolla, one of the petals being very different from the
rest.
254. The flowers of Larkspur, and of Monkshood or Aconite, which are
nearly related, are both strikingly irregular in calyx and corolla, and con-
siderably unsyrnmetrical. In Larkspur (Fig. 239-241) the irregular calyx
consists of live sepals, one of which, larger tliau the rest, is prolonged be-
hind into a large sac or spur; but the corolla is of only four petals (of two
shapes), — the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And
the Monkshood (Fig. 242-244) has five very dissimilar sepals, and a corolla
of only two very small and curiously-shaped petals, — the three needed to
make up the symmetry being left out. The stamens in both are out of
symmetry with the ground-plan, being numerous. So are the pistils, which
are usually diminished to three, sometimes to two or to one.
255. Flowers with Multiplication of Parts are very common. The
stamens are indefinitely numerous
in Larkspur and in Monkshood
(Fig. 242, 243), while the pistils
are fewer than the ground-plan
suggests. Most Cactus-flowers
have all the organs much in-
creased in number (Fig. 229),
and so of the Water-Lily. In
Anemone (Fig. 233) the stamens
245 and pistils are multiplied while
the petals are left out. In Buttercups or Crowfoot, while the sepals and
petals conform to the ground-plan of five, both stamens and pistils are indefi-
nitely multiplied (Fig. 215).
256. Flowers modified by Union of Parts, so that these parts more
or less lose the appearance of separate leaves or other organs growing out
of the end of the stem or receptacle, arc extremely common. There are two
kinds of such union, namely : -
Coalescence of parts of the same circle by their contiguous margins; and
Adnation, or the union of adjacent circles or unlike parts.
257. Coalescence is not rare in leaves, as in the upper pairs of Honey-
suckles, Fig. 16o. It may all the more be expected in the crowded circles
or whorls of flower-leaves. Datura or Stramonium (Fig. 246) shows this
coalescence both in ralyx and corolla, the five sepals and the five petals be-
iiiLT thus united to near their tips, each into a tube or long and narrow cup.
These unions make needful the following terms : -
FIG. 245. Flower of Uaiumculus bulbosut-, or Buttercup, iu section.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
89
Gamopetalous, said of a corolla the petals of which are thus coalescent
into one body, whether only at base or higher. The union may extend to
the very summit, as in Morning Glory and
the like (Fig. 247), so that the number of
petals in it may not be apparent. The old
name for this was Monopetalous, but that
means " oue-petalled ; " while gamopetalous
means " petals united," and therefore is the
proper term.
Polypetalous is the counterpart term, to
denote a corolla of distinct, that is, separate
petals. As it means " many petalled," it is
not the best possible name, but it is the old
one and in almost universal use.
Gamosepalous applies to the calyx when
the sepals are in this way uuited.
Polysepalous, to the calyx when of sepa-
rate sepals or calyx-leaves.
25S. Degree of union or of separation in
descriptive botany is expressed in the same
way as is the lobing of leaves (139). See
"Fig. 249-253, and the explanations.
259. A corolla when gamopetalous com-
monly shows a distinction (well marked in
Fig. 249-251) between a contracted tubular
portion below, the TUBE, and the spread-
ing part above, the BORDER or LIMB. The
junction between tube and limb, or a more
or less enlarged upper portion of the tube
between the two, is the THROAT. The
same is true of the calyx.
260. Some names are given to partic-
ular forms of the gamopetalous corolla,
applicable also to a gamosepalous calyx,
such as
Wheel-shaped, or Rotate; when spread-
ing out at once, without a tube or with
a very short one, something in the shape
of a wheel or of its diverging spokes, Fig.
252, 253.
Salver-shaped, or Salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is raised on
FIG. 240. Flower of DatMra Stramonium ; gamosepalous and gamopetalous.
FIG. 247. Funnelfonn corolla of a common Morning Glory, detached from it*
polysepalous calyx.
90 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8.
9 narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles, like the salver rq>-
251
resented in old pictures, with a slender
handle beneath, Fig. 249-251, 255.
Bell-shaped, or Campanulate ; where
a short and broad tube widens upward,
in the shape of a bell, as in Fig. 254.
Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form; grad- 252
ually spreading at the summit of a tube which is narrow below, in tho
254 255 256 257 25S
shape of ;i funnel or tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning
(Jlnrv (Fig. 247) and of the Stramonium (Fig. 246).
FIQ. 248. Polypetalous corolla of Soapwort, of five petals with long claw? or
stalk -like bases.
FIG. 249. Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the
tube answering to the long claws in 248, except that they are coalescent: the limb
or bonlrr (the spreading part above) is fin--}>i-irtt'<l, that is, the petals not there
united except at very base.
FIG. 250. Flower of Cypress-vine (Tpomcea Quamoclit); like preceding, but limb
FIG. 251. Flower of Ipomma coccinea; limb almost entire.
FIG. 252. Wheel-shaped or rotate ami li\ e Billed corolla of Bittersweet, Solatium
Dulcamara. 'J5o. Wheel-shaped and live -lobed corolla of Potato.
KID. 2"il, Flower of a Campanula or I Ian-bell, with a cam] emulate or bell-shaped
corolla; 255, of a Phlox, with salver-shaped corolla; 256. of Dead-Nettle (Lamium),
with labiate rini/rnt (or gaping) corolla; 'Jf>7, of Snapdragon, with labiate person-
ate corolla; 258, of Toad-Flax, with a similar corolla spurred at the base.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
91
Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, with little or no spreading at the
border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx of Stra-
monium (Fig. 246), etc.
261. Although sepals and petals are usually all blade or lamina (123),
like a sessile leaf, yet they may have a coutracled and stalk-like base, an-
swering to petiole. This
is called its CLAW, in
Latin Unyuis. Unguicu-
late petals are universal
and strongly marked in
the Pink tribe, as in
Soapwort (Fig. 248).
262. Such petals, and,
various others, may have
nn outgrowth of the in-
ner face into an appendage or fringe, as in Soapwort, and iu Sileue (Fig.
259), where it is at the junction of
claw aud blade. This is called a
CROWN, or Corona. In Passion-
flowers (Fig. 260) the crown consists
of numerous threads on the base of
each petal.
263. Irregular Flowers may be
polypetalous, or nearly so, as in the
papilionaceous corolla; but most of
them are irregular through coales-
cence, which often much disguises
the numerical symmetry also. As
affecting the corolla the following
forms have received particular names :
264. Papilionaceous Corolla,
Fig. 261, 262. This is polypetalous,
except that two of the petals cohere,
usually but slightly. It belongs only
to the Leguminous or Pulse family.
The name means butterfly-like ; but
the likeness is hardly obvious. The
names of the five petals of the
papilionaceous corolla are curiously
incongruous. They are,
FIG. 259. Ungniculate (clawed) petal of a Silene; with a two-parted crown.
FIG. 260. A small Passion-flower, with crown of slender threads.
FIG. 261. Front view of a papilionaceous corolla. 262. The parts of the same,
displayed : s, Standard, or Vexillum ; w, Wings, or Alse ; k, Keel, or Carina.
92
FLOWERS.
[SECTION
The STAND \Ki) or Banner (/>./•///,//,/), tlic large upper petal which is
external in tlir hud and wrapped around tho others.
The \ViM.s (.//->•), i he pair of side petals, of quite different shape from
the standard.
The Ki i.i, (< ',i,-i,ia), the two lower aiid usually smallest petals ; these are
lightly coalesceut into a body which bears some likeness, not to the keel,
but to the prow of a boat; and this encloses the stamens and pistil. A
Pea-blossom is a typical example ; the present illustration is from a species
of Locust, Robinia hispida.
265. Labiate Corolla (Fig. 256-25S), which would more properly have
been called Bilabiate, that is, two-lipped.
This is a common form of gamopetalons co-
rolla ; and the calyx is often bilabiate also.
These flowers are all on the plan of five ;
and the irregularity in the corolla is owing
to unequal union of the petals as well as to
diversity of form. The two petals of the
upper or posterior side of the flower unite
with each other higher up than with the
lateral petals (in Fig. 256, quite to the top),
forming the Upper lip : the lateral and the
lower similarly unite to form the Lower lip.
The single notch which is generally found
at the summit of the upper lip, and the two
notches of the lower lip, or in other words
the two lobes of the upper and the three of
the lower lip, reveal the real composition.
So also docs the alternation of these five
parts with those of the calyx outside. When
the calyx is also bilabiate, as in the Sage,
this alternation gives three lobes or sepals
to the upper and two to the lower lip. Two
forms of the labiate corolla have been desig-
nated, vi/. : —
Ringeni or Gaping, when the orifice is
wide open, as in Fig. 256.
Perxuitufc or Muxla-il, when a protube-
rance or intrusion of the base of the lower
lip (called a Palate) projects over or closes
the orifice, as in Snapdragon and Toad-Flax, Fig. 257. 258.
Fi<:. 263. C.>n.lla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens; the
cross shows where the fifth stamen would lie, if present.
I'n:. 264. Corolla, laid open, and .stamens of Pentstemon grandifiorus, with a
sterile filament in the place of the fifth stamen, and representing it.
FIG. 265. Corolla of Catalpa laid open, displaying two good stamens and three
abortive ones or vestiges.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
93
206. There are all gradations between labiate and regular corollas. In
those of Gerardia, of some species of Peutstemon, and of Catalpa (Fig.
263-265), the labiate character is slight, but is manifest on close inspection.
In almost all such flowers the plan of five, which is obvious or ascertain-
able in the calyx and corolla, is obscured in the stamens by the abortion or
suppression of one or three of their number.
267. Ligulate Corolla. The ligulate or Strap-shaped corolla mainly
belongs to the fernily of Composite, in which numerous small flowers are
266
gathered into a head, within an involucre that imitates a calyx. It is best
exemplified in the Dandelion and in Chiccory (Fig- 266). Each one of
these straps or Ligules, looking like so many petals, is the corolla of a dis-
tinct flower : the base is a short tube, which opens out into the ligule : the
five minute teeth at the end indicate the number of constituent petals. So
this is a kind of graraopetalous corolla, which is open along one side nearly
FIG. 266. Two flower-heads of Chiccory.
FIG. 267. One of them half cut away, better showing some of the flowers.
'J4
FLOWEKS.
[SECTION 8.
to the base, and outspread. The nature of such a corolla (and of the sta-
mrns also, to he explained in the next section) is illustrated by the flower
of a Lobelia, Fit:. ^f>.
268. In Asters, Daisies, Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 268), and the like.
only the marginal (or Ray) corollas are ligulate ; the rest (those of the
Disk) ar« regularly gamopetalous,
tubular, aud u've-lobed at summit ;
but they are small and individually
inconspicuous, only the ray-Jtuicers
making a show. In fact, those of
Coreopsis and of Sunflower are
simply for show, these ray-flowers
being not only sterile, but neutral,
that is, having neither stamens
nor pistil. But in Asters, Daisies,
Golden-rods, aud the like, these ray-flowers are pistillate and fertile, serving
therefore for seed-bearing as well as for show. Let it not be supposed that
the show is useless. See Section XIII.
260. Adnation, or Consolidation, is the union of the members of parts
belonging to dim-rent circles of the flower (256). It is of course under-
stood that in this (as likewise in coalescence) the parts are not formed and
then conjoined, bat are produced in union. They are born united, as the
term adnate implies. To illustrate this kind of union, take the accompany-
ing series of flowers (Fig. 270-274), shown in vertical section. In the
first, Fig. 270, Flax-flower, there is no adnation ; sepals, petals, and sta-
mens, are free as well as distinct, being separately borne on the receptacle,
one circle within or above the next ; only the five pistils have their ovaries
coalescent. In Fig. 271, a Cherry flower, the petals aud stamens are borne
on the throat of the calyx-tube ; that is, the sepals are coalescent into a cup,
and the petals and stamens are adnate to the inner face of this; in other
FIG. 2GS. Head of flowers of a Coreopsis, divided lengthwise.
FIG. 269. A slice of the preceding more enlarged, with one tubular perfect flower
(a) left standing on the receptacle, with its bractlet or chaff (i), one ligulate, and
neutral ray-flower (cc), and part of another; dd, section of bracts or leaves of the
involucre.
SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.
95
270
words, the sepals, petals, and stamens are all consolidated up to a certain
height. In Fig. 272, a Purslane-flower, the same parts are adnate to or
consolidated with the ovary up to
its middle. In Fig. 273, a Haw-
thorn-flower, the consolidation has
extended over the whole ovary ;
and petals and stamens are adnate
to the calyx still further. In Fig.
274, a Cranberry-blossom, it is the
same except that all the parts are
free at the same height; all seem
to arise from the top of the ovary.
270. In botanical description,
to express tersely such differences
in the relation of these organs to
the pistil, they are said to be
Hypogynuus (i. e. under the pis-
til) when they are aRfree, that is,
not adnate to pistil nor connate
with each other, as in Fig. 270.
Perigynous (around the pistil)
when connate with each other,
that is, when petals and stamens
are inserted or borne on the calyx,
whether as in Cherry -flowers (Fig.
271) they are free from the pistil,
or as in Purslane and Hawthorn
(Fig. 272, 273) they are also ad-
iiate below to the ovary.
Epigynous (on the ovary) when
so aduate that all these parts ap-
pear to arise from the very summit of the ovary, as in Fig. 274. The
last two terms are not very definitely distinguished.
271. Another and a simpler form of expression is to describe parts of
the flower as being
Free, when not united with or inserted upon other parts.
Distinct, when parts of the same kind are not united. This term is the
counterpart of coalescent, as free is the counterpart of adnate. Many
writers use the term " free " indiscriminately for both ; but it is better to
distinguish them.
FIG. 270 Flax-flower in section; the parts all free, — hypogyuous.
FIG. 271. Cherry-flower in section ; petals and stamens adnate to tube of calyx, —
perigynous.
FIG. 272. Purslane-flower in section; calyx, petals, stamens, all adnate to lower
half of ovary, — perigynous.
96
FLOWERS.
[SECTION 8.
Connate is a terra common for either not free or not distinct, that is, fox
parts united congenitally, whether of same or of different kinds.
Adnate, as properly used, relates to the union of dissimilar parts.
272. In still another form of ex-
pression, the terms superior and
inferior have been much used in
the sense of above and below.
Superior is said of the ovary of
Flax-flower, Cherry, etc., because
above the other parts; it is equiv-
alent to "ovary free." Or it is
said of the calyx, etc., when above
the ovary, as in Fig. 273-275.
Inferior, when applied to the
ovary, means tlie same as " calyx
acluate ; " when applied to the !l<>-
ral envelopes, it means that they
are free.
273. Position of Flower or
of its Parts. The terms superior
and inferior, or upper and lower,
are also used to indicate the relative
position of the parts of a flower in
reference to the axis of infloros-
'\tf\B
274
cence. An axillary flower stands between the bract or leaf which sub-
tends it and the axis or stem which bears this bract
or leaf. This is represented in
sectional diagrams (as in Fig. 275,
270) by a transverse line for the
bract, and a small circle for the axis
of inflorescence. Now the side of
the blossom which faces the bract
is the
^interior, or Inferior, or Lower side ;
while the side next the axis is the
Posterior, or Superior, or Upper side of the flower.
271. So, in the labiate corolla (Fig. 250-258), the lip which is composed
of three of the five petals is the (tntrrior, or inferior, or loicer lip; the other
is the posterior, or superior, or upper lip.
Flo. '2~'''>. Hawthorn-blossom in sect ion; parts agnate to whole face of ovary,
ami with each other lirynml; another jrrade of prrL'ynous.
Fio. 274. Cranberry-blossom in section ; parts episrynous.
Fio. 275. Diagram of papilionaceous flower (Robinia, Fig. 261), with bract be-
low; axis of inflorescence above.
Fio. 276. Diagram of Violet-flower; showing the relation of parts to bract and
it7o
a MS.
SECTION 8.] ARRANGEMENTS IN THE BUD. 97
275. In Violets (Fig. 238, 276), the odd sepal is posterior (next the
axis) ; the odd petal is therefore anterior, or next the subtending leaf. In
the papilionaceous flower (Fig. 261, and diagram, Fig. 275), the odd sepal is
anterior, and so two sepals are posterior; consequently, by the alternation,
the odd petal (the standard) is posterior or upper, and the two petals form-
in": the keel are anterior or lower.
§ 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD.
276. Estivation was the fanciful name given by Linnaeus to denote
the disposition of the parts, especially the leaves of the flower, before An-
thesis, i. e. before the blossom opens. Pr&floration, a better term, is some-
times used. This is of importance in distinguishing different families or
genera of plants, being generally uniform in each. The aestivation is best
seen by making a slice across the flower-bud ; and it may be expressed in
diagrams, as in the accompanying figures.
277. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each other in
the bud, or they do not. When they do not overlap, the aestivation is
Falcate, when the pieces meet each other by their
abrupt edges, without any infolding or overlapping ;
as the calyx of the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 277).
Jnduplicate. which is valvate with the margins of
each piece projecting inwards, as in the calyx of a
common Virgin's-bower, Fig. 278, or
Involute, which is the same but the margins rolled
inward, as in most of the large-flowered species of
Clematis, Fig. 279.
Reduplicate, a rarer modification of valvate, is similar but with, margins
projecting outward.
Open, the parts not touching in the bud, as
the calyx of Mignonette.
278. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it
is in one of two ways ; either every piece has
one edge in and one edge out, or some pieces
are wholly outside and others wholly inside. In
the first case the aestivation is
Convolute, also named Contorted or Twisted, as in Fig. 280, a cross-sec-
tion of a corolla very strongly thus convolute or rolled up together, and in
the corolla of a Flax-flower (Fig. 281), where the petals only moderately
overlap in this way. Here one edge of every petal covers the next before
FIG. 277. Diagram of a flower of Linden, showing the calyx valvate and corolla
imbricate in the hud, etc.
FIG. 278. Valvate-indnplicate scstivation of calyx of common Virgin's-bower.
FIG. 279. Valvate-involute aestivation of same in Vine-bower, Clematis Vitialla.
7
98
STAMENS.
[SECTION 9.
it, while its other edge is covered by the next behind it. The other mode
is the
Lubricate or Imbricated, in which the outer parts cover or overlap the
inner so as to "break joints," like tiles
or shingles on a roof; whence the name.
When the parts are three, the first or /I
outermost is wholly external, the third
wholly internal, the second has one
margin covered by the first while the
other overlaps the third or innermost
piece: this is the arrangement of alternate three-
ranked leaves (187). When there are five pieces, as in the corolla of Fig.
225, and calyx of Fig. 281, as also of Fig. 241, 276, two are external,
two are internal, and one (the third in the spiral) has one edge covered
by the outermost, while its other edge covers the in-
nermost; which is just the five-ranked arrangement of
alternate leaves (188). When the pieces are four, two
are outer and two are inner ; which answers to the ar-
rangement of opposite leaves.
279. The imbricate and the convolute modes some-
times vary one into the other, especially in the corolla.
280. In a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalous calyx,
the shape of the tube in the bud may sometimes be notice-
able. It may be
Plicate or Plaited, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the
plaits may either be turned outwards, forming projecting
ridges, as in the corolla of Campanula; or turned in-
wards, as in that of Gentian Belladonna ; or
Supervolute, when the plaits are convolutely wrapped
round each other, as in the corolla of Morning Glory and of Stramonium,
Fig. 282.
^^^
282
SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR.
281. Androecium is a technical name for the stamiuate system of a
flower (that is, for the stamens taken together), which it is sometimes con-
venient to use. The preceding section has dealt with modifications of the
flower pertaining mainly to calyx and corolla. Those relating to the sta-
mens are now to be indicated. First as to
FIG. 280. Convolute aestivation, as in the corolla-lobes of Oleander.
Fio. 281. Diagram of a Flax-flower ; calyx imbricated and corolla convolute in
the bud.
FIG. 282. Upper part of corolla of Datura Stramonium in the bud ; and bulow
a section showing the convolution of the plaits.
SECTION 9.]
STAMENS.
99
282. Insertion, or place of attachment. The stamens usually go with
the petals. Not rarely they are at base
Spipetaloits, that is, inserted
on (or adnate to) the corolla, as
in Fig. 283. When free from
the corolla, they may be
Hypogynous, inserted on the
receptacle under the pistil or
gynceciuin.
Perigynous, inserted on the
calyx, that is, with the lower
part of filament aduate to the
calyx-tube. 283
Epigynous, borne apparently on the top of the ovary; all which is ex-
plained in Tig. 270-274.
Gynandrous is another term relating to insertion of rarer occurrence,
that is, where the stamens are
inserted on (in other words,
adnate to) the style, as in
Lady's Slipper (Fig. 284), and 8,
in the Orchis family generally.
283. In Relation to each
0 Other, stamens are more com-
monly
Distinct, that is, without any
union with each other. But
when united, the following
284 technical terms of long use 285
indicate their modes of mutual connection : —
Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning "in one brotherhood "),
when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a ring or cup
below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow Family (Fig. 286), the Passion-
flower (Fig. 260), the Lupine (Fig. 287), and in Lobelia (Fig. 285).
Diadelphous (meaning in two brotherhoods), when united by the fila-
ments into two sets, as in the Pea and most of its near relatives (Fig. 288),
usually nine in one set, and one in the other.
Triadelphous (three brotherhoods), when the filaments are united in three
sets or clusters, as in most species of Hypericum.
FIG. 283. Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted
on it, near the base.
FIG. 284. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it ;
a, a, the anthers of the two good stamens ; st, an abortive stamen, what should
be its anther changed into a petal-like body ; stig, the stigma.
FIG. 285. Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach
to the ligulate form; filaments (st) mouadelphous, and anthers (a) syngeiiesious.
100
STAMKNS.
SECTION 9.
Pentadelphvus (five brotherhoods), when in five sets, as in some species
of Hypericum and in American Linden (Fig. 277, 289).
Polyadelphous (many or several
brotherhoods) is tlie term generally
employed when these sets are several,
or even mure than two, and the par-
ticular number is left unspecilied.
These terms all relate to the lila-
ments.
Synyencsious is the term to denote
r~v j\ \ that stamens kave their anthers united,
LJ| v^J coalescent into a ring or tube ; as in
Lobelia (Fig. 285), in Violets, and in
all of the great family of Composite.
284. Their Number iii a flower is commonly expressed directly, but
sometimes adjective! y, by a scries of terms which were the name of classes
in the Liunaean artificial system, of which the following names, as also the
preceding, arc a survival : —
Monandrous, i. c. solitary-stameiied, when the flower has only one stamen,
Diandroits, when it has two stamens only,
Tfiandrous, when it has three
stamens,
Tetrandrous, when it has four
stamens,
Pentaiirlrous, when it has
live stamens,
Hefandrotm, when with six
stamens, and so on to
Poli/ftH/lro'is, when it has
many stamens, or more than a dozen.
285. For whioh terms, see the Glossary. Tlioy are all Greek numerals
prefixed to -andria (from the Greek), which Linnaeus used for andnrrhim,
and are made into an English adjective, -androns. Two other terms, of
same origin, designate particular cases of number (four or six) in con-
nect ion with unequal length. Namely, the stamens are
Dith/iititiHiits, when, being only four, they form two pairs, one pair longer
than the other, as in the Trumpet Creeper, in Gorardia (Fig. 263), etc.
FIG. 286. Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away ; showing mona-
ilcl]ilimis stuniens.
Fio. 287. Monadelphous stamens of Lupine. 288. Diaflelphous stamens (9 and 1)
of a Pca-lilnssoiii.
FIG. 289. On- ..f tlir five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with
.•i. i MiiipanyiiiL,' scale. The five clusters are shown in section in the diagram of this
flower, Fi^. '277.
Fio. 290. Five syngenesious stamens of a Coreopsis. 291. Same, with tube laid
open and displayed.
201
SECTION 9.]
ANTHERS.
101
Teiradytiamous, when, being only six, four of them surpass the other
two, as in the Mustard-flower arid all the Cruciferous family, Fig. 235.
286. The Filament is a kiud of stalk to the aiither, commonly slender
or thread-like : it is to the anther nearly what the petiole is to the blade of
a leaf. Therefore it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without
a stalk, so the anther may be Sessite, or without a filament.
287. The Anther is the essential part of the stamen. It is a sort of
case, filled with a fine powder, the Pollen, which serves to fertilize the pis-
til, so that it may perfect seeds. • The anther is said to be
Innate (as in Fig. 292), when it is attached by its base to the very apex
of the filament, turning neither inward nor outward ;
Adnate (as in Fig. 293), when attached
as it were by one face, usually for its whole
length, to the side of a continuation of the
filament ; and
Versatile (as in Fig. 294), when fixed by
or near its middle only to the very point of
the filament, so as to swing loosely, as in
the Lily, in Grasses, etc. Versatile or ad-
nate anthers are
Introrse, or Incumbent, when facing in-
ward, that is, toward the centre of the flow-
er, as in Magnolia, Water-Lily, etc.
Eztrorse, when facing outwardly, as in the Tulip-tree.
288. Rarely does a stamen bear any resemblance to a leaf,
or even to a petal or flower-leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's
idea of a stamen is that it answers to a leaf developed in a
peculiar form and for a special purpose. In the filament he
sees the stalk of the leaf; in the anther, the blade. The
blade of a leaf consists of two similar sides ; so the anther
consists of two LOBES or CELLS, one answering to the left, the
other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes are often
connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers
to the midrib of a leaf ; this is called the CONNECTIVE. This
is conspicuous in Fig. 292, where the connective is so broad
that it separates the two cells of the anther to some distance.
289. A simple conception of the morphological relation of
an anther to a leaf is given in Fig. 295, an ideal figure, the lower part rep-
resenting a stamen with the top of its anther cut away; the upper, the
corresponding upper part of a leaf.
FIG. 292. Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther. 293. Of Tulip-tree, with
adnate (and extrorse) anther. 294. Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther.
FIG. 295. Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper
part of a leaf, to show how the one answers to the other; the filament to petiole,
the connective to midrib; the two cells to the right and left halves of the blade.
102
STAMENS.
[SECTION 9.
290. So anthers are generally two-celled. But as the pollen begins to
form in two parts of each cell (the anterior and the posterior), sometimes
these two strata are not confluent, and the anther even at maturity may be
four-celled, as in Moonseed (Fig. 296) ; or rather, in that case (the word
cell being used for each lateral half of the
organ), it is two-celled, but the cells bilocel-
late.
291. But anthers may become one-celled,
and that either by confluence or by suppres-
sion.
292. By confluence, when the two cells
run together into one, as they nearly do in
most species of Pentstemou (Fig. 297), more
so in Monarda (Fig. 300), and completely
in the Mallow (Fig. 298) and all the Mallow family.
302
303
304
305
FIG. 296. Stamen of Moonseed, with author cut across; this 4-celled, or rather 4-
locellate.
Fio. 297. Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens ; the two anther-cells diverging, and
almost conflneut.
Fio. 298. Stamen of Mallow ; the anther supposed to answer to that of Fig. 297,
but the cells completely confluent into one.
Fio. 299. Stamen of Globe Amaranth ; very short filament bearing a single
anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen within.
FIG. 300-305. Stamens of several plants of the Labiate or Mint Family. FIG.
300. Of a Monarda : the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are
transverse to the filament, and their contiguous tips confluent, so as to form one
cell opening by a continuous line. FIG. 301. Of a Calamintha: the broad connec-
tive separating the two cells. Fio. 302. Of a Sage (Salvia Texana ; with long and
slender connective resembling forks of the filament, one bearing a good anther-cell;
the other an abortive or poor one. FIG. 303. Another Sage (S. coccinea), with
connective longer and more thread-shaped, the lower fork having its anther-cell
wholly wanting. Fio. 304. Of a White Sage, Audibertia grandiflora; the lower
fork of connective a mere vestige. FIG. 305. Of another White Sage (A. stacby-
oides), the lower fork of connective suppressed.
SECTION 9.]
POLLEN.
103
293. By suppression in certain cases the anther may be reduced to one
cell or halved. In Globe Amaranth (Fig. 299) there is a single cell without
vestige of any other. Different species of Sage and of the White Sages of
California show various grades of abortion of one of the anther-cells, along
with a singular lengthening of the connective (Fig. 302-305).
294. The splitting open of an anther for the discharge of its pollen is
termed its Dehiscence.
295. As the figures show, this is commonly by a line along the whole
length of each cell, either lateral or,
when the anthers are extrorse, often
along the outer face, and when introrse,
along the inner face of each cell. Some-
times the opening is only by a chink, hole,
or pore at the top, as in the Azalea, Py-
rola (Fig. 307), etc. ; sometimes a part of
the face separates as a sort of trap-door
(or valve), hinged at the top, and open-
ing to allow the escape of the pollen,
as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 308).
296. Pollen. This is the powdery matter, commonly of a yellow color,
which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during blossoming,
308
309 310 311 312 313
after which the stamens generally fall or wither away. Under the micro-
scope it is found to consist of grains, usually round or oval, and all alike
in the same species, but very different iu different plants. So that the
314 316 316 317 318
plant may sometimes be recognized from the pollen alone. Several forms
are shown in the accompanying figures.
FIG. 306. Stamen with the usual dehiscence of anther down the side of each cell.
FIG. 307. Stamen of Pyrola; cells opening by a terminal hole.
FIG. 308. Stamen of Barberry ; cells of anther each opening by an uplifted valve.
FIG. 309. Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval ; 310, of Echinocystis,
grooved lengthwise; 311, of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands; 312, of
Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves; 313, of Succory, twelve-sided and
dotted.
FIG. 314. Magnified pollen of Hibiscus and other Mallow-plants, beset with
prickly projections ; 315, of Circaea, with angles bearing little lobes; 31G, of Fven-
104
STAMENS.
[SECTION 9.
297. An ordinary pollen-gram has two coats ; the outer coat thickish,
but weak, ami frequently adorned with lines or bauds, or studded with
points ; the inner coat is extremely thin and delicate, but extensible, and
its cavity when fresh contains a thickish protoplasmic tluid, often rendered
turbid by an immense number of minute particles that float in it. As the
pollen matures this fluid usually dries up, but the protoplasm does not lose
its vitality. When the grain is wetted it absorbs water, swells up, and is
apt to burst, discharging the contents. But when weak
syrup is used it absorbs this slowly, and the tough in-
ner coat will sometimes break through the outer and
begin a kind of growth, like that which takes place when
the pollen is placed upon the stigma.
298. Some pollen - grains are, as it
•were, lobed (as in Fig. 315, 316), or
formed of four grains united (as in the
Heath family, Fig. 317) : that of Pine
(Fig. 318) has a large; rounded and empty
bladder-like expansion upon each side.
This renders such pollen very buoyant,
and capable of being trans-
ported to a great distance
by the wind.
299. In species of Acacia
simple grains lightly cohere
into globular pellets. In
Milkweeds and in most
Orchids all the pollen of an
anther-cell is compacted or coherent into one mass, called a Pollen-mass, or
POLLINIUM, plural POLLINIA. (Fig. 319-322.)
ing Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body; 317, of Kalmia, four
grains united, as in most of the Heath family; 318, of Pine, as it were of three
grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light.
FIG. 319. Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks
to a gland; moderately magnified.
FIG. 320. Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalk attached to a
sticky gland; magnified. 321. Some of the packets or partial pollinia, of which
Fig. 320 is made up, more magnified.
FIG. 322. One of the partial pollinia, torn up at top to show the grains (which
are each composed of four), and highly magnified.
SECTION 10.] PISTILS. 105
SECTION X. PISTILS IN PARTICULAR.
§ 1. ANGIOSPERMOUS OR ORDINARY GYNCECIUM.
300. Gynoecium. is the technical name for the pistil or pistils of a
flower takeu collectively, or for whatever stands in place of these. The
various modifications of the gynoecium aud the terms which relate to
them require particular attention.
301. THE PISTIL, when only one, occupies the centre of the flower;
wheu there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in the centre of
the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring or circle ; aud when
vary numerous, they are generally crowded in rows or spirals on the sur-
face of a more or less enlarged or elongated receptacle. Their number
gives rise to certain terms, the counterpart of those used for stamens (284),
which are survivals of the names of orders in the Linnasan artificial system.
The names were coined by prefixing Greek numerals to -gynia used for
gyncecium, and changed into adjectives in the form of -gyno/ts. That is, a
flower is
Monogynous, when it has a single pistil, whether that be simple or com-
pound ;
Dig t/nous, when it has only two pistils ; Trigynous, when with three ;
Tetragynous, with four; Pentagynous, with five; Hexagynous, with six;
and so on to Polyr/ynoiis, with many pistils.
302. The Parts of a Complete Pistil, as already twice explained (16,
236), are the OVARY, the STYLE, and the STIGMA. The ovary is one es-
sential part: it contains the rudiments of seeds, called OVULES. The
stigma at the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fer-
tilizes the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style,
commonly a tapering or slender column borne on the summit of the ovary,
and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more necessary to a
' pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there is no style in
many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests directly on the
ovary (as in Fig. 326). The stigma is very various in shape and appear-
ance, being sometimes a little knob (as in the Cherry, Fig. 271), sometimes
a point or small surface of bare tissue (as in Fig. 327-330), and sometimes
a longitudinal crest or line (as in Fig. 324, 341-343), or it may occupy the
whole length of the style, as in Fig. 331.
303. The word Pistil (Latin, Pint ilium) means a pestle. It came into
use in the first place for such flowers as those of Crown Imperial, or Lily,
in which the pistil in the centre was likened to the pestle, and the perianth
around it to the mortar, of the apothecary.
304. A pistil is either simple or compound. It is simple when it answers
to a single flower-leaf, compound when it answers to two or three, or a
fuller circle of such leaves conjoined.
10G
SIMPLE PISTILS.
[SECTION 10.
305. Carpels. It is convenient to have a name for each flower-leaf of
the gynoecium; so it is called a Carpel, in Latin Carpellum or Cari>'ututm.
A simple pistil is a carpel. Each component flower-leaf of a compound
pistil is likewise a carpel. When a flower lias two or more pistils, these
of course are simple pistils, that is, separate carpels or pistil-leaves. There
may be only a single simple pistil to the flower, as in a Pea or Cherry
blossom (Fig. 271) ; there may be two such, as in many Saxifrages ; or
many, as in the Strawberry. More commonly the single pistil in the
centre of a blossom is a compound one. Then there is seldom much
difficulty in ascertaining the number of carpels or pistil-leaves that com-
pose it.
306. The Simple Pistil, viewed morphologically, answers to a leaf-
blade with margins incurved and united where they meet, so forming a
closed case or pod (the ovary), and bearing ovules at the suture or junction
of these margins : a tapering upper portion with margins similarly iurolled,
is supposed to form the style ; and these same margins, exposed at the tip
or for a portion of the length, become the stigma. Compare, under this
view, the three accompanying figures.
307. So a simple pistil should have a one-celled ovary, only one line of
attachment for the ovules, a single style,
and a single stigma. Certain variations
from this normal condition which some-
times occur do not invalidate this mor-
phological conception. For instance, the
stigma may become two-lobed or two-
ridged, because it consists of two leaf-
margins, as Fig. 324 shows; it may
brcome 2-locellate by the turning or grow-
ing inward of one of the sutures, so as to
divide the cavity.
308. There are two or three terms which primarily relate to the parts
of a simple pistil or carpel, and are thence carried on to the compound
pistil, viz. : —
VENTRAL SUTURE, the line which answers to the united margins of the
carpel-loaf, therefore naturally called a suture or seam, and the ventral
or inner one, because in the circle of carpel-leaves it looks inward or to the
centre of the flower.
DORSAL SUTURE is the line down the back of the carpel, answering to
FIG. 323. An inrolled small leaf, such as in double-flowered Cherry blossoms is
often seen to occupy the place of a pistil.
FIG. 324. A simple pistil (of Isopyrum), with ovary cut across ; the inner (ven-
tral) face turned toward the eye: the ovules seem to be borne on the ventral suture,
answering to leaf-margins : the stigma above seen also to answer to leaf-margins.
Fio. 325. Pod or simple pistil of Caltha or Marsh-Marigold, which has opened,
and shed its seeds.
323
SECTION 10.]
PISTILS.
107
the midrib of the leaf, — not a seam therefore ; but at maturity many fruits,
such as pea-pods, open by this dorsal as well as by the ventral line.
PLACENTA, a name given to the surface, whatever it be, which bears
the ovules and seeds. The name may be needless when the ovules grow
directly on the ventral suture, or from its top or bottom ; but when there
are many ovules there is usually some expansion of an ovule-bearing
or seed-bearing surface; as is seen in our Mandrake or Podophyllum,
Fig. 326.
309. A Compound Pistil is a combination of two, three, or a greater
number of pistil-leaves or carpels in a circle, united into one body, at least
326 327 328 329 330
by their ovaries. The annexed figures should make it clear. A series
of Saxifrages might be selected the gyiicecium of which would show every
gradation between two simple pistils, or separate carpels, and their com-
plete coalescence into one compound and two-celled ovary. Even when
the constituent styles and stigmas are completely coalescent into one, the
nature of the combination is usually revealed by some external lines or
grooves, or (as in Fig. 328-330) by the internal partitions, or the number
of the placentae. The simplest case of compound pistil is that
310. With two or more Cells and Axile Placentae, namely, with as
many cells as there are carpels, that "have united to compose the organ.
FIG. 326. Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on
placenta.
FIG. 327. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at
the base only, cut across both above and below.
FIG. 328. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across :
the three styles separate.
FIG. 329. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles as well as
ovaries here united into one.
FIG. 330. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort ; the three
stigmas as well as styles and ovary completely coalescent into one.
108
COMPOUND PISTILS.
[SECTION 10.
Such a pistil is just what would be formed if the simple pistils (two, three,
or five in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Paeoiiy or Stonecrop
(Fig. 221, 225), pressed together in the centre of the flower,
were to cohere by their contiguous parts. In such a case
the placentae are naturally axile, or all brought together in
the axis or centre ; and the ovary has as many DISSEPIMENTS,
or internal Partitions, as there are carpels in its composition.
For these are the contiguous and coalescent walls or sides of
the component carpels. When such pistils ripen into pods,
they often separate along these lines into their elementary
carpels.
311. One-celled, with free Central Placenta. The
commoner case is that of Purslane (Fig. 272) and of the
Pink and Chickweed families (Fig. 331, 332). This is ex-
plained by supposing that the partitions (such as those of
Fig. 329j have early vanished or have been suppressed. In-
deed, traces of them may often be detected in Pinks. On the other hand,
it is equally supposable that in the Primula family the free central is de-
rived from parietal placentation by the carpels bearing ovules
only at base, and forming a consolidated common placenta
in the axis. Mitella and Dionrca help out this conception.
312. One-celled, with Parietal Placentae. In this not
uncommon case it is conceived that the two or three or
more carpel-leaves of such a compound pistil coalesce by
their adjacent edges, just as sepal-leaves do to form a gamo-
sepalous calyx,
or petals to form
a gamopetalous
corolla, and as
is shown in the
d iagram, Fig.
333, and in an
actual cross-sec-
tion, Fig. 334. Here each carpel is an open leaf, or with some introflexion,
bearing ovules along its margins ; and each placenta consists of the con-
334
335
335
Fio. 331, 332. Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the
ovary : free central placenta.
Fio. 333. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel -leaves, with parietal pla-
centa;, cut across below, where it is complete; the upper part showing the top of
the three leaves it is composed of, approaching, but not united.
FIG. 334. Cross section of the ovary of Frost- weed (Helianthemum), with three
parietal placentae, lii'ririnp; ovules.
Fio. 335. Cross section of an ovary of Hypericnm graveolens, the three large pla-
centa: meeting in the centre, so as to form a three-celled ovary. 336. Same in fruit,
the placentas now separate and rounded.
SECTION 10.J
PISTILS.
109
tiguous margius of two pistil-leaves grown together. There is every grada-
tion between this and the three-celled ovary with the placentae in the axis,
even in the same genus, sometimes even in different stages in the same
pistil (Fig. 335, 336).
§ 2. GYMNOSPERMOUS GYNCECIUM.
313. The ordinary pistil has a closed ovary, and accordingly the pollen
can act upon the contained ovules only indirectly, through the stigma.
This is expressed in a term of Greek derivation, viz. : —
Angiospermous, meaning that the seeds are borne in a sac or closed
vessel. The counterpart term is
Gymnospermous, meaning naked-seeded. This kind of pistil, or gynoe-
cium, the simplest of all, yet the most peculiar, characterizes the Pine
family and its relatives.
314. While the ordinary simple pistil is conceived by the botanist te
be a leaf rolled together into a closed pod (306), those of the
Pine, Larch (Fig. 337), Cedar, and Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 338,
339) are open leaves, in the form of scales, each bearing two
or more ovules on the inner face, next the base. At the time
of blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young cone diverge,
and the pollen, so abundantly shed from the stam-
inate blossoms, falls directly upon the exposed
ovules. Afterward the scales close over each
other until the seeds are ripe. Then they sepa-
rate that the seeds may be shed. As the pollen
acts directly on the ovules, such pistil (or organ
acting as pistil) has no stigma.
315. In the Yew, and in Torreya and Gingko,
the gynoecium is reduced to extremest simplicity,
that is, to a naked ovule, without any visible
carpel.
316. In Cycas the large naked ovules are borne
on the margins or lobes of an obvious open leaf. All GYMNOSPERMOUS
plants have other peculiarities, also distinguishing them, as a class, from
ANGIOSPERMOUS plants.
FIG. 337. A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flower-
ing; inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules.
FIG. 338. Branchlet of the American Arbor- Vitse, considerably larger than in
nature, terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an
open pistil), together forming a small cone.
FIG. 339. One of the scales or carpels of the last, removed and more enlarged,
the inside exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base.
110
OVULES.
[SECTION 11.
SECTION XL OVULES.
317. Ovule (from the Latin, meaning a little egg) is the technical name
of that which in the flower answers to and becomes the seed.
318. Ovules are naked in gymuospcrmous plants (as just described) ; in
all others they are enclosed in the ovary. They may be produced along the
whole length of the cell or cells of the ovary, and then they are
apt to be numerous; or only from some part of it, generally
the top or the bottom. In this case they are usually few or
single (solitary, as in Fig. 341-343). They may be sessile,
i. e. without stulk, or they may be attached by a distinct stalk,
340 the FUNICLE or FUNICULUS (Fig. 340).
319. Considered as to their position and direction in the ovary, they are
Horizontal, when they are neither turned upward iior downward, as in
Podophyllnm (Fig. 326) ;
Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side of the
cell, not from its very base, as in the But-
tercup (Fig. 341), and the Purslane (Fig.
272);
Erect, when rising upright from the
very base of the cell, as in the Buck-
wheat (Fig. 342) ;
Pendulous, when hanging from the 341
side or from near the top, as in the Flax (Fig. 270) ; and
Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very summit of the
cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 343). All these terms equally apply to
seeds.
320. In structure an ovule is a pulpy mass of tissue, usually with one
or two coats or coverings. The following parts are to be noted ; viz : —
KERNEL or NUCLEUS, the body of the ovule. In the Mistletoe and some
related plants, there is only this nucleus, the coats being wanting.
TEGUMENTS, or coats, sometimes only one, more commonly two. When
two, one has been called PIUMINE, the other SECUNDINE. It will serve all
purposes to call them simply outer and inner ovule-coats.
ORIFICE, or FORAMEN, an opening through the coats at the organic apex
of the ovule. In the seed it is Micropyle.
CHALAZA, the place where the coats and the kernel of the ovule blend.
HILUM, the place of junction of the funiculus with the body of the ovule.
Fio. 340. A cluster of ovules, jirmlulous on tlu'ir funicles.
Fio. 341. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending
ovule.
Fid. 342. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule.
FIG. 343. Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its Misconduct ovule.
SECTION 11.]
OVULES.
Ill
321. The Kinds of Ovules. The ovules in their growth develop in
three or four different ways, and thereby arc distinguished into
Orthotropous or Straight, those which develop without curving or turn-
346
ing, as in Fig. 344. The chalaza is at the insertion or base ; the foramen
or orifice is at the apex. This is the simplest, but the least common kind of
ovule.
Campylotropous or Incurved, in which, by the greater growth of one side,
350
354
the ovule curves into a kidney-shaped outline, so bringing the orifice down
close to the base or chalaza; as in Fig. 345.
Amphitropous or Half-Inverted, Fig. 346. Here
the forming ovule, instead of curving perceptibly,
keeps its axis nearly straight, and, as it grows, turns
round upon its base so far as to become transverse to
its funiculus, and adnate to its upper part for some
distance. Therefore in this case the attachment of
the fuuiculus or stalk is about the middle, the chal-
aza is at one end, the orifice at the other.
Anatropous or Inverted, as in Fig. 347, the com-
monest kind, so called because in its growth it has
as it were turned over upon its stalk, to which it has continued adnate.
The organic base, or chalaza, thus becomes the apparent summit, and the
Fio. 344. Orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat : c, hilum and chalaza; /, orifice.
FIG. 345. Campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed : c, hilum and chalaza ; f, orifice.
FIG. 346. Amphitropous ovule of Mallow:/, orifice; h, hilum; r, rhaphe; c,
chalaza.
FIG. 347. Anatropous ovule of a Violet; the parts lettered as in the last.
FIG. 348-350. Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing
the forming outer and inner coats, which, even in the later figure have not yet
completely enclosed the nucleus ; 351, further advanced, and 352, completely aiia-
tropous ovule.
FIG. 353. Longitudinal section, and 354, transverse section of 352.
FIG. 355. Same as 353, enlarged, showing the parts in section : a, outer coat ;
b, inner coat; c, nucleus; d, rhaphe.
112
THE RECEPTACLE.
[SECTION 12.
orifice is at the base, by the side of the hilum or place of attachment. The
adnate portion of the t'uuiculus, which appears as a ridge or cord extending
from the hilum to the chalaza, and which distinguishes this kind of ovule,
is called the KH.UMIK. The amphitropoos ovule (Fig. 316) has a short or
incomplete rhaphc.
322. Fig. 318-352 show the stages through which an. ovule becomes
analropous in the course of its growth. The annexed two figures are sec-
tions of such an ovule at maturity ; and Fig. 355 is Fig. 353 enlarged,
with the parts lettered.
SECTION XII. MODIFICATIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE.
323. The Torus or Receptacle of the flower (237, Fig. 223) is the por-
tion which belongs to the stem or axis. In all preceding illustrations it is
small and short. But it sometimes lengthens, sometimes thickens or vari-
ously enlarges, and takes on various forms. Some of these have received
special names, very few of which are in common use. A lengthened por-
tion of the receptacle is called
A STIPE. This name, which means simply a trunk or stalk, is used iu
357
botany for various stalks, even for the leaf-stalk in Ferns. It is also applied
In I he stalk or petiole of a carpel, in the rare cases when there is any, as in
FIG. 356. Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvania, showing stipe
between calyx ami corolla.
FIG. 357. Flower of a Cleome of the section Gynandropsis, showing broadened
receptacle to bear petals, lengthened stipe below the stamens, and another between
these and pistil.
Fio. 358. Pistil of Genuiium or Cranesbill.
FIG. 359. The same, ripe, with the five carpels splitting away from the long
beak (carpophore), and hanging from its top by their recurving styles.
SECTION 12.]
THE RECEPTACLE.
113
Goldthread. Then it is technically distinguished as a THECAPIIORE. "When
there is a stalk, or lengthened interuode of receptacle, directly under a
compound pistil, as in Stanleya and some other Cruciferae, it is called a
GYNOPIIORE. When the stalk is developed below the stamens, as in most
species of Sileiie (Fig. 356), it has been called an ANTHOPIIORE or GONO-
PHORE. In Fig. 357 the torus is dilated above the calyx where it bears
the petals, theu there is a long interuode (gouophore) between it and the
stamens ; then a shorter one (gyuophore) between these and the pistil.
324. A Carpophore is a prolongation of receptacle or axis between the
carpels and bearing them. Umbelliferous plants and Geranium (Fig. 358,
359) afford characteristic examples.
325. Flowers with very numerous simple pistils generally have the re-
ceptacle enlarged so as to give them room ; sometimes becoming broad and
9.at, as in the Flowering Raspberry, sometimes elongated, as in the Black-
361 362
berry, the Magnolia, etc. It is the receptacle in the Strawberry (Fig. 3GO),
much enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part of the
fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on its surface. In the Rose
(Fig. 361), instead of being convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply
concave, or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip may be likened to a straw-
berry turned inside out, like the finger of a glove reversed,
and the whole covered by the adherent tube of the calyx.
The calyx remains beneath in the strawberry.
326. In Nelumbium, of the Water-Lily family, the singu-
lar and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and
bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat
upper surface (Fig. 362).
327. A Disk is au enlarged low receptacle or an out-
growth from it, hypogynous when underneath the pistil, as in
Rue and the Orange (Fig. 363), and perigynous when aduate
to calyx-tube (as in Buckthorn, Fig. 364, 365), and Cherry (Fig. 271), or
FIG. 360. Longitudinal section of a young strawberry, enlarged.
FIG. 361. Similar section of a young Rose-hip.
FIG. 362. Enlarged and top-shaped receptacle of Nelumbium, at maturity.
FIG. 363. Hypogynous disk in Orange.
8
114 FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13.
to both calyx-tube and ovary, as in Hawthorn (Fig. 273). A flattened
hypngynoub disk, underlying the ovary
or ovaries, and from which they fall
away at maturity, is sometimes called
a GYNOBASE, as in the Rue family.
In some Borragineous flowers, sucli as
Houndstongue, the gynobase runs up
in the centre between the carpels into
a carpophore. The so-called epigynous disk (or STYLOPODIUM) crowning
the summit of the ovary in flowers of Umbelliferse, etc., cannot be said to
belong to the receptacle.
SECTION XIII. FERTILIZATION.
328. The end of the flower is attained when the ovules become seeds.
A flower remains for a certain time (longer or shorter according to the
species) in anthesis, that is, in the proper state for the fulfilment of this
end. During anthesis, the ovules have to be fertilized by the pollen ; or at
Ibast some pollen has to reach the stigma, or in gymnospenny the ovule
itself, and to set up the peculiar growth upon its moist and permeable tis-
sue, which has for result the production of an embryo in the ovules. By
this the ovules are said to be fertilized. The first step is pollination, or,
so to say, the sowing of the proper pollen upon the stigma, where it is to
germinate.
§ 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA.
329. These various and ever-interesting adaptations and processes are
illustrated in the "Botanical Text Book, Structural Botany," chap. VI.
sect, iv., also in a brief and simple way in " Botany for Young People, How
Plants Behave." So mere outlines only are given here.
330. Sometimes the application of pollen to the stigma is left to chance,
as in dioecious wind-fertilized flowers; sometimes it is rendered very sure,
as in flowers that arc fertilized in the bud ; sometimes the pollen is prevented
from reaching the stigma of the same flower, although placed very near to
it, but then there are always arrangements for its transference to the stigma
of some other blossom of the kind. It is among these last that the most
exquisite adaptations are met with.
331. Accordingly, some flowers are particularly adapted to close or self-
fertilization ; others to cross fertilization; some for cither, according to
circumstances.
FIG. 364. Flower of a Buckthorn showing a conspicuous perigynous disk.
Fio. 365. Vertical section of same flower.
SECTION 13.] FERTILIZATION. 115
Close Fertilization occurs when the pollen readies and acts upon a stigma
of the very same llower (tins is also called self-fertilization), or, less closely,
upon other blossoms of the same cluster or the same individual plant.
Cross Fertilization occurs wheu ovules are fertilized by pollen of other
individuals' of the same species.
Hybridization occurs when ovules are fertilized by pollen of some other
(necessarily some nearly related) species.
332. Close Fertilization would seem to be the natural result in ordi-
nary hermaphrodite flowers; but it is by no means so in all of them. More
commonly the arrangements are such that it takes place only after some
opportunity for cross fertilization has been afforded. But close fertiliza-
tion is inevitable in what are called
Cleistogamous Flowers, that is, in those which are fertilized in the flower-,
bud, while still unopened. Most flowers of this kind, indeed, never open
at all ; but the closed floral coverings are forced off by the growth of the
precociously fertilized pistil. Common examples of this are found in the
earlier blossoms of Speculuria perfoliata, in the later ones of most Violets, es-
pecially the stemless species, in our wild Jewel weeds or Impatieus, in the
subterranean shoots of Amphicarpsea. Every plant which produces these
cleistogamous or bud-fertilized flowers bears also more conspicuous and
open flowers, usually of bright colors. The latter very commonly fail to
set seed, but the former are prolific.
333. Cross Fertilization is naturally provided for in dioecious plants
(249), is much favored in monoecious plants (249), and hardly less so in
dichogamous and in heterogonous flowers (338). Cross fertilization depends
upon the transportation of pollen ; and the two principal agents of convey-
ance are winds and insects. Most flowers are in their whole structure
adapted either to the one or to the other.
334. Wind-fertilizable or Anemophilous flowers are more commonly
dioecious or monoecious, as in Pines and all coniferous trees, Oaks, and
Birches, and Sedges ; yet sometimes hermaphrodite, as in Plantains and
most Grasses ; they produce a superabundance of very light pollen, adapted
to be wind-borne ; and they offer neither nectar to feed winged insects,
nor fragrance nor bright colors to attract them.
335. Insect-fertilizable or Entomophilous flowers are those which
are sought by insects, for pollen or for nectar, or for both. Through their
visits pollen is conveyed from one flower and from one plant to another.
Insects are attracted to such blossoms by their bright colors, or their fra-
grance, or by the nectar (the material of honey) there provided for them.
While supplying their own needs, they carry pollen from anthers to stigmas
and from plant to plant, thus bringing about a certain amount of cross fer-
tilization. Willows and some other dioecious flowers are so fertilized,
chiefly by bees. But most insect-visited flowers have the stamens and pis-
tils associated either in the same or in contiguous blossoms. Even wheu
in the same blossom, anthers and stigmas are very commonly so situated
11G FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13.
that under insect-visitation, some pollen is more likely to be deposited upon
other than upon own stigmas, so giving a chance for cross as well as for
close fertilization. On the other hand, numerous flowers, of very various
kinds, have their parts so arranged that they must almost necessarily be cross-
fertilized or be barren, and are therefore dependent upon the aid' of insects.
This aid is secured by different exquisite adaptations and contrivances,
which would need a volume for full illustration. Indeed, there is a good
number of volumes devoted to this subject.1
336. Some of the adaptations which favor or ensure cross fertilization
are peculiar to the particular kind of blossom. Orchids, Milkweeds, Kal-
mia, Iris, and papilionaceous flowers each have their own special contriv-
ances, quite different fur each.
337. Irregular flowers (253) and especially irregular corollas are usu-
ally adaptations to insect-visitation. So are all Nectaries, whether hollow
spurs, sacs, or other concavities in which nectar is secreted, and all nectar-
iferous glands.
338. Moreover, there are two arrangements for cross fertilization com-
mon to hermaphrodite flowers in various different families of plants, which
have received special names, Dichogamy and Heterogony.
339. Dichogamy is the commoner case. Flowers are dichogamous when
the anthers discharge their pollen cither before or after the stigmas of that
flower are in a condition to receive it. Such flowers are
Proterandrous, when the anthers are earlier than the stigmas, as in Gen-
tians, Campanula, Epilobium, etc.
Proterogynous, when the stigmas are mature and moistened for the re-
ception of pollen, before the anthers of that blossom are ready to supply
it, and are withered before that pollen can be supplied. Plantains or
Kibworts (mostly wind-fertilized) are strikingly proterogynous : so is Amor-
pha, our Papaws, Scrophularia, and in a less degree the blossom of Pears,
Hawthorns, and Horse-chestnut.
340. In Sabbatia, the large-flowered species of Epilobium, and strikingly
in Clcrodcndron, the dichogamy is supplemented and perfected by move-
ments of the stamens and style, one or both, adjusted to make sure of
cross fertilization. *
341 . Heterogony. This is the case in which hermaphrodite and fer-
tile flowers of two sorts arc produced on different individuals of the same
species ; one sort having higher anthers and lower stigmas, the other hav-
ing higher stigmas and lower anthers. Thus reciprocally disposed, a visit
ing insect carries pollen from the high anthers of (ho one to the. high sliirn.a
of the other, and from the low anthers of the one to the low stigma of the
other. These plants are practically as if dirreious, with the advantage that
1 Beginning with one by C. C. Sprengel in IT'.'S. and again in our day with
Darwin, " On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects,"
und in succeeding works.
SECTION 14.] FRUIT. 117
both kinds are fruitful. Houstonia and Mitchella, or Partridge-berry, are
excellent and familiar examples. These are cases of
Heterogone Dimorphism, the relative lengths being only short and long
reciprocally.
Heterogone Trimorphism, in which there is a mid-length as well as a long
and a short set of stamens and style ; occurs in Ly thrum Salicaria and some
species of Oxalis.
342. There must be some essential advantage in cross fertilization or
cross breeding. Otherwise all these various, elaborate, and exquisitely
adjusted adaptations would be aimless. Doubtless the advantage is the
same as that which is realized in all the higher animals by the distiuctiou
of sexes.
§ 2. ACTION OF POLLEN, AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO.
343. Pollen-growth. A grain of pollen may be justly likened to one
of the simple bodies (spores) which answer for seeds in Cryptogamous plants.
Like one of these, it is capable of germination. When deposited upon the
moist surface of the stigma (or in some cases even when at a certain dis-
tance) it grows from some point, its living inner coat breaking through the
inert outer coat, and protruding in the form of a delicate tube. This as it
lengthens penetrates the loose tissue of the stigma and of a loose conduct-
ing tissue in the style, feeds upon the nourishing liquid matter there pro-
vided, reaches the cavity of the ovary, enters the orifice of an ovule, and
attaches its extremity to a sac, or the lining of a definite cavity, in the
ovule, called the Embryo-Sac.
344. Origination of the Embryo. A globule of living matter in the
embryo-sac is formed, and is in some way placed in close proximity to the
apex of the pollen tube ; it probably absorbs the contents of the latter ; it
then sets up a special growth, and the Embryo (8-10) or rudimentary
plautlet in the seed is the result.
SECTION XIV. THE FRUIT.
345. Its Nature. The ovary matures into the Fruit. In the strictest
sense the fruit is the seed-vessel, technically named the PERICARP. But
practically it may include other parts organically connected with the peri-
carp. Especially the calyx, or a part of it, is often incorporated with the
ovary, so as to be undistinguishably a portion of the pericarp, and it even
forms along with the receptacle the whole bulk of such edible fruits as
apples and pears. The receptacle is an obvious part in blackberries, and
is the whole edible portion in the strawberry.
346. Also a cluster of distinct carpels may, in ripening, be consolidated
or compacted, so as practically to be taken for one fruit. Such are raspber-
118
FRUIT.
[SECTION 14.
ries, blackberries, the Magnolia fruit, etc. Moreover, the ripened product
of many flowers may be compacted or grown together so as to form a single
compound fruit.
347. Its kinds have therefore to be distinguished. Also various names
of common use in descriptive botany have to be mentioned and defined.
348. In respect to composition, accordingly, fruits may be classified
into
Simple, those which result from the ripening of a single pistil, and con-
sist only of the matured ovary, either by itself, as in a cherry, or with
calyx-tube completely incorporated with it, as in a gooseberry or cranberry.
Aggregate, when a cluster of carpels of the same flower are crowded into
a mass ; as in raspberries and blackberries.
Accessory or Anthocarpous, when the surroundings or supports of the
pistil make up a part of the mass ; as docs
the loose calyx changed into a fleshy and
berry-like envelope of our Wintergreen
(Gaultheria, Fig. 366, 367) and Buffalo-
berry, which are otherwise simple fruits.
In an aggregate fruit such as the straw-
367 berry the great mass is receptacle (Fig.
360, 36S) ; and in the blackberry (Fig. 369) the juicy receptacle forms the
central part of the savory mass.
Multiple or Collective, when formed from several flowers consolidated
into one mass, of which the common
receptacle or axis of inflorescence,
the floral envelopes, and even the
bracts, etc., make a part. A mul-
berry (Fig. 408, which superficially
much resembles a
blackberry) is of this
multiple sort. A pine-
apple is another ex-
ample.
349. In respect to
texture or consist-
368 369 370 eiice, fruit* may be
distinguished into three kinds, viz. : —
Fleshy Fruits, those which are more or less soft and juicy throughout;
FIG. 366. Forming fruit (capsule) of Gaultheria, with calyx thickening around
its base. 367. Section of same mature, the berry-like calyx nearly enclosing the
capsule.
FIG. 368. Section of a part of a strawberry. Compare with Fig. 360.
FIG. 369. Similar section of part of a blackberry. 370. One of its component
simple fruits (drupe) in section, showing |,he pulp, stone, and contained se«U, woro
enlarged. Compare with Fig. 375.
SECTION 14.]
FKUIT.
119
Stone Fruits, or Drupaceous, the outer part fleshy like a berry, the inner
hard or stony, like a nut ; and
Dry Fruits, those which have no flesh or pulp.
350. In reference to the way of disseminating the contained seed, fruils
are said to be
Indehiscent when they do not open at maturity. Fleshy fruits and stone
fruits are of course indehiscent. The seed becomes free only through
decay or by being fed upon by animals. Those which escape digestion are
thus disseminated by the latter. Of dry fruits many are indehiscent; and
these are variously arranged to be transported by animals. Some burst
irregularly ; many are
Dehiscent, that is, they split open regularly along certain lines, and
discharge the seeds. A dehiscent fruit almost always contains many or
several seeds, or at least more thau one seed.
371 372 373 374
351. The principal kinds of fruit which have received substantive names
and are of common use in descriptive botany are the following. Of fleshy
fruits the leading kind is
352. The Berry, such as the gooseberry and currant, the blueberry
and cranberry (Fig. 371), the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole
flesh is soft throughout. The orange is a berry with a leathery rind.
353. The Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, is a hard-rinded berry, belonging to
the Gourd family, such as the pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon,
Fig. 372, 373.
354. The Pome is a name applied to the apple, pear (Fig. 374), and
quince ; fleshy fruits, like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only
FIG. 371. Leafy shoot and berry (cut across) of the larger Cranberry, Vaccinium
macrocarpon.
FIG. 372. Pepo of Gourd, in section. 373. One carpel of same in diagram.
FIG. 374. Longitudinal and transverse sections of a pear (pome).
FRUIT.
[SECTION 14.
the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to the
carpels. The fruit of the Hawthorn is a drupaeeous pome, something be-
tween pome and drupe.
355. Of fruits which are externally fleshy and internally hard the lead-
ing kind is
356. The Drupe, or Stone-fruit ; of which the cherry, plum, and peach
(Fig. 375) are familiar examples. In this the
outer part of the thickness of the pericarp be-
comes fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the
inner hardens, like a nut. From the way in which
the pistil is constructed, it is evident that the
fleshy part here answers to the lower, and the
stone to the upper face of the component leaf.
The layers or concentric portions of a drupe, or
of any pericarp which is thus separable, ar? named,
when thus distinguishable into three portions, —
Epicarp, the external layer, often the mere skin of the fruit,
Mesocarp, the middle layer, which is commonly the fleshy part, and
Endocarp, the innermost layer, the stone. But more commonly only two
portions of a drupe are distinguished, and arc named, the outer one
Sarcocarp or Exocnrp, for the flesh, the first name referring to the fleshy
character, the second to its being an external layer; and
Putamen or Endocarp, the Stone, within.
357. The typical or true drupe is of a single carpel. But, not to multiply
technical names, this name is extended to all such fruits when f
fleshy without and stony within, although of compound pistil,
— even to those having several or separable stones, such as the
fruit of Holly. These stones in such drupes, or drupaceous
fruits, are called Pyrenee, or Nucules, or simply Nutlets of
the drupe.
353. Of Dry fruits, there is a greater diversity of kinds hav-
ing distinct names. The indthis-
cent sorts are commonly n in-
seeded.
359. The Akene or Ache-
nium is a small, dry and indehis-
ccnt one-seeded fruit, often, so
seed-like in appearance that it is
popularly taken for a naked seed. The fruit of the Butter cup or Crowfoot
is a good example, Fig. 370, 377- Its nature, as a ripened pistil (in this
Fio. 375. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed.
Fro. 376. Akene of a Buttercup. 377. The same, divided lengthwise, to show
the contained seed.
Fro. 378. Akene of Virgin's-bower, retaining the feathered style, which aids in
ilis;i>minntion.
SECTION 14.]
FRUIT.
121
case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or
sti;;-ina, or a scar from which this lias fallen. It may retain the style and
use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378).
360. The fruit of Composite (though not, of a single carpel) is also an
akene. In this case the pericarp is invested
by an adherent calyx-tube ; the limb of which,
when it has any, is called the PAPPUS. This
name was first given to the down like that of
the Thistle, but is applied to all forms under
which the limb of the calyx of the " compound
flower" appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Kit;.
LA,
384), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slender
beak, like a stalk to the pappus.
361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbelli-
ferae, consists as it were of a pair of akenes united com-
pletely in the blossom, but splitting apart when ripe
into the two closed carpels. Each of these is a Men-
carp or llt'inicurp, names seldom used.
362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with
a thin and bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the
Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 3SG). When ripe it may
burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may
open by a circular line all round, the upper part fall-
ing off like a lid; as in the Amaranth (Fig. 387).
363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akeue with
the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so
that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian
corn, and other kinds of grain.
364. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one-
FlG. 379. Akene of Mayweed (no pappus). 380. That of Succory (its pappus a
shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of
Sneezeweed (Heleniuni), with its pappus of five scales. 383. Of Sow-Thistle, with
its pappus of delicate downy hairs. 384. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on
a long beak.
FIG. 385. Fruit (cremocarp) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep-
arating at maturity from a slender axis or carpophorse.
FIG. 386. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenopodium album).
FIG. 387. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumscissile).
122
FRUIT.
[SECTION 14.
seeded, \vith a hard, crustaceous, or bony wall, such as the coeoanut, hazel-
nut, chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 37, 3bS.) Here the
involucre, iii the form of a cup at the base, is called the
CUPULE. In the Chestnut the cupule forms the bur ; in
the Hazel, a leafy husk.
1305. A Samara, or Key- fruit, is either a nut or an
akeiie, or any other iudebiscent fruit, furnished with a wing,
like that of Ash (Fig. 389), and Elm (Fig. 390). The
Maple-fruit is a pair of keys (Fig. 391).
306. Dehiscent Fruits, or Pods, are of two classes, viz.,
those of a simple pistil or carpel, and those of a compound
pistil. Two common sorts of the first are named as follows : —
3G7. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple carpel, which dehisces down one
side only, i. e. by the inner or ventral suture. The
fruits of Marsh Marigold (Fig. 392), Pseony, Larkspur,
and Milkweed are of this kind.
3G8. The Legume or true Pod, such as the peapod
(Fig. 393), and the fruit of the Leguminous or Pulse
family generally, is one which opens along the dorsal as
well as the ventral suture. The two pieces
394
into which it splits are called VALVES. A LOMENT is a legume which is
constricted between the seeds, and at length breaks up crosswise into dis-
tinct joints, as in Fig. 394.
369. The pods or dehiscent fruits belonging to a compound ovary have
several technical names : but they all may be regarded as kinds of
370. The Capsule, the dry and dehiscent fruit of any compound pistil.
The capsule may discharge its seeds through chinks or pores, as in the
FIG. 388. Nut (acorn) of the Oak, with its cup or cupule.
FIG. 389. Samara or key of the White Ash, winged at end. 390. Samara of
the American Klin, winged, all round.
FIG. 391. Pair of samaras of Sugar Mnjilo.
FIG. 392. Follicle of M:irsh Marigold (Caltha palustris).
Fio. 393. Legume of a Sweet Pea, opened.
FIG. 394. Louieut or jointed legume of a Tick-Trefoil (Desmodium).
SECTION 14.]
FRUIT.
123
Poppy, or burst irregularly in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ;
but commonly it splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces,
called VALVES.
371- Regular Dehiscence in a capsule takes place in two ways, which are
best illustrated iu pods of two or three cells. It is either
Loculicidal, or, splitting directly into the locitli or cells, that is, dowu
the back (or the dorsal suture) of each cell or carpel, as in
Iris (Fig. 395) ; or
Septicidal, that is, splitting through the partitions or septa,
as in St. John's-wort (Fig. 396), Rhododendron,
etc. This divides the capsule into its compo-
nent carpels, which then open by their ventral
suture.
372. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves nat-
urally bear the partitions on their middle ; in
the septicidal, half the thickness of a partition
is borne on the margin of each valve. See the
annexed diagrams. A variation of either mode
occurs when the valves break away from the
partitions, these remaining attached iu the axis of
the fruit. This is called Sepifragal dehisceuce.
One form is seen in the Morniug-Glory (Fig.
400).
373. The capsules of Rue, Spurge, and some others, are both locul*
cidal and septicidal, and so split
into halt'-carpellary valves or pieces.
374. The Silique (Fig. 401) is
the technical name of the peculiar
pod of the Mustard family ; which
is two-celled by a false partition
stretched across between two pa-
rietal placentae. It generally opens
by two valves from below up-
ward, and the placentae with the
partition are left behind when the
valves fall off.
375 . A Silicle or Pouch is only
a short and broad silique, like that
of the Shepherd's Purse, Fig. 402,
403.
396
395
400
FIG. 395. Capsule of Iris, with loculicidal dehisceuce; below, cut across.
FIG. 396. Pod of a Marsh St. John's-wort, with septicidal dehiscence.
FIG. 397, 398. Diagrams of the two modes.
FIG. 399. Diagram of septifragal dehisceuce of the loculicidal type. 400. Same
of the septicidal or marginicidal type.
124
FRUIT.
[SECTION 14.
376.
upper
401
axis or
minute
The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular horizontal line, the
part forming a lid, as in l'm>lane (1'iir. 40-i), tin: Plantain, Hen-
bane, etc. In these the dehiscence extends all round, or is cir-
ciinixi-ixxile. So it does in Amaranth (Fig. o^7), forming a one-
seeded utricular pyxis. In Jeffersouia, the line does not separate
quite round, but leaves a portion for a hinge to the lid.
377. Of Multiple or Collective Fruits, which are properly
masses of fruits aggregated
into one body (as is seen in
the .Mulberry i fig. IDS), Pine-
apple, etc.), there are t\vo kinds
with special names and of pe-
culiar structure.
378. The Syconium or Fig-
403 402 404 fruit (Fig. 10.1, lOfi) is a flesh y
summit of stem, hollowed out, and lined within by a multitude of
flowers, the whole becoming pulpy, and in the common fig, luscious.
406
405
403
379. The Strobile or Cone ("Fig. 411), is the peculiar multiple fruit
of Pines, Cypresses, and the like; hence named ftw//>,w, vi/,. cone-bearing
FIG. 401. Silique of a Cadamine or Spring ("'n^s.
FIG. 402. Silicic of Shepherd's Purse. 403. Same, with one valve removed.
FIG. 401. Pyxis of Purslane, the lid detaching.
Flo. 40;5. A fig-fruit when young. 406. Same in section. 407. Magnified por-
tion, a slice, showing some of the llowers.
FIG. 408. A nmllierry. 409. One of the grains younger, enlarged; seen to be
a pistillate flower with calyx becoming fleshy. 410. Same, with fleshy calyx cut
across.
SECTION 15.]
SEEDS.
125
plants. As already shown (313), these cones are open pistils, mostly in
the form of flat scales, regularly overlying each
other, and pressed together in a spike or head.
Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its
inner face. When ripe and dry, the scales turn
back or diverge, and in the Pine the seed peels
off and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, a
part of the liiung of the scale,
which facilitates the disper-
sion of the seeds by the wind
(Fig. 412, 413). In Arbor-
Vita?, the scales of the small
cone are few, and not very
unlike the leaves. In Cy-
press they are very thick at
the top and narrow at the
base, so as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and Red
Cedar, the few scales of the very small cone become fleshy, and ripen into
a fruit which closely resembles a berry.
412
SECTION XV. THE SEED.
380. Seeds are the final product of the flower, to which all its parts and
offices are subservient. Like the ovule from which it originates, a seed
consists of coats and kernel.
381. The Seed-coats are commonly two (320), the outer and the inner.
Fig. 414 shows the two, in a seed cut through lengthwise.
The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, whence it is
called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the inner is almost al-
ways thin and delicate.
382. The shape and the markings, so various in different
seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes this fits
the kernel closely ; sometimes it is expanded into a wing, as in the Trum-
pet-Creeper (Fig. 415), and occasionally this wing is cut up into shreds
or tufts, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 416) ; or instead of a wing it may bear a
Coma, or tuft of long and soft hairs, as in the Milkweed or Silkweed (Fig.
417). The use of wings, or downy tufts is to render the seeds buoyant
FIG. 411. Cone of a common Pitch Pine. 412. Inside view of a separated scale
or open carpel ; one seed in place : 413, the other seed.
FIG. 414. Seed of a Linden or Basswood cut through lengthwise, and magnified,
the parts lettered: a, the hilum or scar; b, the outer coat; c, the inner; d, the
albumen; e, the emliryo.
126
SEEDS.
[SECTION 15.
lor dispersion by the winds. This is clear, not only from their evident
adaptation to this purpose, hut also from the fact that winged and tufted
seeds are found only in fruits that split open at maturity, never in those
that remain closed. The coat of some seeds is beset with
long hairs or wool. Cotton, one of the most important vege-
table products, since it forms the principal clothing of the
larger part of the human race, consists of the long and woolly hairs which
thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. There are also crests or other
appendages of various sorts on certain seeds. A few seeds
have an additional, but more or less incomplete covering, out-
side of the real seed-coats called an
383. Aril, or Arillus. The loose and transparent
bag which encloses the seed of the White Water-Lily
(Fig. 418) is of this kind. So is the mace of the
nutmeg ; and also the scarlet pulp around the seeds
of the Waxwork (Celastrus) and Strawberry-bush
(Euonymus). The aril is a growth from the ex-
tremity of the seed-stalk, or from the placenta when
there is no seed-stalk.
384. A short and thickish appendage at or close to the bilum in certain
seeds is called a CARUNCLE or STROPHIOLE (Fig. 419).
385. The various terms which define the position or direc-
tion of the ovule (erect, ascending, etc.) apply equally to the
seed : so also the terms anatropous, orthotropous, campylotro-
pous, etc., as already defined (320, 321), and such terms as
HILUM, or Scar left where the seed-stalk or funiculus falls
away, or where the seed was attached directly to the placenta
when there is no seed-stalk.
RIIAPIIE, the line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza in
anatropous and amphitropous seeds.
CHALAZA, the place where the seed-coats and the kernel or nucleus are
organically connected, — at the hilum in orthotropous and campylotropous
seeds, at the extremity of (lie rliaphe or tip of the seed in other kinds.
MICROPYLE, answering to the Foramen or orifice of tho ovule. Compare
the accompanying figures and those of the ovules, Fig. 3U-355.
Fro. 415. A winged seed of the Trumpr!-! Y< -rprr.
Fia. 416. One of Catalpa, the kernel cut to show the embryo.
Fro. 417. Seed of Milkweed, with a Coma or tuft of long silky hairs at one end.
Fio. 418. Seed of White Water-Lily, enclosed in its aril.
Fia 419. Seed of Ricinus or Castor-oil plant, with caruncle.
SECTION 15.]
EMBRYO.
127
422
386. The Kernel, or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the
coats. Iu many seeds the ker-
nel is all Embryo ; in others
a large part of it is the Al-
bumen. For example, in Fig.
423, it is wholly embryo; in
Fig. 422, all but the small 420 423 421
speck (y) is albumen.
387. The Albumen or Endosperm of the seed is sufficiently charac-
terized and its office explained in Sect. III., 31-35.
388. The Embryo or Germ, which is the rudimentary plantlet and the
final result of blossoming, and its development in germination have been
extensively illustrated in Sections II. and III. Its essential parts are the
Radicle and the Cotyledons.
389. Its Radicle or Caulicle (the former is the terra long and gener-
ally used in botanical descriptions, but the latter is the more correct one,
for it is the initial stem, which merely gives origin to the root), as to its
position in the seed, always points to and lies near the micropyle. In re-
lation to the pericarp it is
Superior, when it points to the apex of the fruit or cell, aud
Inferior, when it points to its base, or downward.
390. The Cotyledons have already been illustrated as re-
spects their number, — giving the important distinction of Dicoty-
ledonous, Polycotyledonous and Monocotyledonous embryos (36-43),
— also as regards their thickness, whether foliaceous or fleshy ;
and some of the very various shapes and adaptations to the seed have been
figured. They may be straight, or folded, or rolled up. In the latter
case the cotyledons may be rolled up as it were from one margin, as
in Calycauthus (Fig. 424), or from apex to base in
a flat spiral, or they may be both folded (plicate)
and rolled up (convolute), as in Sugar Maple (Fig.
11.) In one very natural family, the Cruciferse, two
\Jf
425
^-^ are brought round against the radicle. In one series
426 they are
FIG. 420.
FIG. 421.
FIG. 422.
seed-coat; e,
FIG. 423.
is embryo.
FIG. 424.
cotyledons.
FIG. 425.
cotyledons.
Seed of a Violet (anatropous) : a, hilmn; ft, rhaphe; c, clialaza.
Seed of a Larkspur (also anatropous); the parts lettered as in the last.
The same, cut through lengthwise: a, the hilum; c, chalaza; d, outer
inner seed-coat; /, the albumen ; g, the minute embryo.
Seed of a St. John's-wort, divided lengthwise; here the whole kernel
Embryo of Calycanthus ; upper part cut away, to show the convolute
Seed of Bitter Cress, Barbarea, cut across to show the accumbent
426. Embryo of same, whole.
128
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
428
Accwnlent, that is, the edges of the flat cotyledons lie against the radicle,
as in Fig. 425, 426. In another they are
Incumbent, or with the plane of the cotyledons brought up in the opposite
direction, so that the baek of one of them lies against
the radicle, as shown in Fig. 427, 428.
391. As to the situation of the embryo with respect
to the albumen of the seed, when this is present in any
quantity, the embryo may be Axile, that is occupying
the axis or centre, either for most of its length, as in
Violet (Fig. 42fJ), Barberry <Fig. 48), and
Pine (Fig. 56) ; and in these it is straight.
But, it may be variously curved or coiled
in (lie albumen, as in llelianthemum
(Fig. 430), in a Potato-seed (Fig. 50),
or Onion-seed (Fig. 60), and Linden
(Fig. 414) ; or it may be coiled around 429 430
the outside of the albumen, partly or into a circle, as in Chickwecd (Fig.
431, 432) and in Mirabilis (Fig. 52). The latter mode prevails in Campylo-
tropous seeds. In the cereal grains, such as Indian
Corn (Fig. 67) and Rice, 430 «), and in all other
Grasses, the embryo is straight and applied to the
431 432 outside of the abundant albumen.
392. The matured seed, with embryo ready to germinate and reproduce
the kind, completes the cycle of the vegetable life in a phanerogamous
plant, the account of which began with the seed and seedling.
SECTION XVI. VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK.
393. The following simple outlines of the anatomy and physiology of
plants (3) are added to the preceding si ruct ural part for the better prepar-
ation of students in descriptive and systematic botany ; also to give to all
learners some general idea of the life, growth, intimate structure, and action
of the beings which compose so large a part, of organic nature. Those who
would extend and verify the facts and principles here outlined will use the
Physiological Botany of the " Botanical Text Book," by Professor Goodalc,
or some similar book.
FIG. 427. Seed of a Sisymbrium, cut across to show the incumbent cotyledons.
428. Embryo of the same, detached whole.
FIG. 429. Section of seed of Violet ; auatropons with straight axile embryo in
the albumen. 430. Section of seed of Rock Rose, Helianthemum Canadense ;
ortliotropous, with curved embryo in the albumen. 430°. Section of a grain of
Rice, lengthwise, showing the embryo outside the albumen, which forms the
principal bulk.
FIG. 431. Seed of a duckweed, campylotropous. 432. Section of same, show-
ing slender embryo coiled around the outside of the albumen of the kernel.
SECTION 16.] STRUCTURE AND GROWTH. 129
§ 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH.
39 1. Growth is the increase of a living thing in size and substance. It
appears so natural that plants and animals should grow, that one rarely
thinks of it as requiring explanation. It seems enough to say that a thing
is so because it grew so. Growth from the seed, the germination and de-
velopment of an embryo into a plantlet, and at length into a mature plant
(as illustrated in Sections II. and III.), can be followed by ordinary obser-
vation. But the embryo is already a miniature plantlet, sometimes with
hardly any visible distinction of parts, but often one which has already
made very considerable growth in the seed. To investigate the formation
and growth of the embryo itself requires well-trained eyes and hands, and
the expert use of a good compound microscope. So this is beyond the
reach of a beginner.
395. Moreover, although observation may show that a seedling, weigh-
ing only two or three grains, may double its bulk and weight every week
of its early growth, and may in time produce a huge amount of vegetable
matter, it is still to be asked what this vegetable matter is, where it came
from, and by what means plants are able to increase and accumulate it, and
build -it up into the fabric of herbs and shrubs and lofty trees.
39(5. Protoplasm. All this fabric was built up under life, but only a
small portion of it is at any one time alive. As growth proceeds, life is
passed on from the old to the new parts, much as it has passed on from
parent to offspring, from generation to generation in unbroken continuity.
Protoplasm is the common name of that plant-stuff in which life essentially
resides. All growth depends upon it; for it has the peculiar power of
growing and multiplying and building up a living structure, — the animal
no less than the vegetable structure, for it is essentially the same in both.
Indeed, all the animal protoplasm comes primarily from the vegetable,
which has the prerogative of producing it ; and the protoplasm of plants
furnishes all that portion of the food of animals which forms their flesh
and living fabric.
397- The very simplest plants (if such may specifically be called plants
rather than animals, or one may say, the simplest living things) are mere
particles, or pellets, or threads, or even indefinite masses of protoplasm of
vague form, which possess powers of motion or of changing their shape,
of imbibing water, air, and even other matters, and of assimilating these
into plant-stuff for their own growth and multiplication. Their growth
is increase in substance by incorporation of that which they take in and
assimilate. Their multiplication is by spontaneous division of their sub-
stance or body into two or more, each capable of continuing the process.
398. The embryo of a phanerogamous plant at its beginning (344) is es-
sentially such a globule of protoplasm, which soon constricts itself into two
and more such globules, which hold together inseparably in a row ; then
the last of the row divides without separation in the two other planes, to
9
130
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
433
form a compound mass, each grain or globule of which goes on to double
itself as it grows ; and the definite shaping of this still increasing mass
builds up the embryo into its form.
399. Cell-walls. \Vhile this growth was going on, each grain of the
forming structure formed and clothed itself with a coat, thin and trans-
parent, of something di lie rent from protoplasm, — something which hardly
0and only transiently, if at all, partakes of the life and action.
The protoplasm forms the living organism; the coat is a kind
of protective covering or shell. The protoplasm, like the
flesh of animals which it gives rise to, is composed of four
chemical elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitro-
gen. The coating is of the nature of wood (is, indeed, that
which makes wood), and has only the three elements, Car-
bon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, in its composition.
400. Although the forming structure of an embryo in
the fertilized ovule is very minute and difficult to see, there
are many simple plants of lowest grade, abounding in pools
of water, which more readily show the earlier stages or sim-
plest states of plant -growth. One of these, which is common
in early spring, requires only moderate magnifying power
to bring to view what is shown in Fig. 437. In a slimy
mass which holds all loosely together, little spheres of green
vegetable matter are seen, assembled in fours,
and these fours themselves in clusters of fours.
A transient inspection shows, what prolonged
watching would confirm, that each sphere di-
vides first in one plane, then in the other, to
make four, soon acquiring the size of the original, and so on,
producing successive groups of fours. These pellets each
form on their surface a transparent wall, like that just des-
cribed. The delicate wall is for some time capable of expan-
sive growth, but is from the first much firmer than the
protoplasm within; through it the latter imbibes sur-
rounding moisture, which becomes a watery sap, occupy-
ing vacuities in the protoplasmic mass which enlarge or
run together as the periphery increases and distends.
When full grown the protoplasm may become a mere lining
to the wall, or some of it central, as a nucleus, this usually connected with
the wall-lining by delicate threads of the same substance. So, when full
grown, the wall witli its lining — a vesicle, containing liquid or some
Fio. 433-436. Figures to illustrate the earlier stages in the formation of an
eml.ryo; a single mass of pmtoiilasm (Fig. 433) dividing into two, three, and then
into more incipient cells, which l>y continued multiplication build up an embryo.
Fie. 437. Magnified view of some of a simple fresh water Alga, the Tetraspora
lubrica, each .sphere of which may answer to an individual plant
Q
SECTION 10.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE.
131
solid matters and in age mostly air — naturally came to be named a CELL.
Bat the name was suggested by, and first used only for, ceils in combination
or built up into a fabric, much as a wall is built of bricks, that is, into a
401. Cellular Structure or Tissue. Suppose numerous cells like
those of Fig. 437 to be heaped up like a pile of cannon-balls, and as they
grew, to be compacted together while soft and yielding; they would flatten
where they touched, and each sphere,
being touched by twelve surrounding
ones would become twelve-sided. Fig.
438 would represent one of them.
Suppose the contiguous faces to be
united into one wall or partition be-
tween adjacent cavities, and a cellular
structure would be formed, like that
shown in Fig. 439. Roots, stems, leaves,
and the whole of phan-
erogamous plants are a
fabric of countless num-
bers of such cells. No
such exact regularity in
size and shape is ever
actually found ; but a nearly truthful magnified view of a small portion of
a slice of the flower-stalk of a Calla Lily (Fig. 440) shows a fairly corres-
ponding structure ; except that, owing to the great air-spaces of the interior,
the fabric may be likened rather to a stack of chimneys than to a solid
fabric. In young and partly transparent parts one may discern the cel-
lular structure by looking down directly on the surface, as of a form-
ing root. (Fig. 82, 441, 442).
402. The substance of which cell-walls are mainly composed is called
CELLULOSE. It is essentially the same in the stem of a delicate leaf or
petal and in the wood of an Oak, except that in the latter the walls are
FIG. 438. Diagram of a vegetable cell, such as it would be if when spherical it
were equally pressed by similar surrounding cells in a heap.
FIG. 439. Ideal construction of cellular tissue so formed, in section.
FIG. 440. Magnified view of a portion of a transverse slice of stem of Calla
Lily. The great spaces are tubular air-channels built up by the cells.
VEGKT.M'.LK LIKI: AND \VOI;K. [SECTION 16.
442
much tliicicened and the calibre small. The protoplasm of each living cell
appears to be completely shut up and isolated in its shell of cellulose ; but
microscopic investigation has brought to view, in many cases, minute
threads of protoplasm which here and there traverse
the cell-wall through minute pores, thus connecting
the living portion of one cell with that of adjacent
cells. (See Fig. 447, &c.)
403. The hairs of plants are cells formed on the
surface; either elongated single cells
(like the root-hairs of Fig. 441, 442),
or a row of shorter cells. Cotton
fibres are long and simple cells grow-
ing from the surface of the seed.
404. The size of the cells of which
common plants are made up varies
from about the thirtieth to the thou-
sandth of an inch in diameter. An
ordinary size of short or roundish
cells is from ^^ to -g-J-^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be from
27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch !
403. Some parts are built up as a compact structure ; in others cells
are arranged so as to build up regular air-
channels, as in (he stems of aquatic and other
wafer-loving plants (Fig. 440), or to leave
irregular spaces, as in the lower part of most
leaves, where the cells only luvc and there
come into close contact (Fig. 443).
400. All such soft cellular tissue, like
this of leaves, that of pith, and of the green
bark, is called PARENCHYMA, while fibrous
and woody parls are composed of PROSEN-
CIIYV \, that is, of peculiarly transformed
4n7. Strengthening Cells. Common cellular tissue, which makes up
the whole structure of all very young plants, and the whole of Mosses
and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even when full grown, is too
tender or too brittle to give needful strength and toughness for plants
which are to rise to any considerable height and support themselves. In
these needful strength is imparted, and the conveyance of sap through the
plant is facilitated, by the change, as they are formed, of some cells info
thicker-walled and tougher tubes, and by the running together of some of
Fio. 441. Much magmTn-d small portion of young root of a seedling Maple
(such as of Fig. 8'2); and -t TJ, a tV\v cells of same more magnified. The prolonga-
tions from the back of some of the cells are root-hairs.
Flo. 443. Magiiilifd scrtioii through the thickness of a. leaf of Florida Star-
Anise.
SECTION 16.]
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE.
133
these, or the prolongation of others, into hollow fibres or tubes of various size.
Two sorts of such transformed cells go together, and essentially form the
408. Wood. This is found in all common herbs, as well as in shrubs
and trees, but the former have much less of it in proportion to the softer
cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of the root, stem,
and leaves, — traces of it appearing in large embryos even while yet in the
seed. Those cells that lengthen, and at the same time thicken their walls
form the proper WOODY FIBRE or WOOD-CELLS ; those of larger size and
thinner walls, which arc thickened only in certain parts so as to have
peculiar markings, and which often are seen 444
to be made up of a row of cylindrical cells,
with the partitions between absorbed or bro-
ken away, are called DUCTS, or sometimes
VESSELS. There are all gradations between
wood-cells and ducts, and between both these
and common cells. But in most plants the
three kinds are fairly distinct.
409. The proper cellular tissue, or paren-
chyma, is the ground-work of root, stem, and
leaves; this is traversed, chiefly lengthwise,
by the strengthening and conducting tissue,
wood-cells and duct-cells, in the form of
bundles or threads, which, in the stems and
stalks of herbs are fewer and comparatively
scattered, but in shrubs and trees so numer-
rous and crowded that in the stems and
all permanent parts they make a solid mass
of wood. They extend into and ramify in
the leaves, spreading out in a horizontal
plane, as the framework of ribs and veins,
which supports the softer cellular portion or
parenchyma.
410. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibres,
consist of tubes, commonly between one and
two thousandths, but in Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths,
of an inch in diameter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood,
FIG. 444. Magnified wood-cells of the l>ark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and
part of another. 445. Some wood-cells from the wood (and below part of a duct);
and 446, a detached wood-cell of the same ; equally magnified.
FIG. 447. Some wood-cells from Buttomvood, Platanus, highly magnified, a
whole cell and lower end of another on the left ; a cell cut half away lengthwise,
and half of another on the right ; some pores or pits (n) seen on the left; while
b b mark sections through these on the cut surface. When living and young the
protoplasm extends into these and by minuter perforations connects across them.
In age the pits become open passages, facilitating the passage of sap and air
134
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
shown in Fig. 1 14, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those
of Buttouwood (Fig. 417) are larger, and are here highly magnified besides.
The figures show the way wood-cells are commonly put together, namely,
with their tapering ends overlapping each other, — spliced together, as it
were, — thus giving more strength and toughness. In hard woods, such
as Hickory and Oak, the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as
dense; while in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are
thinner.
411. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and tougher
than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibres. For example,
Fig. 44G represents a cell of the wood of Basswood of average length, and
Fig. 444 one (and part of another) of the fibrous bark, both drawn to the
same scale. As these long cells form the principal part of fibrous bark, or
bast, they are named Bast-cells or Bast-fibres. These give the great tough-
ness and flexibility to the inner bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of
Leather-wood ; and they furnish the invaluable fibres of llax and hemp;
the proper wood of their stems
being tender, brittle, and de-
stroyed by the processes which
separate for use the tough ana
slender bast-cells. In Leather-
wood (L)irca) the bast-cells are
remarkably slender. A view of
one, it' magnified on the scale
of Fig. 444, would be a foot
and a half long.
412. The wood-cells of Pines,
and more or less of all other Coniferous trees, have on two of their sides
very peculiar disk-shaped markings (Fig. 448-450) by which that kind of
wood is recognizable.
413. Ducts, also called VESSELS, are mostly larger
than wood-cells : indeed, some of them, as in Red Oak,
have calibre large enough to be discerned on a cross
section by the naked eye. They make the visible porosity
of" such kinds of wood. This is particularly the ease with
Doffed ducts (Fig. 451, 452), the surface of which
appears as if riddled with round or oval pores. Such
duets are commonly made up of a row of large cells more
or less confluent into a tube.
Scalariform ducts (Fig. 458, 459), common in Ferns,
ami generally angled bj mutual pressure in the bundles, 451 452
FIG. 448. Magnified bit of a pine-shaving, taken parallel with the silver grain.
449. Separate whole wood-cell, more magnified. -l.r>o. Same, still more magnified;
both sections represented : a, disks in section, b, in face.
FIG. 451, 452. A large and a smaller dotted duct from Grape-Vine.
448
449
gin
SECTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE.
135
have transversely elongated thin places, parallel with each other, giving
a ladder-like appearance, whence the name.
Annular ducts (Fig. 457) are marked witli cross lines or rings, which
are thickened portions of the cell-wall.
453 454
456
458
459
Spiral ducts or vessels (Fig. 453-455) have thin walls, strengthened by
a spiral fibre adherent within. This is as delicate and as strong as spider-
web : when uncoiled by pulling apart,
it tears up and annihilates the cell-
wall. The uncoiled threads are seen
by gently pulling apart many leaves,
such as those of Amaryllis, or the
stalk of a Strawberry leaflet.
Laticiferous ducts, Vessels of the
Latex, or Milk-vessels are peculiar
branching tubes which hold latex or
milky juice in certain plants. It is
very difficult to see them, and more
so to make out their nature. They
are peculiar in branching and inosculating, so as to make a net-work of
tubes, running in among the cellular tissue; and they are very small,
except when gorged and old (Fig. 460, 461).
FIG. 453, 454. Spiral ducts which uncoil into a single thread. 455. Spiral
duct which tears up as a band. 456. An annular duct, with variations above.
457- Loose spiral duct passing into annular. 458. Scalariform ducts of a Fern;
part of a bundle, prismatic by pressure. 459. One torn into a band.
FIG. 460. Milk Vessels of Dandelion, with cells of the common cellular tissue.
461. Others from the same older and gorged with niilky juice. All highly mag-
nified.
136 VEGETABLE LIFE AND GROWTH. [SECTION 10.
§ 2. CELL-CONTENTS.
414. The living contents of young and active cells arc mainly protoplasm
with water or watery sap which this has imbibed. Old and effete cells are
often empty of solid matter, containing ouly water with whatever may be
dissolved in it, or air, according to the time and circumstances. All the
\arious products which plants hi general elaborate, or which particular
plants specially elaborate, out of the common food which they derive from
the soil and the air, are contained in the cells, and in the cells they are
produced.
415. Sap is a general name for the principal liquid contents, — Crude sap,
for that which the plant takes in, Elaborated sap for what it has digested or
assimilated. They must be undistinguisluibly mixed in the cells.
416'. Among the solid matters into which cells convert some of their
elaborated sap two are general and most important. These are Chlorophyll
and Starch.
417. Chlorophyll (meaning leaf-green) is what gives the green color to
herbage. It consists of soft grains of rather complex nature, partly wax-
like, partly protoplasmic. These abound in the cells of all common leaves
and the green rind of plants, wherever exposed to the light. The green
color is seen through the transparent skin of the leaf and the walls of the
containing cells. Chlorophyll is essential to ordinary assimilation in plants :
by its means, under the influence of sunlight, the plant converts crude sap
into vegetable matter.
418. Far the largest part of all vegetable matter produced is that which
gurs to build up the plant's fabric or cellular structure, either directly or
indirectly. There is no one good name for this most important product of
vegetation. In its final state of cell-walls, the permanent fabric of herb
and shrub and tree, it is called Cellulose (40^) : in its most soluble form
it is Sugar of one or another kind ; in a less soluble form it is Df.rfrhie, a
kind of liquefied starch : in the form of solid grains stored up in the cells
it is Starch. By a scries of slight chemical changes (mainly a variation in
the water entering into the composition), one of these forms is converted
into another.
419. Starch (Fi/rimr or /vvv/A/) is the form in which this common plant
material is, as it were, laid by for future use. It consists of solid grains,
somewhat different in form in different plants, in size varying from -j^g- to
ffeb of an inch, partly translucent when wet, and of a pearly lustre. From
the concentric, lines, which commonly appear under the microscope, the
grains seem to be made up of layer over layer. When loose they are com-
monly oval, as in potato-starch (Fig- 4C>;>) : when much compacted the
grains may become angular (Fig. 4M).
420. The starch in a potato was produced in the foliage. In the soluble
form of dextrine, or that of sugar, it was conveyed through the cells of the
herbage and stalks to a subterranean shoot, and there stored up in the
SECTION 10.]
CELL-CONTENTS.
137
tuber. When the potato sprouts, tlie starch in the vicinity of developing
buds or eyes is changed back again, first into mucilaginous dextrine, then
into sugar, dissolved ,,»
in the sap, and in this *« <Wt3?
form it is made to
flow to the growing
parts, where it is laid
down into cellulose
or cell-wall. 462 463
421. Besides these cell-contents which are in obvious and essential rela-
tion to nutrition, there are others the use of which is problematical. Of
such the commonest are
422. Crystals. These when slender or needle-shaped are called
R.HAPHIDES. They are of inorganic matter, usually of oxalate or phosphate
or sulphate of lime. Some, at least of the latter, may be direct crystalliza-
469
tions of what is taken in dissolved in the water absorbed, but others must
be the result of some elaboration in the plant. Some plants have hardly
any ; others abound in them, especially in the foliage and bark. In Locust-
bark almost every cell holds a crystal ; so that in a square inch not thicker
than writing-paper there may be over a million and a half of them. "When
FIG. 462. Some magnified starch-grains, in two cells of a potato. 463. Some
cells of the albumen or floury part of Indian Corn, filled with starch-grains.
FIG. 464. Four cells from dried Onion-peel, each holding a crystal of different
shape, one of them twinned. 465. Some cells from stalk of Rhubarb-plant, three
containing chlorophyll ; two (one torn across) with rhaphides. 466. Rhaphides
in a cell, from Arisajma, witli small cells surrounding. 467. Prismatic crystals
from the bark of Hickory. 468. Glomerate crystal in a cell, from Beet-root.
469. A few cells of Locust-bark, a crystal in each. 470. A detached cell, with
rhaphides being forced out, as happens when put in water.
138
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
needle-shaped (rhapliides), as in stalks of Calla-Lily, Rhubarb, or Four-
o'clock, they are usually packed iu sheaf-like bundles. (Fig. 4G5, 460.)
§ 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STE.MS.
423. This is so nearly the same that an account of the internal structure
of stems may serve for the root also.
424. At the beginning, either iu the embryo or in an incipient shoot
from a bud, the whole stem is of tender cellular tissue or parenchyma.
But wood (consisting of wood-cells and ducts or vessels) begins to be
formed in the earliest growth ; and is from the first arranged in two ways,
making two general kinds of wood. The difference is obvious even iu
herbs, but is more conspicuous in the enduring stems of shrubs and
trees.
425. On one or the other of these two types the stems of all phanero-
gamous plants are constructed. In one, the wood is made up of separate
threads, scattered here and there throughout the whole diameter of the
stem. In the other, the wood is all collected to form a layer (in a slice
across the stem appearing as a ring) between a central cellular part vrhieh
has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark.
4-J(). An Asparagus-shoot and a Corn-stalk for herbs, and a rattan for a
woody kind, represent the first kind. To it
belong all plants with monocotyledonous em-
bryo (40). A Beau-stalk
and the stem of any com-
mon shrub or tree rep-
resent the second ; and
. s.v:
'••'•'i^*
/•-. • _-^r
to it belling all plants with dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous embryo.
The first has been called, not very properly, Endogenous, which moans in-
side-growing ; the second, properly enough, KroyefiOHS, or outside-growing.
427. Endogenous Stems, those of Monocotyls (10), attain their
greatest si/e and most characteristic development in Palms and Dragon-
trees, therefore chiefly in warm climates, although the Palmetto and some
Fio. 471. Diagram of structure of Palm or Ynrra. 47-. Structure of a Corn-
stalk, in transverse and longitudinal section. 473. Santo of a small Palm-stt'in.
The dots on the cross sections represent cut ends of the woody bundles or threads.
SECTION 1C.]
ANATOMY OF STEMS.
139
Yuccas become trees along the southern borders of the United States. In
such stems the woody bundles are more numerous and crowded toward the
circumference, and so the harder wood is outside ; while in an exogenous
stem the oldest and hardest wood is toward the centre. An endogenous
stem has no clear distinction of pith, bark, and wood, concentrically ar-
ranged, no silver grain, no annual layers, no bark that peels off clean from
the wood. Yet old stems of Yuccas and the like, that continue to increase
in diameter, do form a sort of layers and a kind of scaly bark when old.
Yuccas show well the curving of the woody bundles (Fig. 471) which
below taper out and are lost at tire rind.
428. Exogenous Stems, those of Dicotyls (37), or of plants coming
from dicotyledonous and also polycotyledonous embryos, have
a structure which is familiar in the wood of our ordinary
trees and shrubs. It is the same in an herbaceous shoot
(such as a Flux-stem, Fig. 474) as in a Maple-stem of the
first year's growth, except that the woody layer is com-
monly thinner or perhaps reduced to a circle of bundles.
It was so in the tree-stern at the beginning. The wood all
forms in a cylinder, — in cross section a ring — around a cen-
tral cellular part, dividing the cellular core within, the pith, from a cellu-
lar bark without. As the wood-bundles increase in number and in size,
477
they press upon each other and become wedge-shaped in the cross sec-
lion; and they continue to grow from the outside, next the bark, so that
they become very thin wedges or plates. Between the plates or wedges
are very thin plates (in cross section lines) of much compressed cellular
tissue, which connect the pith with the bark. The plan of a one-year-old
woody stem of this kind is exhibited in the figures, which are essentially
diagrams.
429. When such a stem grows on from year to year, it adds annually a
FIG. 474. Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and
pith in a cross section.
FIG. 475. Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing
six woody bundles or wedges. 476. Same later, with wedges increased to twelve.
477. Still later, the wedges filling the space, separated only by the thin lines, or
medullary rays, running from pith to bark.
140
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 1C.
i—-
layer of wood outside the preceding one, between that and the bark. This
is exogenous growth, or outside-growing, as the name denotes.
430. Some new bark is formed every year, as well as new wood, the
former inside, as the latter
is outside of that uf the
year preceding. The ring
or zone of tender forming
tissue between the hark
and the wood has been
called the Cambium Layer.
Cambium is an old name
of the physiologists for
nutritive juice. And this
thin laver is so £rorj;ed
«-
with rich nutritive sap
when spring growth is re-
newed, that the bark then
seems to be loose from
the wood and a layer of
viscid sap (or cambium} to
be poured out between the
two. But there is all
the while a connection of
the bark and the wood by
delicate cells, vapidly mul-
tiplying and growing.
431. The Bark of a
year-old stem consists of
three parts, more or less distinct, namely, — beginning next the wood, -
1. THE LIBER or Fi mini's IXVKK, the Inner Bark. This contains some
wood-cells, or their equivalent, commonly in the form of bast or bast-cells
(111, Fig. Ill), such as those of Basswood or Linden, and amoag herbs
those of flax and hemp, which are spun and woven or made into cordage.
It also contains cells which are named «Vr<?-cells, on account of numerous
slits and pores in their walls, by which the protoplasm of contiguous cells
communicates. In woody stems, whenever a new layer of wood is formed,
some new liber or inner bark is also formed outside of it.
FIG. 478. Piece of a stem of Scft Ma] 'If, of a year old, cut crosswise and length-
wise.
FK;. -179. A portion of the same, magnified.
Fio. ISO. A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the bark
to the pith, and highly magnified : <t, a small bit of the pith ; b, spiral ducts of what
is called the mfdullanj ahi'ntli ; c, the wood; <f, d, dotted ducts in the wood;
e, e, annular ducts;/, the liber or inner bark; ff, the green bark; /;, the corky
layer; i, the skin, or epidermis; /, one of the medullary rays, or plates of silver
grain, seen on the cross-section.
480
SECTION 10.]
ANATOMY OF STEMS.
141
2. TUB GREEN BARK or Middle Bark. This consists of cellular tissue
only, and contains the same green matter (chlorophyll, 417) as the leaves.
In woody stems, before the season's growth is completed, it becomes cov-
ered by
3. THE CORKY LAYER or Outer Bark, the cells of which contain no
chlorophyll, and are of the nature of cork. Common cork is the thick
corky layer of the bark of the Cork-Oak of Spain. It is this which gives
to the stems or twigs of shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar
t0 each, — light gray in the Ash, purple in the Red Maple, red in several
Dogwoods, etc.
4. THE EPIDERMIS, or skin of the plant, consisting of a layer of thick-
sided empty cells, which may be considered to be the outermost layer, or
in most herbaceous stems the only layer, of cork-cells.
432. The green layer of bark seldom grows much after the first season.
Sometimes the corky layer grows and forms new layers, inside of the old,
for years, as in the Cork-Oak, the Sweet Gum-tree, and the White and the
Paper Birch. But it all dies after a while ; and the continual enlargement
of the wood within finally stretches it more than it can bear, and sooner or
later cracks and rends it, while the weather acts powerfully upon its sur-
face ; so the older bark perishes and falls away piecemeal year by year.
433. So on old trunks only the ianer bark remains. This is renewed
every year from within and so kept alive, while the older and outer layers
die, are fissured and rent by the distending trunk, weathered and worn, and
thrown off in fragments, — in some tvees slowly, so that the bark of old
trunks may acquire great thickness ; in others, more rapidly. In Honey-
suckles and Grape-Vines, the layers of liber loosen and die when only a
year or two old. The annual layers of liber are sometimes as distinct as
those of the wood, but often not so.
FIG. 481. Magnified view of surface of a bit of young Maple wood from which
the bark has been torn away, showing the wood-cells and the bark-ends of medul-
lary rays.
FIG. 482. Section in the opposite direction, from bark (on the left) to beginning
of pith (on the right), and a medullary ray extending from one to the other.
142 VEGETAULK MFF, AND WORK. [SF,<T1GN 1''..
434. The Wood of an exogenous trunk, having the old growths covered
by the now, remains nearly uncbauged in age, except from decay. Wherever
there is an annual suspension and renewal of growth, as in temperate cli-
mates, the annual growths are more or less distinctly marked, in the form
of concentric rings on the cross section, so that the age of the tree may be
known by counting them. Over twelve hundred layers have been counted
on the stumps of Sequoias in California, and it is probable that some trees
now living antedate the Christian era.
435. The reason why the annual growths are distinguishable is, that the
wood formed at the beginning of the season is more or less different in the
8 ze or character of the cells from that of the close. In Oak, Chestnut, etc.,
the first wood of the season abounds in dotted ducts, the calibre of which
is many times greater than that of the proper wood-cells.
430. Sap-wood, or Alburnum. This is the newer wood, living or
recently alive, and taking part in the conveyance of sap. Sooner or later,
each layer, as it becomes more and more deeply covered by the newer ones
and farther from the region of growth, is converted into
437. Heart-wood, or Duramen. This is drier, harder, more solid,
and much more durable as timber, than sap-wood. It is generally of a
different color, and it exhibits in diifercnt species the hue peculiar to each,
such as reddish in Red-Cedar, brown in Black-Walnut, black in Ebony, etc.
The change of sap-wood into heart-wood results from the thickening of the
walls of the wood-cells by the deposition of hard matter, lining the tubes
and diminishing their calibre ; and by the deposition of a vegetable coloring-
matter peculiar to each species. The heart-wood, being no longer a living
part, may decay, and often does so, without the least injury to the tree,
except by diminishing the strength of the trunk, and so rendering it more
liable to be overthrown.
438. The Living Parts of a Tree, of the exogenous kind, are only
these: first, the rootlets at one extremity; second, the buds and leaves of
the season at the other; and third, a zone consisting of the newest wood
and the newest bark, connecting the rootlets with the buds or leaves, how-
eter widely separated these may be, — in the tallest trees from two to four
hundred feet, apart. And these parts of the tree are all renewed every year.
No wonder, therefore, that trees may live so long, since they annually re-
produce everything that is essential to their life and growth, and since only
a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree survives, but
nothing now living has been so long. In it, as elsewhere, life is a transi-
tory thing, ever abandoning the old, and renewed in the young.
§ 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES.
439. The wood in leaves is the framework of ribs, veins, and veinlets
(125), serving not only to strengthen then), but also to bring in the sap,
and to distiibutc it throughout fvery part. The cellular portion is the
SECTION 16.]
ANATOMY OF LEAVES.
H3
green pulp, and is nearly the same as the green layer of the bark. So that
the leaf may properly enough be regarded as a sort of expansion of the
fibrous and green layers of the bark. It has no proper corky layer ; but
the whole is covered by a transparent skin or epidermis, resembling that
of the stem.
440. The cells of the leaf are of various forms, rarely so compact as to
form a close cellular tissue, usually loosely arranged, at least in the lower
part, so as to give copious intervening spaces or air passages, communi-
cating throughout the whole interior (Fig. 443, 483). The green color is
given by the chlorophyll (417), seen through the very transparent walls of
the cells and through the translucent epidermis of the leaf.
441. In ordinary leaves, having an upper and under surface, the green
cells form two distinct strata, of different arrangement. Those of the
upper stratum are oblong or cylindrical, aud stand endwise to the surface
of the leaf, usually close together, leaving hardly any vacant spaces ; those
of the lower are commonly irregular in shape, most of them -with their
longer diameter parallel to the face of the leaf, and are very loosely ar-
ranged, leaving many and wide air-chambers. The green color of the
lower is therefore diluted, and paler than that of the upper face of the leaf.
The upper part of the leaf is so constructed as to bear the direct action
of the sunshine ; the lower so as to afford freer circulation of air, and to
facilitate transpiration. It communicates more directly than the upper
with the external air by means of Stomates.
442. The Epidermis or skin of leaves and all young shoots is best
seen in the foliage. It may readily be stripped off from the surface of a
Lily-leaf, and still more so from more fleshy and soft leaves, such as those
FIG. 483. Magnified section of a leaf of White Lily, to exhibit the cellular
structure, both of upper and lower stratum, the air-passages of the lower, and
the epidermis or skin, in section, also a little of that of the lower face, with some
of its stomates.
144
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 1G.
of Houseleek. The epidermis is usually composed of a single layer, occa-
sionally of two or three layers, of empty
cells, mostly of irregular outline. The siu-
uous lines which traverse it, and may be dis-
484
485
486
487
cerned under low powers of the microscope (Fig. 487), are the boundaries
of the epidermal cells.
443. Breathing-pores, or Stomates, Stomata (singular, a Stoma, —
literally, a mouth) are openings through the epidermis into the air-chambers
or intercellular passages, always between and guarded by a pair of thin-
walled guardian cells. Although most abundant in leaves, especially on
their lower face (that which is screened from direct sunlight), they are
found on most other green parts. They establish a direct communication
between the external air and that in the loose interior of the leaf. Tlicir
guardian cells or lips, which are soft and delicate, like those of the green
pulp within, by their greater or less turgidity open or close the orifice as the
moisture or dryness varies.
444. In the Wink: Lily the stomata are so remarkably large that they
may be seen by a simple microscope of moderate power, and may be dis-
cerned even by a good hand lens. There are about 60,000 of them to the
square inch of the epidermis of the lower face of this Lily-leaf, and only
about 3000 to the same space on the upper face. It is computed that an
average leaf of an Apple-tree has on its lower face about 100,000 of these
mouths.
§ 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION.
445. Only plants arc capable of originating organi/.able matter, or the
materials which compose the structure of vegetables and animals. The es-
sential and peculiar work of plants is to take up portions of earth and air
(water belonging to both) upon which animals cannot live at all, and to
convert them into something organizable ; that is, into something that,
inuler life, may be built up into vegetable and animal structures. All the
food of animals is produced by plants. Animals live upon vegetables,
Ki<;. 484. Small portion of epidermis of the lower face of a White-Lily leaf,
*ith stomala.
FIG. 485. One of these, more magnified, in the closed state. 486. Another
stoma, open.
FIQ. 487. Small portion of epidermis of the Garden Balsam, highly magnified,
showing very sinuous-walled cells, and three atomata.
SECTION 1C.] PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION. 145
directly or at second hand, the carnivorous upon the herbivorous; and
vegetables live upon earth and air, immediately or at second hand.
446. The Food of plants, then, primarily, is earth and air. This is
evident enough from the way in which they live. Many plants will nourish
in pure sand or powdered cbalk, or on the bare face of a rock or wall,
watered merely with rain. And almost any plant may be made to grow
from the seed in moist sand, and increase its weight many times, even if it
will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended from the
branches of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone, never hav-
ing any connection with the soil ; and some which naturally grow on the
ground, like the Live-forever of the gardens, when pulled up by the roots
and hung in the air will often flourish the whole summer long.
447. It is true that fast-growing plants, or those which produce much
vegetable matter in one season (especially in such concentrated form as
to be useful as food for man or the higher animals) will come to maturity
only in an enriched soil. But what is a rich soil ? One which contains
decomposing vegetable matter, or some decomposing animal matter; that
is, in either case, some decomposing organic matter formerly produced by
plants. Aided by this, grain-bearing and other important vegetables will
grow more rapidly and vigorously, and make a greater amount of iiouristi-
ing matter, than they could if left to do the whole work at once from the
beginning. So that in these cases also all the organic or organizable matter
was made by plants, and made out of earth and air. Far the larger and
most essential part was air and water.
448. Two kiuds of material are taken in and used by plants ; of which
the first, although more or less essential to perfect plant-growth, are in a
certain sense subsidiary, if not accidental, viz. : —
Earthy constituents, those which are left in the form of ashes when a leaf
or a stick of wood is burned in the open air. These consist of some potash
(or soda in a marine plant), some silex (the same as flint), and a little lime,
alumine, or magnesia, iron or manganese, sulphur, phosphorus, etc., — some
or all of these in variable and usually minute proportions. They are such
materials as happen to be dissolved, in small quantity, in the water taken
up by the roots ; and when that is consumed by the plant, or flies off pure
(as it largely does) by exhalation, the earthy matter is left behind in the
cells, — just as it is left iucrusting the sides of a teakettle in which much
hard water has been boiled. Naturally, therefore, there is more earthy
matter (i. e. more ashes) in the leaves than in any other part (sometimes
as much as seven per cent, when the wood contains only two per cent) ;
because it is through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the
plant. Some of this earthy matter incrusts the cell-walls, some goes to
form crystals or rhaphides, which abound in many plants (422), some
enters into certain special vegetable products, and some appears to be ne-
cessary to the well-being of the higher orders of plants, although forming
no necessary part of the proper vegetable structure.
10
14G VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
The essential constituents of the organic fabric are those which are dissi-
pated into air and vapor in complete burning. They make up from 88 to
99 per cent of the leaf or stem, and essentially the whole both of the cellu-
lose of the walls and the protoplasm of the contents. Burning gives these
materials of the plant's structure back to the air, mainly in the same condi-
tion in which the plant took them, the same condition which is reached
more slowly in natural decay. The chemical elements of the cell-walls (or
cellulose, 402), as also of starch, sugar, and all that class of orgauizable
cell-material, are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (399). The same, with
nitrogen, are the constituents of protoplasm, or the truly vital part of
vegetation.
449. These chemical elements out of which organic matters are com-
posed are supplied to the plant by water, carbonic acid, and some combina-
tions of nitrogen.
Wafer, far more largely than anything else, is imbibed by the roots ; also
more or less by the foliage in the form of vapor. Water consists of oxygen
and hydrogen; and cellulose or plant-wall, starch, sugar, etc., however
different in their qualities, agree in containing these two elements in the
same relative proportions as in water.
Carbonic acid gas (Carbon dioxide) is one of the components of the atmos-
phere,— a small one, ordinarily only about ^^Oft of its bulk, — sufficient
for the supply of vegetation, but not enough to be injurious to animals, as it
would be if accumulated. Every current or breeze of air brings to the leaves
expanded in it a succession of fresh atoms of carbonic acid, which it absorbs
through its multitudinous breathing-pores. This gas is also taken up by
water. So it is brought to the ground by rain, and is absorbed by the roots
of plants, either as dissolved in the water they imbibe, or in the form of
gas in the interstices of the soil. Manured ground, that is, soil containing
decomposing vegetable or animal matters, is constantly giving out this gas
into the interstices of the soil, whence the roots of the growing crop absorb
it. Carbonic acid thus supplied, primarily from the air, is the source of the
carbon which forms much the largest part of the substance of every plant.
The proportion of carbon may be roughly estimated by charring some wood
or foliage ; that is, by heating it out of contact with the air, so as to decom-
pose and drive oil" all the other constituents of the fabric, leaving- the large
bulk of charcoal or carbon behind.
M/rogi'H, the remaining plant-element, is a gas which makes up more
than two thirds of the atmosphere, is brought into the foliage and also to
the roots (being moderately soluble in water) in the same ways as is car-
bonic acid. The nitrogen which, mixed with oxygen, a little carbonic acid,
and vapor of water, constitutes the air we breathe, is the source of this
fourth plant-clement. But it is very doubtful if ordinary plants can use
any nitrogen gas directly as food; that is, if they can directly cause it to
combine, with the other elements so as to form protoplasm. But when com-
bined with hydrogen (forming ammonia), or when combined with oxyirm
SECTION 16.] PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION. 147
(nitric acid and nitrates) plants appropriate it with avidity. And several
natural processes are going on in which nitrogen of tlie air is so combined
and supplied to the soil in forms directly available to the plant. The most
efficient is nitrification, the formation of nitre (nitrate of potash) in the soil,
especially in all fertile soils, through the action of a bacterial ferment.
450. Assimilation in plants is the conversion of these inorganic sub-
stances— essentially, water, carbonic acid, and some form of combined or
combinable nitrogen — into vegetable matter. This most dilute food the
living plant concentrates and assimilates to itself. Only plants are capable
of converting these mineral into organizable matters; and this all-important
work is done by them (so far as all ordinary vegetation is concerned) only
451. Under the light of the sun, acting upon green parts or foliage, that
is, upon the chlorophyll, or upon what answers to chlorophyll, which these
parts contain. The sun in some way supplies a power which enables the
living plant to originate these peculiar chemical combinations, — to organ-
ize matter into forms which are alone capable of being endowed with life.
The proof of this proposition is simple ; and it shows at the same time, in
the simplest way, what a plant does with the water and carbonic acid it
consumes. Namely, 1st, it is only in sunshine or bright daylight that the
green parts of plants give out oxygen gas, — then they regularly do so ;
and 2d, the giving out of this oxygen gas is required to render the chemical
composition of water and carbonic acid the same as that of cellulose, that
is, of the plant's permanent fabric. This shows why plants spread out so
large a surface of foliage. Leaves are so many workshops, full of ma-
chinery worked by sun-power. The emission of oxygen gas from any
sun-lit foliage is seen by placing some of this under water, or by using an
aquatic plant, by collecting the air bubbles which rise, and by noting that
a taper burns brighter in this air. Or a leafy plant in a glass globe may
be supplied with a certain small percentage of carbonic acid gas, and after
proper exposure to sunshine, the air on being tested will be found to con-
tain less carbonic acid and just so much the more oxygen gas.
452. Now if the plant is making cellulose or any equivalent substance,
— that is, is making the very materials of its fabric and growth, as must
generally be the case, — all this oxygen gas given off by the leaves comes
from the decomposition of carbonic acid taken in by the plant. For cellu-
lose, and also starch, dextrine, sugar, and the like are composed of carbon
along with oxygen and hydrogen in just the proportions to form water.
And the carbonic acid and water taken in, less the oxygen which the carbon
brought with it as carbonic acid, and which is given off from the foliage in
sunshine, just represents the manufactured article, cellulose.
453. It comes to the same if the first product of assimilation is sugar,
or dextrine which is a sort of soluble starch, or starch itself. And in the
plant all these forms are readily changed into one another. In the tiny
seedling, as fast as this assimilated matter is formed it is used in growth,
that is, in the formation of cell-walls. After a time some or much of
148 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 1C.
the product may be accumulated in store for future growth, as iu the root
of the turnip, or the tuber of the potato, or the seed of corn or pulse.
This store is mainly iu the form of starch. "U'lien growth begins anew,
this starch is fumed into dextrine or into sugar, in liquid form, and used
to nourish and build up the germinating embryo or the new shoot, -where
it is at length converted into cellulose and used to build up plant-structure.
4.")1. But that which builds plant-fabric is not the cellular structure
itsi If; the work is done by the living protoplasm \\hich dwells within the
walls. This also has to take and to assimilate its proper food, for its own
maintenance and growth. Protoplasm assimilates, along with the other
three elements, the nitrogen of the plant's food. This comes primarily from
the vast stock in the atmosphere, but mainly through the earth, where it is
accumulated through various processes in a fertile soil, — mainly, so far as
concerns crops, from the decomposition of former vegetables and animals.
This protoplasm, which is formed at the same time as the simpler cellulose,
is essentially the same as the flesh of animals, and the source of it. It is
the common basis of vegetable and of animal life.
455. So plant-assimilation produces all the food and fabric of anhnah.
Starch, sugar, the oils (which are, as it were, these farinaceous matters
more deoxidated), chlorophyll, and the like, and even cellulose itself, form
the food of herbivorous animals and much of the food of man. When
digested they enter into the blood, undergo various transformations, and arc
at length decomposed into carbonic acid and water, and exhaled from the
lungs in respiration, — in other words, arc given back to the air by the ani-
mal as the very same materials which the plant took from the air as its food,
— are given back to the air in the same form that they would have taken it'
the vegetable matter had been left to decay where it grew, or if it had been
set on fire and burned ; and with the same result, too, as to the heat, — the
heat in this case producing and maintaining the proper temperature of the
animal.
•ioi;. The protoplasm and other products containing nitrogen (crlufen,
legumine, etc.), and which arc most accumulated in grains and seeds (for
the nourishment of their embryos when they germinate), compose the most
nutritious vegetable food consumed by animals; they form their proper
flesh and sinews, while the earthy constituents of the plant form the earthy
matter of the bones, etc. At length decomposed, in the secretions and
excretions, these nitrogenous constituents are through successive changes
finally resolved into mineral matter, into carbonic acid, water, and ammonia
or some nitrates, — into exactly or essentially the same materials which the
plants took up and assimilated. Animals depend upon vegetables abso-
lutely and directly for their subsistence; also indinvtly, because
457. Plimf.t jutrify the air for animals. In the very process by which they
create fond they take from the air carbonic acid i,ras, injurious to animal res.
piration, which is continually poured into it by the breathing of all animals,
by all decay, by the burning of fuel and all other ordinary combustion; and
SECTION 1G.]
MOVEMENTS.
149
they restore an equal bulk of life-sustaining oxygen needful forthe respiration
of animals, — needful, also, in a certain measure, for plants in any work they
do. Eor in plants, as well as in animals, work is done at a certain cost.
§ 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT.
458. As the organic basis and truly living material of plants is identical
with that of animals, so is the life at bottom essentially the same ; but in
animals something is added at every rise from the lowest to highest organ-
isms. Action and work in living beings require movement.
459. Living things move ; those not living are only moved. Plants
move as truly as do animals. The latter, nourished as they are upon or-
ganized food, which has been prepared for them by plants, and is found
only here and there, must needs have the power of going after it, of collect-
ing it, or at least of taking it in ; which requires them to make spontaneous
movements. But ordinary plants, with their wide-spread surface, always
in contact with the earth and air on which they feed, — the latter every-
where the same; and the former very much so, — might be thought to have
no need of movement. Ordinary plants, indeed, have no locomotion ; some
float, but most are rooted to the spot where they grew. Yet probably all
of them execute various movements which must be as truly self-caused as
are those of the lower grades of animals, — movements which are over-
looked only because too slow to be directly observed. Nevertheless, the
motion of the hour-hand and of the minute-hand of a watch, is not less real
than that of the second-hand.
460. Locomotion. Moreover, many microscopic plants living in water
are seen to move freely, if not briskly, under the microscope; and so like-
wise do more conspicuous
aquatic plants in their embryo-
like or seedling state. Even at
maturity, species of Oscillaria
(such as in Fig. 488, minute
worm-shaped plants of fresh
waters, taking this name from
their oscillating motions) freely 488
execute three different kinds
of movement, the very delicate investing coat of cellulose not impeding the
action of the living protoplasm within. Even when this coat is firmer and
hardened with a siliceous deposit, such crescent-shaped or boat-shaped
one-celled plants as Closierium or Navicwla are able in some way to move
along from place to place in the water.
461. Movements in Cells, or Cell-circulation, sometimes called Cy-
closis, has been detected in so many plants, especially in comparatively
FIG. 488. Two individuals of au Oscillaria, magnified.
150
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WOKK. [SECTION 1(3.
transparent aquatic plants and in hairs on the surface of land plants (where
it is easiest to observe), that it may be inferred to take place in all cells
during the most active part of their life. This motion is commonly a
streaming movement of threads of protoplasm, carrying
along solid granules by which the action may be ob-
served and the rate measured, or in some cases it is a
rotation of the whole protoplasmic contents of the cell.
A comparatively low magnifying power will show it in
the cells of Nitella and Chara (which are cryptogamous
plants) ; and under a moderate power it is well seen in
the Tape Grass of fresh water, Vallisueria, and in Naias
llcxilis (Fig. 489). Minute particles and larger green-
ish globules are seen to be carried along, as if in a cur-
rent, around the cell, passing up one side, across the
end, down the other and across the bottom, completing
the circuit sometimes within a minute or less when well
warmed. To see it well in the cell, which like a string
of beads form the hairs on the stamens, of Spiderwort,
a high magnifying power is needed.
462. Transference of Liquid from Cell to Cell,
and so from place to place in the plant, the absorption
of water by the rootlets, and the exhalation of the
greater part of it from the foliage, — these and similar
operations are governed by the physical laws which
regulate the diffusion of fluids, but are controlled by the
action of living protoplasm. Equally under vital control
are the various chemical transformations which attend
assimilation and growth, and which involve not only molecular movements
but conveyance. Growth itself, which is the formation and shaping of
new parts, implies the direction of internal activities to definite ends.
463. Movements of Organs. The living protoplasm, in all but the
lowest grade of plants, is enclosed and to common appearance isolated in
separate cells, the walls of which can only in their earliest state be said to
be alive. Still plants are able to cause the protoplasm of adjacent cells
to act in concert, and by their combined action to effect movements in
roots, stems, or leaves, some of them very slow and gradual, some manifest
and striking. Such movements arc brought about through individually
minute changes in the form or tension in the protoplasm of the innumera-
ble cells which make up the structure of the organ. Some of the slower
movements are effected during growth, and may be explained by inequality
of growth on the two sides of the bending organ. Hut the more rapid
changes of position, and some of the slow ones, cannot be so explained.
Fio. 489. A few cells of a leaf of Naias fluxilis, highly magnified: the arrows
indicate the courses of the circulating currents.
SECTION 1G.] MOVEMENTS. 151
464. Root-movements. In its growth a root turns or bends away
from the light and toward the centre of the earth, so that in lengthening
it buries itself in the soil where it is to live and act. Every one must
have observed this in the germination of seeds. Careful observations have
shown that the tip of a growing root also makes little sweeps or short
movements from side to side. By this means it more readily insinuates
itself into yielding portions of the soil. The root-tips will also turn
toward moisture, and so secure the most favorable positions in the soil.
465. Stem-movements. The root end of the caulicle or first joint of
stem (that below the cotyledons) acts like the root, in turning downward
in germination (making a complete bend to do so if it happens to point
upward as the seed lies in the ground), while the other end turns or
points skyward. These opposite positions are taken in complete dark-
ness as readily as in the light, in dryuess as much as in moisture : there
fore, so far as these movements are physical, the two portions of the same
iuternode appear to be oppositely affected by gravitation or other in-
fluences.
466. Rising into the air, the stem and green shoots generally, while
young and pliable, bend or direct themselves toward the light, or toward
the stronger light when unequally illuminated ; while roots turn toward the
darkness.
467. Many growing stems have also a movement of Nutation, that is,
of nodding successively in different directions. This is brought about by
a temporary increase of turgidity of the cells along one side, thus bowing
the stem over to the opposite side ; and this line of turgescence travels
round the shoot continually, from right to left or from left to right accord-
ing to the species : thus the shoot bends to all points of the compass in
succession. Commonly this nutation is slight or hardly observable. It is
most marked in
468. Twining Stems (Fig. 90). The growing upper end of such
stems, as is familiar in the Hop, Pole Beans, and Morning-Glory, turns
over in an inclined or horizontal direction, thus stretching out to reach a
neighboring support, and by the continual change in the direction of the
nodding, sweeps the whole circle, the sweeps being the longer as the stem
lengthens. When it strikes against a support, such as a stem or branch of
a neighboring plant, the motion is arrested at the contact, but continues
at the growing apex beyond, and this apex is thus made to wind spirally
around the supporting body.
469. Leaf-movements are all but universal. The presentation by
most leaves of their upper surface to the light, from whatever direction
that may come, is an instance ; for when turned upside down they twist or
bend round on the stalk to recover this normal position. Leaves, and the
leaflets of compound leaves, change this position at nightfall, or when the
light is withdrawn ; they then take what is called their sleeping posture,
resuming the diurnal position when daylight returns. This is very striking
153
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
in Locust-trees, in the Sensitive Plant (Fig. 490), and in Woodsorrel.
Young seedlings droop or close their leaves at night in plants which arc-
not thus afl'ected in the adult foliage. All this is thought to be a protec-
tion against the cold by nocturnal radiation.
470. Various plants climb by a coiling movement of their leaves or their
leaf-stalks. Familiar examples are seen in Clematis, Maurandia, Tropfeo-
lum, and in a Solanum which is much cultivated in greenhouses (Fig. I?:.').
In the latter, and in other woody plants which climb in this way, the
petioles thicken and harden after they have grasped their support, thus
securing a very firm hold.
471. Tendril movements. Tendrils are either leaves or stems (98,
16S), specially developed for climbing purposes. Cobsea is a good exam-
ple of partial transformation; some of the leaflets are normal, some of the
same leaf are little tendrils, and some intermediate in character. The
Passion-flowers give good examples of simple stem-tendrils (Fig. 92) ;
Grape-Vines, of branched ones. Most tendrils make revolving sweeps, like
those of twining stems. Those of some Passion-flowers, in sultry weather,
are apt to move fast enough for the movement actually to be seen for a part
of the circuit, as plainly as that of the second-hand of a watch. Two
herbaceous species, Passiflora gracilis and P. sicyoides (the first an annual,
the second a strong-rooted perennial of the easiest
cultivation), are admirable for illustration both of
revolving movements and of sensitive coiling.
472. Movements under Irritation. The most
familiar case is that of the Sensitive Plant (Fig. 490).
The leaves suddenly take their nocturnal position
when roughly touched or when shocked by a jar.
The leaflets close in pairs, the four outspread par-
tial petioles come closer together, and the common
petiole is depressed.
The seat of the move-
ments is at the base of
the leaf-stalk and stalk-
lets. Schrankia, a near
r lative of the Sensitive
Plant, acts in the same
way, but is slower.
These are not anoma-
lous actions, but only
extreme manifestations of a faculty more or less common in foliage. In
l,<ieust and 1 Imiey-Locusts for example, repeated jars will slowly pro-
duce similar effects.
Fio. 490. Piece of stem of Sensitive Plunt (Mimosa jnnlica), with two leaves,
the lower o{>en, the ujiper in the closed stut< •.
SECTION 16.]
MOVEMENTS.
153
473. Leaf-stalks and tendrils are adapted to their uses in climbing by a
similar sensitiveness. The coiling of the leaf-stalk is in response to a
kind of irritation produced by contact with the supporting body. This
may be shown by gentle rubbing or prolonged pressure upon the upper
face of the leaf-stalk, which is soon followed by a curvature. Ten-
drils are still more sensitive to contact or light friction. This causes the
free end of the tendril to coil round the support, aud the sensitiveness,
propagated downward along the tendril, causes that side of it to become
less turgescent or the opposite side more so, thus throwing the tendril into
coils. This shortening draws the plant up to the support. Tendrils which
have not laid hold will at length commonly coil spontaneously, in a simple
coil, from the free apex downward.
In Sicyos, Echinocystis, aud the
ah >ve mentioned Passion-flowers
(471), the tendril is so sensitive,
under a high summer temperature,
that it will curve and coil prompt-
ly after one or two light strokes
by the hand.
474. Among spontaneous move-
ments the most singular are those
of Desmodium gyrans of India,
sometimes called Telegraph-plant,
which is cultivated on account of
this action. Of its three leaflets,
the larger (terminal) one moves
only by drooping at nightfall and
rising with the dawn. But its two
small lateral leaflets, when in a
congenial high temperature, by day
and by night move upward and
downward in a succession of jerks,
stopping occasionally, as if to re-
cover from exhaustion. In most
plant-movements some obviously
useful purpose is subserved : this
of Desmodium gyrans is a riddle.
475. Movements in Flowers are very various. The most remarkable
are in some way connected with fertilization (Sect. 'XIII.). Some occur
under irritation : the stamens of Barberry start forward when touched at
the base inside : those of many polyandrous flowers (of Sparmannia very
strikingly) spread outwardly when lightly brushed : the two lips or lobes
FIG. 491. Portion of stem and leaves of Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans),
almost of natural size.
154
VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16.
of the stigma in Mimulus close after a touch. Some are automatic and
are connected with dichogamy CW.I) -. the style of Subbatia and of large-
llowered species of Epilubium bends over strongly to one side or turns down-
ward when the blossom opens, but slowly erects itself a day or two later.
476. Extraordinary Movements connected -with Capture of In-
sects. TLe most striking cases arc those of Drosera and Dionsea; for an
account of which see "How Plants Behave," and Goodale's "Physiological
Botany."
477. The upper face of the leaves of the common species of Drosera,
or Sundew, is beset with stout bristles, having a glandular tip. This tip
secretes a drop of a clear but very viscid liquid, which glistens like a dew-
drop in the sun ; whence the popular name. When a fly or other small
insect, attracted by the liquid, alights upon the leaf, the viscid drops are so
tenacious that they hold it fast. In struggling it only becomes more com-
pletely entangled. Now the neighboring bris-
tles, which have not been touched, slowly bend
inward from all sides toward the captured in-
sect, and bring their sticky apex against its
body, thus increasing the number of bonds.
Moreover, the blade of the leaf commonly aids
in the capture by becoming concave, its sides
or edges turning inward, which brings still
more of the gland-tipped bristles into contact
with the captive's body. The insect per-
ishes ; the clear liquid disappears, apparently
by absorption into the tissue of
the leaf. It is thought that the
absorbed secretion takes with it
some of the juices of the iusect
or the products of its decompo-
sition.
478. Dionaea muscipula, the
most remarkable vegetable tly-trap
(Fig. 176, 492), is related to the
Sundews, and has a more special
and active apparatus for fly-
catching, formed of the summit
of the leaf. The two halves of this rounded body move as if they were
hinged upon the midrib; their edges are fringed with spiny but not
glandular bristles, which interlock when the organ closes. Upon the face
are two or three short and delicate bristles, which are sensitive. They do
not themselves move when touched, but they propagate the sensitiveness to
the organ itself, causing it to close with a quick movement. In a fresh
Fia 492. Plant of Dioiuea imiscipula, or Vcnus's Fly-trap, re'lucetl in size.
SECTION 16.J TRANSFORMING MATERIAL AND ENERGY. 155
and vigorous leaf, under a high summer temperature, and -when the trap
lies widely open, a touch of any one of the minute bristles on the face, by
the finger or any extraneous body, springs the trap (so to say), and it
closes suddenly; but after an hour or so it opens again. When a fly or
other small insect alights on the trap, it closes in the same manner, and so
quickly that the intercrossing marginal bristles obstruct the egress of the
insect, unless it be a small one and not worth taking. Afterwards and
more slowly it completely closes, and presses down upon the prey ; then
some hidden glands pour out a giairy liquid, which dissolves out the juices
of the insect's body ; next all is re-absorbed into the plant, and the trap
opens to repeat the operation. But the same leaf perhaps never captures
more than two or three insects. It ages instead, becomes more rigid and
motionless, or decays away.
479. That some few plants should thus take animal food will appear
less surprising when it is considered that hosts of plants of the lower grade,
known as Fungi, moulds, rusts, ferments, Bacteria, etc., live upon animal
or other organized matter, either decaying or living. That plants should
execute movements in order to accomplish the ends of their existence is
less surprising now when it is known that the living substance of plants
and animals is essentially the same ; that the beings of both kingdoms par-
take of a common life, to which, as they rise in the scale, other and higher
endowments are successively superadded.
480. Work uses up material and energy in plants as well as in ani-
mals. The latter live and work by the consumption and decomposition
of that which plants have assimilated into organizable matter through an
energy derived from the sun, and which is, so to say, stored up in the as-
similated products. la every internal action, as well as in every movement
and exertion, some portion of this assimilated matter is transformed and
of its stored energy expended. The steam-engine is an organism for con-
verting the sun's radiant energy, stored up by plants in the fuel, into me-
chanical work. An animal is an engine fed by vegetable fuel in the same
or other forms, from the same source, by the decomposition of which it
also does mechanical work. The plant is the producer of food and accumu-
lator of solar energy or force. But the plant, like the animal, is a con-
sumer whenever and by so much as it does any work except its great work
of assimilation. Every internal change and movement, every transforma-
tion, such as that of starch into sugar and of sugar into cell-walls, as well
as every movement of parts which becomes externally visible, is done at
the expense of a certain amount of its assimilated matter and of its stored
energy ; that is, by the decomposition or combustion of sugar or some such
product into carbonic acid and water, which is given back to the air, just
as in the animal it is given back to the air in respiration. So the respira-
tion of plants is as real and as essential as that of animals. But what plants
consume or decompose in their life and action is of insignificant amount in
comparison with what they compose.
l.~)U ('KYPTOGAMOUS Oil FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
SECTION XVII. CRYPTOGAMOl'S OR FLOWERLESS
PLANTS.
481. Even the beginner in botany should have some general idea of
what cryptogamous plants are, and what arc tlic obvious distinctions of the
principal families. Although tin: lower grades are difficult, and need special
books and good microscopes for their study, the higher orders, such as
Ferns, may be determined almost as readily as phanerogamous plants.
482. Linnaeus gave to this lower grade of plants the name of Crypto-
t/amia, thereby indicating that their organs answering lo stamens and
pistils, if they had any, were recondite and unknown. There is no valid
reason why this long-familiar name should not be kept up, along with the
counterpart one of Phanerogamia (6), although organs analogous to stamens
and pistil, or rather to pollen and ovule, have been discovered in all the
higher and most of the lower grades of this series of plants. So also
the English synonymous name of Flowerless Plants is both good and con-
venient: for they have not flowers in the proper sense. The essentials of
flowers are stamens and pistils, giving rise to seeds, and the essential of a
seed is an embryo (8). Cryptogamous or Flowerless plants are propagated
by SPORES ; and a spore is not an cmbryo-plantlet, but mostly a single
plant-cell (390).
483. Vascular Cryptogams, which compose the higher orders of this
series of plants, have stems and (usually) leaves, constructed upon the
general plan of ordinary plants ; that is, they have wood (wood-cells and
\essels, 408) in the stem and leaves, in the latter as a frame work of veins.
I'.iii the lower grades, having only the more elementary cellular structure,
arc called Cellular Cryptogams. Far the larger number of the former are
Ferns: wherefore that class has been called
484. Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes in English form, meaning Fern-
plants, — that is, Ferns and their relatives. They arc mainly Horsetails,
Ferns, Club-Mosses, and various aquatics which have been called llydrop-
es, i. e. U'ater-l'Ynis.
Horsetails, Eqteisetacea, is the name of a family which consists
only (aimmi,' now-living plants) of fyteixr/tt,,/, the botanical name of Ilors.-.
tail and Scourini; Kush. They have hollow stems, with part it inns at the
nodes; the leaves consist only of a \\liorl of scales at each node, these
eoaleseent into a sheath : from the axils of these leaf-scales, in many species,
branches grow out, which are, similar to the stem but on a much smaller
scale, close-jointed, and with the tips of the leaves more apparent. At the
apex of the stem appears the frm-iifn-tition, as it is called for lack of a better
term, in the form of a short spike or head. This consists of a good num.
ber of stalked shields, bearing ou their inner or under face several wedge-
shaped spore-cases. The spore-cases when they ripen open down the inner
17.]
PTERIDOPHYTES.
157
side and discharge a great number of green spores of a size large enough
to be well seen by a hand-glass. The spores arc aided in their discharge
494
493
499
and dissemination by four club-shaped threads attached to one part of them.
These are hygrometric : when moist they are rolled
up over the spore ; when dry they straighten,
and exhibit lively movements, closing over the
spore when breathed upon, and unrolling promptly
a moment after as they dry. (See Pig. 493-498.)
486. Ferns, or Filices, a most attractive family
of plants, are very numerous and varied. In warm
and equable climates some rise into forest-trees,
with habit of Palms; but most of them are peren-
nial herbs. The wood of a Fern-trunk is very dif-
ferent, however, from that of a palm, or of any exogenous stem either. A
section is represented in Fig. 500. The curved plates of wood each ter-
FlG. 493. Upper part of a stem of a Horsetail, Eqnisetmn sylvatieum. 494. Part
of the head or spike of spore-cases, with some of the latter taken off. 495. View
(more enlarged) of under side of the shield-shaped body, bearing a circle of spore-
cases. 496. One of the latter detached and more magnified. 497. A spore with
the attached arms moistened. 498. Same when dry, the arms extended.
FIG. 499. A Tree-Fern, Dicksonia arborescens, with a young one near its base.
In front a common herbaceous Fern (Polypodium vulgare) with its creeping stem
or rootstock.
FIG. 500. A section of the trunk of a Tree-Fern.
158 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLE3S PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
minate upward in a leaf-stalk. The subterranean trunk or stem of any
strong-growing herbaceous Fern shows a similar structure. Most Ferns
are circinate in the bud; that is, are rolled up in the manner shown in Fig.
197. Uncoiling as they grow, they have some likeness to a crosier.
487. The fructification of Ferns is borne on the back or under side of
the leave" The early botanists thought this such a peculiarity that they
606 507 602
always called a Fern-leaf a FROND, and its petiole a STIPE. Usage con-
tinues these terms, although they are superfluous. The fruit of Ten is
consists of SPORE-CASKS, technically SPORANGIA, which grow out of the
veins of the leaf. Sometimes these are distributed over the whole lower
FIG. 501. The Walking-Fern, Camptosorus, reduced in size, showing its frtiit-
on the veins approximated in pairs. 502. A small piece (pinnule) of a
Shield-Fern: a row of fruit-dots on each side, of the midrib, eacli covered liy its
kidney-shaped indusinm. 503. A spore-case from the latter, just bursting by the
partial straightening of the incomplete ring; well magnified. 504. Three of the
spores of 509, more niagnilied. 5uf>. Sehi/;ra pusilla, a very small ami simple-
leaved Fern, drawn nearly of natural si/e. 506. One of the lobes of its fruit-
bearing portion, inagnilied, bearing two rows of spore-cases. 507. Spore-case of
the latter, detached, opening lengthwise, .".us. Adder-tongue, Ophioglossum:
spore-cases in a kind of spike: ", a portion of the fruiting part, about natural
si/e; showing two rows of the linn spore-cases, which open transversely into two
valves.
SECTION 17.]
PTERIDOPHYTES.
150
surface of the leaf or frond, or over the whole surface when there arc no
proper leaf-blades to the frond, but all is reduced to stalks. Commonly the
spore-cases occupy only detached spots or lines, each of which is called a
Sonus, or in English merely a Fruit-dot. In many Ferns these fruit-dots
are naked ; in others they are produced under a scale-like bit of membrane,
called an INDUSIUM. In Maidenhair-Ferns a little lobe of the leaf is folded
back over each fruit-dot, to serve as its shield or iudusium. In the true
Brake or Bracken (Pteris) the whole edge of the fruit-bearing part of the
leaf is folded back over it like a hem.
488. The form and structure of the spore-cases can be made out with
a common hand magnifying glass. The commonest kind (shown in Fig.
503) has a stalk formed of a row of jointed cells, and is itself composed
of a layer of thin-walled cells, but is incompletely surrounded by a border of
thicker-walled cells, forming the RING. This extends from the stalk up
one side of the spore-case, round its summit, descends on the other side,
but there gradually vanishes. In ripening and drying the shrinking of the
cells of the ring on the outer side causes it to straighten ; in doing so it
tears the spore-case open on the weaker side and
discharges the minute spores that fill it, com-
monly with a jerk which scatters them to the
wind. Another kind of spore-case (Fig. 507)
is stalkless, and has its
ring-cells forming a kind
of cap at the top : at ma-
turity it splits from top
to bottom by a regular
dehiscence. A third kind
is of firm texture and ,
opens across into two
valves, like a clam-shell
(Fig. 50S«) : this kind
makes an approach to the
next family.
489. The spores germi-
nate on moistened ground.
In a conservatory they
may be found germinating
on a damp wall or on the edges of a well- watered flower-pot. Instead of
directly forming a fern-plantlet, the spore grows first into a body which
FIG. 509. A young prothallus of a Maiden-hair, moderately enlarged, and an
older one with the first fern-leaf developed from near the notch. 510. Middle por-
tion of the young one, much magnified, showing below, partly among the rootlets,
the antheridia or fertilizing organs, and above, near the notch, three
to be fertilized.
ICO CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
closely resembles a small Liverwort. This is named a PEOTUA.LLUS (Tig.
509) : from some point of this a bud appears to originate, which produces
the first fern-leaf, soon followed by a second and third, and so the stem
and leaves of the plant are set up.
490. Investigation of this prothallus under the microscope resulted in
the discovary of a wholly unsuspected kind of fertilization, taking place at
617
this germinating stage of the plant. On the under side of the prothallus
two kinds of organs appear (Fig. 510). One may be likened to an open
and depressed ovule, with a single cell at bottom answering to nucleus ;
the other, to an anther; but instead of pollen, it discharges corkscrew-
Khapcd microscopic filaments, which bear some cilia of extreme tenuity, by
the rapid vibration of which the filaments move freely over a wet surface.
These filaments travel over the surface of the prothallus, and even to other
prothalli (for there are natural hybrid Ferns), reach and enter the ovulc-
FIG. 511. Lycopodium Carolinianum, of nearly natural size. 512. Inside view
of one of the liraots and spore-case, magnified.
FIG. 513. Open 4-valved spore-case of a Selnginella, and its four large spores
(niaorospores), magnified. 514. Macrospores of another Selagiuella. 515. Same
separated.
Fro. 516. Plant of Isoetes. 517. Base of .1 loaf and contained sporocarp filled
with Tiiirrospon-s cut across, magnified. 518. Same divided lengthwise, equally
magnified ; some microapores seen at the left. 519. Section of a spore-case contain-
ing nacrospores, equally magnified; at the right three macrospores more magnified.
SECTION 17.]
PTERIDOPHYTES.
1G1
like cavities, and fertilize the cell. This thereupon sets up a growth, forms
a vegetable bud, and so develops the uew plant.
491. All essentially similar process of fertilization has been discovered
in the preceding and the following families of Pteridophytes ; but it is
mostly subterranean and very difficult to observe.
492. Club-Mosses or Lycopodiums. Some of the common kinds,
called Ground Pine, are familiar, being largely used for Christmas wreaths
and other decoration. They are low evergreens, some creeping, all with
considerable wood in their stems: this thickly beset with small leaves. Iri
the axils of some of these leaves, or more commonly, in the axils of pecu-
liar leaves changed into bracts (as in Fig. 511, 512) spore-cases appear, as
roundish or kidney-shaped bodies, of firm texture, opening round the top
into two valves, and discharging a great quantity of a very fine yellow
powder, the spores.
493. The Selaginellas have been separated from Lycopodium, which
they much resemble, because they produce two kinds of spores, in sepa-
rate spore-cases. One kind (MICROSPORES) is just that of Lycopodium ;
the other consists of only
four large spores (MACRO-
SPORES), in a spore-case
which usually breaks in
pieces at maturity (Fig.
513-515).
494. The Quillworts,
Isoetes (Fig. 516-519),
are very unlike Club Mos-
ses in aspect, but have been
associated with them. They
look more like Rushes, and
live in water, or partly out
of it. A very short stem,
like a corm, bears a cluster
of roots underneath ; above
it is covered by the broad
bases of a cluster of awl-
shaped or thread-shaped
leaves. The spore-cases
are immersed in. the bases
of the leaves. The outer
leaf-bases contain numerous macrospores ; the inner are filled with innu-
merable microspores.
495. The Pillworts (Marsilia and Pilidaria) are low aquatics, which
FIG. 520. Plant of Marsilia quaclrifoliata, reduced in size ; at the right a pair of
sporo-carps of about natural size.
11
102 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWE11LESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
betx globular or pill-shaped fruit (SPOROCARPS) on the lower part of their
leaf-stalks or on their slender creeping stems. The leaves of ihc commoner
species of Marsilia might be taken for four-leaved Clover. (See Fig. 520.)
The sporocarps are usually raised on a short stalk. Within they are
divided lengthwise by a partition, and then crosswise by several partitions.
These partitions bear numerous delicate sacs or spore-cases of two kinds,
intermixed. The larger ones contain each a large spore, or macrospore ;
the smaller contain numerous microspores, immersed in mucilage. At
maturity the fruit bursts or splits open at top, and the two kinds of spores
are discharged. The large ones in germination produce a small prothallus ;
upon which the contents of the microspores act in the same way as in
Ferns, and with a similar result.
496. Azolla is a little floating plant, looking like a small Liverwort or
Moss. Its branches are covered with minute and scale-shaped leaves.
On the under side of the branches are found egg-shaped thin-walled sporo-
carps of two kinds. The small ones open across and discharge micro-
spores ; the larger burst irregularly, and bring to view globose spore-cases,
attached to the bottom of the sporocarp by a slender stalk. These delicate
spore-cases burst and set free about four macrospores, which are ferti-
lized at germination, in the manner of the Pillworts and Quillworts.
(See Fig. 521-526.)
522 521
497. Cellular Cryptogams (483) are so called because composed,
even in their higher forms, of cellular tissue only, without proper wood-
cells or vessels. Many of the lower kinds are mere plates, or ribbons,
or simple rows of cells, or even single cells. But their highest orders
follow the plan of Ferns and phanerogamous plants in having stem and
leaves for their upward growth, and commonly roots, or at least rootlets,
FIG. 521. Small plant of Azolla Caroliniaua. .v22. Portion magnified, showing
the two kinds of sporocarp; the small ones contain mi.-rospores ; 523 represents
one more m.-ignili.-.l. :VM. Tho larger sporocarp more n.^nili.-,!. W',. Same
more magnified and l.urst open, showing stalked spore-cases. 526. Two of the
Utter highly magnified ; one of them bursting shows four contained macrospor.-s;
between°the two, three of these spores highly magnified.
SECTION 17.]
BRYOPHYTES.
1G3
to attach them to the soil, or to trunks, or to other bodies on which they
grow. Plants of this grade are chiefly Mosses. So as a whole they take
the name of
498. Bryophyta, Bryophytes in English form, Bryum being the
Greek name of a Moss. These plants are of two principal kinds : true
Mosses (Mttsci, which is their Latin name in the plural) ; and Hepatic
Mosses, or Liverworts (Hepatica).
499. Mosses or Musci. The pale Peat-mosses (species of Sphagnum,
the principal component of sphaguous bogs) and the strong-growing Hair-
cap Moss (Polytrichum) are among the lar-
ger and commoner representatives of this
numerous family ; while Fountain Moss (Fon-
tinalis) in running water sometimes attains the
length of a yard or more. Ou the other hand,
some are barely individually distinguishable
to the naked eye. Fig. 527 represents a com-
mon little Moss, enlarged to about twelve
times its natural size ; and by its side is part
of a leaf, much magnified, showing that it is
composed of cellular tissue (parenchyma-cells)
only. The leaves of Mosses are always sim-
pie, distinct, and sessile on the stem. The
fructification is an urn-shaped spore-case, in
this as in most cases raised on a slender stalk.
The spore-case loosely bears on its summit
a thin and pointed cap, like a candle-extin-
guisher, called a Calyptra. Detaching this, it
is found that the spore-case is like a pyxis
(37P>), that is, the top at maturity comes off
as a lid (Operc.ulum~) ; and that the interior is
filled with a green powder, the spores, which
are discharged through the open mouth. In
most Mosses there is a fringe of one or two
rows of teeth or membrane around this mouth
or orifice, the Peristome. When moist the peristome closes hygrometri-
cally over the orifice more or less ; when drier the teeth or processes
commonly bend outward or recurve ; and then the spores more readily es-
cape. In Hair-cap Moss a membrane is stretched quite across the mouth,
like a drum-head, retaining the spores until this wears away. See Figures
527-541 for details.
500. Fertilization in Mosses is by the analogues of stamens and pistils,
which are hidden in the axils of leaves, or in the cluster of leaves at the
FIG. 527. Single plant of Physcomitrium pyriforme, magnified. 528. Top of a
leaf, cut across; it consists of a single layer of cells.
1G4 CUYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
end of the stem. The analogue of the anther (Antheridium) is a cellular
sac, which iu bursting discharges innumerable delicate cells floating in a
mucilaginous liquid; each of these bursts and sets free a vi bra tile self-
631 534 641 540
529 636 535 537
moving thread. These threads, one or more, reach the orifice of the pistil-
shaped body, the Pistillidium, and act upon a particular cell at its base
within. This cell in its growth develops into the spore-case and its stalk
(when there is any), carrying on its summit the wall of the pistillidium,
which becomes the calyptra.
501. Liverworts or Hepatic Mosses (Hepalicee) in some kinds re-
semble true Mosses, having distinct stem and leaves, although their leaves
occasionally run together ; while in others there is no distinction of stem
and leaf, but the whole plant is a leaf-like body, which produces rootlets on
the lower face and its fructification on the upper. Those of the moss-like
kind (sometimes called Scale-Mosses) have their lender spore-cases splitting
into four valves; aud with their spores arc intermixed some slender spiral
FIG. WO. Mniuni cuspidatum, smaller than nature. 530. Its calyptra, detached,
enlarged. 531. Its spore-c.ase, with top of stalk, magnified, the Mil (532) being
detached, the outer peristome appears. 533. Part of a cellular ring (minulu^)
which was under the lid, outside of tin- peristome, more magnified. 534. Some
of the outer and of the inner peristome (consisting of jointed t«vth) unu-li inagni-
fii'd. 535. Antheridia and a pist illidiiun (the so-called (lower) at end of a stem
of same plant, the leaves torn away (j , antheridia. 9, pistillidium), magnified,
536. A bursting anthendiuni, and some of the accompanying jointed threads,
highly magnified. 537. Summit of an open spore-case of a Moss, which has
a peris-tome of 16 pairs of teeth. 538. The double peristome of a Hypnum.
539-541. Spore-case, detached calyptra, and top of more enlarged spore-case
and detaehed lid, of Physcomitrium pyriforme (Fig. 5^7) : orilice shows that there
is no peristome.
SECTION 17.]
BRYOPHYTES.
1G5
and very hygrometric threads (called Elaters) which are thought to aid in
the dispersion of the spores, (i^ig. 542-541.)
502. Marchautia, the commonest arid largest of the true Liverworts,
forms large green plates or fronds on damp and shady ground, aud sends up
from some part of the upper face a stout stalk, ending in a several-lobed
umbrella-shaped body, under the lobes of which hang several thin-walled
spore-cases, which burst open aud discharge spores and elaters. Riccia
natans (Fig. 545) consists of wedge-shaped or heart-shaped fronds, which
float free in pools of still water. The under face bears copious rootlets ; in
the substance of the upper face are the spore-cases, their pointed tips
merely projecting: there they burst open, aud discharge their spores.
These are comparatively few and large, and are in fours ; so they are very
like the macrospores of Pill worts or Quill worts.
503. Thallophyta, or Thallophytes in English form. This is the name
for the lower class of Cellular Cryptogams, — plants in which there is no
marked distinction into root, stem, and leaves. Roots in any proper sense
they never have, as organs for absorbing, although some of the larger
Seaweeds (such as the Sea Colander, Fig. 553) have them as holdfasts.
Instead of axis and foliage, there is a stratum of frond, in such plants
commonly called a THALLUS (by a strained use of a Greek and Latin word
which means a green shoot or bough), which may have any kind of form,
leaf-like, stem-like, branchy, extended to a flat plate, or gathered into a
sphere, or drawn out into threads, or reduced to a single row of cells, or
even reduced to single cells. Indeed, Thallophytes are so multifarious, so
numerous in kinds, so protean in their stages and transformations, so re-
condite in their fructification, and many so microscopic in size, either of
FIG. 542. Fructification of a Jungermannia, magnified; its cellular spore-stalk,
surrounded at base by some of the leaves, at summit the 4-valved spore-case open-
ing, discharging spores and elaters. 543. Two elaters and some spores from the
same, highly magnified.
FIG. 544. One of the frondose Liverworts, Steetzia, otherwise like a Junger
mannia; the spore-case not yet protruded from its sheath.
1GG CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS FLAM'S. [SECTION 17.
the plant itself or its essential organs, that they have to be elaborately
described in separate books and made subjects of special study.
504. Nevertheless, it may be well to try to give some general idea of
what Algee and Lichens and Fungi are. Linnaeus had them all under the
orders of Algre and Fungi. Afterwards the Lichens were separated ; but
545 546 547
of late it has been made most probable that a Lichcu consists of an Alga
and a Fungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous
forms. Botanists arc inlhe way of bringing out new classifications of the
Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations
better. Here, it need only be said that
505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks,
walls, and the like, and grow when moistened by rains. They assimilate air,
water, and some earthy matter, just as do ordinary plants. Alga?, or Sea-
550
651
552
weeds, live in water, and live the same kind of life as do ordinary plants.
Fungi, whatever medium they inhabit, live as animals do, upon organic mat-
ter, — upon what other plants have assimilated, or upon the products of
FIG. 545, 546. Two plants of Riccia natans, about natural size. 547. Magnified
section of a part of the frond, showing two immersed spore-cases, and one emptied
space. 548. Magnified section of a spore-case with some spores. 549. Magni-
fied spore-case torn out, and spores; one figure of the spores united; the other of
the four separated.
Fro. 550. Branch of a Ohara, about natural size. 551. A fruiting portion,
magnified, showing the structure; a sporocarp, and an antheridium. 552. Outlines
of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or
cortical cells.
SECTION 17.]
THALLOPHYTES.
ic;
their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true lhat
these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi
may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be
drawn between them ; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether
they shonld be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are
not high enough in rank to be distinctively either the one or the other. On
the other hand there is a peculiar group of plants, which in simplicity of
composition resemble the simpler Algae, while in fructification and in the
arrangements of their simple cells into stem and branches they seem to be
of a higher order, viz. : —
506. Characeae. These are aquatic herbs, of considerable size, abound-
ing in ponds. The simpler kinds (Nitella) have the stem formed of a
single row of tubular cells, and at the nodes, or junction of the cells, a
whorl of similar branches. Chara (Fig. 550-552) is the same, except that
the cells which make up the stem and the principal branches are strength-
ened by a coating of many smaller tubular cells, applied to the surface
of the main or central cell. The fructifi-
cation consists of a globular sporocarp
of considerable size, which is spirally
554
enwrapped by tubular cells twisted around it: by the side of this is a
smaller and globular antheridium. The latter breaks up into eight shield-
FIG. 553. Agarum Turner!, Sea Colander (so called from the perforations with
which the frond, as it grows, becomes riddled) ; very much reduced in size.
FIG. 554. Upper end of a Rockweed, Fucus vesiculosus, reduced half or more,
b, the fructification.
1G8 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17-
shaped pieces, with an internal stalk, and bearing long and ribbon shaped
filaments, which consist of a row of delicate cells, each of which dis-
clnrges a free-moving microscopic thread (the analogue of the pollen or
pollen-tube), nearly in the manner of Ferns and Mosses. One of these
threads reaches and fertilizes a cell at the apex of the nucleus or solid
body of the sporocarp. This subsequently germinates and forms a new
individual.
507. Algae or Seaweeds. The proper Seaweeds may be studied by
the aid of Professor Farlow's "Marine Algae of New England;" the
fresh-water species, by Prof. H. C. Woods's "Fresh-water Algae of North
America," a larger and less accessible volume. A few common forms are
here very briefly mentioned and illustrated, to give an idea of the family.
Hut they arc of almost endless diversity.
508. The common Rock weed (Fucus vesiculosus, Fig. 554, abounding
between high and low water mark on the coast), the rarer Sea Colander
(Agarutn Turner!, Fig. 55.'}), and Laminaria, of which the larger forms
are called Devil's Aprons, arc good representatives of the olive green or
brownish Seaweeds. They arc attached eitlie,- by a disk-like base or by
root-like holdfasts to the rocks or stones on which they grow.
509. The hollow and inflated places in the Fucus vesiculosus or Rock-
weed (Fig. 551) are air-bladders for buoyancy. The fructification forms
in the substance of the tips of the frond : the rough dots mark the places
where the conceptacles open. The spores and the fertilizing cells are in
different plants. Sections of the two kinds of ooneeptaeles are given in Fig.
555 and 550. The contents of the conceptaclcs are discharged through
FIG. 555. Magnified section through a fertile conceptacle of Rockweed, showing
the large spores in the midst of threads of cells. 556. Similar section of a sterile
ronceptacle, containing slender antheridia. From Farlow's "Marine Alga: of
England."
SECTION 17.]
THALLOPHYTES.
1G9
a small orifice which in each figure is at the margin of the page. The large
spores are formed eight together in a mother-cell. The minute motile
filaments of the antheridia fertilize the large spores after injection mto the
water: and then the latter promptly acquire a cell- wall and germinate.
510. The Floridese or Rose-red series of marine Algse (which, however,
are sometimes green or brownish) are the most attractive to amateurs.
The delicate Porphyra orLaver is in some countries eaten as a delicacy, and
the cartilaginous Choudrus crispus has
been largely used for jelly. Besides their
conceptacles, which contain true spores
(Fig. 560), they mostly have a fructifi-
cation in Tetraspores, that is, of spores
originating in fours (Fig. 559).
659
511. The Grass-green Algse sometimes form broad membranous fronds,
such as those of the common Ulva of the sea-shore, but most of them form
561 562 563
mere threads, either simple or branched. To this division belong almost
FIG. 557. Small plant of Chondrus crispus, or Carrageen Moss, reduced in
size, in fruit ; the spots represent the fructification, consisting of numerous tetra-
spores in bunches in the substance of the plant. 558. Section through the thickness
of one of the lobes, magnified, passing through two of the imbedded fruit-clusters.
559. Two of its tetraspores (spores in fours), highly magnified.
FIG. 560. Section through a conceptacle of Delesseria Leprieurei, much magni-
fied, showing the spores, which are single specialized cells, two or three in a row.
FIG. 561. A piece of the rose-red Delesseria Lepreiurei, doxible natural size.
562. A piece cut out and much magnified, showing that it is composed of a layer
of cells. 563. A few of the cells more highly magnified: the cells are gelatinous
and thick-walled.
170 CKYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWKKLESS 1'LANTS. [.SECTION 17.
all the Fresh-water Algae, such as those which constitute the silky threads
or green slime of running streams or standing pools, aud which were all
called Confervas before their immense divcr.Mtv \v;is known. Some are
formed of a single row of cells, developed each from the end of another.
Others branch, the top of one cell producing more than one new one
(Fig. 504). Others, of a kind which is very common
in fresh water, simple threads made of a line of cells,
have the chlorophyll aud protoplasm of each cell ar-
ranged in spiral lines or bands.
They form spores in a peculiar
way, which gives to this family the
designation of conjugating Algae.
512. At a certain time two par-
allel threads approach each other
more closely ; contiguous parts of
y
/
a cell of each thread bulge or grow out, and unite when they meet; the
cell-wall partitions between them are absorbed so as to open a free commu-
nication; the spiral band of green matter in both cells breaks up; the whole
of that of one cell passes over into the other; and of the united contents
a largo green spore is formed. Soon the old cells decay, and the spore
FIG. 564. The growing end of a branching Conferva (Cladophora glomerata),
much magnified; showing how, by a kind of budding growth, a new cell is formed
by a crosg partition separating the newer tip from the older part below; also, how
the branches arise.
Fin. 505. Two magnified individuals of a Spirogvra, forming spores by con-
jugation; a completed spore at base: above, successive stages of the conjugation
are represented.
Fio. 566. Closterimn aculnin, a cnnimon Desniid, moderately magnified. It is
a single firm-walled ci-11, filled with green protoplasmic matter.
Fio. 567. More magnified view of three stages of the conjugation of a pair of
the same.
SECTION 17.]
THALLOPHYTES.
171
set free is ready to germinate. Fig. 565 represents several stages of the
conjugating process, which, however, would never be found all together like
this in one pair of threads.
513. Desmids and Diatomes, which are microscopic one-celled plants of
the same class, conjugate in the same way, as is shown in a Closterium by
Fig. 566, 567- Here the whole living contents of two individuals are in-
corporated into one spore, for a fresh start. A reproduction which costs
the life of two individuals to make a single new one would be fatal to the
species if there were not a provision for multiplication by the prompt divi-
sion of the new-formed individual into two, and these again into two, and
so on in geometrical ratio. And the costly process would be meaningless
if there were not some real advantage hi such a fresh start, that is, iri
sexes.
574
514. There are other Algae of the grass-green series which consist of
single cells, but which by continued growth form plants of considerable
size. Three kinds of these are represented in Fig. 568-574.
515. Lichens, Latin Lichenes, are to be studied in the works of the
late Professor Tuckermau, but a popular exposition is greatly needed.
The subjoined illustrations (Fig. 575-580) may simply indicate what some
of the commoner forms are like. The cup, or shield-shaped spot, or knob,
which bears the fructification is named the Apothecium. This is mainly
FIG. 568. Early stage of a species of Botrydium, a globose cell. 569,570. Stages
of growth. 571. Full-grown plant, extended and ramified below in a root-like
way. 572. A Vaucheria; single cell grown on into a much-branched thread; the
end of some branches enlarging, and the green contents in one («) there condensed
into a spore. 573. More magnified view of a, and the mature spore escaping.
574. Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlete; all the extension of
one cell. Variously magnified.
172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
composed of slender sacs f^/.^/), having thread-shaped cells intermixed ;
and each ascus contains few or several spores, which are commonly douM,;
or treble. Most Lichens are flat expansions of grayish hue ; some of them
foliaceous in texture, but never of bright green color; more are crusta-
ceous; some arc wholly pulverulent and nearly formless. But in several
the vegetation lengthens into an axis (as in Fig. 580), or imitates stem
680
and branches or threads, as in the Reindeer-Moss on the ground in our
northern woods, and the Usnea hanging from the boughs of old trees
overhead.
510. Fungi. For this immense and greatly diversilied class, it must
here suffice to indicate the parts of a Mushroom, a Spliaria, and of one or
two common Moulds. The true vegetation of common Fungi consists of
.slender cells \\liieli form what is called a M',<'. -Hum. These filamentous
Fio. 575. A stone on which various Lichens arc growing, such as (passing from
left to right) a Parmelia, a Stieia. and mi the right, Leeidia .nengraphiea. so railed
frmn its patches resembling tin- outline of islands or continents as depicted upon
maps. 576. Piece of tliallus of I'armelia ronsprrsa, with section through an
apotheeium. 577. Section of a smaller apothecium, enlarged. 578. Two asci
of same, and contained spores, and a impanvini: lilaineiits; more magnified.
579. 1'ieee of thalhis of a Stieta, with section, showint; the immersed apotliecia;
the small openings of these dot the surface. 580. Cladonia cocciiiea; the fructi-
fication is in tlie scarlet knobs, which surround the cups.
SECTION 17.]
THALLOPHYTES.
173
cells lengthen and branch, growing by the absorption through their whole
surface of the decaying, or organizable, or living matter which they feed
upon. In a Mushroom (Agaricus), a knobby mass is at length formed,
which develops into a stout stalk (Stipe), bearing the cap (Pilem) : the
under side of the cap is covered by the Hymenium, in this genus consisting
of radiating plates, the gills or Lamellce ; and these bear the powdery spores
in immense numbers. Under the microscope, the gills are found to be
studded with projecting cells, each of which, at the top, produces four
stalked spores. These form the powder which collects on a sheet of paper
upon which a mature Mushroom is allowed to rest for a day or two. (Fig.
581-586.)
517. The esculent Morel, also Sphseria (Fig. 585, 586), and many other
Fungi bear their spores in sacs (asci) exactly iu the manner of Lichens
(515).
583
588
518. Of the Moulds, one of the commoner is the Bread-Mould (Fig.
587). In fruiting it sends up a slender stalk, which bears a globular sac ;
FIG. 581. Agaricus campestris, the common edible Mushroom. 582. Section
of cap and stalk. 583. Minute portion of a section of a gill, showing some spore-
bearing cells, much magnified. 584. One of these, with its four spores, more
magnified.
FIG. 585. Sphseria rosella. 586. Two of the asci and contained double spores,
quite like those of a Lichen ; much magnified.
174 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17.
this bursts at maturity and discharges innumerable spores. The blue
Cheese-Mould (Fig. 588) bears a cluster of branches at top, each of
which is a row of naked spores, like a string of beads, all breaking apart
at maturity. Botrytis
(Fig. 539), the fruit-
ing stalk of which
branches, and each
branch is tipped with
a spore, is one of the
many moulds which
live and feed upon the
juices of other plants
or of animals, and are
687 ^ ^ often very destructive.
The extremely nume-
rous kinds of smut, rust, mildew, the ferments, bacteria, and the like,
many of them very destructive to other vegetable and to animal life, are
also low forms of the class of Fungi.1
FIG. 587. Ascophora, the Brea<l-Mould. 588. Aspergillus glaucus, the mould
of cheese, but common on mouldy vegetables. 589. A species of Botrytis. All
magnified.
1 The "Introduction to Cryptogamous Botany," or third volume of "The Botan-
ical Text Book," now in preparation by the author's colleague, Professor Farlow,
will be the proper guide in the study of the Flowerless Plants, especially of the
Algae and Fungi.
SECTION 18.] CLASSIFICATION. 173
SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE.
519. Classification, in botany, is the consideration of plants in respect
to their kinds and relationships. Some system of Nomenclature, or nam-
ing, is necessary for fixing and expressing botanical knowledge so as to
make it available. The vast multiplicity of plants and the various degrees
of their relationship imperatively require order and system, not only as to
names for designating the kinds of plants, but also as to terms for defining
their differences. Nomenclature is concerned with the names of plants.
Terminology supplies names of organs or parts, and terms to designate
their differences.
§ 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP.
520. Plants and animals have two great peculiarities : 1st, they form
themselves ; and 2d, they multiply themselves. They reproduce their kind
in a continued succession of
521. Individuals. Mineral things occur as masses, which are divisible
into smaller and still smaller ones without alteration of properties. But
organic things (vegetables and animals) exist as individual beings. Each
owes its existence to a parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn.
So each individual is a link of a chain ; and to this chain the natural-
historian applies the name of
522. Species. All the descendants from the same stock therefore com-
pose one species. And it was from our observing that the several sorts of
plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, or, in other words, keep
up a succession of similar individuals, that the idea of species originated.
There are few species, however, in which man has actually observed the
succession for many generations. It could seldom be proved that, all the
White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest came from the same stock.
But observation having familiarized us with the general fact that indi-
viduals proceeding from the same stock are essentially alike, we infer from
their close resemblance that these similar individuals belong to the same
species. That is, we infer it when the individuals are as much like each
other as those are which we know, or confidently suppose, to have sprung
from the same stock.
523. Identity in species is inferred from close similarity in all essential
respects, or whenever the differences, however considerable, are not known
or reasonably supposed to have been originated in the course of time under
changed conditions. No two individuals are exactly alike ; a tendency to
variation pervades all living things. In cultivation, where variations are
looked after and cared for, very striking differences come to light; and if
in wild nature they are less common or less conspicuous, it is partly be-
cause they are nncared for. When such variant forms are pretty well
marked they are called
176 c'LAssirK'ATiox. [SECTION 18.
524. Varieties. The Wliite Oak, for example, presents two or three
varieties in the shape of the haves, although they may be all alike upon
caeh particular tree. The question often arises, and it is often hard to
ansucr, \vhi-ther the difference in a particular case is that of a variety, or
is specific. If the former, it ma] commonly be proved by finding such
intermediate decrees of difference in various individuals as to show that
no clear distinction can be drawn between them ; or else by observing the
variety to vary back again in some of its offspring. The sorts of Apples,
Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show that differences -which are permanent
iu the individual, and continue unchanged through a long series of gen-
erations when propagated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts,
bulbs, tubers, etc.), are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they
sometimes are so, and perhaps always tend in that direction. Tor the
fundamental law in organic nature is that offspring shall be like parent.
HACKS are such strongly marked varieties, capable of coming true to
seed. The different sorts of Wheat, Maize, Peas, Radishes, etc., are
familiar examples. By selecting those individuals of a species which have
developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them from min-
gling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again the most
promising plants raised from their seeds, the cultivator may in a few
generations render almost any \ariety transmissible by seed, so long as it is
cared for and kept apart. In fact, this is the way the cultivated domesti-
cated races, so useful to man, have been fixed and preserved. Races, in
fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of man. But
man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities — often surprising
enough — now and then originate, we know not how (the plant sport*, as
the gardeners say); they are only preserved, propagated, and generally
further developed, by the cultivator's skilful care. If left alone, they arc
likely to dwindle and perish, or else revert to the original form of the
species. Vegetable races are commonly annuals, which can be kept up
only by seed, or herbs of which a succession of generations can be had
every year or two, and so the education by selection be completed without
great lapse of time. But all fruit -t re. •< could probably be lixed into races
in an equal number of generations.
!'>ri>-\ \KIKTIES are those which spring from buds instead of seed.
They are uncommon to any marked extent. They are sometimes called
Sports, but this name is equally applied to variations among seedlings.
CROSS-BREEDS, strictly so-called, are the variations -which come from
cross-fertilizing one variety of a species with another.
HYBRIDS are the varieties, if Ihey may be so called, which come from
the crossing of species (Ml). Only nearly related species can be hybridized;
and the resulting progeny is usually self-sterile, but not always. Hybrid
plants, however, may often he fertili/ed and made prolific by the pollen
of one or the other parent. This produces another kind of cross-breeds.
525. Species are the units in classification. Varieties, although of
SECTION 18.] KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP. 177
utmost importance in cultivation and of considerable consequence in the
flora of any country, are of less botanical significance. For they are apt
to be indefinite and to shade off one form into another. But species, the
botanist expects to be distinct. Indeed, the practical difference to the
botanist between species and varieties is the definite limitation of the one
and the indefmiteuess of the other. The botanist's determination is partly
a matter of observation, partly of judgment.
526. In an enlarged view, varieties may be incipient species ; and nearly
related species probably came from a common stock in earlier times. For
there is every reason to believe that existing vegetation came from the
more or less changed vegetation of a preceding geological era. However
that may be, species are regarded as permanent and essentially unchanged
in their succession of individuals through the actual ages.
527. There are, at nearly the lowest computation, as many as one hun-
dred thousand species of phanerogamous plants, and the cryptogamous
species are thought to be still more numerous. They are all connected by
resemblances or relationships, near and remote, which show that they are
all parts of one system, realizations in nature., as we may affirm, of the con-
ception of One Mind. As we survey them, they do not form a single and
connected chain, stretching from the lowest to the highest organized
species, although there obviously are lower and higher grades. But the
species throughout group themselves, as it were, into clusters or constel-
lations, and these into still more comprehensive clusters, and so on, with
gaps between. It is this clustering which is the ground of the recognition
of kinds of species, that is, of groups of species of successive grades or
degree of generality ; such as that of similar species into Genera, of genera
into Families or Orders, of orders into Classes. In classification the se-
quence, proceeding from higher or more general to lower or special, is always
CLASS, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES, VARIETY (if need be).
528. Genera (in the singular, Genus) are assemblages of closely related
species, in which the essential parts are all constructed on the same partic-
ular type or plan. White Oak, Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Live Oak, etc.,
arc so many species of the Oak genus (Latin, Qptereus). The Chestnuts
compose another genus; the Beeches another. The Apple, Pear, and
Crab are species of one genus, the Quince represents another, the various
species of Hawthorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the
wild-cat, the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the
cat kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf,
and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented by
a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one known
species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in one species as
in several, although, if this were the case throughout, genera and species
would of course be identical. The Beech genus and the Chestnut genus
would be just as distinct from the Oak genus even if but one Beech and
one Chestnut were known; as indeed was once the case.
12
178 CLASSIFICATION. [SECTION 18.
529. Orders are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is,
they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustrations,
the Oak, Chestuut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel genus and the
Hornbeams, all belong to one order. The Birches and the Alders make
another; the Poplars and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the But-
ternut) and the Hickories, still another. The Apple genus, the Quince
and the Hawthorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach,
the Raspberry with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, beloug
to a large order, which takes its name from the Rose. Most botanies
use the names "Order" and "Family" synonymously; the latter more
popularly, as "the Rose Family," the former more technically, as
"Order Rosacea"
530. But when the two are distinguished, as is common in zoology,
Family is of lower grade than Order.
531. Classes are still more comprehensive assemblages, or great groups.
Thus, in modern botany, the Dicotyledonous plants compose one class,
the Monocotyledouous plants another (36-40).
532. These four grades, Class, Order, Genus, Species, are of universal
use. Variety comes in upon occasion. For, although a species may have
no recognized varieties, a genus implies at least one species belonging to
it ; every genus is of some order, and every order of some class.
533. But these grades by no means exhaust the resources of clas-
sification, nor suffice for the elucidation of all the distinctions which
botanists recognize. lu the first place, a higher grade than that of class
is needful for the most comprehensive of divisions, that of all plants into
the two Series of Phanerogamous and Cryptogamous (6) ; and in natu-
ral history there are the two Kingdoms or Realms, the Vegetable and
the Animal.
534. Moreover, the stages of the scaffolding have been variously ex-
tended, as required, by the recognition of assemblages lower than class but
higher than order, viz. Subclass and Cohort; or lower than order, a Sub-
onlrr ; or between this and genus, a Tribe; or between this and tribe, a
tiitbtribe ; or between genus and species, a Subgenus ; and by some a
species has been divided into Subspecies, and a variety into Subvarieties.
Last of all are Individuals. Suffice it to remember that the following are
the principal grades in classification, with the proper sequence; also that
only those here printed in small capitals are fundamental and universal
in botany : —
SERIES,
CLA.SS, Subclass, Cohort,
ORDER, or FAMILY, Suborder, Tribe, Subtribe,
GENUS, Subgenus or Section,
SPECIES, Variety.
SECTION 18.J NOMENCLATURE. 170
§ 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS.
535. The name of a plant is the name of its genus followed by that of
the species. The name of the genus answers to the surname (or family
iiame) ; that of the species to the baptismal name of a person. Thus Quer-
cus is the name of the Oak genus; Qitercus alba, that of the White Oak,
Q. rubra, that of Red Oak, Q. nigra, that of the Black-Jack, etc. Botani-
cal names being Lathi or Latinized, the adjective name of the species
comes after that of the genus.
536. Names of Genera are of one word, a substantive. The older
ones are mostly classical Latin, or Greek adopted into Latin; such as
Quercus for the Oak genus, Fagus for the Beech, Corylus, the Hazel, and
the like. But as more genera became known, botanists had new names to
make or borrow. Many are named from some appearance or property of
the flowers, leaves, or other parts of the plant. To take a few examples
from the early pages of the " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States," — the genus Hepatica comes from the shape of the leaf, resembling
that of the liver. Myomrus means mouse-tail. Delphinium is from del-
phiu, a dolphin, and alludes to the shape of the flower, which was thought
to resemble the classical figures of the dolphin. Xanthorrhiza is from two
Greek words meaning yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Ciiui-
cifuga is formed of two Latin words meaning to drive away bugs, i. e.
Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to keep away such vermin.
Sangidnaria, the Bloodroot, is named from the blood-like color of its juice.
Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or promoters of
science, and bear their names : such are Magnolia, which commemorates
the early French botanist, Magnol ; and Jejfersonia, named after President
Jefferson, who sent the first exploring expedition over the Rocky Moun-
tains. Others bear the name of the discoverer of the plant; as, Sarra-
cenia, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec, who was one of the first to
send the common Pitcher-plant to the botanists of Europe ; and Claytonia,
first made known by the early Virginian botanist Clayton.
537. Names of Species. The name of a species is also a single word,
appended to that of the genus. It is commonly an adjective, and therefore
agrees with the generic name in case, gender, etc. Sometimes it relates to
the country the species inhabits ; as, Claytonia Virginica, first made known
from Virginia; Sanguinaria Canadeasis, from Canada, etc. More com-
monly it denotes some obvious or characteristic trait of the species ; as,
for example, in Sarracenia, our northern species is named purpurea, from
the purple blossoms, while a more southern one is named fara, because
its petals are yellow; the species of Jcffersonia is called diphylla, meaning
two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets. Some species are
named after the discoverer, or in compliment to a botanist who has made
them known ; as, Magnolia Fraseri, named after the botanist Fraser, one
180 NOMENCLATURE. [SECTION 18.
•
of the first to find this species ; and Sarracenia Drummondii, for a Pitchei-
plant found by .\lr. Drummond iu Florida. Such personal specific names
are of course written with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old
substantive name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umhrvlla, the Um-
brella tree, and Ranunculus /'/-////,///'/</. These are also -written -with a
capital initial, and need not accord with the generic name iu gender. Geo-
graphical specific names, such as O///'/'/V,/v/.v, Caroliniana, Americana, iu
the later usage are by some written without a capital initial, but the older
usage is better, or at least more accordant with English orthography.
538. Varietal Names, when any are "required, are made on the plan of
specific names, and follow these, with the prefix var. Ranunculus Flam-
mula, var. replant, the creeping variety: It. abortivus, var. iiiicranthus,
the small-flowered variety of the species.
539. In recording the name of a plant it is usual to append the name,
or an abbreviation of the name, of ihc botanist who first published it ; aud
in a flora or other systematic work, this reference to the source of the
name is completed by a further citation of the name of the book, the
volume and page where it was first published. So " Il<i,i/t,i<-ii[/!:< ti<-i-ix,
L.," means that this Buttercup was first so named and described by Lin-
naeus ; " R. mullijiflua, Pursh," that this species was so named and pub-
lished by Pursh. The suffix is no part of the name, but is an abbreviated
reference, to be added or omitted as convenience or detiuiteness may re-
quire. The authority for a generic name is similarly recorded. Thus,
" ll<i,iti.,n-ulu*, L.," means that the genus was so named by Linnaeus;
" MI/USUI-US, Dill.," that the Mouse-tail was established as a genus under
this name by Dillenins ; Caulopliylltiin, Michx., that the Blue Cohosh was
published under this name by Michaux. The full reference in the last-
named instance would be, " in Flora Boreali-Amcrieaiia, first volume, 205th
page," — in the customary abbreviation, " .Michx. Fl. i. 205."
5-10. Names of Orders are given in the plural number, and arc com-
monly formed by prolonging the name of a genus of the group taken as a
representative of it. For example, the order of which the Buttercup or
Crowfoot genus, liiiiiH/n-itlus, is the representative, takes from it the name
of Rtiiiiiiir/il//i-i;i- ; meaning Planta Ranvnculaceas when written out in
full, that is, Kammculaceous Plants. Some old descriptive names of
orders are kept up, sueh as OructfereB for the order to which Cress and
Mustard belong, from the cruciform appearance of their expanded corolla,
and Unibi'Ili/i'i->f\ from the (lowers being in umbels.
541. Names of Tribes, also of suborders, siibtribes, and the like, are
plurals of the name of the typical genus, less prolonged, usually in eee,
iiir,r, iiffff, etc. Thus the proper Buttercup tribe is Ritnunculece, of the
Clematis tribe, Cli'malidrie. While the Rose family is Rosaceae, the special
Rose tribe is Rt>*r,r.
542. Names of Classes, etc. For these see the following synopsis of
the actual classification adopted, p. 183.
SECTION 18.] TERMINOLOGY. 181
543. So a plant is named in two words, the generic and the specific
names, to which may be added a third, that of the variety, upon occasion.
The generic name is peculiar : obviously it must not be used twice over in
botany. The specific name must not be used twice over in the same genus,
but is free for any other genus. A Quercua alba, or White Oak, is no
hindrance to Betti/a alba, or White Birch ; and so of other names.
541. Characters and Descriptions. Plants are characterized by a
terse statement, in botanical terms, of their peculiarities or distinguishing
marks. The character of the order should include nothing which is com-
mon to the whole class it belongs to ; that of the genus, nothing which is
common to the order; that of the species nothing which is shared with
all other species of the genus; and so of other divisions. Descriptions
may enter into complete details of the whole structure.
545. Terminology, also called Glossology, is nomenclature applied to
organs or parts, and their forms or modifications. Each organ or special
part has a substantive name of its own : shapes and other modifications of
an organ or part are designated by adjective terms, or, when the forms
are peculiar, substantive names are given to them. By the correct use
of such botanical terms, and by proper subordination of the characters
under the order, genus, species, etc., plants may be described and deter-
mined with much precision. The classical language of botany is Latin.
Wrhile modern languages have their own names and terms, these usually
lack the precision of the Latin or Latinized botanical terminology. For-
tunately, this Latinized terminology has been largely adopted and incor-
porated into the English technical language of botany, thus securing pre-
cision. And these terms are largely the basis of specific names of plants.
546. A glossary or vocabulary of the principal botanical terms used in
phanerogamous and vascular cryptogamous botany is appended to this
volume, to which the student may refer, as occasion arises.
§ 3. SYSTEM.
547. Two systems of classification used to be recognized in botany, — the
artificial and the natural ; but only the latter is now thought to deserve
the name of a system.
548. Artificial classifications have for object merely the ascertaining
of the name and place of a plant. They do not attempt to express relation-
ships, but serve as a kind of dictionary. They distribute the genera and
species according to some one peculiarity or set of peculiarities (just as a
dictionary distributes words according to their first letters), disregarding
all other considerations. At present an artificial classification in botany
is needed only as a key to the natural orders, — as an aid in referring an
unknown plant to its proper family ; and such keys are still very needful,
at least for the beginner. Formerly, when the orders themselves were
not clearly made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the
isii SYSTEM. [SECTION 18.
student down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue :
First, tluit of Tournet'ort, founded mainly on the leaves of the flower, the
calyx and corolla: this was the prevalent system throughout the first half
of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by. It was suc-
ceeded by the well-known
549. Artificial System of Linnaeus, which was founded on the sta-
mens and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable
number of orders; the classes founded mainly on the number and dispo-
sition of the stamens ; the orders partly upon the number of styles or stig-
mas, partly upon other considerations. Useful and popular as this system
was down to a time within the memory of still surviving botanists, it is
now completely obsolete. But the tradition of it survives in the names of
its classes, Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, etc., which are familiar in
terminology in the adjective terms monandrous, diaudrous, triandrous, etc.
(284) ; also of the orders, Mouogyiiia, Digyuia, Trigynia, etc., preserved in
the form of monogyuous, digyuous, trigyuous, etc. (301) ; and in ihe name
Cryptogamia, that of the 2ith class, which is continued for the lower series
in the natural classification.
550. Natural System. A genuine system of botany consists of the
orders or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes,
the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their relation-
ships. This, when properly carried out, is the Natural System; because
it is intended to express, as well as possible, the various degrees of relation-
ship among plants, as presented in nature ; that is, to rank those species
and those genera, etc., next to each other in the classification which are
really most alike in all respects, or, in other words, which are constructed
most nearly on the same particular plan.
551. There can be only one natural system of botany, if by this term
is meant the plan according to which the vegetable creation was called into
being, with all its grades and diversities among the species, as well of past
as .of the present, time. But there may be many natural systems, if wo
mean the attempts of men to interpret and express that plan, — systems
which will vary with advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and
skill of dillcrcnt botanists. These must all be very imperfect, bear the
impress of individual minds, and lie shaped by the current philosophy of
the age. I'mt the endeavor always is to make the classification answer to
Nature, as far as any system ran which has to be expressed in a definite
and serial arrangement.
552. So, although the classes, orders, genera, etc., are natural, or as
natural as the systematist can make them, their grouping or order of
arrangement in a book, must necessarily be in great measure artificial.
Indeed, it is quite impossible to arrange the orders, or even the few classes,
in a single scries, and yet have each group stand next to its nearest relatives
on both sides.
553. Especially it should be understood that, although phanerogamous
SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183
plunts are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or-
dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymuospermous, yet there is no
culmination iu the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of
phanerogamous plants.
554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi-
fication of the orders is essentially the following : —
SERIES I. PH ANEROGAMIA : PHANEROGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
CLASS I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMEJ1, called for shortness
in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DICOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary.
Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves
reticulate-veined,
Artificial Dirision I. POLYPETALE, with petals mostly present and
distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacete to Cornaceee.
Artificial Division II. GAMOPETAL^E, with gamopetalous corolla.
Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceee to Plantaginacece.
Artificial Division III. APETALE or INCOMPLETE, with perianth,
when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from
Kyctayinacece to Salicaceee.
CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERMEJG, in English GYM-
NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no
proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous.
Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined.
Consists of order Giif.tacete, which strictly connects with Augiospermous
Dicotyls, of Coniferae, and of Cycadacetf.
CLASS III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English MONOCOTYLEDONS or
MONOCOTYLS. Augiospermous. Embryo mouocotyledouous. Stem with
endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined.
Dicision I. PETALOIDE J3. Perianth complete, having the equivalent
of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolliue. About
18 orders.
Division II. CALYCIN.E. Perianth complete (in two series) but not
corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders,
Juncacece, the true Rushes, and Palmce, Palms.
Dicision III. SPADICIFLOR/E or NUDIFLOR.E. Perianth none, or rudi-
mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders,
Typhacete and Aroidea the principal.
Dirision IV. GLUMACEE. Perianth none, or very rudimentary :
glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperaceae and
Graminea.
SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMIA : CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
CLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTES (484).
CLASS II. BRYOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTES (498).
CLASS III. THALLOPHYTA, TUALLOPIIYTES (503).
164- BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19.
SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK.
555. Some hints and brief instructions for the collection, examination,
and preservation of specimens are added. They are especially intended
fur the assistance of those who have not the advantage of a teacher. They
apply to phanerogamous plants and Ferns only, and to systematic botany.1
§ 1. COLLECTION, OR HERBORIZATION.
556. As much as possible, plants should be examined in the living state,
or when freshly gathered. But dried specimens should be prepared for
more leisurely examination and for comparison. To the working botanist
good dried specimens are indispensable.
557. Botanical Specimens, to be complete, should have root or root-
stock, stem, leaves, {lowers, both open and in bud, and fruit. Some-
times these may all be obtained at one gathering ; more commonly two or
three gatherings at different times are requisite, especially for trees and
shrubs.
558. In Herborizing, a good knife and a narrow and strong trowel are
needed ; but a very strong knife will serve instead of a trowel or small pick
for digging out bulbs, tubers, and the like. To carry the specimens, either
the tin box (casculuni) or a portfolio, or both are required. The tin box is
best for the collection of specimens to be used fresh, as iu the class-room ;
also for very thick or fleshy plants. The portfolio is indispensable for long
expeditious, and is best for specimens which are to be preserved in the
herbarium.
559. The Vasculum^ or Botanical Collecting-box, is made of tin, in shape
like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes like an English sandwich-
case ; the lid opening for nearly the whole length of one side of the box.
Any portable tin box of convenient size, and capable of holding specimens
a foot or fifteen inches long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut
close, so that the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches
and must flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly
moistened. They should not be wet.
560. The Portfolio is best made of two pieces of solid bindcr's-boanl,
covered with enamel cloth, which also forms the back, and fastened by
si raps and buckles. It maybe from a foot to twenty inches long, from
nine to eleven or twelve inches wide. It should contain a needful quantity
of smooth but strong and pliable paper (thin so-called Manilla paper is
best), either fastened at the back as in a book, or loose in folded sheets
when not very many specimens are required. As soon as gathered, the
specimens should be separately laid between the leaves or iu the folded
sheets, and kept under moderate pressure in the closed portfolio.
i For fuller directions in many particulars, see " Structural Botauy," pp. 370-
374.
SECTION 19.] HERBOKIZATION.
561. Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all,
should be taken i'or a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suffice, with
some leaves from near the root. Enough of the root or subterranean part
of the plant should be collected to show whether it is an annual, a
biennial, or a perennial. Thick roots, bulbs, tubers, or branches of speci-
mens Intended to be pressed should be thinned with a knife, or cut into
slices. Keep the specimens within the length of fifteen or sixteen inches,
by folding, or when that cannot be done, by cutting into lengths.
562. For Drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized
paper is wanted; and some convenient means of applying considerable
pressure. To make good dried botanical specimens, dry them as rapidly
as possible between many thicknesses of sun-dried paper to absorb their
moisture, under as much pressure as can be given without crushing the
more delicate parts. This pressure may be had by a botanical press, of
which various forms have been contrived; or by weights placed upon a
board, — from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the
quantity of specimens drying at the time. Tor use while travelling, a
good portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides,
and the pressure may be applied by strong straps with buckles. Still
better, on some accounts, are portable presses made of wire network,
which allow the dampness to escape by evaporation between the meshes.
For herborizatiou in a small way, a light wire-press may be taken into
the field and made to serve also as a portfolio.
563. It is well to have two kinds of paper, namely, driers of bibulous
paper, stitched into pads (or the pads may be of thick carpet-paper, cut to
size) and thin smooth paper, folded once ; the specimens to be laid into the
fold, either when gathered or on returning from the excursion. These
sheets are to hold the specimens until they are quite dry. Every day, or
at first even twice a day, the specimens, left undisturbed in their sheets,
are to be shifted into fire-dried or sun-dried fresh driers, and the pressure
renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, so as to take their
turn again at the next shifting. This course must be continued until the
specimens are no longer moist to the touch. Good and comely specimens
are either made or spoiled within the first twenty-four or thirty-six hours.
After that, when plenty of driers are used, it may not be necessary to
change them so frequently.
564. Succulent plants, which long refuse to part with life and moisture,
and Spruces and some other evergreens which are apt to cast off their
leaves, may be plunged for a moment into boiling water, all but the flowers.
Delicate flowers may be encased in thin tissue paper when put into the press.
Thick parts, like the heads of Sun-flowers and Thistles, may be cut in two
or into slices.
565. Dried specimens may be packed in bundles, either in folded paper
or upon single half-sheets. It is better that such paper should not be
bibulous. The packages should be well wrapped or kept in close cases.
186 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19.
566. Poisoning is necessary if specimens are to be permanently pre-
served from the depredation of insects. The usual application is an almost
saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in 95 per cent alcohol, freely ap-
plied with a large and soft brush, or the specimens dipped into some of the
solution poured into a large and Hat dish; the wetted specimens to be
transferred for a short time to driers.
§ 2. HERBARIUM.
567. The botanist's collection of dried specimens, ticketed with their
names, place, and time of collection, and systematically arranged under
their genera, orders, etc., forms a Horlus Siccus or Herbarium. It com.
prises not only the specimens which the proprietor has himself collected,
but those which he acquires through friendly exchanges, or in other ways.
The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets of paper;
or they may be fastened on half-sheets of thick and white paper, either
by gummed slips, or by glue applied to the specimens themselves. The
former is best for private and small herbaria; the latter for large ones
which are much turned over. Each sheet should be appropriated to one
species; two or more different plants should never be attached to the same
sheet. The generic and specific name of the plant should be added to
the lower right-hand corner, either written on the sheet, or on a ticket
pasted down; and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the
flowers, and any other information which the specimens themselves do
not afford, should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The
sheets of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions.
The herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about
eleven inches long and seven wide. This is too small. Sixteen and three
eighths inches by eleven and a half inches is an approved size.
568. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be placed
in genus-covers, made of a full sheet of thick paper (such as the strong-
est, Manilla-hemp paper), to be when folded of the same dimensions as the
species-sheet but slightly wider: the name of the genus is to be writ-
ten on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged under the
orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed cases or cabi-
nets, either laid flat in compartments, like "pigeon-holes," or else placed
in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes. All should be kept, as
much as practicable, in dust-proof and insect -proof cases or boxes.
569. Fruits, tubers, and other hard parts, too thick for the herbarium,
maybe kept in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, in a collection apart.
Small loose fruits, seeds, detached (lowers, and the like may be conven-
iently preserved in paper capsules or envelopes, attached to the herbarium-
she; ts.
SECTION 19.] INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION. 187
§ 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS.
5?0. The Implements required are a hand magnifying glass, a pocket
leus of au iucli or two focus, or a glass of two lenses, one of the lower
and the other of the higher power; and a sharp penknife for dissection.
With these and reasonable perseverance the structure of the flowers and
fructification of most phanerogamous plants and Ferns can be made out.
But for ease and comfort, as well as for certainty and right training, the
student should have some kind of simple stage microscope, and under
this make all dissections of small parts. Without it the student will be
apt to fall into the bad habit of guessing where he ought to ascertain.
571. The simple microscope may be reduced to a good lens or doublet,,
of au inch focus, mounted over a glass scage, so that it can be moved up
and down and also sidewise, and with (or without) a little mirror under-
neath. A better one would have one or two additional lenses (say of half
and of a quarter inch focus), a pretty large stage, on the glass of which
several small objects can be placed and conveniently brought under the
lens; and its height or that of the lens should be adjustable by a rack-
work; also a swivel-mounted little mirror beneath, which is needed for
minute objects to be viewed by transmitted light.
572. For dissecting and displaying small parts on the stage of the
microscope, besides a thin-bladed knife, the only tools needed are a good
stock of common needles of various sizes, mounted in handles, and one or
more saddler's-needles, which, being triangular, may be ground to sharp
edges convenient for dissection. Also a pair of delicate-pointed forceps ;
those with curved points used by the dentist are most convenient. A
cup of clean water is indispensable, with which to moisten or wet, or
in which occasionally to float delicate parts. Small flowers, buds, fruits,
and seeds of dried specimens can be dissected quite as well as fresh ones.
Tney have only to be soaked in warm or boiling water.
573. The compound microscope is rarely necessary except in crypto-
gamic botany and vegetable anatomy ; but it is very useful and convenient,
especially for the examination of pollen. To the advanced botanist it is a
necessity, to all students of botany an aid and delight.
57-i. Analysis. A few directions and hints may be given. The most
important is this : In studying an unknown plant, make a complete ex-
amination of all its parts, and form a clear idea of its floral structure
and that of its fruit, from pericarp down to the embryo, or as far as the
materials in hand allow, before taking a step toward finding out its name
and relationship by means of the keys or other helps which the Manuals
and Floras provide. If it is the name merely that is wanted, the shorter
way is to ask some one who already knows it. To verify the points of
structure one by one as they happen to occur in an artificial key, without
any preparatory investigation, is a usual but is not the best nor the surest
ib8 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19.
way. It is well to make drawings or outline sketches of the smaller parts,
aud especially diagrams of the plan of the flower, such as those of Fig.
225, 'I'll, 241, 2ii, 275-277. For these, cross sections of the flower-hud
or flower are Lo be made : and longitudinal sections, such as Tig. 27U-27-A,
are equally important. The dissection even of small seeds is not difficult
after some practice. Commonly they need to he soaked or boiled.
575. The right, appreciation of characters and terms used iu description
needs practice and calls for judgment. Plants do not grow exactly by
ride and plummet, and measurements must be taken loosely. Difference
of soil and situation are responded to by considerable variations, and other
divergences occur which cannot be accounted for by the surroundings, nor
l)e anticipated in general descriptions. Annuals maybe very depauperate
in dry soils or seasons, or very large when particularly well nourished.
Warm and arid situations promote, and wet ones are apt to diminish pubes-
cence. Salt water causes increased succulence. The color of flowers is
apt to be lighter in shade, and brighter in open and elevated situations.
A color or hue not normal to the species now and then occurs, which
nothing in the conditions will account for. A white -flowered variation of
any other colored blossom may alir/ii/x he expected; this, though it may be
notable, no more indicates a distinct variety of the species than an albino
would a variety of the human species. The numerical plan is subject to
variation in some flowers ; those on tlic plan of five may now and then vary
to four or to six. Variat ions of the outline or lobing of leaves are so familiar
that they do not much mislead. Only wider and longer observation suf-
fices to prevent or correct mistakes in botanical study. But the weighing
of evidence and tlie balancing of probabilities, no less than the use of the
well-ordered and logical system of classification, give as excellent training
to the judgment as the search for tlie fads themselves does to the observing
powers.
§ 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
57*5- For a full account of these, whether of former or actual use, see
"Structural Bofany " of the " Botanical Text Book," pp. 367, 392, as also
for the principles which govern the accentuation of names. It is needful
here to explain only those used in the Manuals and Floras of this country,
for which the present volume is an introduction and companion. They
are not numerous.
577. In arranging the species, at least those of a lnr<je genus, the divi-
sions arc denoted and graduated as follows: The sign § is prefixed to sec-
lions of the highest rank : these sections when they have names affixed to
them (as PBTTNTTS § CERABUB) may be called subgenera. \Vlicn the divi-
sions of a genus arc not of such importance, or when divisions are made
under the submenus itself, the most comprehensive ones are marked by as-
terisks, * for the first, * * for the second, and so on. Subdivisions are
SECTION 19.] SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 189
marked with a prefixed -t- ; those under this head with ++ ; and those
under this with =, if there be so many grades. A similar notation is fol-
lowed in the synopsis of the genera of an order.
578. The interrogation point is used in botany to indicate doubt. Thus
Clematis crispa, L. ? expresses a doubt whether the plant in question is
really the Clematis crispa of Linnaeus. Clematis ? polypetala expresses
a doubt whether the plant so named is really a Clematis. On the other
hand the exclamation point (!) is used to denote certainty whenever there
is special need to affirm this.
579. For size or height, the common signs of degrees, minutes, and
seconds, have been used, thus, 1°, 2', 3", stand respectively for a foot,
two inches, and three lines or twelfths of an inch. A better way, when
such brevity is needed, is to write P. 2in. 31.
580. Signs for duration used by Linnanis were 0 for an annual, $ for
a biennial, ^ for a perennial herb, 5 t°r a shrub or tree. DeCaudolle
brought in 0 for a plant that died after once flowering, (T) if annual, @
if biennial.
581. To indicate sexes, £ nieans staminate or male plant or blossom;
9 , pistillate or female ; g , perfect or hermaphrodite.
582. To save room it is not uncommon to use oo in place of " many ; " thus,
" Stamens oo," for stamens indefinitely numerous : " oo flora " for pluriflora
or many-flowered. Still more common is the form " Stamens 5-20," or
" Calyx 4-5-parted," for stamens from five to twenty, calyx four-parted or
five-parted, and the like. Such abbreviations hardly need explanation.
583. The same may be said of such abbreviations as Cal. for calyx,
Cor. for corolla, Pet. for petals, St. for stamens, Pist. for pistil, Hah. for
habitat, meaning place of growth, Herb, for herbarium, Hort. for garden.
Also I. c., loco citato, which avoids repetition of volume and page.
584. "Structural Botany" has six pages of abbreviations of the names
of botanists, mostly of botanical authors. As they are not of much
consequence to the beginner, while the more advanced botanist will know
the names in full, or know where to find them, only a selection is here
appended.
190
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.
Adana.
= Adanson.
Gmel. =
Gmelin.
Ait.
Alton.
Good.
Goodenough.
All.
Allioni.
Grev.
Greville.
Andr.
Andrews.
Griseb.
Grisebach.
Am.
Arnott.
Gron. )
Gronoviua.
Aub.
Aublet.
Gronov. )
Bartr.
Bartram.
Hall.
HaUer.
Beattv.
Palisot de Beauvois.
Hartm.
Hartmann.
Benth.
Bentham.
Hartic.
Hartweg.
Jlt-rnh.
Bernhardi.
Harv.
Harvey.
Bigel.
Jacob Bigclow.
Haw.
Haworth.
Bong.
Bongard.
Hegel in.
Hegelmaier.
Bonpl.
Bonpland.
Uernsl.
Hcmsley.
Br. or R.
Br. Robert Brown.
Herb.
Herbert.
Cass.
Cassini.
Ho/m.
Hoffmann.
Cao.
Cavanilles.
Hoffmans.
Hoffrnansegg.
Cham.
Chamisso.
Hook.
Hooker.
< 7/,/fim.
Chapman.
Hook.f.
J. D. Hooker.
Chois.
Choisy.
Horn em.
Hornemann.
Clayt.
Clayton.
Both.
Hudson.
Curt.
Curtis.
llinnb.
Humboldt. [Kuuth.
Curt.(M.
./.) .M. A. Curtis.
HBK.
Ilumboldt, Bonplanc. and
Darl.
Darlington.
Jacq.
Jacquin.
DC.
DeCand.
? DeCandolle.
Jacq. f.
Juss.
J. F. Jacquin.
Jussieu.
A. DC.
Alphonse DeCandoll".
A. Juss.
Adrien de Jussiea.
Di'sc.
Descourtilz.
Kit.
Kitaibel.
Desf.
Desfontaines.
L. or Linn.
Liunffius.
Desv.
Desvaux.
Labill.
Labillardiere.
Dill.
Dillenius.
Lag.
Lagasea.
Doug I.
Douglas.
Lam.
Lamarck.
Duham.
Duhamel.
Ledeb.
Ledebour.
Dun.
Duual.
Lehm.
Lehniann.
Eat.
E:iton (Amos) or D. C.
Lesq.
Lesqucrcax.
Ehrh.
Ehrhart.
Less.
Lessing.
Ell.
Elliott.
Lest id.
Lcstibudois.
Endl.
Endlicher.
L'Her.
L'Heritier.
Engelm.
Engelmann.
Lindb.
Lindberg.
Eiujl.
Engler.
Lindh.
Lindhcimer.
Fisch.
Fischer.
Lautt.
Lindley.
Frnl.
Frrelich.
Lofi/f.
Loddiges.
Gartn.
Gacrtner.
Loud.
London.
Gaud.
Gaodin.
M. Bieb.
Marsrhall von Bieberstein.
Gaudich.
Gaudichaud.
Marsh.
Marshall (Humphrey).
Ginff.
Gingins.
Mart.
Martius.
ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS.
191
Mast. = Masters.
Rcem.$*Sckult. = Roemer &
Schultes.
Maj-im. Maximowicz.
Rottb.
Rottboell.
Meisn. \ Meisucr or
Rupr.
Ruprecht.
Mi'issn. i Meissuer.
St. Etl.
Saiut-Hilaire.
Mii'Iix. or J/.r. M it-ham.
Salisb.
Salisbury.
Michx.f. F. A. Michaux.
Schk.
Schkuhr.
Mill. Miller.
Schlecht.
Schlechtendal.
Miq. Miquel.
Schrad.
Schrader.
Mitch. Mitchell.
Schreb.
Schreber.
jJ/of. Mo§ino.
Schwein.
Schweiuitx.
Moq. Moquin-Taudon.
Scop.
Scopoli.
Moric. Moricaud.
Spreng.
Sprengel.
Moris. Morison.
Sternb.
Steruberg.
Mid'll. Arg. J. Mueller.
Steud.
Steudel.
Mimll. (F.) Ferdinand Mueller.
Sull.
Sullivant.
Miihl. Muhlenberg.
Thunb.
Thunberg.
Man: Murray.
Torr.
Torrey.
Naud. Naudia.
Tourn.
Tournefort.
Neck. Necker.
Trautv.
Trautvetter.
Nees \
Trin.
Trinius.
•\r i. r- ( Noes von Esenbeck.
2V. ao E. )
Tuck.
Tuckerrnan.
Nult. Nuttall.
Vaill.
Vaillant.
(Ed. (Eder.
Vent.
Ventenat.
Ort. Ortega.
Fill.
Villara.
P.de Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois.
Wahl.
Wahlenberg.
Pall. Pallas.
Walds.
Waldsteiu.
Part, Parlatore.
Wall.
Wallich.
Pao. Pavou.
Wallr.
Wallroth.
Pers. Persoou.
W'alp.
Walpers.
•
Planch. Planchon.
Walt.
Walter.
Pluk. Pluk°net.
Wang.
Wangenheim.
Plum. Plumier.
Wats.
Sereno Watson
, unless
Pair. Poiret.
other initials
are given
Radlk. Radlkofer.
Wedd.
Weddell.
Raf. Rafinesque.
Wendl.
Wendland.
Red. Redoute.
Wiks.
Wikslroni.
Reic/tenb. Reichenbach.
Willd.
"Willdenow.
Rich. L. C. Richard.
Wulf.
Wulfen.
Ri-di.f.orA. Achille Richard.
Zucc.
Zuccarini.
Richards. Richardson.
Zuccag.
Zuccagini.
Ridd. Riddcll.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX,
OR
DICTIONARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DESCRIPTIVE
BOTANY, COMBINED WITH AN INDEX.
For the convenience of unelassical students, the commoner Latin and Greek words (or
their equivalents in English form) which enter into the composition of botanical names, as
well as of technical terms, are added to this Glossary. The numbers refer to pages.
A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negative,
or the absence of something; as apetalous, without petals; aphyllous, leaf-
less, &c. In words beginning with a vowel, the prefix is an ; as anantherous,
destitute of anther.
Abnormal, contrary to the usual or the natural structure.
AOoriginal, original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous.
Abortive, imperfectly formed, or rudimentary.
Abortion, the imperfect formation or the non-formation of some part.
Abrupt, suddenly terminating ; as, for Instance,
Abruptly pinnate, pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end, 58.
Acantho-, spiny.
Acaulescent (acaulis), apparently stemless; the proper stem, bearing the leaves
and flowers, being very short or subterranean.
Accessory, something additional; as Accessory buds, 30, 31 ; Accessory fruits, 118.
Accrescent, growing larger after flowering.
Accrete, grown to.
Accumbent, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they lie
<pith their edges against the radicle, 128.
Acephalous, headless.
Acerose, needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines.
A cctabuliform, saucer-shaped.
Achosnium, or Achenium (plural achenia), a one-seeded, seed-like fruit, 120.
Acklamydeous (flower), without floral envelopes, 86.
Acicular, needle-shaped; more slender than acerose.
Acinaciform, scimitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.
A cines, the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry.
Acorn, the nut of the Oak, 122.
Acottjledonous, destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.
Acrogcnous, growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. Acrogens,
or Acrogenous Plants, a name for the vascular cryptogamous plants, 156.
Aculeate, armed with prickles, i. e. aculei ; as the Rose and Brier.
Aculeolate, armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly.
Acuminate, taper-pointed, 54.
Acute, merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle, 54.
13
194 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Adelphous (stamens), joined in a fraternity (adelphid); see monadelphous, &c.
A den, Greek for gland. So A denoplwrous, gland-bearing.
Adherent, sticking to, or in ore commonly, growing fast to another body.
Aiiit'i/t , lit. -rally, growing fast to, born adherent, 95. The anther is adnate when
lixed by its whole length to the tilameut or its prolongation, 101.
AdnatiiM, the state of bein , 94.
Adpreased or appressed, brought into contact with, but not united.
Adscendent, ascendent, or ascend imj, rising gradually upwards, 39.
itt, or assurgent, same as ascending, 39.
Adv< ntittous, out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adventitious buds, 30.
Adventive, applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly introduced into a
country, but hardly to be called naturalized.
^Equilateral, equal-sided ; opposed to oblique.
Aerial roots, &c., 36.
s, verdigris-colored. .
l, produced in summer.
^Estivation, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, 97.
Agamous, sexless.
A ggregate fruits, 118.
Ayrestis, growing in fields.
Air-cells or Air-passages, spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, 131.
Air- Plants, 36.
Akcne or Akenium, 120.
Ala (plural, al<f), a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.
Alabastrum, a flower-bud.
Alar, situated in the forks of a stem.
Alate, winged.
Albescent, whitish, or turning white.
Albas, Latin for white.
Albumen of the seed, nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 21, 127.
Albumen, a vegetable product, of four elements.
Albuminous (seeds), furnished with albumen, 21.
Alburnum, young wood, sap-wood, 142.
Alliaceous, with odor of garlic.
Allogamous, close fertilization.
Alpestrine, subalpine.
Alj'ine, belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.
Alternate (leaves), one after another, 29, 67. Petals are alternate with the
sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals between
them, 82.
Alveolate, honeycomb-like. •
Ament, the scaly spike of trees like the Birch and Willow, 75.
Amentaceous, catkin-like, or ratkin-bearitiL'.
Jiii'ir/ibmis, shapeless, without any definite form.
Ain/'li!i-<tr/)<'ii!>. pnidm-iiig two kinds of fruit.
itun (plural, amjtin'yastria), a peculiar stipule-like leaf of Liverworts.
i'/xnif, ovules or seeds, 111.
, a piti-her-shaped orL'an.
Aiii/>lii-tiint, emliracing. Amplezicmil (leaves), clasping the stem by the base.
lnci niif. swelling out like a bolile or Madder (iiiii/nillii).
f, A/ni/Uiiil, cinnposed of siaivh (amylum), or starch-like.
without stamens.
Anantherous, without anthers. Anantlums, destitute of flowers ; flowerless.
Anastomosing, forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the vein.* of leaves, 50.
Aii'iti-n/ioiis ovules or seeds, 111.
Ancijnt'tl (unct'/if'), two-edged.
Anilnecium, a name for the stamens taken together, 98.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 195
Andro-dioecious, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on another.
Androgynous, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster.
Androphore, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow.
Androus, or Ander, andra, andrum, Greek in compounds for male, or stamens.
Anemophilous, wind-loving, said of wiud-fertilizable flowers, 113.
Anfmctuose, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c.
Angiospermce, Anyiospermous, with seeds formed in an ovary or pericarp, 109.
Annular divergence of leaves, 69.
Anisos, unequal. Anisomerous, parts unequal in number. Anisopetalous, with un-
equal petals. Anisophyllow, the leaves unequal in the pairs.
Annual (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and then
dying, 37.
Annular, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
Annulate, marked by rings ; or furnished with an
Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses it is a ring
of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the lid in many species.
Annotinous, yearly, or in yearly growths.
Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external; while the
posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c., the
keel is anterior, and the standard posterior, 96.
Anlhela, an open paniculate cyme.
Anther, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen, 14, 80, 101.
Antheridium (plural antheridia), the organ in Cryptogams which answers to the
anther of Flowering Plants, 150.
Antheriferous, anther-bearing.
Aiithesis, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower.
Anthocitrpus (fruits), 118.
Anthophore, a stipe between calyx and corolln, 113.
Anlhos, Greek for flower ; in composition, Monanthous, one-flowered, &c
Anticous, same as anterior.
Antrorse, directed upwards or forwards.
Apetalous, destitute of petals, 86.
Aphyllous, leafless.
Apical, belonging to the apex or point.
Apiculate, pointleted ; tipped with a small point.
Apocarpous (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are separate.
Apophysis, any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the spore-case of
the Umbrella-Moss.
Apothecium, the fructification of Lichens, 171.
Appendage, any superadded part. Appendiculate, provided with appendages.
Appressed, close pressed to the stem, &c.
Apricus, growing in dry and sunny places.
Apterous, wingless.
Aquatic (Aquatilis), living or growing in water ; applied to plants whether growing
under water, or with all but the base raised out of it.
Arachnoid, Araneose, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.
Arboreous, Arborescent, tree-like, in size or form, 39.
Arboretum, a collection of trees.
Archegonium (plural archegonia), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous to
the pistil of Flowering Plants.
Arcuate, bent or curved like a bow.
Arenose (Arenarius), growing in sand.
Areolate, marked out into little spaces or areolas.
Aryenteous, or Argentate, silvery-Iike.
Argillose, growing in clay.
Argos, Greek for pure white ; Argoph yllous or Arnyr aphyllous, white-leaved, &c.
Argutus, aeutely dentate.
196 GLOSS All V AND INDEX.
Arillate (seeds) furnished with an aril.
Arillifurm, aril-like.
..-•, or Aril, a Meshy growth from base of a seed, 126.
Ari.-ttate, awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c., 54.
Aristulate, diminutive of the lust; short-awned.
Arrect, brought into upright position.
Arrow-shaped or Arr<m--li«t<l, </, same as sayittntr, fi3.
Artiriil'iti • /. jointed ; lunii.sli.-4 with joints or articulations, where it separates or
inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, 57.
Artijiri'il Cl-iffiji ration, 181.
Af< it <li it 'j (stems, &c.), 39; (seeds or ovules) 110.
. a pitcher-shaped body, like leaves of Sarracenia.
(•'-•••''), a sac, the spore-case of Lichens and some Fungi.
i, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigmas
of many Grasses.
Atperous, rough to touch.
, 144, 147.
t, same as ascending, 39.
Atropous or Atropal (ovules), same as orthotropous.
Aurantiacous, orange-colored.
Auremis, golden.
Auriculate, furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, 53.
Autoynmy, self-fertilization, 115.
Ani-!sliiiji< if, sharp-pointed from a broader base, 61.
Aim, the bristly or beard of Barley, Oats, &c.; or any similar appendage.
Aimed or Awn-pointed, furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip, 54.
Axil, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, 13.
A.i-ii' , bi-liniifing to the axis, or occupying the axis.
Axillary (buds, &c. ), occurring in an axil, 27.
A.?is, the central line of anybody ; the organ round which others are attached; the
root and stein. Ascending and Descending Axis, 38.
Saccate, berried, berry-like, of a pulpy-nature like a berry (bacca).
Jlmlius, chestnut-colored.
Jiiinner, see Standard, 92.
Jiar/fitt, bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.
Harked, furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on the
fruit of Echinospermum (stiekseed). &c.
Barbellate, said of the bristles of the pappus of some Composite when beset with
short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose.
Barbtllulate, diminutive of barbellate.
liin-k, the covering of a stem outside of the wood, 138, 140.
Bnsul, belonging or attached to the
Base, that exiivmity of any organ by which it is attached to its support.
Bftsifixi'l, attaehed by its base.
Baft, Ii«ft-jil>res, 134.
Beakt'l, cndinu' in a prolonged narrow tip.
£e,in/> </. Bee Inn-bate. Beard is somet lines used for awn, more commonly for long
or still' hairs of any sort.
Ji'ft-slt'i/ied, of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, 90.
hern/, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape, 119.
Jji- (or /{/.«), in eonij'ouiid words, twice; as
i-, twice jointed, or two jointed ; separating into two pieces.
,', having two ears, as the leaf in lig. TJiJ.
Bicallnse, having two callosities or harder spots.
Bicarinttte, two-keeled.
Biatpitul (Biceps), two-headed; dividing into two parts.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 197
Biconjugate, twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.
Bidtntate, having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).
Biennial, of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season, flowering
and dying the next, 38.
Bifarious, two-ranked; arranged iu two rows.
Bijid, two-cleft to about the middle.
B/foliolate, a compound leaf of two leaflets, 59.
Bifurcate, twice, forked; or more commonly, forked into two branches.
Bijurjate, bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).
Bilabiate, two-lipped, as the corolla of Labiatae.
Bilamdlate, of two plates (lamellae), as the stigma of Mimulus.
Bilobed, the same as two-lobed.
Bilocellate, when a cell is divided into two loceUi.
Bilocular, two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, &e.
Binary, in twos.
Binate, in couples, two together. Bipartite, the Latin form of two-parted.
Binodal, of two nodes.
Binomial, of two words, as the name of genus and species taken together, 180.
Bipalmate, twice palmately divided.
Biparous, bearing two.
Bipinnate (leaf), twice pinnate, 58. Bipinnatijid, twice pinnatifid, 57.
Bipinnatisect, twice pinnately divided.
Biplicate, twice folded together.
Biscrial, or Biseriate, occupying two rows, one within the other.
Biserrate, doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf are themselves serrate.
Bisexual, having both stamens and pistil.
Bite mate, twice ternate; i. e. principal divisions three, each bearing three leaflets, 59.
Bladdery, thin and inflated.
Blade of a leaf, its expanded portion, 49.
Bloom, the whitish powder on some fruits, leaves, &c.
Boat-shaped, concave within and keeled without, iu shape like a small boat.
Border of corolla, &c., 89.
Brachi/ite, with opposite branches at right angles to each other.
Brachy-. short, as Brachycarpous, short-United, &c.
Bract (Bractea), the leaf of an inflorescence. Specially, the bract is the small leaf
or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds, 73.
Bracteate, furnished with bracts.
Bracteolate, furnished with bractlets.
Bracteose, with numerous or conspicuous bracts.
Bractlet ( Bracteola), or Bracteole, is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk, 73.
Branch, Branching, 27.
Breathiny-pores, 144.
Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance.
Bristly, beset with bristles. Bristle-pointed, 54.
Brunneous, brown.
Brush-shaped, see aspergilliform.
Bryoloyy, that part of botany which relates to Mosses.
Bryophyta, Bryophytes, 163.
Bud, a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state, 27. Bud-scales, 63.
Bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean, 46.
Bulbils, diminutive bulbs.
Bulbiferous, bearing or producing bulbs. Bulbose or bulbous, bulb-like in shape, &c.
Bulblets, small bulbs, borne above ground, 46.
Bulb-scales, 46.
Bullate, appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble).
Byssaceous, composed of fine flax-like threads.
198 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Caducous, dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the calyx in the
Poppy, falling when the flower opens.
Cairuleous, blue. Ccerulesrent, becoming bluish.
Caspilose, or (Jtfj>it< «.«-, growing in turf-like patches or tufts.
' .'////'<>;•/«, cui->haped.
C<il<-<mite, funiisln-il with a spur (calcar), 86, 87.
Calceolate or Calceiform, slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper.
Callose, hardened; or funii.sln.-cl with callosities or thickened spots.
Cd/i-ous, bald or naked of ha. .
Calyciflorus, when j petals and stamens are adnate to calyx.
C'llyi-int.', In-longing to the calyx.
C«lyculate, furnished witli an outer accessory calyx (calyculus) or set of bracts
looking like a calyx, as in true I'inks.
Calyptrn, the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss, 163.
Calyptrate, having a calyptra.
Calyptnform, shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
Citlyx, the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower, 14, 79.
Cambium, Cambium-layer, 140.
Campanulate, bull-shaped, 90.
Campylotropota, or Campylotropal, curved ovules and seeds, 111. CnmpylospeTmous,
applied to fruits of Umbelliferas when the seed is curved in at the edges,
forming a groove down the inner face ; as in Sweet Cicely.
( annliculnte, channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove.
C'ince/lfite, latticed, resembling lattice-work.
('.iiK/i-i'tii, Latin for pure white.
('<uii.<i;-/tt, grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with fine
white hairs. Incanous is whiter still.
C a nous, whitened with pubescence; see incanous.
i Inceous, Capillary, hair-like in shape; as tine as hair or slender bristles.
e, having a globular apex, like the head on a pin.
i', diminutive of capitate.
l'ii/>itulnm. a close rounded dense (luster or head of sessile flowers, 74.
C'l/ii-tui >tt , hearing tendrils (from citfireolus, a tendril).
C'i]i.«ilt , a dry dehi.s.vnt -.--ed-vessel of a compound pistil, 122.
r, relating to, or like a capsule.
uf insects, 154.
Cm-inn, a lu-i 1 ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 92.
I'm inn/I', keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side.
Citr/it/mi.*, or Caryopsis, the one seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, 121.
Cnrneinis, tlesh rolored; ]iale red. Cunwse, tleshy in texture.
' < /. nr Ciir/>!'Hiim, a siin]'le jiistil or a pistil-leaf, l(»i.
CarpeUary, jicrtaininu' t<> a car]>el.
Ctirjxi/iit/i/, that depariinent of liotany whirh relates to fruits.
Ciii-j><'/>lu>n\ th.' stalk c.r support of a pistil extending between its carpels, 113.
Cur/ii.f, Crec-k for fruit.
CrirlilntjiHinis. or Cui-tUnr/infoim, firm and tough in texture, like cartilage
Caninrli\ an eXc-iVM-eiiee at the sear of xiine seeds, J26.
Carvncvlnte, furnished with a caruncle.
Carynphyllaceovt, pink-like: applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals.
Cassidt mix, helmet-shaped.
Ciiffii.t, empty and sterile.
' >iatc, or Cut, nulati , end to end a. in a chain.
' in, see Ain^nt, 7">.
Cnii'/iitf, tailed, or tail-pointed.
Cuudcx, a sort of trunk, such as that of P&'ms; an upright rootstock, 39, 44.
Caudlch', the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c.
Caulescent, having an obvious stem, 36.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 199
Caulide, a little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), 11, 127.
('online, of or belonging to a stem, 36. Caulis, Latin name of stem.
Caulocarpic, equivalent to perennial.
Caulome, the cauline parts of a plant.
Cell (diminutive, Cellule), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c. ; one of the anatomi-
cal elements, 131.
Cellular Cryptogams, 162. Cellular tissue, 131.
Cellulose, 131. Cell-walls, 130.
Centrifugal (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre
outwards, 77.
Centripetal, the opposite of centrifugal, 74.
Cephala, Greek for head. In compounds, Monocephalous, with one head, Micro-
cephalous, small-headed, &c.
Cereal, belonging to corn, or corn-plants.
Cernuous, nodding; the summit more or less inclining.
Chcetn, Greek for bristle.
Chaff, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Composite; the
glumes, &c., of grasses.
Chaffy, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff.
Chalaza, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, 110, 126.
Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate.
Character, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., 181.
C/nirtaceous, of the texture of paper or parchment.
Chloros, Greek for green, whence Chloranthous, green-flowered; Chlorocarpous ,
green-fruited, &c.
Chlorophyll, leaf green, 136.
Chlorosis, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green.
Choripetalous, same as polypetalous.
Chorisis, separa ion of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts take
the place of one.
Chromule, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid.
Chrysos, Greek for golden yellow, whence Chrysanthous, yellow-flowered, &c.
Cicatrix, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ.
Cilinte, beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the
eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name.
Cinereous, or Cineraceous, ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes.
Circinate, rolled inwards from the top, 72.
Circumscissile, or Circumcissile, divided by a circular line round the sides, as the
pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124.
Circumscription, general outline.
Cirrhiferous, or Cirrhose, furnished with a tendril (Latin, Cirrhns); as the Grape-
vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf-
stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly Cirrus aud Cirrose.
Citreous, lemon-yellow.
Clmlos, Greek for branch. Cladophylla, 64.
Class, 178. 183.
Classification, 175, 183.
('In titrate, latticed; same as cancellate.
Clavate, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards.
Clnvellate, diminutive of clavate.
Claviculate, having Claviculce, or little tendrils or hooks.
Claw, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91.
Cleistogamous (Cleistogamy), fertilized in closed bud, 115.
Cleft, cut into lobes, 55.
Close fertilization, 115.
Climbing, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151.
Club-shaped, see clavate.
Clustered, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch.
200 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Clypeate, buckler-shaped.
Coadunate, same as ximmtf, i. c. united.
Coalescent, growing together. Coalescence, 88.
<'iii:rrtnte, contracted or brought cloM' together.
Coated, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46.
Cobwebby, same as arachnoid; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.
Coccineoui, scarlet-red.
Coccus (plural cocci), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote the separable
carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit.
Cochleariform, spoon-shaped.
Cochleate, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.
Calospermous, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferse which have the seed hollowed
on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in Coriander.
Coherent, usually the same as connate.
Cohort, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, 178.
Coleorhiza, a root-sheath.
Collateral, side by side.
Collective fruits, 118.
Collum or Collar, the neck or junction of stem and root.
Colored, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green.
Columdln, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached,
as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens, as in A/alea.
Column, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into
one body, as in the Orchis family.
Columnar, shaped like a column or pillar.
Coma, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125.
Comose, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, 126.
Commissure, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferac.
Compliant < , llattened.
Compvuntl leaf, 54, 57. Compound pistil, 107. Compound umbel, 75, &c.
Complete (flower), 81.
Complicate, folded upon itself.
Compressed, flattened on opposite sides.
Conctptacle, 168.
Concinnouf, neat.
Conculur, all of one color.
Conch if <>r n>, shell- or half-shell- shaped.
Conilii/i/ii-ult , fuldril upon itself lengthwise, 71.
Cone, the fruit of the Tine family, 124. Coniferous, conc-bc-aring.
( '.>;//". rliif, much crowded.
c,»if< rnmanatt , stuck together, as the cotyledons in ahorse-chestnut
Confluent, blended together; or the same as iW/< r< nt.
< 'onfornu </, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to; or closely
fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.
Congested, Conglomerate, crowded together.
l'<»ii/!<»H<'riiti. crowded into a glmnei
t'lnijinjnli', coupled; in single pairs. ('<>iijit;/<if!i>n, 170.
('minute, united or grown together from the first formation, 96.
Conii'i/i-/" rfnli'il< . -uhen a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, 60.
Ctnni«-tiri\ r,,nni<-t'irnin. the part of the anther connecting its two cells, 101.
Connivi »/. converging, or brought close together.
<'<>n*>lidnti<in (floral), H4.
Consul id<it,</ forms of vegetation, 47.
C<»it< nts of cells, 136.
n/iiiis, the reverse of interrupted or articulated.
rt, </. twMed together. Cimtnri< <l irstinition, same as convolute, 97.
r<iiitiirtii/ilii-ntc. twisted back upon iiself.
either narrowed or shortened.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 201
Contrary, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary.
Convolute, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation, 72. In
aestivation, same as contorted, 97.
Cordate, heart-shaped, 53.
Coriaceous, resembling leather in texture.
Corky, of the texture <»f cork. Corky layer of bark, 141.
Conn, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, 45.
Corneous, of the consistence or appearance of horn.
Corniculate, furnished with a small horn or spur.
Cornute, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage.
Corolla, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, 14, 79.
Corollaceous, Coralline, like or belonging to a corolla,
Corona, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the claw of some petals, 91.
Coronate, crowned; furnished with a crown.
Cortex, bark. Cortical, belonging to the bark (cortex).
Corticate, coated with bark or bark-like covering.
Corymb, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, 74.
Coi ym/jiferous, bearing corymbs.
Corymbose, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way.
Costa, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Cosiate, ribbed.
Cotyledons, the proper leaves of the embryo, 11, 127.
Crateriform, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped.
Creeping (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting, 39.
Cremocarp, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbellifera, 121.
Crenate, or Crenelled, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, 55.
Crenulate, minutely or slightly crenate.
Crested, or Cristate, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest.
Cretaceous, chalky or chalk-like.
Cribrose, or cribriform, pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
Crinite, bearing long hairs.
Crispate, curled or crispy.
Croceous, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow.
Cross-breeds, the progeny of interbred varieties, 176.
Cross fertilisation, 115.
Crown, see corona. Crowned, see coronate.
Cruciate, or Cruciform, cross-shaped. Cruciform Corolla, 86.
Cniftacfnus, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like.
Cryptogamous Plants, Cryptogams, 10, 156.
Cr;/ptos, concealed, as Cryptopetalous, with concealed petals, &c.
Crystals in plants, 137.
Cucidlate, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or a hood
(cucullus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, 75.
Culm, a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, 39.
Cultrate, shaped like a trowel or broad knife.
Citneate, Cuneiform, wedge-shaped, 53.
Cup-shaped, same as cyathifonii or near it.
Cupnle, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, 122.
Cupulnr, or Ctipvlate, provided with a cupule.
Cupuliferous, cupiile-bearing.
Curviveined, with curved ribs or veins.
Curciserial, in oblique or spiral ranks.
Cushion, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole.
Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or cusp, 54.
Cut, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division, 55.
Cuticle, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle.
Cyaneous, bright blue.
Cyathiform, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.
Cycle, one complete turn of a spire, or a circle, 70.
202 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.
Cyclosis, circulation in closed cells, 1-1!'.
Cylindraceous, approaching to the Cylindrical form, terete and not tapering.
Cymbceform, or i'l/m/ii/'i'i-ni, same as boat-shaped.
Cyme, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, 77.
Cymose, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.
Cymule, a partial or diminutive cyiiu-, 77.
Deca- (in words of Greek derivation), ten; as
Decagynous, with 10 pistils or styles, Decamerous, of 10 parts, Decandrous, with
10 stamens, &<•.
Deciduous, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall in autumn, and
of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
Dedinate, declined, turned to one side, or downwards.
Decompound, several times compounded or divided, 59.
Decumbent, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, 39.
Decurrent (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneatli the insertion, as in Thistles.
Decussate, arranged in pair* which successively cross each other, 71.
Deduplication, same as chorisis.
Definite, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
Definite Inflorescence, ~'2.
Deflexed, bent downwards.
I>,-tl,,rnt, , past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.
Dehiscence, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, ll'J.
Dehiscent, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123.
Deliquescent, brandling off so that the stem is lost in the branches, 32.
Deltoid, of a triangular .-hape, like the Greek capital A.
Demerged, growing bi low the surface of water.
Dendroid, Dendritic, tree-like in form or appearance.
Dendron, Greek for tree.
Deni, ten together.
Dens, Latin for tooth.
Dent't/f, toothed, 55. Denticulate, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth.
I)i'/t<i>ij>< ruti , impoverished or starved, and s» below the natural size.
/>< jinsscd, flattened or as if pressed clown from above.
It, run, (ireek for skin.
Descending, tending gradually downwards. Descending axis, the root.
Jtmnios, Greek for things connected or hound together.
Determinate Inflorescence, 72.
Dextrorse, turned to the right hand.
/>!- />/.< (in (Jreek compound^) two. as
I>;iii/t/j>!i<i>i* (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets. Of).
ni'ii/iin.t!.-!, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase.
Dtalypetalous, same MS polypetalous.
l>'i'iiii!r<nif, having two stamens. &<•.
fti'iplniiiinif, transparent or translucent.
l)i,-iirp, ll'tnj, of two carpds.
Dichlninii'li-'His (ilower), having both calyx and corolla.
Dirhofl'iinouii, Dli-lmi/'imi/, 110.
Dichotomous, two-forked.
/HrlhxiHs, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another, 85.
l>n;iccom (fruit), sjilitting into two cocci or closed carpels.
I)!,; '/,/!*, -2-L
Diroti/ledonous (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, 23. Dicotyledonout Plants, 23.
182.
Didymoiis, twin.
Didi/n'iinous (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, 100-
Diffuse, spreading widely and irregularly.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 203
Digitate (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex
of the petiole, 58.
Diyynous (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105.
Dimerous, made up cf two parts, or its organs in twos.
Dimidiate, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed.
Dimorphism, 117. Dimorphous, Dimorphic, of two forms, 117.
Dioecious, or Dioicous, with stamens and pistils on different plants, 85.
Dipetalous, of two petals. Dipliyllous, two-leaved. Dipterous, two-winged.
Diplo-, Greek for double, as Diplostemonous, with two sets of stamens.
Discifiirm or Disk-shaped, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
Discoidal, or Discoid, belonging to or like a disk.
Discolor, of two different colors or hues.
Discrete, separate, opposite of concrete.
Difepalous, of two sepals.
Disk, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sun-
flower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a fleshy expansion of the
receptacle of a flower, 113.
Disk-flowers, those of the disk in Composite.
Dissected, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
D/.-mtplments, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108.
Dissilient, bursting in pieces.
Distich ous, two-ran ked .
Distinct, uncombined with each other, 95.
Dithecous, of two thecas or anther-cells.
Divaricate, straddling ; very widely divergent.
Divided (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, 55.
Dodeca, Greek for twelve ; as Dodecagynous, with twelve pistils or styles, Dode-
candrous, with twelve stamens.
Dodrans, span-long.
Dolabriform, axe-sbaped.
Dorsal, pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ. Dorsal Suture, 106.
Dotted Ducts, 148.
Double Flowers, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79.
Downy, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
Drupaceous, like or pertaining to a drupe.
Drupe, a stone-fruit, 120. Drupelet or Drupel, a little drupe.
Ducts, the so-called vessels of plants, 134.
Dumose, bushy, or relating to bushes.
Duramen, the heart-wood, 142.
Dwarf, remarkably low in stature.
E-, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as ecostate, without a
rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c.
Eared, see auriculate, 53.
Ebrncteate, destitute of bracts. Ebracfeolatc, destitute of bractlets.
Eburneous, ivory-white.
Echinate, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate, a diminutive of it.
Edentate, toothless.
f'jl'i'te, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.
Effuse, very loosely branched and spreading.
Eglandulose, destitute of glands.
F.laters, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 165.
Ellipsoidal, approaching an elliptical figure.
Elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, 52.
Emaroinate, notched at the summit. 54.
Embryo, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 127.
Embryonal, belonging or relating to the embryo.
Embryo-sac, 117.
204 GLOSSARY AND IN'DKX.
J-'.mcrsed, raised out of water.
i. n-l< (•/-///;;,.//.<, with eleven pNtils or styles. Endecandroia, with eleven stamens.
Eii'l, -iiiic, peculiar to the coniitrv geogrnphieallv.
/ //n'o.w/yj, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, 120.
Endochrome, the coloring matter of Algae aud the like.
Endogenous ,v. ///.-. i:;s. Endogenous plants, an old name for monocotyledons.
Endoplt urtt, inin-r si . d-eoat.
irlii^iil, radicle or root sheathed in germination.
lnfjit rm, the albumen of a seed, 21.
t; the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.
J./in. ii-, nine. / mi. :i:/yn<iug, with nine petals or styles. Enneandrous, nine-stamened.
., Eiifi/nrni, sword-shaped.
Entiri , the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even, 55.
Entomopkilous, said of tlowers fre<iuented and fertilized by insects, 113.
J-'lilii in: ml, lasting fora day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, .Sec.
J'.j'i-, (ircek for upon.
Epicalyx, such an involucel as that of Malvaceae.
Ejiii-nrji, the outermost layer of a fruit, 120.
Ej'i'/i rmal, ivl.-ning to the Epidermis, or skin of a ]ilant, 50, 141, 143.
Epigceous, growing on the earth, or close to the ground.
E/ii;/;/niins, upon the ovary, 95, 99.
E/iiji< t<il',>is, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99.
E/ii/ihyllous, borne on a leaf.
J /"'/'''.'/'' , ;1 l'1;ui1 &'i:" in-r "" another plant, but not nourished by it, 36.
' or Epiphytal, relating to Epiphytes.
.--, \vingi-<l at top.
]-:/ii.<l>i rm, tin.- skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.
E'i/it<il, alike in number or length.
Equally pinnate, same as abruptly pinnate, 57.
1'i/iiiti.int, (riding straddle), 60.
, Greek tor wool, l-.rianthous, woolly-flowered. Eriophorovs, wool-bearing, &c.
e, eroded, as if gnawed.
Ei-i>fii-«ti', not beaked.
Erythros, Greek for red. Erythrocarpous, red-fruited, &c.
Ess( ntinl Organs of the flower, 80.
Estivation, see n >tii- 1 /ion.
l, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.
En, Greek pivlix, meaning very, or much.
AVer///-! i n, holding the leaves over winter and until new mies ajipear, or longer.
EJ:, Latin jirelix; ]irivative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So E.r-
alate, wingles>; l-:.r<ilbuiiiin<>u.< (seed), without albumen, 21.
EJ:CUI-I-I nt, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a
trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32.
Enigwmu, puny.
Emilia, lank or meagre.
l-'-i-iniiuf. distinguished for size or beauty.
f<co-, in Greek compounds, outward, as in
Evocnrp, outer layer of a pericarp. 120.
FJ-III/HIKHS, outward growing. Exogenous items, 139.
!'.<-i>rlnzal, radicle in gcnninr.tioii not sheathed.
E.rofinme, the ori'lco in the outer coat of the ovule.
E.i-fi!ii>i"l< , spread or llattened out.
l-'.rf, rl< il, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla.
ExSlipulate, destitute of stipules.
E.rt'uti , outer coat of a pollen-grain.
l'j't'-ii-ii.riUnrii, said of a branch or hud somewhat out of the axil, 31.
t , turned outwards ; tin' anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament on
the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, 101.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 205
Falcate, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.
False Racemes, 78.
Family, in botany same as Order, 177.
Farina, rneal or starchy matter, 136.
Farinaceous, mealy in texture. Farinose, covered with a mealy powder.
Fasciate, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.
Fascicle, a close cluster, 77.
Fascicled, Fasciculated, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, 68, and
roots of Peony, 35.
Fastiyiate, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar.
Faux (plural, fauces), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89.
Fareolate, Favose, honeycombed ; same as alveolate.
Feather-veined, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, 51.
Fecula or Facula, starch, 136.
Female flower or plant, one bearing pistils only.
Fenestrate, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.
Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish.
Fertile, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen.
Fertilization, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, 114.
Fibre (woodv), 133. Fibrous, containing much fibre, or composed of flbres.
Fibrillose, formed of small fibres, or Fibrillce.
Fibro-vascular bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels.
Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a deep recess on each side.
Fidus, Latin suffix for cleft, as Bifid, two-cleft.
Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101; also any slender thread-shaped body.
Filamentose, or Filamentous, bearing or formed of slender threads.
Filiform, thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical.
Fimbriate, fringed; furnished with fringes (Jimbrice).
Fimbrillate, Fimbrilliferous, bearing small Jimbrice, i. e. jimbrilloe.
Fissiparous, multiplying by division of one body into two.
Fissus, Latin for split or divided.
Fistular, or Fistulose, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.
Flabelliform, or Flabdlate, fan-shaped.
Flagellate, or Flngelliform, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; or
like the runners (jlaycllce) of the Strawberry.
Fltn-escent, yellowish, or turning yellow.
Flavus, Latin for yellow.
Fleshy, composed of linn pulp or flesh.
Flexuose, or Flexuous, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.
Floating, swimming on the surface of water.
Floccose, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs.
Flora (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, or
a work systematically describing them, 9.
Floral Envelopes, or Flower-leaves, 79.
Floret, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster.
Floribund, abundantly floriferous.
Florula, the flora of a small district.
Flos, Jloris, Latin for flower.
Flosculus, diminutive, same as floret.
Flower, the whole organs of reproduction of Phrenogamous plants, 14, 72.
Flotver-bud, an unopened flower.
Flowering Plants, 10, 156. Flowerless Plants, 10, 156.
Fly-trap leaves, f>5.
Fluitans, Latin for floating. Fluviatile, belonging to a river or stream.
Foliaceous, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium).
Foliate, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as bifo-
liate, trifoliate, &c. Foliose, leaf}1; abounding in leaves.
Foliolate, relating to or bearing leaflets (fulivlit) ; trifoliate, with three leaflets, &c.
206 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Folium (plural, folia), Latin for leaf.
/'..///'•/c, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 122.
•/•. ii -.milling or belonging to a follicle.
/-,..„/ of/'lunls, 144.
k, either petiole or peduncle, 4!i.
n, a hole or oriii'-e, a- that "I the- fivule, 110.
i', J-'iiriiiii!iiiti':--i , pierced with holes.
Forked, branched in two or ihree or more.
Fomicah , hearing forniccs.
Fiirnij-, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.
FoVi <i>> , deeplv pitted. !'<•!•< 'ilntf, (liniiniitive of foi-entt.
Free, not united with any other parts of a different sort, '.to.
Fringed, tin- margin lieset with slender appendages, bristles, .See.
Frond, what answers to leaves in Ferns \r., 107; or to the stem and leaves fused
into niu , as in Liverwort.
Frondescence, the bursting into leaf.
Front.lo.~e, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy.
/•'/•/irti /ir, i//<in, the state or result of fruiting.
Fructus, Latin for fruit.
Fnnt, the in:itun>il ovary and all it contains or is connected with, 117.
Fruit-(l<>ts in Ferns; see >'";•«.-•.
Fr list itl< i.<f. consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or Frustules.
Fnttisci tit, somewhat shrubby; becoming a shrub (Fnitex), 39.
Fruticulose, like a small shrub, or Fi-ntiriifiiK. Friiticose, shrubby, 39.
.f, soon falling off or perishing.
v, having accessory organs or fulcra, i. e. props.
Fulcous, tawny; dull yelh.w with gray.
Funijus, Fuiiyi, \7'2.
i'liulcle, Fvnicttlus, the stalk of a seed or ovule, 110.
Funnvlform, wfinnn l-fh<ij>t<l, expanding gradually upwards into an open mouth,
like a funnel or tunnel, 90.
J-'iircate, forked.
Fur/ /inn; ,inn, covered with brnn-like fine scurf.
I-'iiri-nirnl, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
FutCOUS, ileep gray-brown.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 36.
Gnlbalus, the fleshy or at length w ly cone of Juniper and ( 'ypress.
Galea, a helmet --haped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 87.
Galeale, shaped Hke a helmet.
,./)( /, 1(1111.1. of united petals, 89.
.'t, formed of united leaves. Gamosepalous, formed of united sepals, 8'J.
f. twin : in pairs.
Hi muni , Latin for a bud.
i,, niiiiiitinii. tin1 -.late i'f budding; budding growth.
1,1 mi/ml, , a small bud: the plumule, G.
Hi in rn, plural of genus.
fit ii'a-nlnii'. bent abruptly, like a knee (f/enu), as many stems.
Hi in rii- \iinn .<, 17!).
Hi mis, a kind of a rank above spei-ics, 177.
tiirm, a growing point; a young bud; sometime- the same as embryo, 127.
(I'iriiitn. the old name for ovary.
Hi rni!n"i!i>>i, the development of a plantlet from the seed, 12.
<;< rontogteout, inhabiting the ( >ld \\'oi-ld.
aililiniit, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other
mil-nut, dirty reddish-yellow.
•ate, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrou>.
f, smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 207
Gladiate, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris.
Glands, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products ; the}'
are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c. ;
sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes raised on hairs or
bristles (ylandiilar linirf, <\-c.), as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is
also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so
that the word is loosely used.
Glandular, Glandultse, furnished with glands, or gland-like.
Glans (Gland), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.
Glareose, growing in gravel.
Glaucesccnt, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.
Glaucous, covered with a bloom, viz. with a tine white powder of wax that rubs off,
like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.
Globose, spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular, nearly globose.
Glocliidinte, or Glochideous, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double
hooked point.
Glomerate, closely aggregated into a dense cluster.
Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster, 77.
Glossology, the department of botany in which technical terms are explained.
Glumaceovs, glume-like, or glume-bearing.
Glume ; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly, the
outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.
Glumelles, the inner husks of Grasses.
Gonophore, a stipe below stamens, 113.
Gossypine, cottony, flocculent.
Grucilis, Latin for slender.
Grain, see Caryopsis, 121.
Gramineous, grass-like.
Granulnr, composed of grains. G-ramde, a small grain.
Graveolent, heavy-scented.
Griseous, gray or bluish-gray.
Grotrth, 129.
G ruinous, or Grumose, formed of coarse clustered grains.
(jitttate, spotted, as if l>y drops of something colored.
Gymnos, Greek for naked, as
Gymnocarjious, naked-fruited. Gymnospermous, naked-seeded, 109.
Gymnospermous yyncecium, 10'J.
Gymnospermce, or Gymnospermovs Plants, 183.
Gijnandrous, with stamens borne on, i.e. united with, the pistil, 99.
Gynoecium, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, 105.
Gynobase, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, 114.
Gynophore, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, 113.
Gynostegium, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature.
Gynostemium, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style and stigma
with stamens combined.
Gyrate, coiled or moving circularly.
Gyrose, strongly bent to and fro.
Hain't, the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.
Habitat, the situation or countrv in which a plant grows in a wild state.
Hairs, hair-like growths on the surface of plants.
Hairy, beset with hairs, especially longish ones.
Halberd-shaped, see hastate, 53.
Halved, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.
Hamate, or Hamose, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round.
Hamulose, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last.
Haplo-, in Greek compounds, single; as Ilaplostemonous, having only one series of
stamens.
208 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Hastate, or Unstile, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on each
side at the base, 53.
/A 'i<l, capitulum, a form of inflorescence. 74.
lit iirt-xliii/n il, of the shape of a heart as painted on cards, 53.
//, art-wood, the older or matured wood of exogenous trees, 112.
//, licoid, exiled like a //c/o or -nail-shell, 77.
• i, tin- upper sepal ol .Moukshood is so called.
//. li;J,:iif, gravish-vellow.
//< ////- in compounds from the Greek, half; e. g Hemispherical, &c.
half-fruit, one carpel of an I 'mbi llitYrous plant. 1^1.
i (ovule or seed), nearly same as umpliitropous, ]2'J.
(in words of Greek origin), seven; as Heptagynous, with seven pistils or
styles. Heptamerous, its parts in sevens. Iltjitundrous, having seven stamens.
Hi i'/i, plant not \voodv, at least above ground.
lit rbnctvus, of the texture of an herb; not woody, 39.
II' rbarium, the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants, 186.
Ilvrborizatiim, 184.
Jfi-n/iii/il/riK/ite (flower), having stamens and pistils in the same blossom, 81.
lli .</« •riliiini, orange-fruit, a hard-rinded berry.
Helero-, iu Greek compound.-, means of two or more sorts, as
Heterocarpous, bearing fruit of two kinds or shapes.
Hi /iTvyamous, bearing two or more sorts of flowers in one cluster.
Heterogony, fhtcrogone, or lit Unisonous, with stamens and pistil reciprocally of
two sorts, 116. HetiToft/il, il is same.
Heter<mt<iri>tii>ns, of two or more shapes.
Heterophyllous, with two sorts of leaves.
11:1: ri'ti-ii/iiiiiy (ovule), the same as ,nn]>Ii itropous, 123.
Hexa- (in Greek compound!.), six; as U,j-'i;/,m<il, six-angled. 7/cra<7»/nott5, with
six pistils or styles. 11, samerous, its parts in sixes. Hexandrous, with six.
stamens. Hexapterous, six-winged
Jfihci-itiii-iil//ii/, a winter bud.
llii ///•//, relating to winter.
Hilar, belonging to the liiliim.
llihiiii, the -car of the .-eed ; its place of attachment, 110, 126.
Hippocrepiform, horseshoe-shaped.
clothed with stitlish or beard-like hairs.
minutely hirsute.
bristly, liesut wiih .stiff hairs, niapidulnu-s, diminutive of hispid.
9.
//<»"•'/, grayish-wliite ; see canescent, &c.
llnliif, rii-t <fiif\ all over sericeoii> or silkv.
-, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort.
running in one direction.
Homor/<iiiiini.<, a head or cluster with (lowers all of one kind.
IIiiiiiii<lt nt-i'iis, uniform in nature; all of one kind.
J/"i//:></iini', or //tiiHat'.iii.Hii, counterpart of //, tcrorpne or JTomostylrd.
Homologous, of same type; thus petals and sepals are the homologues of leaves.
J/,,iiii'ii,nti,iii!t (leaves, &<•.), originating all round an axis, but all bent or curved
to one side.
Bomorphotu, all of one shape.
llti)ii<itr<'i><nit (embryo), <-urved with the seed: curved onlv one way.
JiniK/, same a- In Inn I or </n/t it. //".•</< </, hooil->haped; see cuculltile.
ll«»h> if, .-aim- as hum
Hunt, a sjnir or some similar appendage. Ilurny, of the texture of horn.
Iltirti-nsif. pertaining to the garden.
ll'irtiis iiici-H.t, an lierbarium, or collection of dried plants, 201.
y/«iHi/M.<*', fittmwtrate, sjnvail over thu surface of the ground.
Uumilis, low in stature.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 209
fjyaline, transparent, or partly so.
Hybrid, a cross-breed between two allied species, 176.
Hydrophytes, water-plants.
Uyemal, see liiemal.
Hymenium of a Mushroom, 172.
Hypanthium, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose.
Hypo-, Greek prefix for under, or underneath.
Hypocotyle, or ffypocotyl, part of stem below the cotyledons, 11.
Hypocratenform, properly Hypocratenmorphous, salver-shaped.
I/ypi>g<ean, or Hypogaous, produced under ground, 19.
Ilypoyynous, inserted under the pistil, 95, 99.
Ilysteranthous, with the blossoms developed earlier than the leaves.
Icosandrous, having 20 (or 12 or more) stamens inserted on the calyx.
Imberbis. Latin for beardless.
Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative, overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles
on a roof, as the bud-scales of Horse-chestnut and Hickory, 27. In aestivation,
where some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by
others, 98.
Immarginate, destitute of a rim or border.
Immersed, growing wholly under water.
Impari-p innate, pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex, 57.
Imperfect flowers, wanting either stamens or pistils, 85.
Inequilateral, unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.
Inane, empty, s^id of an anther which produces no pollen, &c.
Innppcndiculate, not appendaged.
Incannus, Incanescent, hoary with soft white pubescence.
Incarnate, flesh-colored.
Jncised, cut rather deeply and irregularly, 58.
Included, enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond another.
Incomplete Flower, wanting calyx or corolla, 86.
Incrassated, thickened.
Incubous, with tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of the next above.
Incumbent, leaning or resting upon; the cotyledons are incumbent when the back of
one of them lies against the radicle, 128; the anthers are incumbent when
turned or looking inwards.
Incurved, gradually curving inwards. *
Indefinite, not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).
Indefinite or Indeterminate Inflorescence, 72.
Indehiscent, not splitting open; i. e. not dehiscent, 119.
Indigenous, native to the country.
Individuals, 175.
Indumentum, any hairy coating or pubescence.
Induplicate, with the edges turned inwards, 97.
Induviate, clothed with old and withered parts or induvias. •
Indusium, the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern, 159.
Inermis, Latin for unarmed, not prickly.
Inferior, growing below some other organ, 96.
Infertile, not producing seed, or pollen, as the case may be.
Inflated, turgid and bladdery.
Injlexed, bent inwards.
Inflorescence, the arrangement of flowers on the stem, 72.
Infra-axillary, situated beneath the axil.
InfundibuKform or Infundibular, funnel-shaped, 90.
Innate (anther), attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, 101.
Innovation, a young shoot, or new growth.
Insertion, the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support, 95, 99.
Integer, entire, not lobed. Inteyerrimus, quite entire, not serrate.
11
210 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Intercellular Passages or Spaces, 131, 143.
fnterfuliaceous, between the leaves of a pair or whorl.
Juti niiiilf, the part of a stem between two nodes, 13.
Inti r/n tinlni; between petioles.
rvptedly pinnate, pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger.
Jntine, inner coat of a pollen grain.
Intrafoliaceous (stipules, &c.), placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem.
liitnirse, turned or facing inwards; i. e. towards the axis of the flower, 101.
Jntruse, as it wen: pu>hcd inwards.
/«(•• i-M'l or fiircrtt-il, where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of the origan
it is compared with.
//»•"/ ucel, a partial or small involucre, 76.
, furnished with an involucel. Inrolucrate, furnished with an involucre.
a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head, &c., 74, 75.
Involute, in vernation, 72; rolled inwards from the edges, 97.
Irregular Flowers, 86, 91.
Jsos, Greek for equal in number, fsomerous, the same number in the successive cir-
cles or sets. Jsostemonous, the stamens equal in number to the sepals or petals.
Jointed, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, 64, &c.
Jugum (plural Jitfju). Latin for a pair, as of leaflets, — thus L'nijitgate, of a single
pair: Bijugate, of two pairs, &c.
Julaceus, like a catkin or Julus.
Keel, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior
petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.
A", i /^il, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kermffine, Carmine-red.
Kernel of the ovule and seed, 110.
Key, or Ki-y-fmlt, a Samara, 122.
l, resembling the outline of a kidney, 53.
I.'i/nlltiii>, the odd petal in the Orchis Family.
Liibiutf, same as liiln/iintc or two-lipped, 92.
LnbiutijIiTiiiif, having flowers with liilaliiate corolla.
Lab'tiim (plural, f.n/ii-i), Latin for lip.
Lnccrnli', with margin appearing as f f torn.
c, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or Lacini<r.
ti .«•( nt. producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.
Lacteus, Latin for milk-white.
I.nciuioM', full of holes or gaps.
/.ili-ii.</i-!ii< , lieli'llgini; to lakes.
J.ii'i-ii/it/t , smooth as if ]ioli>hcd. Latin, Ltzris, smooth, as opposed to rough.
/.,•-,. nifuriii, goiird-fhapi'd.
Lagapout, Latin, hare-footed: densely clothed with long soft hairs.
or Luna llnt< , consisting "f tlat plates l.nnnllie.
r, a jilate or Made, the Made of a leaf, &c., 49.
I. mint,-, Lanose, \\oolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.
l.iiin-i i'/n/i . lani'e-.sha|ied, 52.
L<n»i<i'in<in*, cottony or woolly.
Luti ni luiih, concealed or undeveloped buds, 30.
Lati-rnl, belonging to the side.
l.n!ii.i\ the milky juice, (S:c., of plants, 135.
J.ns l.iose in texture, or spar>e; the opposite of crowded.
Li if, 4!i. Lm/-/»i>ls. .".1.
Leaflet, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, 57.
Leaf-like, same asfoliaceow.
Leathery, of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 211
Legume, a (Dimple pod which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the Pea, 122.
Leguminous, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.
Lenticular, lens-shaped ; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.
Lappaceous, bur-like.
Lasio, Greek for woolly or hairy, as Lasianthus, woolly-flowered.
Lateritious, brick-colored.
Latidferous, containing latex, 138.
Latus, Latin for broad, as Latifolius, broad-leaved.
Leaf-scar, Leafstalk, petiole.
LenticeJs, lenticular dots on young bark.
Lentiginose, as if freckled.
Lepal, a made-up word for a staminode.
Lepis, Greek for a scale, whence Lepidote, leprous ; covered with scurfy scales.
Leptos, Greek for slender; so Leptophyllous, slender-leaved.
Leukos, Greek for white; whence Leucanlhous, white-flowered, &c.
Liber, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, 140.
Lid, see operculum.
Ligneous, or Lignose, woody in texture.
Ligulate, furnished with a ligule, 93.
Ligule, Ligula, the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, 93; the membranous
appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses, 57.
Limb, the border of a corolla, £c., 89.
Limbate, bordered (Latin, Limbus, a border).
Line, the twelfth of an inch; or French lines, the tenth.
Linear, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, 52.
Lineate, marked with parallel lines. Lineolate, marked with minute lines.
Lingulate, Linguiform, tongue-shaped.
Lip, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, 92.
Literal or Littoral, belonging to the shore.
Livid, pale lead-colored.
Lobe, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c.
Lobed or Lobate, cut into lobes, 55, 56; Lobulate, into small lobes.
Locellate, having Locelli, i. e. compartments in a cell : thus an anther-cell is often
bilocellate.
Loculament, same as loculus.
Lficular, relating to the cell or compartment (Loculus) of an ovary, &c.
Loculicidal (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each cell, 123.
Locusta, a name for the spikelet of Grasses.
Lodicule, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in Grass-flowers.
Loment, a pod which separates transversely into joints, 122.
Lomentaceous, pertaining to or resembling a loment.
Lorate, thong-shaped.
Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lunulate, diminutive of lunate.
Lupuline, like hops.
Lusus, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation.
Luteolus, yellowish; diminutive of
Lttteus, Latin for yellow. Lutescent, verging to yellow.
L i/rate, lyre-shaped; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end-
lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in fig. 149.
Macros, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large; thus Macrophyllous, long'
or large-leaved, &c.
Macrospore, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, 100, 161.
Maculate, spotted or blotched.
Male (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil.
Mammose, breast-shaped.
Marcescent, withering without falling off.
Marginal, belonging to margin.
212 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Maryinatt, margined with an edge different from the rest.
Afarginicidal dt/tiscence, 123.
Maritime, belonging to sea-coasts.
M'irmorate, marbled.
M :.<., M:*.T-.. Miijcultne, male.
J/'i.s/.W, MV /lersonate.
Mealy, KZKfarinaceout.
Median, Medial, belonging to the middle.
Mi '((fixed, attached by the middle.
Medullary, belonging to, or of the nature of, pith (Medulla); pithy.
Mi 'liilliiry /itnjx, the silver-grain of wood, 140, 141.
.)/< <Iui I,/ i-i/ X/n<itli, a set of ducts just around the pith, 140.
.l/i iostemonous, having fewer stamens than petals.
Membranaceous or Membranous, of the texture of membrane; thin and soft.
Mi niscoid, crescent-shaped.
M, ricarp. one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, 121.
.I/, rismatic, separating into parts by the formation of partitions across.
Merous, from the Greek for part; used with numeral pretix to denote the number of
pieces in a set or circle: as Monomerous, of only one, Dimerous, with two, Tri-
merous, with three parts (sepals, petals, stamens, &c.) in each circle.
Mesocarp, the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into three
layers, 120.
Mesophl&um, the middle or green bark.
MnTiijiyte, the closed orifice of the seed, 110, 126.
Mii.-riixpore, the smaller kind of spore when there are two kinds, 161.
Midrib, the middle or main rib of a leaf, 50.
Milk-vessels, 138.
Miiii'ilv, vermilion-colored.
M '.triform, mitre-shaped: in the form of a peaked cap, or one cleft at the top.
It i.n'dif iinn, necklace-shaped; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.
Monocarpic (duration), flowering and seeding but once, 38.
Monochlamydeous, having only one floral envelope.
Monocotyledonous (embryo), with only one cotyledon, 24.
Monocotyledonous Plants, 24. Monocotyls, 24".
Moruedous, or Monoicous (flower), having stamens or pistils only, 85.
Monogynous (flower), having only one pistil, or one style, 105.
Monopctalous (flower), with the corolla of one piece, 89.
Monopliyllous, ono-leaved, or of one piece.
Monos, Greek for solitary or only one; thus Monmh Ijdmiis, stamens united by their
filaments into one set, 99; M~onandrous (llowi-r), having only one stamen, 100.
)f,iii«s,l><tl,,vs, a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body.
Monospermous, one-seeded.
.\foiistrtisity, an unnatural dovintion from the usual structure or form.
Morphohf/y, Mur/iholor/li-il /{,,/, my, 9; the department of botauy which treat* of
the forms whieh .-in or^an may a>sume.
Moschat( , Musk-like in odor.
.I/. 'I'! nil ///.-', Ml).
Murronate, tipped with an abrupt short point (Mtu-m). 54.
Mucromdate, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last.
Multi-, in composition, many: as Multiiii;lut<ir, many-angled: M ulticipltnl many-
headed, &(•.; Miiltif.irioiis, in many rows or rank.-; Mullijid, many-cleft; Mul-
tilui-iilnr, many-celled; Jfultiserinl, in many rows.
Multiple Fruits. 118, 124.
Mnricutv, beset with short and hard or prickly points.
Mnriform, wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.
Muticous, pointless, blunt, unarmed.
i-i-liitm, the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c.,
originate, 172.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 213
Naked, wanting some usual covering, as achlamydeous flowers, 80, gymnospermous
seeds, 109, 125, &c.
Names in botany, 179.
Nanus, Latin for dwarf.
Napiform, turnip-shaped, 35.
Natural System, 182.
Naturalized, introduced from a foreign country, and flourishing wild.
Navicular, boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses.
Necklace-shaped, looking like a string of beads; see moniliform.
Nectar, the sweet secretion in flowers from which bees make honey, &c.
Nectariferous, honey-bearing; or having a nectary.
Nectary, the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual
shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of
Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of Monks-
hood, 87, &c.
Needle-shaped, long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines.
Nemorose or Nemoral, inhabiting groves.
Nerve, a name for the ribs or veins of leaves when simple and parallel, 50.
Nerved, furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins, 50.
Nerwse, conspicuously nerved. Nervulose, minutely nervose.
Netted-veined, furnished with branching veins forming network, 50, 51.
Neuter, Neutral, sexless. Neutral flower, 79.
Niger, Latin for black. Niaricans, Latin for verging to black.
Nitid, shining.
Nival, living in or near snow. Nircits, snow-white.
Nodding, bending so that the summit hangs downward.
Node, a knot; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of leaves
springs, 13.
Nodose, knotty or knobby. Nodulose, furnished with little knobs or knots.
Nomenclature, 175, 179.
Normal, according to rule, natural.
Notate, marked with spots or lines of a different color.
Nucamentaceous, relating to or resembling a small nut.
Nuciform, nut-shaped or nut-like.
Nucleus, the kernel of an ovule (110) or seed (127) of a cell.
Nucule, same as nutlet.
Nude, (Latin. Nudus), naked. So Nudicaulis, naked-stemmed, &c.
Nut, Latin Nux, a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit ; as a chestnut, butter-
nut, acorn, 121.
Nutant, nodding.
Nutlet, a little nut; or the stone of a drupe.
Ob- (meaning over against), when prefixed to words signifies inversion; as, Ob-
compressed, flattened the opposite of the usual way ; Obcordate, heart-shaped,
with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of the base, 54; Oblance-
olate, lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards, 52.
Oblique, applied to leaves. &c., means unequal-sided.
Oblong, from two to four times as long as broad, 52.
Obovate, inversely ovate, the broad end upward, 53. Obovoid, solid obovate.
Obtuse, blunt or round at the end, 54.
Obverse, same as inverse.
Obvolute (in the bud), when the margins of one piece or leaf alternately overlap
those of the opposite one.
Ocellate, with a circular colored patch, like an eye.
Ochroleucous, yellowish-white ; dull cream-color.
Ocreate, furnished with Ocrece (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths, 57.
Octo-, Latin for eight, enters into the composition of Octayynous, with eight pistils
or styles; Octamerous, its parts in eights; Octandrous, with eight stamens, &c-
214 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Oculate, with eye-shaped marking.
Oj/ii-iii'il, n-ed in medicine, then-fore kept in the shops.
<>[l'.«t, short branch,-- ue\t ih,. gro.ind \vliicli take root, 40.
. termination, from tin- dn-rk. to denote likeness; so Dianthoides, Pink-like.
Oleraceou.<, esculent, as a pot-In rb.
.-!, Greek for few; thus Oliganthous, fcw-llowcred, &c.
i~eous, olive-given.
Oophoridiunt, a name for spore-case containing inacrospores.
OpatjiH , applied t<> a surface, niaans dull, not shinm.;-.
Operculate, furnished with a lid ( <>/n rail inn), as the spore-case of Mosses, 163.
(Iji/infite. said of loaves and branches when on oppo-iie sides of tin- stem from eacli
other (i. e. in pairs), 2'J. 08. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c., when they
stand before them.
Oppositifolius, situated opposite a leaf.
Orbicular, 0/7/ /.-/<,' • //. , circular in outline. or nearly so, 52.
Unltr, group below cla-s. 178. Ordinal names, 180.
Organ, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c.
Organogi-aphy, study of organs, 9. Oryn/i<iy<.itt.sis, that of the development of
organs.
Orgyalis, of the height of a man.
Orttiof, (jreek for straight; thus, Orthucarpous, with straight fruit; Orthostichous,
straight-ranked.
Ortholropous (ovule or seed), 111.
Osseous, of a bony texture.
Outgrowths, --mwilis from the surface of a leaf, petal, &c.
(>r>il, broadly elliptical, 52.
Ovary, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds, 14, 80, 105.
Orntr, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in plain surfaces,
such as leave >. like the section of an egg lengthwise, 52.
/, ovate or oval in a solid form.
Ovule, the body which is destined to become a seed, 14. 80, 105, 110.
Ovuliferous, ovule-bearing.
i', a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the throat, as in Snap-
dragon. ^c.
Palea (plural /xiltiv), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff or bracts on the
receptacle- of many ( 'omposita>, as Coreopsis, and Suntlower.
is, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.
t, having J'ulcuUe or palea; of a second order, or narrow paleae.
'l. Knglish term for palea.
Palmate, when leallets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the
petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, ,r>7, 58.
1'iiliiMitely (veined, lohed. ^c.). in a palmate manner, 51, 50.
I'dl/ii'itijid, -/<>//<'/, -.-'i (7, palmatfly cleft, or lobed. or divided.
Paludvse, inhabiting marshes. 2'nluKtriin', saipe.
l'iiii</itri/»rni, or l\tit<litr<iti\ liddle-shaped (which see).
I'.mii-/f, an open and liranched cluster, 81.
J'niiii-ltd, /'iiiiiriiliitt'. arranged in jianicles, or like a panicle.
I'onnose, covered with a felt of woolly hairs.
J'ti/ii ri/. <>f about the coiiM-teiKv of lelli-r paper.
fa/iiHti/i iceuus, biittertly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea, 91.
J'iijii/iii (|ilural /tajil^d'), linle nippK'-shaped protul)cranees.
J'<ijii/l<tte, l'it/>ili:i.«', covered with papilhc.
J'njijiuf. thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, Groundsel,
\c , and whatever in Composite answers to calyx, whether hairs, teeth, or
scales, 1JI .
J^i/ii/rncftnif, like parchment in texture.
Parallel-veined or mi-cul Cleaves), 50.
GLOSSARY AND IND2X. 215
Parapnyses, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses.
Parasitic, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, 37.
Parenchemylous, composed of parenchyma.
Parenchyma, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves, 132.
Parietal (placentae, &c.), attached to the walls (jmrietes) of the ovary.
Pariplnnate, pinnate with an even number of leaflets.
Parted, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, 55.
Parthenogenesis, producing seed without fertilization.
Partial involucre, same as an involucel; partial petiole, a division of a main leaf-
stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch ot a peduncle; par-
tial umbel, an umbellet, 76.
Partition, a segment of a parted leaf; or an internal wall in an ovary, anther, &c.
Patelliform, disk-shaped, like the patella or kneenan.
Patent, spreading, open. Patulous, moderately t,, .reading.
Pauci-, in composition, few; as paucijiorous, few-flowered, &c.
Pear-shaped, solid obovate, the shape of a pear.
Pectinate, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like the
teeth of a comb.
Pedate, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions again
cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.
Pedicel, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, 73.
Pedicellate, Pedicelled, borne on a pedicel.
Pedalis, Latin for a foot high or long.
Peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster, 73.
Pedunded, Pedunculate, furnished with a peduncle.
Peloria, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular flower; com-
monest in Snapdragon.
Peltate, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is at-
tached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, 53.
Pthiform, basin-shaped.
Pendent, hanging. Pendulous, somewhat hanging or drooping.
Penicillate, Penicilliform, tipped with a tuft of tine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as
the stigmas of some Grasses.
Pennate, same as pinnate. Penninerved and Penniveined, pinnate^' veined, 51.
Penta- (in words of Greek composition), five; as Ptntadelphous, 99; Pentagynous,
with rive pistils or styles; Pentamerous, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of
five; Pentandrous, having five stamens, 112; Ptntastichous, in five ranks, £c.
Pepo, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, 119.
Perennial, lasting from year to year, 38.
Perfect (flower), having both stamens and pistils, 31.
Pei-fohaie, passing through the leaf, in appearance, GO.
Perforate, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an
Orange-leaf.
Peri-, Greek for around ; from which are such terms as
Perianth, the leaves of the flower collectively, 79.
Pericarp, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, 117.
Pericarpic, belonging to the pericarp.
Perigonium, Perigone, same as perianth.
Perigynium, bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped
body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little
scales, &c., of the flowers of some other Cyperaceae.
Perigynous, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, 95, 99.
Peripherie, around the outside, or periphery, of any organ.
Perispe.rm, a name for the albumen of a seed.
Peristome, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, 163.
Persistent, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as th*
leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist during the growth
of the fruit.
210 GLOSSARY AND INDKX.
Personate, masked; a bilabiate corolla with njmlnle in the throat, 92.
Perfuse, perforated with a hole or slit.
]'< ruliitf, having scales (Pi /•»',/ i. -nch as bud-scales.
Pes, pedis, Latin for the foot or support, win-no- Lunyipes, long-stalked, &c.
Petal, a leaf of the corolla, 14, T'.i.
J'.tnlody, inetamorplioM> of Manieiis, \.-.. into petals.
Ptt<il"i'i. J'< talint . petal-like; resembling or colored like petals.
Petiole, a footstalk of a l.-af : a l«-af stalk, 40.
Pfiinled. Petinlntc, furnished with a petiole.
Petiolulnte, said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk.
Petrceus, Latin for growing on rocks.
Phalanx, phalanyes, bundles of stamens.
Phcenoganwus, or Phanerogamous, plants bearing flowers and producing
same as Flowering Plants. Phcenor/ams, Phanerogams, 10.
Pklceum, Greek name for bark, whence Endqphl&um, inner bark, &c.
Phosniceous, deep red verging to scarlet.
Phycvloyy, the botany of Alga\
Phylloclndia, branches assuming the form and function of leaves.
Phyllodium (]ilnral, /*//////«'/<' o, a leaf where the seeming blade is a dilated petiole,
as in New Holland Acacias, 61.
Phyllome, foliar parts, those answering to leaves in their nature.
Phyllon (plural, plnjlla), Greek for leaf and leaves; used in many compound terms
and names.
Phyllotaxis, or Phyllotaxy, the arrangement of leaves on the stem, 67.
Physiological Botany, 9.
Phytography, relates to characterizing and describing plants.
Pliyton, or Phytninti; a name used to designate the pieces which l.y their repetition
make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pail of leaves.
Pileus of a mushroom, \~-.
Piliferous, bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs.
Pilose, hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs.
J'innti, a primary division with its leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.
Pinnule, a secondary division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, C6.
Pinnate (leaf), when leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common petiole, 57.
Ptnna/ely lobed, cleft, parted, diridi'il, r, in< 'I, 56.
J'innfitijiil, Pinnatisect, same as pinnately clelt and pinnately parted, 56.
Pisiform, pea-shaped.
Pistil, the seed-lieaiing organ of the flower, 14, 80, 105.
Pistillate, having a pistil, 85.
Pistilliclium, the body which in Mosses answers to the pistil, 159, 164.
Pitchers, 64.
Pith, the cellular centre, of an exogenous stem. 138.
Tl'ii-cnta, the surface or p:irt of tin- ovary to whkh the ovules are attached, 107.
Pliiftntifiirm, nearly same as quoit-shaped.
Plaited (in the bud), or Plicatt-, folded, 7:2, 98.
Platy-, Greek for broad, in compounds, Mich as Platyphyllout, broad-leaved, &c.
Pleio-, Greek for full or abounding, used in compounds, such ta Pleiopetaluus, oi
many petals, &c.
Plumbeus, lead-colored. i ,
Plumose, featliery : when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus or a sty.e;
islieset with hairs along its sides, like the plume of a feather.
Plumule, (lie hud or lirst shoot of a germinating ]>lantle! above the cotyledons, 13.
Plttri-. in composition, many or several; as Plurifuiiolut,', with several leaflets.
Pod, speciallv a legume, 122; also may be applied to any sort of capsule.
Podium, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Creek compounds, as (siith'xed) Lepto-
podus, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) Podocephalus, with a stalked head, and
in Podosperm, a seed stalk or funiculus.
Pogon, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds.
GLOSSARY AND TNDF.X. lM7
Pointless, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mttcrn, awn, acuminntion, &c.
Pollen, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, 14, 80, 103.
Pollen-yrowth, 117. Polleniferous, pollen-bearing.
Pollen-mass, Pollinium, the united mass of pollen, 104, as in Milkweed and Orchis.
PoUicaris, Latin for an inch long.
Pollination, the application of pollen to the stigma, 114.
Poly-, in compound words of Greek origin, same as multi- in those of Latin origin
viz. many, a^
Polyadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles, 100.
Polymd raus, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), 100.
Pulycarpic, term used by DeCandolIe in the sense of perennial.
Polycotyledonous, having man}- (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines, 23.
Poly (/a/nous, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, 85.
Polygonal, many-angled.
Polyyynous, with many pistils or st3'les, 105.
Pulymerous, formed of many parts of each set.
Polymorphous, of several or varying forms.
Polypetitlous, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many), 89.
Polyphyllous, many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces.
Polysepalous, same as the last when applied to the calyx, 89.
Polyspermous, many-seeded.
Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, 119.
Pomiftroui, pome-bearing.
Porrect, outstretched.
Posterior side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward the axis, 96.
Pouch, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, 123.
Prcecocious (Latin, praecnx), unusually early in development.
Prcefliiration, same as cestivation, 97.
Prcefoliation, same as vernation, 71.
Prcemorse, ending abruptly, as if bitten off.
Pratensis, Latin for growing in meadows.
Prickles, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose.
Prickly, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
Primine, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, 110.
Primordial, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons.
Prismatic, prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat sides.
Procerous, tall, or tall and slim.
Process, any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
Procumbent, trailing on the ground, 39.
Procurrent, running through but not projecting.
Produced, extended or projecting; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced above
into a spur, 87.
Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring), where a new branch rises from an older
one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another.
Propaculum or Propagulum, a shoot for propagation.
Prosenchyma, a tissue of wood-cells.
Prostrate, lying flat on the ground, 39.
Protandrous or Proterandrous, the anthers first maturing, 116.
Proteranthous, flowering before leafing.
Proteroyynous or Protoyynous, the stigmas first to mature, 116.
Prothallium or Prothallus, 100.
Protoplasm, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living. part, of cells, 129.
Protos, Greek for first; in various compounds.
Pruinose, Pruinate, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost.
Pseudo-, Greek for false. Pseudo-bulb, the aerial conns of epiphytic Orchids. &c.
Psilos, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds.
Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes, 150.
Pteris, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many compounds.
218 GLOSSARY ANT) INDEX.
Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down.
Pubescent, hairy or downy, especially witli line and soft hairs or pubescence.
Pulverulent or Pulveraceuus, as if dusted with line powder.
Pulvinate, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
Pumilus, low or little.
Punctate, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such.
I'uncticulatr. minutely punctate.
t 'tinge nt, prickly-tipped.
Ftnicevus, carmine-red.
Pvrpureiu, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or bluish-red.
Pusillitf, weak and small, tiny.
Put/nnen, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, 120.
Pyymceus, Latin for dwarf.
Pyramidal, shaped like a pyramid.
Pyre.ne, Pyrena, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.
Pyrifoiyn, pear-shaped.
J^i/xidaie, furnished with a lid.
Pyxis, Pyxidium, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, 124.
$utctri-t in words of Latin origin, four; as Quadrangular, four-angled; QuaJrl-
foliate, four-leaved; Quadrifid, four-cleft. Quaternate in fours.
Qttinate, in fives. Quinque, five.
Qtincuncial, in a quincunx; when the parts in aestivation are five, two of them
outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.
\2bintuple, five-fold.
I'ace, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, 170.
tiaceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a
general peduncle, 73.
fiacemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rachis, see rhrtchif.
Radial, belonging to the ray.
Radiate, or Radian/, furnished with ray-flowers, 94.
Radiate-veined, 52.
Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root,
Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.
H'ti/ii-i'ls, little roots or rootlets.
Radicle, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root, 11. 127.
Rameal, belonging to a branch. Ramose, full of branches (mm/).
Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns.
Ramification, branching, '27.
Ramulose, full of branchlets (ramuli),
Ruphe, see rlm/ilte.
Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis,
94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially
when ligulatc and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an
umbel, 74.
R'iy-flou'ers, !)4.
Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower, 81, 112; also the common axis or sup-
port of a head of flowers, 73.
Reclined, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.
Rectinerved, with straight nerves or veins.
Recitn'tnl, curved outwards or backwards.
Reduplicate (in activation), valvate with the margins turned outwards, 97.
Rejlexed, bent outwards or backwards.
Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Regular, all the parts similar in shape, 82.
Renifurm, kidney-shaped, 53.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 219
Repaint, wavy-margined, 55.
Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Replum, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after
the valves fall away.
Replant, same as repent.
Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Reticulated, the veins forming network, 50. Retiform, in network.
Retinerved, reticulate-veined.
Retroftexed, bent backwards; same as reflexed.
Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, 54.
Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, 72.
Rhachis (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, 73.
Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or
seed, 112, 126.
Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, 137.
Rhizanthous, flowering from the root.
Rhizoma, Rhizome, a rootstock, 42-44.
Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal, approaching that shape.
Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf,
or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50.
Rimose, having chinks or cracks.
Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159.
Ringent, grinning; gaping open, 92.
Riparious, on river-banks.
Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; or Rirularis, in rivulets.
Root, 33.
Root-hairs, 35.
Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches, 33.
Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, 42.
Roridus, dewy.
Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose.
Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum).
Rostrate, bearing a beak (R(istrum) or a prolonged appendage.
Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.
Rotate, wheel-shaped, 89.
Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline.
Ruber, Latin for red in general. Rubescent, Rubicund, reddish or blushing.
Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.
Rufous, Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown.
Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg,
looking as if chewed.
Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of
the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, 40.
Sabulose, growing in sand.
Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.
Saccate, sac-shaped.
Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped, 53.
Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil.
Salver-shaped, or Salver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender
tube, 89.
Samara, a wing-fruit, or key, 122.
Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit.
Sap, the juices of plants generally, 136. Sapwood, 142.
Saprophytes, 37.
Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, 120.
220 GLOSSARY AND INDKX.
Sarmentaceous, Sarmentose, bearing long and flexible twigs (Sarmenlf), either
spreading or procumbent.
¥n //'-toothed, see serrate, 55.
Scabrous, rough or har.-h to tlie touch.
•/•if "i- m, with (Ti.^-l.aiiiK. n-, milling the steps of a ladder, 134.
Scales, of l>mls, i!8 ; of bulbs. &<-., 4o.
Scalloped, same as crenate, 55.
Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.
Scandail, climbing, :;'.).
Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets.
Scapifortn, scape-like.
Scapigerous, scape-bearing.
Scar of the seed, 120. Leaf-scars, 27, 23.
Scarious or Scariose, thin, dry, and membranous.
Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting.
Sclei-os, Greek for hard, hence Sclerocarpous, hard-fruited.
Scobiform, resembling sawdust.
Scorpioid or Scorpioidnl, curved or circinate at the end, 77.
Scrobiculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.
Scurf, Scurfness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot.
Scutate, Scutiform, buckler-shaped.
Scute/late, or Scutellifurm, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.
Secund, cne-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side.
Secundme, the inner coat of the ovule, 110.
Seed, 125. Seed-leaves, see cotyledons. Seed-vessel, 127.
Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.
Segregate, separated from each other.
Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as
Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; Semicnrdate, half-heart-shaped;
Semilunar, like a half-moon; Semiovate, half-ovate, &c.
Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen). Seminiferous, seed-bearing.
Sempervirent, evergreen.
Sensitiveness in plants, 149, 152.
Senary, in sixes.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx, 14, 70.
Sepaloid, sepal-like. Stpaline, relating to the sepals.
Separated /•'/<•//-, rt, those having stamens or pistils only, 85.
Septate, divided by partitions.
Septenate, with parts in sevens.
Septtcidal, where dehiscencc is through the partitions, 123.
SeptifercitS, bearing the partition.
Ni /, tif ni</iil, where the valves in dehiscenre break away from the partitions, 123.
f<i-l>him (plural ff/iln), a partition or dissepiment.
Si't-lal, or Seri'itf, in rows: a* fii.<i-ri«l. in two rows, &c.
Sericeous, silky: clothed with satiny pubescence.
Serotinous, late in the season.
Serrate, the margin cut into teeth (Xi'i-ratiin-.*) pointing forwards, 55.
Serrulate, same a> the last, but with tine teeth.
Sessile, sitting', without any stalk.
Sesqui-, Latin for one and a half; so Si m/ui/n ilnl/'it, a foot and a half long.
Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.
Setaceous, bristle-like. »s'< ti/'n-m, bristle-shaped.
>•. hearing bristles. <s'i tuti-, beset with bristles or bristly hairs.
Setula, a diminutive bristle. .S /»/<>.«/, provided with such.
Sex, six. Sexanyular, six-angled. Stxfari<nis, six-faced.
Sheath, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are
Sliinthinr/, wrapped round the Mem.
Shield-shaped, same as scutate, or as peltate, 53.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 221
Shrub, Shrubby, 39.
Sieve-cells, 140.
Sigmoid, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma,
Silicle, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family, 123.
Siliculose, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.
Silique, capsule of the Cress Family, 123.
Slliquose, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.
Silky, glossy with a coat of line and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.
Silver-grain, the medullary rays of wood, 139.
Silvery, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silk}' pubescence.
Simple, of one piece; opposed to compound.
Sinistrorse, turned to the left.
Sinuate, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards, 55.
Sinus, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections.
Sleep of Plants (so called), 151.
Smoo/h, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pu-
bescent.
Soboliferous, bearing shoots (Snboles) from near the ground.
Solitary, single; not associated with others.
Sordiil, dull or dirty in hue.
Sorediate, bearing patches on the surface.
Sorosis, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.
Sorus, a fruit-dot of Ferns, 159.
Spadicemis, chestnut-colored. Also spa'Tix-bearing.
Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers, 75.
Span, the distance between the tip of ,Le thumb and of little finger outstretched, sis
or seven inches.
Spathaceous, resembling or furnisHJ with a
Spathe, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence, 75.
Spntulate, or Spathul-ite, shaped like a spatula, 52.
Species, 175.
Specific Names, 179.
Specimens, 184.
Spermaphore, 0* Spermophore, one of the names of the placenta.
Spermum, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.
Splca, Latin for spike; hence Spicate, in a spike, Spiciform, in shape resembling a
spike.
Spike, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile, 74.
Spilcelet, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Spine, 41, 64.
Spindle-shaped, tapering to each end, like a radish, 36.
Spinescent, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
Spinose, or Spiniferous, thorny.
Spiral Vessels or ducts, 135.
Spithameous, span-high.
Spora, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.
Sporadic, widely dispersed.
Sporangium, a spore-case in Ferns, &-c., 158.
Spore, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them
the analogue of a seed.
Spore-case (Sporangium), 158.
Sporocarp, 162.
Sport, a newly appeared variation. 11 &•
Sporule, same as a spore, or a email spore.
Spumescent, appearing like froth.
Spur, any projecting avpendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as
that c-f Lark?pu\, fig-. 239.
e, ar Squamaceous, furnished with scales (squama).
222 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Squamellate, or Squnmulose, furnished with little scales (Squamtlke,
Squcuniform, shaped like a scale.
Squiirruft, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on
which they are thickly set.
Squarrulose, diminutive of squarrose ; slightly squarrose.
Stachys, Greek for spike.
Stalk, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
Stamen, 14, 80, 08.
Staminate, furnished with stamens, 86. Stamineal, relating to the stamens.
Staminodiuin, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamen.
Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, 92.
Starch, 130, 103.
Station, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.
Stellate, Stellular, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from
a common centre, like a star.
Stem, 39. Stemlet, diminutive stem.
Stemless, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Stenos, Greek for narrow ; hence Stenopliyllous, narrow-leaved, &c.
Sterile, barren or imperfect.
Stigma, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, 14, 80, 105.
Stiymatic, or StigoMtose, belonging to the stigma.
Stipe (Latin Stipes), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any, 112; also of a Fern,
158, and of a Mushroom, 172.
Stipel, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.
Slipellate, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.
Stipitate, furnished with a stipe.
Stipulnceous, belonging to stipules. Stipulate, furnished with stipules.
Stipules, the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves, 66.
Stirps (plural, stirpes), Latin for race.
Stuck, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb
grows up.
Stole, or Stolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, 40.
Stoloniferovs, producing stolons.
Stomate (Latin Stoma, plural Stomata), the breathing-pores of leaves, 144.
Stone-fruit, 119.
Storage-leaves, C2.
Stramineous, straw-like, or straw-colored.
Strap-shaped, long, flat, and narrow.
S/rinte, or Strinl, >/, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.
Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow.
Mrii/illose, Strif/ose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.
Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling a
Strobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124.
Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell.
Striiphwle, same as c,irinn-Ic, l.'ii. Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole.
Strnina, a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Strumose, bearing a struma.
t< I a post, like tmv.
c, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105.
US, £/;/iW, bearing styles or con-pienous ones.
/H//i, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.
Sub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; a- >V,r,.,-,/,, t, . slightly cordate; Subser-
nitr, slightly serrate; Xit?>n.rillary, just beneath the axil, &c.
Subclass, Subordi-r, i>n/>lril>e, 178.
Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture.
Rubulnte, awl-shaped: tajiering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.
Sucrise, as if cut off at lower end.
Succuboits, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 223
Suckers, shoots from subterranean branches, 39.
Sit/rutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39.
Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39.
Silicate, grooved longituditially with deep furrows.
Superior, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, 96.
Supernumerary Buds, 30, 31.
Supercolule, plaited and convolute in bud, 97.
Supine, lying Hat, with face upward.
Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31.
Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided.
Stirculose, producing suckers (Surcuii) or shoots resembling them.
Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit
of the cell which contains them.
Sutured, belonging or relating to a suture.
Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106.
Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.
Syconium, the fig-fruit, 124.
Sylves trine, growing in woods.
Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82.
Sympettiluui, same as gamopetalous.
Sympode, Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such
a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.
Synantherous or Synijenesious, where stamens are united by their authers, 100.
Syncarpous (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels cousolidated into one.
Synonym, an equivalent superseded name.
Synsepalous, same as gamoscpalous.
System (artificial and natural), 182, 183.
Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds, 9.
Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling.
Tall, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.
Taper-pointed, same as acuminate, 54.
Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body. 32-35.
Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.
Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification.
Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat.
Tendril, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, 40.
Terete, long and round; Fame as cylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Terminology treats of technical terms; same as Glossology, 181.
Ternate, Ternately, in threes.
Tessellate, in checker-work.
Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, 125.
Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery.
Tetra- (in words of Greek composition), four; as, Tetracoc.cous, of four cocci.
Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, 101.
Tetragonal, four-angled. Tetrarjynous, with four pistils or styles. Tetramerotif,
with its parts or sets in fours. Tetrandrous, with four stamens, 100.
Tetraspore, a quadruple spore, 169.
Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or Thalamus.
Tkallophyta, Thallophytes, 165.
Th alias, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, 165.
Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.
Thecapkore, the stipe of a carpel, 113.
Thorn, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42.
Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.
Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and
the tube join, and a little below. 89.
224 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
Thyrse or Thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cj-mes or cj-mules, 79
Tomtnlose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (toimntum).
Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but tliic.ki.-h and blunt.
Toothed, furni.-hed with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used
especially when these are .-harp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, u->.
Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.
Torulvse, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.
n, the receptacle of the llower, si, ll:i.
Trurhea, a spiral duct.
Trnchys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, Trachyspermous, rough-seeded.
Tninsverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.
Tri- (in composition), three; as,
TrindeljjIiouK, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, 99.
Trinndrous, where the flower has three stamens, 112.
Tribe, 178.
Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence.
Trir/mtniiious, three-forked. Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels.
Tricolor, having three colors. Tricostute, having three ribs.
Tricuspidate, three-pointed. Tridentate, three-toothed.
Triennial, lasting for three years.
Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.
YV///I/. three-cleft, 56.
Trifiili'itt , three-leaved. TrifoKolate, of three leaflets.
Trifurcate, three-forked. Tr!yi»n»is, three-angled, or triangular.
Trir/]/n<"'t, with three pistils or styles, 116. Trijugate, ill three pairs (jug!).
Trilobed or Trilobate, three-lobed, 55.
Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330.
Trimerous, with its parts in threes. Trimorjiltism, 117. Trimorphic or Trimor-
phous, in three forms.
Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.
Triiecinus, where there arc three sorts of flowers on the same or different individ-
uals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.
Tripartible, separable into three pieces. Tripartite, three-parted, 55.
Ti-ijn /'i!,»i.<, liaving three petals.
Triphyllous, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.
Trijilnnate, thrice pinnate, 59. Trij>!»nat(fi(/, thrice pinnately cleft, 57.
Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base
of the leaf.
Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a
bayonet.
Triserial, or Triscrlnte, in three rows, under each other.
Tristichous, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
'J'rifti't/niii/ic, or Trittnimntnse, having three stigmas.
Tri'sitlm/i-, three gTOOl ''d.
Triti-rnnte, three times tomato. 59.
Tririnl Nome, the spocilic name.
Troclilear, pu I ley- - 1 1 :i j i. •> 1 .
Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or toward- the summit
Trniiniti', a- if cut off at the. top.
Trunk, the main >tem or general body of a stem or tree.
Tn!>,- (of corolla. &c.), 8:1.
Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes
(buds) on the sides, 44.
TiiliiTi-n , a small excrescence.
Titberclrd, or Tnb<'rcnlntf, bearing excrescences or pimples.
Tubceform, t nun pet -shaped.
Tiilxrons, resembling a tuber. Tuberifernus, bearing tubers.
Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form: hollowed like a pipe, 91.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 2L'.'i
Tubuliflorous, bearing only tubular flowers.
Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46.
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Turio (plural turiones), strong young shoots or stickers springing out of the ground ;
as Asparagus-shoots.
T>ii-n!p-sliii/it<J, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, 35.
Twininy, a.-cending by coiling round a support, 39.
Tiffin, the ideal pattern, 10.
Typical, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.
Uliginose, growing in swamps.
Umbel, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, 74.
Umbellate, in umbels. Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.
Umbellet (umbellula), a secondary or partial umbel, 7G.
Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.
Umbonate, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo).
Umbracullforin, umbrella-shaped.
Unarmtd, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncial, an inch (uncia) in length.
Uncinate, or Uncate, hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
Undulate, or Undate, wavy, or wavy-margined, 55.
Unequally pinnate, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, 65.
UiK/uiculate, furnished with a claw (tinguis), 91.
f7ni-, in compound words, one; as Unicellular, one-celled.
Uniflorous, one-flowered. Uniftiliate, one-leaved.
Unifoliolate, of one leaflet, 59. Unijuyate, of one pair.
Unilabiate, one-lipped. Unilateral, one-sided.
Unilocular, one-celled. Unii.vulate, having only one ovule.
Uniserial, in one horizontal row.
Unisexual, having stamens or pistils only, 85.
Univalved, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.
Unsymmetrical Flowers, 86.
Urceolate, urn-shaped.
Utricle, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, 121.
Utricular, like a small bladder.
Vaginate, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).
Valve, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body,
splits. 122, 123.
Vahate, Valvular, opening by valves. Valvate, in aestivation, 97.
Variety, 176.
Vascular, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, 134.
Vascular Cryptogams, 156.
Vaulted, arched; same $& fornicate,
Vegetable Life. &c., 128. Vegetable anatomy, 129.
Veins, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., 49. 50.
Veined, Veiny, furnished with evident veins. Vtinltss, destitute of veins.
Veinlets, the smaller ramifications of veins, 50.
Velate. furnished with a veil.
Velutinous, velvet}- to the touch.
Venation, the veining of leaves, &c., 50.
Venenate, poisonous.
Venose, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.
Ventral, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks to-
wards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as the
Ventral Suture, 106.
Ventricose, inflated or swelled out on one side.
15
226 GLOSSARY AND INDEX.
l'i nul: ,«', furnished with vrinlet-.
Vermicular i wnrm-likc, shaped like worms.
l'i nnil, belonging 1" spring.
Vernation, the aiTairjement of the leaves in tile bud, 71.
Vemicose, the surface appearing a.- if varnished.
Verrucose, wartv; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, 101.
Vertex, same as apex.
Vertical, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
I', rtii-il, a whorl, (itf. I"' rtit illati , wliorled, G8.
Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.
I 'esicular, bladdery.
\'i-.--ji< rtine, appearing or expanding at evening.
Vessels, ducts, &c., l-'H.
\'u-ill(try, Vfj-illnr, relating to the
Vexillum, the standard of a papilionaceous (lower, 92.
Villose, shaggy with long and soft hairs ( Villositij).
Vlminroim, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a Urape-viue.
Virttct-nf, I'iridescevt, greenish; turning green.
\'irynti', wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscoiis, Visciil, having a glutinous surface.
Vittn. (plural rittie), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbellifera;.
\'i/clltne, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.
V'n-i porous, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant.
Voluble, twining; as the stein of Hops and Beans, 39.
Volute, rolled up in any way.
Wiiry, the surface or margin alternately convex and concave, 55.
\Vtu-ij, resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.
IVedye-shaped, broad above, tapering by straight lines to a narrow base, 53.
\\'li«l-sli<ii»<l< 89.
Whorl, an arrangement of leaves, &c., in circles around the stem.
U'liorleil, arranged in whorls, 68.
II '/«.'/, any membranous expansion. I j '/«//.< of papilionaceous flowers, 92.
\\"uujed, furnished with a wing: as the fruit of Ash and Kim, lig. 300, 301.
\\'notl, i:j.'!, 142. Woody, of the texture or consisting of wood.
1 1 -,„»/(/ Fibre, or Wood-Cells, V.\\.
\\'<>t,l/y, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs.
Work iujilnnts, 149, 155.
Xanthos, Greek for yellow, used in compounds; as Xanthocarpus, yellow-fruited.
Zygomorphous, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane into similar
halves.
FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN
BOTANY.
Jfultr,
BOTANY,
A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE
COMMON PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES
EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI,
BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED.
BY ASA GRAY,
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAO"
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
FROM THE PRESS OF
IVISON, I'.l-AKEMAN1 & COMPANY.
javtrcS according to act of Congress, In the year 186S, by
ASA G K A Y ,
In Uic Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts
PREFACE.
Tins book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners
generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country
than is the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated
as well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple,
1. by the use of somewhat less technical language ; 2. by the omis-
sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present
purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure,
insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet
with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ;
such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods,
Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study,
On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than
the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees
of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all
which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in
fields, gardens, pleasure-grounds, or in house-culture, including even
the conservatory plants ordinarily met with.
It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as
well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientific acquaintance
with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field,
and green-house, and which so largely contribute to our well-being
and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case
of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble
around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer-
tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu-
dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge
will be especially important.
One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators,
gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers,
with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and
10 PREFACE.
structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in
the English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to
our botanists and botanical teachers, — for whom the only recourse is
to a botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of tin-.-,
and certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have
here endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume.
The great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book
within the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous
and unnecessary matter, and to determine what plants, both native
and exotic, are common enough to demand a place in it, or so
uncommon that they may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can
have chosen wisely in all cases and for all parts of the country,
and in view of the different requirements of botanical students on
the one hand and of practical cultivators on the other, — the latter
commonly earing more for made varieties, races, and crosses, than
for species, which are the main objects of botanical study. But I
have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief and
plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2,650 species, belonging to
947 genera ; and have constructed keys to the natural families,
and analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who
have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char-
acters, *md. place of any of them which they will oatiently examine
in blossom and, when practicable, in. fruit also. If the book an-
swers ?ts purpose reasonably well, 5t<* shortcomings as regards culti-
vated plants mav be made up hereafter, As to the native plants
omitted, they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Man-
ual of 'he .Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman's
Flora of the Southern United States.
Tliis book is designed to be the companion of the First J^essons in
Botany, which serves as irrammar and dictionary; and the two may
be bound together into one compact volume, lorming a comprehen-
sive School Botany.
For the account of the Ferns and the allied families of Oyptoga-
mons Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C.
Eaton of Y"ale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul-
tivated "by amateurs ; and the means here so fully provided for
studying (hem will doubtless be appreciated.
HVRVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 99
PREFACE. 1 1
*V" Iii revising the sheets for the present impression, many small errors
of the press, most of them relating to accentuation, have now been cor-
rected.
January, 1870.
SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
THE SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS employed in this work are few.
The signs are :
© for an annual plant.
© " a biennial plant.
y. " a perennial plant.
The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches,
and lines, the latter twelve to the inch.
Thus 1° means a foot in length or height, &c. ; 2', two inches; 3", three
lines, or a quarter of an inch. The latter sign is seldom used in this work.
The dash between two figures, as u 5-10," means from five to ten, &c.
" Fl." stands for flowers or flowering.
" Cult." " for cultivated.
" Nat." " for naturalized.
" N., E., S., W." for North, East, South, and West.
The geographical abbreviations, such as " Eu." for Europe, and the
common abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular
explanation.
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TOGAMOUS PLANTS.
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. HORSETAIL F. 359
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WATER-LILY
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CACTUS
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5
SERIES I.
FLOWERING OR PELENOGAMOUS PLANTS:
THOSE which fructify by means of stamens and pistils,
and produce true seeds.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the wood or woody
matter of the stem all in a circle between pith and bark,
and in yearly layers when the stem is more than one year
old : also the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed
leaves (or several in Pines, &c.). Generally known at once
by having netted-veined leaves. Parts of the flower seldom
in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons,
p. 139. This class includes all our ordinary trees and
shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs.
SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS : including all of the
class which have their seeds in a pericarp, or their ovules in
a closed ovary, i. e. all except the Pine and Cycas families.
I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the families which
have, at least in some species, both calyx and corolla, the latter
with their petals separate, i. e. not at all united into one body. Yet
some plants of almost all these families have apetalous flowers.
1. RANUNCULACE^I, CROWFOOT FAMILY.
Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular marks,
but may be known, on the whole, by having an acrid watery juice
(not milky or colored), numerous stamens, and usually more than
one pistil, all the parts of the flower separate from each other, and
inserted on the receptacle. The bulk of the seed is albumen, the
embryo being very small. The plants are herbs, or a few barely
shrubby. Many are cultivated for ornament. The following are
the common genera, with their chief distinctions.
§ 1. Sepals valvale_ or -icith their edges turned inward in the bud. Petals none or
minute. Pistils many, \-seeded, becoming akenes. Leaves opposite : the
plants mostly climbing by their leaf-stalks.
1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. Akenes
tipped with the persistent style or a part of it.
3
34 CROWFOOT FAMILY.
$ 2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing, nor woofly except in 8 and one of 20.
» Pistils and akenes several or many in a head, l-seeded.
-t- Petals none : sepals petal-like.
2. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx.
Sepals 6 or more, oblong, resembling petals. Pistils 12-20. Stemless low
perennials, with rounded 3-lobed leaves and 1-flowered scapes.
3. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more opposite or whorled green leaves much
below the flower. Sepals 4-20. Pistils very many in a close head (or fewer
in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes.
4. THALICTBUM. Involucre none, and stem-leaves all alternate, except in ono
species intermediate between this genus and Anemone. Sepals 4 or more.
Pistils 4-15, forming several-angled or grooved akenes. Perennials, with
small flowers in panicles or umbels, most of them dioecious, and with
teraately compound or decompound leaves.
-t- •+- Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or more. Akenes naked, short-pointed.
6. ADONIS. Petals and sepals naked, no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes
in a head or short spike.
6. M YOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender
claw, which is hollow at its apex. Akenes in a long tail-shaped spike.
7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale ou the short
claw. Akenes in a head.
* * Pistils several, 2-ovuled, becoming l-2-seeded pods or berries.
8. ZANTHORHIZA. Sepals 5, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, small,
2-lobed, on a claw. Stamens 6 - 10. Little pods l-seeded. Undershrub,
with yellow wood and roots.
9. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, falling when the flower opens. Petals none. Fruit
berry-like. Low perennial.
* * * Pistils several, few, or one, forming several-seeded pods or rarely berries.
•i- Sepals (4 or 5 ) falling when the fimoer oprns, petal-like. Petals minute, and with
claws, or none. Stamens numerous, white. Leaves ternately decompound.
10. ACTjEA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick
raceme or cluster.
11. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes.
•«- •«- Sepals not falling when the flower opens, in 15 and 20 persistent even till the
fruit matures, in all me others petal-like and deciduous.
•*-» Petals none at all: Jlowers regular.
12. CALTHA. Sepals 5-9. Pods several. Leaves simple and undivided, rounded.
•«-* +* Petals 6 or more inconspicuous nectar-bearing bodies, very much smaller than
tlie sepals: Jlawer regular.
13. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 -many. Petals with a little hollow near the base.
I'culs senile. Leaves palmately purled and lobed.
14. COPTIS. Sepals 5-7. Petals club-shaped and tubular at the top. Pod»
nised on slender stalks! Leaves with 3 leaflets.
15. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging and turning green after flow-
ering! Petals hollow and 2-lipped. Leaves palmately or pedately divided.
16. NIGELLA. Sepals 5. 1'ctals 2-lobed. Pods 3-6 or more united below into
one! Annuals, with finely dissected leaves.
.«. +H. -w Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals : flower regular.
17. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5. Pistils about 5, with slender styles, and forming
narrow puds. Perennials, with ternately compound or decompound leaves.
.w -M. +* +-f P^tiils 2 or 4, much smaller than the 5 unequal sepals : i. e. the flower
irregular and unsymmelrical. leaves palmately labed or parted. Pods 1-5.
18. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred; the spur enclosing the spurs of the
upper pair of petals: lower pair of petals spurless or wanting.
19. ACONITUM. Upper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet, covering the two
very long-clawed and peculiar little petals.
*+*+*++-!.+* Petals large and flat, of ordinary shape. Sepals herbaceous and
persistent ! Flowers large, regular.
20. PjEONIA. A fleshy disk surrounds the base of the 2 or more pistils, which
form leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Perennials,
with compound or decompound leaves: one species shrubby.
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35
1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. (Ancient Greek name.) U Orna-
mental climbers, the stalks of their leaves or leaflets clasping the support,
and with somewhat woody stems, or a few are erect herbs.
§ 1. Flowers (in sprint)} very large and widely open (3' -6' nrross), with usually
many small petals or petal-like altered stamens : lea/lets in threes.
C. fl(5rida, GREAT-FL. C. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. ; the flower
3' - 4' across, its 6 or more sepals broad-ovate and overkpping each other, white,
purplish, or with a purple centre of transformed stamens (var. SIEBOLDII) ;
leaves often twice compound.
C. patens, (also called C. cosRfjLEA, GRANDiFL6uA, and various names
for varieties.) Cult, from Japan, hardy. Flower 5' -7' across, with 6-9 or
more oblong or lance-shaped sepals, blue, purple, &c. ; leaflets simply in threes.
C. verticillaris (or ATRA.GENE AMERICANA), with flowers about 3' across,
of 4 bluish-purple sepals, is rather scarce in rocky woods or ravines N. and in
mountainous parts.
§ 2. Flowers (in summer) pretty large, of only 4 sepals, and no petals whatever,
not white, solitary on the naked peduncle as in § 1.
# Leaves (except the uppermost) pinnate or of 3 or more leaflets: climbers.
C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER C. Cult, from Eu. ; a hardy climber, with
flower 2' -3' across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, thin, either purple or
blue ; akenes with short naked points.
C. graveolens. HEAVY-SCENTED C. Cult, from Thibet, recently intro-
duced, very hardy ; with open yellow flowers 1^' across, long and feathery tails
to the akenes, and sharp-pointed leaflets.
C. Viorna, LEATHER-FLOWERED C. Wild from Penn. and Ohio S., in
moist soil ; flower of very thick leathery sepals, purple or purplish, 1 ' long or
more, erect, and with the narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with
very feathery tails.
* * Leaves simple, entire, sessile : low erect herbs : tails feathery.
C. integrif61ia, ENTIRE-LEAVED C. Cult, from Eu., sparingly. Stem
simple ; leaves oval or oblong; flower blue, 1' long.
C. ochroleuca, PALE C. Wild from Staten Island S., but scarce, has
ovate silky leaves and a dull silky flower.
§ 3. Flowers (in summer] small, white, panicled, succeeded by feathery-tailed akenes.
C. rdcta, UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Cult, from Eu. Nearly erect herb,
30.40 hi,rh, with large panicles of white flowers, in early summer; leaves pin-
nate ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire.
C. Flammula, SWEET-SCENTED V. Cult, from Eu. Climbing freely,
with copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer; leaflets 3-5 or more, of
various shapes, often lobed or cut.
C. Virginiana, COMMON WILD V. Climbing high, with dioecious flow-
ers late in summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed.
2. HEPATIC A, LIVER-LEAF, HEPATIC A. (Shape of the 3-lobed
leaves likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. y. The
involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is most
likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the colored sepals for petals.
H. triloba, ROOND-LOBED H. Leaves with 3 broad and rounded lobes,
appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the winter ; stalks hairy ;
flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, common E. Full double-
flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult, from Eu.
H. acutiloba, SHARP-LOBED H. Wild from Vermont W. ; has pointed
lobes to the leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers.
3. ANEMONE, ANEMONY, WIND-FLOWER, (Fancifully so named
by the Greeks, because growing in windy places, or blossoming at the windy
season, it is doubtful which.) 1J. Erect herbs, with all the stem-leaves above
and opposite or whorled, forming the involucre or involucels. Peduncles
1 -flowered.
36 CROWFOOT FAMILY.
§ 1. fs>»(/ hairy styles form fi->i/li,n/ tails l<> the. akencs, like those of Virgin' 9-
Bowtr: Jl. large, purple, in early s/irim/. Tin </e/ius PDLS AXILLA of some
authors.
A. Pulsatilla, PASQUE-FLOWBK, of Europe. Cult, in some flower-gar-
ilens ; has the root-leaves iinely thrice-pinnatcly divided or cut; otherwise much
like the next.
A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, WILD P. On the plains X. W. ; the
handsome j)iirj)lc or purplish flower (-2' nr more a<-ro-s when open) rising from
the ground on a low soft-hairy stem (.'!'-<;' high), with an involucre of manj
very narrow divisions ; 'lie leaves from the rout appearing later, and twice or
thrice-ternately divided and cut.
§ 2. S/wrt styles noi making long tails, but only naked or hair// ///is.
* Garden A.tTKUOl!lTBS, front S. Eu., with tuberous roots and very large flowers,
A. COronaria, with leaves cut into many fine lobes, and 6 or more broad
oval sepals, also
A. hortensis, with leaves less cut into broader wedge-shaped divisions and
loins, and many longer and narrow sepals, — are the originals of tin: showy,
mostly double or semi-double, great-flowered GAKI>KN AXI:MONIES, of all col-
ors, red in the wild state, — not fully hardy, treated like bulbs.
* * Wild species, smaller -jiovoered.
•«- Pistils very many, forming a dense woolly head in fruit: /raves of the in mint-re
long-petioled , compound : flowers of 5 small greenish-white sepals, silky beneath :
stem 2° -3° high.
A. cylindrica, LONG-FRUITED A. Involucre several-leaved surrounding
several long naked peduncles; fl- late in spring (in dry soil N. & W.), followed
by a cylindrical head of fruit.
A. Virginiana, VIRGINIAN A. Involucre 3-leavcd; peduncles formed in
siiceession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others liearinic - leaves
(involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more peduncles, and so on :
head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods and meadows.
•(- -i- Pistils fewer, not woolly in fruit : flower 1' or more broad.
A. Pennsylvanica, PICXNSYLVANIAN A. Stem 1° high, bearing an invo-
lucre of 3 wedge-shajxid 3-elel't and cur sessile leaves, and a naked peduncle, then
2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their middle, and so on ; fl. white,
in summer. (Lessons, tig. 233.) Alluvial ground, X. >.<.- \V.
A. nemorbsa, W«»>i> A. Stem4'-10' high, bearinir an involucre of 3
Ionic peiioled leaves of 3 or :"> leallets, and a single short-pedunelcd flower ; sepals
white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring.
4. THALICTRTJM, MEADOW-RUE. (Old name, of obscure deriva-
tion.) The following are the common wild species, in \\oodlands and low
grounds.
§ 1. /VOHV ;•.< p< if<rt,f ii\ in an umbel: resembling an A>n mmif : m-jntl* 5-10.
T. anemonoides, RUK-AM;MONI;. A \ery smooilj and delicate little
plant, growing with Wood Anemone, which it resembles in ha\ing no stcm-
ieaves except those that form an involucre around the umbel of white (rarelv
pinkish) fliiwers, appearing in early spring; leallets roundish, .'f-lnbed at the
t'lul, long-stalked ; ovaries many-grooved, and with a flat-topped sessile stigma :
otherwise it would rank as an Anemone.
§ 2. I-lnirrrs mostiv dinrioits and nut handsome, small, in loose compound panicles ;
the 4 or 5 sepals falling early : stii/iim* xlmdir: id-nut several-grooved nn<l
angled : li'an.t lirnnti I// dn-u/ii/ mmd (Lessons, fig. 161), all alternate ; the itpper-
ntust tint /'>nii//n/ an involucre,
T. dioicum, EAKLV MKAKOW-UI-K. Herb glaucous, l°-2°liigli; flow
ers greenish, in early spring ; the yellowish linear anthers of the sterile plant
hanging on long capillary filaments : leaves all on general petioles. Rocky
Woods.
T. purpurascens, PUKPLISU M. Later, often a little downy, 2° -4°
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 37
high ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole ; flowers greenish and pur-
plish; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly rather thickened
filaments.
T. Cornuti, TALL M. Herb 4° -8° high; stem-leaves not raised on a
general petiole; flowers white, in summer; anthers oblong, not drooping; the
white filaments thickened upwards. Low or wet ground.
5. ADONIS. (The red-flowered species fabled to spring from the blood
of Adonis, killed by a wild boar.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut
into very narrow divisions. Cult, from Europe for ornament
A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE A. ® Stems near 1° high, it or the
branches terminated by a small flower, of 5-8 scarlet or crimson petals, com-
monly dark at their base. Has run wild in Tennessee.
A. vernalis, SPRING A. It Stems about 6' high, bearing a large showy
flower, of 10-20 lanceolate light-yellow petals, iu early spring.
6. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). ®
M. minimus. An insignificant little plant, wild or run wild along streams
from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, and scapes 1' -3' high,
bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail-like spike of fruit of l'-2'
long, in spring and summer.
7. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for
a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A lar<_ro
genus of wild plants, except the double-flowered varieties of three species cult
in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, p. 88, fig. 245, and p. 120, fig. 376, 377.)
§ I. Aquatic; the leaves all or mostly under water, and repeatedly dissected into
many capillary divisions : flowering all summer.
R. aquatilis, WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT. Capillary leaves collapsing
into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, white, or only yellow at
the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but no scale : akenes wrinkled
crosswise.
R. divaricatus, STIFF W. Like the last, but less common ; the leaves
stiff and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) when
drawn out of water.
R. multifidus, YELLOW W. Leaves under water much as those of the
White Water Crowfoot^, or rather larger ; but the bright yellow petals as large
as those of Common Buttercups, and, like them, with a little scale at the base.
(Formerly named R. PURSHII, &c.)
§ 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, but naturally growing with the foliage out of
water : petals with the little scale at the base, yellow in all the wild species.
* Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor stnate on the sides. 1J.
•+• SPEARWORT CROWFOOTS ; growing in very wet places, with mostly entire and
narrow leaves : fl. all summer.
R. alismsefolius. Stems ascending, 1° - 2° high ; leaves lanceolate or the
lowest oblong ,• flower fully |' in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straight and
slendtr stvle.
R. Flammula. Smaller than the last, and akenes short-pointed ; rare
N., but very common along borders of ponds and rivers is the
Var. r^ptans, or CREEPING S., with slender stems creeping a few inches in
length; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1' long ; flower only 4' broad.
-i- -<- SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOTS ; in wet or moist places, with upper
leaves 3-parted or divided, and very small flowers, the petals shorter or not longer
than the calyx : fl. spring and summer.
R. abortlVUS, SMALL-FLOWERED C. Very smooth and slender, 6' -2°
high ; root-leaves rounded, crenate ; akenes in a globular head. Shady places,
along watei'courscs.
R. sceleratus, CURSED C. So called because the juice is very acrid and
blistering; stonier than the last and thicker-leaved, equally smooth, even the
38 CROWFOOT FAMILY.
root-leaves lobed or cnt ; akcnes in an oblong or cylindrical head. In water
or very wet places.
R. reCUrvatUS, H<>OK-STVM:D 0. Hairy, l°-2° hijrh ; leaves all 3-eleft
and long-petioled, with broad wed-e^baped 2-3-lobed divisions; akenes in a
globular bead, with long recurved .-.tyles. Woods.
B. Pennsylvanicus, BBISTLT C. Bristly hairy, coarse and stout, 2°-
3° high ; leaves all 3-divided ; the divisions stalked, again 3-cleft, sharply cut
and toothed ; akenes in an oblong head, tipped with a short straight style.
Along streams.
+- 4- +- BUTTERCUPS OR COMMON CROWFOOTS, with bn/jfit yellow corolla,
about 1 ' in diameter, much lart/er than the calyx ; leares all once and often twice
3 - ^-divided or clef), usually hairy ; head of akenes globular.
** Natives of the country, low or spreading.
R. fascicularis, EARLY B. Low, about 6' high, without runners, on
rocky hills in early spring ; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; petals
rather narrow and distant ; akenes scarcely edged, slender-beaked.
R. ripens, CREEPING B. Everywhere common in very wet or moist
places, flowering in spring and summer; immensely variable; stem soon as-
cending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer ; leaves more
coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last ; petals obovate ; akenes sharp-
edged and stout-beaked.
-M- -t-t- Introduced weeds from Europe, common in fields, <J-c., especially E. : stem
erect: leaves much cut.
R. bulb6sus, BULBOUS B. Stem about 1° high from a solid bulbous
base nearly as large as a hickory nut ; calyx reflexcd when the very bright yel-
low and showy large corolla expands, in late spring.
R. acris/TALL B. Stem 2° -3° high, no bulbous base; calyx only
sill-railing when the lighter yellow corolla expands, in summer. Commoner
than the last, except E. A full double-flowered variety is cult in gardens,
forming golden-yellow balls or buttons.
-t- •*- t- +- GARDEN RANTNCI I.USES. Besides the double variety of the last,
the choice Double Ranunculuses of the florist come from the two follmnmj.
R. AsiatiCUS, of the Levant ; with 3-parted leaves and flowers nearly 2'
broad, resembling Anennmics, yellow, or of various colors. Not hardv N.
R. aconitifblius, of En., taller, smooth, with 5-parted leaves, and smaller
white flowers, the full double called FAIR MAIDS OF FRANCE.
* * Akenes striate or ribbed down the. sides. ®
R. Cymbalaria, SKA-SIDE CROWFOOT. A little plant, of sandy
of the sea and (Jreat Lakes, &<•., smooth, with naked floweriiiLr stems '2' - G' high,
and long runners ; leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, coarsely erenate ; flowers
small, in summer.
8. ZANTHORHIZA, SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. (Name composed
ot the two (ircck words \\>r y< l/mc and rout.) Only one .-pccics,
Z. apiif61ia. A shrubby plant, l°-2° high, with deep yellow wood and
roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 5 cut-toothed or
lobed leallcN, and drooping compound racemes of small dark or dull-purple
flowers, in early spring, lolloped by little 1 -seeded pods: grows in damp, shady
places along the Alleghanics.
9. HYDRASTIS, OKAXGK-ROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON. (Name
from the Greek, probably meaning that the root or juice of the plant is dras-
tic.) 1J. A single species,
H. Canad6nsiS. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5 - 7-lobcd
root-leal, and a stem near 1° high, bearing one or two alternate smaller leaves
:d>o\e,just below the single small (lower. The 3 greenish sepals fall from the
\>uil, leaving tlie many white stamens and little head of pistils ; the latter grow
pulpv and produce a crimson fruit resembling a raspberry. Rich woods, from
New York, W. & S.
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39
10. ACTJEA, BANEBERRY. (The old Greek name of the Elder, from
some likeness in the leaves.) 1J. Fl. in spring, ripening the berries late in
summer : growing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves ovate,
sharply cleft, and cut-toothed.
A. spicata, var. rilbra, RED BANEBERRY. Flowers in a very short
ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels ; berries red.
A. alba, WHITE BANEBERRY. Taller than the other, smoother, and
flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme ; pedicels in fruit very
thick, turning red, the berries white.
11. CIMICIFUGA, BUGBANE. (Latin name, meaning to drive away
bugs.) 1J. Like Baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (1° -3°), and
dry pods instead of berries ; fl. in summer.
C. racemdsa, TALL B. or BLACK SNAKEROOT. Stem with the long
raceme 4°- 8° high ; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma; short pod
holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods.
C. Americana, AMERICAN B. More slender, only 2° -4° high; pis-
tils 5, with slender style and minute stigma ; pods raised from the receptacle
on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies from
Penn. S. ; fl. late summer.
12. CALTHA, MARSH-MARIGOLD. (Old name, from a word mean-
ing goblet, of no obvious application.) 1J. One common species, —
C. pallistris, MARSH-MARIGOLD, wrongly called COWSLIPS in the
country. Stem l°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat kid-
ney-shaped entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy yellow calyx,
about 1^' across; followed by a cluster of many-seeded pods. Marshes, in
spring ; young plant boiled for " greens."
13. TROLLIUS, GLOBE-FLOWER. (Name of obscure meaning.)
Flower large, like that of Caltha, but sepals not spreading except in our
wild species ; a row of small nectary-like petals around the stamens, and the
leaves deeply palmately cleft or parted, ij. Fl. spring.
T. laxus, WILD G. Sepals only 5 or 6, spreading wide open, yellowish
or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abortive stamens.
Swamps, N. &_ W.
T. Europseus, TRUE or EUROPEAN G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20)
broad and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing as if semi-
double. Cult, from Eu.
T. Asiaticus, ASIATIC G. Like the last, but flower rather more open
and deep orange yellow. Cult, from Siberia.
14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (From Greek word to cut, from the
divided leaves.) 1J. The only common species is, —
C. trif61ia, THREE-LEAVED G. A delicate little plant, in bogs and damp
cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers (smaller than
those of Wood Anemony) on slender scapes, followed by slender-stalked leaves
of three wedge-shaped leaflets ; these become bright-shining in summer, and last
over winter. The roots or underground shoots are of long and slender yellow
fibres, used as a popular medicine.
15. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name, alludes to the
poisonous properties.) 1J. European plants, with pedato leaves and pretty
large flowers, in early spring.
H. viridis, GREEN H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and
2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers : run wild in a few places E.
H. niger, BLACK H., the flower called CHRISTMAS ROSE (because flow-
ering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers (2' -3'
across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than the shining
evergreen leaves, in earliest spring. Rare in gardens.
40 CROWFOOT FAMILY.
16. NIGELLA, FENNEL-FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) ®
Garden plants t'rom Eu. and Orient; with leafy stems, the leaves finely di-
vided, like Fennel; known by having the f> o\aries united below into one
:Vstyled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spi<-y ; have heeii used as a substitute
for spice or pepper.
N. Damascdna, COMMON- F. or RAGGED-LADY. Flower bluish, rather
, sun-minded and overtopped by a finely-divided leafy involucre, like tin-
other leaves; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining
of the cells separates from the outer part.
N. sativa, NI:TMK<;-FL<»\VI:K. Cult, in some old gardens; has coarser
leaves, and smaller rough pods.
17. AQUILEGIA, COLUMBINE. (From lujuila, an eagle, the spurs of
the petals fancied to resemble talons.) y. Well-known, large-flowered
ornamental plants : flowers in spring and early summer, usually nodding, so
that the spurs ascend.
* North A mtricut^ species, with long straight spurn to the corolla.
A. Canadensis, WILD C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and orange,
or light yellaw inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, and stamens
projecting. Common on rocks.
A. Skinneri, MEXICAN C., is taller, later, and considerably larger-flow-
ered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish ; otherwise
very similar. Cult.
A. CSerillea, LONG-SPURRED C., native of the Rocky Mountains, lately
introduced to gardens, and worthy of special attention ; has blue and white
flowers, the ovate sepals often l£', the very slender spurs 2' long, the blade of
the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly blue) sepals., spreading.
* * Old World species, with hooked or incurved spurs to the corolla.
A. vulgaris, COMMON- GARDEN C. Cult, in all gardens, l°-3° high,
main -tlouercd ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; pods
pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, &c., greatly changed
by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes all changed
into a rosette of plane petals or sepals.
A. glandulosa, ULANDI-LAR C. A more choice species, 6'-l° high,
with fewer very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or white-
tipped and twice the length of the short spurs ; pods and .summit of the plant
glandular-pubescent.
A. Sibirica, SIBERIAN C. Equally choice with the last, and like it ;
but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well as the
pods, &c. smooth.
18. DELPHINIUM, LAnKSl'UII. (From the Latin name of the dol-
phin, alluding to the shape of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked
flower of this genus is illustrated in Lessons, p. 87, fig. 239-litl.
* Ci'iinli'ii annuals from A'"., »•//// only the "2 upper petals, nm'tnl into one body, one
pistil, <nid linns finely and niwh diridid : jl. suiinmr mid /ill/.
D. Consolida, FIELD L. Escaped sparingly into roadside* and fields ,
flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink or white;
pod smooth.
D. AjaciS, ROCKET L. More showy, in gardens, and with similar flowers
crowded in a lonp close raceme, and downy pods ; spur shorter : some marks on
the front of the united petals were fancied to read AIAI = Ajax.
* # Pin iniiulx, with 4 scpornte petals and 2-5, mostly 3 pistils.
D. grandifl6rum, GKKAT-FI.. L. of the gardens, from Siberia and China,
is l°-2° high, with leaves cut into narrower linear divisions ; blue flowers, l£
01 mi ire across, with ample oval sepals, and the '2 lower petals rounded and
entire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer.
D. cheilanthum, of which 1). KOKMOSI M, SHOWY L., is one of the
garden forms, also Siberian, is commonly still larger-flowered, deep
CROWFOOT FAMILY. 41
blue, with lower petals also entire or nearly so ; the mostly downy leaves have
fewer and lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions ; is now much mixed and
crossed with others : summer.
D. azureum, AZURE L. Wild S. & W., often downy, l°-3° high, with
narrow linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small,
azure, pale-blue, or sometimes white flowers, in spring ; sepals and 2-clef't lower
petals oblong. Var. with full-double flowers in gardens : summer.
D. tricome, DWARF WILD L. Open woods from Penn. W. & S. :
about 1° high from a branched tuberous root; has broader linear lobes to the
leaves, and a loose r.-iceme of few or several rather large showy flowers, deep
blue or sometimes white, in spring ; sepals and cleft lower petals oblong ; pods
strongly diverging.
D. exaltatum, TALL WILD L., is the wild species (from Penn. W. £ S.)
most resembling the next, 3° - 5° high, but the less handsome flowers and
panicled racemes hoary or downy : fl. summer.
D. elatum, BEE LARKSPUR. Cult, from Eu. : 3° - 6° high, with broad
leaves 5 - T-eleft beyond the middle, and the divisions cut into sharp lobes or
teeth ; many flowers (in summer) in a long wand-like raceme, blue or purplish ;
the 2-cleft lower petals prominently yellowish-bearded in the common garden
form. There are many varieties and mixtures with other species, some double-
flowered.
19. ACONTTUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An-
cient name.) 1J. Root thick, tuberous or turnip-shaped, a virulent poison
and medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft and cut-lobed. Flowers
showy : the large upper sepal from its shape is called the casque or helmet.
Under it are two long-stalked queer little bodies which answer for petals.
See Lessons, p. 87, fig. 242, 243, 244. The following are all cult, from Eu.
for ornament, except the first : fl. summer.
A. uncinatum, WILD A. or MONKSIIOOD. Stem slender, 3° - 5°. erect,
but bending over above, as if inclined to climb ; leaves cleft or parted into
3-5 ovate or wedge-lanceolate cut-toothed lobes ; flowers loosely panicled, blue ;
the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor turned down.
Low grounds, from Penn S. & W.
A. variegatum, VARIEGATED A. Erect ; leaves divided to the base
into rather broad-lobed and cut divisions ; flowers in a loose panicle or raceme,
blue and often variegated with white or whitish ; the helmet considerably higher
than wide, its top curved forward, its pointed visor ascending or horizontal.
A. Napellus, TRUE MONKSHOOD or OFFICINAL ACONITE. Erect,
from a turnip-shaped root ; leaves divided to the base and then 2-3 times cleft
into linear lobes ; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue (also a white variety) ;
helmet Abroad and low.
A. Anthora, a low species, with very finely divided leaves, and crowded
yellow flowers, the broad helmet rather high, occurs in some old gardens.
20. P-ZEONIA, P^EONY. ( Ancient name, after a Greek physician. P«on.)
U Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult, from the Old World.
Leaves ternately decompound. Roots thickened below.
* Herbs, with single-flowered stems, in spring, and downy pods.
P. officinalis, COMMON P. Very smooth, and with large coarsely di-
vided green leaves ; the great flowers red, white, &c., single or very double.
P. peregrina, of Eu., in the gardens called P. PARODOXA, has leaves
glaucous and more or less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last,
rose-red, &e., generally full double, and petals cut and fringed.
P. tenuilblia, SLKNDER-LEAVED P. of Siberia, is low, with early crimson-
red flowers, and narrow linear divisions to the leaves.
# * Herbs, with s< vei at- flowered steins, in summer, and smooth pods.
P. albifl6ra, WHITE-FL. or FRAGRANT P., or CHINESE P. Very smooth
about .3° high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-colored, often sweet-
scented, rather small flowers, single, also double, and with purple varieties.
S&F— 13
42 MA<;NOI.IA FAMILY.
* * * Shnittiy : ft. in spring and early summer.
P. Moutan, TREE P^ONT, of China. Stems 2° -3° high; leaves pale
and glaucous, ample; Mowers very large (6' or more across), white with purple
base, or rose-color, single or double ; the di-k. which in other species is a mere
ring, in this forms a thin-fleshy sac. or co\eniiLr, enclosing the 5 or more ovaries,
but bursting, and falling away as the potls grow.
2. MAGNOLIACE^l, MAGNOLIA FAMILY.
Trees or sln-ubs, \\-jth aromatic bitter bark, simple mostly entire
alternate leaves, and solitary flowers ; the sepals and petals on the
n-ceptaele and usually in threes, but together occupying more than
two ranks, and imbricated in the bud ; pistils and mostly the sta-
mens numerous, the latter with adnate anthers (Lessons, p. 101. tig.
21)3) ; and seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel ; the embryo small in
albumen.
I. Stipules to the leaves forming the bud-scales, and falling early.
Flowers perfect, large. Stamens and pistils many on a long recep-
tacle or axis, the carpels imbricated over each other and cohering
into a mass, forming a sort of cone in fruit. These are the charac-
ters of the true Magnolia Family, of which we have two genera.
1. L1RIODKXDRON. Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla bell-shaped, of 6 broad green-
ish-orange petals. Stamens almost equalling the petals, with slender fila-
ments, and long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form,
closely packed over each other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating
and falling away from the j-lender axis ; the wing-like portion answering to
style; the small seed-bearing cell at the base and indehiscent. Leaf-buds
flat : stipules free from the petiole.
2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any fil-
aments : anthers opening inwards. Carpels becoming fleshy in "fruit" and
forming a red or rose-colored cone, each when ripe (in autumn) splitting
down the back and discharging 1 or 2 coral-red berry-like seeds, which hang
on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules united with the base of the petiole,
falling as the leaves unfold.
II. Stipules none. Here are two Southern plants which have
been made the representatives of as many small orders.
3. ILI.ICIUM. Flowers perfect. Petals 9- 30. Stamens many, separate. Pis
til- ;-cvera] "in one row, forming a ring of almost woo.lv little pods.
4. SCH1ZANDRA. Flowers moncecioiw. Petals mostly 6. Stamens 5, united
into a di.sk or burton-shaped body, which hears 10 anthers on the edges of
the 5 lobes. Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered
red berries.
1. LIRIODENDRON, TULIP-TREE (which is the meaning of the
botanical name in Cireek). Only one species,
L. Tulipifera. A tall, very handsome tree, in rich soil, commonest W.,
where it, or the light and soft lumk-r (much used in cabinet-work), is called
WHITE-WOOD, and even POPLAR; planted for ornament; fl. late in spring,
yellow with greenish and orange. Leaves with 2 short side-lobes, and the end
as if cut off.
2. MAGNOLIA. (Named for the botanist MtuiixJ.) Some species are
called UHBRBLLA-TRBBB, from the way the leaves are placed on the end of
the shoots; others, CUCUMBER-TREES, from the appearance of the young fruit.
* \ittirc trt-i'.i of this country, ojli n /i/iintril for ornament.
M. grandifl6ra, GREAT-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA of S., half-hardy in the
Middle States. The only perfectly evergreen species; splendid tree with
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. 43
coriaceous oblong or obovate leaves, shining above, mostly rusty beneath ; the
flowers very fragrant, white, very much larger than the next, in spring.
M. glatiea, SMALL M. or SWEET BAY. Wild in swamps N. to New Jersey
and Mass. ; a shrub or small tree, with the oblong1 obtuse leaves white or
glaucous beneath, and globular white and fragrant flowers (2' -3' wide), in
summer. The leaves are thickish and almost evergreen, quite so far south.
M. acuminata, CUCUMBER M. or CUCUMBER-TREE. Wild from N. Y.
W. & 8. ; a stately tree, with the leaves thin, green, oblong, acute or pointed
at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and palo yellowish-green flowers
(3 broad), late in spring.
M. COrdata, YELLOW CUCUMBER M., of Georgia, hardy even in New
England; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or oval, seldom
aordate ; and the flowers lemon-yellow.
M. macrophylla, GREAT-LEAVED M., of Carolina, nearly hardy N. to
Mass. A small tree, with leaves ve.y large (2° -o° long), obovatc-oblong with
a cordate base, downy and white beneath, an.l an immense open-hellshapcd
white flower (8' - 12' wide when outspread), somewhat fragrant, in early sum-
mer ; petals ovate, with a purple spot at the base.
M. Umbrella, UMBRELLA M. (also called M. TRIPETALA). Wild in Penn.
and southward. A low tree, with the leaves on the end of the flowering
branches crowded in an umbrella-like circle, smooth and green both sides, obo-
vate-lanceolatc, pointed at both ends, l°-2° long, surrounding a large white
flower, in spring; the petals 2^' -3' long, obovatc-lanceolate and acute, nar-
rowed at the base; the ovate-oblong cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red,
4' - 5' long.
M. Fraseri, EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA M. (also called M. AURICUL\TA).
Wild from Virginia S , hardy as the last, and like it ; but a taller tree, with the
leaves seldom 1° long and auricled on each side at the base, the white obovate-
spatulate petals more narrowed below into a claw ; cone of fruit smaller.
* * Chinese and Japanese species.
M. COnspicua, YULAN of the Chinese, half-hardy in N. States. A small
tree, with very large white flowers appearing before any of the leaves, which
are obovate. pointed, and downy when young.
M. Soulangeana is a hybrid of this with the next, more hardy and the
petals tinged with purple.
M. purpurea, PURPLE M. of Japan, hardy N. A shrub, the showy
flowers (pink-purple outside, white within) beginning to appear before the leaves,
which are obovate or oval, and bright dark green.
3. ILLICIUM, STAR-ANISE. (From a Latin word, meaning to entice.]
Shrubs, aromatic, especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves.
I. anisatum, of China, which yields an oil of anise, has small yellowish
flowers, is rare in greenhouses.
I. Floridanum, WILD ANISE-TREE, of Florida, &c. ; has larger darl
purple flowers, of 20 - 30 narrow petals, in spring.
4. SCHIZANDRA. (Name from two Greek words, means cut-stamens.)
S. COCcinea, a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely at all aromatic, with
thin ovate or oblong leaves, and small crimson-purple flowers, in spring.
3. ANONACE.3E, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and G petals in two sets, each sel
valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the receptacle, sur-
rounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruit containing
large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small ; the albumen which
forms the bulk of the kernel appears as if cut up into small pieces.
Foliage and properties resembling Magnolia Family, but seldom
aromatic, and no stipules. All tropical, except the single genus
44 I'.AKHKHKV FAMILY.
1. ASIMINA, PAl'AW of 1". S. (Creole name.) Petals frreonish or
yellowish, bccominj: dark dull purple a> they enlarge; the .3 inner Mnall.
1'istils few in tin- centre of tin- ^lol.iilar h''.id of anthers, making one or
mure large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and eatable when over-ri]ie in autumn.
Flowers in early spring preceding the leaves.
A. triloba, COMMOV l'\i'\w (wholly different from the true T'apaw of W.
Ind.), is a shrnh or small tree, wild W. ,v: S. ;md sonietimes planted, with obo-
vate-laneeolate leaves, and banana-shaped fruit :V-4' lon<_r.
A. parviflora is a -mall-flowered, and A. grandiflbra a large-flowered
species of S. !•',. States, h<»'.h -mall-fruited, and A. pygmaea is a dwarf one
with nearly evergreen leaves far South.
4. MENISPERMACE^J, MOOXSEED FAMILY.
AVoody or partly woody twiners, with small dioecious flowers;
their sepals and petals much alike, and one before the other (usu-
ally 6 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2-3 times as
many stamens; and 2- G pistils, ripening into 1 -seeded little stone-
fruits or drupes ; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled 01
ridged ring ; the embryo curved with the stone. Leaves palmate
or peltate : no stipules. Anthers commonly 4-lobed.
1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each C.
2. MKNISPFUMUM. Sepals and petals G or 8. Stamens in sterile flowers 12 - 20.
1. COCCULUS. (Name means a little berry.) Only one species in V. S.
C. CarolinUS, CAROLINA C. Somewhat downy ; leaves ovate or heart
shaped, entire or sinnate-lohed ; flowers v,Teenish, in summer; fruits red, as
c as peas. From Virginia S. «>c W.
2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSKKD. (Name from the shape of the
stone of the fruit. ) < >nly one species,
M. Canad6nse, CANADIAN MOON-SEED. Almost smooth ; leaves peltate
near the edge; tlowers white, in late summer; fruits black, looking like small
grapes.
5. BERBERIDACE.S3, BARBERRY FAMILY.
Known generally by the perfect flowers, having a petal before
each sepal, "and a stamen before each petal, with anthers opening
by a pair of valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons,
p. 103, fig. 30K), and a single simple pistil. But No. 6 has nu-
merous stamens, 5 and G have more petals than sepals, and the
anthers of 2 and G open lengthwise, in the ordinary way. There
are commonly bracts or outer sepals behind the true ones. All blos-
som in spring, or the true Barberries in early summer.
* Shrubs in- shrubby: stamens 6 : berry few-seedtd.
1. HF.HBKIHS. Flowers yellow, in racemes : petals with two deep-colored spots
at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood ami inner bark yellow.
Loaves with sharp bristly or spiny teeth.
2. NAMilNA. Fluwtrs white, in panicles : anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves
twice or thrice pinnate.
* * Perennial herbs.
-*- H7//I one to three twice or thrice ternately compound leaves.
8- El'IMF.DH'M. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod sereral
seeded. Leaflets with bristly teeth.
BARBERRY FAMILY. 45
4. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much
shorter than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the
two ovules to develop into naked berry-like, or rather drupe-like, spherical
seeds on thick stalks.
*- *- With simply 2 - ^-parted leavts, and solitary white, flowers : sepals fulling when
the iilossum opens. Seeds numerous, parietal. Pistils rarely mure than one !
5. JEFFERSONIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves.
Petals (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a
cross-line half-way round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an
aril on one side.
6. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 6 - 9-parted
leaves : root-leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals
6-9, large and broad. Stamens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large and
sweet, eatable berry ; the seeds imbedded in the pulp of the large parietal
placenta.
1. BERBERIS, BARBERRY. (Old Arabic name.) The two sorts or
sections have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera.
§ 1. TRUE BARBERRY ; with simple leaves, clustered in the axil of compound spines.
B. VUlgaris, COMMON B. of Eu. Planted, and run wild in thickets and
by roadsides ; has drooping many-flowered racemes, and oblong red and sour
berries ; leaves obovate:oblong, fringed with closely-set bristly teeth, with a joint
in the very short petiole (like that in an orange-leaf), flustered in the axils of
triple or multiple spines, which answer to leaves of the shoot of the previous
season (see Lessons, p. 63, fig. 171).
B. Canadensis, WILD B. In the Alleghanies from Virginia S., and rarely
cult., a low bush, with few-flowered racemes, oval red berries, and less bristly
or toothed leaves.
§ 2. MAHONIA ; with jiinnate and evergreen leaves, spiny-toothed leaflets, and
clustered racemes of early spring flowers : berries blue or bla<-k with a
bloom. Planted for ornament.
B. Aquifolium, HOLLY B. or MAHONIA, from Oregon, &c., rises to
3° -4° high ; leaflets 5-9, shining, finely reticulated.
B. repens, CREEPING or Low M., from Rocky Mountains, is more hardy,
rises only 1° or less, and has rounder, usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets."
B. nervbsa, also called OLUM\CEA, from the husk-like long and pointed
bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above the ground ;
leaflets 11-21, along the strongly-jointed stalk, lance-ovate, several-ribbed from
the base. Also from Oregon.
B. Japonica, JAPAN M., tall, rising fully 6° high, the rigid leaflets with
only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side, is coming into ornamental grounds.
2. NANDINA. (The native Japanese name.) A single species, viz.
N. domestica. Cult, in cool greenhouse, &c., from Japan : very com-
pound large leaves : the berries more ornamental than the blossoms.
3. EPIMEDIUM, BARREN-WORT. (Old Greek name, of uncertain
meaning.) Low herbs, with neat foliage : cult, for ornament.
E. Alpinum, of European Alps, has a panicle of odd-looking small flowers ;
the yellow petals not larger than the reddish sepals.
E. macranthum, LARGE-FLOWERED E. of Japan, with similar foliage,
has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals.
4. CAULOPHYLLUM, COHOSII. The only species of the genus is
C. thalictroides, BLUE COHOSII. Wild in woods, with usually only one
stem-leaf and that close to the top of the naked stem (whence the name of the
genus, meaning stem-leaf), and thrice ternate, but, having no common petiole, it
looks like three leaves ; and there is a larger and more compound radical leaf,
with a long petiole. The leaves are glaucous and resemble those of Thalictrum
(as the specific name indicates), but the leaflets are larger. Seeds very hard,
with a thin blue pulp.
46 WATER-LILY FAMILY.
5. JEFFERSbNIA, TWIN-LEAF. (Named for Thomas Jefferson.)
J. diphylla, sometimes called RHEUMATISM-BOOT. Wild in rich woods,
W. & S., sunn-time-; cult.; tin- pretty white Hower and the leaves both long-
Stalked, from the ground, appearing in early spring
6. PODOPHYLLUM, MA Y-AI'1'LK, or MANDRAKE. (Name means
foot-leaf, the 5 - 7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.)
P. pelt&tum. Wild in rich soil : the long running rootstocks (which are
poisonous and medicinal) semi up in spring some .stout .-talks terminated hv A
targe, 7 - !i-lohed, regular, umbrella-shaped leaf (i. e. peltate in the middle), and
?ome u Inch liear twu one-sided leaves (peltate near their inner edge), with a large
white tlower nodding- in the fork. The .-\veet pulpy fruit as large as a pullet's
egg, ripe in summer : rarely 2 or more to one flower.
6. NYMPH^ACE^l, WATER-LILY FAMILY.
Aquatic perenuial herbs, with the leaves which float on the
surface' of the water or rise above it mostly peltate or roundish-
he.-irt-.-huped, their margins inrolled in the but), long-petioled ; axil-
lary l-flo\vered peduncles; sepals and petals hardly ever 5, the
latter usually numerous and imbricated in many rows. The genera
differ so widely in their botanical characters that they must be
described separately. One of them is the famous Amazon Water-
Lily, VICTORIA HKGIA, with floating leaves 3 feet or more in diam-
eter, and the ma^uiliceiit flowers almost in proportion; while the
dull flowers of Water-shield are only half an inch long.
1. BKASHNIA. Sepals and petals each 3 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull pur-
ple. Stamens 12 -18: filaments slender. Pistils 4 - 18, forming indehiscent
1 - 3-seedcd pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly
on the dorsal suture! Hmbrvo, &c. a., in \Vater-Lilv.
2. NELUMB1UM. Sepals ami petals many and passim: gradually into each other,
deciduous. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, the up'per part of which
is enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a dozen or more ovaries, each
tipped with a Hat stigma and separately immersed in as many hollows. (Les-
sons,-p. 1 l-'l, fig. 3ti2.) In fruit these form 1-seeded nut-, resembling small
acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pair of Meshy and farina-
ceous cotyledons enclosing a plumule of 2 or a rudimentary green leaves.
8. N\ Ml'lI.LA. Sepals 4, green ouiside. Petals numerous, many time-- 4, pass-
ing somewhat gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. !S4. fig. 228):
lioth organs grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former
to its sides which they cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit.
Around a little knob at the top of the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as
in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow incurved lobes. Fruit like the
ovary enlarged, .-till covered by the decaying per-i-tent l>a-es uf the petals :
numerous seeds rover the partitions. Kipe seeds each in an arillus or bag
open at the top. (Lessons, p. 126, fig. 418.) Kmbryo, like that of Neluml.ium
on a very small scale, but enclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the
rest of which is mealy albumen.
4. NUl'lIAR. Sepals usually li or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small
and thickish bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous
short stamens. Ovary naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by
stigmas, Heshy in fruit: the internal structure as in Nyniphuia, only there is
no arillus to the seed-.
1. BRASENIA, WATKK-S1IIKLI). (Namo unexplained.) One species,
B. pdt&ta. In still, rather deep water: stem- rising to the surface, slen-
der, coated with clear jelly, bearing floating oval centrally-peltate leaves (2' -3'
long), and purplish small (lowers, produced all summer. '
2. NELUMBIUM, XELUMBO. (Ccylonesc name.) Rootstocks inter-
rupted ami tuberous, sending up, usually out of water, very long petioles and
PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 47
peduncles, bearing very large (l°-2° wide) and more or less dish-shaped or
cup-shaped centrally-peltate entire leaves, and great flowers (5' -10' broad),
in summer. Seeds, also the tubers, eatable.
N. luteum, YELLOW N. or WATER CHINQUEPIN. Common W. & S. :
introduced, by Indians perhaps, at Sodus Bay, N. Y., Lyme, Conn., and below
Philadelphia. Flower pale dull yellow : anther hook-tipped.
N. speeiosum, SHOWY N., LOTUS or SACRED BEAN of India, with
pinkish flowers and blunter anthers : cult, in choice conservatories.
3. NYMPELSJA, WATER-LILY, POND-LILY. (Dedicated to the
Water- Nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one's arm,
send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly or quite to
the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all summer: these close in
the afternoon : the fruit ripens under water.
N. odorata, SWEET-SCENTED WHITE W. Common in still or slow
water, especially E. Flower richly sweet-scented, white, or sometimes pinkish,
rarely pink-red, variable in size, as are the leaves ; seeds oblong.
N. tuberbsa, TUBER-BEARING W. Common through the Great Lakes,
and W. & S. Flower nearly scentless (its faint odor like that of apples),
pure white, usually larger (4' -9' in diameter), as are also the leaves (8' -15'
wide); petals broader and blunter; seeds almost globular; rootstock bearing
copious tubers like " artichokes," attached by a narrow neck and spontaneously
separating.
N. C8Brulea, BLUE W., of Egypt, &c., cult, in aquaria ; a tender species,
with eremite-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweet-scented flowers, the petals
fewer and acute.
4. NTJPHAR, YELLOW POND-LILY, or SPATTER-DOCK. (Old
Greek name. ) Rootstock, &c. as in Nympluea : leaves often rising out of
water : flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish-tinged, pro-
duced all summer : fruit ripening above water.
N. advena is the common species, everywhere ; has 6 unequal sepals or
sometimes more ; petals, or what answer to them, truncate, shorter than the
stamens and resembling them ; the thickish leaves rounded or ovate-oblong.
N. luteum, rare N. ; has smaller flowers, with 5 sepals, petals dilated
upwards and more conspicuous, and a globular fruit with a narrow neck :
the var. pumilum, a small variety, has flowers only 1', and leaves l'-5' in
diameter ; rather common N.
N. sagittiiblia, ARROW-LEAVED N., from North Carolina S. ; has sagit-
tate leaves (1° by 2'), and 6 sepals. This and the last produce their earlier
leaves under water and very thin.
7. SARRACENIACE^l, PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.
Consists of one South American plant, of the curious DARLING-
TONIA CALIFORNICA in the mountains of California, and of the
following : —
1. SARRACENIA. (Named for Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec.) SIDESADDLB-
FLOWER, a most unmeaning popular name. Leaves all radical from a per-
ennial root, and in the form of hollow tubes or pitchers, winged down the
inner side, open at the top, where there is a sort of arching blade or hood.
The whole foliage yellowish green or purplish. Scape tall, naked, bearing a
single large nodding flower, in early summer. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at
the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, incurved over the pel-
tate and umbrella-shaped 5-angled petal-like great top to the style. Stamens
very numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Pod many-seeded, rough-warty.
S. purpurea, PURPLE S. or PITCHER-PLANT of the North, where it is
common in bogs. Leaves pitcher-shaped, open, with an erect round-heart-
shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep purple.
48 POPPY FAMILY.
S. rilbra, RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States-, sometimes cult.
in greenhouses. Leaves trumpet-shaped, slender, a foot long, with a narrow
win;,' uii'l an erect ovate pointed hood ; flower crimson-purple.
S. Drummondii, GKEAT TIM-MPET-LKAF of Florida: sometimes cult.
Leaves intich like the last, hut 2° or 3° long, upper part of the hi he and the
roundish erect hood variegated and purple- veiny ; and the deep-purple flower
very lar_
S. psittacina, PARROT PiTCHKR-I'i. \\T of S. States, and rarely cult.
Leaves short and spreadiiii:, with a narrow tube, abroad wing, and an inflated
globular hi" id, which is incurved over the mouth of the tube, :-potted with white;
flower purple.
S. variolaris, SPOTTED TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States. Leaves erect,
'trumpet-shaped, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a broad wing,
and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower yellow.
S. flava, YELLOW TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States : cult, more commonly
than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 2°
long, erect, yellowish or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing, and an erect round-
ish but pointed hood, a tall scape, and yellow flower.
8. PAP AVERAGES, POPPY FAMILY.
Herbs witii milky or colored juice, regular flowers, a calyx mostly
of 2 sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3 -5
times as many, numerous stamens on the receptacle, and a com-
pound 1-celled ovary, with 2 or more parietal placentic. Fruit a
pod, many-seeded. Juice narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), or acrid.
No. 5 has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic acid, and the
calyx like a cap or lid ; No. 7 lias no petals and few seeds.
* Petals crumpled in the Jtmcer-bud, which droops on its peduncle before opening.
1. PAP AVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular bodv which is closely
sessile on the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by
the projecting placenta: which are covered with numberless seeds, opening
only by pores or chinks at the top. Juice white.
2. STYLOPHOKUM. Stigma 8 - 4-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly,
opening from the top into 3 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentas be-
tween them. Juice j'ellow.
3. CHEUDONH.'M. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placentae,
splitting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange.
* * Petals more or less crumplvd in the bud, which is erect before opening.
4. ARGEMONE. Stigma 3-G-lobed. almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod
prickly ; the latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like
placenta1 between. Juice yellnw.
6. F-SCHSCHOLTZIA, Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire.
Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk dilated into a top-shaped body, often
with a spreading rim. Stigma- 4-6, spreading, unequal ; but the placentae
only 2. Pod long and slender, grooved. Juice color;1
* * # Petals not <•;• ,'///// 7, ,//« tin Inn/, irhn/i does not droop.
«. SAN<;riN.\i:l.\. Sepals 2 •. but the petals 8-12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short
style. Pod oblong, with 2 placcntre. Juice orange-red.
* * » * I'etals none. Flowers inpnnii-h-s, drtmftinr/ in the bud.
1. BOCOONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice
reddish.
1. PAP AVER, POPPY. (Ancient name.) We have no truly wild spe-
cies : [lie following are from the Old World.
* Annuals, flowering in siimini-r : ru!t. <nnl im/fs n
P. somniferum, OPM-.M I'oi-rv. Cult, for ornament, especially double-
fliwcred varieties, and for medical uses. Smooth, glaucous, with clasping and
wavy leaves, and white or purple flowers.
FUMITORY FAMILY. 4!>
P. Rhdeas, CORN POPPY of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pinnate
leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when double, of
various colors ; pod obovate.
P. dllbium, LONG-HEADED P. Leaves with their divisions more cut tlum
the last ; flowers smaller and lighter red, and pod oblong-clavate : run wild in
fields in Penn.
* * Perennial : cult, for ornament : flowering in late spring.
P. orientale, ORIENTAL P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, almost
pinnate leaves, and a very large deep-red flower, under which are usual lv some
leafy persistent bracts. Var. BRACTE\TUM, has these bracts larger, petals still
larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the base.
2. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Name means style-
bearer, expressing a difference between it and Poppy and Celandine.) 1J
S. diphyllum. From Penn. W. in open woods ; resembling Celandine,
but low, and with for larger (yellow) flowers, in spring.
3. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (From the Greek word for the
Swallow. ) (5) !{.
C. inajus, the only species, in all gardens and moist waste places ; 1° -4°
high, branching, with pinnate or twice pinnatifld leaves, and small yellow flowers
in a sort of umbel, all summer ; the pods long and slender.
4. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Meaning of name uncertain.) ®
A. Mexicana, MEXICAN P. Waste places and gardens. Prickly, l°-2°
high ; leaves sinuate-lobcd, blotched with white ; flowers yellow or yellowish,
pretty large, in summer. Var. ALBiFLdRA has the flower larger, sometimes
very large, white ; cult, for ornament.
5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Eschscholtz,
the name easier pronounced than written.) ®
E. Californica, Californian annual, now common in gardens ; with pale
dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for the top-
shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extinguisher-shaped
calyx rests: this is forced off whole by the opening petals. The latter are
bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad-rimmed. Var.
DouGLA.su wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, or sometimes white;
but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens ; and there are smaller varieties
under different names.
6. SANGUINARIA, BLOOD-ROOT. (Name from the color of the
juice.) y.
S. Canadensis, the common and only species ; wild in rich woods, hand-
some in cultivation. The thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded-
reniform and palmate-lobed veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud : as the leaf
comes out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand-
some, white, many-petalled flower.
7. BOCCONIA. (Named in honor of an Italian botanist, Boeconi.) U
B. cor data, CORDATE B., from China, the only hardy species ; a strong
root sending up very tall leafy stems, with round-cordate lobed leaves, which are
veiny and glaucous, and large panicles of small white or pale rose-colored flow-
ers, late in summer.
9. FUMARIACE.3E, FUMITORY FAMILY.
Like the Poppy Family in the plan of the flowers; but the 4-
petalled corolla much larger than the 2 scale-like sepals, al.^o irreg-
ular and closed, the two inner and smaller petals united by their
50 FUMITORY FAMILY.
spoon-shaped tips, which enclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in
two sets alouir with the stigma : the middle anther of each set is
2-celled, the lateral ours 1 -relied. Delicate or tender and very
smooth herbs with colorless and inert juice, and much dissected
or compound leaves
* Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spttrred at base : pod several-seeded.
1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested.
2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into .me -liuhily heart-haped
body, which encloses the small pod. Seeds erestless. Climbing by the very
compound leave*.
* * Corolla with only one petal spurred at base.
3. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender, several-seeded. Seeds crested.
4. FUMARIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded.
1. DICENTRA (meaning two-sparred in Greek). Commonly but wrongly
named DHT.YTRA or l)i i:i.v i i; v. 1| Fl. in spring.
* Wild species, low, viih <l<li<-ui, decompound leaves and few-flowered scapes sent
n/i /'''"in (fu1- i/round in atrli/ sjin'm/.
D. Cucullaria, Di -HUMAN'S BREECHES. Common in leaf-mould in
wciuiU X. Foliag' and (lowers from a sort of granular-scaly bulb; corolla
white tipped with yellow, with the two diverging spurs at the base longer than
the pedicel.
D. Canad6nsis, CANADIAN D. or SQUIRREL-CORN. With the last N.
Separate yellow -rains, like Iimian corn, in place of a .-calv bulb ; the corolla
narrower and merely h -art-shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored,
sweet-scented ; inner petals much cre.-ted at tip.
D. eximia is rarer, wild along the Alleghanies, occasionally cult., has
coarser foliage, and more numerous flowers than the last, pink-purple, and pro-
duced throughout the Minimer, from tufted .scaly rootstocU.
* * Cultivated exotic, taller and coarser, leafy-stcmi/i/ii. mnnt/-fi,mvred.
D. spectabilis, SHOWY I), or BLEEDING HEART. From N. China,
very ornamental through spring and early summer, with ample Pconv-like
leaves, and long drooping racemes of bright pink-red heart-shaped (lowers
(!' long): the two small sepals fall off in the bud.
2. ADLtTMIA, CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named in honor of a Mr.
Ail/mil.) (a) The only species is
A. Cirrhbsa. Wild in low shady grounds from New York W. & S. and
cult. ; climbing over bushes or low trees, by means of its 2 - :!-pinnatelv com-
pound delicate leaves, the stalks of the leaflets acting like tendrils ; flowers tlesh-
COlored, panielc.l, all summer.
3. CORYDALIS. ((Jreek name for Fumitory.) Our species are leafv-
stemmcd, ® or J), wild in rocky places, tl. Spring and summer.
C. glauca, PAI.E COKYDAMS. Common, C,'-*0 liigh, very rjlaticous, with
the whitish (lowers variegated with yellow and pink, a short and rounded spur,
and erect pods.
C. flavula, YELLOWISH C. From 1'cnii. S. ,<: W. : has the flowers pale
yellow, with the tips of the outer petals wing-crested ; seeds sharp-edged : other-
wise like the next.
C. atirea, GOLDEN C. From Vermont W. £ S. Low and spreading;
flowers golden-yellow with a longish spur, and crcstlcss tips, hanging pods, and
smooth blunt-edged secd>
4. FUMARIA, FfMITORY. (Xame from fumm, smoke.) ® Lovr,
leafy-Stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves.
F. Officinalis, COMMON F. Common in old gardens, waste places, and
dung-heaps ; a delicate small weed, with a close spike of small pinkish crimson-
tipped flowers, in summer.
MUSTARD FAMILY. 51
10. CRUCIFER^I, MUSTARD FAMILY.
Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (as exemplified in
Horseradish, Mustard, Water-Cress, &c.), at once distinguished by
the cruciferous flower (of 4 sepals, 4 petals, their upper part gen-
erally spreading above the calyx in the form of a cross), the tetra-
dynamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of them shorter than the other four) ;
and the single 2-celled pistil with two parietal placentae, forming the
kind of pod called a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons,
p. 86, fig. 23o, 236, for the flower, and p. 124, fig. 401, for the fruit.)
The embryo fills the whole seed, and has the radicle bent up against
the colyledons. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, like
simple corymbs, but lengthen in fruiting: no bracts below the pedi-
cels. The blossoms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so
that the genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are
usually to be had before all the flowers have passed.
§ 1. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valres. width fall away and leave
lite thin persistent partition when ripe.
# Seeds or ovules more than two in each cell.
•t- Pod beaked or pointed beyond the summit of the valves, or the style witii a conical
base. Sttds spherical, the cotyledons wrapped around the radicle.
1. BRASS1CA. Flowers yellow. Pods oblong or linear.
-i- •»— Pod not beaked or conspicuously pointed,
•*-*• Neither flattened nor 4-sided, but the cross-section nearly circular.
2. SISYMBRIUM. Pods in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close-
pres:-ed to tlin stem. Seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small, yellowish.
3. NASTURTIUM. Pods shortish or short ( from oblong-linear to almost spherical).
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, globular, marginless. Flowers yellow or white.
4. HESPER1S. Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds in
each cell (as broad as the partition); the radicle laid against the back of one
of the cotyledons. Flowers rather large, pink-purple. Stigma of 2 erect
blunt lobes.
5. MALCOLMIA. Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Stigma of 2 pointed
lobes. Otherwise as No. 4.
6. MATTHIOLA. Pods long and narrow : seeds one-rowed in each cell (as broad
as the partition), flat, wing-margined; the radicle laid against one edge of the
broad cotyledons. Flowers pink-purple, reddish, or varying to white, large
and showy.
*+•«• Pod long and slender, linear, 4-sided (the cross section square or rhombic), or
if flattened having a strong salient midrib to the vtilvts. Seeds marginless,
mostly single-rowed in each cell. Flowers yellow or orange, never while.
a. Lateral sepals sac-shaped at the base.
7. CHEIRANTHUS. Seeds flat; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad
cotyledons. Flowers showy. Leaves entire.
b. Sepals nearly equal and alike at the base.
8. ERYSIMUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the
narrow cotyledons. Leaves simple.
9. BARB AREA. Seeds oval; the radi.-le laid against the edge of the broad
cotyledons. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid.
2. SISYMBBIUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the
cotyledons. Flowers small. Leaves twice pinnatifid.
++ •«• -w- Pod flattened parallel to the partition : the rain fjlut or tlattish : so are Ui«
seeds: radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. Flowers white or purple.
10. ARABIS. Pod long and narrow-linear, not opening elastically ; the valves
with a midrib. Seeds often winged or margined.
11. CARDAMINE. Pods linear or lanceolate; the valves with no or hardly i
midrib, opening elastically from the base upwards. Seeds marginless and
slender-stalked, one-rowed in each cell. No scaly-toothed rootstock.
52 MUSTARD FAMILY.
12. DENTARIA. Pods, &c. as in the preceding. Seed-stalks broad and flat
Stem 2-3-leaved in the middle, i >vr, springing from a horizontal
1 or irregular lle-hy r»(,t-tu<-k.
13. LUNARIA. Pods oval or oblmi;.', large ;ind very fiat, stalked above the calyx.
Seeds winded, 2-rowed in cadi cell. Flowers pretty large, purple.
li. I>KAl'iA. pcid< round-oval, !at. Seeds wingless, 2-rowed in
each cell. Flowers small, white in the common species.
-w. *-+ +* +* Pod thort, jlattith parallel to the brnml jmr/ition. Flowers yellow,, small.
15. CAMELINA. Pods turgid, obovate or pcur->hapeil.
++++++ ++ ++ Pod short, very much 'flattened inntmrif to the narrow partition ; the
calces thtrcj'on </ttji/y OOOi-shaped, Fl<m'<-r* irhitt, fiHitll.
76. CAPSELLA. Pods obovate-trianguhir, or triangular with a notch at the top.
* * Seeds or the ovules single or sometimes 2 in each cdl. Pods short andjlat.
H- Corolla irregular, the petals being very unequal.
17- IBKHIS. Flowers in short and flat-topped clusters, white or purple ; the two
petals on the outer side of the flower much larger than the others. Pods
scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, much flattened contrary to the very narrow
partition, bitched at the wing-margined top.
••- +- Corolla regular, small.
18. LEPIDIUM. Pods scale-shaped, much flattened contrary to the very narrow
partition, often notched or wing-margined at the top. Flowers white.
19. ALYSSUM. Pods roundish, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Seeds
Hat, commonly wing-margined. Flowers yellow or white.
§ 2. Fruit indehiscent, wine-like, \-seeded.
20. ISATIS. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, resembling a small samara
or ash-fruit.
§ 3. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, 2 -many-seeded.
21. CAKII.E. Fruit jointed in the middle ; the two short joints 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Seed oblong.
22. RAPIIANUS. Fruit several-seeded, with cellular matter or Trith constrictions
between the spherical seeds.
1. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTARD, &c. (Ancient Latin name of
( 'aliki-e. liotanieally the .Mustards rank in the same ijrmis.) (T) (5) Cult,
from Ku., m- run wild as wmU ; known liy their \cllow lld\\i'rs, lirak-pointed
jiixls, iiml o-ldliosi- socds, the cdt\ Irdons \\ra|i]icd round the radiele.
B. oleracea, CABBAGE. The original is a sca-eoast plant of Knrope, with
tliiek and hard stem, and pretty larjje pale \ello\\ (lowers; the leaves \ ery ^la-
brous and glaucous ; upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not aurieled at the
lia>r : eult. as a biennial, the rounded, thick, and llr.-hy, strongly veined leaves
mllect into a heail the lir.-t year upon the summit of' a short and .-tout stem.
— Var. IJiioccoi.i is a state in which the stem divi.lo into >liort llohy branches,
lieariiiLT clu-ter> of abortive flower-buds. — Var. I'M i.i I I.OWKU ha> the nour-
i-hiii"; matter mainly concentrated in short imperfect (lower-branches, collected
into a tlat head. — Var. Kom.uusi has the nourishing matter accumulated ir.
(he stem, which forms a turnip-like enlargement above ground, beneath the
cluster of leaves. — KALE is more nearly the natural slate of the species, the
Meshy leaves not forming :i head.
B. camp^Stris, of the < >ld World ; like (lie last, but with briirhter flowers ;
the lower leaves pinnatilid or divided and rou^h with stiff hairs, and the upper
aurieled at the base, is reproentcd in cultivation by the Var. ('MI /. \ or HATK,
\\ ith small annual root, cult, for the oil of the seed. — \'ar. Trnxir ( B. N MM < ) ;
cult, as a biennial, for the nourishment accumulated in the napiform white root.
— Var. K i i \ r. \<;\ or Swi. DISH TTKNI r, has a longer and vellowi-h root.
B. Sinipastrum, <>r Sinapis arvensis, CHMM.MCK. A troublcsoine
weed of cultivation in prainlielils. annual. \\'ith the snmcwliat rotiLrh leaves barelv
toothed or little lobed, and nearly smooth pods spreading in a lixise raceme, thu
seed-bearing ],art lonucr than the conical (usually empty) beak.
B. (or Sinapis) alba, \Vmrr, MISIMID. Cult, and in waste places, an-
nual ; the leaves all pinnatilid ami rou^h-hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme.
MUSTAh.1/ FAMILY. 53
bristly, the lower and turgid few-seeded portion shorter than the 1 -seeded stout
and flattened beak ; seeds large, pale brown.
B. (or Sinapis) nigra, BLACK MUSTARD. Cult, and in waste places;
leaves less hairy and le>s ilivided than the last ; pods erect in the raceme or
spike, .smooth, "short, 4-sided (the valves having a strong midrib), and tipped
with the short empty conical base of a slender style; seeds dark brown, smaller,
and more pungent than in the last.
2. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (The ancient Greek name.)
S. officinale, COMMON H. ® Coarse weed in waste places, with branch-
ing stems, runcinate leaves, and very small pale yellow flowers, followed by
Q.\ 1-shaped obscurely 6-sided pods close pressed to the axis of the narrow spike.
S. canescens, HOARY H. or TANSY-MUSTARD. ® Commonly only
S. & W., hoary, with iinely cut twice-pinnatifid leaves, minute yellowish flow-
ers, and oblong-club-shaped 4-sided pods on slender horizontal pedicels.
3. NASTURTIUM, WATER-CRESS, HORSERADISH, &c. (Name
from nasns tort us, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Here are
combined a variety of plants, widely different in appearance : the following
are the commonest.
* Nat. from En. : thi white petals twice the length of the calyx. 1).
N. officinale, WATER-CRESS. Planted or run wild in streamlets, spread-
ing and rooting, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 3- 11 roundish or oblong leaf-
lets ; fl. all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their
spreading pedicels. Young plants eaten.
W. Arinoracia, HORSERADISH. Planted or run wild in moist soil ; with
very large oblong or lanceolate leaves, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely
cut or pmnatirid ; pods globular, but seldom seen. The long deep root is a
familiar condiment.
* * Indigenous species, in wet places : petals yellow or yellowish.
N. palustre, MARSH-CRESS. A very common homely weed, erect, l°-3°
high, with pinnatifkl or lyrate leaves of several oblong cut-toothed leaflets, small
yellowish flowers, and small oblong or ovoid pods.
N. sessilifl6rum, like the last, but with less lobed leaves, very minute
sessile flowers, and longer oblong pods, is common from Illinois S. And there
are 2 or 3 more in some parts, especially S.
4. HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek for evening, the flowers being then
fragrant.) 1J.
H. matronalis, COMMON or DAME R. Tall and rather coarse plant in
country gardens, from En., inclined to run wild in rich shady soil ; with oblong
or lanceolate toothed leaves, and rather large purple flowers, in summer, fol-
lowed by (2' -4') long and slender pods.
5. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.)
M. maritima, MAIION STOCK, called VIRGINIA STOCK in England, but
comes from the shores of the Mediterranean : a garden annual, not much cult.,
a span high, with pale green oblong or spatulate nearly entire leaves, and pretty
pink-red flowers changing to violet-purple, also a white var. (much smaller than
those of true Stock) ; pods long and slender.
6. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLIFLOWER, (Named for the early
naturalist, Maithinli.) Cult, garden or house plants, from Eu., hoary -leaved,
much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty large, pink, reddish, or
white flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties.
M. incana, COMMON STOCK. 1J. Stout stem becoming almost woody •
not hardv at the N.
M. annua, TEN-WEEK STOCK. ® Probably only an herbaceous variety
of the last ; flowers usually not double.
54 Ml'STARI) FAMILY.
7. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFOWER. (Cheiri is the Arabic name-j
Like Stocks, hut slightly it' at all hoary, and the flowers orange, hrown-red
di.-di, or yellow. 1J.
C. Cheiri, COMMON WAI M-I.OWI:K. Cult, from S. Eu., not hardy N..
a much-prized house-plant ; Mem woody, crowded with the narrow and pointed
entire leave-.
8. ERYSIMUM. (Name from Greek, and meaning to draw blisters, from
the acridity.)
E. aspcrum, WI>TI.I;N \\'M i i I.OWKK. Wild from Ohio W. & S. ; like
the wild Mate ()f the Wallflower, with bright yellow or orange (lowers, but the
seeds are diiVerent, ami the long )>"ds finite square in the cross-section; the
leaves somewhat toothed anil hoarv. (& U
E. cheiranthoides, TKEACLB-MUSTARD or WORMSEED MUSTARD.
A rather insignificant annual, wild or run wild in waste moi.-t places, with slen-
der brandies, lanceolate almost entire leaves, and small yellow flowers, followed
by shorti>h and obscurely 4-sided pods on slender spreading pedicels.
9. BARBAREA, WINTER-CRESS. (The Herb of Santa Barbara.)
Different from the last geins in the seeds, divided leaves, and in the general
aspect. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but bitterish. ® U
B. VUlgaris, COMMON W. or VIOLLOW ROCKET. Smooth, common in
old gardens and other rich soil, with green lyrate leave-, and bright yellow
flowers, in spring and summer ; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme, much
thicker than their pedicels.
B. prjecox, EARLY W. or SCUKVY-GKASS. Cult, from 1'enn. f
salad, beginning to run wild, probably a variety of the last, with more numerous
and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the less erect pods scarcely thicker than
their pedicels.
10. ARABIS, ROCK-CRESS. (Name from Arabic.) Fl. spring and
summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided.
* ]('//'/ s/irrirs, on rocks, $~c. : .//•«"•• ra n-hitf »r ir/iitisli, not xhoiri/. (|)
A. lyrata, Low R. A delicate, low. nearly smooth plant, with a cluster
of Ivrat'e root-leaves ; stem-leaves few and narrow ; bri-hi white petals rather
Conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading.
A. hirsuta, H.VIKY R, Strictly erect, l°-2° high; stem-leaves many
and sagittate ; small greenish-white tlowers and narrow pods erect.
A. fgevigata, SMOOTH K. Erect, l°-2° high, glaucous; upper leaves
sagittate ; (lowers rather small ; pods .3' long, very narrow and not very Hat,
recurving : seeds winded.
A. Canad6nsis, CANADIAN or Sn-Ki.i.roD K. Tall, growing in ravines
stem-leaves pointed at both ends, pubescent: petals whitish, narrow; pods 3'
long, scythe-shaped, very llat, hanging; seeds broadly winged.
# # Wild, m river banfy : Jfottts jrink-pwrple, rather showy. ® U
A. hesperidoides, KO<KI.T R. Smooth, erect, l°-3° high; with
rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root-lea\ es, ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves
(2'-G' long), the lower on a winged petiole or with a pair of small lateral
lobes; petals lon<_r-clawed ; pod.- spreading, narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of
the Ohio and S. W.
* * * Garden species : flowers white, showy. U
A. alpina, A i. PINK U., and its variety' A. AI.IMHV, froiu En., low and
tufted, hairv or soft-downy, are cult, in gardens ; tl. in early spring.
11. CARDAMINE, HITTER-CHESS. ( Ancient Greek name.) U
C. hirsuta, SMAI.I. 15. A low and branching insignificant herb, usually
not hairv, with slender 1'ihrous root, jiinnate leaves, the leaflets angled or
toothed, and small white flowers, followed by narrow upright pods : common in
moist soil, fl. spring and summer.
MUSTARD FAMILY. 55
C. prat6nsis, CUCKOO-FLOWER or LADIES' SMOCK. Stem ascending
from a short perennial rootstock ; the pinnate, leaves with rounded and stalked
entire small leaflets ; flowers in spring, showy, pink or white : in bogs at the
north, and a double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in gardens.
C. rhomboidea. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, bearing rather
large white or rose-purple flowers in spring, and simple angled or sparingly
toothed leaves, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, the upper ovate or oblong':
in wet plaees northward.
12. DENTARIA, TOOTHWORT. (From the Latin dens, a tooth.) U
D. diphylla, TWO-LEAVED T., PEPPER-ROOT, or CRINKLE-ROOT. So
called from the fleshy, long and toothed rootstocks, which are eaten and taste
like Water-Cress ; there are only 2 stem leaves, close together, each of 3 rhom-
bic-ovate and toothed leaflets, and the root-leaf is similar ; flowers quite large,
white, in spring. Woods in vegetable mould, N.
D. laciniata, LACINIATE T. Rootstock necklace-form or constricted in
2 or 3 places, scarcely toothed ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, each 3-parted into
linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or cleft into narrow teeth, or the
lateral ones 2-lobed ; flowers purplish, in spring : banks of streams.
13. LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN-FLOWER. (Name from Luna,
the moon, from the shape of the broad or rounded pods.) @ y.
L. biennis, COMMON HONESTY. Not native to the country, but cultivated
in old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad
white partitions, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen, are
used for ornament ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers large, pink-purple,
in early summer.
L. rediviva, PERENNIAL HONESTY, is a much rarer sort, with oblong
pods ; seldom met with here.
14. DRABA, WHITLOW-GRASS. (Name is a Greek word, meaning
acrid.) Low herbs, mostly with white flowers : the commoner species are the
following : fl. early spring ; winter annuals.
D. Caroliniana. Leaves obovate, hairy, on a very short stem, bearing a
short raceme or corymb on a scape-like peduncle 1' - 4' high ; petals not notched ;
pods broadly linear, much larger than their pedicels : in sandy waste places.
D. verna. A diminutive plant, with a tuft of oblong or lanceolate root-
leaves, and a scape l'-3' high; petals 2-eleft ; pods oval or oblong, in a ra-
ceme, shorter than their pedicels : in sandy waste places.
15. CAMELINA, FALSE-FLAX. (An old name, meaning dwarf-flax ;
the common species was fancied to be a degenerate flax.) ®
C. sativa, COMMON F. A weed, in grain and flax-fields, l°-2° high,
with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem ; small
pale-yellow flowers, followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ;
style conspicuous.
16. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. (Name means a little pod.) ®
C. Bursa-Past6ris, COMMON S. The commonest of weeds, in waste
places ; root-leaves pinnatifid or toothed, those of the stem sagittate and partly
clasping ; small white flowers followed by the triangular and notched pods, in a
long raceme.
17. IB|lRIS, CANDYTUFT. (Name from the country, Iber. , an old
name for Spain.) Low garden plants, from Europe, cultivated for ornament;
different from the rest of the order in the irregular corollas.
I. umbellata, COMMON C. ®. Lower leaves lanceolate, the upper
linear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters, in summer.
I. sempervirens, EVERGREEN C. U Rather woody-stemmed, tufted,
with bright green lanceolate or linear-spatulate thickish entire leaves, and flat
3lusters of pure white flowers, in spring.
56 CAPER FAMILY.
18. LEPIDIUM, PEPPERGRASS. (A Greek word, meaning little
from the pods.) Our common .-pccit •, have incised or pinnatitid luaves, and
verv small white or whitish tlowcr-. i
L. Virginicum, Wiu> 1'. A common weed byroad-ides, with petals,
and ti-uallv only i' stamen- : tin- little pods orbicular and scarcely margined a«,
the notched top ; seeds tl.it, tin1 radicle against tin1 edge of the cotyledons.
L. rudcrale, introduced from Eurii|if, i- much less common, motx,
branched. \viih mi petal-, smaller scarcely notched pod.-, ami turgid seeds, th«
radicle against tin- hack of one of the cotyledons.
L. sativum, GAKDI-;X 1'. Cult, as a cress, has petals, and the larger ovnte
pods are winged and -lightly notched at the top.
19. ALYSSUM, MAD WORT. ( Name refers to being a fancied remedy for
canine niadiie--. ) Cult, for ornament ; from En.
A. maritimum, SWI.I.T AI.YSSI-M. A s]ireading little plant, from Eu-
rope, fl. all >iiiiinier in gardens, or in the greenliouM1 in winter, green or slightly
hoary, with lanceolate or linear entire leaves tapering at the !>ase, and small
white honey-scented (lowers, in at length elongated racemes, the round little
pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used 1'ur borders has
paler and white-edged leaves.
A. saxatile, ROCK A. Low, hoary -leaved, with abundant bright yellow
flowers, in spring ; cult, from Europe. 11
20. ISATIS, WO AD. (Name of obscure derivation.) <?) One common
species of Ku.,
I. tinctbria, DYER'S WOAD. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, with
the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; the ra-
cemes of small yellow flowers panieled, succeeded by the hanging samara-like
closed pods ; H. in carlv summer. Old gardens, formerly cult, for a blue dye.
21. CAKILE, SKA-Hi ICKKT. (An old Arabic name.) © ®
C. Americana, AMI.RICAV S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore of the
sea and (ireat Lakes, with ohovate wavy-toothed leaves, and purplish flowers.
22. RAPHANUS, RADISH. (Ancient Greek name, -aid to refer to the
rapiil germination of the seeds.) ® @ All from the Old World.
R. satlVUS, RADISH. Cult, from Kn. : with lyrate lower leaves, purple
and whitish flowers, and thick and pointed closed pods ; the seeds separated by
irregular fleshy false partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root'
inclined to run wild.
R. caudatUS, RAT-TAIL R., from India, latelv introduced into gardens,
rather as a curiosity, is a probable variety of the Radish, with the narrow pod
a foot or so long, eaten when <jrecn.
R. Raphanistrum, Wn.n R. or JOINTKD CHAULOPK. Troublesome
weed in cult, lields, with rough Ivrate leaves, yellow petals changing to whitish
or purplish, and narrow lonu'-beakcd pods, which are divided across betweeH the
<'\er;il ~ecds so a> to become necklace-form.
11. CAPPARIDACE.S1, CAPER FAMILY.
In our region these arc In-His, rcsombliiifj Orucfferee, hut with
stamens not tetradynamous and often more than f>, no partition in
the pod (which is tlii'ivt'iiiv 1-cellcd with two parietal placenta1), and
kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead of folded to-
gether: the. leaves commonly palmately compound, and the herbage
hitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But in warm regions the
Cress-like pungvnry sometimes appears, as in capers, the pickled
llower-huds of CAITAKIS SPINOSA, of the Levant. This and its
near relatives are trees or shrubs.
PJTTOSPORUM FAMILY. 57
1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short thickened recep-
tacle. Ovary and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a
long stalk. Style very short or none. Usually an appendage on one side of
the receptacle.
2. GYNANDROPS1S. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary
far above the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1.
3. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short-
stalked on the receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as No. 1.
1. CLEOME. (From a Greek word meaning closed, the application not
obvious.) ^j
C. pungens. Tall (2° -4° high), clammy-pubescent, with little spines or
prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 broadly lanceolate
leaflets, but the bracts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, and a raceme of large
and handsome flowers, with long-clawed pink or purple petals and declined sta-
mens. Cult, from S. America, for ornament, and ran wild S.
C. integrifblia, much smaller, very smooth, with 3 leaflets and the pink
petals without claws, is wild in Nebraska, &c., and lately introduced to gardens.
2. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the stamens
appear to be on the pistil.) (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 357.)
G. pentaphylla. Nat. from Carolina S. from West Indies, is a clammy-
pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the leaves and 3 to the bracts ; the white
petals on claws.
3. POLANISIA. (Greek-made name, meaning many-unequal, referring to
the stamens.)
P. grav^olens. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather clammy,
* ow herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short white petals, about
1 1 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style ; fl. summer. Wild on
gravelly shores, from Conn. W.
12. RESEDACE^I, MIGNONETTE FAMILY.
Herb?, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes ; rep-
resented by the main genus,
1. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, &c. (From a Latin word, to assuage, from
supposed medical properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the
bud. Petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower
appendagecl within. Stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on one
side of the flower. Ovary and pod composed of 3 - 6 carpels united not
quite to the top into a 3 - 6-lobed or 3 - 6-horned 1 -celled pistil which opens
at the top long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are numerous, kidney-
shaped, on 3 - 6 parietal placentae. Leaves alternate.
R. Odorata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, (from N. Africa) as an an-
nual, for the delicious scent of the greenish-white flowers ; the anthers orange ;
petals 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes ; stems low ; some leaves
entire and oblong, others 3-lobcd.
R. Lut&qla, DYER'S M. or WELD. Nat. along roadsides, tall, with
lanceolate entire leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers ; petals 4.
13. PITTOSPORACEJE, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.
A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to the south-
ern hemisphere, in common cultivation represented only by one
house-plant, a species of
1. PITTOSPORUM. (Name means pitchy seed in Greek, the seeds being
generally covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals.
58 VIOLET FAMILY.
5 petals, and 5 stamens ; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly united .
ovary one-celled with three parietal placenta;, a single style and stigma.
Fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded.
P. Tobira, COMMON P. A low tree, cultivated as a house-plant (from
Japan), with obovate and refuse evergreen leaves crow-led at the end ot
the branches, which an; terminated by a small sessile umbel of white fragrant
flowers, produced in winter.
14. VIOL ACE JE, VIOLET FAMILY.
Commonly known only by the principal genus of the order, viz.
JL. VIOLA, VIOLET. (Ancient Latin name.) Sepals 5, persistent. Pet-
als 5, more or less unequal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base.
(Lessons, p. 86, fig. 237, 238.) Stamens 5, short: the very broad flat fila-
ments conniving and slightly cohering around the pistil, which they cover,
all but the end of the style and the (usually one-sided) stigma, bearing the
anthers on their inner face, two of these spurred at the base. Ovarv and pod
1-celled, with •'? parietal placenta;, containing several rather large seeds. —
Herbs, with stipules to the alternate leaves, and I -flowered peduncles.
* STEMLESS VIOLETS, with leaves and peduncles all from creeping or suh.
terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems : all flowering in
sprint/, a/so producing inconspicuous flowers and most of the fruitful pods,
all summer, concealed <IHH»H/ the leaves.
-t- Garden species, from Europe: fragrant.
V. Odorata, SWEET VIOLET. Cult, from Eu., the tufts spreading by
creeping runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowera
purple-blue (violet-color) varying to bluish and white, single or in cultivation
commonly full double. Hardy; while the ITALIAN VIOLET, the variety used
for winter-blooming, with leaves smoother and brighter green and flowen paler
or grayish-blue, is tender northward.
•*- •*- Wild spi'i-i<-s : slightly sireet-scented or scentless.
** F/oircrs blue or rinlt /-color.
V. Selkirkii, SELKIRK'S V. Small, only 2' high, the rounded heart-
shaped leaves spreading Hat on the ground ; the flower large in proportion, its
thick spur nearly as long as the beardless petals : on shady banks, only N.
V. sagittata, ARBOW-LEAVED V. One of the commonest and earliest;
leaves varying from oblong-heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd-
shaped, the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor-
tion ; spur short and sac-haprd, as in all the following.
V. CUCUllata, COMMON UI.I:E V. The tallest and commonest of the
blue violets, in all low grounds, with matted fleshy and scaly-toothed rootstocks,
erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped obscurely serrate leaves, with the sides
at the base rolled in when young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale 01
variegated with white.
V. palmata, HA.XP-LE.VF V., is a variety of the last, with the leaves, or
ill the later ones, 3 - 7-cleft or parted ; common southward.
V. pedata, BIRD-FOOT V. Grows in sandy or light soil, from a short ana
thick or tuber-like root>tock; tnc leaves all cut into linear divisions or lobes ;
the (lower large, beardless, usually light violet-color : sometimes the two upper
petals deep dark violet, like a pansy.
V. delphinif61ia, L\KKSIMK-LI:\VEI> V., takes the place of the preced-
ing in prairies, &<•. \V. and is like it, hut has the lateral petals bearded.
** «-«• Floinrs (xniirlt) ii'hitc, tin- loin r p,t«l purplish-veined.
V. blanda, SWEET WHITE V. Very common, with faintly sweet-scented
flowers, all the petal- beardless; leaves rounded heart-shaped or "kidnev-shaped.
V. primulsefdlia, PUIMKOSI-.-I.EAVKP V. Common S., between the last
and next, has oblong or ovate leaves.
V. lanceolata, I.AS< K-LEAVEP V. Commonest S., has lanceolate leave*
tapering into long petioles, and beardless petals.
SUNDEW FAMILY. 59
•4-t-.iH.-w- Flowers yellow.
V. rotundif61ia, ROUND-LEAVED V. Only in cold woods N. ; the
roundish heart-shaped leaves flat on the ground, becoming large and shining in
summer ; spreads by runners ; flower small.
* * LEAFY-STEMMED VIOLETS, wild, perennial: flowering in .iprinn and summer.
•+- Flowers yellow, short-spurred : stem 2 - ^-leaved above, naked below.
V. pubescens, DOWNY YELLOW V. Common in rich woods ; soft-
downy, also a rather smooth variety ; leaves broadly heart-shaped.
V. hastata, HALBERD-LEAVED V. Scarce \V. & 8. ; smoother; leaves
oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or 3-lobed ; flower small.
i- •<- Flowers not yellow : stem branched, leaf// below : /caves rounded heart-shaped
V. Striata, PALE V. Not rare N. & W, low; flowers creamy-white,
with lower petal purple-lined ; spur short ; stipules large in proportion, strongly
fringe- toothed.
V. canina, DOG V., the Amer. variety : common in low grounds ; low,
with creeping branches or short runners, fringe-toothed stipules, and spur half
the length of the violet flower.
V. rostrata, LONG-SPURRED V. Shady hills N. & W. ; 6' high, with
fringe-toothed stipules, and slender spur longer than the pale violet petals.
V. Canadensis, CANADA V. Common in rich woods N. & W., taller
than the others, l°-2° high, larger-leaved, with entire stipules; flowers all
summer, the petals white or purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple under-
neath ; spur very short and blunt.
* * * PANSY VIOLETS, from Europe, with leaf// and branrhhuj stems, and large
leaf-like stipules : flowering through the xpriix/ and summer.
V. tricolor, PANSY or HEART'S-EASE. Cult, or running wild in gardens,
low, with roundish leaves, or the upper oval find lowest heart-shaped ; stipules
lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often variegated, and under culti-
vation often very large and showy, the spur short and blunt. — Var. ARVENSIS,
is a field variety, slender and small-flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some
places. (7) (I) Jl
V. COrnilta, HORNED V. From the Pyrenees, cult, in borders of late ;
has stipules merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long
and slender spur. y.
15. DROSERACEJE, SUNDEW FAMILY.
Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft at
the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up from the
apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the persistent sepals and
withering-persistent petals each 5; stamens 5-15 with their anthers
turned outward ; and a 1-celied many-seeded pod. Represented by
two genera.
1. DROSKRA. Stamens 5. Style s 3 -5, but 2-parted so a« to seem like 6-10
Ovarv with 3 parietal placentae. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular.
2. DION.EA. Stamens 15. Style 1: stigma lobed and fringed. Ovules and
seeds all at the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a
bristly-bordered fly-trap.
1. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek driri/, or Iwsft. trith
dew-drops, the gland surmounting the bristles of the leaves producing a clear
and dew-like drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small flics.)
Flowers small, in a 1 -sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, in sun-
shine, in summer. 2/
* Flowers small, white: Iciir/s irith a blade.
D. rotundif61ia, ROUND-LEAVED S. The commonest species in peat-
bogs, white round leaves on long petioles spreading in a tuft. When a small
fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the upper face of the leaf,
60 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn inwards, so that their glanoo help
to luilil the ]irev !
D. longifolia, LON<;I;K-I.I.AVI.I. S. In very wet bogs or shallow -water,
with spatnlate-ohloiig leaves, .-omc of them erect, cm Ion-- petioles.
D. brevifdlia, SHORT-LEAVED S. In wet >and, only at the S. ; small;
scape only 2' - 5' high, few-flowered ; leave- >hort, wedge-shaped.
# * F/oiri'fft nisi -/nir/ili' : nn It/tide to the leaf.
D. fllif61ia, TIIRKAL-LKAVI i. S. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from
Plymouth, Mass., to Florida; leaves erect, thread-shaped; scape 6'- 12' high,
from a Imlb-likc base ; flowers handsome, £' or more broad.
2. DION-3EA, VKNUS'S FLY-TRAP. (Named for the mother of Venus. J
2/ Only one species,
D. muscipula. Grows only in sandy bogs near Wilmington, N. Car.,
Ynit kept in conservatories as a great eurioMty. (See Lessons, p. 65, fig. 176,
for the leaves, and the way they catch insects !) Flowers white, borne in an
umbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring.
16. CISTACE.S], ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.
Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers ; a per-
sistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resembling bracts;
the petals and stamens on the receptacle ; the style single or none ;
ovary 1 -celled with 3 or 5 parietal placenta- (Lessons, fig. 334),
bearing orthotropous ovules. Represented in greenhouses by one
showy species, CISTDS LADAXII Kitrs of Europe (not common),
and in sandy woods and fields by the following wild plants.
1. HF.LIAXTllKMrM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (falling nt the
close of the lir-t day). Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower:
placentae 3. Style none or short.
2. HUDSONIA. Petals as in the last. Calyx narrow. Stamens 9-30. Style
slender. Ovules few.
3. LECHKA. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12.
Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded.
1. HELIANTHEMUM, FROSTWEKD. (Name from Greek words
for ami and //.»<>;•, the blossoms opening only in sunshine. Popular name,
from crystals of ice shooting from the cracked bark at the rout late in the
autumn.) Low, yellow-flowered, in sandy or gravelly soil. ^
H. Canadense, r.w\m\\ or COMMON F. Common, and the only one
N. ; has lance-oblong leaves lioarv beneath; (lowers produced all summer,
some with showy corolla 1' broad and many stamens ; others small and clus-
tered aloir_r the stem, with incon-picuuits corolla and 3- 10 stamens,; the latter
produce Mnall Few-seeded pods.
H. COrymb6sum, only along the coast S., is downy all over, with smallei
flowers clustered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-pcdnnclcd.
H. Carolinianum, grows only S., is hairy, with ^recn leaves, the lower
obovate and eln.-tered ; flowers all largc-petalled and scattered, in spring.
2. HUDSONIA. (For an Kn-li.-h botanist, \\'il/i,im Ifmlson.) Heath-like
little shrubs, ('/- 1:2' high, nearly conlined to >andy shores of the ocean and
(ireat Lakes, with minute downy leaves c!n-il\ covering the branches, and
small yellow flowers, opening in -nnshine, in spring and summer.
H. ericoides, UKATII-I.IKK II. Greenish; leaves awl-shaped; flowers
pcdiineled. From New ,)er>cy N.
H. tomentbsa, DOWNY II. Hoary with soft down ; leaves oblong or
oval and close pressed; peduncles short or hardly any. From New Jersey to
Maine and Lake Superior.
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 61
3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Small,
homely herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or purplish flowers, and pods
about the size of a pin's head, whence the popular frame : common in sterile
soil; fl. summer and autumn. 2/
L. major, LARGER P. Stem upright, hairy, l°-2° high; leaves ellipti-
cal, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile woodlands.
L. minor, SMALLER P. Stems low, 6'- 18' high, often straggling, minutely
hairy ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the branches. Open sterile
ground.
17. HYPERICACE.S1, ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.
Distinguished from all other of our plants by the opposite and
entire simple and chiefly sessile leaves, punctate with tran.-lucent
and commonly some blackish dots, perfect flowers with the stamens
(usually many and more or less in 3 or 5 clusters) inserted on the
receptacle, and a pod either 1 -eel led with parietal placentae or 3-5-
celled (see Lessons, p. 108, fig. 333, 335, 3oG), tilled with many
small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. All here described are wild
plants of the country.
* No ylands between the stamens. Petals convolute in the bud.
1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow.
Petals 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled.
2. HYPEEICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few.
* * Large yland between each of the 3 sets of stamens Petals imbricated in the bud.
3. ELUDES. Sepals and erect flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united
in 3 sets. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers axillary.
1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER'S-WORT. (Greek name means without
roughness, being smooth plants.) Leafy-stemmed, woody at the base, with
2-edged branches ; wild in pine barrens, &c., chiefly S. Fl. summer. 1}.
* A pair ofbractlets on the pedicel : styles short.
A. Crux-Andrese, ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. From New Jersey to Illinois
& S. ; stems spreading ; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ;
flowers rather small, with narrow pale yellow petals and only 2 styles.
A. Stans, COMMON ST. PETER'S-WORT. From New Jersey S. ; stems
2° - 3° high ; leaves thickish, closely sessile, oval .or oblong ; flowers larger,
with obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles.
* * No bracelets on the pedicel : styles longer than ovary.
A. amplexicatlle, CLASPING-LEAVED S. Only found S., with erect stems
many times forking above, and closely sessile heart-shaped leaves ; styles 3.
2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Ancient name, of uncertain
derivation.) Fl. in summer, in all ours yellow.
* Shrubs or perennial herbs : stamens very many.
•»— Sti/les 5 (rarely more) united below into one . pod 5-celled.
H. pyramidatum, GREAT-FL. S. Herb, 2° -4° high, with ovate-oblong
partly-clasping leaves, and large flowers, the petals rather na/row, 1' long, and
5 clusters of stamens. River-banks N & W.
H. Kalmianum, KAL.M'S S. Low shrub, with glaucous oblanceolato
leaves and rather large flowers. N. W. : rare, except at Niagara Falls.
•*- -i- Styles 3 part/i/ united, or at first wholly umlu/ In the lop into one (see Lessons,
p. 107, fig. 329) : sepals It'iifi/, spnwling.
** Shrubby, deciduous-leaved, both Northern and Southern.
H. proliflcum, SHRUBBY S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely glaucous,
lance-oblong or linear ; pod 3-celled.
62 ST. JOBN'8-WOBT FAMILY.
*-* ** S/iritlii'i/. in nil-' in or nearly so, only Southern,
H. fasciculatum, Iv\-< i< u.i> S. Leaves narrow-linear and small, nnrl
with shorter ones clustered in the axils : pod narrow. Wet pine barren-.
H. ruyrtifblium, MVKTI.I. I.I.AX KD S. Leaves heart-shaped ami partly
clasping, thie1;. •chuu-ous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens.
H. aUl\;u~~t, GOLUE.N S. L'-uve.- oblong with a narrow l>a>c, glaucous
beneath; thick; ilnwcrs mo-tly single, very large ('2' broad), orange-yellow;
prd ovate. Kivcr-i..i!iks towards the mountains.
H. nudifl6rum, XAKKI>-< 1.1 srhuhi> S. Shrubby and evergreen S., less
s > in Virginia, 6cc., has 4-an^lcd branehe-, oblong pale leaves, and a pednnelcd
naked cyme of rather smal' (lowers ; pods conical.
** *-<• ++ Hirltaceoiis, simple-stemmed, A'< //•///«/•;/ ,\- Wixtini.
H. SphserocarpOU, SI-HKKK Ai.-ruriTKD S. Ahont 2° high; leaves
diverging, oblong-linear ('!' long), obtuse ; flowers numerous, small, in a naked
flat cvinc ; sepals ovate; pod .^lolmlar, l -celled. Rocky banks, W.
Hi adpressum, L"rKK;iiT-i.i;AVKi) S. A toot high.; leaves ascending,
lanceolate, often acute ; flowers few and rather small ; sepals narrow ; pod
oblong, partly 3-celled. Low grounds, Peiiii>ylvania to Hhode Island.
Hrellipticura, ELLIPTICAI^LEAVED S. Barely 1° high ; leaves spread-
ing, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few in a nearly naked cyme, pale ; the pod
purple, oblong-oval, obtuse, 1-celled. Wet soil, N.
-i- H- -»- Styles 3 ivhnlly separate (sue Lessons, fig. 328) : herbs.
-•-<• Ovary and pud 3-rW/W : JH/H/S l>hicL-il,iti il : styles mostly dinnjing.
H. perforatum, COMMON S. The only one not indigenous, nat. from
Kn., a troulilesome weed in tields, &c. ; spreads by runners from the ba-e ;
upright stems branching; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid clots;
flowers rather large' in open leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals twice the length
of the lanceolate acute sepals. The juice is very acrid.
H. corymbbsum, COIJYMBICU S. Common N. in moist ground ; stem
2° high, sparingly branched ; leaves oblonir. -lightly ela-pinu', having black as
well as pellucid dots ; (lowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and
black-lined as well as dotted ; sepals oblong ; >t\les not longer than the pod.
H. maculatum, SPOTTI.U S. Common S. ha- somewhat heart-shaped
or more cla-ping leaves, lanceolate sepals, and very long and slender styles :
otherwise like, the last.
4-v *+ Qranj l-cc/l<-d : stem strict: leaves ascending, iiniti-, rlnsely sessile, short.
H. angul6sura, ANULKD S. Wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S.
Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-2° high), smooth; leaves ovate or lance-oblong ;
(lowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, small, eopper-
vellow ; styles slender.
H. pil6sum, H.UUY S. Wet pine-barrens S. Stem terete, and witli the
lance-ovate leaves nmghish-downy ; styles short.
* * Annual, Inn- and sleiidrr, siitd/l-tloivered herbs : stuinois 5- 12 : orary and
lir»trii-jiiir)ili' i»'<l .-.irirt/i/ l-ci/lnl: stylm 3, *, /xtrati : »/«i/s narrow, erect:
ji, tn/s niirriiu:
•*- Leaves coiix/iintim* iiinl s/inniliin/ : jlmi-rrs in rymes.
H. miltilum, SM.VI.I. S. Slender, much branched and leafy up to the
flowers; leaves partly clasping, thin, ."iiicrxed. ovate or uhlong ; petals pale
yellow. K very where in low grounds.
H. Canadense, <'AN \HIAN s. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves
linear or lanceolate, .'5-ncrved at the' lia-^e ; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil.
^_ -^ Leari'S rrtct, mrl-xlm/ml nr m-n/i -ii/.-i and miniiti • : jlm; r* nry small and
fii-ulli ;v (/ (limn/ tin IIIIIIK rm ix liiishi/ and inn/ sit ndi r branches.
H. Drumm6ndii, I)UI'MM«>M>'S S. In dry barrens, W. Illinois and S.,
with linear-awl-shaped leaves, sliort-pedieelled (lowers, and pods not longer than
the ealvx.
H. Sardthra, OHAHOB-ORABS or PINB-WBBD. Common in dry sterile
soil, with minute awl-shaped appresscd scales for leaves, flowers sessile on the
wiry branches, and slender pods much excelling the calyx.
PINK FAMILY. 63
3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek for manly.) In
water or wet bogs, with pale often purple-veined oblong or ovate leaves, and
close clusters of small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. Petals
pale purple or flesh-color, equal-sided, erect. 2/
E. Virginica, the commonest, has the roundish or broadly oblong leaves
clasping by a broad base.
E. petiolata, commoner S., has the leaves tapering into a short petiole.
18. ELATINACEJE, WATER-WORT FAMILY.
Little marsh annuals, resembling Chick weeds, but with mem-
branaceous stipules between the opposite leaves, and seeds as in
preceding family. Represented by
1. ELATINE, WATER-WORT. -(Greek name of some herb.) Sepals,
petals, stamens and cells of the ovary and stigmas or styles of the same num-
ber, each 2, 3, or 4, all separate on the receptacle. Seeds "straightish or curved.
Flowers minute in the axils of the leaves.
E. Americana. Creeping and spreading on muddy shores of ponds, &c.,
about 1 ' high, not very common ; leaves obovate ; parts of the flower 2, rarely 3 ;
pod very thin.
19. TAMARISCINE^, TAMARISK FAMILY.
Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna
mental grounds by
1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (Named for the Tamarisci, or the rivei
Tainan's, on which these people lived.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent,
or the latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the
receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three parietal
placentae next the base : styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs at the
apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and scale-shaped
or awl-shaped alternate leaves appresscd on the slender branches, and small
white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. The only one planted is
T. Gallica, FRENCH T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the ground, a
picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, glaucous-whitish, the
minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly evergreen where the climate permits.
20. CARYOPHYLLACE^I, PINK FAMILY.
Bland herbs, with opposite entire leaves, regular flowers with not
over 10 stamens, a commonly 1-celled ovary with the ovules rising
from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and with 2 — 5
styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the base. (See Les-
sons, p. 108, fig. 331, 332.) Seeds with a slender embryo on the
outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved into a ring around it.
Calyx persistent.. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Divides
into two great divisions or suborders, viz. the true PINK FAMILY,
and the CHICKWEEP FAMILY, to the latter of which many plants
like them, but mostly single-seeded and without petals, are appended.
I. PINK FAMILY PROPER. Sepals (5) united below into a
tube or cup. Petals with slender claws which are enclosed in the
calyx-tube, and commonly raised within it, with the 10 stamens, on
a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown at the junction of
the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 248.) Pod mostly open-
ing at the top, many-seeded.
64 I'INK FAMILY.
* Calyx arith a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base : styles 2.
1. DIAN THUS. Oalyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown.
Seeds attached \jy the face: embryo in the 'albumen and nearly straight!
» * Calyx naktd fit base : seeds attachedly the edge: embryo curved.
2. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rare! v 4. Calvx not angled, but mostly 10-nerved.
3. SII.KXK. Styl.-s 3. Calyx not angled, mostly 10-nerved.
4. VACCARIA. Styles 2. Calyx pyramidal, becoming 5-wing-angled.
5. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Calyx "cylindrical or oblong, not angled, 5-toothed.
I'M 4-vnlved at the top.
6. GYPSOPHILA. Styles 2. Calyx hell-Imped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate
below the sinuses. Pod 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling
those of Sand wort, &c.
II. CHICKWEED FAMILY, &c. Petals spreading, without
claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate or united
only at ba>e, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, compared with
the Pink Family, and the plants usually low and spreading or tufted.
* Witlwut stipules, generally with petals : pod several-seeded.
7. SAGINA. Styles and valves of the pod as many as the sepals and alternate
with them (4 or 5). Petals entire or none. Small plants.
8. CERASTIUM. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them (6). Petals
notched at the cud or 2-cleft, rarely none. Pod mostly elongated, opening at
the top by 10 teeth.
9. STELLARIA. Styles fewer than the sepals (3 or sometimes 4) and opposite
as many of them. Petals 2-deft, or sometime* none. Pod globular or ovoid,
splitting into twice as many valves as there are styles.
10. ARENARIA. Styles (commonly only 3) fewer thaii the sepals and opposite as
many of them. Petals entire, rarely none. Pod globular or oblong, splitting
into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.
* * \\'dh scanous stipules between the leaves, conspicuous and entire petals, and a
many-seeded 3 - 5-valvedpod.
11. SPKRGt'LARIA. Styles usually 3. Leaves opposite.
12. SPKRGl'LA. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with them-
Leaves in whorls.
* * * Without petals : the fruit (utricle) 1-seeded and indehiscent.
13. ANYCHIA. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Stamens 2-5. Stigmas 2, sessile.
Stipules and lluwers minute.
14. SCLERANTHUS. Sepals (5) united below into an indurated cup, narrowed at
the throat where it bears 5 or 10 stamens, enclosing the small utricle.
Styles 2. Stipules none.
« « * * Without petals, but the 5 sepals white and petal-like, inside : stipules obscure
if iiny : fruit a 3-celled muny-setded jnni
15. MOLLUGO. Stamens generally 3, on the receptacle. Stigmas 3. Pod
8-valved, the partitions breaking away from the seed-bearing axis and ad-
hering to the middle of the valves.
1. DIANTHUS, I'INK. (Greek name, meaning Jove's own flower.) All
but the first species cultivated for ornament : (1. summer.
* Flowers sessile and muni/ in a closv. cluster, iritli /<»m/ and narrow-pointed brac'.s
UUil i lit, ,;i/i/.r, ,.,-••< j,t in ill,' last.
D. Armdria, PEPTFOUD I'INK of Knnipe, has got introduced into fields
in a lew places ; a rather insignificant plant, somewhat liairv, narrow-leaved,
with very small scentless flowers ; petals rose-color with whitish dots. ©
D. barbatus, SWI.KI \Vn.i. IAM or Hi-Ncn I'INK, of Europe, with thin-
nish oblong-lanceolate green lea\es, and a verv Hat-topped cluster of various-
colored flowers, the petal.s sharply toothed, abounds in all country gardens; the
many double-flowered varictio are more choice. 2/
D. Carthusianbrum, < IARTHDSJ VNS' I'INK, from Eu., has linear leaves,
Slender stems, :md ;l dense cluster of small flowers; hraets ,,\ate or oblong,
abruptly awn-tipped, In-own, shorter than the calyx ; petals merely toothed,
short, usually dark purple or crimson : now nuhcr 'scarce in gardens. 2/
PINK FAMILY. G.I
* * Flowers single at the ends of the branches: leaves narrow and often grass-like,
rattier rigid, glabrous and yta acotts, usual/// without any evident vr.iu.-i.
D. Chinensis, CHINA or INDIAN PINK, lias lanceolate leaves, less rigid
and greener than any of the following, and linear acute scales or bracts as long
as the calyx ; the large petals tool lied or cut, of various colors, red, purple,
violet, &c. The garden var. HEDDEWIGII is a more glaucous and large-flowered
form, lately introduced, n
D. Caryophyllus, CLOVE PINK, the parent of all the sorts of CAKN \-
TION, &c., has the stems almost woody below, very glaucous long-linear leaves;
the scales under the calyx very short and broad ; petals merely toothed, of
various colors. Scarcely hardy N. 2/
D. plumarius, PHEASANT'S-EYK or PLUMED PINK. A low, hardy spe-
cies, making broad tufts, with small very glaucous leaves, sending up flower-
Stems in early summer, the white or pink or variegated petals cut into a fringe
of slender lobes. ^/
D. superbus, is taller, less tufted, and later-flowered ; the large petals
entirely dissected into delicate almost capillary divisions. 2/
2. LYCHNIS. (Greek name for lump, the down of the Mullein Lychnis
having been used for wicking.) All from the Old World : fl. summer.
§ 1 . Culyr with lony leaf-lilce Mies : petals naked. (T)
L. GlthagO, COUN-COCKLE. A weed in gram-fields, hairy, with long
linear leaves, and long-pedunelcd showy red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx-
lobes falling off ; the black seeds injurious to the grain.
§ 2. Cali/r without torn/ leaf -I ike lobt-x : petals cruicned with u 2-cA /? little scale or
pair of teeth on the liase of the blade or at the top of 1 lie claw. 2/
L. COronaria, MULLEIN-LYCHNIS or MULLEIN PINK Cult, in gar-
dens; the flower crimson and like that of CoRN-CocKLi-; ; but teeth of the
calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves oval or oblong. @ ^
L. Flos-J6vis, JUPITER'S L. Less common in gardens, downy-hairy or
cottony and whitish; leaves lance-oblong; flowers many and smaller, in a
head-like long-pedimcled cluster, reddish-purple ; petals obcordate.
L. Chalcedonica, MALTESE-CROSS or SCARLET L. Very common in
country -gardens ; tall, rather hairy and coarse, with lance-ovate partly clasping
green leaves, and a very dense flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the
bright scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed.
L. grandiflora, LARGE-FLOWERED L. Cult from China; smooth, with
oblong green leaves tapering to both ends, and the branches bearing single or
scattered short-pednncled flowers, which are 2' or 3' across ; the red or scarlet
petals fringe-toothed at the end.
L. Viscaria, VISCID L. Rather scarce in gardens ; smooth, but the slen-
der stem glutinous towards the top ; leaves linear ; flowers many in a narrow
raceme-like cluster, rather small ; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals pink-
red, slightly notched . also a double-flowered variety.
L. Flos-CUCuli, CUCKOO L. RAGGED ROBIN is the double-flowered
variety, in gardens ; slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, and
an open panicle of pink-red petals, these cleft into 4 narrow -linear lobes.
L. diurna, DAY-BLOOMING L. Double-flowered form also called RAGGED
ROBIN in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate,
the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered or somewhat clustered on the
branches, rose-red.
L. vespertina, EVENING-BLOOMING L. A weed in some waste grounds,
like the last, and more like the Night-flowering Catchtly ; but has :> st\ le- and
a more ovate enlarging calyx ; the flowers are commonly dioecious, white, and
open after sunset, the root biennial. But a full double-flowering variety in gar-
dens is perennial, day-flowering, and is a white sort of RAGGED ROBIN.
3. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Both names refer to the sticky exudation on
stems and calyx of several species, by which small insects are often caught.)
Besides the following, some other wild or cultivated species arc met with, but
not common. Fl. mostly all summer.
S&F— 14
66 PINK FAMILY.
* AU over sticky-hairy : naturalized from Europe. (T)
S. noctiflora, XIGHT-I u-wi I:IM; C. Tall coarse weed in cult, or waste
grounds; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed; flowers single
or in loose clusters terminating tin- branches, with awl-shaped calyx-teeth and
white or pale rosv 2-parted petals, opening at nightfall or in cloudy weather.
* * ^Sinmitli, n /Hirt <>f iiich df tin- iiji/>i-r jnint o/'.s/i in glutinous: flowers small. 0
S. Arm6ria, SWEET-WILLIAM C. In old gardens or running wild, from
Europe; stem about 1° high, branching into (hit-topped cvmes (if many (lowers,
whidi are rather showy ; calyx club-shaped ; petals notched, bright pink, or a
white variety, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance-ovate, glaucous.
S. antirrhina, SLEEPY C. Wild in sandy or gravelly soil ; stem slen-
der, 6' - 20' high, rather sini|ile ; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid;
petals rose-color, obcordate, opening only at midday in sunshine; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear.
* * * Someu-liiit sticky-pubescent, at least the ca/i/.r, >rhi<-h in Mony, tubu'ar, or
club-shaped : wild species, n-ith rrd or ]>infc showy flowers. 2/
S. Pennsylvanica, PKNNSYLVANIAN C. or WILD PINK. In gravelly
soil; stems 4'- 8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate have.-, and a cluster
of short-stalked middle-sized flowers, in spring; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped,
slightly notched.
S. Virginica, VIRGINIAN C. or FIRE PINK. In open woods W. & S. ;
1° — 2° high; leaves spatulate or lanceolate; flowers few, pednncled; the pretty
large bright crimson-red petals 2-cleft.
S. r^gia, KOVAL C. Prairies, &<•., from Ohio S. ; like the last, but 3°
high, with lance-ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled (lowers in a narrow
panicle, and narrower scarlet-red petals scarcely cleft.
* # # * \nl s/n/.-'i: rul>/.r inflated and bladdery : /><tulx rather small, n-hitc. If.
S. Stellata, STAKKY CAMPION. Wild on wooded hanks; stem slender,
2° - 3° high ; leaves in whorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed; (lowers in a long and
narrow panicle ; petals cut into a fringe.
S. iutlata, BL\I>I>ER CAMPION. Wild in fields K., but nat. from En.,
glaucous or pale and very smooth, 1° high, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong
leases, and an open cyme of (lowers ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-clcft.
4. VACCARIA, COW-HERB. (Name from Latin ,;„;•(,, a cow.) ©
V. VUlgaris, COMMON C. In gardens or running wild near them, from
En. ; smooth, l°-2° high, with pale lanceolate partly clasping leaves, and a
loose open cyme of (lowers ; petals pale red, naked, not notched ; (1. summer.
5. SAPONARIA, SOAPWOIJT. (Latin and common names from the
mucilaginous juice of the stem and root forming a lather.) From Europe.
S. officinalis, COMMON S. or 15oi N« ING BI;T. A rather stout, l°-2°
hi^h, nearly smooth herb, in gardens, and running wild hv roadsides ; leaves
3 — 5-ribbed, the lower ovate or oval, upper lanceolate; (lowers rather large,
clustered; petals pale rose color or almoM white, notched at the end. The
doable-flowered is most common. JJ.
6. GYPSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning lover of (ji/fisum or
cliiilh-, growing on calcareous rocks.) Plants with the small and often pan-
icled (lowers and foliage of Areuaria or Stellaria, but the sepals united into
a cup as in the true Pink Family, usually by their thin white edges, however,
so that to a casual glance they may appear distinct. Cult, in choicer gardens,
from En. and the East, ornamental, especially for dressing cut (lowers, &c.
!•'!. all summer.
G. paniculata, PANKI.I.I> (J. Very smooth, pale, l°-2° high; with
lance-linear leaves, and branches repeated forking into very loo-e and light
cymes, bearing innumerable \cr\ small and delicate white (lowers. 1i
G. 61egans, ELEGANT G. Less tall or low, loosely spreading; with
lanceolate leaves, much larger (Abroad) and fewer flowers, white or slightly
rosy. (i)
PINK FAMILY. 67
7. SAGINA, PEARLWORT. (Latin name, means rich nourishment,
which, however, these small and insignificant plants can hardly he.) There
are four or rive species in the country, none very common ; the most so is
S. prociimbens. Springy places and damp shores, £c., N. ; a smooth
little plant, tufted and spreading, l'-3' high, with almost thread-shaped leaves;
the blunt sepals, short white petals, stamens, and styles 4 or rarely 5.
8. CERASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICK WEED. (Name in Greek
refers to the horn-shaped pod of some species. The popular name is from the
shape and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.)
* Flowers inconspicuous, tin- tlfcply 2-cleft petals being shorter or little longer than
the calyx ; tlu> jiods becominy much longer and curviny more or less. Flower-
ing all summer, irhitc.
C. Vlllgatum, COMMON M., fromPcnn. S., but scarce N., in grassy places.
An insignificant soft-hairy weed ; stems erect, 4' - 9' high, slightly clammy ;
leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels even in fruit and petals shorter than
the calyx. @
C. viscosum, CLAMMY M. Common in grassy places ; stems spreading,
6' - 15' long, clammy-hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the
calyx ; petals as long as the calyx. (?) If.
C. ntltans., NODDING-FRUITED M. Common in moist or shady grounds,
wild. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6' -18' high, becoming very loosely -flowered
and branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals longer than calyx ; pods long,
nodding on the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. ©
* * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx:
pod shorter : plants forming matted tufts. ^/
C. arvense, FIELD M. Dry fields, &c. Downy but green ; leaves vary-
ing from narrow-oblong to linear ; flowering stems 4' - 6' high, few-flowered ;
petals notched at the end.
C. tomentosum, COTTONY M. Cult, from En. for borders, &c., its
spreading shoots, crowded with oblong white-woolly leaves, making dense silvery
mats ; petals deeply 2-cleft.
9. STELLARIA, STARWORT-CHICKWEED. (Name from Latin
stella, a star.) Petals white, but sometimes small or none. Fl. spring and
summer. None cultivated ; but the first is a weed in every garden.
* Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines : leaves broad.
S. m6dia, COMMON S. or CHICKWEED. In all damp cult, grounds ;
leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the
calyx, 2-partcd ; stamens 3-10. ©
S. pubera, GREAT S. Shaded rocks, wild from Penn. S. & W. ; leaves
oblong or oval, sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, 2-cleft.
* * Stems erect or spreading, and whole plant smooth : leaves narrow, sessile. 11
S. longifolia, LONG-LEAVED S. or STITCHWORT. Common in damp
grassy places N. ; stem weak, 8' -18' high; leaves linear, widely spreading;
flowers numerous on slender spreading pedicels in a very loose cyme ; petals
2-parted, longer than the calyx.
S. borealis, NORTHERN S. Wet grassy places N. ; stem 3'- 10' high,
forking repeatedly and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves
broadly lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; petals shorter than the calyx, or none.
10. ARENARIA, SAND WORT. (So named because several grow in
sand or sandy soil.) All the following are wild, also some others less com-
mon. Fl. spring and summer.
* Petals inconspicuous, white.
A. serpyllifdlia, THYME-LEAVED S. An insignificant little weed, in
sandy or gravelly waste places, 2' - 6' high; stems erect, rougbish, much
branched; leaves" ovate, pointed ; petals scarcely longer thau the 3 - 5-nerved
pointed sepals. (T)
G8 PINK FAMILY.
A. diffusa, SPREADING S. Shady grounds S. Plant soft-downy ; stems
prostrate, 1° or more long; leaves lanceolate; peduncles lateral, 1 -flowered ;
petals shorter than the sepal- or none. 2/
* * Petals coim/iiciiou.-i, /</,/</</• than thernli/r, ir/u'tr. 2/
A. lateriflora, SIDE-FLOWERING s. (inneiiy shores and hank- N.
Plant minutely downy ; stem erect. .3'- 10' high, sparingly -branching; pedun-
cles few-flowered, -ooii becoming lateral hy the farther growth of the leafy stem;
leaves oval or oblong.
A. Stricta. Rocky or shady hanks X. Tufted, smooth, 4'-G' high ; stems
crowded with slender almost liristlf-form leaves; flower- several in a terminal
openevme; sepals sharp-pointed.
A. Squarrdsa, PINI:-H.M:I:K\ S. In si'iid, coast of New Jersey and S.
D'liselv tufted on a deep root, .'!' - 5' high; leaves much crowded, short, awl-
shaped,' smooth; the flowering branches or few-flowered peduncles glandular ;
sepals ohtiise.
A. Groenlandica, MOVXTAIN S. On rocky summits of mountains and
N. K. coa-t. Densely tufted, soft; leaves thread-form ; flowering stem- 2' - 4'
high, few-flowered, the flowers large in proportion ; petal- notched at the cud.
'A. peploides, SKA SANHWOUT, in sands of .sea-shore N., is large, with
verv fleshy ovate le.ives, and axillary flowers.
11. SPERGULARIA, SAND SPURREY. (Name from likeness to
X/ifi-i/ii/it.) A sort of Saiidworts with scaly-membranaceous stipules, and
reddi-h (lower-, produced all summer : ehielly maritime. i 2/ '.
S. rubra. The Held form of this is common in sand or gravel, along roads
and paths, E., quite away from salt water ; smoothish, prostrate in tufts ; leaves
thread-shaped ; pod anil pink-red corolla hardly exceeding the calyx ; seeds
rough, windless, half-obovate.
S. salina. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands ; with short
peduncles, pale corolla, pod longer than the calyx, and rough obovate-ronnded
(winged or \\ in-le--) seed-.
S. media. Like the last, in salt marshes and sands, hut with longer pedun-
cles and smooth seeds.
12. SPERGULA, SPUR KEY. (Latin spargere, to scatter, i. e. its seeds.)
S. arv6nsis, C*>KN S. Stems 1° or so high ; bearing several thread-
shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminatm;: in a panicle of white flowers.
A weed in grain-nelds, cult, in Europe as a forage plant, sheep being fond of it :
fl. summer, (i)
13. ANYCHLA FORKED CI1ICKWEED. (Name of obscure mean-
ing.) i
A. dich6torua, a common little herb ; in shady places it is smooth ami
erect, G'-IO' hi.uli, ^ith repeatedly forking long-jointed very slender stems,
minute short-stalked greenish flowers in the forks, and oval or oblong leaves: in
drv or parched soil it is spreading on the ground, short-jointed, narrower-leaved,
often pubescent, the flowers more clustered and nearly sessile : all summer.
14. SCLERANTHUS, KNA\VEL. (From (i reek words meaning linrd
und /loinr, referring to the indurated tube of the calyx.)
S. annuus, our only species, is nat. from En. in gravelly grounds, around
gardens, ,£c., a very pale little herb, 3' - 5' hit^h, very much branched and
spreading, with short awl-shaped leaxe-, and greenish small flowers clustered or
sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn.
15. MOLLUGO, CARPET -WEED. (An old Latin name for some soft
plant.) i
M. verticillata. A very common, small, prostrate and spreading little
wee<|, in waste gravellv soil, gardens, &c., with spatulate leaves and 1-flowered
pedicels in clusters or whorls at the joints ; the sepals white inside ; stamens 3-
fl. all summer.
PURSLANE FAMILY. 69
21. PORTULACACE^E, PURSLANE FAMILY.
Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, ihe stamens
sometimes many, sometimes few, and then one before each petal ;
ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few kidney-shaped
seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed-stalks from the base.
Seeds as in the Pink Family.
1. PORTULACA. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style cleft into
several Mender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and many-seeded pod
united with the bottom of the calyx; the upper part when mature falling off
as a lid. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.
2. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style 3-lobed at the
summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 3-valved, many-seeded.
Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.
3. CALANDR1NIA. Stamens numerous. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx
free from the ovary, persistent, enclosing the 3-vaJved many-seeded pod.
Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.
4. CLAYTON1A. Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal. Style
3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, free from the few-seeded pod.
Flowers usually opening for more than one day.
1. PORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name for Purslane.) Leafy
and branching, low and spreading, with fleshy sessile leaves ; fl. all summer.
(Lessons, p. 95, fig. 272, and p. 124, fig. 404.) Q
P. oleracea, COMMON P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, obovate or
wedge-form leaves, and small sessile flowers opening only in bright sunshine
and for a short time ; the petals pale yellow. The commonest garden weed,
sometimes used as a pot-herb.
P. pilosa, HAIRY P. Wild far S., has linear terete leaves, with a tuft of
beard-like hairs in the axils, and rather large pink flowers.
P. grandifibra, GREAT-FLOWERED P., is probably a variety of the last,
from South America, commonly cult, for ornament ; the large very showy
flowers brilliant purple, crimson, red, sometimes white or yellow, or with light
centre, of many shades or variations.
2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some places.
T. teretif61ium, TERETE-LEAVED T. Low and smooth, with tlik-k and
fleshy root, short stems bearing crowded linear terete leaves, and a slender
naked peduncle, many-flowered ; petals rose-purple. Serpentine rocks, Penn-
sylvania, and rarer west and south : fl. all summer. 2/
3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) Culti-
vated for ornament in choice gardens : fl. all summer.
C. discolor. Cult, as an annual, from Chili ; very glabrous, making a
rosette of fleshy spatulate leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged
with purple beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of
large rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter.
C. Menzi6sii, MENZIES' C. Low, spreading, leafy-stemmed annual, from
Oregon and California, with bright green and tender lance-spatulate leaves, and
crimson flowers (nearly 1' broad) in a short leafy raceme.
4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for Join Clayton, an
early botanist in Virginia.) Low, smooth herbs : ours producing only a pair
of stem leaves and a short raceme of flowers.
* Stem sini/ile from a round tuber : Irarfs srjiiini/'' : tl. fir/// s/iriui/. 2/
C. Virginica, NARROW-LEAVED S. In moist woods, one of the prettiest
spring flowers ; petals rose-color with pink veins ; leaves linear-lanceolate.
C. Caroliniana, BROADER-LEAVED S. In rich woods ; commonest N.
and along the Alleghanies, smaller than the other, with oblong-spatulate or
lance-oblong leaves only 1' or 2' long.
70 MALLOW FAMILY.
* * Stem-leaves united into onf iisunlly rounded blade or cup underneath the tmall
unil ii-hiiixlijloirers : fl. summer. ®
C. perfoli&ta occurs in some iranlens, from Oregon and California ; small,
of no beauty ; root-leaves tuned, spatulate or lanceolate.
22. MALVACE.2E, MALLOW FAMILY.
Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube con-
nected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped 1 -celled anthers
(Lessons, p. 102. tig. 298), the calyx valvate and the corolla con-
volute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately-veined
and dt'ieii lobed leaves, evident stipules, and regular flowers, the true
sepals and the petals 5. There is commonly an involucre of several
bracts, resembling an outer calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped: the leafy
cotyledons crumpled or doubled up, in some mucilaginous albumen.
Innocent plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark.
§ 1. Anthers alt borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments.
Ovaries numerous and separate, crmrded in n ham!, in fruit becoming little I -seeded
in- al;< itt-s. liirohicrf conspicuous as a soi-t of outer calyx. Herbs.
1. MALOI'K. Involucre of 3 ovate or heart-shaped leaves. Annuals.
2. KITAIBKLI A. Involucre of 6 - 9 ovate ami pointed leaves united at the base.
Perennial.
* * Ovaries several or muni/ united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly
/'nlliin/ away separately, each l-seeded. Ours are alt herot.
luiniiinj ilon-u the side of the slender xh/hs.
3. ALTILEA. Involucre of G-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not
projecting nor enlarged.
4. LAY A TF.KA. Involucre of 3 - 6 more united bracts. Axis of the fruit over-
topping the carpels.
6. MALVA. Involucre of only 3 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise
entire. Carpels beakless.
6. CALLllIKHOK. Involucre of 1 - 3 bracts or none. Petals wedge-shaped and
truncate, denticulate or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak
at the summit.
7. NAP.EA. Involucre none. Flowers dioecious !
i- *- Sliymas capitate, or truncate at the apex of Hie styles.
8. ANODA. Involucre none. Fruit depressed, very flat and star-shaped, the
sides of ihi! numerous carpels evanescent : >eed nearly horizontal.
9. SI DA. Involucre none. Fruit separating into 5 or more closed carpels, or
each 2-valved at the apex: seed hanging.
# * * Ovaries and cells of the fruit 2 -several-seedi*/.
10. AIHTII-ON'. Involucre none. Carpels each 3 - several-seeded.
11. MODIOl,A. Involucre of :J bractU-ts. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross
between the upper and lower seed.
§2. Anthers borne along the outside <>f the tube ofjilnmrnt*. Ovary €md fruit B-
s< feral-celled: stir/mas capitate, lurolncre pnmnt. Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
* Involucre of several or many bracts.
12. MALVA VISCUS. Branches of the style and stigmas 10, twice, as many as tho
cells ot the ovary. Petals not separating and spreading. Fruit berry-like:
cells l-seeded.
13. KOS I'Kl.Kl'/KYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celled; the
cells sjngle-^eede.d.
14. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Pod
6-celled, loculicidal; the cells many-seeded.
* * Involucre of 3 larne and heart-shaped leaf-like bracti.
16. GOSSYPII'M. Styles united into one: stigmas 3 -5, as many as the cells of
the pod. Seeds numerous, bearing cotton.
MALLOW FAMILY. 71
/
1. MALOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs,
resembling Mallows, from the Mediterranean region ; cult, as garden annuals :
fl. summer.
M. triflda, THREE-LOBED M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the upper
•ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2' or more broad, rose-color, veined with
purple or rose-red, also a white var. ©
M. malacoides is rarer, hairy, low, with oblong-ovate toothed leaves,
long peduncles, and rose-colored flowers. ^
2. KITAIBELIA. (Named for Paul Kitaibd, a botanist of Hungary,
where the plant grows wild.) Fl. summer. The only species is
K. vitifolia, VINE-LEAVED K. Cult, in gardens ; a rough-hairy herb,
2° - 3° high, rather clammy at the summit, with acutely 5-lobed and toothed
leaves, involucre longer than the true calyx, and dull white corolla l£' broad
when expanded. 2/
3. ALTHAEA. (From Greek word meaning to cure, used in medicine as an
emollient.) Tall herbs (the Shrubby Althrea belongs not to this genus, but to
Hibiscus), natives only of the Old World : fl. summer and autumn.
A. officinalis, MARSH-MALLOW. Rarely cult., but has run wild on the
coast E. ; a rather coarse downy plant, with ovate, sometimes a little lu-art-
ehaped or 3-lobed leaves, and clusters of short-peduncled flowers in their axils ;
corolla 1' broad, rose-color. The thick root is used for its mucilage, and for
making Marsh-Mallow paste. ^/
A. rosea, HOLLYHOCK. Cult, from Syria, with tall and simple hairy
stem, rugose rounded and heart-shaped angled or 5 - 7-lobed leaves, and larire
flowers on very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of
rose, purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3' - 4' broad. ©
4. LAVATERA. (Named for the brothers Lavater, of Zurich.) A sort
of Mallow, sometimes cult, in gardens, from Europe : fl. all summer.
L. trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. or FLOWERING MALLOW. Smooth or
smoothish, 1° - 2° high ; lower leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, upper heart-
shaped, uppermost 3-lobed ; flowers 2' - 3' broad, rose-color, rarely white ; in
fruit a broad disk-shaped or umbrella-like expansion of the top of the axis com-
pletely covers the carpels. (T)
L. Thuringiaca. GERMAN L. Rather downy, smaller ; leaves mostly
3-lobcd; flowers long-pcdunclcd, l^'-2' broad, rose-color; in fruit the axis pro-
jects much bcvond the ring of carpels as a pointed cone. 2/
L. arb6rea, TREE MALLOW. Not quite hardy N., has a stout stem 2° -6°
high, woody below, rounded 5-9-lobed rather downy leaves, pale purple flow-
ers H' broad, on short pedicels, in a terminal raceme or narrow panicle; the
axis of the fruit (like that of Mallow) not projecting beyond the carpels. Jl
5. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of an old Greek word, mean-
mg soft or emollient.) All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run-
wild in fields and along roadsides : fl. all summer and autumn.
* Flowers small, white or whitish, not consjiicuous nor handsome.
M. rotundifdlia, COMMON or ROUND-LEAVED M. Weed in cult,
grounds ; with procumbent stems from a strong deep root, rounded kidney
shaped crenate leaves on very long petioles, rather slender peduncles, and fruit
not wrinkled. (?) 2/
M. crispa, CURLED M. In country gardens, rarely in waste places ; with
erect stem (4° - 6° high) leafy to the top, rounded 5 -7-lobed or angled leaves
very much crisped round the margin, flowers clustered and almost sessile in the
axils, and fruit slightly wrinkled. (T)
* * Flowers larger, more or less showy, l^'-2' in dianntir: the purple, rose-color,
or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx: stem er«i.
M. Mauritiana, sometimes called TREE MALLOW. Cult. ; 3° - 5° high,
with rounded 5-lobed smooth or smoothish leaves, and clusters in their axils of
72 MALLOW tAMH.Y.
flowers \y in diameter, the petals pale rose-color or white, striped with dark
purple or violet veins. (T)
M. Sylv6stris, Ili-.rr M. Gardens ;ui(l mid-idcs ; 2° - 3° hi-h, branch-
ing, with rather sharply 5 — 7-lobed leaves, and purp <>lored tlowers ratlur
ler.tlian ill tin- lu-t ; fruit wrinkled-veiny. - 2/
M. AlCGcl. (iardens; 2° - 4° hiuh, hairy, with stem -leaves parted almost
to the base into 3-5 divisions which are again 3 - 5-cleft or cut-toothed ; and
sho\vy (lowers in clusters or terminal racemes ; corolla deep rose-color, l^'-n'
broad; fruit smootli, minutely wrinkled-veiny. 11
M. moschata, MTSK M. Gardens, and escaped to roadsides, l°-2°
high, rather hairy, with the herbage I'aintlv musk-scented, leaves about thrice
parted or rut into >leiider linear lohcs, ami short-peduncle. i (lower- >oincwhat
clustered or racemed ; corolla 1.' broad, ro-e-i-olor or \\hite; fruit downy.
6. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greek mythological name, applied to N. American
plants.) Species chiefly farther W. and S., beeoiiiiiii: rather coiumon in
choice Lrardens. Fiowcrs crimson, mauv.e, or red-purple, very showy, pro-
duced all summer.
* Root thick, often turnip-shaped, farinaceous: stems rmiahish-hairy or smootftish. If.
C. triangulata. Dry prairies from Wi-eon-in S. ; steins erect, i'° hi-h ;
leaves triangular, halberd-shaped, or the lo\\est heart-shaped, the np|icr cut-
lobed or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers somewhat panieled and short-peduncled ; imolnere
as lunij as the calyx ; corolla H' or le>s in diameter ; carpels of the fruit even
on the hack, tipped with a short point.
C. involucrata. Wild from plains of Xehraska S., and cult, for orna-
ment ; stem- -j.readin.c: on the -round, l°-3° Ion--; stipules cuiispieuoiis ;
leaves rounded, .Vpartcd or cleft and eut-lolicd, .-horter than the axillary pedun-
cles ; involucre shorter than the calvx ; corolla 2' or more hroad ; i-arpels of
the fruit reticulated, tipped with a Hat and inconspicuous beak.
C. Papaver. Wild in rich woodlands from Georgia to Texas, and spar-
ingly cult. ; steins >liort, a>ccndint;-, few-leaved ; Iea\es .'{ - .">-parteil with lance-
linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and deft into oblong Inhrs ;
axillary peduncles verv (often lc) loii'_r ; invohicn- of l-;j bracts or none;
corolla "2' or more broad ; carpels of the fruit, wrinkled or reticulated and with
a stout incurved beak.
C. digitata. Wild in prairies of Arkansas ami Texas ; 1° hjcr]] ; leaves
mostly from the root, 5 - 7-partcd into Ion-- linear sometime-; 2 - .'{-cleft divis-
ions ; peduncles lout; and slender ; involucre none; corolla 1 A' - 2' broad, the
petals fringe-toothed at the cud ; fruit nearly as in the last.
# * Root slender or tapering : In rl,iii< nntnnth. @ @
C. pedata. Wild in K. Texas ; not rare cult.; stem erect, 1° - 5° hi'_rh,
leafy ; lea\e-; rounded, 3- 7-lobed or parted ami the wedge-shaped divisions deft
or cut; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves; involucre none; corolla abi.ut
IV broad, the petals minutely eroded at the end; carpels of the fruit smooth
and even on the. back, and with a stout conspicuous beak.
7. NAPJEA, <;L.\IM;-MALL<>W. (From Greek name for ^tafe or nympA
I.) < >nly one spccli g,
N. dioica. In valleys, ehictly in lime>tone districts of Pcnu., Vir-rinia,
and W. A rather eoar>e, roiiLilii^h herb; Mem 4° - 7° hiirh ; leaves 9-11-
jiarted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in diameter; ilov\' rs
small, in panieled corymbs, in summer.
8. ANODA. (Origin of the name obscure.) Low herbs from Mexico,
Texas, i<.c., .sparinnlv cailt. for ornament. Stems, v\c. hirsute: ).eduncles
IOULC and slender, i-Howered. I-'ruit in the form of a many-rayed star, sup-
ported by the spreading fi-raycd calyx : when ripe the rim of each caqiel falls
away with the seed it embraces, the si.lcs or partitions disappearing. ©
A. hastata has mostlv halberd-shaped leaves, and blue or violet corolla
only 1 ' - lj' in diameter ; lobes of the calyx ovate, scarcely pointed.
MALLOW FAMILY. 73
A. cristata has mostly triangular or obscurely halberd-shaped and toothed
leaves, and purple or rose-colored corolla 2' in diameter; lobes of the, calyx
triangular, taper-pointed.
9. SID A. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) Mostly rather small-flow-
ered or weedy herbs, with 5-12 styles and carpels : fl. summer and autumn.
* Peduncles axillary, \-flowered: corolla yellow.
S. spindsa. So named from the little pointed projection or tubercle at tho
base of the petiole, but which can hardly be called a spine ; stems much branched,
10' -20' high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy; peduncles very
short ; flower very small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2
points. A common weed S. of New York. i
S. rhombii'61ia. But the leaves are hardly rhombic, usually lance-oblong,
short-petioled, serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath; stems l°-3° high,,
much branched ; peduncles rather long ; flower small ; fruit of 10 or 12 one-
pointed carpels. A weed only S. ©
S. Elliottii. Nearly smooth, l°-4° high; leaves linear or lanceolate,
serrate, short-petioled; flower 1' broad, on a short peduncle; fruit of 10-12
nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2/
* Peduncles bearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper axils.
S. Napsea. Smooth; stem simple, 4° -7° high; leaves rounded, 5-cleft, the
lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1' broad; styles and cells of the
pod 10. Wild in S. Pcnn. and Virg. Cult, in old gardens. 2/
10. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.)
Resembles Sida, but cells more than one-seeded ; flowers usually larger.
A. Avicennse, VELVET-LEAF. Cult, soil and old gardens, 3° - 5° high ;
leaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than
petiole, 1 - 3-flowcred ; corolla orange-yellow; fruit of 12-15 united hairy
carpels with spreading beaks. Fl. autumn. (T)
A. Striatum, STRIPED ABUTILON. Cult, in greenhouses, &c. from Bra-
zil ; a tall shrub, very smooth, with rounded heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, the
lobes very taper-pointed, and pretty large solitary flowers hanging on a very
long and slender peduncle ; corolla not spreading open, orange-colored, with
deeper or brownish veining or stripes.
11. MODIOL A. ( The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman
measure modtoliis.) Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy plants.
M. multiflda. Virginia and S., in low grounds ; leaves 3 - 7-cleft and
cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, £' broad ; fruit
hairy at the top. © 2/
12. MALVAVISCUS. (Name composed of Mai pa, Mallow, and riscus,
birdlime, from the glutinous pulp of the berry-like fruit.) Shrubby plants,
with showy scarlet flowers, of peculiar appearance, the petals not expanding,
but remaining convolute around the lower part of the slender projecting and
soon twisted column, held together as it were by a little side-lobe near the
base of the inner edge.
M. arb6reus, the common West India species, cult, in some hot-houses,
has heart-shaped leaves longer than broad, and yellowish fruit.
M. Dz'Umrnondii, of Texas, if housed in winter flowers all summer in
open ground, is soft-downy, with more rounded and somewhat 3-lobed leaves,
and scarlet fruit.
13. KOSTELETZSKYA. (Named for a Bohemian botanist, Kostelctzsky. )
Like Hibiscus, only the cells of ovary and fruit l-seeded. Fl. summer.
K. Virginica, VIRGINIAN K. In and near salt marshes, from New York
and New Jersey S. : roughish-hairy, 2° -5° high; leaves heart-shaped or mostly
3-lobed, often 'halberd-shaped; flowers somewhat racemed or panicled, rose-
purple, l'-2' broad. 21
71 MALLOW FAMILY.
14. HIBISCUS, KOSK-MALI.o\V. (Ancicnv name, of obscure origin.,
Flowers showy, usually lar-e, in summer ami autumn.
* 1'i//l .•>•///•</'»• in- even trees, exotii-s.
H. Syriacus, Tnu. H. or SUKIT.I;Y AI.TII.KA, of gardens and grounds,
common, native of the Levant: nearly smooth, with wedge-ovate ami 3-1. >hed
leaves, and short-peduncled flowers in their axils, in autumn, about 3' broad,
purple, rOSe-COlor, white. Sec., often double.
H. Rosa-Sinensis. CHINA 11. or ROSE or CHIN\. Cult, in conserva-
tories, from Kast Indies (where the splendid corollas, whieh stain black, are use.l
to lilaek Shoes) : very smooth, with bright green ovate and pointed somewhat
toothed leave-, and'verv showy (lowers on Mender peduncles, 4' or 5' broad,
bcarlct-red (raivl\ rose-purple or e\en white), often double.
* * 7/.r/,s , u-ith i»rsi*t<nt inn/ regular r>-W<></ <-,d,/r, and a */«</•/ /»«/.
f- Wild SjHn'ts, lint sunn times cultintt, d, tn/l <ind /.//•</'•• 11
H. COCCineuS, GUICAT Ki;i> II. or Rosi.-.M M.I...W. Mar-lies from Caro-
lina S. ; very smooth, 4°-7° high, with leaves .Vpartcd ,,r deeply cleft into
long lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions, and bright-red corolla C'-ll' broad,
the petals narrowed below.
H. militaris, HAUU:I;I>-I.K.AVI.I> U. Low grounds from Pennsylvania
mid Illinois S. ; smooth, .'5° - 4° high, with ovate or heart-shaped toothed or
.'Hobed leaves, -oin • of them halberd-shaped, and slendcr-peduncled (lowers,
with inflated ealvx, and lle-h-colored corolla 4'-.")' broad.
H. Moscheiitos, S\\ oir H. Common iii brackish marshes and up the
larger rivers; 3° - 7° high, soft-downy ; the ovate pointed and often .'Molted
leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth above ; peduncles slender; corolla 4' - 6'
broad, pale' rose or whit,-, with or without a darker centre ; pod smooth.
H. grandiflbrus, LAKCK-FL. K. Swamps, from Illinois and Carolina S. ;
like the, last, but, leaves soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy.
H. aculeatUS, l'i:i< KI.I or Kon.n li. Swamp- only S. ; rough with
stiff bri-tles and bristly points, 2° - G° bi-h ; leaves .'{-5 cleft and the divisions
mostly toothed; (lowers short-peduncled; leave- of the involucre often forked;
corolla yellow with a purple centre, 4' broad ; pod bristly.
H — \- Exotic, low species, in i/nrd. us <//• cultivated grounds. ®
H. Trionum, BI.AI-DKII KKTMIA or FI,OWI:I;-OI -vx-itot H. Bather
hairv, l°-2° hi-h, with the leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate
lobes, the middle lobe much longest ; calyx inllated and bladdery: corolla about
-2' broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish' eye. open only in midday sun-bine.
* * * I/i-rlis, u-it/i <•"///'' s/iiittiiii/ ilnirn one nid<-, mid generally falling off at on<;-,
and with ln/ii/ or nnrrou- /n/rii/ii/dn/ ur <tn<fl«/ /UK/ : >«itir<s *>/ l:nat Indies.
H. eSCUlentUS, <>KKA or (JfMUo. Nearly .smooth, with rounded hi'art-
Bhaped 5-lobed toothed leaves, ureeni-h-yellow flowera On slender peduncle (invo-
lucre falling early), and narrow pods 3' OT 4' lony. which arc very mucila-inons,
and when green cooked and eaten, or Used to thicken soups: cult. S. i
H. ManihOt. Smoothish, with leaves 5 - 7 -parted into long narrow divis-
ions ; the lar-e and showy corolla pale yellow with a dark eye : the leaves of
the involucre hairy and soon falling oil': introduced or cult. S. \V. 11
• 15. GOSSTTPIUM, COTTON". (Name given by 1'liny, from the Arabic.)
Plants now ditfiised over warm countries, most \aluablc for the wool on the
: the species much mixed up.
G. hcrbaceum, COMMON COTTON. Cult. S. Leaves with 5 short and
roundish lob"- : petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. i
G. Barbadense, BARBADOES on SEA-ISLAND C. Cult, on the coast S.
Inclining to be shrubby at base; branches black-dotted ; leaves with "> longer
lance-Ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and
Blender leeth ; petals \ellowisb or whitish with purple ba-e.
G. arbbreum, THI.K C. Cult. S., only for curiosity, has 5-7 nearly
lanceolate and fcipcr-poiiitcd lobes to the leaves, leaves of involucre slightly
toothed, and a purple corolla with a darker centre.
•* -
CAMELLIA OK. TEA FAMILY. , .»
23. STERCULIACE^, STERCULIA FAMILY.
Chiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the TIIEOBROMA or
CHOCOLATE-TREE ; in common cultivation known here only by a
single species of
1. MAHERNIA. (Name an anagram of Hcrmannia, a genus very like
it.) Calyx, corolla, &c. as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens only 5,
one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the base and'en-
larged about the middle, and the anthers with '2 parallel cells. The edge- of
the base of the petals rolled inwards, making a hollow claw. Ovarv 5-celled,
with several ovules in each cell : styles 5, united at the base.
M. verticillata. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories pro-
ducing a succession of honey-yellow sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender
peduncles, all winter and spring ; a sort of woody perennial, with slender and
spreading or hanging roughish branches and small green irregularly pinnatifid
leaves ; the specific name given because the leaves seem to be whorled ; but this
is because the stipules, which are cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves.
24. TILIACE.S3, LINDEN FAMILY.
Chiefly a tropical family, represented here only by an herbaceous
CORCHORUS on our southernmost borders, and by the genus of line
trees which gives the name.
1. TILIA, LINDEN, LIME-TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin
name.) Sepals 5, valvate in the bud, as in the Mallow Family, but decidu-
ous. Petals a, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous;
their filaments cohering in 5 clusters, sometimes with a petal-like body in each
cluster ; anthers 2-celled. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, having 2 ovules in
each cell, in fruit becoming a rather woody globular 1 - 2-seeded little nut.
Style 1 : stigma 5-toothed. Embryo with a slender radicle and leaf-like lobcd
cotyledons folded up in the albumen. Trees with mucilaginous shoots, fibrous
inner bark (liast), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate leaves more
or less heart-shaped and commonly oblique at the base, deciduous stipules,
and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey-bearing flowers, borne in carly
snmmer on a nodding axillary peduncle which is united to a long and narrow
leaf-like bract.
* ^1 petal-like scale before each petal, to the base of which lite stummx are joined.
T. Americana, AMERICAN LINDEN or COMMON B.vss\vooi>. A hand-
some and large forest-tree, with leaves of rather firm texture and smooth or
smoothish both sides, or in one variety thinner and more downy but not white
beneath.
T. heterophylla, WHITE LINDEN. Along the Alleghany region from
Penn. and Kentucky S. ; has larger leaves silvery white with a fine down under-
neath.
* * No scales with the stamens. Natives of Europe.
T. Europsea, EUROPEAN L., embraces both the SMALL-LEAVED variety,
which is commonly planted about cities, and the LARGE-LEAVED or DUTCH L.,
with leaves as large and firm as those of our wild Basswood.
25. CAMELLIACEJE, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple feather-veined leaves,
and no stipules ; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, reg-
ular, with both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud ; the very
numerous stamens with filaments more or less united at the ba~e
with each other and with the base of the corolla : anthers 2-celled :
ovary and thick or woody pod 5-celled, with one or more seeds in
76 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY.
each cell. The petals themselves are commonly more or less
united at their lia-e; they an- ;"» or -oim-timrs 6 or even more in
number in natural flowers, and in cultivated plains apt to be in-
by doubling.
f, from Cli'ui'i, .I«)>tni, ,)•<:: fine of the inn> : - entirely separate :
'HK'itly there is <t i/i-mluii'mi frmii biwli l<> .<•/«//.< and petals.
1. CAMKI.I.IA. Numerous M'parate inner stamens within the ring or cup formed
by the united ba-es of the very numerous outer siainen-. Style 3 - u-cleft.
isaally -in^le in each cell of the thick and woody pod. Leaves
' rate.
2. Till'. A. Separate interior stamens only as many as the petals (5 or 6): other-
wise i, >-arly like Camellia: llowcrs less showy; bracts under the calyx incon-
spicuous.
* # Natives of South en stern States: stamens all uniti-il nt the base.
3. GORIJONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, one attached to the ba-e of each petal.
St v !e columnar: stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves
coriaceous or thickish.
4. STUAKTIA. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the fila-
ments. Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous.
1. CAMELLIA. (Xaini'il for <!. < '<nn<Uii* ur A'. //;/•/, a mi-ionary to China
in the 17th century.)
C. Japdnica, JAPAN CAMMI.I.IA, with oval or oblon- pointed and >liinin-
leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal (lowers, simple or dorble, red, \\liite, or
variegated, of very manv varieties, is the well-known and onh common species;
fl. through the winter, hardy only S.
2. THEA, TKA-1'LANT. (The Chinese name.) Genus too si i-htly dif-
ferent from Camellia. Shrubs, natives of China and Japan, >parinu-|y cult,
for ornament.
T. viridis, GUKKX or ('IIMMDN T. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate,
much longer than wide ; the white llowcrs (!' or nmre broad) iioddin- on short
stalks in their axils.
T. Boh6a, n»m.A T. Leaves smaller and broader in proportion ; proba-
bly a mere variety of the other.
3. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and another Scotchman of the
same name.)
G. Lasianthus, LOIU.OT.I.Y BAY. A handsome shrub or small tree, in
swamps near the coast from Virginia S., with ever-reeii and smooth lance
obl'eiu leaves taperiiii;- to the base and minutely sen-ate, and showy white tlow-
(•]•> L'' - •"•' across, in sprm^ and summer, on a slender peduncle; the >tamens
short, on a '•> !<>lied caij).
G. pubescens, al.-o called KI;\NKI I'M \, after />/•. i'miikHn. (Jrows only
in (icor^ia and l-'lorida : a tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner
nml deciduous leaves whiti-h downy beneath, as are the sepal-- and (white)
petals, and lunger Mylc and lilameiils, the latter in :> di.-tinct parcel- one on the'
lia.-e of each pclal.
4. STIIARTIA. (Named for ./<•/<;) Stuart, the /,n,-,/ ]l,itr at the time of the
American Kc\ nlntion. ) nriiamental shrubs, with thin leave- and hand-omc
whit«- llo\\cr> -2' or-"' aci-o-s, in late spring or early summer, wild in shady
woods of Sonthern States.
S. Virginica, :^rows in the low country from Virginia S. : shrub 8° -12°
lii.ii'h, with finely serrate leaves soft-downy underneath, pure white petals, purple
stamens, one Mvle, and a roundish pod.
S. peiltagyna, bel,»n-- lo the mountains S. of Virginia, and in cult, is
hardy N. ; has smoother leave- and rather larger very hand-ome llm\er<, their
petals ja-ucd-cdu-cd anil tinned with cream-color, the >epals often reddish out-
side. :. .-cpiiratc >i\l«-s, and a :> an-lcd pointed pod.
GERANIUM FAMILY. 77
26. LINAGES, FLAX FAMILY.
A small family, represented here only by the main genus,
1. LINUM, FLAX. (The classical Greek and Latin name. ) Flowers (see
Lessons, p. 14, fig. 9 and 10 and p. 98, tig. 281) usually opening for only
one day, and in sunshine, regular and symmetrical ; the persistent sepals,
deciduous petals, slightly monadelphous stamens, and mostly the styles 5, but
the latter are sometimes fewer, occasionally partly united : ovary and pod
with as many 2-seedcd cells as there are styles, or mostly twice as many and
one-seeded, each cell being divided more or less by a false partition. Seeds
with a mucilaginous coat and a large straight oily embryo. Leaves simple,
nearly sessile, and entire. Fl. all summer.
* Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, ivitk small yellow flowers.
L. Virginianum, the commonest WILD FLAX, in dry woods, 2° high,
with spreading or recurving terete branches at the summit' of the stem ; the
leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers
scattered ; styles separate ; pod little larger than a pin's head.
L. Striatum, also common, mostly in boggy grounds, like the first ; but
has the branches shorter, scattered along the stem, and sharply 4-angled with
intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of the stem-leaves opposite and
oblong ; flowers more crowded.
L. SUlcatum, much less common, in dry soil, also has grooved (upright)
branches, but the leaves are linear and Mattered ; flowers and pods twice as
large; sepals sharp-pointed, 3-nerved and with rough glandular margins ; styles
united half-way up.
* * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with 5 styles and largish handsome flowers.
L. USitatlSSimum, COMMON FLAX. Cult, from Old World, and inclined
to run wild in fields ; with narrow lanceolate leaves, corymbose rich blue flow-
ers, and pointed sepals. (T)
L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Cult, from Fu. in some varieties, for
ornament, wild beyond the Mississippi ; less tall than the foregoing, narrower-
leaved ; sepals blunt; petals sky-blue, sometimes pale, at least towards the
base. 2/
L. grandifibrum, LARGE-FL. RED FLAX. Cult- as an annual, from
North Africa ; 1° high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and showy crimson-red
flowers. 0 2/
* * * Cultivated in conservatories, shrubby, with 3 styles and larger/lowers.
L. trigynum, of India, has rather large elliptical leaves, and a succession
of large and showy bright-yellow flowers.
27. GERANIACEJE, GERANIUM FAMILY.
As now received a large and multifarious order, not to be char-
acterized as a whole in any short and easy way, including as it does
Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood-Sorrels, Balsams, &c., which have
to be separately described.
§1. Flowers regular and symmetrical : sepals persistent. Herbs.
1. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in
the bud. .Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter.
Styles 5, separate on a 5-celled ovary, which becomes a membranaceous
several-seeded pod. Juice sour and watery. Leaves commonly of three
obcordate or two-lobed leaflets, which droop at nightfall. Flowers usually
open only in sunshine.
2. LIMNANTHES. Sepals and petals 5, the former valvnte, the latter convolute
in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 5. Stamens 10, separate at the ba-c.
Style 1, five-lobed at the apex, rising from the centre of a deeply five-lobed
ovary, which in fruit becomes 5 separate thickish and wrinkled akencs.
Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets cut or cleft.
78 GKKANIUM FAMILY.
3. FL'KRKEA. Sepals small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; and
•neiis 6 : otherwise like Limnanfhe-.
4. Gl-'i; XNH'M. S B, the former imbricated, the latter commonly
convolute in the bud. Glands on the receptaele. B, ;ilternute with the petals.
Stamens in monadelphous at the base, the alternate filaments shorter, but
u-uallv bearing ambers. Style 5-cleft. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed, the lobes
separating when ripe into r> two-ovuled but one-seeded carpels or little pods
which reiiiMin ham/ing by their long naked recurving styles as these split Off,
from below upwards, from a long central beak or axis. (Lessons, p. 112,
fig. 358. :;:>!).) Leave-, with stipules Herbage scented.
6 EROD1UM. Stamen- with anthers only f>. Styles when they split off from
the beak bearded inside, often twisting spirally ": otherwise as Geranium.
f 2. Flows someKltut irrryular, Geranium-like. Shrubby or fleshy-stemmed.
6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petal- 5 ; the base of one sepal extends down-
ward on one side the pedicel forming a narrow tube or adherent spur, and
the two petals on that side of the flower differ from the rest more or less in
size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 10, commonly 7. Pistil, &c.
as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules.
§ 3. Flou-ers very irregular, spurred, also unsymmi-trical. Tender herbs.
7. TUOP.EOLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and in the upper side of the
flower extended into a 1 .,ig descending spur. Petals 5. or sometimes fewer,
usually with claws : the two upper more or less different from the others
>nd inserted at the mouth of the spur. Stamens 8, unequal or dissimilar ;
filaments usually turned downwards and curving. Ovary of 3 lobes .sur-
rounding the base of a single style, in fruit becoming 3 thick and fleshy
closed separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, climbing
by their long leafstalk- ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and taste
of Cress. Leaves alternate: stipule-' none or minute. Peduncles axillary,
one-flowered.
8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each
not readily distinguished. There are 3 small outer pieces plainly sepals, ""
one side of the flower ; then, on the other side, a large hanging sac contracted
at the bottom into a spur or little tail; within are two small unequally 2-lobed
petals, one each side of the sac. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly
cohering around and covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a
several-seeded pod : this bursts ela.-tically. flying in piece- at the touch,
scattering the seeds, separating into "> twisting valves and a thickish axis.
Style none. Seeds rather large. Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs,
with simple leaves and no stipules.
1. OXALIS, W(X)I)-S( IHUICL. (Name from (Jreek words meaning sour-
suit, from the oxalates or " salt-of-sorrel " contained in the juice.)
# ^,'n/ii-i s/KrvV x, /Inn-iT/iitf iln'on'ili tin' mnniiH'i' : l«itl<t* broadly obcordate.
O. Stricta, YKLLO\V W. Extremely common in waste or cultivated soil
and open woodlands ; stems .'!' - 12' high! leafv ; slender peduncle's bearing an
umbel iil'2-C) small yellow (lowers, followed by slender pods. (T) 2/
O. AcetOSella, Tiui; W. Common iii mossy woods N. ; the leafstalks
mul 1 -flowered scapes 2' - 4' high from a creeping scaly-toothed niotstock ;
(lower rather large, white with delicate reddish veins. 2i
O. Violacea, VIOI.KT W. Common S., rarer N.. in rocky or sandy -oil ;
leal-talks and slender >cape from a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel,
middle-si/.ed, violet. 2/
#* Cultivated in conservatories, from ('<ii><-<>t ('«»»! //"/)<•.
O. Bowiei, a stemle— species, with a small bulb on a spindle-shaped root;
leal'-ialks and few-llo\vercd scapes ('>'- 111' high ; broad obcurdale leaflets almost
2' long ; petals deep rose-color, I' long.
O. specibsa is more hairy; leaflets obovate and scarcely notched, nun-
monh crim.son underneath, only I ' long ; scapes short, 1 -flowered; petals 1^'
long, pink-red with a yellowish base.
O. flava, from a strong bulb send- up to the surface a short scaly stem,
bearing thick Hattish leafstalks and short 1-tlowered scapes ; the leaflets 6 - 10
and linear ; petals nearly 1' long, yellow, often edged with reddish.
GERANIUM FAMILY. 79
O. versicolor, the commoner and prettiest species, from small bulbs sends
up slender steins, 2' -.3' high, hearing at summit leaves of 3 almost linear leaf-
lets notched at the end, and slender 1 -flowered peduncles; petals 1' long, white
or tinged with rose, with bright pink-red margins underneath, so that the blos-
som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above when
it opens in sunshine.
# * * Cultivated from South America for the edili/e, tulirrs.
O. crenata, the OCA of Pern, rather common in France, bears abundance
of potato-like tubers as large as pullet's-eggs ; stem leafy, 2° high ; leaflets
obcordate ; peduncles several-flowered ; petals yellow, rather large, crenate or
several-notched at the end.
2. LIMNANTHES. (Name from Greek words for marsh flower: but in
fact the plant flourishes in merely moist soil.) (T)
L. Douglasii. Cult, for ornament from California ; a low and spreading,
mostly smooth, and slightly succulent, garden animal, with leaves of 5-7 oblong
or lanceolate and often 3 - 5-cleft leaflets, and rather neat flowers (in summer),
solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; the petals white with a yellow base,
wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice the length of the calyx, about |' long.
3. FLCERKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (Named for Flcerke, a German
botanist.) ®
F. proserpinacoides, in marshes and wet alluvial soil ; a small and in-
significant plant, with the 3-5 leaflets lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2 — 3-
cleft ; the axillary and peduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer),
the oblong petals shorter than the calyx and entire.
4. GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (From old Greek name for the Crane,
alluding probably to the long beak in fruit.) The following are wild species
of the country : the so-called Geraniums of cultivation belong to Pelargonium.
Sepals usually slender-pointed. Fl. spring and summer.
G. maculatum, WILD or SPOTTED CRANESBILL. Common in wood-
lands and open grounds ; stem erect from a stout root or rootstock, about 2°
high, hairy, branching and terminating in long peduncles bearing a pair of
flowers ; leaves palmately parted in-to 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions cut and cleft
at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge-obovate, light purple,
^' long, bearded on the short claw. 2/
G. Carolinianum, CAROLINA C. In open and mostly barren soil ;
stems erect or soon diffusely branched from the base, only 6'- 18' high ; leaves
palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut divisions ; peduncles and pedicels
short ; flowers barely half as large as in the foregoing, the pale rose-colored pet-
als notched at the end. (T) ©
G. Robertianum, HERB ROBERT. Common N. in shady rocky places ;
very strong-scented, loosely hairy, diffusely spreading ; leaves finely cut, being
divided into 3 twiee-pinnatitid divisions ; flowers small ; petals pink or red
purple. ©
5. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (From Greek name for a Heron.)
E. cicutarium, COMMON S. Nat. from Eu., in sterile soil, but not com-
mon, except in Texas and California, where it greatly abounds; low, hairy and
rather viscid ; the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate, and the leaflets finely
once or twice pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small pinkish
flowers, in summer. (T) @
6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum-
mer-garden culture. (Name from Greek word for the Stork, from the beak of
the fruit, which is like that of Geranium.) All are perennials, and most of the
common ones more or less shrubby, natives of the Cape of Good Hope ; in
cultivation so mixed up by crossing that students will hardly be able to make
out the species. The following are the types or originals of the commonest
Sorts.
80 GKKAXIUM FAMILY.
§ 1. Lraves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes entire : stuns
P. peltatum, Ivv-i.i. AVI.H I', (imcmlly smooth, tin- leaf tixcd
the niiddk', with or without a darkish /< ACTS pink or varying to white.
§ 2. I.t-iirix round and crenate, very n!:si-nr< '// many-lobed and >/•///< <i i/ufi nurrnuf
xmiix : jn/n/K nil of 0 • (*-ni'l< t, ]>inl,', <>r run/i'n/ In ir/n'ti), tin' hrn
upper a little narrower tlmn /In- ntlura: stems erect, shrubby and succulent.
/'',. two species greatly mi.ru/.
P. ZOnale, HOKSE-SHOK 1'. So called t'roin t lie dark horse-shoe mark or
zone, which however is not always present ; sinoothi-h ; petal* narrowish.
P. inquinans, STAINIM. or SCAIM.ET 1'. In the uiiniixi'd stale i> -oft-
ilowny and clammy, the leaves without the /.one ; petals broadly obovate, origi-
nally intense .-earlet.
§ 3. Leaves rounded, moderately ifut nil luiml : branches scarcely succulent: pet-
iiln never scarlet, the tin* n/i/n r more or A.s-\ Im-tj, i limn lli<> three lower.
* I^'iin-s sweet-scented, r/'/n-ti/ <»• soft-downy: jl«ir< rx xiim/l : stems or branches
herbaceous or half herbaceous, .*./</•<!»////-/ m- straggling.
P. capitatum, ROSK-SCEXTED P. Softly hairy, with the rose-scented
leaves moderately lobed, the loin's short and broad; peduncle bearing many
sessile' flowers in a head ; petals rose-purple, barclv .', ' loiiir.
P. toment6sum, PEPPERMINT P. I)ensel\ soft-hairy: branches long
and tliiekish ; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 open lobes,
velvety-hairy both sides; flowers on lon^- pedicels in panieled umbels, insi-nili-
carit ; petals white, the .'5 lower a little longer than the calyx.
P. odoratissimum, NI;TME<;-SCEXTEI> 1*. Branches slender and strag-
gling, from a very short scaly stem or ha>e ; leaves rounded and crenate, soft-
yelvety, small; flowers on short pedicels, very small; petals white, scarcely
exceeding the calyx.
* * 1. 1 tin:* unt sweet-scentsd : Jlninrs l<tri/i\ /n'nL-, /n/i-/>/i . n-/,/'/,, ^v., tf/c tim
II/I/IIT /H'talx luiii/i r unit Li-n,i<li r limn tin tlini' lurirnnd streaked or spotted :
shrubby <m<l im-t. (All much mi. ml.)
P. CUCUllatum, COWLED P. Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney-shaped leaves
cupped, soft-downy.
P. COl'datum, HEART-I.KAVKD P. Like the last or less hairy, with flat
o\ ate-heart-shaped lea\ <>.
P. angulbsum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves rii^id, in-
clined to be lobed, truncate or even wed^e-shaped at the base (scarcely ever
heart-shaped), sharply toothed.
§ 4. /.' avt .•; decidedly lobed »r rut, in some s/i«-i< * compound <»' decompound,
* Smtit'tli mill /ni/r /ir ijltiu, v.»s, i-niini/'il, jHi/nnili'li/ 5-7-r/r/?.
P. grandiflbrum, GREAT-I-I.O\VKI:ED P. Shrubby; peduncles bearinir
about .'1 lar-e tlo\\ers, with white petals l\> Ion-, the t\\o upper lar-cr and ele-
-.uiily veined or \ arie^ated with pink or rose-color.
* * Sill.-i/-l)f>iiri/, i>iiiiinti'/i/ veined and somewhat />i>ni>iti/i<L
P. tricolor, THREE-COLORED 1'. Lou. rather shrubby ; the long-petioled
small le:ive> lane, '-oblong ; peduncles bearinu '2 or :t show v flowers ; the three
louep petals white, the two upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base, and
rather smaller, £' long : not common.
* # # Soft-hoary or velvety, palmatelyS-parted, small: no obvious stipuks.
P. exstipulatuin, Pi:\\v-K<>Y \t. I'. Low, rather shrubby ; leaves with
the sweet .-cent of IVliny-Koval or I>eru'aniot, .',' wide, the lobes wedge-shaped
and cut-toothed ; flowers small and insignificant, white.
* * * * f/niri/, rum/l/is/i, tir ilmi-ni/ : /ninx mori- nr ANV ninnatifid Or />i»nati>/y
coiii/iiiiini/ IT tin- iiiniii IO'HX iir t/irtsiniis jiiiiii'itifiil , Im/sdi/iir ur atronif-
ilnl : sti>
P. quercifolium, OAK-LI. \vi i> I'. Shrubby, hairy and glandular;
leaven deeply Einnate-piooatifid, with wavy toothed blunt "lobes (the lowest
RUE FAMILY. 81
ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark-colored
along the middle, unpleasantly scented ; petals purple or pink, the two upper
(!' long) miK-li longc>t.
P. graveolens, HEAVY-SCENTED P. Shrubby and hairy like the last ;
leaves pahnately 5- 7-lobed or parted and the oblong lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ;
petals shorter.
P. Hadula, ROUGH P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with short bris-
tles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and the divisions
pimmtely parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with revolute margins ;
peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals rose-color striped or veined
with pink or purple.
P. fulgldum, BRILLIANT P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, downy ;
leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped and 3-lobed, the
middle one oblong and cut-pinnatitid ; calyx broad in the throat ; petals
obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, ^' long.
P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very short
from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy ; pet-
als dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night.
7. TROP-ZEOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Name
from a Greek word for a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a
group of shields.) Cult, from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament,
and the pickled fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor
and pungency : fl. all summer, showy.
T. majus, COMMON N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely climbing ;
leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the middle ; petals much
longer than calyx, varying from orange to scarlet and crimson, pointless, entire
or a little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at
the base : also a full double variety. ©
T. minus, SMALLER N. Smaller ; petals paler yellow and with a pointed
tip. Now less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. ©
T. tuberdsum, TUBEROUS N. Less common ; leaves with 5 rather
deep lobes ; petals entire, orange, scarcely longer than the heavy-spurred orange-
red calyx ; tubers edible. 2/
T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Climbing high ; leaves deeply
5 - 7-lobed and cut ; spur hooked or curved ; petals light yellow, the 2 upper
lobed, the 3 lower small and fringed. ©
8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWEL -WEED, BALSAM.
(Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) Ours arc all
tender and succulent-stemmed annuals : fl. all summer.
I. pallida, PALE T. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest X ,
1° — 4° high, branched; leaves alternate, oval; flowers panicled, pale yellow
dotted with brownish-red (rarely spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped
with a short incurved spur.
I. fulva, SPOTTED T. Commoner S. ; has smaller orange-colored flowers
spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into an inflexed
spur (spots and spur rarely wanting).
I. Balsamina, GARDEN BALSAM, from India. Low, with crowded lan-
ceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short-spurred
flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades (from white to red
and purple) ; the finer sorts full double.
28. RUTACE.aE, KUE FAMILY.
Known by the transparent dots or glands (resembling punctures)
in the simple or compound leaves, containing a pungent or acrid
bitter-aromatic volatile oil ; and stamens only as many or twice as
many (or in Orange and Lemon more numerous), inserted on the
base of a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which
82 KUK FAMILY.
sometimes elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the
2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or alter-
nate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers only in
No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal.
§ 1. Perennial, strong-scented, hardy (exotic) kerbs : flowers perfect : stamens 8 or
10: ovary i-5-lobed,4-S-ceUed: seeds several.
1. RUT A. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded.
Leaves decompound.
2. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and lanceolate, on short
claws, the lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10; the long
filaments declining and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate.
Ovary a little elevated, deeply 5-lobed, in fruit becoming 5 flattened rough-
glandular 2 - 3-secded pods, each splitting wheu ripe into 2 valves, which
divide into an outer and an inner layer. Leaves pinnate.
§ 2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes perfect, small
(greenish or whitish) flowers: stamens 4 or 5, as many us the petals : seeds
sinyle or in pairs.
* Indiytnuus : leaves jnnnate or of 3 leaflets, deciduous.
3. ZANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious. Pistils 2 -5; their styles slightly co-
hering ; the ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and
2-valved little pods. Seed black, smooth and shining. Prickly trees or
shrubs: leaves pinnate.
4. PTKLKA. Flowers polygamous. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short
style, forming a 2-celled 2-seede 1 and rounded wing-fruit or samara, in shape
like that of the Kim. Not prickly: leaflets 3.
* * Exutic : leaves simple and entire, evergreen.
5. SKIMMIA. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2-5-celIed, with a single
ovule from the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe.
§ 3. Shrubs or trees, exotic, not Imrdi/, n-ith tweet-scented foliage and perfect flowers,
having numerous (20 - 60) $tttititii.<.
6. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5. thickish. Filaments irregularly united more
or less. Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (see
Lessons, p. 11.3, fig. 363), in fruit, becoming a thick-rinded many-seeded large
berry. Brandies usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, apparently simple, but
with a joint between the blade and the (commonly winged or margined)
petiole, showing that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet.
1. RUTA, RUE. (The ancient mime.) Natives of the Old World. ^
R. gravdolens, COMMON Uric. Cult, iii country gardens ; a bushy herb,
\voody or almost shrubby at the huso, with Muisli-^ivrii and strongly dotted
oblong or obovatc small leallets, the terminal onr broader and notrlird at the
end, and corymbs of greenish-yellow (lowers, produced all summer; the earliest
blossom has the parts in lives, the rest in fours. Plant very aerid, sometime:,
even blistering the skin.
2. DICTAMNUS, FKAXINKLLA. (Aneient Greek name.) Native of
Southern Knrope. 21
D. Fraxin611a. Cult, for ornament ; herb with an almost woody base,
viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic >cent ; the leaves likened to those
of Ash on a smaller scale ( whence i he common name) of y - i;f ovate and ser-
rate leaflets ; the lar^e llowers in a terminal raceme, in summer, in one variety
pale purple with redder veins, another white.
3. ZANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Name composed of two
(ireek words, meaning i/illmc «vW.) JJark, leaves, and little licshv pods very
pungent and aromatic.
Z. Americanum, NORTHERN P. or TOOTHACHE-TREE. Rocky woods
and banks N. ; a pricklv shrub or small tree, witli leaves downy when young,
of 9 - 1 1 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers in axillary clusters, in
QUASSIA FAMILY. 83
spring, preceding the leaves, cither the sepals or petals wanting ; pistils 3 - 5
with slender styles ; the little pods about the size and shape of pepper-corns,
lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on tliickish stalks.
Z. Carolinianum, SOUTHERN P. Sandy coast S. ; a small tree, the
hark armed with warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth,
with 7-9 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cyme,
in early summer, later than the leaves, with the petals and sepals both present,
3 or 2 short-styled pistils, and pods not stalked.
4. PTELEA, HOP-TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, from
the resemblance in the winged fruit.)
P. trifoliata, THREE-LEAVED H. Rocky woods from Penn. S. & W. ;
a tall shrub or small tree, with ovate pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of
small greenish-white unpleasantly scented flowers, in early summer; the orbic-
ular winged fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops.
5. SKIMMIA. (STcimmi is the name in Japan, from which country the
common species was recently introduced into ornamental cultivation.)
S. Japonica, a low quite hardy shrub, smooth, with oblong and entire
bright-green evergreen leaves crowded on the end of the branches, which in
spring are terminated with close panicle or cluster of small and white sweet-
scented flowers, of no beauty, but followed by bright red berries which last over
winter.
6. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, &c. (Ancient name for Citron.) Na-
tives of India, &c., cultivated with us only for ornament. Flowers white,
very sweet-scented, rather showy. The species or varieties are much con-
fused or mixed.
C. vulgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with broadly winged petiole ; fruit with a
thin roughish rind and acrid bitter pulp.
C. Aurantium, SWEET ORANGE, with a very narrow wing or slight
margin to the petiole ; fruit globose, with a smooth and thin separable rind
and a sweet pulp.
Var. myrtif61ia, MYRTLE-LEAVED or CHINESE ORANGE, dwarf, with
small leaves (!'- 1^' long) and small fruit, depressed or sunken at the apex.
C. Lim6niu.rn, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole,
oblong and acute toothed leaves, petals commonly purplish outside, and fruit
ovoid-oblong, with adherent rind and a very acid pulp.
C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, roundish or oval serrate leaves,
and globular fruit with a firm rind and sweetish pulp.
C. Medica, CITRON _( named from the country, Afirlia), with wingless
petiole, oblong or oval acute leaves, petals purplish outside, and a large oblong
sweet-scented fruit with a very thick roughish adherent rind, and slightly acid
pulp.
29. SIMARUBACE.aE, QUASSIA FAMILY.
May be regarded as RutaceJE without transparent dots in the
leaves ; here represented by a single tree, the
1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE-OF-IIEAVEN.
(Atlanta, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in terminal
branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, lo stamens in the sterile
flowers and few or none in the fertile; the latter with 2 to 5 ovaries (their
styles lateral, united or soon separate), which in fruit become linear-oblong
thin and membranaceous veiny samaras or keys, like those of Ash on a
smaller scale, but 1 -seeded in the middle.
A. glandulbsus, the only species known here, from China, is a common
shade-tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long pinnate leaves, and
many obliquely lanceolate entire or sparingly sinuate leaflets ; flowers in early
summer, ihc staminate very ill-scented.
84 CASHKW FAMILY.
30. MELIACEJE, MKLIA FAMILY.
Trees, chiefly with pinnatcly compound dotless leaves, stamens
twice as many as the petals ami muted up to or beyond tlie anthers
into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single style ; almost
all tropical, — represented in Florida and larlher south by SWIKTE-
NIA MAIIOOANI, tin- MAHOGANY-TUKK, and by an exotic shade-
tree at l he South, viz.
1. MELIA. (l Mil (Jreek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely different
tree.) Calyx 5 — 6-parted. I 'rials ~> or r>. linear-spatulate. Filaments united
into a cylindrical tube with a 10- 12-clcft mouth, cndo-ing as maiiv anthers.
Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony .">-celled stune, and a single seed
in each cell. Flowers in large compound panicles.
M. Azedarach, FKIDK-OF-IXDIA or CHINA-TREE. A favorite shade-
tree at the S., 30° -40° hitch, with twice pinnate smooth leaves, ovate and
pointed toothed leaflets, of a deep green color, and numer'ms fragrant lilac-col-
ored flowers, in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruity
31. ANACARDIACE.3E, CASHEW FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acid, sometimes poisonous, often
colored or milky juice ; alternate leaves without stipules ; small
flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; and a 1-celled 1 -ovule J
ovary bearing 3 styles or stigmas, — represented by the genus
1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient narrn.) Flowers polygamous or dioe-
cious, sometimes perfect, whilUh or greenish, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened di<k in
the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a small (Fry or berrv-like drupe, the solitary
seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell. (The astringent
leaves of some species are used for dyeing and tanning, tlio.-e of 1!. CIIRIA-
KIA in S. Kurope for morocco leather. The juice of some Japanese species
yield their famous lacquer; the fruit of another a sort of wax.)
§ 1. Cultivated from /•.'»/•»/>», with simple entin linns: not poisonous.
R. C6tinus, S.MOKK-TIJKI: or YI.NKTI.VN STMACII. Shrub 5° -9° high,
smooth, with obovate leaves mi -lender petioles. IOOM- panicles of flowers iu early
summer, followed rarely by little half-heart-shaped fruits: usually most of the
flowers an: abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and b'-ir long plumv
hairs, making large and liyht, feathery or cloud-like bunches, cither greenish or
tin.iccd with red, which are \ery ornamental. The same or one very like it is
wild in Alabama.
§ 2. \nlii-i- s/nriis, irit/i I-III/I/IIH/IK! linns n/'.'i-.'H Imtlits.
* Poisonous l<> lli<' lonrli fur iimst /ifii/ili . tin /ui'i; risiii'i'i.-i : time, rs in slender axil*
(ary panicles, m summit-: fruit smooth, t<'l<lt< or dun-color,
R. Toxicod6ndron, l'"isi>\ l\v or I'UISUN OAK. Common in low
grounds, climbiiiLC by rootlets <ner rocks, ^e., or ascending trees; leaflets ;)_
rhombic-ovate, often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pc'st.
R. venenata, I'OISUN Sf.M\rn, I'. FI.I.KI;, or 1'. l)n<.w. >,u>. In swampy
ground; shrub fi°-lS° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-l.'i obovato
entire leaflet-, and \ery slender panicles. More virulent than the foregoing.
* * Not poisonous : frnlt nil mi<1 In si I it-//// nihlish hairs, r<-ri/ arid.
•«- Lf iins /liiiiin/i' : J/iiifi /•.< u-li, 'tis/i, in lin-i/i ninl r. r// i-nm/xirl ti rminnl jxiniclts.
in nnli/ sni/ii/ii r, succeeded /«/ <t i-n/n/mi t muss i'/ ' i-rtiiisini fruit.
R. typhina, STACIKIKN Si MACII. Shrill) or tree, on hillsides, &e., 10° -
30° high, with resinous-milky juice, brownish-yellow wood, velvety-hairy
VINE FAMILY. 85
branches and stalks, and large leaves of 11 -31 lance-oblong- pointed and serrate
leaflets. Worthy to be planted for ornament.
R. glabra, SMOOTH S. Shrub :20-120 high, in rocky places, like the
la>t, but smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. LACINIATA, in Pcnn.,
has the leaflets rut into narrow irregular lobes : planted for ornament.
R. COpallina, DWARF S. Shrub l°-5° high, in rocky or sandy ground,
spreading by subterranean shoots ; with downy stalks or branches, petioles
winged or broadly margined between the 9-21 oblong or lance-ovate oblique
leaflets, which are thickish and shining above ; juice resinous.
•*- •*- Leaves of 3 cut-lobed hajli-ts : flowers lit/lit yi-lhnr, in sprint] before the leaves
ajipear, dicecioits, in small scaly-bracted and catkins-ike spikes.
R. aromatica, FRAGRANT S. A straggling bush in rocky places, from
Vermont W. & S., with the small rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young,
aromatic-seen ted .
32. VITACEJE, VINE FAMILY.
Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often acid
juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small greeni.-h flow-
ers in a cyme or thyrsus ; with a minutely 4 - 5-toothed or almost
obsolete calyx ; petals valvate in the bud and very deciduous ; the
stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ; a 2-celled ovary
with a pair of ovules rising from the base of each cell, becoming
a berry containing 1 — 4 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters
opposite the leaves.
1. V1TIS. Calyx very short, a fleshy disk connecting it with the base of the
ovary and bearing the petals and stamens.
2. AMPELOPSIS Calyx minutely 5-toothed : no disk. Petals expanditg
before they fall. Leaflets 5.
1. VITIS, GRAPE-VINE. (The classical Latin name.) Fl. in late spring.
§ 1. TRUE GRAPES. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the
top and thrown ojT without t.rpandinf/ : the base of the very short anil trun-
cate calyx fllled with tin (lisle, trhirh rlsi-s inti- 5 thick Mvs ort/hmds bi'tween
the stamens : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, usually 3 - b-lobed.
* Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant: exotic.
V. vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Cult, from immemorial time, from the
East, furnishing the principal grapes of our greenhouses, &c. ; some varieties
nearly hardy N. : leaves green, cottony only when very young.
* * Flowers more or less ]><>fyi/ann>us (some plants inclined to produce only stami-
nate flowers), exhalini/ a fragrance like that of Mit/nont-tte : natire species.
+- Bark of stem early separating in loose strips : panicles compound and loose.
V. Labrusca, NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE, the original of the CATAWHA,
ISABELLA, and furnishing most of the American table and wine grapes ; com-
mon in moist grounds N. & W. : leaves and young shoots very cottony, e\en
the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes separated by
roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when wild, dark
purple or amber-color, in compact clusters.
V. sestivalis, SUMMER GRAPE. Common N. & S. ; leaves green above,
and with loose cobwebby down underneath, the lobes with roundish open
sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier than in the foregoing, black
with a bloom, pleasant. Original of the CLINTON GHAPE, ^c.
V. COrdifolia, WINTER or FROST GRAPE. Common on banks of streams -.
leaves never cottony, green both sides, thin, heart-shaped, little lohed. but coarse-
ly and sharply toothed ; clusters loose ; fruit small, hhiiMi or black with a
bloom, very sour, ripe after frosts. Var. RIP\UIA, the common form along
river-banks W. has broader and more cut or lobcd leaves.
ft BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
-»- •»- Burl: n f stem close and smooth, pale.
V. vulpina, Mi SCADIM,, l'.n.i.\( K, or l-'ox-(iu.\PE of the South. River-
hanks t'nuii Maryland and Kentucky S. : leaves railicr small, round iu outline,
seldom and slightly lobed, glossy and mo.-tly smooth both sides, tin- mar-in cut
into coai" • and broad teeth; clusters small; fruit lar^c, £'-ij' in diameter,
])iir|)lc, thie.v --I;' incd, musky, or p!ea-ant-tlavored, ripe in early autumn : the
original of the .SCCI'PKKNO.NG GKAIM-:, &e.
§2. ClSSUS. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, tin' f'oninr "/miini/ rn/nl/ir/y : (lisle
tliifl: i mil I 'I'm i, I, 4 - :)-/ul>ul : jl<'"'< rs must It/ /n r/l <•! : In rriis nut /an/er than
/»<is, tint i-ntuJi/e.
* \ Vilil Species S. Sf W., smooth, nsnalli/ irilh .") stiiiinns ii/nl /n tills.
V. indivlsa, a species with simple leaves like those of a true (irapc, heart-
shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely-toothed, but not lobed ; flower-clusters small
and loose ; style -.lender.
V. bipinnata, a bushy or low-climbing plant, with lew tendrils, and de-
compound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed.
* * Exotic species, icit/i iiiosl/i/ 4 s/unn us antl
V. heterophylla, from Japan, a form \\ith the leaves blotched or varie-
gated with white (small, thin, variouslv :\ - 5-lobed), and small blue berries, is
hardy in gardens ; cult, for the variegated foliage.
V. discolor, from .lava, cult, in hothouses, for its splendid foliage ; leaves
lance-oblong with a heart-shaped base, crimson underneath, veh el \ -lustrous
and dark-green shaded with purple or violet, or often mottled with white, on the
upper surface, the shoots reddish.
2. AMPELOPSIS, VIKOIXIA-CMIKKPKK. (Xame from Greek words,
meaning lib- tin- Vine: indeed, it is hardly distinct enough from the second
section of Vilis.)
A. quinquef61ia, the only irenuine speeies : in all low grounds, climbing
cxten>ively, -ometimes by rootlets as well as by the tendrils, the latter specially
fitted for ascending walls and trunks, to which they attach themselves firmly by
sucker-like disks at the tip of their branches (Lessons, p. 41, li^s. 93, 94) ; leaf-
lets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, chan.u-'m^ to crimson in autumn ;
flowers cymosc, in summer ; berries small, black or bluish.
33. RHAMNACE^l, BUCKTHORN FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with simpk
chielly alternate leaves and small flowers ; well marked by the sta-
mens of (lie number of the valvatc sepals (4 or .'>) and alternate
with them, i. e. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk which lines
the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the ovary, this
having a single erect ovule in each of the (2-5) cells. Branches
often thorny: stipules rn'nutc or none: flowers often apetalous or
polygamous. Petals commonly hooded or involute around the sta-
men before it. (Lessons, p. 114, lig. '•>('<[, 3Go.)
» Calyx free from tlie ovary.
1. BKHCIIKMIA. Twining climbers, with ^tvaiu'lit-veiued loaves. Petals 5, with-
out claws, rather lunger than the stamen-. I>i>k thick, nearly filling the bot-
tom of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-eelled small stone-fruit, with
purple and thi'n pulp.
2. RIIA.MM'S. Krect shrubs or trees, with luoM'ly-veined leaves. Petals 4 or 5.
with short claws. Stamens short. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, becoming a black
berry-like fruit, containing 2-4 cartilaginous s ..... l-like nutlets, which are
grooved on the hack, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaccnus.
3. FnANGULA. I.iko IJhamnus, but with straight-veined leaves; the nutlet*
not grooved but convex on the back: cotyledons thick.
STAFF-TREE FAMILY. &7
* * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base qftJ/e orary and fruit.
4. CEANOTHUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or underslmibs. Petals 5, hood-
shiiped, spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled,
when ripe becoming a cartilaginous or crustaceous o-seeded pod.
1. BEBCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some botanist
of the name of Berchem.)
B. VOlubilis. Common in low grounds S., climbing high trees, smooth,
with very tough and liths stems (whence the popular name), small, oblong-
ovate and simply parallel- /eined leaves, and greenish-white flowers in small
panicles terminating the brauchlets, in early summer.
2. RHAMNUS, BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name ) Flowers green-
ish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, commonly polygamous or dioecious, in
early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish.
* Flowers irith petals, the parts in fours: leaves minute! u serrate.
R. catharticus, COMMON BUCKTHORN. Cult, from Eu., for hedges,
run wild in a few places ; forms a small tree, with thorny branchlets, ovate or
oblong leaves, and 3 - 4-seeded fruit.
R. lanceqlatus, NARROW-LEAVED B. Wild from Penn. S. & W. ; shrub
not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves, and 2-seeded fruit.
* * Flowers without petals: stamens and lobes of the calyx 5.
R. alnifdlius, ALDER-LEAVED B. Wild in cold swamps N. ; a low shrub,
with oval acute serrate leaves, and 3-seeded berry-like fruit.
3. FRANGUL A, ALDER-BUCKTHORN. (From frmit/n, to break, the
stems brittle.) Flowers greenish, generally perfect, and the parts in fives.
F. Caroliniana. Wild in wet grounds, from New Jersey and Kentucky
R. ; a thornless shrub or low tree, with oblong and almost entire rather large
leaves ; flowers solitary or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer ; the
3-sceded fruit black.
4. CEANOTHUS. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning, applied to
these N. American plants.) Flowers in little umbels or fascicles, usually
clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the
pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubby
plants, with white flowers. In and beyond the Rocky Mountains, especially
in California, are many species, some of them tall shrubs or small trees,
loaded with showy blossoms.
C. Americanus, NEW-JERSEY TEA or RED-ROOT. Wild in dry grounds,
l°-2° high from a dark red root; leaves ovate or oblong ovate, finely serrate,
downy beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (used as a substitute for tea in
early times, the use lately revived) ; flowers crowded in a dense slender-peduu-
cled cluster, in summer.
C. pvalis. Wild on rocks N. from Vermont to Wisconsin : lower than the
preceding and smoother, with smaller narrow-o\al or lance-oblong leaves, and
larger flowers on a shorter peduncle, in spring.
C. microph^llus, SMALL-LEAVED C. Dry barrens S. : low and spread-
ing, much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3-ribbed ; flower-
clusters small and simple, in spring.
34. CELASTRACE^E, STAFF-TREE FAMILY.
Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and decid-
uous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and petals
both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number of the latter,
alternate with them, and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and often covers the 2-5-celled few-ovuled ovary ; tne
seeds usually furnished with or enclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril.
NH SOAl'UKi.UY FAMILY.
Represented both as to native and cultivated plants by two
genera :
1. CKLASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the
of a concave di.sk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and
style ratlin- slender. l'<"l LM"»ular, berry-like, but dry. I.i-aves alternate.
2. EUONYMUS. I- 1.. WITS perfect, ilat ; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or .0) widely
spreading. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers,
borne on the surface c,f a lat disk which more or less conceals or covers
the ovary. Pod 3-5-lobeJ, generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite:
branchlets 4-sided.
1. CELASTRUS, STAFF-TREE. (Old Greek name, of obscure mean-
ing and application.)
C. SCandens, CLIMHING BITTER-SWEET <>r \V\\-WUKK. A twining
high-climbing shrub, smooth, with thin ovate-oblong ami pointed finely f-crratc
leaves, racemes of greenish-white flowers (in early summer) terminating the
branches, the petals serrate or crenale-toothed, and orange-colored berry-like
poiU In autumn, which open ami display the seeds enclosed in their scarlet
pulpy aril : wild in luw grounds, and planted for the showy fruit.
2. EUONYMUS, Sl'INDLE-TREE. (Old Greek name, means of good
n /in/,-.) Shnilis not twining, with dull-colored inconspicuous (lowers, in small
cymes on axillary peduncles, produced in early summer; the puds in autumn
ornamental, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in
thvir scarlet pulpy aril.
* Leaves deciduous, finely serrate : style short or nearly none.
•*- North American species : anthers sessile or nearly so.
E. atropurpureus, BruNixc-nrsii or SPINDLE-TREE. Tall shrub, wild
from \e\v York \V. & S., and comnionly planted ; with oval or oblong petioled
leaves, flowers with rounded dark dull-purple ]ietals (generally 4), and smooth
deeply 4-lobcd n-d fruit, h:muin^ on slender [ieduiH']e>.
E. Americanus, AMEEICAJN SrKAwnEuitv-nfsn. Low shrub, wild
from New York \V. >£. S., ami soinetimcs cult. ; with thickish ovate or lance-
ox ate almo-t se>sile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple rounded petals, and roiifih-
warty somewhat :Mobed fruit, crimson when ripe. Var. onov.Vrrs, with
thinner and dull obovutc or oblong leaves, has IOIIL;- and spreading or trailing
and routing branches.
-i- •*- l'.r«ti<- : anthers raised on evident filaments.
E. Eui'OpSBUS, Ei i:<)i-i:.v.v SPINDLE-TRKE. Occasionally planted, but
inferior to the lore-niu^ ; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovate or oblong short-
petioled leaves, about .'Mlowered peduncles, 4 greenish ob'.on^ petals, and a
smooth 4-lobed red fruit, the1 aril orange-color.
# * l.,<ir,s (i-iri/rt in, xi-rriitatt' : filaments iind style rather sl<'>i</< r.
E. Jap6nicus, JAPAN S. Planted S. under the name of CHINESE Box,
there hardy, but is a greenhouse plant N. ; has obovate shining and bright
^reen leaves (also a Conn with \\hite or yellowish variegation ), several-llo\\ cred
peduncles, 4 obovate whiti>b petals, and smooth globular pods.
35. SAPINDAC^E.Sl, SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
Tree-, shrtiUs, or one or two herbaceous flimlirrs, mostly with
compound <>r lohcd leaves, and uiisyrametrical flowers, the stamens
sometime, twice as many as the petals or lobes of the calyx, but
commonly rather fewer, when of equal number alternate with the
pel;ils ; these imbricated in the hud, inserted on a di-k in the bottom
of the ealyx and often coherent with it : ovary 2 - 3-ee!led, sometimes
2 - 3-lobed, with 1 -3 (or in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell
The common plants belong to the three following suborders.
SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 89
I. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY; has perfect and regular
flowers, stamens as many as the petals, several bony seeds with
a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite compound leaves
both stipulate and stipellate.
1. STAPHVLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the
margin of a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 3, slen-
der, separate or lightly cohering: ovary strongly 3-lobedi in fruit becoming
a bladdery 3-lobed 3-celled and several-seeded large pod. Shrubs, with pin-
iiately compound leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets.
II. SOAPBERRY FAMILY PROPER ; has flowers often
polygamous or dio3ciou>, and more or less irregular or unsymmetri-
cal. only 1 or 2 ovules, ripening but a single seed in each cell of
the ovary, the embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No
stipules.
* Leaves alternate. Pod bladdery-inflated, except in No. 4.
2. CARDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, with twice ternate and cut-toothed leaves, climb-
ing by hook-like tendrils in the flower-clusters. Sepals 4, the inner pair
larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, that of the two
upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a deflexed
spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands,
one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side of
the flower away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles
or stigmas 3, short: ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from
the middle of each cell. Fruit a large and thin bladdery 3-lobed pod: seeds
bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base.
3. KCELREUTERIA. Small tree, with pinnate leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4
(the place of the others vacant), each with a small 2-parted scale-like appen-
dage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging into a lobe before each petal.
Stamens 5-8. declined: filaments hairy. Style single, slender: ovary trian-
gular, 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladderv, 3-lobed,
3-celled.
4. SAPINDUS. Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Sepals and petals each 5,
or rarely 4; the latter commonly with a little scale or appendage adhering to
the short claw. Stamens mostly 8, equal. Style single: ovary 3-lobed,
3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit mostly a globular and fleshy
1-celled berry (the other cells abortive), filled with a large globular seed, its
coat crustaceous: cotyledons thick and flesh}'.
* * Leaves opposite, ofo-9 digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not. inflated.
6. ^SCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
more or less unequal, on claws enclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Sta-
mens 7, rarely 0 or 8: filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as
also the minute stigma: ovary 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell.
Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, ripening 1 -3 very
large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds: the kernel of these consists uf the very
thick cotyledons firmly joined together, and a small incurved radicle.
III. MAPLE FAMILY ; has flowers generally polygamous
or direcious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobed and 2-celled
ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening a single seed
in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with long and thin coty-
ledons, coiled or crumpled. (See Lessons, p. 15, fig. 11 - 13, &c.)
Leaves opposite : no stipules.
6. ACER. Trees, or a few only shrubs, with palmately-lohed or even parted leaves.
Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, ami stamens 3 - 8 or rarely
more, borne on the edge of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit
a pair of samaras or key-fruits, united at the base or inner face and winged
from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 3-ce!led and the fruit 8 -winged.
7. NEGUXDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3 - 7 leaflets, and dioecious very
small flowers, without petals or disk; the calyx minute: stamens 4 or
Fruit, &c. of Acer, g » p , ^
90 SOAPBERRY FAMILY.
1. STAPHYLEA, BLADDKK-NTT. (Name from a Greek word for a
luiiK-li of grapes, little applicable.)
S. trifolia, AMI.KK AN 15. Shrub 8°-10° high, with greenish striped
branches, •'{ ovate pointed serrate leaflets, d.cidiiou.- >npule-, and lianvJie.;
raceme-like clusters of white flower- at tin- end of tli«- braii'-hlct.- oft;
in -prill;:, followed by the large bladdery pud-. Low Around, common X. oc \V.
S. pinnata, EUROPEAN B., occaMomdly planted, is very similar, hut ha-,
five leaflets.
2. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALL< >< >N-YI.\K, HEART-SEED. (The
latter is a translation of the (ireek name.)
C. Halicacabum, the coinmon species, wild in the S. W. State-, is cult,
in gardens, lor the curious inflated pods ; it is a delicate' herh. climbing over
low plants or spreading on the ground, with small white (lowers, in -ummcr.
3. KCELREUTERIA. (Named for Kcelreuter, a German botanist.)
K. paniculata, a small tree from China, planted in ornamental grounds ;
has pinnate leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or cut leaflet-, and a
t. rminal ample branched panicle of small yellow flowers, in summer, followed
by the bladdery pods.
4. SAPINDUS, SOAPBERRY. (Sapo Indus, i. e. Indian soap, the berries
ii-cd as a substitute for soap.)
S. marginatUS, wild S. & W. : a small tree, with 8-20 broadly lanceolate
falcate leallets on a win-le-s but often margined common -taik, and Miiull white
(lowers in panicles, in .summer, the whitish berries as large as bullets.
5. JESCULUS, IIOUSK-CHESTNUT, ]>,C< 'KKYK. (Ancient name
of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these tree- on account of
their large chestnut-like seeds. These, although loaded with farinaceous
nouri>hm.'nt, arc usually rendered uneatable, and even poi-onons, by a bitter
narcotic principle.) Flowers in a terminal crowded panicle, in late spring or
early summer.
§1. TitrK IIoitsr.-CiiKSTNUTS : Hating <>f . l.s/W, with broad ami xpmiding
/„ ln/a n,i nhort i-linrx, iin<l fruit more or A-ss lux. t irit/t jirir/.-lt/ ]x>intx.
^E. Hippocastanum, COMMON II. Tall fine tree, with 7 leaflets, and
l:ir_M' (lowers of .") petals, white, and spotted \vith Mime purple and yellowish;
stani"iis ;, d •clined : of late there is a double-flowered variety.
JE. rilbiCVinda, Rr.n II. Less tall, (lowering even as a shrub, with
brighter trrecn leaves of 5-7 leaflets, flowers with 4 ro-c-ivd petals not so
spreading, and mostly 8 stamens less declined. Probably a hybrid between
Horse Chestnut and s..me red I'.n.-k. \c.
§ '2. < 'iili/'oniinn, m'tlt 4 ormnj xj>r«nl/'ni/ /iiiuls <»i ruiln r >•/. n<l< r i-/,in:t.
^3. California, CALIKOKMAN- II. Low tree, of r, slender-stalked leaf-
lets, and a long very compact raceme-like panicle of small white or rosy-tinged
llo\\ei-, ; Stamens 5- 7, slender ; fruit large, with some rough points.
§ 3. MITKIH i:s : H/'. \ilitnt !<• f. N., n-iili 4 erect and sjnaller petals on slauL r<'/,?n'.i.
IE. parvifl6ra, SMALT, BcCKinr.. Wild in th- upper country S., and
planted N. ; shrub .3° - 9° high, with ~> - 7 leatlet- >oft downy underneath, slen-
der raceme-like panicle 1° long, and capillary stamens very much longer than
the narrow white petals; (lowering N. as late as midsummer; fruit smooth ;
Is small, almost eatable.
7E. gl£bra, FETID or Onto BIM-KKYE. W. of the Alleghanies; tall
tree, with ") nearlv -niooth leaflets, a short panicle, stamens moderately lon-cr
than the somewhat uniform pale yellow petals, and fruit prickly roughened like
that of IIoi-M'-Chcstnut.
M. flava, YELLOW or SWEET BUCKEYE. W. \ S. ; tree or shrub, with
5-7 smooth 'or smoothish leallets, a short dense panicle, oblong calyx, and
SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 91
stamens not exceeding the connivent light yellow petal?, these of two dissimilar
pairs, the longer pair with very small blade ; fruit smooth.
Var. purpurascens, PURPLISH B., has both calyx and corolla tinged
with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneaMi.
.33. Pavia, RED BUCKEYE. IS. & W. ; shrub <>r low tree, like the last,
but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals bright
red : showy in cultivation.
6. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name.) Mostly fine trees.
* Flowers in late spring or early summer, ap/xaring more or less later than the
leaves, i/> usually drooping racemes or corymbs, commonly terminating a
2 — 4s-leaved shoot of the season, greenish or yellowish, with petals : stamens
more than 5, generally 8.
-t- EUROPEAN MAPLES, planted for ornament and shade.
A. Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, with spreading
branches, ample 5-lobed leaves whitish and rather downy beneath, on long
reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, long racemes, and moderately spreading
wings to the pubescent fruit.
A. platanoid.es, NORWAY M., here so called. A handsome, round-
headed tree, with thin and broad smooth leaves, bright green both sides, their
5 short lobes set with 2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth, a small corymb of
flowers, and flat smooth fruit with wings 2' long, diverging in a straight line-
Juice milky • leaves holding green later than the others.
-i- •*- OREGON and CAHFORNIAN MAPLES, beginning to be planted East.
A. circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED or VINE M. Tall, spreading shrub with
thin and rounded moderately 7 - 9-lobed leaves, their lobes serrate, small corymbs
of purplish flowers, and wings of fruit diverging in a straight line.
A. macrophyllum, LARGE-LEAVED M. Small timber-tree, with thick-
ish leaves 6' - 12' across and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes with one or two sinuate
lobes or coarse teeth, many yellowish flowers in a compact raceme, and hairy
fruit with ascending wings.
-i- -i- -t- NATIVE STRIPED and MOUNTAIN MAPLES.
A. spicatum, MOUNTAIN M. Tall shrub, common N., with slightly 3-
lobed and coarsely toothed leaves downy beneath, and upright dense racemes of
small flowers, followed by small fruits with diverging narrow wings. The latest-
flowering species.
A. Pennsylvanicum, STRIPED M., also called MOOSE-WOOD and
STRIPED DOGWOOD. Small tree, common N., with light-green bark striped
with darker lines, large thin leaves finely sharply serrate all round, and at the
end with 3 short and very taper-pointed lobes, slender hanging racemes of rather
large green flowers, and fruit with diverging wings.
* * SUGAR MAPLES. F/oirers appearing with the If ares in spring, in uniM-
like clusters, on long ui\n>piii<) pedicels, greenish-yellow, without petals: sta-
mens 7 or 8.
A. saccharinum, ROCK or SUGAR M. Large tree, common especially
N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of its sap ; with rather deeply 3 - 5-
lobed leaves pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and the lobes
with one or two sinuate coarse teeth ; calyx bell-shaped and hairy-fringed ;
wind's of fruit ascending, barely 1' long.
Var. nigrum, BLACK SUGAR M., a form with leaves green or greener
and more or less downy beneath, even when old, the sinus at the base apt to be
deep and narrow.
* * * SOFT MAPLES. Flowers in earliest spring, tint,-// pm-idii/t/ the leaces, in
umbel-like clusters _ front separate lateral bml-i : /m/,'rf/s at Jirst short, the
fruiting ones leni/t/ienhu/ and drooping : stamens 3 -6 : fruit n'jic and Jail-
ing in early siimnii r.
A. dasycarpum, WHITH or SILVER M. A handsome tree in low
grounds, with long and spreading or drooping branches, soft white wood, very
92 POLYGAI.A KAMILY.
deeply .">-lohed leaves -ilver\ -white ami when yonn^ downy beneath, the narrow
Ioli"-'co.ir.-cly cut ami toothed: (lowers --iv. ui-li, in carlie-t spring, without
petals; fruit woolly when MUIHL;, Imt -oon smooth, 2' — 3' long including the
;;n-at 1 11 \ '.T- in ir wind's.
A. rilbrum, Ui-i> »f SWAMP M. Rather small tree, in wet grounds,
with soft white wood, iv.ldi-h twin-, moderately 3 - 5-lobed leaves whitish be-
neath, the middle lobe lon-e-t, all irregularly serrate; (lowers scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yello\vi-h (later than in the tore-oin- species) : t'ruit smooth, with
the slightly spreading win-- 1' or less in leu-ili, often reddish.
7. NEGUNDO, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, BOX-ELDER. (Obscure
or unmeaning name.)
N. aceroidcs. A hands.. ..... , rather small tree, common from 1'enii. S.
& \V., with li-ht jrreeu twi-s, and drooping clusters of small -r.M-ni.~h (lowers,
in spring, rather earlier than the leaves, the fertile ones in drooping racemes,
the olilonu fruits half the length of the very veiny wini: ; leallets ovate, pointed,
coarsely toothed, very veiny. A variety with white-variegated leave- is lately
cult, for ornament.
36. POLYGALACE.SS, POLY GAL A FAMILY.
Bitter, some of thi-in medicinal plants, represented mainly, and
here wholly, by the genus
1. POLYGALA, MILK WORT. (Name from Greek word-, meaning much
milk; Imt the plants have no milky juice at all: they are thought to have
h.-en so named from a notion that in pa-mira-v they increased the milk of
cows.) Flowers remarkahly irregular, in outward appearance as if papiliona-
ceous like those of the next family, but really of a <|iiitc ditf'eivnt structure.
Calvx persistent, of 5 sepals ; three of them small, vi/.. two on the lower, and
one'on the upper, sid" of the blossom ; and otic on each >ide called »•///</.>• which
are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within the-e. on tho
lower side, are three petals united into one body, the middle one keel-shaped
and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 8 or sometimes 0 : their
tilaments united b-.-low into a split sheath, separating above usually in tw.i
eipial sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal : anthers I -celled, Opening by
a hole at the top. Stvle curved and commonly enlarged above or variously
irregular. Ovarv 2-eelleil, with a single ovule han-'inu' from the top of each
cell, becoming a small tlattish 2-seeded pod. Seed with an appendage at thy
attachment (caruncli ) : embrvo -Irai-ht. with Hat cotyledon.- in a little albu-
men. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our nathe -]»-eie- are nu-
m<-roii-, mostly with small or even minute tlowers, ami are rather difficult to
studv. The following are the eommone^t.
§ 1. .\iitii-i- s/Mi-iix. Inn- In rli*, ;;/<<s7/// smooth.
« /•'II//T/-S i/i //«i/-, sniiii fiiriiiiii/ i/rt i >i in drying, in dense spikes or -heads : Imrt-s
nil* mull . < Iriiirim/ in /mi' <'/• ii-il filn;^ in /,/,i, -luim-iis, >'. /'.'. Fl. ainium r.
-t- \iiiin roiis xliort si/V.-rs "/' i/nl<!.< ill it
P. Cym6sa. Stem l°-3° hi-h, hrauchinj: at top into a (Mmipouml corymb
of -]iikes ; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small : u» caruncle to the >eed.
From North ( 'arolina S.
P. rambsa. Stem (I'- 12' hi-h, more branched ; lowest leavis obovate or
spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of -e.-d. Delaware ami S.
-»- H- Short and thick spila or head singlt : root-leaves clustered.
P. liltea, YI:I.I.«>W H vcnf.i.oi;'s-l?!TT<>N of S. Stem .V- 12' hijrh ; lower
leaves s|iatulaie or obovate, upper lanceolate ; (lowers bri-ht orange.
P. nana. Stems 1>' - 4' hiuh. in a cluster from the spatulate or linear root-
leaves ; tlowers lighter yellow.
* # /•'/«(/•<;•>• j»ir[>le or rom-<'nli>r, in u xin<il> (l,>isi s/>i/.-t terminating the stem of
: no subtt.rninf an flowers. Fl. all summer. i
o
TOLYGALA FAMILY. 9
t- Lea res all alternate, narrow.
P. incarnata. From Pcnn. W. & S. ; stem slender, 6' - 12' high ; leaves
minute and awl-shaped ; the three united petals extended below into a long and
slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous.
P. sanguinea. Sandy damp ground : stem 4' - 8' high, leafy to the top ;
leaves oblong-linear; (lowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pule or even white),
in a thick globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels.
P. fastigiata. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. ; slender, 4' - 10' high,
with smaller narrow-linear leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple
flowers, on pedicels as long as the pod ; bracts falling off.
P. Nuttallii. Sandy soil, from coast of Mass. S. ; lower than the fore-
going ; flowers rather looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl-
shaped bracts remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen.
->- -i- Leaves all or all the lower ones in ichorls of Jour.
P. cruciata. Low grounds : stems 3' - 10' high, 4-angled, and with spread-
ing branches; leaves linear or spatulate, mostly in fours; spike thick and short,
nearly sessile, its axis rough with pcr>istent bracts where the flowers have fallen ;
wings of the flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristly-pointed.
P. brevifdlia. Sandy bogs from Rhode Island S. : differs from the last
only in more slender stems, narrower leaves, those on the branches alternate,
the spike stalked, and wings of the flower lance-ovate and nearly pointless.
* * * Flowers (all xiniu//cr) orr-cnix/i-ir/iitr nr scnrrr/i/ timjul iritli /mrple, very
small, in slender spikes, none subterranean : leaves linear, the lower in
whorls of four or jive. ®
P. verticillata. Very common in dry sterile soil; stem 5' -10' high,
much branched ; all the leaves of the main stem whorled.
P. ambigua. In similar places and very like the last, chiefly S. & W.,
more slender; only the lowest leaves whorled; flowers more scattered and often
purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes.
* * * * Flowers white, small (in late spring) in a close spike terminating sim/ile
tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean: leans
numerous, all alternate. 2/
P. S6nega, SENKCA SNAKEROOT. A medicinal plant, commoner W.,
5'- 12' hiich, with lanceolate or oblong, or even lance-ovate short leaves, cylin-
drical spike, round-obovate wings, and small crest.
P. alba. Common only far W. & S. W. ; more slender than the last, with
narrow-linear leaves, more tapering long-peduncled spike, and oval wings.
***** Flowers roar-purple in a raceme, or sinale, largish : leaves alternate.
P. grandiflora. Dry soil S. ; pubescent, with branching stems 1° high,
lanceolate leaves, crestless flowers scattered in a loose raceme (in late summer),
bright purple turning greenish. 2/
P. polygama. Sandy barrens, with tufted and very leafy stems 5' - 8'
high, linear-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and many-flowered racemes of hand-
some rose-purple flowers, their crest conspicuous; also on short underground
runners are some whitish very fertile flowers with no evident corolla. Fl. all
summer. ®
P. paucif61ia, FRINGED POLTGALA, sometimes called FLOWERING WIN-
TERGKEEN. Light soil in woods, chiefly N. : a delicate little plant, witli stems
3' -4' high, rising from long and slender runners or subterranean shoot>, on
which are concealed inconspicuous fertile flowers; leaves few and crowded at
the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a slender-peduncled showy
flower from the axil, of delicate rose-red color (rarely a white variety), almnM an
inch long, with a conspicuous fringed crest and only 6 stamens ; in spring. 2/
§ 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good
P. Oppositif61ia, with opposite sessile heart->haped and mucronate leaves,
of a pale hue, and large and showy purple flowers, with :< tufted crest.
P. myrtif61ia, has crowded alternate oblong or obovate leaves, on short
petioles, and showy purple flowers 1' long, with a tufted crest.
94 PULSE FAMILY.
37. LEGUMINOS^E, PULSE FAMILY.
Distinguished by tin- jxi/n/io/'in-nn/s corolla (Le-sons, p. 91, fig.
261, '2(\->), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadelphous
or rarely distinct stamens ( Lr.-M.ns, p. 100, iig. 287, 288), and the
legume (lessons. p. 122, fig. 393, 394). These characters arc com-
bined in the proper Pulse Family. In the two other -real divisions
the corolla become.- Irs.- papilionaceous or wholly regular. Alternate
leaves, chielly compound, entire leaflets, and stipules are almost uni-
versal in this great order.
I. 1't'LSE FAMILY PROPER. Flower (always on the plan
of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i. e. the
standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other petals, or
only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the terms used to
denote the parts of this sort of corolla see Lessons, p. 91.) Sepals
united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves never twice com-
pound.
A. Stamens monadelphous or <H<nl<'l/>l(Ous.
§ 1. I/erbf. fltrubt, »r <»u n xwnll In < , nevt r ticitiiny, (rdiliity, nor tendril-bearing,
iri/li leaves Hint/lit- or .</':! or morr ilii/it'itt teujli-t*. mOlUulelpllOUS Sl<int^ti.<, mill
tin alternate Jim nntlicrs ili/triny in siee and shape from the otlier Jive: jfod
usually several-seeded.
1. LUIMNUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple : stipules adherent
to the base of the petiole. Flower* in a long thick rai-eine. Calyx deeply
2-lipped. Corolla of peculiar sli:ipc, the sides ol'ihe rounded standard being
rolled backwards, and the wings lightly cohering over and enclosing tin- nar-
row and incurved scythe-shaped or sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mostly
herbs.
2. CliOTALARIA. Leaves in our species simple, and with foliaceoua stipule?
free from the petiole hut running down on the stem. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel
scythe->haped, pointed. Stamens with the tube of filaments split down on
the upper side. 1'od inflated. Ours herbs.
3. GKNIM'A. Leaves simple and entire: stipules very minute or none. Calyx
5-cleft. Keel oblong, nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower
opens. 1'od mostly Hat. Low shrubby plants.
4. CY I'lSUS. Leaves of one or three leaflets, or the preen branches sometimes
leafless: stipules minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel
straight or .-omewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or
even"coiled up after the Mower opens. 1'od Hat. Seeds with a fleshy or
scale-like appendage (ulro/ilu'oh-) at the scar. Low shrubby plants.
6. LA I! I' KM M. Leaves of three leaflets: stipules inconspicuous or wanting.
Calvx with '2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed.
Ovary and tlat pod >,,mewliat stalked in the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar.
Trees" or shrubs, with golden yellow (lowers in long hanging racemes.
$ 2. Herbs, never tiriniiir/ nor t< iii/ri/-ln>irni:/, irith It nr, .< <>f :\ /, ,ijl, ft (run li/ more
but tin n digitate), ilnlr »i<n-</iiis cumi/mnl// more or It** t<>«tli«l (/r/iit-li 1$
r< •iniirk -ibl,' in llii.i f'ltiiiilii): fi/jmlts fniit/iifii'iii.-; "ml itiiiln/ ir'tlh tliv l>n*f <'J' the
pttii'l, (Lessons, p. tui/iii:. 177): stnnu-in tiiniJtljiliona : jjod l-ftw-teedtdi
never tiiri</rii urn** into joints.
# Leaves /liumt/i /,/ ;\-j'«li<'lit, , on /.< x. en % (!«•_, n,l h <n/t / /„ in,/ jointed with the com-
i/itin /it liult • II/HII; lln s/i/i l«it/itf
6. TKICOXI'.LLA. Herbage odorous. Flowers (in the common cult, species)
single and nearly sessile in the axil of the leaves. 1'od elongated, oblong or
lineal', tapering into a long-pointeil apex.
7. MKDICAtio. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, &c. Corolla short, not united
with the tube of stamens. I'od curve. 1 or coiled up, at least kidney-shaped.
8. MEL1LOTUS. Herbage sweet-scented. Flowers small, in slender racemes.
Corolla as in Medioago. 1'od small, but exceeding the calyx, globular,
wrinkled, closed, 1 - 2-seeded.
PULSE FAMILY. 95
* * Leaves mostly digitate or palmately 3-foliolate, all (with one exception) borne
directly on the apex of the common petiole.
9. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads, spikes, or head-like umbels. Calyx with
slender or bristle-form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly withering or becoming
dry and permanent after flowering; the claws of all the petals (except some-
times the standard) more or less united below with the tube of stamens or
also with each other. Pod small and thin single- few-seeded, generally in-
cluded in the calyx or the persistent corolla.
$ 3. Herbs or woody plants, sometimes twining, never tendril bearing, with the leaves
not digitate, or even diyitately 3-foliolate (except in Psoralea), and the leaflets,
nut tuuthed. (For Cicer see the next section.) Stipules except in No. 15, 20
and 27, not united with the petiole.
* Flowers (small, in spikes or heads] indistinctly or imperfectly papilionaceous. Pod
very small ami usually remaining closed, only 1 - 2-seeded. Calyx ^-toothed,
persistent. Leaves odd-pinnate, mostly dotted with dark spots or glands.
-t- Petals 5, on very slender claws : stamens monadelphous in a split tube.
10. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spread-
ing, borne on the top of the tube of the stamens; the fifth (answering to the
standard) rising from the bottom of the calyx, and heart-shaped or oblong.
Stamens only 5.
11. DALEA. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more
papilionaceous, four of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10
stamens.
•*- •*- Petal only one ! Stamens monadelphous only at the very base.
12. AMORPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other pet-
als wholly wanting) wrapped around the 10 filaments and style. Flowers
violet or purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes.
* * Flowers (large andshowy, in racemes) incompletely papili'maceous from the wings
or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod several-seeded.
M. ERYTHRINA. See p. 108.
* * * Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens
mostly diudelphous.
•<- Ovary l-ovuled, becoming a 1-seeded indehiscent akene-like fruit. Herbs.
13. PSORALEA. Leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, often glandular-dotted. Flowers (never
yellow) in spikes or racemes, often 2 or 3 under each bract. Pod ovate,
ihick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft persistent calyx, often wrinkled.
14. ONOBRYCHIS. Leaves odd-pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Flowers racemed,
rose-purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled and spiny-roughened or crested.
15. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers yellow, in heads
or short spikes, leafy-bracted. Calyx with a slender stalk-like tube, and
4 lobes in the upper lip, one for the lower. Stamens monadelphons: 5 longer
anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their middle. Pod Hat, retic-
ulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty lower joint. Stipules united
with the petiole.
16. LESPEDEZA. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules small and free, or fall-
ing earl}'. Flowers purple, rose-color, or white, in spikes, clusters, or pani-
cles, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous: anthers uniform. Pod flat and
thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty
lower joint.
•*- -t— Ovary with at least 2 ovules.
«-<• Pod separating into 2 or more small and closed l-seeded joints in a row.
17. DESMODIUM. Leaflets 3 (rarely only 1), stipellate. Pod -of very flat joints
(Lessons, p. 122, fig. 394), usually roughish and adhesive by minute hooked
pubescence. Herbs, with small purple, whitish, or purplish flowers, in racemes,
which are often panicled.
18. .ESCHYNOMENE. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat
joints. Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sometimes purplish externally),
few or several on axillary peduncles.
19. CORONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish oblong
or linear joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers in head-like umbels raised on
slender axillary peduncles.
96 PU.SI-. i A.MII-Y.
** ++ Pod indehiscent. very thick, 1 - 3-seeded. Calyx irith a long, thread-ghnped
or stalk-like lube. Leaves abrnj>'ly jiinnale : stipules muted n-iih the petwlf.
at base.
20. ARACHIS. Annual. Leaflets 4, straight-veined. Flowers small, yellow, in
axillary heails or spikes. Calyx with one narrow lobe making a lower lip,
the npper 1 p broad and 4-tootbed. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens
monadflphons, 5 anthers longer and fixed by near their base, the alternate
ones short and fixed by their middle. Ovary at the bottom of the very ]••• g
-talk-like tub.- of the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules: when the long style
and the cah x with the rest of the flower falls away, the forming pod is pro-
truded on a" rigid deflexed stalk which then appears, and is pushed into the
soil where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, thick, coriaceous fruit, which
contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds; the embryo composed of a pair
of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely .short nearly straight
radicle.
++ -H. *+ Pod continuous, i. e. not in joints, at length opening, 2 - several-seeded,
a. Leaves abruptly pinnatt : plants nut tunning. (Flowers in ours yellow.)
21. SESBANIA. Herbs, with many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous
stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Standard rounded, spreading: keel and style incurved. Pod usu-
nlly intercepted internally with cellular matter or membrane between the
SPGQS
22. CAR AG ANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets,
and a little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet: stipules minute or spiny.
Flowers solitary "or 2-3 together on short peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped or
short-tubular, 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect with the sides turned back:
the blunt keel and the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded.
b. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems not tinning.
1. Anthers tijipvd irith a little gland or blunt point.
23. FNDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby, when pubescent the close-
pressed hairs are fixed bv the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white,
in axillary racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard round-
ish, often persistent after the rest of the petals have fallen: keel with a pro-
jection or spur on each side. I 'oil oblong, linear, or of various shapes, com-
monly with membranous partitions between the seeds.
2. Anthers blunt and pointless.
24. TKPHROSIA. Herbs, with obliquely parallel-veined leaflets often silky be-
neath, and white or purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes: the
peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stand-
ard rounded, silky outside. Style incurved, rigid: stigma with a tuft of
hairs. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded.
26. KOBINI A. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels,
and often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and
showy, white or rose-color, in axillary r'cemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow
and covering the axillary bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two
upper tee.th partly united. Standard large, turned back: keel incurved,
blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly linear, flat, several -seeded,
margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin.
16. COLUTKA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipels to the leaflets: the flowers
rather large, yellow or reddish, in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed.
Standard rounded, spreading: keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long united
claws. Style incurved, bearded down one side. Pod raised out of the calyx
on a stalk 'of its own, thin and bladdery-inflated, flatfish on the seed-bearing
side, several — eeded.
27- ASTKA<; Abl'S. Herbs, without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish
rather small (lowers in spikes, heads, or racemes : peduncles axillary. Co-
rolla narrow: standard erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and
beardless. Pod commonly turgid or inflated and within more or less divided
lengthwise by intrusion of the back or a false partition from it.
(SwAixsn.NA, Si mi la.ANin \, and CLIAVUHS, plants from Australia,
New Zealand, and South Africa, with showy flowers and bladdery-inflated
pods (like Colutea), are sometimes cult, in conservatories, but are not com-
mon enough to find a place here.)
PULSK FAMILY. P7
C. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems immng : stipels obtcure : stipules small.
28. WISTARIA. Woody, high-climbing, with numerous leaflets, and large showy
bluish flowers, in hanging terminal dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth
on the upper and longer ones on the lower side. Standard large, roundish,
turned back: keel merely incurved, blunt. 1'od knobby, several-seeded.
29. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, with 5-7 leaflets, and sweet-scented
chocolate-purple flowers, in dense and short racemes: peduncles axillarv.
Calyx with 2 upper very short teeth, and one longer lower one, the side teeth
nearly wanting. Standard very broad, turned back: keel long and scy*.he-
shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. Pod linear, flat, almost
straight, several-seeded.
d. Leaves of 3 leaflets (pinnately 3-foliolate) or rarely one, commonly stipellate.
1. Shrubby, or from a woody base : wings and sometimes keel, smnll and inconspicuous-
30. ERYTHRINA. Stem, branches, and even the leafstalks usually prickly.
Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Calyx without teeth.
Standard elongated: wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in
the calyx; keel much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small.
Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, knobby, usually opening only down the
seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet.
2. Herbs, mostly twiners, with wings and keel in ordinary proportion.
= Flowers not yellow: seeds or at least the ocules several: leaflets stipellate.
31. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla coiling into a ring or spiral, usually with
a tapering blunt apex: standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style
coiled with the keel, bearded down the inner side: stigma oblique or lateral.
Pod linear or scimetar-shaped. Flowers usually clustered on the knotty
joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent.
32. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle,
but not coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small.
Otherwise nearly as Phaseolus.
33. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the \fings: standard turned
back. Style naked. Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flat-
tened, mostly linear. Flowers clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme:
flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules and bracts small or deciduous.
34. AMPHICARP^EA. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt: the
erect standard partly folded around them. Style naked. Calyx tubular,
4-toothed. Flowers small; those in loose racemes above often sterile, their
pods when formed scimetar-shaped and few-seeded ; those at or near the
ground or on creeping branches very small and without manifest corolla, but
very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, mostly sub-
terranean pods, ripening 0113 or two large seeds. Bracts rounded and per-
sistent, striate, as are the stipules.
35. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equalling the wings: standard
large and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx
short, 5-cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long,
linear, with thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers
showy. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent.
36. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute: standard
much larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear,
flatfish, not bordered. 'Flowers large and showy, 1 - 3 on a peduncle. Stip-
ules, bracts, and bractlets persistent, striate.
37. HARDENBKRGFA. Keel small, much shorter than the wings, incurved,
blunt : standard large in proportion, rounded, spreading. Calyx short,
5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth united Style short, naked. Pod linear, not
bordered. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stipules and bracts small,
striate, mostly deciduous. Leaflets mostly single.
38. KENNEDYA. 'Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equalling or exceeding
the wino-s: standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed: 2 upper lobes partly
united. Style naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single
or few on the peduncle. Bracts and stipules striate.
= = Flowers yellow (sometimes purple-tinged outside ) : ovules only 2 : pod 1 - 1-seeded.
39. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex: standard spreading.
Calyx 4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves
mostly soft-downy and resinous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet.
i>8 ITLSK ^AMILT.
^ 4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril,
by whit.li tliL ji/'/iii iliin'if. "/• snjijK'1-iA //.si//'. <>r in mnmj l<./i- .<//. cits the tendril
!<> a iu< i< ///•/'...'/, in- li/i nr in Cic.-i', irlt'uli luif, liuttlitd lenllets, nil odd
linjl,t <-iimiii<iiitij ///.•!.< it# place : peduncles axillary : st'i/ntiis almost
diiidelphmts. ('<>'• , ;/ iltiik, so that titty remain underground in
f in the !'• 'i.
'i attire or sometimes /««/// «/ a/ tl« apex: radicle beat on the cotyledons :
sty/e injlcj-i:il : jjni/jlnt >>r jliiltidi.
40. PISI'M. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins
ivilexed and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, \w.<
down the inner edge. Pod several-seeded: seeds globose. Flowers large.
Leaflets only 1-3 pair~.
41. LATH VIM'S." Lobe-, of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the
back and front, bearded dnwn one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds some-
time- llatt Mi. Leaflets few or several pairs.
42. VICIA. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper
part. Pod 2 - several-seeded. Seeds globular or llatti>h. Leaflets few or
many pairs.
43. LENS. Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flatfish on the bark, and minutely
l>r:iri!ed down the inner f;:ce. Pod 1-2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular.
Flowers small.
« * Lea/!* tn toothed nil round, ami usually an odd one at the end in place of a ten-
dril : style incurved, naktd : radicle of the embnju nli/tnst straight.
44. CICFIJ. Calyx o-partc-d. ]>! turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds
large, irregularly ronmled-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-nowered.
B. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not tirinhnj nor climbing.)
§ 1. Leaves simple or of 3 diyitate leaflets.
45. CHORIZKMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves,
-i ;n-cclv any stipules, ami orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rouiiilnl
kidney-shaped :• keel straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid,
turgid, several-seeded.
46. BAI' 11 SI A. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly
of 3 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or
white. Standard erect, with the sides turned hark, about equalled by the
oblong and straightish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in
the calvx, many-seeded.
47. THERMOPS1S. ' Pod scarcely stalked, linear, flat. Otherwise as Baptisia.
§ 2. Leaves odd-pinnate.
48. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets.no obvious stipules, and hanging
terminal panicles of white flowers. Standard turned bark: the nearly sep-
arate straightish keel-petals and wings obloog, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in
the calyx, linear, very flat, thin, marginless, 4 - C-seeded. Base of the petioles
hollow and covering the axillary leaf-buds of the next vear.
49. SOPHoIJA. Trees, siirubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly
white or yellow flowers in terminal raceme-, or panicles. Keel-petals and
wings oblong, obtuse, usually longer than the broad standard. Pod com-
monly stalked in the calyx, terete, several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody,
hardly ever opening, but constricted across into mostly 1-seeded portions.
II. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Flowers more or less irregu-
lar, but not papilionaceous: when they seem to be so the petal
answering to the .standard will be found to be within instead of out-
side of the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate. The
leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is not the case in the
true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed straight, the radicle not
turned against the edge of the cotyledons.
§ 1. Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if papilionaceotts.
60. CERC1S. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute early deciduous
stipules, anil small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on
old wood, earlier than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short,
PULSE FAMILY. 99
6-toothed. Petals 5, the one answering to the standard smaller than the
wing-petals and covered by them; the keel-petals larger, conniving but dis-
tinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. Pod linear-obloug, flat, thin,
several-seeded, one edge wing-margined.
§ 2. Leaves simply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular.
51. CASSIA. Flowers commonly yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals.
Petals 5, spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10
or 5, some of the upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening
by a hole or chink at the apex. Pod many-seeded.
§ 3. Leaves, or at least some of them, tivice-pinnale.
52. CJESALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or
yellow perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading,
inore or less unequal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped
style. Pod flat.
53. GY.MXOCLADUS. Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stip-
ules, and dioscious or polygamous whitish regular flowers, in corymb-like
clusters or short racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx
tubular below, and with 5 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals
and 10 short stamens, those of the fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod
oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with a little pulp or sweetish matter
inside, containing few or several large and thick hard seeds (over ^' in diam-
eter); the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germination.
64. GLKU1TSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice pinnate or some of them
once pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules,
and small greenish polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3 -5-cleft,
the lobes and the 3-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens
3 - 10. Pod flat, very tardily opening, often with some sweetish matter around
the 1 - several flat seeds. Cotyledons thin.
III. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flowers perfectly regular, small,
crowded in heads or spikes ; botli calyx and corolla valvate in the
bud ; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually and petals frequently united
more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 4, 5, or more,
oiten very many, usually more conspicuous than the corolla and
brightly colored, the long capillary filaments inserted on the recep-
tacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of the seed straight. Leaves
almost always twice pinnate and with small leaflets, or apparently
simple and parallel-veined when they have phyllodia in place of
true leaves. The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous
character.
§ 1. Stamens once or twice as man;/ as the petals, 4 - 10. Ours herbs or nearly so,
iriih ruse-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets.
65. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more
or less united petals. Pod 'flat, oblong or linear: when ripe the valves fall out
of a persistent slender margin or frame and also usually break up into one-
seeded joints.
56. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united
up to the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and nar-
row, splitting lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts.
57. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens
5 or 10. Pod flat, smooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin.
§ 2. Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees.
58. ALBIZZIA. Flowers flesh-color, rose-color, or nearly white; the long stamens
monadelphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond
the middle. Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically.
Leaves twice pinnate.
59. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color: the stamens separate and very
numerous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals,
various.
100 PULSK FAMILY.
1. LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Old Latin name, from lupus, a wolf, because
Lupines were thought In destroy the fertility of the soil.)
# \Vilil s/>ir/<-s of Atlniitii Stuti*, in siniili/ soil : .//. in S]trin;j. 2/
L. perermis, WILD L. Somewhat hairy ; with erect stem 1°- U° high,
7-11 s]i:itnl;ite oblong <>r ol(hinee<il;ite green leallets, and a long raceme of
showy purplish-blue (rarelv pale) Mowers, in late .spring.
L. vil!6sUS, < >XI:-LK \\ i i> L. Silky-downy, with short spreadiu'_' or
Ascending stems, oblong or lance-oblong simple ]ea\e-, and a dense raceme oi
blue, purple, or rose-colored flower-. .Near the coast. fn>m .North Carolina S.
# * Cultivated for <irn<nntnt : .// sunum r
L. polyphyllus, MANV I.I.\\M> L., is the principal hardv perennial
species of tlie gardens, from Oregon and California, 3° - 4° hi-li, rather hairy,
with 13-1") lanceolate or ohlanecolatc leallets, and a very long dense raceme
of liluc, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white (lowers, in June. If.
L. mutabilis, cult. as an animal, from South America, i- tall, verv smooth
throughout, with aliout 9 narrow-oblong hlunt leallets, and very large swect-
scented violct-]iurplc dowers (or a white variety), with yellow ami a little red
on the standard.
Ii. densiflbrUS, of California (where there are many line Lupines), l°-2°
hi<^h, is well marked by the numerous white flowers forming distinct and sep-
arate whorls in the long raceme. (T)
L. albus, of En., which the ancients cultivated as pulse, has the -everal
obovate-oblong leaflets smooth ahove, hut hairy licneath, white (lowers alternate
in the raceme, and lar^e smooth pods. (T)
L. hirSUtUS, cult, in old gardens, from Eu., is clothed with soft white
hairs; the leaflets. spatulate-olilon.Lr ; (lowers in loose whorls in the raceme, Klue,
with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. (V)
L. luteUS, the old YJ.I.I.OW L. of the -anlens, from Eu., silky-hairy,
rather low ; with yellow (lowers in whorls crowded in a dense spike. i
2. CROTALA.RIA, KATTLEW >X. (From Creek word for a niftl, . the
seeds raitlmv, ill the coriaceous inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil : fl. yel-
low, in summer.
C. sagittalis. Low, .V-fi' lii.uh, hraucliiug. Keset with rusty-c-olored
sjnvadiug hairs, with nearly ses-ile o\ al or lancc-ohlong leaves, and 2 or 3 flowers
on the peduncle. i
C. OValiS. Spreading, rou-h \\ith appre-~ed hair-; leaves short-jietioled,
oval, ohlimg, or lanceolate ; peduncle with 3-6 scattered flowers. 2/
3. GENISTA, WOAD-WAXKN, WHIN. (Celtic word : little bush.)
G. tinct6l*ia, DYER'S \Y. or (ii;i:KX-WKi:i>. Nat. from En. in sterile
soil E.. especially in .Mass. : low and iindershrnliliy. not thorny, with lanceolate
|ea\es, and liri-ht yellow rather small flowers somewhat ratvmed at the end of
the striate-angled ^reen hranchcs, in early summer.
4. CYTISUS. (Ancient Creek name, after an Maud where it grows.)
The following are the only species -enerally cultivated.
C. (or Sarothamnus) scoparius, SMIKH r.n.x.M. shruh, from
lOurope, 3° - 5° high, smooth, with lon^ and (oiiLih erect augh-d and -n-cn
liranc-lies, lieariii" small leaves, the |o\\er .-hort-petiolcd and with 3 ohovate
leaflets, the upper of a sin-le sessile leaflet, and in the axils lar_;e and showy
golden yellow flowers on slender pedicels ; calyx with •_' short and In-oad lips;
stxlc and stamens slender, held in the keel, hut di-eii-aued and suddenly start-
ing upward when touched (as when heo alight on the dellexed keel), the style
roiling spirally ; pod hairy on the cd-es. Hardy in pirden- N. ; running wild
in Virginia : ll. earlv summer.
\\i\~n I'.KUDM. so" called, hut is from I'ortiiLral, is another species, not hardy
here. Sr\\isii r.i.-odM i-i SCUMIIM JUNCEUM, of another genus.
C. Canai'i6nsis, from the Canar\ I-lands, is cultivated in conservatories;
a shruh with crowded slender branches, -oft -hoary leaxes of 3 very small ohovate
Wallets, and -mall \ellow swect-s.-enti-d flowers, produced all winter.
PULSE FAMILY. 101
5. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name. Genus separated from Cytisns
from the different appearance, and the seeds destitute of strophiole or append-
age at the scar.)
L. vulgare, COMMON LABURNUM, GOLDEN-CHAIN, or BEAN-TKI.I OIL-
TREE of Europe. Planted for ornament, a low tree, with smooth green hark,
slender-petioled leaves of 3 oblong leaflets (2' -3' long), and pretty large showy
golden-yellow flowers hanging in long racemes, in late spring ; pods with ono
thicker edge.
6. TRIGONELLA. (Old name, from Greek word for triangular, from the
shape of the corolla or the seeds.) Low herbs. T. C-&RU-LEA is the plant
used in Switzerland for imparting the flavor like that of Melilot to certain
kinds of cheese. )
T. Foenum-Grsecum, FENUGREEK. Occasionally cult, in gardens, in
Europe a forage and popular medicinal plant, strong-scented ; with wedge-
oblong leaflets, one or two nearly sessile small flowers in the axils, yellowish or
whitish corolla, and a linear long-pointed and somewhat curved pod 2' -4' long,
with veiny sides. ©
7. MEDIC AGO, MEDICK. (The old name of Lucerne, because it came
to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World : a few have run
wild here. Fl. all summer.
* Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 2/
M. sativa, LUCERNE or SPANISH TREFOIL. Cultivated for green fodder,
especially S. : stems erect, l°-2° high, from a long deep root ; leaflets obovate-
oblong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 2 turns.
* * Flowers yellow. @ @
M. lupulina, BLACK MEDICK, NONESUCH. A weed or pasture plant, in
dry or sandy fields, &v. : low, spreading, downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets,
roundish or at length oblong heads or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney -
shaped 1 -seeded pods turning black when ripe.
M. maculata, SPOTTED M. Waste sandy places, S. & E. : spreading or
trailing; with broadly inversely heart-shaped leaflets marked with a dark >p"t,
3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and a flat pod compactly coiled three or more turns,
its tbickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles.
M. denticulata, like the last, but rarer, with pod of looser coils, shaq>
edge, and mostly shorter prickles.
M. SCUtellata, SNAIL MEDICK, BEEHIVE. Cult, occasionally in gardens
for its curious pods, which are pretty large, coiled up like a snail-shell, in many
turns, smooth and even.
8. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER, (From Greek
words for honey and Lotus, i. e. Sweet Lotus: foliage sweet-scented, especially
in drying.) Natives of the Old World ; somewhat cult, in gardens, &c., and
running wild in waste or cultivated ground : fl. all summer. ' © ®
M. alba, WHITE M., BOKHARA or TREE CLOVER. Tall, 3° - 6° high,
jranching, with obovate or oblong leaflets truncately notched at the end, and
loose racemes of white flowers. Has been cult, for green fodder.
M. officinalis, YELLOW M. Less tall, 2° -3° high, with merely blunt
leaflets and yellow flowers.
9. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name : three leaflets.)
* Low, iiifn'f/nifiraiit weeds, nat.from Europe in dry waste fields, $-c. ©
•t- Flowers i/i/lou", in round heads, produced throiujh late summer and autumn,
reflexed and turning chestnut-brown, dry and papgry with aye.
T. agrarium, YELLOW Hop-C. Smootbish, 6' - 12' high, with ohovatc-
oblong leaflets all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole ; heads rather lar;e.
T. prociimbens, Low IIop-C. Smaller, spreading, rather downy, the
wedge-obovate leaflets notched at the end, the middle one at a littlo distance
from the others.
102 PULSE FAMILY.
-»- •»- Flowers flesh-color or whitish with <i /ntrp/is/i s/*>t, in a very soft, silky hmd.
T. arvense, KAiuur-roor «v SIMM: ('. Erect, silky-downy, especially
the oblong or at length cylindrical LrrayMi heads <>r spikes, the corollas almost,
concealed liy tin- plumose-silky calyx ; leaflets narrow.
* * Larycr, rose-rnl-jlmr, ,-, ,1 Clovers, <-ult. from Europe for fodder, or running
in'/,/ .- /mills t'hii-L- mill il> us' : i;,m/l,i tu/ni/nr, u'itln riii'j mnij aft< f jlower-
iin/: flowers sweet-sec nf></, in sminnir. 2/
T. pratense, RED C. Steins ascending; leaflets ohovate or oval, ofton
notched at tin- mil ami with a pair spot on the face; head closely surrounded
by the uppermost leaves.
"T. medium, Zn;/.v<; ('., with a y.i-/.aLr stem, more oblong entire ami
spotless leaves and head usually stalked, is rare, but has run wild E., and
passes into the last.
* * * L<»r, in'fi/ f '/urcrx, or one nil/, frnui Europe, with spreading or ruuninij
slims, mill must! if jii/li or irliit. floW€TS (r> nnii ni inj anil turn/ii'/ brOlOtUshttl
I'liiliiKi) mi jinHi-ils, in niniiil iiiiiln-ls or heads, on slender nafced peduncles :
jl. s/irini/ ninl summer.
T. reflexum, BI'FF.VI/> C. Wild S. and cspeciallv \\. : somewhat
downy, with ascending stem- 0' - 12' hijfh, obovatc-oKlon- finely-toothed leaf-
lets, heaiN and rose-red and whitish Howcrs fully as large, a^s in Red Clover,
calyx-teeth hairy, and pods 3 - .Vsecdcd. (T) @
T. Stolonif'erum, Hi SNINI; Hi FFALO C. Prairies and oak-openings
W. : like the last, or a variety of it, hut some of the .stems forming runners,
leatlets broadly obovate or inversely heart-shaped, flowers barely tinged with
purple, and pods 2-seeded. 11, 2/
T. Cai'Olinianum, ("AUOLIN.V C. Fields ami pastures S. : a little downy,
spreading in tuft* 5' -10' high, with small inversely heart-shaped leaflets broad
stipules, and small heads, the purpli>h corolla hardly longer than the lanceolate
calyx-teeth. Jj.
T. repens, WHITE C. Fields, £e. everywhere, invaluable for pasturage :
smooth, with creeping stems, inversely heart-shaped leaflets, long and slender
petioles and peduncles, narrow stipules, loose umbel-like heads, and white
corolla much longer than the .slender calyx-teeth. 1}.
10. PETALOSTEMON, I'RAIHIK CLOVER. (Name composed <>f
the ( ireek words for />itnl and sfmm n combined.) In prairies, pine-barrens, £c.
W. and S. : (lowers never yellow. 2/
* Hi mis rroii-iltl in a ruri/inli, leofy-bracted : tl. ln/i' in autumn.
P. COrymbdsUS. In southern ]mie-barrens ; li° higli, with leaves of 3-7
filiform leallets, and white flowers, the slender teeth of calvx becoming plumose.
* * Hinds or ninsf/i/ s/iikis simjli' ti nuitintiini sinus : //. summer.
P. violaceUS. 1'rairies \V. : smoothish or pubescent, l°-2° high, with
mo>tly .') narrow-linear leallets, a short sjiike even when old, rose-purplo flowers,
and hoarv calyx.
P. CarnPUS. Dry barrens S. : smooth, with branching stems, 5-7 linear
leallets. luiig-pedunclcd short spikes, flesh-color or pale rose flowers, and gla-
brous calvx.
P. cahdidus. Prairies W. & S. : smooth, 2° - 3° high, with 7-9 lan-
ceolate or linear-ohlon^ leaflets, long-pednncled spikes, with awn-pointed bracts,
and white flowers.
There are besides one or two rarer species W., and several more fnr W. & S.
11. DALEA. (Named for an English botanist, T/IIHIHIS Dale.) There are
many species S. \Y. beyond the Mississippi.
D. alopecuroides. Alluvial ri\er banks W. & S. ; with *;rect stem
l°-2° high, smooth leaves ((f many linear-oblong leaflets, and whitish small
flowers in a dense silky spike, in summer, (i)
PULSE FAMILY. 103
12. AMORPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Name, amorphous, wanting the
ordinary form, from the absence of four of the petals.) There are usually
little stipels to the leaflets. Fl. summer.
A. fl'Utic6sa, COMMOX A. River-banks from 1'enn. S. & W. ; a tall or
middle-sized shrub, sinoothish, with petioled leaves of 15-2.") oval or oblong leaf-
lets, violet or purple flowers in early summer, and mostly 2-secdcd pods.
A. herbacea (but it is not an herb) of low pine-barrens S., 2° -4° high,
often downy, has the leaflets more rigid, dotted, and crowded, villous calvx-
teeth, later blue or white flowers, and 1 -seeded pods.
A. canescens, called LEAD-PLANT ; in prairies and on rocky banks W.
and S. W. ; l°-3° high, hoary with soft down, with sessile leaves of 29-51
elliptical leaflets, sinoothish above when old, violet-purple flowers in late summer,
and 1 -seeded pods.
13. PSORALEA. ( Greek word for scurfy, from the ronghish dots or glands
on the leaves, calyx, &e.) Wild S. & W. : 11. early summer, violet, bluish,
or almost white, y.
* Leaves pinnatcly 3-folioIate, i. e. the side-leaflets a link Mow the apr.r of the
common petiole, or the uppermost of a simjle leajht.
P. Onobrychis. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois and §. : 3° - 5° high,
nearly smooth, with lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets 3' long, small flowers in
short-peduneled racemes 3' - 6' long ; pods rough and wrinkled.
P. melilotqides. Dry places, W. & S. : l°-2° high, somewhat pubes-
cent, slender, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaflets, oblong spikes on long
peduncles, and strongly wrinkled pods.
* * Leaves digitate, of 3 - 7 leaflets.
P. Lupinellus. Dry pine-barrens S. : smooth and slender, with 5-7 very
narrow or thread-shaped leaflets, small flowers in loose racemes, and obliquely
wrinkled pods.
P. floribunda. Prairies from Illinois S. W. : bushy-branched and slen-
der, 2° -4° high, somewhat hoary when young, with 3-5 linear or obovate-
oblong much dotted leaflets, small flowers in short panicled racemes, and glan-
dular-roughened pods.
P. canescens. Dry barrens S. E. Bushy-branched, 2° high, hoary-
pubescent, with .3 (or upper leaves of single) obovate leaflets, loose racemes of
few flowers, and a smooth pod.
P. argophylla. Prairies N. W., mostly across the Mississippi, widely
branched, l°-3° high, silvery white all over with silky hairs, with 3-5 broad-
lanceolate leaflets and spikes of rather few largish flowers.
P. esculenta, POMME BLANCHE of the N. W. Voyagcurs ; the turnip-
shaped or tuberous mealy root furnishing a desirable food to the Indians N. W. :
low and stout, 5' -15' high, roughish hairy, with 5 lance-oblong or obovate
leaflets, a dense oblong spike of pretty large (£' long) flowers, and a hairy
winted pod.
.4. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Name from Greek, means Asses-
food. )
O. sativa, COMMON S. Sparingly cult, from Europe as a fodder plant,
but not quite hardy N. ; herb l°-2° high, with numerous oblong small leaf-
lets, brown and thin pointed stipules, and spikes of light pink flowers on long
axillary peduncles, in summer, the little semicircular pod bordered with short
prickles or teeth. J£
15. STYLOSANTHES, PENCIL-FLOWER. (Name from Greek
words for column and flmrer, the calyx being raised on its stalk-like base.
The application of the popular name is not obvious. )
S. elatior, of pine-barrens from New Jersey and Illinois S., is an incon-
spicuous low herb, in tufts ; the wiry stems downy on one side ; leaflets lan-
ceolate, with strong straight veins ; flowers orange-yellow, small, in little
clusters or heads, in late summer, y.
104
FAMILY.
16. LESPEDEZA, Brsil-CLovKK. fNamed for £a»ped», a Spanish
bovernorol Florida.) All -row in san.lv <>\- sterile soil; fl. late MUUHKT
and autumn, y,
* .\atn-i- species; slifin/,s anil li-iirts niimitf.
-•- Flowers in dose spikes or heads <>n »/„•;,,/<( (-2° -4° lu',/1,} *///,/,/,> /•/<//>/ .sv^/w:
coratfa cream-color »,• ><•/,;/,• „•;//, ,, /„„-,,/, .,,.„,/_ „/„,;,/ ,/„ /, lll/f/i ,;f- tllf S.,Y/
downy calyx.
L. capitata. Leaflets olilon- or sometimes linear, silky beneath, tliieki>h ;
peduncles and petioles short; flowers in short spikes or heads; ealvx much
longer than the pod.
L. hirta. I. ratters roundish or oval, hairy or downy ; petioles and pedun-
cles slender; spike- hceoniin;; rather Ion- and loose.
-i- •*- Finn; r* violet-purple, x« uttered or in opm /»////-•/,>• ,„• ,•/./>•/</•>•, slen<Lr-p«lu,>-
<•/,!/, also usually some more fertile ones, mostly without petals, in small
' -
L. violacea. The commonest, and very variaMe, liii.-liv-liranchin-. erect
or spreading, with leaflets varyin- from ova'l to linear, and minutely whitish-
downy beneath, or sometimes silky ; the ordinary (lowers looselv paiii'el.d.
L. prOClimbens. Soft-downy, except the upper nirface' of the o.-al or
oblong leaflets, slender and trailing; peduncles slender and frw-tlowercd.
L. r6pens. Smooth, exerpt .some minute and scattered close-iircsM-d hairs
very slender, prostrate ; leaflets ol.ovate or oval (V lomr).
* * Naturalized in States, from China or Ja/>,iii : sti/mlcs ovate or lance-ovate,
s/n'nt, , /,,,1,/,-r tlinn tin' rt-ri/ slmrt petiole.
L. Striata. Introduced (more than 25 years a-o) in some unknown wav
into the Southern Atlantic States, now rapidly spreading and occupying ol'd
lields and waste jilace-, to the ^reat heneh't of 'the country, hein^ greedily fed
apon by cattle ; it is low and spreadin-, .3'- 10' high, much branched, almost
smooth, with oblong or wedge-oblong leaflets 4' - ^ long, and 1-3 small i,ur-
pli.-h flowers almost sessile in the axils.
17. DESMODIUM, TICK-TREFOIL. (Xamefrom C.reek, means /«„,,,/
I',:,'!!,,,-, irom the coaneeted joints of the pod.) T/ We have many native
species, common in open woods anil copses ; 11. late summer : the followin"
are the more' common.
§ 1. Xntiri- .<t/>,'n','s : tin' littlr joint* nft/ir />tn/ ailli, r,' to rlnthinrj or to the coals of
animals: jtmnrs *,iii<t/'iii<s tnniin;/ <//-, ,///>•// //, n-!th> riii'!.
P<xl mis, i//:/r <tt«>i;> tin- ,;,/,/,- „„ ,i */,;i,l,r stalk of its turn, strairjhtish on the
upper marain, divided from /«/.<»• into not more than 4 joints : i \< »r,r.t in
our long-stalked mil.-,, I /,/•»///<-// racem or panicle: plants smooth, l°-3°
high : stipules ••'•
D. UUdifl6rum. Flower-stalk and leaf-l)earinir stem risini: separately
from a common roof ; the leaves all crowded on the summit of the latter, anil
with broadly ovate Munti.-h leaflets, pale heneath.
D. acuminatlim. Flower-stalk terminatm- the stem, which hears a
cluster Of leaves ; the lar-e leaflets (4'-;V Imiir) n.und-ovalc with a taperiiii,'
point, or the end one blunter, -reen h.xh siilo.
* * Poil little if nt nil raisul almri' I /if ca/i/r.
•«- Stems <i;;-t, :i0-f,o /,/,//,.- sti/in/is A/n/c, ,,rat, or Ian,; -orate anil pnititxl.
stria/,-, />, rxistriit, the lirarfs similar out <l,-ciiln,itis : flint; rs lar,/, for the
i/'/in-:: ,-a,;-iu< s ],anirl«l : /io,/s ../' 4 - 7 rhombic-oblong joints, \arli joint
anoiit .',' loin/.
D. CUSpidatum. Very smooth, with a straight stem, lance-ovate and
taper-pointed leaflets (3' -5' Ion-) lon-er than (lie Common petiole, and pod
with smoothish joint-.
D. canescens. Hairy, with Kranehinu' stejns, pale leaves ; the ovate
bluntish leaflet- al.out the leiiL'th of the comnion petiole, reticulated hr-neath and
both sides rouyhish with line clo>e pulieseence ; joints of j>od verv adhesive.
PULSE FAMILY. 105
•i- H- Stems erect, 2° - 6° high : stipules and bracts mostly awl-shaped, small and
inconspicuous or early deciduous : racemes panicled.
*+ Common petiole slender : flowers smallish : joint ft of pod 3-5, unequal-sided.
D. viridifl6rum. Stem and lower surface of the broad ovate blunt leaf-
lets clothed with white and soft-velvety down. Pine-barrens, from New Jersey S.
D. laevigatum. Stem and the thickish ovate and bluntish leaflets smooth
or nearly so. From New Jersey S.
D. Dill6nii. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate bluntish thin leaflets
finely pubescent ; the latter 2' - 3' long.
D. paniculatum. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaflets lanceolate
or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3'- 5' long ; panicle loose.
D. Strictum. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow panicle
rough-glandular; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, l'-2' long.
From New Jersey S.
•w- •»-<• Common petiole very short.
D. Canadense. Stem hairy, 3° -6° high, leafy up to the panicle ; leaf-
lets lance-oblong, blunt, 2' -3' long; racemes dense, the pink-purple flowers
larger than in any other, fully £' long ; bracts large, conspicuous before flower-
ing. Chiefly N. & W.
D. sessilifolium. Stem pubescent, 2° -4° high; the long panicle naked ;
common petiole hardly any; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath ; flowers small. Penn. to 111. & S.
•>--(-->- Steins ascending or spreading, 1° — 3° long: stipules and bracts inrl-
shaped and deciduous : panicle naked, loose : flowers small : pod of 2 or 3
small oval or roundish joints.
D. rigidum. The largest of this section, with rough-pubescent stems
sometimes erect ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish and reticulated,
1' - 2^' long, longer than the common petiole.
D. ciliare. More or less hairy, slender, very leafy ; common petiole very
short ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, £' - 1' long.
D. Marilandicum. Smooth or nearly so, slender ; leaflets ovate or
roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole : other-
wise like the preceding.
•t — H- -i- H- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes axillary and terminal.
D. lineatum. Smoothish ; stem striatc-anglcd ; stipules awl-shaped,
deciduous ; leaflets orbicular, 1' or less in length, much longer than the common
petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod small. Pine-barrens from
Maryland S.
D. rotundif61ium. Soft-hairy; stems running 3° - 5° along the ground;
leaflets orbicular, about 3' long ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, per.-i>t-
ent ; flowers and the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large.
§ 2. Exotic, conservatory species.
D. g^rans, of East Indies, one of the most extraordinary plants known,
is readily grown as a tender annual : the smooth leaves are remarkable for their
movements ; the end leaflet slowly changing position with the light ; the lateral
ones, very much smaller, moving pretty rapidly up and down, in elliptical
sweeps, through the day when the temperature is about 80° Fahr.
18. ^ISCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT -VETCH. (From
Greek word meaning ashamed, the leaflets of some species being more or less
sensitive to the touch in the manner of the common Sensitive Plant.) Sta-
mens commonly in two sets of 5 each. Pod resembling that of Desmodium.
Fl. summer.
7F.. hispida. Stem rough-bristly, 2° -4° high ; leaflets very many, broadly
linear ; joints of the bristly pod 6 - 10, nearly square. Low grounds from
Penn. S. ©
.33. viscidula. Stems clammy-pubescent, slender, spreading on the ground ;
leaflets 7-9, obovate ; joints of the bristly pod 2 or 3, half-orbicular. Sandy
shores S. ®
I i if, PULSE FAMILY.
19. CORONILLA. (Latin, diminutive of corona, a crown.) Cult, from
Europe for ornament. 2/
C. varia, PI;HI-LK C«n:nvn,i. \. Hardy herb, spreading from underground
running .-hoots, smooth. '2° high, with 15-21 obovatc.-oval or oblong >mall
leaflets, and head-like umbels of hand.Mjinc pink-purple and white or white and
lilac flowers, all snnimcr.
C. glaiica, YICLI.OW SWKI i '-s. -i.\ i •) :n C. Green-house shrubby plant,
with ii-'J glaucous ohovate or olicordaic lcall«-t>, the terminal largest, and head-
like umbels of sweet-scented yellow flowers; the claws of the petals n«.t
lengthened.
20. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GROUND-NUT. (Meaning of name obscure.)
A. hypogaea, the only common species, originally from South America,
cult. S. : til- nut-like pods familiar, the oily fleshy seeds being largely eatcu by
children, either raw or roasted. ®
21. SESBANIA. ( Arabic name Sesban, a little altered.) Fl. late summer.
S. macrocarpa, wild in swamps S., is tall, smooth, with linear-oblong
leallets, few flowers on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, the corolla yellow
with some reddish or purple, followed by linear narrow hanging pods 8' - 12'
long, containing many seeds. ©
S. vesicaria (or GLOXTfuiuw FLORIDANUM), in low grounds S., resem-
bles the, ])receding in foliage and small yellow flowers, but has a broadly oblong
turgid pod, only 1' or 2' long, pointed, raised above the calyx on a slender stalk
of its own, only 2-sccdod, the seeds remaining enclosed in the bladdery white
lining of the pod when the outer valves have fallen. 0
S. grandifl6ra (or AGATI GRANDIFLORA), a shrub or tree-like plant of
India, run wild in Florida, occasionally cult, for ornament S., has very large
flowers, 3'-4' long, white or red, and slender hanging pods 1° or so long.
22. CARAGANA, PEA-TREK. (Tartar name.) Natives of Siberia
and China : planted for ornament, but uncommon, scarcely hardy N.
C. arbor6scens. SIHKUIAN 1*. Shrub or low tree, with spiny stipules,
4-C pairs of oval-oblong downy leaflets, a soft tip to the common petiole, and
solitary yellow flowers, in spring.
C. frutescens, has roft stipules, and only 2 pairs of obovatc leaflets
crowded at the summit of the petiole, which is tipped with a spiny point.
C. ChamlagU, CIIIXKSK P., a low or spreading shrub, has '2 rather dis-
tant pairs of smooth oval or obovate leaflets, the stipules and tip of the peiiolo
spiny.
23. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO-PLANT. (Name means producer of in-
i/ii/n.) Ours are tail perennials, sometimes with woody base, and numerous
small flowers in racemes, of S. State>, j,i dry soil : (1. summer.
I. Caroliniana. Wild from North Carolina S. : smoothish, with 10-15
obovate or oblong pale leallets, racemes longer than the leaves, flowers soon
brownish, and oblong veiny pods only 'J-<eeded.
I. tinct6ria. This and the next furni>h the indigo of commerce, were
cult, for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste places : woody at ba»e,
with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than the leaves, the detlexed knobby
terete pud-; curved and several-seeded.
I. Anil differs mainly in its flatfish and even pods thickened at both edges.
24. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (From Creek word meaning hoary.)
Native plants, of dry, sandy or barren soil, chiefly S. : tl. summer.
* fitnn rri-i/ /('-(/// ii/i tn tlit- ti rininnl mid sessile dense raceme or jxniicli'.
T. Virginiana. Called CATGUT, from the very tough, long and slender
routs; white silky-downy, with erect and simple stem l°-2° high, 17-29
linear-oblong leaflets, pretty large, and numerous flowers yellowish-white with
purple, and downy pods. Common N. & S.
PULSE FAMILY. 107
# * Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent : leaves scattered : racemes o/i-
jHisili' tin- li.-iirifi, !i>n<i-jit divided : flowers fewer and smaller: pubescence
mostly yellowish or rusty.
T. spicata. From Delaware S. : l°-2° high, loosely soft-hairy, with
9-15 wedge-obkmir or oltovate leaflets, and 6-10 rather large scattered white
and purple (lowers in the raceme or spike.
T. hlspidula. From Virginia IS. : low, closely pubeseent or smoothish,
with 11-15 oblong small leaflets, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole,
and 2-4 small reddish-purple flowers.
T. chrysophylla. From Georgia S. & W. : nearly prostrate, with 5-7
wedge-obovate leaflets, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest!
pair close to the stem ; flowers as in the last.
25. ROBINIA, LOCUST-TREE. (Dedicated to two early French bota-
nists, Robin. ) Natives of Atlantic, Middle, and Southern States, planted, and
the common Locust running wild N. Fl. late spring and early summer.
R. Pseudacacia, COMMON L. or FALSE ACACIA. Tree of valuable
timber, with naked branchlcts, slender and loose hanging racemes of fragrant
white flowers, and smooth pods.
R. viscdsa, CLAMMY L. Smaller tree, with clammy branches and stalks,
very short prickles, short and dense 'racemes of faintly rose-colored scentless
rowers, and rough clammy pods.
R. hispida, BRISTLY L. or ROSE-ACACIA. Ornamental shrub, with
branches and stalks bristly, broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle, large and
showy bright rose-colored flowers in close or loose racemes, and clammy-bristly
pods.
26. COLUTEA, BLADDER-SENNA. (Derivation of name obscure :
the English name refers to the bladdery pods and to the leaves having been
used as a substitute for those of Senna.)
C. arborescens, COAIMON B. European shrub, planted in gardens, with
7-11 oval and rather truncate leaflets, a raceme of 5-10 yellow flowers, in
summer, succeeded by the large very thin-walled closed pods.
C. cruenta, ORIENTAL B., with obovate notched leaflets, fewer flowers
saffron-colored or reddish, and pods opening by a little slit before they are ripe,
is scarcely hardy N.
27. ASTRAGALUS, MILK-VETCH. (Old Greek name of the ankle-
bone and of some leguminous plant ; application and meaning uncertain.)
Very many native species west of the Mississippi.
A. Canadensis. River-banks, the only widely common species ; rather
coarse, l°-4° high, slight! v pubescent, with leaves of numerous leaflets, long
douse spikes of greenish cream-colored flowers, in summer, followed by small
anil coriaceous ovoid pods, completely divided by a longitudinal partition. 11
A. Co6peri. Gravelly shores N. & W. : resembles the foregoing, but
smoother, l°-2° high, with small white flowers in a short spike, and inflated
ovoid pods about 1' long, thin-walled, and not divided internally ; fl. in early
summer. 2/
A. glaber. Pine-barrens S. : nearly smooth, 2° high, with very many
oblong-linear small leaflets, loosely many-flowered spikes of white flowers, in
spring, succeeded by oblong curved and flatfish 2-celled pods. 2/
A. caryocarpus, GROUND PLUM of the Western rai/ui/t'iirs. so called from
the fruit, which is of the size and shape of a small plum, and fleshy, but becom-
ing dry and corky, very thick-walled, 2-celled ; the plant low, smoothish, with
many small narrow oblong leaflets, and short racemes or spikes of violet-purple
or nearly white flowers, in spring : common along the Upper Mississippi and
W. and'S. on the plains. 2/
A. Villosus. Pine-barrens S. : low and spreading, loosely hoary-hairy,
with about 13 oblong leaflets notched at the end, a short and dense raceme or
ipike of small yellowish flowers, in spring, and an oblong 3-angled curved and
«oft-hairy pod, its cavity not divided. 2/
108 I'ULSE FAMILY.
28. WISTARIA. (Named for /W. \\'i.^>tr of Philadelphia.) Very orna,
mental woodv twiners : rl. sprim:.
W. frutescens, AMKHUVN W. Wild alonir streams W. and S.. :iud
cult, for ornament; soft-downv when young. \\itli '.l-Io lance-ovate leallets,
a dense raceme of showy blue-purple llowers. tin- calyx narrowish, wing-petals
t-.ich with "lie short and one very long appendage at the, ha>e of the blade, and
a smooth ovarv.
W. Sinensis, CHINESE W. Cult, from China or Japan, barely hardy in
Ne \ En-land, ta.-ler growin;: (sometimes 2(1° in a season) and higher climbing
than the Other, with lon-er and more pendent racemes, win--petals appendaged
on om- Mde only, and a downy ovarv. Often flowering twice in the season.
29. APIOS, GKOIJND-NUT, WILD BEAN. (Name from Greek word
for fx'nr, from the shape of the tuhers.) 2/
A. tuberbsa. Wild in low grounds ; subterranean shoots bearing strings
of edible farinaceous tubers \'-2' Ion-; .stems slender, rather hairy ; leatlets
ovate-lanceolate; flowers brownish-purple, violet-scented, crowded in short and
thick racemes, in late summer and autumn.
30. ERYTHRINA. (From Greek word for ml, which is the usual color
of the (lowers.)
E. hei'bacea. Wild in sandy soil near the coast S. ; sending up herba-
ceous stems 2° -4° lii^-h from a thick woody root or ba-c, >,,]ne leafy the leaf-
lets broadly triangular-ovate ; others nearly iealle-s, terminatin.ir in a lonjr erect
raceme of'narrow scarlet (lowers, of which the straight and folded lanceolate
standard ('2' IOIILT) is the onlv cons]iicnous jiart ; seeds scarlet : (1. spring.
E. Crista-galli. Cult", in conservatories, from Bra/.il ; with a tree-like
trunk, oval or oblong leatlets, and loose racemes of crimson larye (lowers, the
keel as well as t lie 1 iroad sprcadin.ir standard conspicuous, the rudimentary win- s
hidden in the calyx.
31. PHASEOLUS, BKAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (An ancient name of
the Bean.) Fl. summer and autumn.
* Xntn-,' s/wr/rs, small-flouxred.
P. perennis. From Connectieut and Illinois S. in woody places ; slender
steins climbing hi-'h ; leallets roundish-ovate, short-]iointed ; racemes IOIILT and
loose, often panieied ; llowcrs small, jmrplc ; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped
few-seeded. 11
P. diversifdlius. Sandy shores, i-c. : spreading on the ground, wit**
rou^h hairv stems, ovate entire or commonly .",-lobed or angled leatlets, pedun-
cles twice i'lie leiiuth of the leaves, b.'arin-- a small cluster of purplish or at length
greenish (lowers, and linear nearly terete Straight pods. i
P. helvoluS. Sandv soil, from New Jersey and Illinois S. : more slen-
der than the pree-diiiL', sometimes twining a little, with th<' ovate or oblong
Icatli'ts entire or obscurely angled, pednneles several times sur]>assing the lea\es,
flowers pale purple, and pods narrower. 2/
P. paUCifl6rUS. Hiver-banks W. &. S. : sprcadin'_r ov<-r the ground, also
twinin-- more- or less, slender, pubescent, with small oblong-lanceolate <>r linear
leallets, few and small ])iir]»li<h (lowers on a short peduncle, the keel merely
incurved, and the straight tlat pod oiilr 1' lonur. i
* * l-'.rotir Species, rnl/initiil nniinli/ /m-fooil. nil irith <»;it,' pointed /enacts. (T)
P. VUlgaris, COMMON KIDNKY, Siiu\<;, and POI.I: l',i \\. 'rwinin.ir,
with racemes of white or sometimes dull purplish or variegated (lowers shorter
than the leaf, linear strai-ht pods, and tumid seeds. .Many varieties, amon^
which mav be reckoned the next.
P. naflUS, DWAKF or FIKI.D BKAN ; low and bushy, not twining; seeds
very tumid.
P. lunatus, LIMA BKAN, SII.VA B., &c. Twining, with racemes of
small trrei'iiisli-whitc (lowers shorter than the leaf, and broad and curved or
scimitar-shaped pods, containing few lar-e and flat seeds.
PULSE FAMILY. lU'J
P. multifldrus, SPANISH BEAN, SCARLET RUNNER when red-flowered ;
twining high, with the sliowy flowers bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, in
pcduncled racemes surpassing the leaves ; puds broadly linear, straight or
a little curved ; seeds large, tumid, white or colored.
* * * Exotic species, cultivated in greenhouses for ornament. 2/
P. Caracalla, SNAIL-FLOWER. Stem twining extensively, rather woody
below, from a tuberous root ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, taper-pointed ; racemes
longer than the leaf; flowers showy, 2' long, white and purple, the standard as
well as the very long-snouted keel spirally coiled, giving somewhat the appear-
ance of a snail-shell.
32. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, &c. (Old Greek name of a Bean,
meaning elomjutnl, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.)
D. Lablab, EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN, cult, from India, for ornament
and sometimes for food, is a smooth twiner, with elongated racemes of showy
violet, purple, or white flowers, 1' long, and thick and broadly oblong pointed
pods ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. <r
D. Sinensis, CHINA BEAN, var. melanopkthalmus, BLACK-EYED
BEAN, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers at the
end, the beans (which arc good) white with a black circle round the scar, is
occasionally met with.
33. GALACTIA, MILK-PEA. (From a Greek word for milky, which
these plants are not.) There are several other species in the Southern At-
lantic States ; a rare one has pinnate leaves. Fl. summer. 2/
G. glab611a. Sandy soil from New Jersey S. : prostrate, nearly smooth,
with rather rigid ovate-oblong leaflets, their upper surface shining, a lew rather
large rose-purple flowers on a peduncle not exceeding the leaves, and a 4 - 6-
seeded at length smoothish pod.
G. mollis. Sandy barrens, from Maryland S. : spreading, seldom twining,
soft-downy and hoary, even to the 8- 10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled,
many-flowered ; leaflets oval.
34. AMPHICARP2EA, HOG-PEA-NUT. (Name from Greek words
meaning double-fruited, alluding to the two kinds of pod.) 2/
A. monoica. A slender much-branched twiner, with brownish-hairy
steins, leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate thin leaflets, and numerous small purplish
flowers in clustered drooping racemes, besides the more fertile subterranean
ones ; the turgid pods of the latter hairy : herbage greedily fed upon by cattle :
fl. late summer and autumn.
35. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Name from
Greek words meaning spurred standard. ) 2/
C. Virginianum. Sandy woods, chiefly S. : trailing and low twining,
slender, roughish with minute hairs; leaflets varying from ovate-ohlnng to
linear, very veiny, shining ; the 1 -4-tlowered peduncles shorter than the leaves ;
the showy violet-purple flowers 1' or 1^' long, in summer.
36. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Derivation obscure.) ^
C. Mariana, our only species, in dry ground from New Jersey S. : smooth,
with erect or slightly twining stem (l°-3° high), ovate-oblong leaflets pale
beneath, very showy light blue flowers 2' long, single or 2-3 together on a
short peduncle, and a few-seeded straight pod : fl. summer.
37. HARDENBERGIA. (Named for an Austrian botanist.) Austra-
lian plants. I/.
H. monophylla, a choice greenhouse plant, has leaves of a single ovate
or lanceolate leaflet 2' or 3' long, and slender racemes of small violet-purple
flowers ; whole plant smooth.
] 10 PULSK FAMILY.
38. KENNEDYA. (Named for a di-tin-nMied Knirlish florist.) Au»
tralian plants, of dioiec cultivation in conservatories. 2/
K. I'UbiCUnda, is hairy, free-climbing, with •'! ovate leaflets, ami ^-4
flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson flowers over 1' Ion-.
39. RHYNCHOSIA. (Nam" 1'rom the Greek, means beaked, of no ob-
vious application.) Chieth Southern : fl. summer. 2/
R. toment6sa. Low, soft-downy, in several varieties erect, spreading, or
the taller forms twining more or le-s, with one ur three round or sometimes
oblon--o\al leaflets, and clusters or raceme.- of small yellow flowers. Dry sandy
soil, from Maryland S.
R. galactoides. Bushy-branched, 2° -4° high, not at all disposed to
twine, minutely ]mhescent, with •'! small and mid oval leaflets, hardly any
common petiole, and scattered flowers in the upper axils, the standard reddish
outside. Dry sand-ridges, from Alabama S.
40. PISUM, PICA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) ®
P. sativum, COMMON- PKA. Cult, from the Old World: smooth and
glaucous, with very lar-e lealV stipules, commonly 2 pairs of leaflets, branching
tendrils, and peduncles bearing •> or more largo flowers; corolla white, bluish,
purple, or party-colored ; pods rather fleshy.
41. LATHYRUS, VICTCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Some species
closely resemble the Pea, others are more like Vetches. Fl. summer.
* Cult, from Kii.,fornn,<ninnt : xf,-m <im//«//W,s wing-margined: leaflets one pair.
L. odoratus, SWKI.T PKA. Stem more or less roughish-hairy ; leaflets
oval or oblong ; flowers 2 or :i on a Ion- peduncle, sweet-scented, white with
the standard rose-color, or purple, with varieties variously colored. i
L. latifblius, KVI:I;I.ASTIN«; PI:A. Smooth, climbing high ; stems broadly
winded ; leaflets oval, with parallel veins very conspicuous beneath ; flowers
numerous in a lon--pednnclcd raceme, pink-purple, also a white variety, scent-
less. 2/
* * \titi ri' species : stems wingless or merely margined : leaflets 2- 8 pairs. 2/
L. maritimUS, BK.U-II PKA. Sea-shore of New ICnglaml especially N.,
and alon- the Great Lakes : about 1° high, leafy, smooth, with stipules nearlv
as large as the 8- Hi oval crowded leaflets, and the peduncle bearing 6- ID rather
large purple flowers.
L. vcnbsus. Shady banks W. & S. : climbing, with 10-17 more scattered
ovate or oblong leaflets", often downy beneath, small and slender stipules, and
peduncles bearin- manv purple tlowrs.
L. ochroleucus.' Hillsides and banks N. & W. : slender stems 1°
hiirh ; the leaflets (i - S, glaucous, thin, ovate or oval, larger than the leafy
stipules : peduncles hearing several rather small yellowish-white (lowers.
L. paluStriS. Swamps and wet grounds 'N. X- \V. : low. 1°-L'° hi-h,
with margined or s'iuhtly winged stems, small lanceolate stipules, 4-S leaflets'
varviug from linear to oblong, and peduncles bearing :i - f> rather small purple
Howers.
Var. myrtif61ivis, common \V. X. S., usually appears very distinct, climb-
ing -.o-l0 high, with oblong or oval leailets, larger and more leaf-like upper
stipules, and paler flowers.
42. VICIA, VKTCll, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.)
§ 1. /'Ann/-.* several <>r nuiui/ <m <> >•/.//</»/• /»</ii»i-/< , /// */n-in<i or summer: pod
xi r, i-til->i< a/id : wild sjKcies in low ground, l°- 4° liKjk. y.
# Peduncle 4 - 8-jloiDered : plant smooth.
V. Americana. Common N. ,<. \V. ; with 10-14 oblong and very blunt
veiny leaflets, and juiqilish I'.owers over ,V long.
V. ECUtif61ia. Near the coast S. ; with about 4 linear or oblong leaflets,
and small blue or purplish flowers.
PULSE FAMILY. Ill
* * Peduncle bearing very many small soon re flexed flowers.
V. Caroliniana. Smoothish; with 8-24 oblong blunt leaflets, and small
white or purplish-tipped (lowers rather loose or scattered in the slender raceme.
V. Cracca. Only N. & W., rather downy; with 20-24 lance-oblong
mucronate-pointed leaflets, and a dense spike of blue dowers (nearly ^' long)
turning purple.
§ 2. Flowers 1 — 5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small : JaiJ-
/,/s <ililo/ii/-/iiufir, 4 -8 pairs: pod oblong, only 2 — 4-seedea: slender and
delicate European plants, run wild in fields and waste places. (T)
V. tetrasperma. Leaflets blunt ; corolla whitish ; pod 4-seeded, smooth.
V. hirsuta. Leaflets truncate ; corolla bluish ; pod 2-seeded, hairy.
§ 3. Flowers single or few and sessile or shoii-pedunc/ed in the axil of the leaves,
pretty large : pod several-seeded : stem simple, low, not climbing. (T)
V. sativa, COMMON VETCH or TARE. Sometimes cult, for fodder, from
the Old World, run wild in some fields : somewhat hairy, with 10-14 leaflets
varying from oblong or obovate to linear, and notched and mucronate at the
apex ; flowers mostly in pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid.
V. Faba, BEAN of England, WINDSOR or HORSE-BEAN. Cult, from the
Old World for the edible beans (which arc not much fancied in this country,
where we have better) : smooth, with stout erect stem l°-2° high, crowded
leaves of 2- 6 oblong leaflets (1^' - 3' long), a mere rudiment of a tendril, and
axillary clusters of white flowers having a black spot on each wing ; pod thick
and fleshy, 2' -3' long ; seeds oval, flattened, large.
43. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed gave
the name to the glass lens for magnifying.) ©
L. esculenta, COMMON LENTIL, of Europe, cult, for fodder and for the
seeds, but rarely with us : slender plant, barely 1° high, resembling a Veteh,
with several pairs of oblong leaflets (£ long), 2 or 3 small white or purplish
flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad pod, containing 2 orbicular
sharp-edged (lens-shaped) seeds, which arc generally yellowish or brownish,
a sorry substitute for beans, but good for soup.
44. CICER, CHICK-PEA. ( An old Latin name for the Vetch. ) ®
C. arietinum, COMMON C., of tht Old World, called COFFEE-PEA at the
West, there cult, for its seeds, which are used for coffee : their shape gave the
specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep : plant 9' - 20' high, covered
with soft glandular acid hairs ; leaves of 8-12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets;
peduncle bearing one small whitish flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod.
45. CHORIZEMA. (A fanciful name of Greek derivation.) 2/
C. ilicifblia, II<>i,r.Y-i,EA VED C. Greenhouse-plant from Australia, bushy,
with lance-oblong leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of
small copper-colored flowers, the wings redder.
46. BAPTISIA. FALSE INDIGO. (From Greek word meaning /» dye,
these plants yielding a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning
blackish in drying:' nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil : 11. spring
and early summer. 2/
* Flowers yellow.
B. perfoliata. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous, with simple
round-ovate leaves surrounding the stem (perfoliate, probably answering to
united stipules), and single small flowers in their axils ; pod small and globular.
Carolina and Georgia.
B. tinctbria, COMMON or WILD FALSE-INDIGO. Pale or glaucous,
smooth, bushy, 2° high, with 3 small wedge-obovate leaflets, hardly any com-
mon petiole, minute deciduous stipules, few-flowered racemes terminating the
branches, and small globular jiods.
112 PULSE FAMILY.
B. lanceolata. Downy when young, spreading, with 3 thickish "blunt leaf-
lots varvinu' from lanceolate In nbov;ile, a very short common petiole, small de-
ciduous Stipules, ami rather lar^<- tl.>\\ .T- Military in the axil.- ami in -h'>rt ter-
niinal raceme-, the pod globular ami slender-pointed. Common S. >v S. \V.
B. vil!6sa. Minutely downy, with stout stem- 2° high, 3 spatnlate-ol,!ong
or weduc -ohovate lc;illei-, becoming smooth above, a very short coiiniioii petiole,
stipules more or less per.-istent, ami many-flowered raceme- of lar'je flowers
on slender pedicels ; the pod mimitelv downy, oblong, taper-pointed. From
Carolina S. \V.
* * Fioiri-fs u-liltf, in lite , first cream-color: leaves all of 3 Icafli-tn rnri/ini/ from
ir, i!,/, -,,!,,, ntte to oblanceolate, and flowers in tony racemes terminating the
I in inches.
B. leUCOphaea. Low and spreading. 1° hii_rh, soft-hairy, with persistent
lai'Lre and leaf-like bracts and stipules, reclined oiii--.-iil.-d racemes of cream-
colored large ( 1' long) flowers on slender pedieels, and hoary uvate pods. Open
woods, chietly \V.
B. alba." Smooth, 2° -3° high, with slender widely spreading I't-anehes,
slender petiole<, minute deciduous -tipnles and hracts, 1<» >-e erect or spreading
loii^-pediincled racemes ul' small flowers (£'-4' long), and cylindrical pods.
From Virginia S.
B. leucantha. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3° - 5° hi-h. with spreading
branches, rather short petioles, the lanceolate stipules and bracts deciduous,
erect long racemes of large (I' long) flowers, and oval-ob'ong pods -2' IOIILT,
raised on a stalk fullv twice the length of the calvx. Alluvial soil, from Ohio
\V. & S.
* * * F/'i/i-irs IJiir : li-nns <>f:\ !i'/jl</x (is in the foregoing.
B. australis. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2° - 5° high, with ohlong-
wi-djc-shapt-d leallets, lanceolate and rather ]ier.-istcnt stipules as long as the
short petiole, erect racemes of pretty lar-r (nearly 1' long) flowers on short,
pedicels, and oval-oblong pods 2' -3' long, on a stalk of the length of the
calyx.
47. THERMOPSIS. (From Greek word- meaning that the plants resem-
ble the Lupine. ) Flowers yellow. 2/
T. mollis. Wild in open wood- from NT. Carolina S. : downy, l°-2° hiiji,
with spreading brandies. .'! obovate-oblong leallets, olilong-ovate leafy stipules,
some of them a- long as the short petioles, and long narrow-linear spreading
pod- -hurt-stalked in the calyx: fl. spring. (Then- are two other species in the
Southern Alli-^hanies.)
T. fabacca, which is erect with oval lealieis and upright pods, is sparingly
cult, from Siberia, and wild in X. W. America.
48. CLADRASTIS, YKI.U >\V-\V< x )D. (Meanin- "f name obscure,
]ierhaps from (Ireck for brittle branches.)
C. tinct6ria (also named Viimfi.iv I.I'TKV). native of rich woods from
F. Kentuckv S.. planted tor ornament, one of the very h:ind-oine-t and neatest
of ornamental trees; with light vellow v, ..... 1. a dose bark like that <>t Beech,
lea\es of 7- 1 1 | parallel- veined oval or ovate leatlets (:i'-4' lonir and smooth, as
is the whole plant), and ample haiiLrinur panicles (1° or more IOIILI) of pretty,
ddicatdv fragrant, cream -white tlowers, terminating the liranchlets of the season,
in Mav or .Iiinc.
49. SOPHORA. (An Arabic name altered-) There i- a wild hcvb;ie.-.nis
specie- b.-vond the M is.-issiiptii, a low shrubbv one on the coast of Florida,
and a tree' in Arkansas and Texas which in it- tle-hy jointed pod and in ap-
pearance much resembles the following : —
S. Japouica, .lvi-\\ S. 1'lanted for ornament, hardy to New Kngland ;
tree 20° -50° hiizh, with greenish bark. II -i:t oval or olilong acute smoctli
leallets, and loo,.- panicles of cream-white (lowers, terminating the branches at
the end of summer, the fruit a strim; of fleshy I -seeded joints.
1'UI.SK FAMILY. 113
50. CERCIS, RED-BUD, JUDAS-TREE." (Ancient name of the ori-
ental species : the English name from the old notion that this was the tree
whereon Judas hanged himself.)
C. Canadensis, AMERICAN RED-BUD. Wild from New York S. (but
probably not in Canada as the name implies) : a small, handsome tree, orna-
mental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with the small but very
numerous flowers, of the color of peach-blossoms or redder ; the rounded leaves
are somewhat pointed, and the pods scarcely stalked in the calvx.
C. Siliquastrum, EUROPEAN R. or JCDAS-TKKK. Barely hardy N.,
except as a shrub ; has larger flowers, pod raised out of the calyx on a short
stalk, and almost kidney-shaped leaves. A seeming variety of this inhabits
Texas and California.
51. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) The follow-
ing all wild species, the first sometimes cult, in countrv gardens, and the
leaves used in place of true, oriental Senna. Fl. summer, in all ours yellow.
§ 1. Smooth hfi'h*, In rich or alluvial soil, ir/'t/t rather Innjc leaflets, deciduous
Stipules, flowers in short axillary racainy or mm-did in a jianic/e, and the
10 stamens unequal, some of the upper anthers imperfect.
C. Marilandica, WILD SENNA. The only common sort at the north,
3°-4° high, with G-9 pairs of narrow-oblong blunt and mucronate leaflets.
a club-shaped gland on the common petiole near the base, bright yellow petals
often turning whitish when old, blackish anthers, and linear flat (at first hairy)
pods. If.
C. OCCidentalis, WESTERN S. or STYPTIC-WEED. Common S., nat,
from South America : l°-5° high, with 4-6 pairs of lance-ovate acute leaf-
lets, a globular gland on the base of the petiole, and narrow linear smooth pods
5' long. ©
C. obtusifdlia. From Illinois and Virginia S. ; with 2 or 3 pairs of ob-
ovate leaflets, a pointed gland between the lowest, the pale flowers in pairs, and
slender curved pods 6' - 10' long. ©
§ 2. Low and spreading, smooth or rouahish hairy herbs, in sandy or dry barren
soil, with jtersis/i'iit striatc stipules, and 10 - 20 pairs of small limnr-ohlony
oblique or unequal-sided leaflets, which are somewhat .s. nsitid , <•/<«///'/ irln-n
roughly brim/ad ; a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair : flowers clus-
tered in the ajcils.
C. Chameecrista, LARGE-FL. SENSITIVE or PARTRIDGE PEA. Flowers
prettv large, showv, on slender pedicels, with the petals often purplc-sportrd at
base, a slender style, and 10 unequal stamens, some of the anthers usually yel-
low and others purple. Like the next most common S. ©
C. nictitans, SMALL-FL. S. Flowers small, on very short pedicels, with
a short style, and 5 nearly equal anthers.
52. C-aESALPINIA. (Named for the early Italian botanist Ctesa/pinus.)
One species of tropical America, cult, in some conservatories, is planted out
in Gulf States, viz.
C. pulcherrima (also named POINCIANA PULCIIERRIMAJ, BARBADOES
FLOWER-FENCE. Small tree, prickly, with twice-pinnate leaves, numerous
oblong leaflets notched at the end, and open terminal racemes of large and
showy flowers, the short-clawed broad and jagged-edged petals 1' long and red-
dish-orange, and the crimson filaments 3' long.
53. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (Name from
Greek words for tm/a-d branch, the branches being very stout, and when the.
leaves have fallen appearing destitute of spray.)
G. Canadensis. The only species, a fine ornamental and timber tree, wild
from W. New York S. and especially W., with rough bark, twice-pinnate leave-
2° or 3° long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate and stalked leaflets,
except the lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2' -3' long); the leaflets
S&F— 16
114 1TI.SE FAMILY.
remarkable for hanging edgewise. Flowers in carlv summer; ripening in late
autumn, the large ami indurated pod 5'- 10' long and 1 V - :2' wide; tlie seeds
over £' across.
54. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY-LOCUST. (Named for the early ( ,. r-
man botanist, (ll<'tlit*-li.) Fl. early summer, inconspicuous, ripening the pods
late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound ; those on the branchlcts above
tin: axils. Leaves on growing shoots of the season twice pinnate ; those in
clusters on spurs mostlv once pinnate.
G. triacanthos, Tm;i:r.-ni<>i:NKi> ACACIA or COMMOX H. Wild in
rich soil from 1'enn. S. & \V., also commonly plantcil lor shade, sometime^ u-ei|
for hedges: a rather tall tree, with li^ht foliage, large often verv compound
thorns llattish at the base and taperiiiL:, small lance-oblong leaflets, and linear
ll.it pods 9' -20' long, often twisted or curved. A var. JNF.RMIS has very few or
no thorns.
G. Sinensis, CIIIXKSE H., occasionally ]>lanted, has stouter conical thorns,
and broader oval leaflets.
G. monosperma, OXE-SEEI>EI> or WATER II. Swamps from Illinois
S. \\'. : small tree, with slender thorns, ovate or oblong leaflets, and oval 1 -seeded
pods, containing no pulp.
55. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE-PLANT. (From Greek word to mimic, i. e.
the movements imitating an animal facultv.) There arc wild shrubbv species
in Texas and farther S. The following are herbs, procumbent or trailing,
Avith bristly short pods.
M. pudica, COMMOX S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and somewhat
prickly ; the leaves very sensitive to the touch, of verv numerous linear leatlets
on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on its apex, so as to
appear digitate ; flowers rose-purple, in slendcr-pedunclcd heads, in summer.
Cult, from South America, (i)
M. Btrigillbsa, WILD S. Rough with a;>presscd stiff bristles, not prickly ;
leaves with 5 or G pairs of branches of the common petiole, each bearing 10- 14
pairs of oblong-linear leaflets; flowers rose-color; oblong head on very long
peduncle. Wild on river-banks far S. : fl. summer. Jf_
56. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE-BRIER. (Named for a German bot-
anist, Sckrank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. & W., spreading on
the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sensitive-
riant, but only under ruder handling : ilowers rose-purple, small, in globular
heads on axillary peduncles, in .summer. 2/
S. lincinata. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear short-pointed
pods beset with rather stout hooked prickles ; leatlets elliptical, reticulated with
strong veins underneath.
S. angUStata. I'ricklcs scattered, weaker, and less booked ; leaflets oblong-
linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed.
57. DESMANTHUS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the Mowers are
bound together : they are merelj crowded in a head. A lew species \i-rvfar
S., and the following \V.
D. brachylobus. Prairies from Illinois S. & W. : nearly smooth, l°-4°
hi-'h, erect, with 0-15 pairs of partial petioles, each bearing 20 - 30 pairs of
MTV small narrow leaflets, one or more glands on the main petiole, small heads
of whitish Ilowers, followed by short 2 - (i-seeded pods; stamens f>. ^
58. ALBIZZIA, SILK-FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.)
A. Julibrissin, SII.K-FI.OWKU or SII,K-TI:EK, from Asia, planted for
ornament S. : a small tree, with leaves of numerous pairs of partial petioles,
each bearing about GO oblong acute leatlets, which appear as if halved, and with
paniclcd heads of rather large pale rose-purple Ilowers, the long and lustrous
filanvnis, like silky threads in tufts (Diving the popular name), being mainly
conspicuous ; pod 5' -- G' long, oblong-linear, verv flat and thin.
ROSE FAMILY. 115
59. ACACIA. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Acacia-trees ; one spe-
cies yields Gum Arabic.) No native species north of Texas. The following
are exotic shrubs or trees, cult, in conservatories N., and one of them planted
or run wild far S.
§ 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets.
A. Farnesiana. Native of South America : nat. along the Gulf of Mexi-
co, sometimes cult. : a nearly smooth shrub, with pairs of short prickles along
the branches, small linear leaflets, small heads, on short peduncles (-2 or ;i to-
gether) of yellow very sweet-scented flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant
also yields gum. Pod thick, pulpy or pithy within.
A. dealbata, of Australia : a fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor
thorny, pale or whitened with minute, obscure down or mealiness ; with leaves
of 10-25 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between
each pair), and very many pairs of closely set and minute linear leaflets ; the
bright yellow flowers in globular heads collected in an ample very open raceme
or panicle, odorous.
§ 2. Only the leaves of the seed/ing twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and entire mostly
blade-like petioles (called phi/llodia, Lessons, p. 61), sfaiidimj edgewise
instead of flatwise, lut oth/ ncise imitddnr; rigid sim/i/e leans. (_'h!ifly
natives of Australia, where they art extremely numerous.
* Leaves short, and unth only a central nerve or midrib,
•*- Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, priddy-tipped, small, about ^' long.
A. juniperina. Rigid bushy shrub, with the leaves scattered over the
branches, and flowers in single small round heads.
A. VCrticillata. Spreading shrub or low tree, with the leaves crowded
more or less in whorls of 5 - 8 or more, and flowers in cylindrical spikes.
+- ->- Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipptd.
A. armata. Tall-growing shrub, usually with hairy branches, and with
conspicuous prickle-like stipules ; half-ovate oblong or incurved-lanceolate leaves
mostlv blunt, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not over 1' long;
flowers in round heads.
A. VGStita. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy, with drooping branches, pale
obliquely wedge-ovate or obovate and curved bristle-pointed leaves, and small
globular heads of flowers in racemes.
A. CUltriformis. Shrub smooth, mealy-glaucous when young, with tri-
angular or lance-obovate and curved minutely pointed leaves, of thick and firm
texture, and globular heads in racemes, forming a leafy terminal panicle.
* * Leaves 3' -6' or more, long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when very
narrow on/i/ \-nerved : flowers in slendtr loose or interrupted axillary sjnkes.
A. longifdlia. Shrub or small tree, smooth, with angular branches, and
leaves varying from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2 - 5-nerved, often
faintly veiny between the nerves.
A. linearis. Like the preceding, but with leaves (4' - 10' long) very nar-
row-linear and with only one obvious nerve.
38. ROSACES, ROSE FAMILY.
Plants with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with
usually indefinite unconnected stamens inserted on the calyx, one,
few, or many simple separate pistils (except in the division to which
the Pear belong-), and single, few, or occasionally numerous seeds ;
these filled with a straight embryo. Destitute of noxious qualities
(excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of some Cherries, and the
like), and furnishing the most important fruits of temperate climates,
as well as the queen of flowers. We have three principal great
divisions.
1 1 I) KI >~>y. KAMII.V.
I. ALMOND or PLUM FAMILY: consists of trees or
shrub?, with simple leave-, stipule.- free from tin- peiiole (often
minute or early deciduous so thai tin-re may appear to be none),
a calyx which is deciduous after Howerini:. and a .-ingle pi-til, its
ovary tipped with a slender style v Lessons, p. 103, fig. 213), con-
taining a pair of ovules and becoming a simple drupe or stone fruit.
(Lessons p. 120, tig. 375.)
1. PHTXI'S. Calvx with :i bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes.
Petals 5, and >tamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted
on the throat of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color.
II. ROSE FAMILY TROPKR : consists of herbs or shrubs,
with stipules either free from or united with the base of the petiole,
calyx persisting below or around the fruit, which is composed of
sometimes one but commonly several or many distinct pistils.
§ 1. Calyx not. with a fleshy tube or cup. nor closed over the fruit.
* Ovaries about 5 (2 - 12), breaming little pads, several- (2 -10-) seeded: calyx uith
only 5 or rarely 4 lobes.
2. SPIR.EA. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipule-; sometimes minute or ob-
solete, sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple flowers. Calyx open
and short, mostly 5-cleft, not enclosing the pods. Petals equal, commonly
broad. Stamens 10-50.
3. GILLKNIA. Herbs, with nearly white flower- and almost sessile leaves of 3
leaflets. Cnlvx narrow, oblong, 5-tootiied, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at
first lightly cohere in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal,
lance-linear. Stamens 10 - 20, not projecting.
* * Ovaries few or many, single-muled, becoming dry al-enes in fruit above the open
ami mostly sjtreadniy calyx: stamens numerous.
•*- Pistils few, only 2 - 8.
4. KERRI A. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely-toothed leaves,
and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. Calyx with 5
somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals bn>a 1.
5. W ALDS TKIXIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed
or compound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top-
shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes
5 minute teeth or bractlets. Petals obovnte. Styles deciduous by a joint.
,_ .(_ Pistil* numerous anrl heaped in a head: calyx (except in one Geum) augmented
ii-iih iii/i/it inn'il diitur luln-s or brai tkts alternating u-ith the 5 proper lobes:
leaves mostly compound,
6. GKUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispher-
ical tube or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering t<> the ba-e, tipped with the
long persistent style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or
hairy tail. Seed erect. Receptacle ilry, conical or cylindrical.
7. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species "shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open
Akenes small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall.
8. FR At! ARIA. 1'erennial low or stemless herbs, with runners; and loaves of
3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles shot t and lateral. Akenes naked, small,
on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Lessons, p. 113, fig.
360, and p. 118, fig. 3HS.)
* « » Ovaries several or many, 2-or/ilcl, in fruit becoming fleshy or pulp;/ anil
1-StWei/, /'uritiuiti <( In mi nr ( lun/i-r <i/i«n- the flat or ir'nli ly op, 11 simply i)-cleft
cahjj- : stamens numerous: styles short, naked, at length falling <<//'.
9. DALIBAIIDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple rounded-heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped root-leaves and 1 - 2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5
or even <! unequal sepals. Ovaries 5 - 10, in fruit merely neshy, becoming
almost drv and bony.
10. KITE'S. Perennial herb- or shrubby plants. Ovaries numerous, in fruit
pulpy (berry-like, or more properly drupe-like, the inner hard part answering
to the stone of a cherry or peach on a small scale), crowded on the dry or
fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, p. 118, fig. 369, 370.)
ROSE FAMILY. 117
$ 2. Calyx itrith an urn-shnped dry tube, contracted i>r nearly closed at the mouth, and
enclosing 1-4 lit/lit pistils which become akenes. Flutters small: petals none
except in Agrimonia.
11. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and
minute greenish flowers in clusters or corymbs. Cal'yx with 4 inner and
4 outer or accessory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils
1-4, with lateral styles.
12. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slen-
der terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with
hooked bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in
fruit. Petals 5, commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5 - 15.
Pistils 2: styles terminal.
13. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish
flowers (sometimes diwcious) in dense heads or spikes on long erect peduncles.
Calyx with a short 4-angled closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal-
like at length deciduous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4- 12 or more, with
long and slender projecting filaments. Pistils 1-4: the terminal styles tipped
with a brush-like or tufted stigma.
§ 3. Calyx with fin urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube, contracted at tie mouth, enclosing
the many pistils and akenes Flowers larye and sliuu-y.
14. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves, of 3 - 9 or rarely more
serrate leaflets^ stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single
or in corymbs terminating leaf}' branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy
lobes which are often unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed.
Petals 5, or more in cultivation, broad, inserted along with the many stamens
at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and
one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or bony akenes, enclosed in the tube
or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy and imitates 11 berry or
pome. (Lessons, p. 113, fig 361.)
III. PEAR FAMILY: consists of shrubs or trees, with stip-
ules free from the petiole (often minute or early deciduous) ; the
thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or pulpy and consolidated
with the 2-5 ovaries to form a compound pistil and the kind of
fruit called a pome. (Lessons, p. 119, fig. 374.) Lobes of the calyx
and petals 5. Stamens numerous, or rarely only 10-15.
* Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones.
15. CRAT/EGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in
corymbs or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the
leaves lobed or serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1): ovary of as many 2-ovuled
cells. Fruit with a stone 'of 2-5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels,
more or less cohering with each other.
16. COTONKASTER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous
leaves entire and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the
calyx white-woolly outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calyx-tube
containing 2-5 little seed-like hard stones.
* * Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2 - several-seeded carpels in the pome.
H- Leaves persistent.
17. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen
leaves. Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry-
like, the 2-5 partitions thin, or vanishing.
*- -i- Leaves deciduous.
18. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed
flowers, and narrow white petals. Styles 5. united below. Ovary of 5 two-
ovuled cells, but each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth
from its back, making the berry-like fruit 10-celled.
19. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and
flowers in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2 - 5. Ovary of 2 -5
two-ovuled (or in cultivated species several-ovuled) cells, which are thin and
pnpery or cartilaginous in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube.
20. CYDONIA. Trees or shrubs, with entire or merely serrate leaves, and rather
large flowers, which resemble those of Pyrus, as does the fruit, only the 5 cells
are many-ovnled and many-seeded.
1 18 KOSE FAMILY.
1. PRUNUS, PLUM, &c. (The ancient Latin name' of the Plum.) As
now received, this Lrenns eompri-e- all the following irroups, which it has
lieen found impracticable to keep ii|i a- liotanical genera. Foliage ami tin
Btonc and kernel of the fruit u.-ually with the flavor of prusMc acid, especially
iu the Peach and ( 'herries.
§ 1. AI.MOM> and Pi:\<'ll. l-'lnii-i rs nlnmst SCSgilf, //"/// .s> /nirnti- .sen I//
in sj in m i, />i /'ir ', the leaves, thi Intt/ /• f'nlilnl tin/, tin r /< nqthwisi ( <•< nduplicoJt )
in tltf lull/ : fruit i-i/n/i/. /uri/r: tin- .s/mn irit/t irriiilJis n nil holes.
P. (Am^gdalus) nana, Dw.un or FI.OWI.KIV, ALMOND. Cult, for
ornament, from A-ia ; a low shrub, with abundant and handsome rose-colored
(or liv variation white) usuallv lull-double (lowers, earlier than the long and
narrow Miiooth leaves ; calyx-tube short-e\ lindrical ; fruit dry when ri]ie, with
the outer part separating as a husk from the brittle stone, as in the edible
Almond
P. (A.) P^rsica, PKACII. Cult, from A>ia for the fruit, also a doublc-fl.
variety, for ornament ; small tree, with pnrplish-roae-colored (lowers. bell-.-hapcd
calj \-tuli.', lanceolate leaves, ami jrlohtilar fruit ripening a thick ]iul]i, either
cliii'j;int,r to or separable from the roii^h-wrinkled porous .stone. Unknown in a
wild state, probably derived from the COMMON ALMOND, P. (A.) < OMMVNIS.
— Var. IgeviS, the NKCTAKINE, is a state with a smooth-skinned fruit.
§2. APRICOT. l-'linn rs skort-pedice'lrd <>r n/nmst sessile, from s(/nirnti' scaly
buds, in i a rii/ *i>r<in/, IK t<n'<' tin1 li uris, which (ire lolltd it/t (convolute) in
the, find : </rn/i<- r?lri>ti/, lint, irttlt a smooth stone Itacinr/ grooved margins, one
of tin in sharp-edged.
P. Armeniaca, Ariticor. (""nit. from Armenia; a low smooth tree,
•with ovate and mostly rather heart-shaped leaves, white or slightly rosy flowers
solitary or in pair.-, ami early-ripening fruit, of character intermediate between
peach and plum.
§3. PLUM and CIIEKKY. Flotoen pedice/led and tdiaost always whitg : drupe
smontlt, its stunt- smixitli in' sunn irltut ri/*/i/«/.
* PLUMS. Flowers fron xf/nirnti lateral buds, ui s/>rintr, preceding or coetaneout
ir/t/i tin li uris ; llu- /a/fir rn!l«I it/I, cr ill iiin^t ,,/' our mltir. s/nri'S fi,lil,i{
ti'i/tt/i<i; ill tltti dm/: tlnijii <j< in nt/li/ irit/t n ir/iitisti bloom and a jiat or
jiattish stone.
•«- K.rotir (European or Asiatic) species.
P. dom6stica, OAKDKX Pi.r.M, of many varieties : tree with spreading
thornlcss branches, and oblong or lance-ovate leaves ; the fruit vcrv various iu
si/.e and shape, with a flat or flattish and rou^hish stone. Doubtless (at least
in part) a long-cultivated derivative of
P. insititia, HI-I.I.ACK Pi.r.M, introduced in some places near the seaboard,
has been used as a stock for yraftin^, ^c., is a little thorny, the pedicel- and
lower face of the leaves downy, the fruit round and black.
P. Spin6sa, SI.OK, or HIM K TIIOKN. Cult, or nut. in old gardens or
waste places : a low tree, with spreading thorny brandies ; the oliovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leaves and pediceU soon glabrous; fruit small, globular, purple-
black, with a tnr.uid >tone and a -iveni-li a.-trin-rnt pulp. Probablv thi- is the
original of the Bui law.
'' S/HI-II-S nf't/it' cininlri/, lint tiro nf tin in Imi'i' l,,in /i/n/i/n/ t'nr the fruit.
i;' an i n if, stlif I'lnins nit/i' >• tlinn < 'In rri> s, u/l/miit/li tin /,ist is inii-
us to tin- //-nil, I'lili/ //!• /!. nr/i /'/mil /ins <in iihcioiis bloom on t/n>
fruit, inn/ it// liin-i tin- Inins f,,lil,,l iu the. bud.
P. maritima, I5i:vcii PIIM. Sea beaches and sand\ <oil near the coast ;
a scarcely tliuruy shrub, 2° -5° hi.-rh, with the ovate or oval linelv serrate leaves
Mit't-downy iinderneath, short and downy pedicels, and globular pur|ile or crim-
son fruit with a bloom (}'- 1' loiiu), rather pleasant-tasted, sometimes used for
preserving.
P. Americana, WILD \\v.\> and YI.I.I.OW PI.I-M. AloiiLr streams through
the country ; occasionally planted ; a tall shrub or small tree, often thorny,
ROSE FAMILY. 119
with the oval or obovatc and pointed leaves thin, very veiny, coarsely or doubly
serrate, smooth when old ; the globular or oval fruit (£' - §' in diameter) yellow
with some red, orange, or crimson, with a pleasant juice but a tough acerb skin,
the stone sharp-edged or margined.
P. Chicasa, CHICKABAW PLUM. Planted or run wild from Penn. S. &
W., native S. W. , 6° -12° high, somewhat thorny, with long and narrow
almost lanceolate acute leaves, edged with very fine teeth, a globular red fruit
(%'-'$' in diameter) of pleasant flavor, thin-skinned, and containing a margin-
less almost globular stone.
* * CHERRIES of the Garden- Cherry sort, i. e. with flowers in sessile umbels from
separate lateral buds, in spring, with or rather preceding tfie leacts. which,
ure fu/ded together lengthwise in the bud.
P. Cerasus, GARDEN RED CHERRY. Cult, from Eu. ; a tree 10° -30°
high, with slender spreading branches, obovate and lance-ovate serrate leaves,
rather large flowers on shortish pedicels and somewhat preceding the leaves,
and an acid red globose fruit. The MORELLO CHERRY is a variety with dark
purple more astringent fruit. Probably derived from, or now sometimes mixed
with the next.
P. avium, BIRD CHERRY of Eu., ENGLISH CHERRY. Cult, from E. ;
making a larger tree than the preceding, with ascending branches, softer and
coarsely or doubly toothed more pointed leaves, usually pubescent beneath, the
flowers developed at the same time with the leaves, and the round-ovoid or
somewhat heart-shaped fruit sweet or bitterish-sweet (not acid), of various
colors. Double-flowered varieties are cult, for ornament.
P. Pennsylvanica, WILD RED CHERRY. Rocky woods N. Small
tree, with light red-brown bark, oblong-lanceolate and pointed leaves smooth
and green both sides, their margins finely and sharply serrate, small flowers on
long pedicels, and light red sour fruit not larger than peas.
P. pumila, DWARF CHERRY. Rocks or sandy banks N. Shrub spread-
ing or forming broad tufts on the ground, seldom rising 2° ; leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, toothed only towards the apex; flowers 2-4 together;
fruit ovoid, dark red, with stone as large as a pea.
* * * CHERRIES of small size, with flowers in racemes,
•t- In late spring or early summer, terminating leafy shoots of the season.
P. Ser6tina, WILD BLACK CHERRY. Tree or shrub, westward becoming
a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained reddish wood
valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong smooth leaves of thick-
ish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short callous
teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably later than the next ; purplish-
black bitterish vinous fruit ripening in autumn.
P. Virginiana, CHOKE CHERRY. Tall shrub or small tree, with gray-
ish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves very sharply
serrate with slender projecting teeth ; flowers in shorter and closer racemes, in
spring ; the fruit ripe 'in summer, red turning dark crimson, astringent, but
eatable when fully ripe, the stone smooth.
P. PadllS, SMALL BIRD-CHERRY of Eu., is occasionally planted; resem-
bles the last, has longer and looser often drooping racemes, and a roughened
*e
ritone.
— — Erect racemes in early spring, from the axi/s of evergreen leaves.
P. Caroliniana, CAROLINA LAUREL-CHERRY, also called MOCK ORANGI;
At the South, probably from the coriaceous smooth and glossy leaves, which
are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and appressed teeth,
longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals white; small fruit black
and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree ; the leaves said to be poison-
ous to cattle.
P. Lauro-Cerasus, LAUREL-CHERRY of Europe, from Asia Minor, and
P. Lusitanica, PORTUGAL L., from Portugal and the Azores, beautiful
evergreen shrubs or small trees, used for hedges and screens in England, are
not hardy N., but would stand south of Penn. Their leaves and kernels arc
s^ongly imbued with the prussie-aeid or bitter-almond flavor.
120 ROSE FAMILY.
2. BPHLffiiA. MEADOW-SWEET, &c. (Greek name of some shrub, or
tin; flowering branches of which garlands were made.) All hardy shrubs or
perennial herbs : fl. late spring and .- uniiiier. )
§ 1. S/irnlm, if/'t/t ^hiiji'i Imres.
# Native sper.u-n : '>•'/ tht /</••.' common in i\<tnl //.•;, t/n t/rxt occasionally planted.
S. opulifdlia, NIM.-BAKK ; so-called from the loose bark, separating in
thin annual layers from the stems : a tall shrub, with long recurving branches,
the roundish and mostly heart-shaped leaves partly :!-lobed and cut-toothed,
white flower, (of no lie.mfy) in umbel-like corymbs, the pods large for this
^enus, blailderv, and commonlv turning purplish. Wild on rockv banks, from
New York \V.\v S.
S. COrymbbsa. From S. Penn. S., not common: shrub l°-2° high,
smooth, w'ith oval leaves cut-toothed towards the apex, and wbite flowers in a
flat compound corymb.
S. tomentdsa, HAKI>HA< K or STEEI-I.KBUSH. Common K. in low
grounds; 2° -3° high, hoary-downy, except the upper face, of the ovate or
oblong serrate small leaves, the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in a very
dense terminal panicle; pistils downy.
S. salicifdlia, COMMON MK. ux>w-S\vi.i.r. Common in wet grounds,
also in old gardens : shrub 2° - 3° high, bushy, smooth, with wedge-lanceolate
or oblong leaves simply or doubly serrate, and white or barely tlesh-colored
flowers in a crowd'-d panicle.
* * Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. Xtnili American.
H- Flowers in close or x/iikc-like rlitxtrrs collected in a close and narrow or spike-
like terminal panicle, pink-purple.
S. Douglasii, DOUGLAS'S MEADOW-SWEET. Cult, from Oregon and
California: resembles our wild Hardback (S. tomentosa), but has longer usu-
ally lance-oblong and very blunt leaves rather whiter beneath, and deeper pink
flowers with smooth pistils.
-i- •«- Flowers in compound corymbs or broad paiv<
S. cal!6sa (also named S. FoRTt'Nici ), from Japan: shrub 3° - G° high,
smoothish, with lance-oblong and taper-pointed unequally and very sharply
serrate, leaves, branches terminated by clustered dense corymbs or cymes of deep
pink flowers, 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx, the pistils smooth.
S. arisefblia. Tall shrub from Oregon, with slender branches, terminated
by a very lar^e and light or drooping decompound panicle of small yellowish-
white flowers; the leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side
into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed lobes, sometimes almost piunatitid, soft downy, at
least beneath.
•*- -i- -4- /'Vu/c/rs /'/( simple, <>/lnt umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy shoots of the
season : natives of Lurope <vi<l Axiu : /H-tn/s irl,it<- wr/il tin' first s/» <•/(>•.
S. b611a, from Nepal : a low shrub, with ovate acute and merely sharply
.serrate leaves whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs sometimes clustered;
and rose-pink (lowers.
S. Cham8edrif61ia, from E. Knrope and Siberia; a spreading low hush,
.smooth, with ovate or oblong usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, at least
towards the summit, and rather small (lowers in simple corymbs.
S. trilobata, from Siberia ; a spreading smooth bush, with rounded cre-
natelv cut and 3-lohed leaves and rather showy flowers.
S. lanceolata, or I;I.I:VI.SI\N\, from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or
gome three-cleft vrrate-toothed leave-, and sho\\y flowers.
S. hypericifdlia, ITALIAN M\v, or ST. I'IIIK'S WKK.VTU. Shrub
3°-6° liiu-li, smooth or smoothish, with IOIILT recurved branches, and very small
\vedLre-obloi] g leaves, a little eremite or lobed at [he end ; flowers small, white,
in small sessile umbels.
•«-•!-•»-•«- /-Vo/rr/'.s- in niiii/ilf Sdixilr nnilx-ls nlon<t tin- slindi'f Irtnu-hrs of the pre-
ccdimi i/i'iir, sitlilniili'il mill/ !»/ i/r<'''ni*h bua-SCales or imjwrffct leaves, rathei
rut Her than the pnijtrr /cfirv.s-, in
ROSE FAMILY. 121
S. prunif61ia, from Japan : slender shrub, with small ovate finely and
sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy hrm-atli ; the form
cultivated has full-double pure white blossoms, £' in diameter, produced in great
abundance.
§ 2. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves.
S. SOrbifolia. Cult, from Siberia, very hardy, 3° -4° high, with leaves
(as the name denotes) resembling those of the Mountain-Ash, of 17-21 lan-
ceolate taper-pointed doubly and sharply serrate leaflets, and white flowers in
an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little cohering.
§ 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately-compound leaves, no stipules, and dioecious flowers.
S. Aruncus, GOATSBEARU. Rich woods from New York S. & W., also
in some gardens : smooth, -3° - 5° high ; with lance-oblong or lance-ovate taper-
pointed leaflets sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish-white very small flowers
in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes which arc collected in a great com-
pound panicle ; petals narrow ; pedicels reflexed in fruit.
§ 4. Her/is, with interruptedly pinnate leares, conspicuous stipules, perfect flowers,
refifjred sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 5-12 little \ - 3-setded pods.
S. Filip6ndula, DROPWORT. Cult, from Europe : some of the coarse
long fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers ; herbage smooth
and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, with many oval or lanceolate
leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, and gradually diminishing in size
downwards ; the nearly naked stems l°-2° high, bearing a compound terminal
cyme of white or rosy-tipped flowers, one variety full-double.
S. Ulmaria, ENGLISH MEADOW-SWEET. Cult, from Europe; l°-3°
high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and interruptedly
pinnate leaves which is minutelv white-downy ; the yellowish-white small and
sweet-scented flowers very. numerous and crowded in a compound cyme at the
naked summit of the stems ; little pods twisting spirally.
S. lobata, QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE. Wild in meadows and prairies W.,
also cult. : smooth and green ; the leaves mostly from or near the ground ; the
end leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, and its lobe's cut-toothed; stems 2° - 5° or
even 8° high, bearing an ample and panicled compound cyme crowded with the
handsome pcach-b'.ossom-colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of
Sweet Birch.
3. GILLENIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (Named
for a Dr. Gillen or GiUenius.) El. summer. 11
G. trifoliata, COMMON I. or BOWMAN'S-ROOT. Rich woods, from New-
York S. & W. ; smooth, branching, 2° high, with the 3 ovate-oblong pointed
leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slender, and rather pretty white or
scarcely rosy-tinged flowers loosely panicled on the slender branches.
G. stiplilacea, LARGE-STIPULED I. or AMERICAN IPECAC. Open woods,
W. : has the lanceolate leaflets and leaf-like stipules deeply cut and toothed •.
otherwise like the other.
4. KERRIA. (Named for Bel/enden Ker, a British botanist.)
K. Japonica, CORCHORUS, so-called, of the gardens, from Japan : a fa-
miliar, smooth, ornamental shrubby plant, 4° - 8° high, with lance-ovate thin
leaves, and handsome yellow flowers, in summer, usually full-double ; — the
natural state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens only recently introduced
and rare.
5. WALDSTEINIA. (Named for F. von Waldstein, an Austrian bota-
nist.)
W. fragarioides, BARREN STRAWBERRY. Wooded banks, chiefly N. ;
in aspect and especially in the 3 broadly wedge-shaped leaflets resembles a
Strawberry-plant (as the specific and the popular names denote), but is smooth-
ish and yellow-flowered : in summer. 2/
122 ROSi: FAMILY.
6. GEUM, A YEN'S. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable
flavor; the roots of some species somewhat scented.) Several wild species,
only the following common : H. laic .-prini: and summer. 11
G. rivale, PrnrLK or WATKIJ AVENS. In bogs and low grounds N. :
thickish root.-tock (sometimes used in mcilicine as an astringent) sending up
lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and ratlier naked several-flowered
stems (2° high) ; the flowers pretty large, nodding, with purplish-orange and
liroadly oliovate or obeordate petals narrowed at the base, never spreading: in
fruit L|IC head of akencs erect, stalkecl in the persistent calyx, the persistent
st\les jointed and bent in the middle, the upper part pluniose-liairv.
G. vernum, SI-KIM; A. Thickets, from Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky:
slend-rr, 2°-;}° higli ; root-leaves rounded heart-shaped and 3-.">-h>hcd. or some
of them pinnate and cut ; flowers small, with yellow petals about the length of
the simply 5-lohcd calvx ; the head of fruit raised above the calyx on a con-
spicuous stalk ; the stvles, &c. smooth, the upper joint falling off
G. strictum, Fii:i.i> A. Moist grounds and fields : a coarse herb, 3° - 5°
high, rather hairy, \\ ith root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and the leaflets wedge-,
obovatc, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets; in summer bearing
paniclcd flowers with broadly oliovate golden-yellow petals exceeding the calyx ;
stipules la rye, deeply cut; head of fruit close in the calyx : the persistent naked
style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls ; receptacle downy.
G. Virginianum, WHITK A. Thickets and border of woods : 'coarse
and bristly-hairy herb l°-3° high, with root and lower leaves of several pin-
nate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut ; the panicled flowers small, with incon-
spicuous greenish-white petals .-horter than the calyx ; head of fruit like the
last, but its receptacle smooth.
G. Alburn, WIIITL A. Grows in similar places with the preceding, and
like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with rout-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or some
of them rounded and simple except a few minute leaflets below ; the petals as
long as the calyx, white or pale greenish-yellow ; receptacle of fruit bristlv.
7. POTENTILLA, CINQUKFOIL, FI VE-KINGKH. (Name from
pnti'iix, powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues, but these plants are merely
mild astringents.) Wild plants of the countrv, except those of the last
section, and one yellow one : but the .S/irtt/iliy Cinquefoil is also planted.
§ 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. © ©
P. Norv6gica, NORWAY C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, l°-2°high,
branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed leaflets : fl. sum-
mer, in fields.
P. paraclpxa. A spreading or procumbent, pubescent, weedy plant, on
river-banks \V., with pinnate leaves of 5 - ;i obovate-obloiiLT cut-toothed leaflets,
and akenes with a thick appendage at their base : fl. summer.
§ 2. Pi tnls whitishor cream-color, bj'oad, surpassing the calyx: akenes smooth. 11
P. arguta. A stout, erect, hrowuMi-liairy, coarse plant, l°-4° high,
rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. & W., with pinnate leaves of 3 - !l o\al
or ovate CUt-tOOthed leaflets soft-down v beneath, ami a close terminal cluster of
rather large flowers, of no beauty, in summer.
§ 3. Pctd/x bright yellow, hirijrr thnii lln lii/M-i i>l' tin i-iili/r. 1f_
# Leaves of 5 digital* /«ifl<t*.
P. r6cta. (.''ult. in some old gardens, from Ku. : a coarse, erect, hairy
plant, 2° - 3° high, with sometimes 7 narrowly \vedge-oblong leaflets coarsely
toothed, and rather large cymose flowers.
P. CanadensiS, COMMON WILD C. or Fivi:-riM;Kit. Open dry ground :
dwarf, silky-hairv. with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary l-flowered pedun-
cles ; flowering from early spring to midsummer, and spreading by runners.
Var. simplex, in moister or richer soil, usually well marked by its greater
size and greener foliage ; the stems l°-2° long, ascending or spreading from
a short tuberous rootstock ; leaflets more oblong; flowers produced through the
summer.
ROSE FAMILY. 123
P. arg^ntea, SILVERY C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N. : a low,
spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with wedge-oblong
cut-pinnatlfid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool beneath, and the
margins rcvi/lute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled, all summer.
* * Leaves pinnate : receptacle and partly the akenes white-hairy.
P. Anserina, SILVER- WEED. Wet banks and shores, N. & W. : leaves
all from the rout or in tufts on the long slender runners, green above, silvery
with silky down beneath, of 9-19 oblong cut-toothed principal leaflets and
some pairs of minute ones intermixed; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft;
flowers solitary on long scape-like peduncles, all summer.
P. fruticosa, SHRUBBY C. Wet grounds N. : 2° -4° high, woody, silky,
Tery much branched, with 5 or 7 crowded oblong-lanceolate entire leaflets,
scale-like stipules, and luose clusters of rather showy flowers, all summer.
§ 4. Petals white : akenes and receptacle hairy : leaflets only 3, digitate . 11
P. tridentata, THREE-TOOTHED C. Coast of N. England N. and on
mountains ; 4' -6' high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish nearly smooth leaflets
coarsely 3-toothed at the c<ui, and several flowers in a cyme, in early summer.
§ 5. Petals purpie, rose-color, or crimson : akenes smooth. Jl
* Wild in wet and cold boys N. : petals narrow, shorter than the calyx.
P. pallistris, MARSH FIVE-FINGER. Stems ascending from an almost
woody creeping base ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lance-oblong serrate and crowded
leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx nearly 1' broad,
the inside as well as the petals dull dark purple ; receptacle becoming large and
spongy : fl. all summer.
* * From Himalaya, cult, for ornament : petals broad and large, obcordate.
P. Nepalensis, NEPAL C. Leaflets 3 in the upper, 5 in the lowest leaves,
digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed ; flowers
rose-red, all summer. P. HOPWOODIA.NA, with flesh-colored flowers, is a gar-
den hybrid of this and P. recta.
P. atrosanguinea, DARK NEPAL C., is soft silky-hairy, with 3 leaflets
to all the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the preceding, brown-
purple or crimson.
8. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name from fraga, the old Latin
name of the strawberry. ) If.
§ 1. TRUE STRAWBERRIES. Petals irhife: receptacle of the fruit hig/t-jlarxjred:
scapes several-flowered : runners naked. Fl. in s/irimi <md i-nrli/ summer,
t/tose of all but the Jirst species inclined more or less to be diacious. In
cultivation the species are considerably mixed by crossing.
F. v6sca, COMMON S. of Europe, yields the ALPINE, PERPETUAL, &c.,
plentifully native N. ; is mostly slender, with thin dull leaflets strongly marked
by the veins, calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid-
conical or elongated fruit high-scented, and the akenes superficial.
F. elatior, HAUTBOIS S., of Europe, sometimes cult. ; is taller and quite
dicrcious, with the calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull
reddish and musky-scented.
F. Virginian a, VIRGINIAN WILD S., original of the AMERICAN SCAR-
LET, &c. ; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often shining upper
surface with sunken veins, calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing
over the hairy receptacle when unfrnctified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly
globular, its surface with deep pits in which the akenes are sunken.
Var. Illinoensis, perhaps a distinct species, is coarser and larger, grows in
richer soil, from W. New York W. & S., the hairs of the scape, &c. shaggy, is
the supposed original of HOVEY'S SEEDLING, BOSTON PINE, £c.
F. Chilensis, native of Pacific coast from Oregon S. ; its varieties ami
crosses with the foregoing have given rise to the PINE-APPLE S. and the like :
a large and robust species, with very firm and thick leaflets soft-silky beneath or
on both faces, and a hairy receptacle, the large rose-colored fruit erect in the
pure state (instead of hanging), ripening late-
l'J4 nosr. FAMILY.
§2. Petals yellow: receptacle tasteless : runners bearintj Imns and \-flowered
peduncles: calyx »•///, r> < it, run/ y //«•>.•,• /•/ n/ lur*/* , leaf-tike, and 3-lobed.
I'. Indica, IX?>IAX S., of rpp(-r India, ic. : cult., running wild S. E.,
rather handsome both in (lower and (red) fruit, which an.- piodneed all Mtmmcr
anil autumn.
9. DALIBARDA. (Named for .Da/r&arrf, an early botanist of Paris.) 11
D. repeHS, of woodi'd slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, downy little
plant, spreading inure or less In- subterranean runners, with the aspect of a
Violet, tlu- scapes hearing one or two delicate white (lowers, in Minimer.
10. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, &c. (The Koman name, connected with ruier,
red.) 11
§ 1. FLOWKKIXG RASI-IH^RIES, with simple leaves and broad Jlattish fruit, the
w /•// small anil itmn> mns reddish or amber-colored grain* <it /<mjt/i sf/in/nt-
imj from tin- 1 >i rtiistent receptacle.
R. odoratus, PTRPLE F. Dells, £c., X. : shrubby, 3° -5° hi^h, clammy-
hristly and odorous, not prickly ; with ample 3-5-lobed leaves, the lohes pointed
and the middle one longest, peduncles many-flowered, calyx-lobes with long
slender tips, and petals purple-rosc-color ; the showy flowers l'-2' across, pm-
duced all snininer.
R. Nutkanus, WHITE F. From T'pper Michigan to Pacilic, and cult. :
like the other, lint less l>ri>tlv and clanmiv, with leaves more equally 5-lohed and
coarsely toothed, and (ewer flowers with narrower white peiaN.
§2. TRTK RASPBERRIES, unYA 3 — 5 leaflet*, 'the fruit foiling when ripe from
tin tin n ilr// iiiirrun- rtrr/itin-/, : jlnu; ra irilli mini// irliiti erect /»/'//x. '';/ inrli/
minimi r. mi /ni/'i/ s/iant* of the sen* in ir/iir/i i /// nil Imt tin- fir^l) x/irini/
/'mm /irii-/./!/ mi in- or l<-ss ii-nmlij ,s/, ms of the pr«-i<l/iu/ <j,ar.
R. trifl6rUS, DWVIM 1! \SIM:I;KKV. Low woods X. ; almost wholly her-
liaceons, slender, trailing, not jiricklv, with thin smooth leaves, of .'i rhomliic-
ovate acute leallets, or the side-leaflets parted, making ">, all doubly serrate,
peduncle beariny- 1 - .'! small (lowers, and the1 fruit of tew Drains.
R. OCCidentalis, I.I.VCK R. or TIIIMHLEHEUKY. Borders of fields ami
thickets N., especially where ground has been burned over: ^laucous-whitcned,
the IOIIL;' recnrvini: steins, >t;dks, v^-c. arme«l with hooked p'-ickles, but no bris-
tles ; leatlets mostly :i, ovate, pointed, white-downy beneath, ••oarsely doubly
toothed, the lateral ones stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals : fruit purple-
black (or an amber-colored variety), tlatti-.li, ripe at midsummer.
R. IdSBUS, <;\i!i>i:\ 1\. Cult, from En. for the fruit : tall nnd nearly
erect, lic^rt \\ ii h straight slender prickles or main of them mere bris'le- ; leave's
thicker, and fruit (inner and larger than in the next red or yellowish, ripening
through the summer.
R. Strigbsus, Wn.n Ki-:?) R. Common especially X. : 2° - «° hi^h, the
upvight stems, stalks, Ovc. be-et with eopiuii- liri>tles, and some of them bcconi-
JIIL: weak prickles, also glandular; leatlets oblong-ovate, jiointed. cut--errate.
white-downy beneath, the lateral lines (either one or two pairs) not stalked;
petals as Imii; as the sepals ; fruit li^ht-rcd, tender and watery but hi^h-flav-
ored, ripening all summer.
§ 3. BLACKBERRIES, m'th the p»l/>>/ I/ruins ofthefruit rii/mii/im/ attached t<> the
]in//i// r/ i-i /ilin-/< , ii-liii-li at ii i/i/lli t'nllx turn if from tlir i-n/i/r : xt< in* prir/.-li/ :
l< uris o/':\ or /iidii/e/i/ 5-7 leaflets : jloinr* on /nifi/ shoots /ruin stuns «/
tin preceding i/«ir, in spring and early summer, n-itli n-luii spreading petals,
* Sinus mori orliss iromli/ : fruit Murk irlu » ripi , nitnlli, the blackberries of the
ninrk't, ri/'i i/i/n/ in Inti siiiiiinir nntl nii/n/ini.
R. Vill6sus, lliiiit I5i. \( Kr.i KKY. I'very where aloiiLT thicket?, fence-
rows, &c., and several varieties cult.: stems 1 ° - G° hiph. t'nrrowecl ; prickles
strong and hookecl ; leallets :i - 5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their lower sur-
face and stalks hairv and glandular, the middle one lotijr-stalked and sometimes
ROSE FAMILY. 125
heart-shaped ; flowers racemed, rather large, with short bracts ; fruit oblong
or cylindrical.
R. Canad6nsis, Low B. or DEWBERRY. Rocky and sandy soil : Inn--
trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3-7 smaller leaflets
than in the foregoing, the racemes of flowers with more leaf-like bracts, the fruit
of fewer grains and ripening earlier.
R. CUneifolius, SAND B. Sandy ground and barrens from N. Jersey S. :
erect, 1°-3Q high, with stunt hooked prickles ; the branchlcts and lower surface
of the 3-5 wedge-obovate tliickish leaves whitish-woolly ; peduncles 2-4-
flowered.
R. trivialis, SOUTHERN Low B. Sandy soil from Virginia S. : trailing
or creeping, bristly and prickly ; the smooth partly evergreen leaves of 3 - 5
ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.
* * Stems scarcely icoody but lasting over ivinter, wholly prostrate : fruit sour.
R. hispidus, RUNNING SWAMP B. Low woods, &c. N. : with very long
and slender running stems, beset with small reflcxed prickles, sending up short
leafy and flowering shoots ; leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt smooth and shin-
ing leaflets, of firm and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; floAvers small and
few on a leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple.
§ 4. FLOWERING BRAMBLE : cultivated for the flowers only.
R. rossefolius, from China, called BRIER ROSE. Cult, in greenhouses
and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of full-double white
flowers resembling small roses.
11. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A minute
annual species, A. ARVENSIS, called PARSLEY PIERT in England, has got
introduced in Virginia, &c.
A. vulgaris, LADY'S MANTLE, from Europe, is cult, in some gardens ;
it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy rounded slightly 7-9-lobed
leaves chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose corymbs or panicles of
small light green flowers, through the summer. 2/
12. AGRIMONIA, AGRIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.)
Weedy herbs, in fields and border of woods, producing their small yellow
flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 2 akenes,
detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the hooked bristles
to the coats of animals. 2/
A. Eut>at6ria, COMMON' A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate and
coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals twice the length
of the calyx ; stamens 10 - 15.
A. parviflbra, chiefly S., has smaller flowers, 11-19 lanceolate principal
leaflets, and 10-15 stamens.
A. incisa, only S., has 7-9 oblong or obovate and smaller principal leaf-
lets, small flowers, and 5 stamens.
13. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure appli-
cation.) 2/
P. Sanguis6rba, GARDEN or SALAD B. Common in old gardens, from
Europe : nearly smooth, growing in tufts ; leaves of many small ovate and
deeply toothed leaflets ; stems about 1° high, bearing a few heads of light
green or purplish monoecious flowers, in summer, the lower flowers with nu-
merous drooping stamens, several of the uppermost with pistil, the style ending
in a purple tufted stigma.
P. Canadense, or SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS, CANADIAN or WILD B.
Wet grounds N. : 3° - 6° high, nearly smooth, with numerous lance-oblong
coarsely-toothed leaflets often heart-shaped at base, and cylindrical spikes of
white perfect flowers, in late summer and autumn ; stamens only 4, their long
white filaments club-shaped.
I 20 ROSK FAMILY.
14. ROSA, HOSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.)
§ 1. WILD ROSES of the country : only the first species cultivated.
# Styks lightly ruin fimj in <t ruin/tut ami projecting out of the calyx-cnp.
R. setigera, PRAIRIE or CLIMIUM. \\'II.D ROSE. Rich ground, W. &
S. : also planted, and partly the original of HI EKX-OK-TIIE-PRAIRIE, &c. dou-
ble roses. Tall-climbing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly;
leaves with only .'5-5 ovate acute leaflets; the eorymhed flowers produced
towards inidMimmer ; stalks and calyx glandular; petals deep rose becoming
nearly white.
# # Styles si inn-nil , ni'-liii/id in tl< i'ii///.i--tn/ie, the stii/mns r/ns/'/n/ its orijice :
pi tills row-color : stems nut i/is/iusul to c/imb.
R. Carolina, SWAMI- HOSE. Wet grounds: stems 4° - 8° high, with
hooked prickles and no bristles ; leaflets 5-9, smooth, dull above and pale be-
neath ; flowers numerous in the corymb (in summer) ; the ealvx and globular
hip glandular-bristly.
R. lucida, DWARF WILD ROSE. Dry or moist ground: l°-2° high,
with bristly or slender Straight prickles, 5-9 oblong or almost lanceolate leaf-
lets shining above, 1 -3-flowcrcd peduncles, bristly calyx, but the depressed hip
nearly smooth : n. all summer.
R. blanda, EARLY Wn.n ROSE. Rocky banks N. : l°-.3° high, with
straight weak prickles or none, 5-7 oval or oblong blunt and pale leaflets,
sometimes hoarv beneath, large stipules, 1 - .'{-flowered peduncles and the calyx
smooth and glaucous, the hip globular: rl. spring or early summer.
§2. BRIER-ROSES, naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, or
sometimes planted : fiou-eriinj in summer.
R. rubigindsa, SWEET-BRIER. Tall, disposed to climb, armed with
strong and hooked and some slender and awl-shaped prickles, the roundish and
doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet glands beneath, giving
the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, pink; hip pear-shaped or obo-
vate, crowned with the calvx-lobes.
R. micrantha, SMALL S. Probably a mere variety of the common Sweet-
Brier, with uniform hooked prickles, smaller flower, and more oblong or oval
hip, from which the calvx-lobcs fall early.
R. oanina, Don HOSE. Roadsides E. Penn. and probably elsewhere:
resembles Sweet-Brier, but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands
and simply serrate ; flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white.
§3. EVERGREEN ROSES, natural i:ed in the Southern States from China:
floiL'eriiiy In spring, the flowers nut don!,/, .
R. Sinica (or L.KVH;\TA), CHEROKEE ROSE. Planted for garden-
hedges, ,ve., also run wild S., disposed to climb hiyh, armed with strong hooked
prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossv evergreen leaves of mostly
only :t leaflets, and single flowers at the end of the branches, with bristly ealvx-
eup ami large pure-while petals.
R. bracteata, HI;A« TED HOSE. In hedges far S., not common ; has
downy branches armed with strong hooked prickles, :">-<) roundish leaflets, and
single large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx covered by leafy
bracts.
§4. EXOTIC (l.VKDEN ROSES proper, frnm /\n,-<>/n- mill Asia. Miri'li/ the
principal II//H-X : tin1 i/n-ntci- imrt of tin I/IIH/I/-II i/ni'i/i/i nwi.s ti*i iniifh
iniriil In/ rnaaiiii/ inn/ changed l>y rnriiitiiin to be subjects ofbotanirnl study
* Stylts united in a column iclii<-Ii jimju-ts nut <>f the calyx-cup. All with long
rambling s/t<»>/s, m- <//s/ms<i/ 1<> climb.
R. sempervirens, Ev ERG KEEN ROSE of S., not hardy nor holding its
leaves X., with coriaceous bright-green oblong leaflets, curved prickles, "and
nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more
hardy form of it.
ROSE FAMILY 127
R. moschata, MUSCAT or MUSK ROSE ; not climbing, with slender
curved prickles, leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leaflets, a cumuli of
white flowers with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet scented, especially
at evening.
R. multiflbra, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing species,
from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat
rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers,
white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The 'BOURSALT ROSE, said
to come from the multiflora, is probably from a cross with some hardy European,
species.
* * Styles not sensibly projecting nor united.
•>- Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles.
R. Banksise, BANKSIA ROSE, from China, a slender conservatory species,
very smooth, with 3 - 5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, and umbels of very small
white or buff and violet-scented flowers.
-i- -i- Tender, aniu-d onli/ with distant hooked prickles, smooth, with leaves of
mostly 3 (-3-5) rather coriaceous and shiniity leaflets, and awl-shaped or
narrow stipules.
R. Indica, INDIA or CHINA ROSES : includes the TEA, PERPETUAL or
BENGAL, BOURBON, and NOISETTE EOSES; and the BENGAL POMPONS, &c.
are miniature forms of similar origin.
t- -*- t- Hardy or mainli/ so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, and
u'itli leaves of 5 or more leaflets.
R. Gallica, FRENCH or PROVENCE, RED ROSE, has slender stems beset
with both stout curved and slender straight prickles, leaves of 5 - 7 rather rigid
doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, erect 1 -flow-
ered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson spreading petals (or variegated with
white), which have some astringency, and are used for conserve ofrost-s, &c.
R. centifblia, HUNDRED-LEAVED or CABBAGE ROSE, perhaps derived
from the preceding . has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glan-
dular teeth or edges, peduncle and calyx clammy with odorous glands, the hip
bristly and glandular, the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose-
purple, or of various shades, rarely white. POMPON ROSES are miniature
varieties. Moss ROSES are abnormal states with the glands and bristles of the
calyx and peduncle developed into a moss-like substance. Petals used for rose-
icater, essence of roses, &c.
R. Damasc^na, DAMASK ROSE, &c. Known from the foregoing bv the
greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the bud, and
with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed during flower-
ing, the hip oblong and pulpy : petals rose-purple, white, &c. ; used in prefer-
ence for attar-of-roses and rose-water.
R. alba, WHITE ROSE, is between the preceding and the Dog Rose; leaf-
lets 5, glaucous and a little downy beneath ; prickles straightish and slender ;
petals pure white.
R. cinnambmea, CINNAMON ROSE, of En., met with in country gar
(lens, is related to our wild R. blanda, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-red bark,
and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red
cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy.
R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE, of Eu. Low, 1° or :>°
high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundi>h
smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, and white,
pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous.
R. Eglantdria, YELLOW EGLANTINE ROSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but
lower, 3° - 5° high, with scattered straight prickles ; leaves deep-green and
sweet-scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff, and sometimes variegated
with red, either single or double.
R. SUlphlirea, the old YELLOW ROSE, from the Far East. Tall, with
scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur-yellow ( full-
double) flowers.
128 KOSK FAMILY.
15. CRAT.SJGUS, HAWTHORN", WIIITK 1 HORN. (Olrl Greek
name.) Small trees or -hrubs, with hard \vnoil; flowers white, except in
sonic varieties of Kngli.-h Hawthorn, in spring or early summer; ripening the
reil or reddish t'rnit mostly in antiimn.
§ 1. Flowers many in the mri/mli, small, tn't/i 5 xti/li-s : fn/it »»t larger than sinn/l
peas, scarlet or rural-r«l : leaves, .vr., swmil/i • //• mai-ly *i.
C. Pyracantha, KVKI:<;I:KI:N THORN. Planted Cor ornament and spar-
ingly na't. from S. IVnn. S. (from S. Europe) : shruh 4° - 6°, with the shining
evergreen leave- lance-s|iatnlate and erennlatc, only 1' long, and .-mall cluster-,
of (lowers terminating short brandies.
C. spathulata. Tall shruh or low tree, from Virginia S., with almost
evergreen .-Inning spatulate leaves, eremite towards the apex, or on vigorous
shoots eut-lohed, and with hardly any petiole.
C. cordata, WASHINGTON T. " Small tree, from Virg. and Kentucky S..
and has heen planted for hedges ; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart-shaped
thmnish leaves, often .'! - 5-eleft or cut and serrate, on slender petiole.
§ 2. Flom rx imniij in the con/nil), mid<ll< -s/:«l : fruit coral-red, ovoid, rather small.
C. arborescens. River-banks far S. : tree with few stout thorns or none,
thin oblong serrate leaves acute at both ends, on slender petioles ; style- :•>.
C. Oxyacantha, ENGLISH HAWTHORN. Planted from En. for orna-
ment and hedges : tree or shrub with obovate smooth leaves wedge-shaped at
ha-e, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1. With single or
double, white, rose, or pink-red (lowers.
C. apiifolia, PAUSU:V-I.KAVED T. Common S. Small tree soft-downy
when young; the leaves smoothish with age, piunatitid, the 5-7 lobes crowded,
cut and toothed ; petioles slender ; styles 1 -.'5.
§ 3. Flowers main/ in the corymb, larne ; the, calux-tefth iri/h the bracts and
s/iiiii/i. -in/tin inset iritli ii'ii ml*: fruit edible, naif an inch or more long, its
cells or stones ami //«• >•////« rariable in nnmlii-r, 1-5. All tall shrubs or
low trees, of thickets mid rocky banks, or planted.
C. coccinea, SCABLKT-FBUITED T. Smooth, with the leaves thin, round-
ish-ovate, shar|)Iy cut -toothed or lobed, on slender petioles, the coral or scarlet
fruit much smaller than in the next and hardlv eatable.
C. tomentosa, PEAR or BLACK T. Downy or soft-hairy when young ;
the leaves thiekish, oval, ovate, or obovate, sharply toothed or cut, below ab-
ruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface impressed along the
main veins or rib- ; Howers often 1' broad, and M-arlet or orange fruit from two
thirds to three fourths of an inch long, pleasant-tasted. Of many varieties: the
two which ditl'er mo-t from the common one with the well-flavored fruit are :
Var. rrxcT.VrA, with smaller and WCclgC-obovate leaves irregularly toothed
towards the summit, and dull red and yellowish fruit, sometimes white-dotted.
Var. MOI.I.IS, of the Western States, with rounded soft-downy leaves, not taper-
ing but sometimes even heart-shaped at base, sharply doubly toothed and cut ;
fruit dull red and le.-s pleasant-tasted.
C. Crus-galli, COCKSITK T. Smooth; the wedge-obovate or oblanceo-
late leave* thick and linn, deep-green and glossy, serrate above the middle, ta-
jierinLr into a verv short petiole ; thorns \ ery long and sharp : fruit bright red.
The best species for hedges : has both narrow and broad lea\ed varieties.
§ 4. I-'/oircrs soli'turi/, in fmirs. or <»i/i/ :? - <> in tin' cnri/mb ; xti/lrs, and ceils,
4-5: leans nms/li/ /mln >•<•< nt mnli nniit/i : fruit n/)> n <atable.
C. aestivalis, SL-MMKK HAW of S. States. Along pine-barren ponds,
from S. Car. S. & W. : tree with spatulate or wedge-obovate coriaceous leaves,
erenate above the middle, no glands, 3 - 5-tlowered peduncles, and large red
juicy fruit, pleasantly aeid, used for tarts. &C. : ripe in summer.
C. flava, YKI.I.OW or SIMMI.K II vw. Sand* soil, from Virginia S. :
small tree, with wedfe-obovare leaves downy or smoothi-h, toothed or cut above
the middle, the teeth or margins ami snort pet.oie gianuuiar ; the pear-shaped
or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged with red.
ROSE FAMILY. 129
C. parvif61ia, SMALL-LEAVED or DWARF THOR.V. Pine-barrens from
N. Jersey S. : shrub .3° - 6° high, downy, with thick and firm spatulate-obovate
crenate leaves, these us well as the mostly solitary flowers almost sessile, calyx-
lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the petals ; the large fruit pear-shaped
or globular, at first hairy, greenish and yellowish.
16. COTONEASTER. (Cotoneum was a Roman name of the Quince.
Name here alludes to the cottony covering of the shoots, lower face of the
leaves, &c. of these small-leaved and small-flowered, chiefly Old -World
shrubs.)
C. vulgaris. Planted from Eu. : hardy shrub, 2° -4° high, much branched,
with deciduous ovate or rounded leaves hardly 1' long, glabrous calyx, flesh-
colored or white flowers in spring, and reddish fruit. And some rarer, evergreen
species are in choicer ornamental grounds.
17. PHOTINIA. (From Greek word for shining, alluding to the glossy
leaves of the genuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small trees,
hardy S., with large evergreen leaves.
P. arbutifdlia, of California, a smooth shrub, with rigid sharply-toothed
leaves and broad panicle of white flowers, should be hardy S. of Penn.
P. serrulata, of Japan and China, is smooth, with longer finely serrulate
leaves, and copious white flowers.
P. (or Eriobotrya) Japonica, the LOQUAT-TREE, of Japan, with
almost entire leaves nearly 1° long, the lower surface and corymb clothed with
dense rather rusty wool, has fewer and larger downy yellowish-white flowers,
and an edible yellow fruit, resembling a small apple, with 1-5 large seeds.
18. AMELANCHIER, JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. (Pop-
ular name of the European species in Savoy.) Flowering in spring, and pro-
ducing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes very pleasant-
flavored) in summer. We have apparently two or three wild species; but
they run together so that botanists incline to regard them as forms of one.
A. Canadensis, also called SHADBUSH in New England, because it
blossoms just when shad appear in the rivers. Var. BOTRYA.PIUM is the
tree, smooth even from the first, or nearly so, with ovate-oblong very sharply
serrate leaves, long loose racemes, and oblong petals 4 times the length of the
calyx. Var. OBLONGIF^LIA is either tree or shrub, with the oblong leaves and
branchlets white-cottony when young, and the racemes and petals shorter.
Var. ALNIFOLIA, chiefly W., is a shrub with roundish blunt leaves toothed only
towards the summit, and flowers like the preceding. Var. OLIGOCA.RPA, is a
shrub of cold bogs N., very smooth, with thin oblong sharply-serrate leaves, and
only 2-5 flowers in the raceme.
19. PYRTJS, PEAR, APPLE, &c. (Classical name of the Pear-tree.)
Botanic-ally the genus is made to include a great variety of things, agreeing
in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-walled cells that contain the
seeds. Wood hard and tough. Fl. spring.
§ 1. PEAR. Leaves simple : flowers in a simple corymb or cluster : fruit tvil/t its
base tapering doicn to the stalk.
P. communis, COMMON PEAR. Cult, from Eu. : a smooth tree, with
branches inclined to be thorny, ovate leaves, and pure white flowers, the an-
thers purple.
§ 2. APPLE. Leaves simple : flowers shoir//, in a sim/>lp r/usti r nr simple umbel:
fruit sunken (itmbilicate) at both < mis, IS/HI-HI//I/ at the base.
* Exotic : leaves simply and evenly serrate, orate or oltlona.
P. Malus, COMMON APPLE. Cult, from Eu. : tree with buds, lower face
of the leaves when young, and calyx woolly, flowers white and tinged with
pink, and large fruit.
9
130 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.
P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERINO-A. Cult from China, for its
showy bright n»e-colored (lowers, which arc double or semi-double ; the leaves
&c. smooth, except when vcrv \ouiiv.
P. prunif61ia, SHU.IMAN I i:\n-A. Cult, for tin- fruit: smooth or
nearly so, except ihe newly developed leaves anil the peduncles ; styles woolly
at the base ; fruit yellowish. The lietter ( 'ral>-Apples are perhaps" crosses of
this with the Common Apple.
** Wild s/Mciif, trith some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even lotted:
the bright i'< ixe-colored flowers and the greenish /'nut n n/ /rui/runt.
P. coronaria, AMKIMCAN or GARLAND CRAB- A. Glades from W. New
York \V &. S. : small tree, .soon smooth, with the mostly ovate leaves rounded
or obscurcl) heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed.
P. angUStifblia, XAI:I:OW-LKA.VI;I> Cu.us-A. (ilades W. & S., with
narrow-oblon or lanceolate leaves : othenvisc too like the last.
§ 3 CHOKEBERRY. Leum simple, the u/>/>irfiice with some small i/hinds along
the midrib: jln/rem (irliltr-) in compound cymes teriiiiiint/in/ tin- brnnchi, s :
styles united <il base : fruit berry-li/,< .
P. arbu.tif.61ia, COMMON CHOKEBERRY. Low woods and bogs ; shrub
with small obovatc or oblong finely serrate leaves, and a juicy insi|)id berry, not
larger than a pea, either purple or black, pear-shaped or globular.
§ 4. ROWAN-TREB or MouxTAix-Asn. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several
(9-17) leaflets : flowers (intuit runs and white) in (i/n/i/e compound flat
a/lues terminating the branches of the season : fruit berry-like, scarlet-red
when ri/ie. Trees ojti-n plnnttd for ornament, especially for the clusters of
s/toii-y fruit in /ni/iuiui.
P. Americana, AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH. Slender tree or tall shrub,
wild in the cooler districts ; smooth or soon becoming so, with lanceolate
taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a reddish stalk, pointed
and smooth glutinous leaf-bads, and berries not larger than peas.
P. sambu.cif.61ia, EI.DER-LEAVKK K. or M. Wild along the northern
frontiers ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance-ovate and blunt or ab-
ruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with more spreading teeth, spar-
ingly hairy Ic.if-bmls, and larger berries.
P. aucuparia, KrnoriiAX II. or M. Planted from Kn. ; forms a good-
sized tree, with oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, their lower surface, stalks, and
the leaf-buds downy ; and the berries larger (^' in diameter).
20. CYDONIA, QUINCE. (Xamed from a city in Crete.)
C. vulgaris, COMMON QUINCE. Cult, from the Levant ; small tree,
nearly thornless, with oval or ovate entire leaves (Lessons, p. 50, fig. 1)2) cot-
tony beneath ; flowers solitary at the end of the leafy branches of the season, in
late spring, with leafy calyx-lobes, white or pale-rose petals, and stamens in a
siiiLile row; the large and hard fruit pear-shaped, or in one variety apple-shaped,
fragrant ; -eeds mucilaginous.
C. Jap6nica, JATAN QUINCE (also named I'YKUS JAPONICA). Thorny,
smooth, widely branched shrub, from .Japan ; cult, for the lar<_re showy flowers,
which are [H'oduccd in spring, earlier than the oval or wedge-oblong leaves, on
>iile spin's, in great abundance, single or more or less double, scarlet-red, or
sometimes with rose-colored or even almost white varieties; calyx with short
and rounded lobes; fruit green, very hard, resembling a small apple, but totally
uneatable.
39. CALYCANTHACE^, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.
Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and petals
imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one into the other,
stamens few or many with anthers turned outwards, all these parts
oil a hollow receptacle or calyx-cup in the manner of a rose-hip,
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 131
enclosing numerous pistils which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons
rolled up from one margin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic,
as is the wood also.
1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or
terminating leafy brunches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate
sepals, find these into similar thickish petals, which are borne on the sum-
mit of the closed calyx-tube: within these are numerous short stamens; the
outer 12 or more having anthers ending in a tip; the inner smaller and with
imperfect anthers or none. Pistils enclosed in the fleshy cup; ovary with 2
ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, enclosed in the leathery hip,
which becomes about 2' long.
2. CHLMOXANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile
in axils of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish or
brownish. Petals honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with an-
thers only 5.
1. CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENT-
ED SHRUB. (Name from Greek for cup and Jiowei •. ) All wild in U. S.,
and cult., especially the first, which has the more fragrant strawberry-scented
blossoms. Fl. spring and all summer.
C. floridus. Wild S. of Virginia in rich woods : leaves soft-downy be-
neath, l'-3' long, oval or oblong.
C. laevigatus. Wild from S. Penn. S. : smooth and green, with oval or
oblong leaves l'-3' long, and rather small flowers (1|' across).
C. glailCUS. Wild from Virginia S. : like the foregoing, hut with mostly
larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous beneath.
C. OCCidentalis, WESTERN C. Cult, from California : smooth, with
ovate or ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped larger leaves (5' -6' long),
green both sides, the "upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3' across,
scentless ; akenes hairy.
2. CHIMONANTHITS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Name in Greek means
wintcr-floicer ; it flowers in the winter in a mild temperate climate.)
C. fra°TanS. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained like a
climber, smooth lance-ovate pointed leaves, and rather small fragrant flowers,
hardy S. of Penn.
40. SAXIFRAGACE^I, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
A large family not readily defined by any single characters ;
distinguished generally from Rosacea; by having albumen in the
seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules ;
ihe herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have only as many
or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas, than there
are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly perfect. — Besides the plants
described, there may be met with in choice conservatories :
CUNONIA CAPKNSIS, a small tree from Cape of Good Hope, with
opposite odd-pinnate leaves and a large stipule between their peti-
oles on each side :
BAITER A RUBIOIDES, from Australia, a slender bu^hy shrub, with
opposite leaves of 3 almost sessile narrow leaflets, looking like 6
simple leaves in a whorl, and pretty rose-colored widely open flow-
ers in their axils.
I. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have been
ranked in two or three different families). None of the following
stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous.
132 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
§ 1. Leaves alternate.
1. RIBES. Leaves palmately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules
united with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the
ovary, and often extended beyond it, tin; 5 lobes u-ii:iliy colored like the
petals. Petals and stamens each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former
small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or partly united into one ; "ovary 1-celled
with 2 parietal placentae, in fruit becoming a juicy berry, crowned' with the
shrivelled remains of the rest of tiie flower.
2. ITKA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx
nearly free from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer
than the calyx, and inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod
slender, 2-celled, splitting through the style and the partition.
§ 2. Leaves opposite. O'lyx-tube wholly cuhen-iit n-iih llie top-shaped ur hemispherical
in'.try, but not at all extended beyond it.
* Stamtns indtjt?tite, 20 - 40.
3. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx mi-
nutely 7 - 10 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7 - 10, valvate in the bud. Pod
small, top-shaped, many. ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs.
4. PH1LADELPHUS. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calvx with
4 or 5 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. " Styles
3-5, usually somewhat united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod,
which splits at length into as many pieces.
* # Stamens only twice as many as the petals. 8 or 10.
5. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panicled, showy.
Lobes of the calyx 5. Petals o, valvate with the edges turned inwards.
Filaments flat, the 5 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on
each side next the top. Styles 3 -5, slender. Pod 3- 6-celled.
6. H\ DRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones
(or in high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of
corolla-like calyx only (Lessons, p. 78, fig. 214) : the others perfect, with a
4-5-toothed calyx, as many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as
many stamens with slender filaments. Style 2-5, diverging. Ovary 2-5-
celled, becoming a small pod which opens at the top between the styles.
II. Herbs, forming the SAXIFRAGE FAMILY proper. Stipules
none or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many.
* Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with (hem, usually o, and a cluster of
gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal : stiym/is inost/i/ I, directly over
tig iitiuii/ 1 a irietal placentae.
7. PAKXASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like stem; the leaves
nio-tly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calvx free from the
ovary, of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none.
Pod 1-celled, many-seeded.
« * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5 : no sterile f laments : styles 2 and
alternate with the placenta or partition.
8. HKUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx
bell-shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled* ovary, and continued
beyond it, above .".-cleft, and bearing 5 small spatulate erect petals at
the sinuses. Styles slender. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening
between the beaks.
9. BOYKIMA. 1 lowers in a corymb-like cyme. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube
cohering with the 2-eelIed ovary. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous.
Style^ 2, short. I'od 2-celled, opening between the two beaks.
* * * Stami-ns tii-iri- the number of the petals or the lubes <>f the calijx, mostly 10;
pud commonly 'l-lobed, beaked, or 2, rnrtfy 3-4, nearly st/iitnit'e puds.
H- Pi till.-; uitirr, iiiustly 5.
10. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect
Leaves simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in' the bud. Pod 2-
celled below, or 2 (rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded.
11. ASTILI'.K. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound
panicle, sometimes polygamous or dioecious. Leaves ample, decompound
SAXIKRAGE FAMILY. 133
Petals small, spatulate or linear. Little pods 2 or 3, nearly separate, opening
down the inner suture, several-seeded.
12. TIAKKLLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-pnrted, and
in the sinuses bearing 5 very narrow slender-clawed petals. Filaments and
styles long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base
of the 2 parietal placentae, 2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing
much more than the other and making the larger part of the lance-shaped
membranaceous pod, which is few-seeded towards the bottom.
•(- ••- Petals 5, pinnattfid, very delicate.
13. MITELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like
the short open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, verv short.
Ovary and pod globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas at the base, many-
seeded, opening across the top.
-I-*--*— Petals none.
14. CHRVSOSPLEXIUM. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or in a leafy cyme.
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the tube or expanded border with 4 or
5 blunt lobes. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Styles 2, short, recurved. Pod
cbcordate, thin, its notched summit rising above the calyx-tube, 1-celled
with 2 parietal placentae, several -many-seeded.
1. RIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (An Arabic name.) Leaves
plaited in the bud, except the last species, often clustered in the axils of
those of previous season. Fl. spring. Fruit mostly eatable.
§ 1. GOOSEBERRY. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns bdow the leafstalks or
the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles besides, these
sometimes on the berry a/so.
* Cultivated species.
R. speciosum, SHOWY FLOWERING-GOOSEBERRY, of California: cult.
for ornament, especially in England, likely to succeed in Southern Middle
States, is trained like a climber ; has small and shining leaves, 1-3 very hand-
some flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, and long-
projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that of u Fuchsia ;
berry prickly, few-seeded.
R. Grossularia, GARDEN or ENGLISH GOOSEBEURY. Cult, from Eu.
for the well-known fruit; thorny and prickly, with small obtusely 3 -5-lobed
leaves, green flowers 1 -3 on short pedicels, bell-shaped calyx, and large berry.
* * Native species (chiefly N. $• W.), passing under the general >w/nf of \VI~LD
GOOSEBERRY, with greenish or dull-purplish blossoms, only 1-3 on each
peduncle.
R. hirtellum, the commonest E., is seldom downy, with very short thorns
or none, very short peduncles, stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than
the bell-shaped calyx ; and the smooth berry purple, sniail, and sweet.
R. rotundif61ium, commoner W., "is often downy -leaved ; peduncles
slender, the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow calyx ;
berry smooth.
R. Cynosbati, of rocky woods N., is downy-leaved, with slender pedun-
cles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, and large
berry usually prickly.
* * * Nat ire species with the prirkl;/ stems of a Gooseberry, but with a raceme of
flowers like those of a Currant.
R. laciistre, LAKE or SWAMP G. Cold bogs and wet woods N. : low,
with 3-5-parted leaves, their lobes deeply cut, very small flowers with broad
and flat calyx, short stamens and style, and small bristly berries of unpleasant
flavor.
§ 2. CURRANT. No thorns nor prickles, and the flowers numerous in the racemes
* Wild, or culticatt-dfor the fruit : fl<»r< ;-s i/rcenish or whitish.
••- Lenres without resinous dots : calyx flat anil open : berries red (or white).
R. prostratum, FETID C. Cold woods X. ; with reclining stems, deeply
heart-shaped and acutely 5 - 7-lobed leaves, erect racemes, pedicels and pale-red
l.')4 SAXIKU.\<;i: FAMILY.
berries glandnlar-bristiv ; these and the bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant,
skunk-like odor.
R. rubrum, RICH C. Cult from En., also wild on our northern borders;
with straggling or rerliniiiLT stem-;. -onicwhat heart-shaped moderately :i - 5-
lobed leaves, the loins roimili.-h. and drooping raceme-, I'mm lateral buds dis-
tinct from the leaf-buds ; edible berries red, or a white variety.
•»- -*- Leaves sprinkled with /•/>•///"/'.•>• <L>ts : flowers larger, icit.h (Along-bell-shaped
ciili/r : lifi-1-it.'S laryer, Uncle, nnniintic <nn/ >;//<•//, glandular-dotted.
R. floridum, WILD BLACK C. Woods N. : leaves slightly heart-shaped,
sharply 3-5-lobed and doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy, bearing
many whiti>h Mowers, with conspicuous bracts longer than the pedicels.
R. nigrum, GAKDKN BLACK C. Cult, from En.: like the preceding,
but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute bracts, and a shorter
calyx.
* * Cultinited for omnment from far W. • the flowers highly colored
R. sanguineum, HKD-I-L. C., from Oregon and California: glandular
and somewhat clammy, with .3 - 5-lobcd leaves whitish-downy beneath, nodding
racemes of rose-red Mowers, the calyx-tube oblong-bcll-shaped, the berries gland-
ular ainl insipid.
R. aureum, GOLDEN, BLTKALO, or MISSOURI C. : from W. Missouri
to Oregon ; abundantly cult, for its spicy-scented bright-yellow flowers in early
spring; smooth, with rounded 3-lobcd and cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled
up in the hud), short racemes with leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx
very much longer than the spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, insipid.
2. ITEA. (Greek name of Willow, applied to something widely different.)
I. Virginica, a tall shrub, in low pine-barrens from X. Jersey 8., smooth,
with oblong minutely serrate leaves, and racemes of pretty white Mowers, in
early summer.
3. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the flower
arc in tens, which is only occasionally the case.)
D. barbara. Along si reams S. : a tall, mostly smooth shrub, with long
branches disposed to climb, ovate or oblong shining leaves, and a compound
terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, in late spring.
4. PHILADELPHUS, MOCK-OHAXdK, SYKIXIJA (which is the
botanical name of the Lilac. The generic name is an ancient one, afterwards
applied to thc.-e shrubs for no particular reason). Ornamental shrubs; na-
tives of the S. Atlantic and Pacific States, Japan, &c. ; the species mixed or
much varied in cultivation. The following are the principal types.
P. COronarius, COMMON MOOK-OUANGK. Cult, probably from Japan.
Shruli with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves having the ta>tc and
smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white
Mowers, in late spring.
P. latifblius, BUOAD-I : \\ i i> M. Cult., unknown wild, has the erect
stem- of the first, is robust, 6° - 12° high, with the ovate and toothed 5-ribbed
leaves hairy beneath, and large pure-white and nearly scentless flowers clus-
tered, in early summer.
P. inodbrus, SCKXTI.ESS M. Wild in upper di>tricts S. : >hrub smooth,
with spreading slender branches, mo>tly entire ovate-oblong leaves, rather small
flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branehlets, and calyx-lobes not
longer than the ovary.
P. grandifl6rus, LAHOK-FL. M. Wild along streams from Virginia S.,
and planted in several varieties : tall shrub, with long recurving branches, ovate
nnd pointed usually toothed smouthi.-h or >li-htl\ downv leaves, and verv large
pure-white scentless flowers, in early summer, either single or in loose clusters
at the end of the branches, the slender-pointed calyx-lobes much longer than the
ovary.
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 13i>
P. GordoniamiS, cult, from Oregon, is seemingly a variety of the last,
ry tall, and the large flowers appearing at midsummer.
P. hirsutUS, HAIRY M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., sparingly cult. :
slender, with recurving branches, the small ovate and acute sharply-toothed
leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers solitary or
2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets.
5. DEUTZIA. (Named for one Dentz, an amateur botanist of Amsterdam.)
Fine flowering shrubs of Japan and China, with numerous panicles of white
blossoms, in late spring and earlv summer ; the lower side of the leaves, the
calyx, &c. beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf.
D. grctcilis, the smallest species, is 2° high, with lance-ovate sharply ser-
rate leaves bright green and smooth, and rather small snow-white flowers, earlier
than the rest, often forced in greenhouses ; filaments forked at the top.
D. crenata. Commonly planted ; a tall shrub, rough with the fine pube-
scence, with pale ovate or oblong-ovate minutely crenate-serrate leaves, and
rather dull white blossoms in summer; the filaments broadest upwards and
with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. This is generally cult,
under the name of the next, viz.
D. SCabra, with more rugose and rougher finely sharp-serrate leaves, and
entire taper-pointed filaments : seldom cult. here.
6. HYDRANGEA. (Name of two Greek words meaning water and vase ;
the application obscure.) Fl. summer.
* Cultivated from China and Japan : house-plants N., turned out for summer.
H. Hortensia, COMMON HYDRANGEA, is very smooth, with large and
oval, coarsely toothed, bright-green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly
all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white.
* * Wild species, on shad// hanks of rivers, $-c., but often planted for ornament.
Styles most!// only 2 : flowers tr/tite, the sterile enlarged ones turning areen-
ish or purplish with aae, persistent.
H. quercifdlia, OAK-LEAVED H. Stout shrub 3° - 6° high, very leafy,
downy, with oval 5-lobed large leaves, and cymes clustered in oblong panicle,
with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Georgia S., hardy N. in cult.
H. radiata, called more fittingly II. NI'VEA, having the ovate or some-
what heart-shaped pointed leaves very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and
green above ; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the mar-
gin. Wild S. of Virginia.
H. arborescens, wild from Penn. and 111. S., rarely planted, is smooth,
with ovate or slightly heart-shaped serrate pointed leaves green both sides, the
flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, but sometimes with a full
row round the margin.
7. PARNASSIA, GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Wild on wet banks;
the large white flower handsome, in summer and autumn. 11
P. Caroliniana, the only common species, both N. & S., has the scape or
stem l°-2° high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with a
flower over 1' broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout small sterile
filaments before each.
P. pallistris, scarce on northern borders, is small throughout, with several
slender filaments before each few-veined petal.
P. asarif61ia, along the Allcghanics S., has rather kidney-shaped leaves,
and petals narrowed at base into a short claw ; otherwise like the first.
8. HEUCHERA, ALUM-ROOT, the rootstock being astringent. (Named
fora German botanist, Headier.) Wild plants of rocky woods, chietly W.
and S. along the middle country ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped and more
or less lobed or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall
stalk of the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. 11
13IJ SAXIFRAdK FAMILY.
* Flowers very small : stamens and styles protruding.
H. Americana, COMMOV A.: the only one N. and K. of IVnn., has
scapca and loose panicle (2°-.'i° high) ciammv-glandular and ot'n-n hairy,
leaves with rounded loin-.-, and •jrceni>li I lower.- in early summer.
H. Villosa, from Maryland and Kentucky S. along the upper country, is
lower, beset with .-"i't often ru-ty hair-, lias deeprr-lobed leavo, and very small
white or whiti-h llowers, later in Mimmer.
* * I-'Inn; ,-s lan/er (the cat y.r fully 4' lour/), in >i n< irfnirrr panicle, greenish, with
stiin/in* littii ij nt nil /iriitnidiiK/ : liant rimml mid s/ii/liti// 5- O-ltitud.
H. hispida. Mountains of Virginia and X. W. Tall (scape 2°-4°
hi.uh), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding.
H. pubescens. From S. 1'enn. S. Scapes ( l°-3° high) and petioles
roughish-ghmdular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of
the >alyx.
9. BOYKINIA. (Xamcd for the late Dr. Boykin, of Georgia.) ^
B. aconitifolia, occurs only along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. :
stem clammy-glandular, bearing a or 4 alternate palmately 5-7-cleft and cut
leaves and a cyme of rather small white flowers, in summer. There is one very
like it in Oregon and California.
10. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, means >•,„•/•-/„•
manv species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following, there are
a number of rare or local wild species.
* Wild species, n-ith /cares all clustered at the perennial root, the naked scape
clammy a/><i/->- and Imirim/ many small flower* in a panicle or cyme, the t>ci>
ovaries nnit«l />a rely at the base, making at lenyth a pair of nearly separate
i/ir, i-i/i'ut jiods.
S. Virginiensis, KAKI.Y S. On rocks and moist lianks ; with obovate
or wedge-spatulati' tliiekish more or less toothed leaves in an open cluster, scape
3' -9' high, bearing in early spring white llowers in a dense cluster, which
at length opens into a loose panicled cyme ; calyx not half the length of the
petals : pods turning purple.
S. Pennsylvanica, SWAMP S. In low wet ground N. ; with lance-
oblong or oblanccolate obtuse leaves (4' -8' long) obscurely toothed and nar-
rowed into a very short broad petiole, scape 1° — 2° high, bcariiiLT small
greeni.-di (lowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser panicle (in
spring) ; the rellexcd lobes of the calyx us long as the lance-linear petals.
S. erosa, LICTTITK S. Cold brooks, from I'enn. S. along the Alle-
ghanies ; the lance-oblong obtuse leaves (8'- 12' long) sharply erosely toothed ;
scape l°-30 high, heariii'_r a loose panicle of slender-pcdicelled small white
(lowers (in summer) ; with rellexcd sepals as long as tin- oval petals, and club-
ihapcd tilaments.
* * K.rnlic x/nci,'!!, cull, for ornament : Intrcs nil clnst/ nd at the perennial n»>r .
or<n-i,s -2. nr smut times 3-4, (dinnst sijiaruti, lifcomiinj a* many nearly dis
tine/
S. crassifolia, TIIICK-I.KAVKD S. Cult, from Siberia, very smooth, with
fle-div and creeping or prostrate root-lock^, .-ending up thick roundish-obovate
nearly evergreen leaves, 6' - 9' long, ami scapes bearing an ample at first com-
pact cvme of lu rue bright ro-e-colorc<l (|nwer>, in early spring.
S. sarmentbsa, HKKKSTKAK S., al>o called STRAWBERRY (!i:i; \\IIM.
Cult, from China and .Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardv N., rather hairy,
with rounded hcan-.-haped or kidney-shaped and doubly toothed leaves of tlohy
texture, purple underneath, green-veined or mottled with white above, on shaggy
petioles, from their axils sending oil' Mender strawberry-like runners, by which
the plant i- multiplied, and scapes hearing a light very open panicle of irregular
flowers, with .'? of the petals small rose-pink and yellow-spotted, and 2 inuch
longer and nearly white ones lanceolate and hanging.
ORPINK FAMILY. 107
11. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Also culled HOTEIA, after a
Japanese botanist. Fl. summer. 2/
A. decandra. Rich woods along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : a tall,
rather pubescent herb, 3° - 5° high, imitating ~Spira-a Aruncus (p. 121) in ap-
pearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decompound leaves mostly heart-shaped,
cut toothed (2' -4' lorn/) ; flowers greenMi-white, with inconspicaous petals.
A. Japonica, or HOTLIA JAPOXICA. Cult, from Japan for ornament:
only l°-2° high, with leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves lauce-ovate or oblong,
and crowded white flowers of considerable beauty.
12. TIARELLA, FALSE MITREWORT. (Diminutive of tiara, a tur-
ban ; name not very appropriate.) 2/
T. COrdiiblia, our only species, in rocky woods, especially N. : a low and
hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped,
sharply lobed and toothed ; flowers in a short raceme on a leafless scape, bright
white, in spring.
13. MITELLA, MITREWORT, BISHOP'S-CAP. (Name means a lit-
tle mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod. ) Delicate plants
of moist woods, especially N., spreading by summer leafy runners or root-
stocks : fl. late spring and early summer. ^
M. diphylla, COMMON or TWO-LEAVED M. Hairy, with rounded heart-
shaped and .somewhat 3 - 5-lobed root-leaves on slender petioles, and a pair of
opposite nearly sessile leaves on the scape below the slender raceme of many
white flowers.
M. nilda, NAKED-STALKED M. Mossy woods N. : a delicate little plant,
with roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4' -6'
high) bearing a few greenish blossoms.
14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (Name in
Greek means golden spleen.) Fl. spring. 2/
C. Americanum, our only species, in springs or shadv wet places N. :
a low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading repeatedly forked stems, tender
succulent small leaves, which are roundish, obscurelv crenate-lobed, and mainly
opposite ; the inconspicuous greenish flowers nearly' sessile in the forks.
41. CRASSULACE^, ORPINE FAMILY.
Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly in
the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just double the num-
ber ; the pistils all separate and forming as many (mostly many-
seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, where they are united
together. (Lessons, p. 81, fig. 222 - 225.) Penthorum, which is
not succulent, is just intermediate between this family and the fore-
going. Several are monopetalous. i. e. have their petals united
below into a cup or tube.
§ 1. Leaves not at oil feshy, but thin and membranaceous : the 5 ovaries united into
one 5-horned b-celled pod: no scales behind the ovaries.
1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10.
Pod opening by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Rarely the
parrs are in sixes or sevens.
§ 2. Leaves thickened and succulent : ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each.
* Petals separate : sepals nearly so or united at the base.
2. SEMPER VI VUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6 -12 or even more, and
stamens twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafv offsets, ou
which the leaves are crowded in close tufts like rosettes.
S&F— 17
138 ORPINK FAMILY.
3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5; the stamens twice as many,
the alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal.
4. TILL^EA. Sepal.-, petals, stamens, and few-seeded pistils 3 or 4. Very small
annual-, with axillary flowers.
6. CRASSULA. Sepal- <>r lobe.- of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded
pi-til- '>. Perennial herbs or fleshy-sh'rubby plant-, with flowers in cymes
or clusters.
* * Petals united by their edyes below, and bearing the sl<imcn$.
-<- Calyx 5-cleft or o-parted : pistils 5.
6. ROCIIKA. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5.
7. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes
5-angled. Stamens 10.
•*- -t- Calyx and corolla both 4-lobed at summit : pistils 4.
8. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated; the lobes of the corolla at length projecting
and spreading. Stamens 8, projecting. Leaves opposite, petioled, simple or
odd-pinnate, crenate.
1. PENTHORTJM, DITCH STONE-CROP. (Name from the Greek,
apparently alluding to the parts of the flower being in fives.) ^
P. sedoides. Wet places, especially by roadsides : a homely weed, about
1° high, with alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and yellowi-h-gnvn incon-
spicuous flowers loosely spiked on one side of the branches of an open cyme, all
.summer and autumn.
2. SEMPERVIVUM, HOUSELEEE. (Latin for lirc-far-ever.) 2/
S. tect6rum, COMMON- or ROOF HOUSELEKK, the plant in Europe
usually grown upon roofs of houses : propagating abundantly by offsets on
short and thick runners ; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovate, smooth
except the margins, mucronate ; those on the flowering stem- scattered, oblong,
clammy-pubescent, as well as the clustered purpli.-h or greenish (lower- ; sepals,
petals, and pods mostly 12. Cult, in country gardens, and on walls, roofs, &c. :
rarely flowering, in summer.
3. SEDUM, STONE-CROP, ORPINE. (Old name, from W,Y,, to sit,
i. e. upon rocks, walls, &e.. upon which these plants often flourish, with little
or no soil.) The following are all smooth perennials, and hardv N. except
the first species.
§ 1. Leaves flat and lirimil, «lil<mq, olxtvate, or roundal,
* The lower ones at least ir/iar/n/ in threes.
S. Sieboldii, SIBBOLD'S S. Cult, from Japan, mostly in pots; with
slender and weak or spreading stem-, glaucous and mostly reddish-tinged round
and often concave leaves (!' or lc-- long), with a wedge-shaped base and waw-
toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of rosv-purplc flowers, which all
have their parts in fives.
S. ternatum, THREE-I.EAVKD S. Wild in rocky woods from Penn. S.
& W., and common in gardens; with spreading steins creeping at base and
rising 3' - 6' when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovatc ;,iid whorled ;
the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about ;V' long; flowers white, the first
or central one with parts generally in lives, the others sessile along the upper
side of the usually .'* spreading branches and mostly with their parts in fours;
in late spring.
* * All or most of the /«/)•,.-• utli runt, : jl»u;rs in a corymb-like terminal cyme,
/ntr]>l( «r fiurjilish, in siiiitiwr, nil irith tlitir jmrts in lir, *.
S. Teldphium, GARDEN OUIMXE or LIVE-FOR-EVER. Cult, from Eu.
in old country gardens : erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly wavy-
toothed pale and thick leaves, small and dull-colored tlov>er- in a compound
cyme, and short-pointed pods.
S. telephioides, WILD 0. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, chiefly along
the Alleghanies ; 6' -12' high, very like the lost, but with fewer flowers, and
pods tapering into a slender tstyla.
ORPINE FAMILY. l.'i'.l
§ 2. Leaves narrow and thick, barely Jlattish or terete : low or rm /»//«/ plants.
S. acre, MOSSY S., or WALL-PEPPER. Cult, from Eu., for edgings and
rock-work, running wild in some places : a moss-like little plant, forming mats
on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick ovate small and
crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in summer, their parts in fives.
S. pulchellum, BEAKTIFTL S. Wild S. W. on rocks; also cult, in
gardens, &c. ; spreading and rooting stems 4' -12' long; leaves crowded, terete,
linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on the upper side of the 4
or 5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts mostly in fours, while those of
the central or earliest flower are in fives : in summer.
S. carneum, variegatum. Cult, of late for borders, &c., of unknown
origin ; has creeping stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in
threes, linear, flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged : flowers not yet
seen.
4. TILL.S1A.. (Named for an Italian botanist, TtY/j.) Fl. all summer. ©
T. simplex, is a minute plant of muddy river-banks along the coast,
spreading and rooting, only l'-2' high, with linear-oblong opposite leaves, and
solitary inconspicuous white flowers sessile in their axils.
5. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated leaves.) House-plants,
occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Hope. 2/
C. arbor escens. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate leaves
(2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face ; the flowers
rather large and rose-colored.
C. lactea, has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate at the base in
pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers.
C. falcata, has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather falcate or curved
leaves connate at base, 3' -4' long, powdery-glaucous, and a compound cyme of
many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals wiih erect claws partly united be-
low, and spreading abruptly above ; so that the plant has been placed under
the next genus, and named ROCHEA FALCATA.
6. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby
succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. 2/
R. COCCinea. Stems l°-2° high, thickly beset with the oblong-ovato
(!' long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like sessile cluster of handsome
flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla 1' long.
7. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House-plants,
not common. 2/
C. orbiculata. Half-shrubby succulent plant, from Cape of Good Hope,
with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovatc leaves (2' -4' Icni'),
and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1' long) raised on a slender naked
petiole, the cylindraceous tuba of the corolla longer than the recurved lobes.
C. (or Echeveria) COCCinea, from Mexico, is shrubby at base, with
the wedge-obovate acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered on the
flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-partcd corolla not longer than
the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within.
8. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or bu,l and
/*{/•) 2/
B. calycinu.ni. A scarcely shrubby succulent plant, originally from
tropical Africa, cult, in houses, &c., with opposite pctiolcd leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate
leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and rather
handsome hanging green flowers tinged Avith purple : the calyx is oblong and
bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, and has 4 slightly
spreading acute lobes ; the leaflets oval, 2-3 inches long, crcnate ; when laid on
the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and bud at the notches, and pro-
duce little plants. The name refers to the propagation of the plant in this way.
14U WATKK-MILFOIL FAMILY.
42. HAMAMELACE.S], WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules,
small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united
below with the base of tin- 2->tylcil ovary, which forms a hard or
woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at the summit. Sta-
mens and petals when prornt inx-rii-d on the calyx. Three wild
plants of the country, belonging to as many genera.
§ 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous ftmrers, n rtyultr cnlyx, find a single
ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspemdea from (lit (ojt <f each cell.
1. HAMAMKUS. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding
late in autumn, ripening the seeds late the next summer. Calyx 4-parted.
Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the pet-
als bearing anthers, the 4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like Stylus
short. Pod with an outer coat separating from the inner.
2. FOTHKRGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier
than the leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none.
Stamens about 24, rather showy, the long anil club-shaped filaments bright
white. Styles slender. Pod hairy.
§ 2. Tree, with monoecious small flowers, in dense heads or clusters, destitute both of
cnlyx anil corolla, tin' fertile with many ovules in each cell, but only one or ttm
ri/iL'iiiny into scale-like seeds.
3. LIQ I'll) AM BAR. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts,
the sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with
little scales intermixed; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping
peduncle, composed of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each
with 2 awl-shaped beaks, ail cohering together and hardening in fruit.
1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name of Medlar,
inappropriately transferred to this wholly unlike American shrub.)
H. Virginica. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves ohovatc or
oval, wavy-toothed, straight-veined like a Ha/.el, slightly downy : the yellow
flowers remarkable for their appearance late in autumn, just as the leaves are
turning and about to fall. Seeds eatable.
2. FOTHERGILLA. (Named for Dr. Fotltayill of London, a friend and
correspondent of Hartram.)
F. alnifblia. Low, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from Virginia S.,
with oval or obovatc straight-veined leaves, toothed at the summit and often
hoary beneath, the white (lowers in spring. .
3. LIQUID AMBAR, SWEET-GUM TREE or BILSTEP. (Names
allude to the fragrant terebinthine juice or balsam which exudes 'vlien the
trunk is wounded.)
L. Styraciflua, the only species of this country : a lanre and beautiful
tree in low grounds, from S. New England to III. and especially S., with fine-
grained wood, gray hark forming corky ridges on the branches, and smooth and
glossy deeply f> - 7-lohcd leaves, which arc fragrant when bruised, changing to
deep crim-on in autumn, their triangular lobes pointed and In -set with glandular
teeth : grcem>h llowers appearing with the leaves in early spring.
43. HALORAGE^E, WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.
Contains a few in.-ignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with small
greenish flowers sessile in the axils of the (often whorled) leaves
or bracts, and a single ovule and seed suspended in each of the
1 — 4 cells of the ovary.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 141
1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers mostly monoecious, with sepals or teeth of the
calyx, petals when there are any, lobes and cells of the ovary and nut-like
fruit, and the sessile stigmas eacli 4; the stamens 4 or 8.
2. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect, with lobes of the calyx, stamens, stig-
mas, and cells of the 3-angled nut-like fruit eacli 3: petals none.
3. HIPFURIS. Flowers mostly perfect, with truncate calyx not continued above
the adherent ovary, and a single stamen, slender style, and seed.
1. MYKIOPHYLLUM, WATER-MILFOIL. (Botanical name, from
the Greek, like the popular name, means thousand-leaved.) Plants usually
all under water, except their flowering tips ; all but the uppermost or emerg-
ing leaves pinnately dissected into fine hair-like divisions. Fl. summer. 2/
M. spicatum. Leaves whorled in threes or fours, those at the summit of
flowering stems reduced to small ovate bracts shorter than the flowers, which
therefore form an interrupted spike ; petals deciduous ; stamens 8 ; fruit smooth.
M. verticillatum. Like the first, but the uppermost leaves longer than
the flowers and pinnatifid.
M. heterophyllum. Chiefly W. & S. ; with leaves whorled in fours of
fives, those under the flowers.. ovate or lanceolate and serrate or merely pinnatifid ;
stamens and petals 4 ; fruit roughish on the bark.
M. scabratum. Chiefly S. & W. ; with leaves and flowers as in the
preceding, but more slender, the leaves under the flowers linear and cut-toothed,
and the lobes of the fruit 2-riclged and roughened on the hack.
M. ambiguum. Common only E. : with mostly scattered very delicate
or capillary leaves, often perfect flowers, 4 petals and 4 stamens, and a minute
smooth fruit.
2. PROSERPINACA, MERMAID-WEED. (Name from Latin pro-
serpo, to creep, or after Proserpine.) Stems creeping fit base in the mud or
shallow water, the upper part emerging : flowers in the axi'.s of the alternate
leaves, produced all summer. 1}.
P. palustris. Leaves above water lanceolate and merely serrate ; fruit
sharply .3-angled.
P. pectinacea. Leaves all pinnately divided into very slender divisions ;
angles of the fruit bluntish. Chiefly E. & S.
3. HIPPURIS, MARESTAIL (which the botanical name means in
Greek).
H. VUlgaris. In ponds and springs N. & W., but rare: stems l°-2°
high, the linear acute leaves in whorls of 8-12, the upper ones with minute
flowers in their axils. 2/
44. ONAGRACEJE, EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, without stipules ; the parts of the
symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in twos to five?) throughout ;
the tube of the calyx usually prolonged more or \e?s beyond the
adherent ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the
petals (convolute in the bud) and the as many or twice as many
stamens; styles always united into one. Embryo filling the seed :
no albumen. Comprises many plants with showy blossoms, culti-
vated for ornament; these almost all American. (Lopezia lias
irregular flowers with only one perfect stamen.)
§ 1. Paris of the foicer in ticot.
1. CIRC.EA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small
whitish flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube slightly
prolonged beyond the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 - 2-seeded little
bur-like indehiscent fruit, corered with weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, ob-
oordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped with a capitate stigma.
142 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
§ 2. Parts of the jlmcer in fours, or Jives in No. 8.
* Ovary and dry nut-like fruit with a single ovule or seed in each cell.
2. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in
racemes or spikes Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the
4-celled ovarv. Petals 4", on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of
tin- flower. 'St:i us s, these and the long style turned town. A little scale
liriore each filament. Fruit small, 4-ang]cd or ribbed, 1 - 4-seeded.
* * Ocnrif uml fruit iritli i/inni/ nni/iit mid & eds in enc/i of the cells.
t- Herbs: fruit a </•/•;/'.'/ •!-< (//«/ and 4-vnlved dry j><»/.
** ** Seeds furnished with a coma or tuft of km;/ nnd f«ft hnirg tit one end, by which
they nre widilt/ <//.i/" ''•«•'/ ''.'/ <!•'• wind.
3. KPILOBIl'M. Calyx with tube scarcely at all extended beyond the linear
ovary. Petals 4. Stamens 8.
4. ZAUS'CHNERIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a fun-
nel-shaped tube, with tin abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and
with 4 lobes as long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet
color. Stamens 8 and, as well as the long style, projecting.
•M- H-t- Seeds naked, i. e. irillnnil a </«>•<•//// tuft.
= Flowers regular and symmetrical: calyx-tube extended more or less beyond the
ovary, the lobes mostly rtjtextd: petals 4.
6. CLAKKIA. Calyx-tube continued beyond the ovary into a short funnel-form
cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 3-lobed, raised on
a slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones short-
er: anthers curved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much
smaller, or deformed and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear
and tapering upwards, 4-sided. Flowers never yellow.
6. EUCHAH1DIU.M. Calyx-tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary.
Petals wedge-shaped and 3-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw.
Stamens only 4, on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear.
Seeds slightly wing-margined. Flowers never yellow.
7. (ENOTHERA. Calyx-tube either much or little prolonged beyond the ovary.
Petals usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stamens 8.
Flowers yellow, purple or white.
= = Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals: the calyx-tube not
in tlie least extended beyond the broad summit of flic ovary, on which llie
green lobes mostly persist : style, usually short : stigma capitate.
8. JUSSIyEA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells
of the pod: i. e. 8 or 10, rarely 12.
9. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod,
almost always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none.
==== = Flowers irregular and untymmetrical : calyx-tube not exlendi d.
10. LOPF./IA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with
claws, 4, turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost nar-
rower and with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seefns
to be a fifth small one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands
before the lower lobe of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong
anther. Style slender: stigma entire. Pod globular.
•«- «— Shrubs : fruit a 4-celled berry.
11. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended
much beyond the ovarv, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes
spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped: stigma
club-shaped or capitate.
1. CIRCJEA, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe,
the enchantress, it is not obvious why ; the plants arc iiisignilicant and
inert, natives of damp \\ouds, flowering in summer.) 21
C. Lutetiana, the common species, i- l°-2° high, branching, with ovate
and slightly toothed leaves, no bracts under tin- pedicels, the rounded little
fruit L'-cellcd and bc~et \vith bristly hairs.
C. alpina, common only N. or in mountainous regions, smooth and tM\-
CatC, 3' - 6' high, with thin and heart-shaped coarsely toothed leaves, minute
bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit l-eel!ed and soft-hairy.
EYENINCr-PRIMUOSK FAMILY. 143
2. GAURA. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are not;
only one of them is worth cultivating.) Fl. all summer.
G. Iiindheimdri, of Texas, cult, for ornament, nearly hardy N., about
3° high, hairy, with lanceolate sparingly toothed leaves, long weak hniiiclus
producing a continued succession of handsome white flowers ; the calyx hairy
outside; petals nearly 1' long. 2/
G. biennis, the common wild species, 3° -8° high, soft-hairy or downy,
with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small white or flesh-colored
flowers, and downy fruit. ©
3. EPILOBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Name compounded of three
Greek words, meaning violet on a pod.) Fl. summer. The pods opening
give to the winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds, y.
§ 1. Flowers large and showy, in a lung spike or raceme, the. widely spreading
petals on short claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, and tlie
stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves alternate.
E. angustif61ium, GREAT W. or FIRE-WEED. One of the plants that
spring uji abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests have been newly
cleared and the ground burned over: tall (4° -7° high) and simple-stemmed,
smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succession of pink-purple flowers.
§ 2. Flowers small, in corymbs or panicles terminating the branches, ivith petals,
stamens, and style erect, a club-shaped stigma, and all the lower leaves
opposite: stem 1° — 2° high.
E. coloratura. Almost everywhere in wet places, fl. through late sum-
mer and autumn, nearly smooth ; with thin lance-oblong leaves generally with
purple veins, and purplish petals deeply notched at the end and a little longer
than the calyx.
E. molle. In bogs N., less common, soft downy all over ; leaves crowded,
linear-oblong, blunt; petals rose-color, notched, 2" -3" long.
E. palustre. In wet bogs N., slender, minutely hoary all over ; leaves
linear or lance-linear, nearly entire ; petals purplish or white, small.
4. ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.) 11
Z. Californica. Cult, for ornament, from California, flowering through
late summer and autumn, 1° - 2° high, the oval or lanceolate leaves and the pods
with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium ; but the handsome
scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia : these are single and sessile in the
axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length somewhat racemed, about
2' long.
6. CLARKIA. (Named for Capt. Clark, who with Capt. Lewis made the
first official exploration across the mountains to the Pacific, and brought home
one of the species.) Herbs of Oregon and California, with alternate mostly
entire leaves, and showy flowers in the upper axils, or the upper running
into a loose raceme: cult, for ornament : fl. summer. ©
C. pulch611a. About 1° high, with narrow lance-linear leaves, deeply
3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), bearing a pair of
minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes of the stigma broad and
petal-like. There is a parti v double-flowered variety.
C. 61egans. Fully 2° 'high, more commonly flowered in the conservatory,
with long branches, lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower petioled, lilac-purple
entire petals broader than long and much shorter than their naked claw,
smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and pod.
6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) ©
E. COncinnum, of California, cult, for ornament ; a low and branching
plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long tube to the calyx,
and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, and middle-sized rose-
purple or white flowers, in summer.
144 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.
7. CENOTHERA, EVENING-PRIMROSE. (Name from Greek words
fur irini' and hunt; application oli-cnrr. ) Very many species, all originally
^.meric in, a:i 1 ino-t of tin-Mi (Yoiii t'i,- (". S., especially from S. \V. and W.
The following arc the principal conirnoii ones, lioth wild and cult, for
ornament : rl. summer. ( IJD!'I-II-- rains loosdy coniu. t< -d b_. cobwebby threads,
strongly .'J-iobed. S I. >ns, p. 103, lig. 316. )
§ 1. Stir/mas 4, long <m<l slender, spreading in th<- form «f a cross : tube of the
ruli/r tiri/nnd tin' onii'i] limy and mostly x/< iir'lrr.
* YELLOW-FLOWERED KVI-:\IN';-I'IMMI:O-.I-:S. />i-<>/>< !•>'•/ an-rn/i,,!, tli<> flown
ojii'iii/i'i (uxHiilli/ s'tddi nli/) in i'i-i-ni/1,/ t/r/'!i,//,f, ,ind ,',:,/ :i<i mrm] u'hen sun
s/iiin rrtnriix, oilnn/iis ; t/te yel/OW ]><tui.t <-<nitiu<inl<] c/lirurilttte.
-•- Stems elongated and lotfij : ]>i>d n/ln/drical or spimlli -shnjn d, sessile. (T) ©
CE. bidnniS, COMMON 1C. Wild in open grounds, and the larje-flowercd
forms cult, fur ornament; erect, 2° - 5° high, hairy or smoothish, with lanee-
oblong leaves entire or obscurely toothrd, t lowers at length t'onniiiLT a terminal
leafy-bracted spike, and jtetals oliennlate. Runs into several varieties, of which
the largest anil tim-.-t now cultivated is
Var. Lamarckiana, from S. \V., which is tall and stout, with corolla
3' -4' in diameter : the sudden opening at dusk very strikin-_r.
CE. rhombipetala. Wild on our western limits; more slender, hoarv,
l°-3° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and ncnti' petals.
CE. Drummondii, cult, from Texas; has it- stems .spreading on the
ground, and large (lowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils, the lance-
ovate leaves, &r. soft-dmviiv.
CE. sinu^.ta. Wild from New Jersey S., in sandy ground ; low and
spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong sinuate or pinnatilid leaves, small (lowers
in their axils, pale yellow petals turning rose-color in fading, and .slender pods.
••- •*- Stems afiurt and /ir'mtrute or scarcely any : pod short, 4-u'inyed.
CE. triloba. Cult, from Arkansas: leaves pinnatilid and cut, like those
of Dandelion, .smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the groin: 1, on i!ie short
crown, which in autumn is ero\vd"d with the almost wood,' pvramid il-o\ ate
narrowly 4-winged sessile pod>, I'orming a ma.-s .'i' - 5' in diameter; flowers
rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4' - 5' long, its lobes about as long
as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-yellow petals, which turn purplish in
fading. i) @
CE. MlSSOU.ri6nsis, the greener-leavi'd form also called (E. MACIIOCAUI- \.
Cult, from .Missouri and Texas; finely hoary or nearly smooth, with manv
short prostrati- stems 2'- 12' long from a thick woody root, crowded lanceolate
entire leaves, very large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sun-
set ; the tube of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, fi'-7' long; the
bright-yellow corolla 4'- ('.' across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. 2/
* * WIIITIM-I.OWKI;I:I> I', v i.\ i \i;-I'i;i MI:. .SMS, i:si/u'/i/ tnmim/ rosr-i;>l,,nd in
fading, same of them <>/MIH'H<I in tin daytime : petals broadly obovate or ob-
cordate: flower-buds commonly nodding.
CE. taraxicifblia (jirobably a variety of CE. ACAf-Lis), from Chili : rather
miry, at first, stemlos, at length forming |in>straie stems, with pinnatitid or
jiinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as the name denotes), and very
larue (lowers in the axils, tube of calyx :)'-4' long, corolla 3' - 5' across, and a
wooily obovate and sharply 4-aniJe,l sessile pod.
CE. Speci6sa, Xutt.', of Arkansas and Texas, not hardy in cult. X. ;
pubescent, with erect and branching stems (',' - 20' hiv.li, lance .oblong cut-toothed
leaves, the lower mostly pinnatilid ; (lowers somewhat raeemed at the summit,
and opening in the daytime ; eaiyx-tnbe rather club-shaped and not much longer
than the ovary ; con ,ila .'i' - 4' across ; pod club-shaped. ^
((K. MA in: i N \ i \, a tufted mostly stemlos species, with lanceolate and often
pi nntifid toothed Soft-hairj leaves, and |.eduneled ob|ong-cyliii<lrieal ronghish
1'od.s. ; (II. TIMCIIOI AI.VX, soft-hairy, conspicuously MI on the calyx, with
; !y obcordate petals. Ion •_'-!! near pods with a thicker closely sessile'base and
smooth seeds; CE. ALr.ir u i.is, with aslending stems, smooth or slightly hoary,
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 145
smaller entire petals, but pods and seeds like the foregoing ; and CE. PINNA-
TfFiDA, with petals as in (E. trichocalyx, and similar pods, hut with striate
and reticulated seeds, — all handsome white-flowered species of Western plains
and the Rocky Mountains, — are beginning to be cultivated.)
* # * YELLOW-FLOWERED, DIURNAL, sometimes called SUNDROPS, the blos-
soms o/>i nun/ in bright sunshine: ;»/<//>• mostly obcordate: stems leafy:
leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the country, all but the
last occasionally cultivated. 2/
-t- Pod short-oblong or obovate, 4-wing-angled.
CE. glauca. Wild from Virginia and Kentucky near and in the moun-
tains S. : l°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top ; leaves ovate
or lance-ovate ; corolla 2' or more in diameter.
-i- -i- Pod club-shaped, somewhat ^-wing-angled above, and 4 intervening ribs.
CE. frutic6sa. Wild in open places : not shrubby, as the name would
imply, hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, somewhat
corymbed flowers l£'-2' in diameter, and short-stalked pods.
CE. linearis. Wild from Long Island S. near the coast: pale or somewhat
hoary with minute pubescence, with slender and spreading often bushy-branched
stems l'-2' long, linear or lance-linear leaves, and somewhat corymbed flowers,
corolla 1'- 1^' across, and hoary pods tapering into a slender stalk. — A spread-
ing form is cultivated, blooming very freely through the summer.
CE. pumila. In tields, &c. : nearly smooth, 5' -12' high, with mostly
simple erect or ascending stem, oblanecolate leaves, and scattered flowers, the
corolla less than 1' across, and pods short-stalked or sessile.
* * * * RED-PURPLE-FL., DIURNAL, leafy-stemmed : pods club-shaped, (j) @
CE. r6sea, from Mexico. Minutely downy, with slender spreading stems
6' -24' high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower sometimes rather pin-
natih'd, and flowers 1' across in leafy racemes.
§2. GODETIA. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes : tubeof the calyx
beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary inversely conical or funnel-shaped :
leafy-stemmed : fln/rrrs open by day, scentless: petals broad and fan-shaped
or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-pwrple, rose-
color, or sometimes white: anthers erect on short (the alternate ones on very
short) and broadish filaments, curving after opening. All IF. American,
abounding in Oregon and California, several in the gardens, the following
most common. Q)
CE. purpurea. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 6' -10' high, at length
with many short branches; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire; corolla !'-!£'
across, purple, with a dark eye ; short and broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ;
pods short and thick, closely sessile, rather conical.
CE. rubicunda. Taller, l°-2° high, and linear-lanceolate leaves rather
scattered along the slender branches ; corolla 2' or more across, lilac-purple
with saffron-colored eye (also pale or rose-colored varieties) ; lobes of stigma
oblong, pale ; pods thickish, cylindrical, sessile.
CE. Lindleyi. Erect or spreading, 8' -16' high, with slender branches,
narrow lanceolate leaves ; corolla about 2' across, lilac-purple, with a deeper red-
purple spot on the middle of each petal ; lobes of the stigma linear and pale ;
pod* slender, linear, somewhat tapering at the ends.
CE. amcena. Slender, 6' -18' high, with lance-oblong or lance-linear
leaves, and corolla 2' -3' across, rose-color or almost white, with usually a deeper
reddish eye ; lobes of stigma linear ; pods linear.
8. JUSSIJ3A. (Named for Bernard, the elder de Jussieu.) Leaves entire.
Flowers yellow, all summer.
J. decurrens. Wet grounds, Virg. to 111. and S. Erect stems and slen-
der branches margined or winged in- lines proceeding from the bases of the
lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout ; flowers sessile or short-stalked, with 4
lobes of calvx nearly as long as the petals, and oblong-club-shaped 4-anglcd
pod. © -Jl
10
146 EVKMNii-i'immosi: FAMILY.
J. grandiflbra. Marshes S. : hairy, \vitli stems erect from a creeping
base, lamvnlatr acute leaves, flowers 2' in diameter, the 5 calyx lobes only half
as long as the petal.-, and pud-; cylindrical and stalked. ^/
J. repens. In water from S. 111. S. : .-muuth, with creeping or floating
and rooting stems, oblong leaves taperim;- intu a Blender pi-tiole. long-pcduncled
flowers 1' or mure across, with 5 calyx-lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods
tapering tit the base. 2/
9. LUDWIGIA, FA LSK LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. (L Ln,l,ri,,,
a German botanist, rather earlier than Linmvns.) Marsh herbs, with entire
leaves ; flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. "^
§ 1. Leans alternate, mostly sessile.
* Flowers jHt/inicli't/ in tl.i H/I/H r n.rils, iritli i/i-llmr pttals (about £' loii>/) equalling
/In- Irnf-like iii-ilti' nr lani'f-oniti' ni/t/.r-liiliis : stiintfiis and Styles slniilif:
pod cubical, strom//// 4-tint/ft-d, opening by <i Im/i at t/ie top : stem* 2° - 3° hirjh.
L. alternifdlia. Common E., the only one found far X. : smoothi-h,
branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, petals scarcely longer
than calyx, and angles of pod wing-margined.
L. Virgata. Pine barrens S. : downv, with mostly simple stems, blunt
oblong leaves or the upper linear and smaller, and petals twice the length of the
rcflexed calyx.
L. hirtella. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. : hairy, with simple stems,
oblong or lanceolate short and blunt leaves, and petals twice as long as the
barely spreading calyx-lobes.
* * Flowers sessile in flip upfier ci.ri/s, sum//, mxl iritli pule yellow petal* about tf/r
lenijth of the p, rsisti nt i;i/i/r-!ub< s : stann us and style sltort : I wives on
flowering stints /tun-u/i' anil linear.
L. linearis. Swani]'s from N.Jersey S. : smooth, loosely branched, l°-3°
high, with acute leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creepinir
runners ; |iuils oblong-clubshaped or top-sha]ieil and much longer than the tri-
angular-ovate calyx-lubes.
L. Iinif61ia, only S., is G'-12' high, with blunter leaves, and cylindrical
pod.- little longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobe-.
* # # Flowers sessile, ii/fi'n r/nsten-il, ami irit/t no petals, or rareli/ mere rudi-
ments : lutrrs masti'i/ /iiiii-ni'iiti , sin/ii' s/i'f/is n'il/1 ulninitt- tir spatulatc leaves
on cri'jiini/ runners : flowering stems mostly 2° — 3° hi'/lt.
-i- Downy all over : flowers spiked or croirdul <it tin- > IK! of' the branches.
L. pi!6sa. OnlyS. : much branched, with lance-oblong leaves, and glob-
ular-4-sided pod about the, length of tbe sprea<ling calvx-lobes.
•*- •*- Smooth or smoothish tlirour/hout.
L. Cylindrica. From Illinois and N. Car. S. : mnch branched, with long
lanceolate and acute leaves tapering into a petiole, small axillary (lowers, and
cylindrical pods much longer than the small ealv\-lohes.
L. Sphaerocarpa. From K. New Kngland S. : with lanceolate or linear
leaves acute at both ends, very small (lowers in the axils, and globular pods not
longer than the calyx-lobes, with hardly any hraetlets at their ba.-e.
L. polycarpa. From Michigan S. : like the last, but smoother, and with
conspicuous slender bracelets at the base of the 4->ided rather top-shaped pod,
which is longer than the calvx-lobes.
L. capitata. From N. Carolina S. : with slender simple stems angled
towards the lop, lon^ lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an obloiiu or
roundish terminal head, and obtusely 4-an^led pod longer than the calyx-lubes.
L. alata. From X. Carolina S. : with simple or sparingly branched stems
strongly angled above, few flowers, in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate
leaves, and an inversclv pyramidal pod a- long as the white calyx-lubes, with
concave -ides and winged an^le-.
L. microcarpa. From X. Carolina S. : the low stems creeping at base
nnd 3-angled above, leaves spatulate or obovate, with minute flowers in their
axils, the short 4-angled pods not larger than a pin's head.
EVENING-PRIMROSK FAMILY. 147
§ 2. Leaves opposite, obovate or spattilate, long-petioled, with small ami m-tir///
sessile flowers in their axils : stems creeping or floating.
L. pallistris. Common in ditches and .shallow water : smooth, with no
petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of water, and oblong
obscurely 4-sided pods longer than the very short calyx-lobes.
L. natans. From N. Carolina S. : larger than the foregoing, and with
yellow petals as long as the calyx-lobes, the pods tapering to the base.
§3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-pedunclfd floiwr in the axil
of some of the upper ones : stems creeping in /lie mud.
L. arcuata. From coast of Virginia S. : a small and smooth delicate
plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle, yellow petals longer
than the slender calyx-lobes, and club-shaped somewhat curved pod.
10. LOPEZIA. (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.)
L. racem6sa. Cult, sparingly, from Mexico : a slender, branching, nearly
smooth plant, with alternate ovate or lance-oblong leaves on slender petioles, the
branches terminated with loose racemes of small rose-pink or sometimes white
flowers (only \' in diameter), on slender pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts,
produced all summer, followed by very small round pods. (T)
11. FUCHSIA. (Named for L. Fnchs, an early German botanist.) Well-
known ornamental tender shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly natives of the
Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with opposite or ternatoly
whorlcd leaves. The species in cultivation, now greatly mixed and varied,
chiefly come from the following.
§ 1. SHORT-FLOWERED FUCHSIAS, or LADIES' EARDROPS; with the lobes of
the normally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals ; the latter
normally violet or blue, obovate and refuse, convolute around the base of
the projecting fl'ament* and still longer style : flowers hanging on long
peduncles from the axils of the leaves.
F. COCCinea, or F. GLOB6SA. Low, the rather small scarlet flowers with
globular or ovoid calyx-tube between the ovary and the lobes, which also form
a globular bud and Ifardly spread after opening ; leaves short-petioled.
F. Magellanica, from S. Chili and Fuegia : less tender, with tube of the
calyx bell-shaped and much shorter than the lobes ; leaves short-petioled or the
upper sessile.
F. macrostemma, from Chili : leaves on slender petioles ; calyx-tube
oblong or short-cylindrical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. —
These species now greatly varied in color; some varieties with calyx white or
light and the petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered,
the petals being multiplied.
§ 2. LONG-FLOWERED FUCHSIAS; with trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel-shaped
/'ibc of the calyx 2' -3' long, very much longer t/ian the spi-<ii<l!n<i /«/<•.•,-,
which little excet-d the acute or pointed somewhat spreading petal* :
and style little projecting: floirers crowded into a nitlur rlns, drn
raceme or corymb at the end »ft he brunches : lean* /en/', 5' - "' long.
F. fulgens, from Mexico : smooth, with ovate somewhat heart-shaped leaves,
and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx-lobes often tinged with green.
F. corymbiflora, from Peru : mostly pubescent, with lance-oblong and
taper-pointed almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lanceolate calyx-lobes
and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length widely spreading.
§ 3. PANICLED FUCHSIAS; with small flowers erect in a naked and compound
terminal panicle or cluster : lobes of the calyx and pi-tuls widily spreading.
F. arborescens, TREE F., from Mexico : a stout shrub rather than tree,
with oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves acute at both ends and usually
whorlcd ; flowers light rose-color, £' long, with narrow oblong calyx-lobes, and
petals rather longer than the tube, about as loug as the stamens and style.
148 MELASTOMA FAMILY.
45. MELASTOMACE.EJ, MELASTOMA FAMILY.
Plants with opposite and simple 3 - 7-ribbed loaves, no stipules,
as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted in the
throat of the calyx, anther- usually of peculiar shape and opening
hy a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually handsome, but mostly
scentless. A large "order in the tropics, represented in northern
temperate regions only by the genus Rhexia of the Atlantic States.
.None in common cultivation, but the following are those more
usually met with in choice conservatories : —
Centradenia rdsea, from Mexico: a low ami lm-hy almost herbaceous
plant, with unequal-sided and falcate broadly lanceolate leave.-, apparently
iillinidtc (which comes from the diminution or total stippn-sion of one leaf of
each ].air). producing -rent abundance of Mii.ill flowers in short raceme-like clus-
ters, with 4 white and rose-tinged petals, and S anthers with curious club-shaped
and tail-like appendages.
HeterOC&ntron r6seum, from Mexico : an herh, or nearly so. with thin
ovate leaves which arc f«itl>,-r-r,-ninl rather than rihhed, and with terminal pani-
cles of handsome bright rose-colored tlowers (and a white variety), of 4 petals
and s very unequal and dissimilar stamens, some with appendages at base, -ome
without.
Cyanophyllum metallicum, from Central America, cultivated in hot-
houses for its magnificent foliage; the ovate leave- sometimes fully two feet
Ion;:, purple lieiieath and hluish above with metallic lustre. — Then we have the
U. S. genus,
1. RHfiXIA, DKKU-<;l!ASS, MKADOW-BEAUTY. (Name from
Creek for riijitiin •: application ohseiire.) Low erect herhs of wet or sandy
<:r<>iind, commoner S.. often bristly, at least on tlic mar-ins of the sessile
:;- 5-ribhed leaves, \\itli handsome lluwers in a terminal cyme or panicle.
Tube of the cahx nrtl-shaped, adherent to the lower part of the 4-eellei! ovary
anil continued "beyond it 'into a short 4-toothed enp, persistent. Petal- 4,
obovaie. Stamen's S, with anthers openiiiLT l>\' a single minute hole. Style
slender: sti-ma simple. Seeds nnmerous in the pod, coiled like minute snail-
shells. Fl. summer. 2/
# Aiil/ni'x Unnir mul nii-ntl, ir/'lli <i >v/r-///v lnin,> mill usually a minute spur :
l/'in-i r.-i in ii panicle or loose cyme.
R. Vil'ginica. The common species X., in sandy swamps : 6' -:><)' hi^h,
with square stem almost winded at the angles, Ovate or lance-oval sessile leaves,
and lar^e pink-purple ilo\\crs.
R. Mariana. From New Jersey and Kentucky S. : 10' - 24' high, with
trrete or i',-aii-lcd branching stem, linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at
base, and paler purple llowrs hairy ont-ide.
R. glabella. 1'ine barrens S : -mooth, with a siin]>le slender stem, lan-
ccolate glaucous leave-, and lar-'C briuht-pnrplc (lowers.
* * Aiiltn ;-s oblong <ni<l straight, <l* si//n/< "/' n/n/ <>/>/'> nduge.
H- Flowers ]>nr/i/r, fiir nr Kulitiiri/ : lun-m sniul! (nii-i-li/ \' loin/), roiintl, d-< •
ci/inli intlt /.<//</ lii-ixt/i.-i : nfi m m/niii'i-, sm,ii'i/t.
R. Cilidsa. I'>O.L;-S in | in'' barren- from Maryland S. : stem Id'- 12' hi-h ;
leaves bristly on the upper face ; and calyx si th.
R. Serrillata. I'-o.^- in ]>ine barrens wholly S. : stem :!' - 6' ln'i;Ii : leaves
smooth alio\ e ; calyx bristly.
•i- i- F'litri rx i/illtni', small, inti/iinnm, not r,/.s7//«/ tin' ]><tnl* «;/7//, <;.s- il» tin- ntl< /•>• :
xti-iii 4-niii//i<l, lris.it ii, bushy-branched above.
R. liltea. From North Carolina S. ^ W. : stem 1° liigli, bristly; Icares
lanceolate, or the lower obovatu ; calyx smooth.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 119
46. MYRTACEJE, MYRTLE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with simple entire and mostly aromatic leaves
punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, perfect flowers,
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its throat, or a disk bordering it,
bearing the petals and numerous stamens : style and stigma single.
A large family in the tropics and southern hemisphere, here com-
monly known only by a few house-plants, which may be briefly
noted as follows : —
1. Myrtus cqmmunis, COMMON- MYRTLE, from the Mediterranean
region : smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate opposite shining leaves, small in the
variety usually cultivated, peduncles in their axils bearing a small white or
rose-tinged flower (sometimes full double), followed by a black berry, containing
several kidney-shaped seeds.
2. Eugenia Jambos, ROSE-APPLE, from India : smooth, with opposite
shining long and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white flowers with their
long stamens most conspicuous ; the calyx-tube dilated and prolonged beyond
the ovary, which forms a large edible berry, like a small apple, scentless, but
when eaten of a rose-like savor ; seeds very few, large.
3. Psidium pyriferum, GUAVA, of W. Ind. : with oval feather-veined
opposite leaves, and one or two white flowers at the end of an axillarv peduncle ;
the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry which is eatable, and from
which Guava jell// is made in the West Indies.
4. Callistemon lanceolatum, of Australia, called BOTTLE-BRUSH,
on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below
the later leaves) with their very long deep red stamens ; the 5 petals small and
falling early ; the fruit a small many-seeded pod opening at the top ; the alter-
nate lanceolate leaves remarkable for being turned edgewise by a twist at their
base, as in many related Myrtaceous plants of Australia.
47. LYTHRACE.&!, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
Differs from the related orders in having the ovary and pod free
from, but mostly enclosed in, the tube of the calyx, the leaves not
punctate, the anthers opening lengthwise. To this family has lately
been appended the Pomegranate, which, although peculiar, is com-
monly referred to the Myrtle Family, notwithstanding the dotless
leaves.
§ 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, becoming a Jleshy fruit. Small tree.
1. I'UNICA. Calyx-tube colored (scarlet), thick and coriaceous, its top-sli.-ipcil
base coherent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5-T-lobed; its throat
bearing the 5 - 7 petals and very many incurved stamens. Style slender.
Ovary with many cells in two sets, one above the other, and very many
ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, crowned with the calyx-lobes, berry-
like, but with a hard rind : the numerous seeds coated with a juicy edible pulp.
§ 2. Ovary free from the calyx-tube, becoming a \ - 6-celled pod.
* Stamens indefinitely numerous. Small tree.
2. LAGKRSTRCEMIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 6, very wavy-crisped, raised on
slender claws, borne on the throat of the calyx. Stamens borne in the bot-
tom of the calyx, very long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest.
Style very slender. Tod oblong, thick, many-seeded, 3-6-celled, only the
lia^e covered by the persistent calyx.
* Stamens 4 - 16, only as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted
lower down than the petals. Herbs or nearly so : calyx mostly with
folds, or accessory teeth between the proper teeth or
150 LOOSKSTK1KK FAMILY.
-i- Flower reyular or nearly so : pod many-seeded, included in the calyx.
3. NES-iEA. Calyx short bell-shaped or hemispherical. Stamens 10-14, twice
as many as the petals, in 2 sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slen-
der. Pod globular, 3 -5-celled. Leaves mostly whorled in threes or opposite.
4. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, 8-12-ribbed or striate. Petals 5-7. Stamens
5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. Leaves sessile.
6. AMMAXNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled. Petals 4 and small, or none. Stamens
4, short. Pod globular, 2-4-celled. Leaves opposite, narrow.
•i— -i- Flower irregular : pod mostly f tie-seeded.
6. CUPHKA. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a
sac-like projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which
has 6 proper teeth, and u-ually as many intermediate accessory ones or pro-
cesses. Petals mostly 0, with claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones
larger; sometimes all or part wanting. Stamens 1 1 or 12, unequal : filaments
short. A gland at the base of the ovary on the upper side. Style slender:
stigma 2-lobed. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and sterile or
empty. Pod enclosed in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower
side; the placenta bearing a few flat seeds, hardening, curving, and at length
projecting through the rupture.
1. PUNICA, POMEGRANATE. (The name means Carthaginian.)
P. Granatum. Tree cult, from the Orient, as a house-plant X. : smooth,
with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, either opposite or scattered, mostly
dustcivil <>n short branehlcts ; the flowers short-Stalked, usually solitary, large,
both calyx ami corolla bright scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double ; the fruit
as large as a small apple.
2. LAGERSTRCEMIA, CHAPE-MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish
naturalist, L<HI< i-xtnun.)
L. Indica, from E. Indies : planted for ornament S., and in conserva-
tories N. : shrub with smooth ovate or oval opposite leaves, and panicles of vcrv
showy pale rose or flesh-colored large flowers, remarkable for the wavy-crisped
petals and long silky-tufted stamens.
3. NESJEA. (Name from Greek for insular, from the habitation of the
original species. ) ^
N. verticillata. Common E. and S. in very wet places ; smooth or
minutely downy, with long recurving branches (2° -8° long), lanceolate leaves,
mo-th in threes, the upper with clustered short-stalked (lowers in their axil-,
5 wedge-lanceolate ro-e-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two lengths.
N. salicii'blia. Cult, from Mexico, not hardy N. ; low, slightly shrubby
at base, smooth, erect, with lance-oblong or <>hhmcco]atc leaves, the upper Ones
sometimes alternate, almost sessile (lowers in their axils, with mostly C> obovate
yellow petals, and 12 stamen> of alino>t equal length.
4. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for /-/,«»/: some have
red llo\\ ers.) Fl. summer.
L. Salicaria, SIMKKD L. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and
cult. ; with stems 2° -.'5° high, leave- broad-lanceolate, and often with a bean-
shaped base, in pairs or threes ; (lower.- crowded in their axils and forming a
wand-like spike, rather large, with (i or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and
t \\iee as many stamens of two lengths. 11
L. alatum. Low grounds \V. >£ S. : nearly smooth, slender, 20-3° high,
above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; the small leaves
oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers in their axils; petals
C, purple ; stamens G. 2/
5. AMMANNIA. (Named for Aiiniiniin, an early German botanist.)
Low, insignilicant herbs, in wet places, especially S., with small greenish
flower- in the axils of the narrow leaves ; the inconspicuous petaJs purplish,
or none : fl. all summer.
LOASA FAMILY. 151
A. hiimilis, from Mass, to Michigan and S. ; has narrow oblanceolatc or
spatulate leaves, tapering to the base, and a very short style. (T)
A. latifolia. W. & S., taller, the lance-linear leaves with a broader and
auricled partly clasping base, (i)
6. CTJPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gililmns or curved, from the shape
of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite : H. all summer.
C. viscosissima, CLAMMY C. Sandy fields from Conn, to 111. and S. :
a rather homely herb, l°-2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with lance-ovate
leaves, small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches, and ovate pink
petals on short claws. ©
C. silenoid.es. Cult, from Mexico : clammy-hairy, 1° high, with lance-
oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base into short petiole, and rather large
flowers somewhat racemed on the branches; calyx purplish, ahm»t 1' long,
ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded,
the 2 larger £' in diameter, ©
C. platycentra. Cult, from Mexico, both in greenhouses and for bor-
ders, flowering, through the season : slightly woody at base, 8' - 12' high, form-
ing masses, thickly beset with the ovate or lance-ovate acute smooth and glossy
bright green leaves, contrasting with the bright vermilion flowers between each
pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, almost 1' long, with a short and very blunt
spur at base, the short border and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side
with white ; petals none. 2/
48. LOASACE.SI, LOASA FAMILY.
Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bristles, no
stipules, a 1 -celled ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx (which
is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly with 3-5 parietal
placentae, in fruit a pod, few - many-seeded : persistent calyx-lobes
and true petals mostly 5, and often an additional inner set of pet-
als : stamens commonly numerous, often in 5 clusters : style single.
Natives of America, mostly S. & W. : several cult, for ornament.
* Erect or spreading, not ticininr/: leaves alternate: petals flat.
1. MENTZEL1A. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments
long and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like: anthers
short and small. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical, straight. Herb-
age rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging.
* * Twining herbs: leaves opposite, petioled: petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped.
Z. BLUMENRACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-likf small ones or
appendages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal,
with very slender filaments; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each ap-
pendage. Ovary nnd many-seeded pod 10-ribbed, when old spirally twisted
and splitting lengthwise. "Peduncles axillary, mostly I-flowered. Herbage
beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging like nettles. Flowers on long
axillary peduncles.
1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. M,;,t:cl, an early German botanist.)
Fl. summer or autumn. © @ Includes the B.A.RT6MA of Nuttall and
EUCNIDE.
§ 1. Pod 3 - 3-seedcd : flowers small, yellow, opening in suns/iine. ® ©
M. Oligosperma. Open dry ground, from Illinois S. W. : a rough and
homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and oblong angled or cut-
toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1' broad, with 5 wedge oblong
pointed petals, and about 20 slender filaments.
§ 2. BART6NIA of Nuttall, &c., not of Muhlenberg. TV/ mostly fmg, rnntain-
inq many or at least 20 cubical or fiat terns : flowers large and snowy:
petals 1' - 2' long : herbage rough.
152 CACTUS FAMILY.
M. Lindleyi. Cultivated, from California, usually under the name of
BAKTOMA ATKKA. Plant 1° — 2° high, with leaves lance-ovate in outline
and deeply pinnatitid, tlicir lobes linc:ir; ttowers with "> obuvate and pointed
bright yellow petals ojieniniz in ;-un>lnne, and the very numenm-, tilamriits all
slender i
M. ornclta, the BAKTOSIV OKNATA of Nuttall, a very large-flowered
species, of the plains of Nebraska and S. : 2° - 4° hi-h, with oblong-lanceolate
sinuate-pinnatitid leaves, and white fragrant llowers opcnm;: at sunset or on a
cloudy afternoon, leafy-bractcd undrr the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or
spatulate acute petals, about 2' Ion:;, the f> inner narrower, and the 200 - 300
filaments all .-lender; seeds very many and Hat. Karely cult, for ornament,
but well worthy of it. (J) 11 ?
M. nilda, the BAKTOM v xi DA of Xuttall, of the same district and further
south, and less rare in cultivation than M. ornata, resemble.- it, but has (lowers
of half the si/,e and often without leafy bracts under the ovary; outer fila-
ments mostly broadened ; seeds wing-margined. -±, 2/ '
§ 3. Ki;c\'ll>i: of Xuccarini Pml s/nni, i-<iii/<iiniit:/ IT/-// n/n/ti/ nniintr
Or oblong seeds : /Inirn-* .•.•//(//'•//, yellow, "/«•///«'/ m brii/hi sunshine,
M. longipes. ('nit. from Mexico and Texas under the name nf Ki
BARTONlolDES ; a tender succulent plant, brancbinLT and iiMially spreading on
the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly lobed leaves on slender
petioles, and llowers mostly on still longer .simple peduncles. (;!'-0' Ion;;), the
5 ovate petals and very many slender filaments fully 1' long. ©
2. BLUMENBACHIA. (Named for the distin-ui-hcd German physiol-
ogist, Blumenbach, Includes CAl6pHORA Fl. all summer.
B. insigniS. Cult, from Chili ; rather curious than ornamental, with
palmately about 5-partcd leaves, small llowers with white petals and yellow
red-tipped inner appendages; the pod obovate, slightly twisted, with o strongly
project ii)'_r placent;v. i
B. latoritia. Cult, from South America, under the name of L<i\sv or
CAIOIMIOK \ r.\ i r.ufriA ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves of
5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-to.. tiu-d or some ot
them again pinnatifid; flowers almost 2' across, with brick-red petals, the long
pod at length much twisted. ©
49. CACTACE^J, CACTUS FAMILY.
Fk-sliy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent, destitute of
foliage (willi exception of the rare, Pereskia), its place supplied by
the green rind of the flattened, columnar, globular, or various-shaped
stern; the perfect solitary and sessile llower with calyx adherent to
the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens numerous,
usually in several ranks, (he latter mostly very numerous ; ovary
1-celled with several parietal placenta-: Style single, With several
stigmas ; the fruit a 1-celled and generally many-seeded pulpy berry.
(See Lessons, p. -l.S. lig. HI, and p. 84, fig. 22!).)
We have three or four wild species, several others in common
house-cultivation, and a larger number in choice collections, some
of which are hybrids.
§ 1. X» tube to (Jiejli'iri /• nbore the wart/ : f/an j«hit> <l.
1. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly
flat, bearing lit fir-t -nine minute awl-shaped bodies aiiMvevint; to leaves,
which soon fall oil, and tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their
axils. Flower* from the edge or side of a joint, opening in sunshine
for more than one day.
CACTUS FAMILY. 153
§ 2. Tube formed of the united sepals, <fc. more or less extended beyond the ovary.
* Stems and branches of flat and leaf-like joints, with the mart/ins more or lens toothed
or crennte, and with an evident woody centre or mid-rib, with no prickles and
no /instlef, or only tufts of very sliort uitts in the notches.
2. EPIPHYLLUiM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and
flowering from the end. Flowers open in the daytime and for" several days,
mostly oblique, the tube not much lengthened; tlie sepals and petals rose-red,
rather few, the innermost and larger ones about 8. Stamens not very many.
Stigmas erect or conniving.
3. PHYLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints long, arising from the side of
older ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal
notches, slightly if at all irregular. Stigmas slender and spreading.
* # Stems or branches 3 - many-angled or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or
woolly tufts bearing a cluster of spirits, prickles, or bristles.
4. CEREUS. Stem mostly elongated, rarely globular, regularly ribbed or angled
lengthwise, and witii the clusters of "spines or bristles on the ridges one
above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, commonly with a
conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale-like
sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals
numerous and spreading.
5. ECH1NOCACTUS. Stem globular, depressed, or sometimes oblong-club-shaped,
with many ribs or ridges bearing clusters of spines one above the other.
Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or very short
tube: otherwise as in Cereus.
6. MELOCACTUS. Stem globular with a broad base, or conical, with many ribs
bearing clusters of spines as in Echinocactus; but the flowers small and im-
mersed in a woolly cylindrical muff-like mass at the summit. Sepals and
' petals united in a cylindrical tube, which is often swollen at the base. Fila-
ments short. Ovary and berry not scaly.
7. MAM1LLARIA. Stems globular or cylindrical, mostly tufted, not ribbed, cov-
ered with distinct and strongly projecting nipple-shaped tubercles, which are
arranged in spiral order and tipped with a cluster of prickles. Flowers from
the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. Ovary and berry not scaly.
1. OPUNTIA, PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG, &c. (An
ancient name, transferred to these American plants.) Fl. summer. Fruit
often eatable.
§ 1. Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening petals.
* Low, prostrate or spreading, native species, a/no cultivated.
O. vulgaris, COMMON PRICKLY-PEAK. On rocks and sand, from coast
of New England S., with pale and rounded-obovate flat joints, 3' - 6' luii^-,
bearing minute apprcssed leaves, having bristles but hardly any spines in their
axils, and a nearly smooth eatable berry.
O. Rafinesquii. Common W. & S. W. : deeper green, with joints 4' -8'
long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and a single stronger one
in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish centre.
O. MlSSOUriensis. From Wisconsin W. on the plains : with obovate
joints 2'-4' long and tubcrcled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 long
and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly.
O. Pes-C6rvi. On the coast S., with "small and narrow, almost cylindri-
cal, easily separable joints, their spines in pairs ; the berry small and bristly.
* * Erect, shrubby or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories ,Jrom J !'<,•>/ Indies and
South America : berry edible.
O. Ficus-Indica. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1° long, with minute
spines or none ; berry obovate, bristly.
O. Tuna. Joints oval, 4' -8' long, with several unequal spines in the tufts,
the longer ones about 1' long.
O. Brasiliensis. Tree-like, with a round straight trunk rising 10° or
more high, bearing short branches, their ultimate joints obovate or oblong,
sinuate, thinner and more leaf-like than in the others, armed with single long
and very sharp spines.
154 CACTUS FAMILY.
§ 2. Stamens longer titan the erect crimson petals, shorter than the, style.
O. COCCinellifera. Cult, from Mexico and West Indies : tree-like, 6°-
10° high, with joints of the branches obovate-ohloug, 4'- 12' long, spineless or
nearly so, when young with single recurved spines, pale; berry red. One of the
plants upon which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name.
2. EPIPHYLLTTM. (Name from Greek, meaning »/wi « l«if, i. e. the
flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) Fl. usually in summer.
E. truncatum. Cult, from Brazil : low, bright green, with drooping
branches; the oblong joints scarcely 2' long, the upper end with a shallow
notch; flower 2-3' long, oblique, with petals and short sepals spreading or
recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often appears as if 2-lipped.
3. PHYLLOCACTUS. (From Greek words meaning Leaf -Cactus.}
Cult, from South America and Mexico: fl. summer.
* Flinrir iritli tube shorter tl«m the petals, r&l, srmf/tss, o/ifit through mure than
one clay : petals and stamens many, cjrce/it in thejirst species.
P. biformis. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and two sorts
of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate ; the hitter producing
a slender pink flower, 2' long, with about 4 slender sepals, as many narrow
lanceolate erect petals with spreading tips, and only 8— 16 stamens.
P. phyllanth.oid.es. Has narrow-oblong sinuate-toothed leaf-like branches,
numerous rose-colored oblong and similar sepals and petals, the outermost widely
spreading, the innermost erect.
P. Ackcrmanni. Like the preceding, but much more showy, with bright
red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2' -3' long, and the scattered sepals
mnall and bract-like.
* * Flower sweet-^mt/'il, with tube 4' - 10' long, bearing sc<itl,r«l uml small scaly
sepals or bracts, which are considerably longer than the numerous spreading
white or cream-colored /ntnta.
P. crenatUS. Leaf-like branches l°-2° long, 2' -3' broad, sinuately
notched; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7' -8' in diameter,
with the stout tube 4' - 5' long, the outer petals or inner sepals brownish.
P. Phyllanthus. Branches nearly as in the preceding ; but the flower
opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube many times
longer than the small petals.
4. CEREUS. (Latin name of a wtu--t<i/n>r or candle', from the form of the
stem of some columnar species.) The following arc the commonest in culti-
vation, mostly from Mexico and South America : (I. summer.
§ 1. Steins and branches long, spreading, cree/>ing or climbing, remotely jointed
more or less, only 3 - 7-ang/ed : very large-flowered.
* Flower red, t>/><'ti in daytime for several days: stamens much declined.
C. speciosissimus. The commonest red-flowered Cactus; with stems
2° -3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined angles or
winus, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4'"- 5' in diameter, the
tube shorter than the petals. — There are various hybrids of this with others.
* * Flower white as to /ittuls, u/x u/m/ at ni//ht, i-nl/n/isiini ni'.rt morning, fragrant,
G'-9' in dm an tir ii-h, H expanded, the tube 4' - 5' long : stems rooting and
so climbing: prickles short and Jine. NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS.
C. triangularis has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, and flower
with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens.
C. nycticallus, has 4-(i-anglcd steins with verv minute prickles, and
flower much like the next but with brownish sepals.
C. grandifidrus, COMMON NIGHT-BLOOMING CEUEUS, has terete stems
with 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles, hearing more conspicuous prickles,
long bristles on the (lower-tube, and dull yellow sepals.
CACTUS FAMILY. 155
§ 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely jointed,
cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves and rows of approximated snort and
Jine prickle-clusters : flowers smaller.
C. serpentinus. Stems 1' or more in diameter, tapering at the apex,
about 12-ribbcd, disposed to stand when short, not rooting; flower opening t<>r
a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, nearly white inside,
2' long, rather shorter than the tube.
C. flagellitormis. Stems long and slender, prostrate or hanging and
rooting ; flower 2' - 3' long, the narrow sepals and petals not very many, rose
red, open by day.
§ 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-growing, cylindrical and column-/ f fee, with
about 8 (6- 10) out/is<- nlis and grooves, short mostly dark-colored prickles
9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles : flower large, white ; tube 3' - 6' long.
* Flower opening at midday, collapsing before night.
C. Peruvian US. The largest species (exeept the Giant Cereus of Arizona),
becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather strong compressed
ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6' long, with greenish sepals and white or
externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. — Var. MONSTRUOSUS, in old
conservatories, has a short stem with 4-8 irregular and wavy wing-like angles,
sometimes broken up into tubercles.
* * Flower opening at night, collapsing next day : tall stem narrower at the top.
C. eriophorus. Stem jointed at intervals, with rounded ridges and needle-
like prickles ; flower 6' -9' long, with woolly tube, and narrow greenish sepals,
the upper 4' long, longer than the petals.
C. repandus. Stem with flatter ridges, and with flowers much as in the
foregoing, but the tube not woolly.
C. CSerulescertS. Stem bluish-green, becoming about 3' thick, with
rounded ridges and stoutish prickles ; flower 8' in diameter, with eroded-toothed
petals and olive and brown-purple sepals, the longer of these little shorter than
the smooth tube.
§ 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, icith 20 - 25 najrow ridges, bear-
in'/ clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs.
C. senilis, OLD-MAX CACTUS. Cult, for its singular appearance, the long
white hanging bristles at the top likened to the locks of an aged man ; flowers
(seldom seen) not large, with a very short tube.
§ 5. Stems short and dicarf, gfrthular or oblong, clustered or branching from the
base: flower irit/t rery short bell-shaped tube.
C. caespitdsus. "Wild on the plains from Nebraska S. : 3' - 6' high,
becoming short-cylindrical, with 12-18 thick ribs, covered with the close
clusters each of 20-30 short and widely-spreading prickles; flower rose-purple,
in daytime, 2' - 3' in diameter.
§ 6. ECHINOPSIS. Stem globular or obnrate, ren/ proliferous, resembling Echino-
cactus, but flowering from the side ; the showy flowers usually o/ien while
they last both day and night, and irith a long funnel-shaped tube, 6' -8' long,
to which an outer set of stamens is united vp to the throat, while the inner ones
are separate far down : petals and se/ials point<tl.
* Flower white, fragrant : calyx-tube with tufts of fang brownish wool at each scale:
globular stem depressed or sunken at top, about 3' tn diann It r.
C. Eyriesii. Stem with about 13 acute slightly wavy ridges, and many
small bristly prickles from woolly tubercles.
C. tubiflorus, or ZUCCARINIANUS. Stem broader than high, sunken at
top, with 11 very strong and prominent wavy ridges, the woolly tubercles bear-
ing 6-8 stout and dark spines.
* * Flower delicate rose-color : calyx-tube with scatterfd hairs and the scales ciliate :
stem somewhat pear-shaped or olx>vate, 6' - 12' high.
C. OXygonUS. Stem bluish, with about 14 acute ridges from a broad
base, and as many very short and unequal spines in the clusters.
156 FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY.
C. multiplex. Stem preen, with about 13 acute ridges and 10-12 rather
long unequal spines.
5. ECHINOCACTUS. (JZsme means Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) ^ There
arc inaiiv wild species far S. W., but few cuniiuon in cultivation. Flowers
i .tly small, opening tor 2 or 3 da\s, do-ing at night.
E. Texensis, of S. 'IV\a.- and Ari/.ona, ha- stem much broader than high,
or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12- 27 acute wavy rid-e-,
6 or 7 very stout and horn-like reddish recurved spines : the central one larger
and turned down, sometimes 2' Ion-: flower rose-colored, very woolly, 2' long.
E. Ottdnis, from Bra/.il, is pear-haped. becoming club-shaped, 2' - 3'
thick, with 12- 14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10- 14 short .-lender prickles, and
yellow Dowers with red stigmas.
6. MELOCACTUS, i. c. MELON-CACTUS. One species is often brought
from the West Indies, but does not long survive, viz.
M. communis, called TURK'S-CAP. Globular or ovate, dark green, often
1° hiirli, with 12-20 rid-es, beset with clusters of short brownish spines : the
cylindrical muff-like crown of bristles and cottony wool, 2' -5' high, in which
the very small pink Dowers are half-imbedded ; berries small, red.
7. MAMILLARIA. (Xamefrom the nipple-shaped tubercles which cover
the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains : few common
in cultivation.
M. longimamma, from Mexico, has the tubercles rising from a depressed
body, or apparently almost from the root, 1'or more long, loosely spreading,
much longer than the 8-11 prickles at their apex; flowers large for the genus,
l.V lollL,r, yellow.
'M. plisilla, wild in Texas and S., with clustered ovate or globular stems
l'-2' lout;, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, and tipped
with very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender prickles ; Dowers
pink, :';' loll-.
M.'gracilis, with globular and at length short-cylindrical stems 1' - 2'
long, excessively proliferous, the oblong tubercles baring about Hi recurving
white prickles, and on older plants 1 or 2 stouter and longer straight ones of a
brown hue; (lowers small, white.
M. elongata, with cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short conical
tubercles, which bear 1 1> - 30 uniform radiating and recurving slender prickles
in a -tarry tuft, and verv rarely a central one ; (lowers small, white.
M. vivipara, wild* from Nebraska s., I'-.V high, simple, or proliferous
in tufts, u'lobular, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the
upper side, bearing 12-30 rigid widely radiating whitish prickles, and 3-12
stouter and darker ones; Dower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2' in
diameter.
50. MESEMBRYANTHEME.EJ, FIG-MARIGOLD
FAMILY.
Fleshy plants, of aspect between tlu> Cactus. Purslane, and Orpine
Families, with .simple entire leaves, and ealyx-tuho coherent with
the compound ovary, which has 4 - 'JO styles and as many cells :
represented in cultivation by the following.
1. MKSKMI'.llYAXTHKMrM. Herbaceous or fleshy-shrubby and prostrate or low
liraneliinu plants, with very Micculent leave* and mostly handsome (lowers,
opening ,7nly in lu-iirlit light', commonly at noon. Lobes of the calyx mostly 5.
Petals ( linear) and stamens very nmnerons mi the calyx. Styles, cells of the
ovarv, am! radiating horns or lobes of the many-seeded pod 4 - 'J".
2. TETRAGONIA. I.ow s]ireadmi; Ii.-His, with broad and flat tliickish leaves, and
small flowers in their axils. Calyx usually 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens
few or many. Styles and 1-ovu'led cells of the ovary few. Fruit hard and
nut-like, 3 - 8-horhed, 3 - 8-seeded.
PASSION-FLOWKR FAMILY. 157
1. MESEMBRYANTHEMITM, FIG-MARIGOLD. (Name com-
posed of Greek words signifying ./'""'<'»''".'/ at midday.) Cult, for ornament,
chiefly from S. Africa: ti. SUIUIIHT.
* Annual or biennial, broad-leaved, prostrate, cn/f/ ratal in open ground.
M. crystallinum, ICE-PLANT. Plant remarkable for the glittering little
excrescence's which cover the lierhage, like hoar-frost ; leaves soft and tender,
large, the lower rounded heart-shaped or ovate, upper spatulatc, wavv ; flowers
sessile, white or purplish, V across.
* * Perennial, somewhat woody-stemmed house-plants, from Cape of Good If ope-
leaves all opposite, sessile or coiintiti; at Imsi:, smooth.
M. dolabriforme, HATCHET-LEAVED F. With glaucous and dotted
hatchet-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers opening at evening.
M. acinaciforme, SCYMITAR-LEAVED F. With pale 3-sided sabre-
shaped leaves (3' long, fully £' wide), flattened branches and peduncle, and
pink-purple flower 3' -4' across.
M. spectabile. With glaucous and linear 3-sided pointed leaves, and
pink-purple flower 2' across.
2. TETRAGONI A. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the fruit. )
T. expansa, NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. Occasionally cult, as a Spinach :
leaves pale, triangular or rhombic-ovate, with short margined petioles ; greenish
small flower sessile in the axils ; stamens several, in clusters alternate with the
4 lobes of the calyx. (T)
51. PASSIFLORACE.S], PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.
Represented maifily by the Passion-flowers described below. In
conservatories may be found one or two species of TACSOMA, dif-
fering from true Passion-flowers in having a long tube to the flower,
but tliey are uncommon, and rarely blossom.
1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION-FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion ; the
early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in them symbols
of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of the flower, nails in
the stvles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the stamens,
cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and con-
spicuous stipules, climbing by simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axil-
lary, usually with 3 bracts underneath, and a joint in the peduncle. Calyx
with a very short tube or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the
petals, and often with a claw-like tip. Petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or
sometimes none : within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments
or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe. Stamens 5, with nar-
row-oblong versatile anthers : their filaments united in a tube below sheath-
ing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports the 1 -celled
ovary. Styles 3, mostly club-shaped : stigmas capitate. Fruit berry-like,
edible in several species, with many seeds, enveloped in pulp, on 3 parietal
placentas. Fl. summer, open for only one day.
* \Vild species of the country, herbaceous, smooth, with 3-lobcd leaves.
P. liliea. Low grounds, from S. Penn. to 111. & S. : slender, low-climbing,
with the short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a greenish-yellow flower
of no beauty, barely 1' wide. 11
P. incarnata, the fruit, called MAYPOPS in S. States, edible, as large as a
hen's egg : trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft serrate leaves, a pair of
glands on the petiole and one or more on the small bracts, the purple crown
of the handsome flower (2' -3' across) rather longer than the pale petals
Dry ground, from Virginia and Kentucky S. 11
* * Cult, from South America. Stems woody, ejrrept the first. (These are the
commoner species : there are a few hybrids and rarer ones.)
158 GOURD FAMILY.
•+- Leaves palmatdy lolird : flower ici<My spreading.
P. gracilis. Slender herb, with roundish and slightly 3-lohcd otherwise
entire leaves, and whitisli merely 5-Heft flower only 1' in diameter, ilestitute of
true petals. Recently introduced, remarkable for the quick movement uf its
tendrils. i
P. CSerulea, fhe COMMON <>r 1'ii.n. I' \^MO\-]-I.OWI;K ; with leaves very
deeply elet'r or parted into f> or 7 lance-oblong entire divisions, pale ; and flower
almost white, except the purple centre and blue crown handed with whitish in
the middle.
P. 6dulis, GKANAHII.LA ; the purpli>h edible fruit as large as a goose-egg :
leaves dark green and glossy, deeply Heft into 3 ovate pointed lobes beset with
callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the crown crisped, 2' across,
whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the white petals.
•i- •*- Leaves entire, feather-veined : flower bell-shaped.
P. quadrangularis, LAKGE GRAXADILLA. Very large, with the branches
4-sided and the angles wing-margined; leaves 4' - 8' long, ovate or oval, or
slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on the petiole;
flower about 3' long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet or blue crown
variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 6' long.
52. CUCURBITACE.3E, GOURD FAMILY.
Mostly tendril-bearing herbs, with succulent but not fleshy herb-
age, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly lobed or
angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers ; the calyx
coherent with the ovary, corolla more commonly monopetalous,
and stamens usually 3, of which one has a '1 -celled, the others
2-celled anthers; but the anthers are commonly tortuous and often
all combined in a head, and the filaments sometimes all united in
a tube or column. Fruit usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the
seed, straight, mostly with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. — Besides
those here described, there are occasionally cultivated for curiosity
the following annuals : —
MOMOKDICA. ELATEKIUM or ECBALIUM AGRE'STE, the SQUIRT-
ING CUCUMBER, a homely hairy herb without tendrils, and pro-
ducing an oblong hairy pulpy fruit (of violently purgative qualitie<),
which when ripe bursts suddenly at the touch, and discharges the
contents \vi;h violence (whence the name Ecbalium).
TRICHOSANTHES COLUBRIXA, SNAKE-CUCUMBER or VEGE-
TABLE SERPENT, a tall climber with the staminate flowers orna-
mental, the lobes of the white corolla being cut into a lace-like
fringe of long and very delicate capillary lobes (whence the name
of the genus), and the fruit very like a snake, 3 or 4 feet long,
green and striped, turning red when ripe.
§ 1. f-'loirers luri/i' or mi<l<lle-sized. on separate si m pit pvilunch's in the axils: anthers
With lnii;/ nitil narrow cells, bfiit u/> mid doint or imitoi-leil : ovules and seeds
many, horizontal, on >n»*tli/ 3 siinplr nr double /iluceiitic: fruit (of the sort
called a JH-JJO) lari/e^jU-sliy or pulpy with a lianlcr riml.
* Both kinds of flowers solitary in the axils.
1. LA6ENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers inusk-<ivnted, with a funnel-form
or bell-shaped ealyx-tulie, and 6 obcordate or obnvatc and mucronnte white
petals; the sterile on :i long, the fertile in a shorter peduncle. Anthers lightly
cohering with eaeh other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or
woody riud and soft flesh. Seeds margined. Petiole bearing a pair of glands
at the apex.
GOURD FAMILY. 159
2. CUCURBIT A. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or
short funnel-form 5-c!eft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped
tube of the calyx. Stamens from the bottom of the flower: anthers long-
linear, much curved, all three united into a small head. Stigmas 3, each
2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with a firmer rind. Seeds mostly margined.
3. CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2 -3- forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx-
tube, and a deeply 5-cleft widely open pale yellow corolla. Stamens with
very short filaments: anthers lightly cohering. Stigmas 3, kidney-shaped.
Seeds marginless, imbedded in the enlarged pulpy placentae.
* * Sterile flowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the axils.
4. CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate acute petals.
Stamens separate: anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 3, blunt. Fruit
with a fleshy rind. Seeds not margined.
§ 2. Floicers small, one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, or corymbs.
* Ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on 3 placenta: f laments separate: anthers
straiuhtish • tendrils simple : fruit a small berry.
5. MELOTHRIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the
fertile solitary on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped,
5-cleft. Anthers slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx-
tube constricted above the ovary.
* * Ovules and seeds 1-4, large and vertical : filaments monadelphous : anthers
tortuous : tendrils 3-Jbrked: fruit prickly or bristly.
6. ECHINOCYSTIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or pani-
cles, the fertile solitary or in small clusters from the same axils. Corolla
wheel-shaped, of 6 narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less
united in a mass. Style hardly any: stigma broad. Fruit oval or roundish,
beset with weak simple prickles, bursting irregularly at the top when ripe;
the outer part fleshy under the thin green rind, becoming dry; the inner part
a fibrous net-work making 2 oblong cells, each divided at the base into two
1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard-coated, erect from the
base of the fruit.
7. SICYOS. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fer-
tile (very small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the ?ame
axils. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little
head. Style slender: stigmas 3. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below
the rest of the flower, l-cellecl, becoming a dry and indehiscent, ovate or
flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with stiff and barbed bristles,
filled by the single hanging seed.
1. LAGENARIA, BOTTLE GOURD. (From the Latin loyena, a bottle.)
L. vulgaris, COMMON GOURD, CALABASH. Cult, from Africa and Asia ;
climbing freely, rather clammy-pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded
leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals greenish-veiny, and fruit of very various
shape, usually club-shaped, or long- and much enlarged at the apex and slightly
at base, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, &c. ©
2. CUCURBIT A, PUMPKIN and SQUASH. (Latin name.) Tin-
very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, have been
reduced to three botanical species, l.C. Pepo, 2. C. maxima, 3. C. inoschata,
which answer to the following sections. These all ®.
§ 1. Stalks and somncluil lohed leaves rough-^fistly, almost prickly : flower-stalks
obtusely amjled, that of the fruit strongly 5 - 8-ridged and inth interi-fnjn;/
deep (/riiovrs, naunl/y rnUin/iiH/ ne.rt tlte fruit: hollow inttnur of the fruit
traversed by coais? and separate soft or pulpy threads,
C. P6pO, PUMPKIN. Cult., as now along with Indian Com, by the North
American Indians before the coming of the whites ; large round fruit mostly
yellow, smooth, the flesh not hardening.
C. OVifera, ORANGE-GOURD, EGG-GOURD, &c. : so called from the small,
orange-like, egg-shaped or pear-shaped, yellow or white or variegated fruit, used
for ornament : wild in Texas, probably the original of all this group.
1GO GOUUL) FAMILY.
C. verruc6sa, WARTY-, LONO-NKCK, and CROOK-NECK SQUASH, VEGE
TAi'.i.i; MARROW. &c. Fruit inu-itly hard-fleshed at inatiirity, the surface
wartv, ribbed, or sometime-; Miiootli ,-iinl even, f'nuu '2° to a few inches in length
in the very various forms, in a rcniarkal)le one 3° -4° long and little thicker
than a man's arm.
§ '2. .SW/-.S null i.ri'ilii ///•> * a '> - 7-lo'n'd /• aws pubescent with soft hairs : fruit-stalk
5-ri<.li/i-tl, prominently ntl<ir<j<d where it joins the fruit, the a -ntrai /"<//>
hardly thready.
C. moschata, MI-SKY, CHINA, or BARBARY SQUASH, &c. Cult, for
the edible fruit, which perfects <>uly S., and is club-shaped, pear-shaped, or
long-cylindrical, with a glaucous-whitish surface.
§ 3. Stalks and almost kidney-shaped sln//it/y or ohtttsely 5-/o6<(/ /earths roughish-
lui in/ : jht'i-i r-s'alks terete : that of the fruit thick, many-striatebut nut rid.jnl
and groaned: inner /jn/p cu/nmis and not thready.
C. maxima, GREAT or WINTER SQUASH, &c. Fruit rounded, depressed,
often much wider than high, or (as in OHIO S.) ovate and pointed, usually
handed lengthwise, varying from <>' to 3° in length or lnvadth, the hard flesh
commonly yellow or orange. The crowned or TURUAX Sorvsm:s have the
t/>p of the fruit projecting beyond an encircling line or constriction which marks
the margin of the adherent calvx-tube.
3. CITRULLUS, WATERMELON. (Name ma.le from Citrus, Latin
for Oranye or Citron.) ®
C. vulgaris, WATERMELON. Cult, from Asia. Prostrate, with leaves
deeply 3 — 5-lobed, and the divisions a^-aiu lolied or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or
>i!uish ; the refreshing eililile ]iul|i of the fruit, in which the dark seeds are ini-
liedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta-, which arc reddish or rarely
white. — The so-called CITRON of our gardens is a variety with a linn or hard
flesh, used for preserving.
4. CUCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) ©
C. Melo, MKLON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round heart-shaped or kidnev-
shaped, the lohes if any and sinuses round d ; fruit with a smooth rind and
sweet flesh, the edihle part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and
watery placenta' being discarded witli the seeds. The SI-:UIT.\T MKI.ON, .•some-
times called SERPENT-CDCDMBKE, is a strange variety, occasionally met with,
with a long and snake-like fruit.
C. satlVUS, CYiTMiiER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the
middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when vouug,
smooth when mature, eaten unripe.
5. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) 2/
M. pdndula, from Vir-inia S., is a delicate low climber, with roundish
or heart-shaped and 5-au-lcd or lob/d mu-hish leaves, minute (lowers, in sum-
mer, and oval green berries.
6. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM-AITLE. (Xame from Greek
for Itidi/t/ttii/ and dluddir.)
E. lobata. Low ground-, ehietly X. £ W., and cult, for arbors: tall-
iliinbing, sinoothi-h, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed leaves, copious and
rather pretty while lloucrs, produced all summer, and oval fruit 2' long, dry
and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat. ©
7. SICYOS, STAR-CUCUMBER. (An. -init (Srcvk name of Cucumber.)
S. angulatUS. A weed iii damp or shady grounds, commoner S., climb-
ing high, clammy-hairy, with roundish heart shaped and 5 angled or slightly
lobed leaves, inconspicuous (lowers, and little bur-like fruits liesct with decidu-
ous barbed prickles. The tendrils arc very active in their movements, and in a
warm day eoil by a visible motion after contact with a solid body. (D
BEGONIA FAMILY. 161
53. BEGONlACE^l, BEGONIA FAMILY.
Somewhat succulent herbaceous or more or less woody-stemmed
house-plants, of peculiar aspect, with alternate and unequal-sided
leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, in cymes or clus-
ters on axillary peduncles, numerous stamens, inferior triangular
ovary, becoming a many-seeded pod, — represented in choice culti-
vation by the genus
L BEGONIA, ELEPHANTS-EAR. (Named for M. Began, Gover-
nor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) Flowers with the calyx and coni'.la
colored alike, sometimes dull but usually handsome, both kinds commonlv in
the same cyme, and flat in the bud ; the outer pieces answering to sepals
mostly 2, valvate in the bud; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile
flowers usually 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting; in the sterile flowers surround-
ing a cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are :i
styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 3-winged.
— These curious plants are remarkable for the readiness with which they m;u-
be propagated by leaves used as cuttings. The following are the commonest
pure species. There are several rarer ones and many hybrids.
* Leaves and whole plant smooth and naked : rather tall-growing, leafy-stcmimd.
•i- Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, not at all heart-shaped.
B. fuchsioides, so-called because the bright scarlet flowers, hanging on
a slender drooping stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; the crowded and
small green and glossy leaves only a little unequal-sided at base.
••- •*- Leaves very obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base, almost entire.
B. nitida, with obliquely heart-shaped glossy leaves green both sides, and
wirli large light rose-colored flowers.
B. sanguinea, with large and fleshy obliquely ovate-heart-shaped leaves,
having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, as are the
stalks ; the flowers white, not showy.
B. maculata, cult, under the name of B. ARGYROSTfc.MA, both names
referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face of the
leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preceding, purplish
or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not revolute, the flowers white
or flesh-colored.
B. COCCinea, with scarlet flowers, as the name denotes, and oblong half
heart-shaped leaves glossy above, and green both sides or purple at the margin,
which is a little wavy-toothed.
* * Leaves slightly bristly-hairy above and more, so on the sharp teeth : stems
elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bnlblets in the axils.
B. Evansiana (or B. nfsroLOR), an old-fashioned species from China,
now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy rose-colored
flowers in the open ground ; the ovate and heart-shaped pointed leaves not very
oblique, red beneath.
* * * Lfnves smooth and naked above, bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut margins
and lung petioles : stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; Jlowcrs tvith th<- 2 c<//ori d
sepals, but seldom any petals.
B. manicata, a handsome species of the conservatory, remarkable fur the
purple bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the apex or upper part of the petiole,
and similar smaller tufts on the ribs of the lower face of the large and broadly
ovate-heart-shaped leaves ; flowers small, but numerous and elegant, in an open
panicle on a very long naked peduncle, flesh-colored.
B. phyllqrbaniaea, has the stem thickly beset with leaf-like scales or
little adventitious leaves, from which the plant may be propagated, both
leafstalks and peduncles bristly, the large leaves ovate-heait-shaped and tapering
to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large but not showy
flowers.
S&F— 1°
PARSI.KY FAMILY.
* * * * retires, or especially the pf tides, and the peduncles or scapes, brixt/y
hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creej)ing rootstock.
•*- I^eares lanjc, obliquely hnirt-ahn/ied. timlhrd or merely u'ai-/j-iii<iri/ii»d, rnriously
silvered or variegated «/*</>?, mAA.x/, ,„• /,>ir/>lp. beneath : _//«///•<•/-.< ruth- r /urge
but not showy : cultivated for their f ullage, now much crossed nn/l mixed.
B. Rex, the most prized and now the commonest species of the group, with
the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face, and smooth pale rose-
colored flowers.
B. Griffith!!, like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more downv-hairv,
and the almost white (lowers hairv outside.
B. xanthina, with leaves, &c. much as in the two preceding, hut th&
flowers yellow.
•<- •<- Leaves deeply about 1 -cleft : flowers with only the 2 sepals, vo petals.
B. heracleifolia, with rather large and rounded hardly- oblique leaves,
smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes broad lanceolate and cut-
toothed, and small pale rose or whitish flowers.
54. UMBELLIPER^!, PARSLEY FAMILY.
Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others acrid-
narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx adherent to
the 2-celled ovary which has a single ovule hanging from the sum-
mit of each cell, 5 minute calyx-teeth or none, 5 petals, 5 stamens,
and 2 styles; the ^ry fruit usually splitting into 2 seed-like portions
or akenes : seed with hard albumen and a minute etnbrvo. Eryn-
• i
{.niim and one or two others have the flowers in heads inste;.d of
umbels. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly
compound or decompound. Umbels mostly compound : the circle
of bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called
the involucre ; that at the base of an umbellet, the involuceJ.
The flowers being much alike in all, the characters have to be
taken from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the
receptacles of aromatic oil (vittte or oil-tubes) which are found in
most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is too dif-
ficult for the beginner. So that only the common cultivated, and
the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild species are given here.
For the remainder the student is referred to the Manual, and to
Chapman's Southern Flora.
^ 1. Fruits <•<'!•< ml in'th lit/!? fi-(iln< or tubercles, crnrded (as are the floim-a) in a
In i«l instead of an «W;</, n»<t iritli n /mintttl si-nly In-net undi-r v<n-fi flow r.
1. ERYNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped cnlvx-teeth,
and top-shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves in our species simple and
with bristly or prickly teeth.
§ 2. Fruits corered with bristly pricklts, bur-like : umbels
2. 8ANICULA. l-'lowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile
that the umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect arid fertile
and some stamiuate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting
in two, not ribbed, completely covered with short hooked prickles. Leaves
palmately parted.
8. DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel: the
petals unequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. I'rickles in rows on
the ribs of the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe Leave* pinnately
compound or decompound.
PARSLEY FAMILY. 103
^ 3. Fruits naked (not prickly], splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces
nr carpels, each usually with 5 ribs or su/ne. of them may be icings.
* Umbels simple or sometimes proliferous, one over the other. Leaves simple.
4. HYDROCOTYLE. Flowers white. Fruit much flattened contrary to the line
of junction of the two carpels: no oil-tubes. Leaves rounded.
* * Umbels compound. Fruits mostly with oil-tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one
or more in the intervals between the ribs, and some on the inner face, sometimes
also under the ribs.
«- Fruit wingless.
•«-* Seed concave on the inner face : marginal floioers larger and irregular.
6. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globular, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly
many-ribbed: a pair of large oil-tubes on the inner face of each carpel.
Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented.
+•»• •*- Seed deeply grooved down the inner fine : flowers all alike, white.
6. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering nt the base.
somewhat sweet-aromatic: no obvious oil-tubes. Leaves twice or thrice
ternatc. Root sweet-aromatic.
7. CON" I CM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the
sides, each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs: oil-tubes many
and minute. Leaves pinnately decompound.
•4-fW- •*-«• Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face.
8. CICUTA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad
and thickened blunt ribs, and an oil-tube in each interval: the slender axia
between the carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately
decompound, not aromatic. Fruit aromatic.
9. SIUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel
with 5 strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil-tubes in the narrow
intervals. No axis or hardly any left when the carpels separate. Flowers
white. Leaves pinnate. Not aromatic.
10. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader than long, flattened on the sides, each carpe!
5-ribbed and a single oil-tube in the intervals: axis left when the carpels sep-
arate not splitting in two. Flowers white.
11. CARUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flatfish on the sides; each carpel with 5
narrow ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals: the axis from which the
carpels separate splitting in two. Flowers mostly white. Leaves decom-
pound. Fruit or foliage aromatic.
12. FOENICULUM. Fruit oblong; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 5 stout
rib% and a single oil-tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow.
Leaves decompound: the leaflets slender thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet-
aromatic.
•*- -i- Fruit winged or wing-margined at the junction of the two carpels, which are flat
on the face and Jtat or Jlattish and 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves pinnately or
ternately compound.
*+ Wing double at the margins of the fruit.
13. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thiekish marginal wings,
and single oil-tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous,
the bracts of the latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant
sweet-aromatic.
14 ARCHANGELICA. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish margi-
nal wings, and many small oil-tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. In-
volucels of separate mostly small bracts: involucre hardly any. Flowers
white or greenish.
•>-* •+-<- !J7n<7 surrounding the margin of the fruit single, splitting in two only when the
ripe carpels srparuti'.
15. FfKRAGLEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat,
and the three ribs on the back very slender: the single oil-tubes in the inter-
vals reaching from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the
marginal ones larger and irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant
strong-scented.
16. PAST1NACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged: the single oil-tubes running
from top to bottom. Flowers* yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves
pinnately compound.
164 PARSLEY FAMILY.
1. ERYNGIUM, EHYNGO. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning). Fl.
in summer.
E. yuccsefdlium, BOTTON-SNAKEROOT. Sandy and mostly damp ground,
from New JvT-ry S. & \V. : stout herb, -2° - 3° high, smooth, of aspect quite
unlike most Umbelliferous plants, having linear and tapering grass-like leavo,
parallel-veined in thr manner of an Kudo^eii, and fringc'd with bristles, a few
globular thick heads in place of umbels, a very short involucre, and white
flowers. 3/
E. Virgmianum. Wet grounds from New Jersey S. : with lance-linear
rather veiny leaves flowing some distinction between blade and petiole, the
former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish heads. © There
are several other species from North Carolina S.
2. SANICULA, SANICLE. (Latin name, from sano, to heal.) Common
in thickets and open woods. Flowers greenish, crowded in small and head-
like umbellets, in summer, y.
S. Canad6nsis. Stems l°-2° high; leaves thin, palmately 3-5-parted
into wedge obovate or oblong sharplv cut and toothed divisions, the side ones
often 2-lohed ; umbellets rather few-flowered, with the sterile (lowers in the
centre almost sessile ; stvles shorter than prickles of the bur-like fruit.
S. Mai'llandica. Stems 2° -3° high ; leaves of firmer texture, with nar-
rower division.-* and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, the sterile ones
on slender pedicels, fertile ones with long styles.
3. DAUCUS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Fl. in summer.
D. Carota, COMMON ('. Cult, from Europe for the root, occasionally run
wild : leaves cut into tine divisions ; umbel concave and dense in fruit, like
a bird's nest; involucre of pitmatilid leaves. @
4. HYDROCOTYLE, WATKR-l'KNXYWORT. (From Greek words
for icater and fltit < //.•.-// ) Low and small very smooth herbs, growing in water
or wet places, mostly with creeping or rooting stems, and simple rounded
leaves either kidney-shaped or peltate. Fl. all summer. 2/
* L«tr<* peltate from tin' «;///v, on fang petioles u-liich, <i* well as the peduncles,
rise front slender nntniiii/ rootstocks • fruit sharp-margined.
H. umbellata. Along the coast and rivers from Mass. S. : flowers many
in the umbel, on slender pedicels ; petioles and peduncles .3' - 8' high.
H. interrupta. Same range, smaller than the other, witli few flowers on
short pedicels in each of the little umbellets growing one above the other to form
an interrupted spike.
# * Leaves not peltate : peduncles and pedicels both short : stems slender, branched,
H. Americana. Shady dani]) places ; leaves thin, small, eremite and
lolii'd. mi short petioles, with minute flowers in their axils.
There are two larger, long-petioled, but less common species from Pennsyl-
vania S., viz. H. KEI'ANDA and II. KANUNCULOlDES.
5. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDKR. (Name from Greek word for bug:
the herbage has a bedbug-like scent.)
C. sativum. Cult, from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander-seed: low,
with small umbels of few rays ; tl. summer. (7)
6. OSMORRHIZA, SYVKKT CICELY, not the European plant of that
name, which i- MVKRIIIS ODORATA, with much more sweet-scented fruit.
(Name, Greek for srriitnl root, the root heinir sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist
wodd.>, common N. : fl. late spring and summer. ^
O. longistylis, the smoother species, with the sweeter root, has slender
styles, and ovate cut-toothed short-pointed leaflets, which are slightly downy.
O. brevistylis, has conical styles not longer than the breadth of the ovarj
and downy-hairy taper-pointed almost pinnatitid leaflets.
PARSLKT FAMILY. 165
7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock by
which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.)
C. maculatum, SPOTTED II. Waste grounds, run wild, from Ku. :
a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3° high, very compound
leaves with lanceolate and pinnatitid leaflets, ill-scented when bruised: a viraii nt
poison, used in medicine : fl. summer. @
8. CICUTA, WATER-HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the true
Hemlock, transferred to some equally poisonous plants.) Fl. summer. 2/
C. maculata, SPOTTED COWBAXE, MUSQUASH-ROOT, BEAVER-POISON,
£e. Tall smooth stem sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom really
spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut-lobcd, veiny,
the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit aromatic when bruised ;
root a deadly poison.
9. SIUM, WATER-PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) %
S. lineare, the common species, in water and wet places : tall, smooth,
with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, the long leaflets linear or
lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper-pointed, and globular fruit with
wing-like corky ribs : fl. all summer. Root and herbage also poisonous.
10. APIUM, CELERY, &c. (Old Latin name.) One species cult: viz.
A. graveolens. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, of the
coast of Europe ; of which the var. DULCE, GARDEN CELERY, is a state rendered
bland and the base of the leafstalks enlaKged, succulent and edible when
blanched, through long cultivation; leaves piniiatcly divided into 3-7 coarse
and wedge-shaped cut or lobed leaflets or divisions; umbels and fruits small.
Var. RAPACEUM, TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY, is a state with the root enlarged
and eatable. ©
11. CARUM, CARAWAY, &c. ( Name perhaps from the country, Can'a.)
§ 1. TRUE CARAWAY, withflndy pinnatrly compound haves, and white flowers.
C. Carui, GARDEN CARAWAY : cult, from Eu., for the caraway-seed, the
oblong highly aromatic fruit ; stem-leaves with slender but short thread-shaped
divisions.
§ 2. PARSLEY or PETROSELINUM, u-ith coarser leaves and greenish flowers.
C. Petroselinum (or PETROSELINU.M SATIVUM), PARSLEY: cult, from
Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored foliage, used in
cookery, chiefly the root-leaves, which have ovate and wedge-shaped 3-lobed and
cut-toothed divisions ; foiit ovate. @
12. FCENICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin /antm, hay.)
F. vulgare, COMMON F. Cult, from Eu., for the sweet-aromatic foliage
and fruit : stout very smooth herb 4° - 6° high ; leaves with very numerous
and slender thread-shaped divisions ; large umbel with no involucre or involu-
cels ; fruit $' or J' long, in late summer. 2/
13. LEVISTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species.
L. Officinale, GARDEN L. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. : a tall, very
smooth, sweet aromatic herb, with large tmiatdy or pinnately decompound
leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or' lobed leaflets, a thick root, and small
many-flowered umbels. 2/
14. ARCHANGELICA. (Genus established on a species of Angelica.)
Fl. summer. 2/
A. atropurpurea, GREAT A. Moist deep soil N. : strong-scented,
smooth, with very stout dark-purple stem 3° - 6° high, large leaves ternately
compound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and
1G6 GINS1CNG FAMILT.
cut-serrate ; petioles with large inflated merabranaceous base ; flowers greenish-
whitc ; fruit >mooth and thin-winged.
A. hirsuta. Dry ground, commoner S. : stem 2° - 5° high, rather slen-
der, downy at top, a> an- tin- umbels and broadly winged fruits; leaflets thick-
ish, ovate-oblong, i-ernttc ; flower- bright white.
15. HERACLEUM, C< > W-I'AKSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) Y\.
summer. 11
H. lanatum, DOWNY ('., wrongly called MASTERWORT. Damp rich
ground X. : vcrv stout, 4° - 8° hi^h, woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly
strong-scented, with la rue cut and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart"
shaped at base, and broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits.
16. PASTINACA, PAKSXIP. (Latin name, from /xutus, food.)
P. sativa, r<>MMO.\ P. l\un wild in low meadows, and then rather
)H>i'*ui,niis, cult, from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root : tall, smooth,
with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobcd leaflets, and umbels of small
yellow flowers. (2)
55. ARALIACE^J, GINSENG FAMILY.
Like the foregoing family, but often .Climbs or tree-, usually more
than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the latter a berry
or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon shrubby house-
plants, represented only by the two following genera. The flowers
iu both are more or less polygamous, and the lobes or margin of
the calyx very short or none. Petals and stamens 5.
1. ARALIA. Flowers in simple or panieled umbels, white or greenish: the petals
lightly overlapping in the bud. Styles '2-5, separate to the base, except in
sterile flowers. Leaves compound or decompound. Root, bark, fruit, &c.
warm-aromatic or pungent.
2. IIKDKRA. Flowers in panieled or clustered umbels, greenish : petals valvate
in the bud. Ovary 5-celled: the 5 styles united into a. conical column.
Leaves simple, palmately 3-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by
rootlets.
1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure: said to be a Canadian name under
which a >pceics was sent from Quebec to the (iardcn of Plants at Paris.) y.
§ 1. WILD SARSAPARILLA, &c. Flcnoers perfect or polygamous with bath fertile
a ml *i(rilc an the same fi/aiit : umbels more than one : fruit black or dark
l>iii-ji/i', x/n'ri/ : seeds or cells and stylts 5.
* Jjarge and leafy-stemned, «•//// very compound AYN-/S x<nn< iim> .•> -2° or 3° across,
ami iritlt iniiiii/ iiiiilii'/s in ii liii-iif compound panicle : fl. in siunim r.
A. spin6sa, AXGKLICA TRKK, HKUCTLKS' CLUB. River-banks from
1'enn. S., and planted : a >hrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the simple stout
trunk riMiig G° - '20° hi^li and beset with prickles, bearing immense leaves with
ovate serrate leaflets, and corymbcd or panicled umbels.
A. racem6sa, SPIKENARD. Woodlands in rich soil, with herbaceous
stems 3° - 5° hiuli from a thick aromatic- root, not prickly, widely spreading
branches, heart-ovate leaflets donblv M-rrate and slightly downy, and raccmed-
panicled-umbels.
* * Smaller : short stems si-nrirh/ it'iKirty at Im* : f< '"' vanbds: Ji. early summer.
A. hispida, BRISTLY SARSAPARII.I.V. Ivocky jilaees : bristly steins 1°-
2° high, lcaf\ below, naked and liearing corymbed umbels above; leaves twice
pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed.
A. nudicaulis, COMMON WILD S. Low ground : the aromatic horizontal
slender roots running .'?°- 5° long, used as a .substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla :
the smooth ]»ro]>er stem rising only 2' -4' inches, bearing a single long-stalked
DOGWOOD FAMILY. 1 G7
leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 divisions of the petiole,
and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels.
§ 2. GINSENG. Sterile and fertile fluwers on separate simple-stemmed plants, in
a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single whuii of digitate leares:
styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3.
A. quinquefblia, GINSENG. Rich woods N. : root spindle-shaped, warm-
aromatic, 4' -9' long; stem 1° high; leaflets 5 at the end of each of the 3
petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate; fl. in summer;
fruit red.
A. trif61ia, DWARF G. or GROUND-NUT. Low woods, N. : 4' - 8' high
from a deep globular pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or sometimes 5 sessile on
the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong and obtuse: fl. in spring; fruit
orange-yellow.
2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Fl. late summer.
H. Helix, TRUE or ENGLISH IVY, from Europe. Woody climber, with
evergreen glossy rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3-angled
leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3 - 7-cleft, yellowish-green flowers, and
blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, &c., adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely
stands far N. without some protection. •
53. CORNACE^, DOGWOOD FAMILY.
Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, small
flowers, calyx-tube in the perfect or pistillate ones coherent with the
surface of the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which is crowned with the small
calyx-teeth or minute cup, bearing the petals (valvate in the bud)
and stamens of the same number : style and stigma single : ovule
and seed solitary in the cells, hanging from the summit : fruit a
small drupe or berry.
GARRYA ELLIPTICA, a singular Californian shrub, with thick op-
posite leaves, and dioecious greenish flowers in hanging catkin-like
spikes, is rarely cultivated or planted.
1. CORNUS. Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads (with or with-
out a corolla-like involucre). Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and sta-
mens 4. Style slender: stigma terminal. Berry -like little drupe with a
2-celled 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite except in one species,
deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic.
2. AUCUBA. Flowers dioecious, dull purple, in axillary panicles. Teeth or lubes
of the calyx and petals 4. Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short fila-
ments and oblong anthers. Fertile flowers with a 1 celled ovary, becoming
an oblong red berry in fruit : style short: stigma capitate. Leaves opposite,
coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or less toothed.
3. NYSSA. Flowers polygamous or dio?cious, greenish, crowded or clustered on
the summit of an axillary peduncle, the sterile ones numerous, the fertile
2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes
or teeth. Petals small and narrow,' or minute, or none. Style slender or
awl-shaped, bearing a stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute.
Ovary and stone of the drupe 1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees, with deciduous
alternate leaves, often crowded on the end of the branchlets, either entire,
angled, or few-toothed.
1. C6RNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Name from cornu, horn, from
the hardness of the wood.) Fl. late spring and early summer.
§ 1. /VoHvrs greenish, crowded in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by
a showy corolla-like (white or rarely pinkish) 4-leaved involucre: fruit
bright red.
C. Canadensis, DWARF CORNEL, BUNCH-BERRY. Damp woods X. :
a low herb, the stems springing from creeping slender subterranean shoots
108 DOGWOOD FAMILY.
which arc slightly woody, bearin<_r 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at tho summit, as
if in a whorl, below the stalked tlowf -hc;id ; petal-like leaves of the involucre
ovate; fruit- uloliular, in a cluster, rather eatali>.
C. florida, FI.OWLKIM; I ><><;wooi>. Rocky woods, al.-o planted for orna-
ment : tree 12° -30° high, with ovate (jointed leaves, petal-like leave- of tho
involucre (U'loug) ohconlate or oUivatc and notched, and oval fruits in a
head. According to connnon tradition (lowering just at the proper time for
planting Indian Corn.
§2. Flowers yellow (eurUir than tlir leaves), in a small umM, surrounded b$
a siinill a ml 1 1 nil-colored involucre of 4 scales: fruit l>rii/ht r«l.
C. Mas. Sparingly planted from Eu. : a tall shrub or low tree, with oval
pointed leaves and li.iiid-.nine oblong fruit, the pulp eatable and pleasantly acid,
§ 3. Flower* ir/i/tc in open and flat cymes, iritlnnit im-nlncri , in mr/i/ summer:
fruit Sinn!/, globular, nut fiitnli/f, blue or white, in an erotic species black.
# Bniiic/ii-s of the previous year red or purple, especially in sprint/.
C. sauguiuea, EUROPEAN* RKI>-OSIKK D. Sometimes planted from Eu. :
erect, with ovate. leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark purple fruit.
C. stolonifera, WILD RED-OSIEB 1). Shrub 3° -6° high, in wet places
N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth, with ovate
abruptly pointed leaves roughish both sides and whitish beneath, small csme-,
And white or lead-colored fruit.
C. sericea, SILKY D. or KINMKINMK (the dry bark smoked by the In-
dians W.) : in wet places, has dull red liranches, the shoots, c\mcs, and lower
face of the narrow ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky-downy ; fruit bluish.
* * Branches brownish or yray.
C. asperifblia, ROUGII-LKAVED D. Dry soil from Illinois S. : shrub
3°-5° high, with branches and small obloqg or ovate leaves pubescent, upper
face of the latter rough, the lower downy ; cymes small and tlat ; fruit bluish.
C. Stricta, STIFF D. Wet grounds S. : shrub 8° -13° hiirh, with <>vaM
or lance-ovate taper-pointed leaves smooth and green both .-ides, loose flat
cyme-, and pale, blue fruit.
C. paniculata, PVNICLED D. M»\>i grounds, common N. :' shrub 3° -8°
In- I], much branched, smooth, with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves
acute at base and whiti-h beneath, and proportionally large and numerous con-
vex cymes, often panieled ; fruit white.
* * # Branches green stn<iki<l irit/i iirn/n/is/i or irhitish.
C. Circinata, KOI ND-LKAVI:D I). Wooded hillsides, &c. : shrnb3°-10°
high, with warty-dotted branches, pretty large round-oval and short-pointed
leaves downy beneath, small tlat cymes, and light blue fruit.
C. alternil'61ia, ALTERNATE-LEAVED D. Hillsides ;md banks of si reams :
shrub or tree 8° -25° high, with streaked alternate and spreading branches,
ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only minutely piihe-cent
beneath, nio-tly n/tirmiti', but crowdeil at the end of the branches ; cymes large
and flat, very open; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks.
2. AUCUBA. The Japanese name of the species commonly cultivated as
a house-plant, viz.
A. Japonica. Shrub, with lariro ovate-oblong leaves bright green and
usually marbled with yellow, the (lowers inconspicuous, but the red berries
w hen formed handsome.
3. NYSSA, TU'KLO, TKI'PF.i;[I)(;K , SOUR GUM-TREE. (The
(Inek name of a Nymph, of no very obvious application to these trees. J
Fl. spring. Fruit acid.
* Sterile flowers in loose c/»/.v/.rs : frnit blue, not eatable.
JN". multifl6ra, COMMON TUPELO or SOUR GUM, in rich woods, N. & S. :
tree 30° - 50° high, with hori/ontnl branches and Beech-like spray, ovate or
obovate leavo entire and Mnooth or glossy when old, fertile flower.-. 3-8 on the
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 169
slender peduncle, and dark blue oval fruit £•' long. Wood tough, hard to split.
Leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn.
N. aquatica, WATER TUPELO, of the $., in pine-barren swamps ; with
smaller leaves than in the preceding (l'-2'long) anovarying from lance-oblong
to roundish, ,-hort peduncles, the fertile 1 - 2-riowered, and smaller oval fruit. *
N. uniflpra, LARGE TUPELO ; in water, from Virg. and Kentucky S. :
large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often with a few sharp teethi
4' - 6' long, on slender petioles, downy beneath ; fertile peduncles long and
1 -flowered; fruit oblong, about 1' long. Wood soft : roots very spongy, used
for corks.
* * Sterile flowers in a head: oblong fruit red and eatable.
N. capitata, OCJEECHEE LIME ; so called from the acid fruit (!' or more
long) : in swamps far S. : a small tree, with oblong or obovate leaves (.3' -5'
long) downy beneath ; fertile flowers solitary on very short peduncles.
II. MONOPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders of
this class which have both calyx and corolla, and the latter in one
piece, that is, the petals united more or less into one body.
57. CAPRIFOLIACE^I, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2 - 5-celled
ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly obsolete or ob-
scure), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (or in Linnsea
one fewer) and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without
stipules. Yet in some species of Viburnum there are little append-
ages imitating stipules on the base of the petiole. Seeds with a
small embryo in fleshy albumen.
§ 1. Perennial herbs, ifith bell-shaped or tubular corolla, prominent awl-shaped or
linear lobes to tlit calyx, and a slender style tipped with a capitate stigma.
1. LINN.EA. A p;iir of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender scape-like
peduncle. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, with 5 almost equal rounded lobes.
Stamens 4, two of them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfect-
ing a seed in only one cell. Creeping evergreen herb.
2. TRIOSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster.
Corolla oblong-tubular, with 5 short almost equal lobes, scarcely longer than
the leaf-like lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or
red, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 boiiy seeds or
rather nutlets. Erect and coarse leafy herbs; their leaves narrowed at base,
but united around the simple stem.
§ 2. Shrubby, with tubular or bell-shaped corolla, slender style, and capitate stigma.
* Teeth of the calyx very short on the 2 - 4-celled ovary : fruit a berry : leaves simple,
entire, or rarely wary or lobed on some vigorous young shouts.
3. SYMPHORICARPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes.
Corolla bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short
stamens in the throat. Ovary 4-celled, but the berrv only 2-seeded, two cells
being empty. Low upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves.
4. LONICERA. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular,
being gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but
in one species nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a sev-
eral-seeded berry. Twining or upright shrubs.
* * Teeth or lobes of the calyx slender, on the summit of the slender or taper-jmnted
ovary, which becomes a many-seeded 1-valved jyoa : leaves simple, serrate.
6. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-form, almost regular, 5-Iobed. Stamens 5.
Ovary narrow, sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with
flowers iu terminal or axillary loose clusters or cymes.
170 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
§ 8. Shrubs or some low trees, with small flowers in broad cymes, short and widely
ojjtn deeply o-loljul i-i t/iilnr i "i-uilti, 1 - 3 sessile stigmas, and berry-like fi'uit,
contuiiuuy 1-3 seeds «/• rniln r s, «/-//£«.• ft»iu:s. Calyx-teeth on the ovury vtry
short or obscure : stamens 5.
6. VIlU'KXr.M. Leaves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or fkttish stone.
7. SAMISIX'l'S. Leave* pinnate, iiml the oblong- or lanceolate leaflets serrate.
Fruit containing 3 seeds or rather small seed-like stones.
1. LINNJEA, TWIN-FLOWER. (Named fur Linno-us.) Only ona
species,
L. borealis. Mossy woods and cold bogs N. : creeping stems bearing
round-oval and sparingly creuate .-oinewhat hairy small leave.-, and in early
summer the sweet-scented (lowers ; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside.
2. TRIOSTEUM, FEVE1IWORT, HORSE-GENTIAN. (Greek for
three bones, from the 3 bonv seeds or rather stones.) The root has been used
in medicine, and t!ie seeds 'for eonx-e. In rich soil : fl. early summer.
T. perfoliatum, the common species, is softly hairy, 2° - 4° high, with
oval leaves abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish-purple flowers.
T. angUStifbiium, chiefly S., a smaller and bristly-hairy plant, with nar-
rower lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream-colored
flowers.
3. SYMPHORICARIPUS. (Name from the Greek, denotes croicded
fruits.) Wild on rocky banks, especially W. & S., and cult, for the orna-
mental insipid berries. Flowers white or slightly rose-color, produced all
summer.
S. racemdsus, SNOWBERRY. Clusters of flowers in interrupted leafy
spikes (rather than racemjs) terminating the branches; berries snow-white, in
autumn. Common in gardens.
S. vulgaris, CORAL-BERRY, INDIAN CI.'URAXT. Short clusters of flowers
in the axils of most of the leaves ; berries small, dark red.
4. LONICERA, HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. (Named for an old
German herbalist, L<niit~<i\ latini/.ed Lonicerus'.)
§ 1. TRUE HONEYSUCKLES, with tiriniiuj stems (in one wild species slightly so).
# (_'nntll<i. inth rfry long tnhe, and ~i s/mrt a/most regular lotn.i.
L. sempervirens, TRTMI-KT II. Wild from New York S., and com-
monly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., thiekish,
pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united round the stem ;
flowers scentless, in spiked whorls, 2' long, scarlet with yellow inside (al.-o
a yellow variety), produced all summer; berries red.
# * Corolla strongly flipped; lower li/> nnrmir, upper one broad and 4-lvbtd.
-•- The ~2 In 4 ii/i/Mrmoxf />f//V.< <ifl<«rr* nni/ul round the stem in the form of an oval
or rounded disk «r shullou- m/i, tin //n/r»'/-.< xrx*ili~ in their axils, or partly in
leaflets spiked »7«/r/.< In i/n/ul : liu'rii* rnf «/• tmrntje.
++ European Honeysuckles, cultivated for omuinmf : //«/(•«;•>,• jmrple and white or
tiiriinii/ yellowish inside, sweet-scented, in siummr.
L. Caprif61ium, COMMON EUROPEAN II., has leaves smooth on both
sides, and flowers usually only in early summer.
L. Etriisca, ITALIAN or 1'EnrETi'Ai. II., has the leaves downy beneath
and blunter, and (lowers through the summer.
<-* ••-*• ]\'//il x/M-cifs, irit/i ti<m'rm smooth <nul itmrli/ scentless, except the first species,
in In/I- sprint/ t>r «irli/ sniiiiitrr : /mi-ts smooth (except one variety) and
glaucous or irhitish In ninth.
L. grata, SWKKT WILD II. Wild in Middle States and S., sometimes
cult. : leaves obovate ; corolla white with a pink or purple slender tube, fading
yellowish, fragrant.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 171
L. flava, YELLOW II. Wild N. W. and along the Alleghanies ; low-
climbing ; the broad and thickish leaves very white-glaucous both sides ; flowers
light yellow.
L. parv"ifl6ra, SMALL H. Low and bushy, with oblong leaves green
above, but very white-glaucous beneath; the corolla (less than 1'long) strongly
gibbous at base, greenish-yellow or whitish and tinged with purple : in the var.
Douglasii, found only N. W., nearly crimson, and the greener leaves downy
beneath or ciliate.
++ .M. .M. \ytld species with clammy-pubescent orange-colored flowtrs.
L. hirsilta, HAIRY H. Moist or rocky grounds N. & W. : with oval and
large dull green leaves, the lower face and branches downy-hairv.
-*- ->- Leaves all separate and short-pet io/ed, not glaucous, pubescent : flowers in
pairs on axillary peduncles.
L. Japonica (commonly so called, L. CONFUSA, DC.), JAPAN or CHINESE H.
Commonly cult. ; the slender downy stems twining freelv, with oval dull green
leaves, and flowers very fragrant at evening ; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish
outside, white inside turning yellow.
§ 2. FLY-HONEYSUCKLES, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, with
leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit of an
axillary peduncle, the two berries sometimes united into one.
* Fuur large leafy bracts surrounding two cylindrical (|' long) yellowish flowers.
L. involucrata. Wild from Lake Superior to California, and sparingly
planted : shrub 2° - 5° high, downy when young, with ovate or oblong leaves
3' - 5' long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries quite separate.
* * The tiro or four bracts under the ovaries small or minute.
f- Planted for ornament from Europe : flowers rose or pink-red, profuse and showy.
L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN H. Much-branched shrub 5° -8° high, smooth,
with oval heart-shaped leaves, short corolla, and red berries uniting at base as
they ripen : fl. spring.
-t- -*- Wild species, in moist cold woods or bogs N. : flowers yellowish.
L. ciliata, EARLY FLY-H. Straggling, 3° - 5° high, with oval or oblong
and partly heart-shaped leaves thin and downy beneath when young, slender
peduncles, honey-yellow corolla (•{' long) with short nearly equal lobes and very
unequal-sided base, and separate red berries : fl. early spring.
L. Oblongif61ia, SWAMP F. Upright, 2° - 5° high, with oblong leaves,
long and slender peduncles, deeply 2-lipped corolla (^' long) in early summer,
and purple berries.
L. CSSrulea, MOUNTAIN F., the rarest species, l°-2° high, with oval
leaves, very short peduncle, moderately 5-lobed corolla, and two ovaries united
to form one blue berry.
5. DIERVILLA, BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (Named for one Diem'//,,
who took the common species from Canada to France.)
* Wild species, on rocks and hills, with ]>nlc or honey-yellow and slender funnel-
form corolla, not showy, and oblong pod.
D. trifida, COMMON B. ; everywhere N., l°-4° high, with oblong-ovntu
taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowcred peduncles, and slen-
der pointed pods : fl. all summer.
D. S6SSilif61ia, only along the Alleghanies S., has lance-ovate sessile
leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods : fl. summer.
* * Planted for ornament from Japan and China : the showy roue-colored corolla
broadly funnel-form with an abruptly narrowed base, very slender stalk-like
ovary and linear pod.
D. Japonica. Shrub 2° - 5° high, loaded with the handsome flowers in
late spring ; corolla 1' or more long ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed.
172 HONKYSfCKLK FAMILY.
6. VIBURNUM, AR ROW-WOOD, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of un-
certain meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly -o. iu spring or early summer:
fruit ripe in autumn.
§ 1 . Flowers all alike, small, and perfect.
# Cult, or planted from S. Eurt>/» . u-ith evergreen smooth entire leaves.
V. TimiS, LAI-HI.STIN i •<. Nut hardy N., hut a common house-plant,
winter-flowering, or planted nut in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple.
* * Wild species, some occasionally planted: leaves deciduous, at least N.
•*- Lcares not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some minute scurf: fnnt
Hack or u'itli a bluish bloom.
++ Leaves glossy, finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth.
V. LentagO, Sm:i:i'-r.i:nuY. Tree 15° -30° hi-h, common in moist
grounds, ehielly N. ; leaves ovate, con-picuon.-ly pointed, on long margined
petioles ; e\ me hroud, sessile ; fruit oval, j' or mure long, sweet, eatable.
V. prunif61ium, Mi.w'ic II\w. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S. :
hardly so tall as the preceding, with smaller and oval mostly liltint leaves.
-w- -W- Leaves entire or with a Jew wavy or crc.nate small tat/i, lluckish.
V. obovatum. Along streams from Virginia S. : shrub with obovate
leaves seldom over 1' lonu', and small sessile cyni'1-.
V. nudum, WITIIK-ROD. Swamps, from New England to Florida ; with
leaves oval, oblong, or almost lanceolate, not glossy ; cyme on a peduncle ; fruit
roundish.
H — i- Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly Jeather-ueined, the veins prominently marked,
straii/lit anil simple or nearly so : fruit small : cyme peiluncled.
V. dentatum, AKKOW-WOOD (the -terns having been used by the Indians
to make arrow.-). Cmmnuii in wet .-oil, 5° - 10° high, smooth, with a-h-colored
bark, pule and broadly ovate evenly sliurp-toothed leaves, on slender petioles,
and bright blue fruit.
V. molle, SOFT A. From Kentucky S., -oi't do\vny, with less sharply
toothed oval or obovate leaves, on -lender petioles, and blue oily t'ruit.
V. pub^SCeus, DOWNY A. Rocky grounds, N. ^ \V. ; a low and strag-
gling shrub, with ovate or oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having
rather lew coarse teeth, their lower surface and the very .-hort petioles sot't-downy ;
fruit dark purple.
-(--*-•(- Leaves l>oth <-im i-.sv/// toothed anil sm/u ir/mt 3-lobed, roundish, 3 - 5-nbbed
from the, hose and veiny : rymos slender-peduneled, small : frmt r«l.
V. acerif61ium, M vri.i:-i.i:\\ i;n A. or !)(>( KMACKIK. Sbrul) 3°-6°
high, in rocky woods, with .'{-ribbed and ,'5-lobed leaves sot't-downy beneath, their
pointed lobes di\ -er:: h iu ; -tami'ii- slender.
V. paucifl6rurn. Cold wood-, oulv far N. or on mountains; with almost
-month leaves 5-rilibcd at base and .'5-lobed at summit; cyme t'ew-tlowered ;
fruit sour.
§ '2. flowers rouml tin man/in of the ci/iitf neutral (irithout staim-nx <>f pistils) m/it
i-ery i/n/r/i A//-./-/- //,(/,•/ tin f< iiili mns. Hydrangea-like and showy : petioles
bearing </•///,/// n/ipi m/m/is irhir/i imilnl: sti/iii/is : fritil nil, sour.
V. Opulus, Ci;ANi!i:ui:Y-Tr;KE. Tall and nearly -mooth shrub, with gray
bark, scaly bmU, :? - 5-ribbeil and strongly :i-lobed Knaves, the lobe- pointed and
commonly few-toothed, and cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds
N. ^ !•'.. ; the juie\ acid fruit bright red, used as a -ub-titute for cranberries
(\\bence the name of IIn;n ( 'i: v MM 1:1: Y-nrsii ). The loiiLT-culti vateil form
from Kurope, planted for ornament, under the name of (u 1:1 M:I; ROSE or
SNOWBALL-TRKE, has most of the ilowcrs of the e\ me changed into enlarged
corollas.
V. lantanoides, HOBP.LK-IU <it (popular name from the stragtrlinu or
rcciininu branches taking root at the end, and forming loops ; the botanical
name because the leaves resemble the V. LAXTANA or WAYFARING-TREE of
MADDER FAMILY. 173
Europe, occasionally planted (but that has no enlarged neutral flowers) : cold
moist woods N., with nuked buds, large round-ovate leaves heart-shaped at base
and abmptlv pointed at the apex, closely sen-ate, and pinnately many-veined,
the veins and netted veinlets prominent underneath and covered, like the >talks
and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not
eatable, coral-red turning crimson.
7. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical in-
strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.)
S. Canad6nsis, COMMON or BLACK-BERRIED ELDER. Alluvial soil,
fence-rows, &c. Stems woody only towards the base, 5° -6° high, with white
pith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ;
flat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit.
S. pubens, RED-BERRIED E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody
stems and warty bark, yellow-brown pith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets
downy underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright
red berries.
58. RUBIACE.aE, MADDER FAMILY.
Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite
(or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true
Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense
family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a
few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con-
servatories, not here described, are BURCHELLIA CAPE'NSIS, a shrub
with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped;
MANETTIA CORDIFOLIA, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart-
shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corolla-,
or M. BfcOLOR, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the
base, yellow toward the summit ; PENTAS CARNEA, with ovate-
oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with
salver-form flesh-colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and
5-lobed.)
I. MADDER FAMILY PROPER. Leaves in whorls, without
stipules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry-
like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above
the ovary obsolete.
1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5.
Fruit berrv-like.
2. GALIUM. 'Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped
4-parted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens.
Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the
leaves often rough or almost prickly.
II. CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some«
times in threes or fours, and with stipules.
§ 1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell.
* Low herbs, icilh narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobes (valvale in the
bud ) and the stamens 4.
3. DIODIA. Flowers sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath-
ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into
2 hard and dry closed nutlets.
174 MADDEK FAMILY.
4. MITCHELL A. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united
into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eved scarlet berry. Corolla densely white-
lp,-:trdcd inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1: stigmas 4, slender.
Seeds, or rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small,
not fringed.
* * Shrub* or small tree*: lubes of the corolla overlapping in tlie bud.
5 CEPHALANTHl'S. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head
raised ..n :i peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short
lobes. Stamens 4. Style "long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate
stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting
into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions
6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the
same lon-'th. Stamens 4 or 6, with linear-oblong anthers. Style bearing
2 Blender stijpnas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 hard
plano-convex seeds with' a groove down the face (coffee), enclosed in a loose
parchment-like hull.
§ 2. Several or ninny ovules and seeds in each cell oftiie ovary and fruit.
* Shrubs or low trees, all except, the first exotic house-plants.
7. PIXCKXEYA. Flowers i:i a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes,
4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright
rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear
recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled
with very many thin-winged seeds.
8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so,^large,
very fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla
funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in
the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 : stigma
of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down
the side?, many-seeded.
9. TUH'YAIMMA. 'Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with
4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped
tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost
sessile in the throat. Style 1 : stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular,
2-celled. Seeds wing-margined.
* * Low, native herbs.
10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part
rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and
ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell.
Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of
the opposite leaves.
1. RUBIA, MAD1>I-;iI. (Name from Latin nibrr, red, alludes to the red
roots, which furnish the wcll-knowu red dy. I
R. tinct6l*ia, COMMON or DYERS' M. Cult, from Ku. for tin- red roots,
branching from the ground, l°-2° high, with angles of the stems and edges m
the lance-oblong or ol. lanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough; flowers
greenish, in Miimner ; berry Mack. 2/
2. GALIUM, I'.KDS n;.\\V or CLKAYKRS. (Name from Greek for
milk, which SOUP' species iu Europe were used to eurdle.) Fl. summer.
The following all wild .species. Several have a red mot like that of
Madder.
§ 1. Fruit (i Hack berry, like that of Madder : but the par Is of the white fewer
are mdij 4. Only in Southern Slates, in dry sandy soil. Ij.
G. hispidulum. Spreading stems l°-2° long; leaves in fours, £' or
less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 -3-flowered ; hern- roughish.
G. uniflbrum. Smooth, slender, l°high; leaves linear ; flowers mostly
solitary.
MADDER FAMILY. 175
§ 2. Fruit dry when ripe, small.
* Smooth ; leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves : flowers white,
loosely clustered at the end of spreading branches.
Gr. asprellum, ROUGH BEDSTRAW. Low thickets : 3° - 5° high, as it
ivere climbing, the backwardly prickly-roughened angles of the stum and edges
and midrib of the lance-oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ;
leaves in whorls cf 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets : flowers
numerous.
G. trifidum, SMALL B. Swamps and low grounds, 6' -2° high, roughish
or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4 - 6 in the
whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3.
* * Fruit smooth or slightly bristly: leaves 3-nerved : flowers white, in a narrow
and lony terminal panicle. 2/
G. boreale, NORTHERN B. Rocky banks of streams N. ; l°-2° high,
smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves in fours.
* * * Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles.
-t- Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves: flowers whitish
or greenish : stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough backwards on the angles.
G. Aparine, CLEAVERS or GOOSE-GRASS. Low grounds : leaves in
eights, lanceolate, rough-edged, 1 ' - 2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-flowered ;
fruit large. ®
G. triflbrum, SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW. Woodlands, especially N. :
leaves mostly in sixes, lance-oblong, bristle-pointed ; peduncles terminating the
branches, 3-flowered. Sweet-scented in drying. 2/
+" ••- Leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved : flowers not white : stems ascending,
about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. 2/
G. pi!6sum. Commonest S., in dry thickets : leaves oval, dotted, downy,
1' long; flowers brown-purple or cream-colored, all pedicclled, the peduncle
2-3-times forked. Var. PUNCTicuL6su>i is a smooth form S.
G. circsezans, WILD LIQUORICE, the root being sweetish: common in
thickets ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their
long branches bearing short-pedicelled dull or brownish flowers along the sides,
the fruit reflcxed.
G. lanceolatum, like the preceding, common N. ; but with lanceolate or
lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2' long.
3. DIODIA, BUTTON-WEED. (Name from Greek for a thoroughfare,
being humble weeds, often growing by the wayside.) Fl. all summer, white
or whitish.
D. Virginica. Sandy banks from Maryland S. ; with spreading stems
l°-2° long, broadly lanceolate sessile leaves, salver-shaped corolla £' long,
2-parted style, and oblong fruit crowned with 2 calyx-teeth. ^/
D. t6res. Sandy fields from N. Jersey and Illinois S. ; with slender stems
3' - 9' long, linear and rigid leaves, small corolla rather shorter than the long
bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little fruit crowned with
the 4 short calyx-teeth. (T)
4. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE-BERRY. (Named for Dr. J. Mitchell,
who corresponded from Virginia with Linnams.) Fl. in early summer. 2/
M. l'6pens, the only species, common in woods ; a little herb, creeping over
the ground, with the small evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and
glossy, bright green, sometimes with whitish lines, short-petioled ; the ilowers
pretty and sweet-scented ; the scarlet fruit remaining over winter, eatable, but
dry and almost tasteless.
5. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTON-BUSH. (Name from Greek words
for head and flower. ) Fl. summer and autumn.
C. OCCidentalis, the only species, is a tall shrub, common along the bor
1"6 MADUKK FAMILY.
ders of ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves, on petioles,
either in pairs or threes, and with >lu>rt .-tipules between them ; the head of
white flowers about 1' in diain>
6. COFFEA, COFFEK-THKK. (The Aral, i,- name somewhat altered.)
C. Arabica, the species which products Coffee, is a shrub or small tree,
sometimes cult, in conservatories, wit), smooth and glossy oblong leaves, hearing
fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red berries, containing tho
nair of seeds.
7. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER-TREE. (Named
by Michaux in honor of <!m. Pinckney.)
P. pilbens, the only species, is a rather downy small tree or shrub, in wet
pine barrens, S. Car. to Georgia, with large oral leaves, slender stipules, and
purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx-leaf commonly produced is
Striking. This plant is of the same tribe with the ('INCHONA tir PKKIVIAN
BARK, and has similar medicinal (tonic) properties. Fl. earlv summer.
8. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. Not an appropriate name, as the
species so called does not belong to the Cape of (mod Hope. (Named for
Dr. (Garden of South Carolina, who corresponded with Linn.Tus.)
G. flprida, CVTK JESSAMINE. A favorite house-plant from China, 2°-4°
high, with smooth and bright-green oblong leave* acute at both ends, )ar:;-e and
showy very fragrant llowers, the white corolla o-9-lobed, or full double, and
large oblong orange-colored berry 5-6-angled and tapering at the base.
9. BOUVARDIA. (Named for Dr. Bouvard, director of the Paris Gar-
ilcn of Plants over a centurv uiio.)
B. tl'iphylla. Shrubby or half-shrubby house-plants, hlo-*omiiiLr through
the winter, ami in grounds in summer, from Mexico, with ovate or ohlon--
ovate smoothish leaves, in threes or the upper in pairs, and .-carle t corolla,
minutely downy outride, nearly 1' long.
B. leiantha, now commoner and winter-blooming, has more dowiiv leaves
and smooth deep-scarlet corolla.
10. HOUSTONIA. (Named by Linmeus for a Dr. Houston, an Enuli>h
physician, who botani/.ed on the coast of Mexico, where he died earlv.)
* Delicate !/t//r />f,ints, u-it/i I-/A<»vr,,/ peduncles, jlowerinq from ,,n-!i/ s/n-in<i l<\
sum in,-!- : ,-oroHn ^ili;r-j>,nn: /><»/ xnmi irlmt 2-lobed, its upper half free i
seeds with a deep hole <icfi</>//i//i/ tin1 /'m-, .
H. CSerillea, C..MM..V H. or BLI-ETS. Moist banks and grassy places,
3'-5' high, smooth and slender, erect, with ohlon-or spatulate leaves only 3" or
4" long, very slender peduncle, and li-bt blue, purplish, or almost whi'te and
yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than the lobes. ©
H. minima. Dry hills from 111. S. \V. : n>ii-hi-h. l'-4' hiirh, at len-rth
much branched and -prcadini: ; with leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear,
earlier peduncles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not
longer than its lubes and tho-e of the ealvx. i
H. rotundif61ia. Sandy soil from' North Carolina S. : with prostrate and
creeping leafy Stems, peduncles -horter than the roundish leaves and recurved
in fruit ; corolla white. ^
* * l-:r,-,-t, I,,!/}/-*/, mined, 5'-20'%//, in'th ft,,,,-, ,-s ,'„ t, rmimil clusters or cymes,
at summer: corolla funnel -farm: .swf/s rather saucer-shaped. ^
H. purpurea. "\Voudeil or rocky bank*, commoner W. : smooth or slightly
downy, with ovate or Ian ..... >late 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, pale purple flowers, and
upper half of globular pod free from the calyx.
VALERIAN FAMILY. 177
Var. longifdlia, the common one N. ; slender or low, with 1-rihhed leaves,
those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear.
H. angustifolia. Dry banks from 111. S. & W., with tufted erect stems,
narrow-linear and acute 1-ribbcd leaves, crowded short-pedicelled flowers, lobes
of the white corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod
rising above the calyx.
59. VALERIANACEJE, VALERIAN FAMILY.
Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, calyx coherent with the
ovary, which has only one fertile one-ovuled cell but two abortive or
empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the lobes of the corolla
(1 — 3, distinct), and inserted on its tube. Style slender: stigmas
1-3. Fruit small and dry, indehiscent ; the single hanging seed
with a large embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters
or cymes.
* Lobes of the calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, bring rolled
up inwards around the base of the corolla; in fruit they unroll and appear
as long plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, like thistle-down.
1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at
the base on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal.
Stamens ?. Akene 1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing.
Root strong-scented.
2. CENTRANTHUS. Corolla as in the preceding, but with a spur at the base.
Stamen only one.
* * Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any.
3. FEDIA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading lobes.
Stamens mostly 3. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or
the latter confluent into one.
1. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name from valere, to be well, alluding
to medical properties, the peculiar-scented root of some species used in medi-
cine.) Fl. early summer, often dioecious, white or purplish. 2/
* Garden species from Europe, producing the medicinal Valerian-root.
V. officinalis, the commonest in gardens, 2° -3° high, a little downy, with
leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, and rootstocks not
running.
V. Ph.U, is smoother, with root-leaves simple, stem-leaves of 5 - 7 entire
leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal.
* * Wild species N. and chiefly W. : all rather rare or local.
V. pauctflora. Woodlands, Penn. to Illinois and S. W. ; l°-2° high,
smooth, with thin ovate and heart-shaped toothed root-leaves, stem-leaves of
3-7 ovate leaflets, rather few flowers in the crowded panicled cyme, and long
slender corolla.
V. sylvatica. Cedar swamps from Vermont W. & N. ; with root-leaves
mostly ovate or oblong and entire, stem-leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate
almost entire leaflets ; corolla funnel-form.
V. eduliS. Alluvial ground from Ohio "W. ; l°-4°high, with a large
spindle-shaped root (eaten by the Indians W.), thickish leaves mostly from the
root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of the root lanceolate or spatulate,
of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow divisions.
2. CENTRANTHUS, SPURRED VALERIAN. (From Greek words
for spur andjlower.) Fl. summer. 2/
C. ruber, RED S. or JUPITER'S-BEARD. Cult, for ornament, from S.
Eu. : a very smooth rather glaucous herb, l°-2° high, with lance-ovate nearly
entire leaves, all the upper ones sessile, and cymes of small flowers in a narrow
panicle, the corolla very slender, |' long, red, rarely a white variety.
12
178
TKASEL FAMILY.
3. FEDIA, CORN SALAD, LAMB-LKTTl'CE. (Origin of the name
obscure.) Our spcejes an- all very much alike in appearance, smooth, with
forking stem- ti'-^o' high, tender oblong leaves either entire <>r cut-lob.-d
towards the ba-e, and small fl. .\vcrs in clusters or close evmes, with leafy
I.raets, and a .-hurt white or whitish corolla, in early "Miimner. They
belong to the section (by must botanists regarded as "a separate, genus)
VALEKIAXKLLA. (T) @
F. olitdria, COMMON- CORN SALAD of Eu., sparingly naturalized in
the Middle States, has fruit broader than long, and a thick corkv mass at tho
back of the fertile cell.
F. Fagopyrum, from New York W. in low grounds, has ovate-triangular
smooth fruit shaped like a grain of buckwheat when dry (whence the specific
name), the confluent empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than
the broad and flat seed.
F. radiata, common from Penn. and Michigan S., has fruit mostly downy
and somewhat 4-angled, the parallel narrow empty cells contiguous but with
a deep groove between them.
60. DIPSACE.S3, TEASEL FAMILY.
Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers strictly
in heads, surrounded by au involucre, as in the next family, — from
which it differs in the separate stamens, hanging seed, ice. All
are natives of the Old World.
1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often
prickly, and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under eacli
flower, under the whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each flower more-
over has an involved in the form of a little calyx-like body enclosing the
ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the ovary into a mere truncate
short cup-like border. Corolla slende'r, with 4 short lobes. Stamens 4.
Style slender.
2. SGABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly; the short heads surrounded by a softer
green involucre; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under eac'h flower.
Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often
enlarged. Stamens 4. Style slender, liivolucel enclosing the ovary and
the calyx various.
1- DIPSACUS, TKASKL. (Xame from Greek word meaning to thirst; the
united ba-es of the leaves in the common species catch some rain-water.)
FI. summer.
D. sylv^Stris, WILD T. Hun wild along roadsides, 4° -5° high, prick! v,
with lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones united round the stem, lanre oblong
heads, purplish or lilac corolla-, and slender-pointed straight chaff under each
flower.
D. ful!6num, FKF.I.KK'S T. Less prickly than the other, with involucre
hardly longer than the (lowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid chaff hooked at
the end, which makes the l.<ix<l useful for carding woollen cloth : cultivated in
fields for this purpose, sometimes ex-aping into waste places and roadsides. ©
2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOrs. (From Latin word for scurfy, perhaps from
use of the plants to cure, skin-diseases.) Fl. summer. One European species
is commonly cultivated for ornament, vi/..
S. atropurpiirea, SWI-.KT S., or when with dark purple or crimson
flower- called Mori:\i\<; UKIDK ; the (lowers are sometimes rose-colored or even
•uhite: plant 1°- 2° high, with obovate or spatulatc and toothed root-leaves,
pinnatcly-parted stem-leaves, the cup or involucel enclosing the ovarv 8-grooved,
calyx proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the akene ; the outer corollas
enlarged. @
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 179
61. COMPOSITE, COMPOSITE FAMILY.
Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the '• compound
flower," as it was termed by the older botanists, this consisting of
several or many flowers in a head, surrounded by a set of bracts
(formerly likened to a calyx) forming an involucre, the stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla (almost always 5) and inserted on
its tube, their anthers syngenesious, i. e. united in a ring or tube
through which the style passes. Calyx with its tube incorporated
with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border (named the pappus)
consisting of bristles, either rigid or downy, or of teeth, awns, scales,
&c., or of a cup or crown, or often none at all. Corollas either
tubular, funnel-form, &c. and lobed, or strap-shaped (ligulate), or
sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost or mar-
ginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays (which an-
swered to the corolla of the supposed compound flower), the separate
flowers therefore called ray-flowers; those of the rest of the head, or
disk, called disk-flowers. The end of the stalk or branch upon
which the flowers are borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if
there are any, on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called
the chaff of the receptacle ; the bracts or leaves of the involucre
outside the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-eIeft at
the apex. Ovary 1-celled, containing a single o\ule, erect from
its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed filled by the embryo
alone. For the flowers and fruit, and the particular terms used in
describing them, see Lessons, p. 93, 94, fig. 266-269; p. 100.
fig. 290, 291 ; p. 121, fi«r. 379-384.
The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too difficult for
the beginner ; but most of the common kinds, both wild and culti-
vated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller details as to the wild
ones, with all the species, the student will consult the Manual, and
Chapman's Southern Flora. There are two great divisions which
include all the common kinds.
I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap-shaped, and these
/lever perfect, i. e. they are either pistillate or neutral, always with-
out stamens, or else with strap-shaped corollas entirely wanting.
Plants destitute of milky or colored juice.
A. No strap-shaped corollas or true rtiys.
§ 1. Thistles or Thistle-like, the heads with very many flowers, all alike and mostly
perfect. Brandies of the style short or united, even to the tip. Scales of the
involucre many-ranked, these or the It-arts commonly tipped with prickly or
bristly points.
* Pappus of many long-plumed bristles: receptacle with bristles between the flowers.
1. CYXARA. Scales of the involucre of the great heads thickem-d and hVshy
towards the base, commonly notched at the end, with or without a prickle.
Akenes slightly ribbed. Otherwise much as in the next.
2. CIRSIUM. Scales of the involucre not fleshy-thickened, prickly-tipped or
else merely pointed. Akenes flattish, not ribbed. Filaments of the stamens
separate.
180 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
* * Pappus of naked, rough or short-barbed bristles, or none.
t- Filaments of the stamens united into a tnhe. Leaves white-variegated.
3. SILVni'.M. Scales of the involucre with the upper p:irt leaf-like and -pread-
ing, -piny. I.Veeptaele I t with bri-ti.--. Akencs flattened: pappus of
many rather short and rigid bristle- minutely bearded on their edges.
•<-•(- Filaments separate.
4. ONOPORDON. Heads and flowers as in true Thistles, No. 2. Receptacle naked
and honeycombed. Akenes 4-augled, wrinkled: pappus of many slender
hri-tle, united at base into a horny ring. Stem- -trough- leaf-winged.
6. LAPP A. Scales of the globular involnnv abruptly tipped with a spreading
slender a\vl-.-baped appendage, mostly hooked at it- point. Receptacle bristly.
Akenes llattened, wrinkled: pappus of many short and rough bristles, their
ba-e- nut united, decidunus. Leaves and -talks not prickly.
6. CAKTIIAMl'S. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-4ike and spreading, middle
ones with ovate appeudaire fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost
entire and sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset with linear chaff. Akenes very
smooth, 4-ribbed: pappus none. Loaves with rigid or short spiny teeth.
7. CN7ICUS and 8. CENTAUREA; see next division.
§ 2. Thistle-like or Scabious-like, with many-ranked imbricated scales to the involucre,
mmn/-tli>irers. and the tn;> branches of the style united into «nn body almost or
quite to the tip, at in § 1: but the outer floioers of the head different from the
rest and sterile, except in a few species of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with
bristles.
1. CNICI'S. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. ^Scales
of the involucre tipped with a long spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed
down the sides. Akenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed and grooved. Crtro ned
with 10 .-hort and homy teeth, within which is a pappus of 10 long and rigid
and 10 short naked bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed.
8. CKNTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest,
often funnel-shaped and with long sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kind
of false ray; but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but
the scales commonly with fringed, sometime- with spiny tips. Akenes flat or
rlattish: pappus of -evrral or many bristles or narrow scales, or none.
§ 3. Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, irhich is a completely closed involucre
confainiiitj onli/ one Or two flowers, consistiiii/ <>f n pistil only, with barely a,
rudiim at' of corolla, therefore very dijl't r< nt from must jitnnts of the family ;
but the staminate jftotoers are seven*/ mid i'u a ft/it or top-shaped involucre.
Heads Ihfri'/'ore moncecious, or rarely duecious: no pappus. Coarse and
homely weeds.
y. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers in short racemes or spikes, their
involucre of several scales in one row: fertile flowers below them, clustered
in the axils, two together in a 2-celled booked-prickly bur.
10. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate (lowers in raceme- or spikes terminating the
stem or branches, their involucre of several scales united in tlattish or top-
shaped cup; fertile (lowers clu-tered below the staminate, only one enclosed
in each small achenium-like involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles
or strong point- near the top in a i-ingle row.
§ 4 Plants not thistle-like nor bur-like.
* Two kinds ofjlowers in the same head, ll/e, outer ones u-ith pistils only.
•«- Pappus none or a minute //order or cn]> : no i-lmj}' anioiiij the Jloiws : scales of the
iiii-oliirre. dry, uf/m irith sfarinug mnrt/ins, hiilirii-ntcd. Hitter-aromatic or
rather acrid plants.
11. TAXACE'lTM. Heads ,,f many yellow flowers; the marginal ones with pistil
only and a :! - ".-tootbed corolla.' Akene- an-l.-d or ribbed, with a Hat top,
crowned with a cup-like toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented
herbs, with heads in a corymb.
12. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers,
some of the marginal ones pi.-tillate and fertile, the others perfect, but some-
times not maturing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the
top, destitute of pappus. Bitter-aromatic, and strong-scented plants, with
beads iu panicles.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1M
4- -f- Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender
bristles in the central and perfect yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers : scales of
the involucre woolly.
13. FILAGO. Heads small crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous
flowers, each fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and "dry chaffy scale,
and with a very slender thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a more
expanded 4 -5-toothed corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool: leaves
entire.
-i_ H- +- Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles : no chaff among the flowers.
14. ERECHTHITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre
of many narrow and naked scales in a single row: outer flowers with very
slender corolla: inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow:
pappus of copious very fine and soft naked white hairs. Rank coarse herb.
87. ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be
looked for here.
15. GN APHALIl'M. Heads of very many whitish or yellowish flowers, surrounded
by an invohicre of many ranks of 'dry and white or otherwise colored (not
sjreen) scarious and persistent scales woolly at base; the flowers all fertile,
the outer ones with pistil and very slender 'corolla, the central ones perfect
and with more expanded 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender
and rousrhish bristles. Cottony herbs.
16. ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants nearly or quite dioecious:
the stamiiKite flowers with a simple style, but the ova'ry sterile, and their
pappus of stouter bristles which are thickened at the summit and there more
or less barbed or plumed.
* # Only one kind of flowers in the head.
•*- Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i. e. not green),
not withering. (Everlastings.)
•w Many flowers in the head: scales of the involucre in many ranks.
16. AXTEXNARI A. Flowers dioecious, in one plant all pistillate, with very slender
corollas and a pappus of long and very fine hair-like naked bristles; in the other
staminate (with a simple imperfect style), and the pappus of thicker bristles
enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their summit. Leaves and
stems cottony.
17. RHODANTHE*. Flowers perfect, with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. In-
volucre (silvery or rose-colored), smooth, obovate or top-shaped. Akenes
woolly: pappus of numerous plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth
and naked.
18. AMMOBIUM. Flowers perfect, with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a
silvery-white involucre. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers.
Akenes flattish-4-sided: pappus of 4 teeth, two of them prolonged into a
bristle. Leaves and stems white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings.
4^. .M. Only 3 or 4 flowers in each. head.
19. HUMEA. Flowers perfect, purplish, surrounded by a few dry and scarious
scales of the involucre: no chaff on the small receptacle. Akenes smooth:
no pappus. Herbage green, not cottony: the small heads drooping in an
ample compound panicle.
•)-•<- Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery : flowers all perfect.
+- Flowers yellow, with chaff between them : akenesflat, bearing 2-4 awns or bristles.
53. BIDENS, and 52. COREOPSIS: a few species have no ray-flowers.
-> «• Flowers yellow : no chaff: akenes not flat : pappus of copious very soft andjine
down-like bristles.
30. SENECIO, one or two species which are destitute of ray-flowers.
..
++ «. -M. Flowers not yellow nW orange : no chaff among them.
a. Branches of the style slender and rough all over with minute bristles.
20. VERNONIA. Heads corymbed, with an involucre of many imbricated scales,
and 15 to 30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenea
cylindrical, several-ribbed: pappus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded
at base by an outer set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles.
Leaves alternate.
1.S2 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
I). Brnnchet of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, smooth or
very mimitrly puberulent under a lens.
21. LIAT1MS. Heads IP!' -evcral or many rose-purple flower-. -nrronndcd t>y a
• or I.--- iinliriciitcil involucre. Lobes of the enroll:) rather long. A!
slender, ill" nit lo-rihbed: pappus of many long and slender bristle<. which are
plmiM-e or c]-e be-et with a -liort beard or roughne.- tor their whole length.
Le • ate, entire.
22. KI'IINIA. llc;nls small, of l<i-2") dull cream-colored flowers, -urrounded hy a
laiici'olatr scales ol' tin- iiivoliicn-. Corolla -lender. barely 5-toothed.
V eiies cylindrical, many-atriate : pappu- a row of white plumose bristle-.
Leaves mostly alternate.
23. MIKANIA. Hi-ads of 4 flesh-colored flowers, with an involucre of only 4
scale-. Corolla r.-toothcd. Akene- ~>-anglcd: pappus a row of hair-like
naked t . lian-K- roii'.dii-li > l>ri-t!es. Leave- opposite; stem twining.
24. EUPATORIUM. Head- of :t or move llowers, and an involucre of several or
many -rales. Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle Hat or merely convex. Akenes
fi-anLled: p-ippu- a row of hair-like naked (barely rough) bristles.
25. CONOCLINIUM. Heads, ^.-c. as in the preceding, but the receptacle conical.
Flowers many, Idue or blne-pur]ile. Leave- oppo-ite.
26. AGERATUM. ' Like the preceding: but the receptacle flatfish, and the pappus
of :i tew chaffy scale-, mostly tapering into a .-lender still' rough liri-tle.
Leaves opposite.
27. PIQUERIA. Heads very small, of 3-5 white flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5
scales. Akenes 5-angfed: pappus none. Leave- opposite, 3-rilibed.
C. Branches of the style smooth, with a conical or flat unu&ally minutely hairy tip.
28. CACALIA. Heads corymbed, with 5 - 80 white or whitish flowers. Scales of
the involucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla
5-cleft. Akenes oldong. smooth: pappus of very manj fine and soft down-
like naked bri-tles. Leaves alternate.
40. BKLLIS. A cultivated state of the Dai-y, with quitted (monstrous) flowers
may lie sought here.
B. \\1tk strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of (.'•« head.
§ 1. Herbage not spotli-<l iriih 1'inje translucent or colored stropp-icented glands.
* Pvj>]»/* "/' fiijiiints hair-like bristles: no chaff on the receptacle arong the flowers.
-t- Rays yellow, except in one or two species o/*Senecio and one SoliCago, pistillate.
29. TUSSILAC.O. Kay-tliwers very numerous and in many rr*s, fertile, with
narrow lignli-s; the tubular disk-flowers few in the centre, and not fertile.
Scale of the involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and -oft. Head soli-
tary (in a -raly-bracted scape.
"ii. SENECIO. Bay-flowers several in a single row, or sometime? r>one : the disk-
flowers (a- in all the following) perfect and fertile. Scale* of the involucre in
a single, row, or often with small bractlets at the ba-e. 1'appn* very tine and
soft. Heads mostly in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound.
31. ARNICA. Ray-flowers several or many in a single row. Sc;d?s of the invo-
lucre nearly e.mal in 2 row*. 1'appn- a -ingle row of rough rather rigid
ln-i-tles. Akenea -lender. Head- few and rather large. Leave- opposite.
32. INl'LA. Ray-flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow lifulee. outer
scales of the involucre 'leaf-like. 1'appu- of many slender mui/'ii-h bri-tles.
Akenes narrow. Head- lar.je and broad, the tubular perfect Towers very
numerous, their anthers with two tail- at the ba-e. Leave- alt.-i * ::te.
33. CHKYSOl'SIS. 1,'ay-Howers numerou- in one row, scales of the involucre
narrow, not leaf-like. 1'appu- of many ron^hi-h slender bristles, with al-o an
outer n.w of very -In n't and stout or chaff-like bri tie-. Akenes flattened,
hairy. Heads sinirlc or corymbed. I..-T es alternate.
34. SOLIDAGO. Kay-dower- 1 - 8, or ittlv 10-16, the tubular disk-flowers sev-
'
eral, rarely many. Involucre obloi^J, 'its gcales imliricated and apj.res-ed, of
unequal lengths. Pappus a row of slender ronghi-h bri-tles. Akenes nar-
row, terete, many-ribbed. Head- in panicled racemes, corymbs, or chi-t--r-,
mo-tlv small. Leaves alternate.
H. ^ ^,,,/s n-hilc, jnir/ik. blue, (fr. nei'i-r y< Hair, th>- llni-ers (\f the <l!fk mostly
A-TI:I:S ami tht like. Leaves alternate, simple. Aktnvs flattened or jitittisti.
86. CALLISTF.PlirS. Ilay-flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row,
or in cultivated varieties in several rows. Involucre in several rows, more or
CO.Ml'OSITK FAMILY. 183
less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at l>as«
by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristle-;
more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branchc-.
large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual.
36. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated
Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles : no cup or crown of
short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually
perennial.
37. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more
than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower,
appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with-
out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more scant}-, often some minute short
and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones.
# * Pappus not of lony hair-like bristles, either a little cup en' crown, or of a few
scales, teeth, awns, c}c., or none at all.
•*- JVo chaff on (he receptacle among the flowers, except in 41 - 43 and some cultivated
and altered forms of 44. Leaves mostly alternate.
•*-»• Akenes fat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species.
38. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or
hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin
or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3
short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-grecii thickish
and chiefly entire leaves often turned edgewise.
39. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36'or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes
flat, wingless : pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united
into a short crown.
40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle
high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low nerbs, with
solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves.
41. ACHILtEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow)
rays. Receptacle small, flatfish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no
pappus.
+•»• +•*• Akenes not flat, nor boat-shfped : pappus a short crown or none : rays pistillate
ami fertile except in 42.
42. MARL1TA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next.
43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow.
Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, with some
slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves
once to thrice pinnatelv divided.
44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMFM and PYRETHRFM.
Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without
chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a
flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis.
*+ ++ -M- Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor incurved : pappus of 5 - 10
conspicuous thin chaffy scales 'with midrib more or less extended into a bristle
or inrn : rays in one raw, nut rery numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 - o-cleft or lobed,
yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white : involucre of separate
scales.
45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading
or reflexed scale's. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed.
(Akene and pappus, Lessons, p. 121, fig. 382.)
46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more
rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often
purple: the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen-
der terminal peduncles.
HH. •*-<• *+ •»-<• Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky Imirs
(it-Inch must not be confounded with pappus), hiding the minute pappus of many
delicate little scales: rays numerous in one row, neutral, yellow irith dark-
colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or 3 rows of short scales
united in a cup.
47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the
rays expanding only in sunshine or bright davlight. Receptacle flat. Disk-
flowers yellow: their style abruptly thickened below the two short tranche
I;s4 co.Mi'osin; IAMII.V.
+.*+-* *-* +-+ 4-r Akenes incurved or boat -shaped, rouyh-lubercled on the buck : no pap-
pus : rays numerous in more than one roia : Jlowers all yellow or orange.
48. CALKXIM'LA. Head- showy, solitary terminating the branches, with the very
numerous rays ]iistill:ite and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright day
the disk-flowers sometime, few in tlie centre and sterile. Involucre ofnu-
merous sluTt rn-.-n scale-. Kecep'aclo ihit. Akenes all tliat mature belong-
ing to the ray-flowers, strongly incurved, some of them even horse-shoe-
shaped, ><r cuilcd into a riu;_r. and (especially the. outer ones) with thickened
margins.
-t- -i- A chaff on the receptacle, behind each flower.
++0nly the ray-flowers fertile or maturing their akenes; tho.^ «f tin- >!isk, even if
nji/i'in iit/ij pt r/\ it, ul/rays sterile: flowers oil yellow. Coarse tall herbs.
4». 1'OLY. \IXIA. Heads rather smaller middle-i/ed, with about 5 leaf-like scales
to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or >everal ray-
flowers producing turgid obovate or partly trianjruhir akenes with no pappus.
Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented: all but the upper-
most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at
the clasping base.
00. SILl'llir.M. Heads mostly large, with nimifroii< somewhat leafy-tipped or
green scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray-
tiowers producing very broad and tlat akenes (parallel with the -cales ot' the
involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and '2 teeih or a notch
at the top. .Juice resinous.
++ •*-* Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate andfertilr or it< utral.
a. Akenes flattened parallel aith the scales of the involucre and cha]£ of the recep-
tacle, or in 53 sometimes vert/ slvniler. Leaves generally opposite : involucre
double, Ike outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales.
~i\. DAHLIA. JJays in the natural (lowers neutral or in the common species more
or less pistillate, but in the gardens mo-t oral! of the flowers are changed into
rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes
oblon-r, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex.
52. C< il!K( »1'>1S. Rays n-ually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base.
Involucre commonly of about 8 outer Inns,, or loaf-like scales and as many
erect inner ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes. which have
mostly a pappus of 2 teeth or awn-, the latter not barbed downward*.
'"•;!. BIDENa. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slenderer
needle-shaped akenes; all bear 2 or more, rigid" persistent awns, which are
barbed downwards!
b. Akenes flattened if at all conirart/ to the scales of the involucre and the chaff of
the receptacle, having /lie latter usually unbracing Of folded round tlm'r outer
margin.
= Rays deciduous after flowering, yellow, sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61,
or irlil/c in one ofija. Leaves either opposite or alternate in sime genus, in
04 - 50.
54. ACTINOMERIS. Hays neutral, few or >everal. Involucre of several nearly
equal scales. Kecrpt.ielo convex m- conical. Akenes il:;t. oval, wing-mar-
gined: pappus of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves .simple, ^e^•:l:«^ often
decurrent into wings on the stem.
55. VERBESINA. h'ays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involucre of few erect
scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless : pappus of
2 persistent awns. Leave-, simple, decurront into wings on the stem.
53. XIMENESIA. Kays numerous, pistillate. Scales ot' the involucre spreading.
Receptacle lla!ti>h or convex. Akenes of the ray wrinkled and wingless;
tlio^e of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to
the wing. Leaves mostly with winded petioles which are dilated and cla-p-
ing at the ba-e.
57. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flatfish, more or less -i-angled
or lenticular, marginless : pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with
the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute inter-
mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 121, fig. 381.)
Leaves -imple, entire or .serrate: stems not winged.
58. 1IL"LI< H'SIS. Hays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3
rows, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled,
somewhat cubical: no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 18.")
C9. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre
in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft
Akenes short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top: pappus none or a short
even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate.
60. LEPACHYS. Like 59, but , akenes flattened, wing-margined on the inner and
sometimes on the outer edge, 1 -2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish Chaff
short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pi -mutely compound.
el. DBACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre of some very small linear scales and
akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach-
ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping.
= Rays rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple.
62. ECHIXACEA. Kays numerous. Scales of the involucre narrow and spread-
ing. Receptacle conical; the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chuff longer
than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a
toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-ribbed.
= Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and
fertile, of various colors.
63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical ; the oblong chaff not longer than
the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those
of the ray 3-sided ; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or some-
times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary,
terminating the stem or branches.
§ 2. Herbage, involucres. $c. dotted with large pellucid or colored glands or oil-
receptacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented:
involucre of one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup : no
chaff on thejlaUish receptacle: Jlowers yellow or orange.
64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes
elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chaffy
scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs
very glabrous.
65. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets
at the base. Receptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender,
4-angled : pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough
bristles, so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite.
II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants
with milky juice. Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle
in any of the following.)
§ 1. Pappus of many minute chnffy scales, forming a short crown or cup.
66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double; the outer of
5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with
broad summit. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. (Lessons,
p. 93, fig. 267 ; the akene, p. 121, fig. 380.
§ 2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles.
67. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre
of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at
the base. Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which
bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at
the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base.
68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of
many narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes
spindle-shaped: pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all
at the root or base of the scapes.
§ 3. Pappus of very many slender, but rather stiff and rough, naked and tawny bristles.
69. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales
of the involucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or
columnar, not beaked: the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious.
Stems naked or leafy.
70. NABALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 greenish -white or yellowish often
purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single
row and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical: pappus of very
copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy.
S&F— 19
COMPOSITK FAMILY.
§ 4. Papjnts of extremely copious nndjine toft hair-like naked hristles.
« Mature alcenes with tin j>»/>]mt rn'if, ,1 »n n very lontj slender stalk-like beak.
71. I'YlMIHOl'Al'lM'S. Head of yellow Mowers as in the next; but the pappus
ru>ty red ami with a minute ring of soft down underneatli it. St. -in- l.ninch-
iii"- and leafv in-ar the.ba-e, tin- lonir peduncles naked.
7-j. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow Mowers on a slender hollow and
wholly naked BCape. Involucre double, the inner of numcrou> narn.u 5C
in a single row, the ouler of short loose scales. Akenes terete <>r spindle-
shaped, strongly ribbed and tuliereled on the ribs, much shorter than its
slender beak which elevates at maturity the -oft and white pappus. (Les-
sons, ]). 1-21, tig. 384.)
73. LACTUCA. Heads of several variously colored (lowers. Involucreofsever.il
lanceolate or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes Mat. ab-
ruptly contracted into the slender beak which elevates the very white soft
pappus. Steins leafy.
* * Akenes with a short and thick beak or none : heads ninny-flowered.
71. MULGKDIUM. Involucre as in 73. Flowers blue or bluMi. Akeue- flat-
tened, short-beaked. Stems leafy.
75. SONCHUS. Involucre as in 73, or with narrow- and move equal scales, and
tumid at base. Flowers yellow. Akene- llat and short, without a beak to
support its very soft white pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons,
p. 121, fig. 383.)
1. CYNARA, AllTICIIOKK. (Ancient Greek name.) Two species oc-
casionally cult, from the Old World, as esculents. 2/
C. Scolymus, TUCK ARTICIIOKK, with stunt stems, slightly prickly
leaves most I v once nr twice pinnatilid and cottony beneath, the mate and usti-
allv pointless scales of the involucre and the. receptacle of the young Mower heads
llesliv, and edible when cooked.
C. CardunCUlUS, CAKDOON, has the leaves more <KvpIy and compoundly
divided and prickly, the less Meshy scales of the head prickly-tippctl ; the ileshy
leafstalks and midrib eaten after bciny, blanched ill the manner of celery.
2. CIBSIUM, TRUE THISTLE. (Old Greek name.) Flowers purple
or pink, occasionally yellow or white, in summer. & 2/
§ 1. A/1 tin si-iil,s »f the head ttnnul iril/t s/m n/li//;/ ///•/c/7,/ tips.
C. lanceol^tum, COMMON TIHSTM-:. Nat. from Ku. in pastures, &c. ;
the' base of the rou^h deeply pinmitiMd leaves running down the stem in lobed
prickly wiu^s ; M. purple. (2)
§ 2. All or moat <>/' l/ie. sn/As of tin' linul n/i/ifi'Mul, tlic innermost not /;/•/<•/.•///-
/n>iii/iil, lln iiiilrr irith <i a/i<irt prickle nr /mint, ar IIUHI .
* Lnirm ///•/ 1 n liotli sides or <i little i-nttuni/ "/• <-<ilur< l,!>i/ underneath.
C. arvense, CANADA T. A vile pest in fields and meadows N'., nat. from
Ku. : spreading l>v deep ninnin^ roots as well as by seed : numerous short-
peduncled heads onlv 1' long, with rose-purple tlnwers ; leaves moderately pin-
natilid, weak-prickly. 11
C. horriduluin, VKI.I.OW T. Wild near the coast in sandy ground ;
has verv prickly leaves, rather large heads surrounded at base by an involucre
or whorl of leaf-like vcr\ prickly bracts, and yellowish or purplish Mowers.
C. pumilurn, PASTURE T. Wild in dry fields, 1°- 3° high, with lance-
oblong pinnatitid leaves, single ver\ large lieads (almost L'' across) of fragrant
(purple or rarely white) Mowers, sometimes leafy-hraetcd at base. ®
C. muticum, SWAMT T. Wild in swamps and low ground; 3° -8° high,
\\ith deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads,
most of the scales pointless ; Mowers purple. 2/
* # Linns irh'ili-nitlnn/i iind,riinil/i : jl'<n; rs JHII ]>!<•, mnli/ ichitc. \\'ii<! .sy«r/cji.
C. altissimum, TAI-I- T. Fields from IVnii-nnd S. ; 3° - 10° high, branch-
ing, leafy up to the rather small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or onlv slightly
pinmitiMd, except tkie lowest. : ~H
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 187
C. Virginianum, VIRGINIA T. Chiefly S. & W. on plains and barrens,
with rather simple stems l°-3° high, ending in a long naked peduncle; leaves
lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnatifid ; head small. 2/
C. discolor, TWO-COLORED T. Low grounds, 3° - 6° high, branching
and leafy, with rather small heads, and deeply pinnatiiid leaves green above
white beneath, their lobes narrow and prickly pointed. @
3. SILYBUM, MILK THISTLE. (An ancient Greek name.)
S. Marian lim, the only species, cult in some gardens and rarely running
•wild, from the Old World, well marked by its white-blotched or veined smooth
leaves with clasping base and merely sinuate prickly margins; flowers purple,
in late summer, (i) ©
4. ONOPORDON, COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. (The ancient
Greek name.)
O. Acanthium. Nat. from Eu. in waste places : tall, white-cottony, with
weak prickles on the simtate-pinnatih'd leaves and the broad leaf-like wings of
the stem and branches ; flowers purple, late summer. ®
5. LAPPA, BURDOCK. (Name from a Greek word meaning to lay hold
of, from the burs or hook-awned heads.)
L. officmalis, var. MAJOR, the COMMON B., with large leaves loosely
cottony beneath, or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shaped, upper ovate, is
common in .manured soil and barnyards. Var. MINOR is smaller and smoother,
with leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Fl. mostly purple,
all summer and autumn. (T) ©
6. GARTH AMUS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic
name of the plant, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which
are used in dying or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.)
C. tinctbrius, the only common species, cult, in country gardens, from the
Orient; smooth, 6' -12' high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in
summer, (y
7. CNICTJS, BLESSED THISTLE. (Greek name of a kind of Thistle.)
C. benedictus, the only species, scarce in waste places S., from Eu. ; has
much branched loosely woolly stems, leafy up to the rather small heads of ycl.
lowish flowers, and pale pinnatifid leaves with slightly prickly edges.
8. CENTAUREA, CENTAUREA or STAR-THISTLE. (Ancient
name, after Chiron t//e. Centaur.) Fl. summer.
§ 1 . F/ouvrs nil alike in the head, the marginal ones not enlarged and ray-like :
pap/ins (>f renj short bristles : scales of head wit/i durk-frint/ed appendage.
C. nigra, BLACK C. or KNAPWKKD. A coarse weed, in fields and wast*
alaces E., nat. from En. ; stem 2° high ; leaves ronghish, lance-oblong, the
lower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. 11
§ 2. Marginal flowers more or /ess enlarged, fonnini/ a kind of false ray, and
sterile : pappus of bristles : scales of head with fringed appendage.
C. Cineraria, or CANDIDISSIMA, a low species, cult, from S. Eu. with
very white-woolly twice pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, the outermost
little enlarged : not hardy N. 2/
C. Americana. Cult, from Arkansas and Texas : smooth, with stout
stem l°-2° high, oblong or lance-oblong leaves, the upper entire, very large
head of showy pale purple flowers, the outer ones much enlarged, and the scales
with large scarious-fringed appendage. ©
C. Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE or CORNFLOWER. In gardens, from Eu., spar-
ingly running wild ; loosely cottony, with stem-leaves linear and mostly entire,
188 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
solitary long-Stalked head, the outer flowers very large and blue, with white or
rose-colored varieties, (i. -.-
C. montana. Cult. tYntu Eu. : low and stciut stems from creeping root-
stock, leaves lance-oblong, head larger, lint flowers similar to last. If.
§3. AMBEIM'.OA. Marginal xti ri/f ftoinrs muni/ : JIH/I/HI.* of narrow chaff", or
none: scales of head naked and smooth. Cult, for ornament, from Asia.
C. odorata, or AMUi.umn, SWKKT SI/I.TANA. Smooth, with mostly pin-
natitid leaves, lonir-stalked head of yellow fragrant flowers, the outer ranks
enlarged, and elutly-hristled pappus. (\)
C. moschata, MI-SK-SCENTED S., has rose-purple or white musk-scented
flowers, the outer little enlarged, and no pappus. (Yj
9. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. ( Name from the Greek
for yellow, the plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with
stout and low branching stems, alternate and petiolcd merely toothed or lobed
leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. (T)
X. Strumarium, COMMON C. Barnyards and waste manured ground :
rough, l°-2° high, with broadly triangular-heart-shaped toothed or slightly
lobed leaves on long petioles ; the fruit a bur fully j' long, with 2 BtraigDtish
beaks at the apex.
Var. echinatum, on sandy shores, has a turgid bur 1' long, with incurved
beaks and more numerous prickles, beset with u'landular bristles.
X. spinosum, SPINY C. Sandy shores and waste places, K. & S.
Hoary ; the branching stems armed with slender triple prickles at the base of
the narrow short-petioled leaves; bur small, with a single beak-like tip.
10. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name means food for the
Gods: perhaps sarcastically applied to these miserable weeds.) Leaves oppo-
site or the upper alternate, mostly lobad or cut : flowers greenish, all summer
and autumn. Q
A. triflda, GREAT RAGWEED. Tall coarse herb along low borders of
streams, 4°- 10° high, rough, with opposite deeply 3-lobed leaves on margined
petioles, the lobes lance-ovate and serrate, staminate heads in racemes, their in-
volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 5 or 6
ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point.
A. bidentata. Prairies from III. S., l°-3° high, hairy, very leafy; the
leaves alternate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one
side'near the base ; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of the sterile
ones with a large lanceolate appendage on one side.
A. artemisi8ef61ia, ROMAN WORMWOOD, HOCWKED, or BITTERWEED.
Waste places and roadsides, l°-3° high, hairy or roughish ; with twice pin-
natitid leaves either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary beneath, staminate
heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small roundish fruit with about 6 little
teeth or spines.
11. TANACETUM, TANSY. (O],l name, said to be a corruption of
At/KiiKiM'd, undying, from the durable flowers.) Fl. all summer. ^
T. VUlgare, COMMON TANSY, from Eu. : cult, in old gardens, and a road-
side weed, 2°-4° high, smooth, strong-scented and acrid, with deep green 1 -3-
pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets and winged margins of the petiole cut-
toothed ; in var. c'ltfsiTM, leaves more cut and crisped.
T. Balsamlta, COSTMAKY : a garden herb, fmm Eu., l°-2° high, smooth,
with pleasant scent, the pale leaves oblong and nearly toothed, and small heads
of pale yellow flowers.
12. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artnnis, the Greek
Diana.) Fl. summer.
* Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. 11
A. Absinthium, COMMON WORMWOOD, from Eu. ; in old gardens and
a roadside weed ; strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2° -4° high and rather
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189
woody at base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and
nodding hemispherical head.-.
A. yulgaris, MUG WORT of Eu. ; in old gardens and roadsides, with
pinnatifid leaves green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance-linear
divisions mostly Cut and cleft, and small heads in open panicles.
A. Ludoviciana, WESTERN M., is wild from Michigan W. and S. W.,
with lanceolate leaves mostly cottony-white on both sides, many of them entire
or merely toothed, and larger heads in narrow or spike-like panicles.
* * Leaves (and whole plant) smooth and green or nearly so,
•*- Not very Jine orjincly cut.
A. biennis, BIENNIAL WORMWOOD. Gravelly banks and shores N. W.,
extending E. along railroads; l°-3° high, with small greenish heads much
crowded in the axils the once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear, in the
lower cut-toothed. © @
A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON, is sparingly cult, from Eu. for the aro-
matic (lance-linear entire) leaves, used as a condiment. ^/
-t- -i- Very Jine thread-like or capillary divisions to the 1 - 3-pinnately divided
leaves : heads loosely panic/ed.
A. Abrotanurn, SOUTHERNWOOD, from S. Eu. ; cult, in gardens for the
pleasant-scented foliage, 3° - 5° high, woody-stemmed, 2/
A. caudata, is a wild Wormwood along the sandy coast and lake shores,
2° - 4° high. c|)
13. FILAGO, COTTON-ROSE. (Latin name, from the cottony hairs.)
P. Germanica, GERMAN C. or HERUA IMPIA of the old herbalists,
branches with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent clus-
ter at the top of the stem (as if undutif'ully exalting themselves) ; stems 5' - 10'
high, crowded with the lanceolate erect and entire cottony leaves. Old dry
fields from New York S. ; fl. summer and autumn. © *
14. ERECHTHITES, FIREWEKD. (Ancient name of some Ground-
sel, after Erechtheus ) Fl. summer and autumn. ©
E. hieracifblia, one of the plants called FIREWEED, because springing
up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, especially N. : very
rank and coarse herb, often hairy, l°-5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut-
toothed leaves, the upper with auriclcd clasping base, and paniclcd or corymbed
heads of dull white flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy
pappus.
5. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE, CUD-
WEED. (Name from Greek, meaning lock of wool.) Fl. summer am
§ 1. Wild species, with crowded small heads, the slender pistillate flowers very
numerous and occupying several rows.
* Scales of the involucre white or yellowish-white : stem, erect, 1° - 2° hiijh : heads
mum/, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, frc.
G. polyc^phalum, COMMON EVERLASTING. Leaves lanceolate, with
narrowed base and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect
flowers few in the centre of each head ©
G. decurrens, DECURRENT E., equally common from New Jersey to
Michigan and N. ; leaves lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasp-
ing and extending down on the stem ; numv perfect flowers in the centre of each
head. 11
* * Scales of the involucre tawny-purplish or whitish, not at all showy or petal-
like : heads small, crowded in sessile clusters : stems spreading or ascending,
3' -20' lii,/h. .i
G. Uliginbsum, Low CUDWEED. A most common, insignificant little
weed in wet places, especially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and in-
conspicuous heads in terminal clusters.
190 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
G. purptireum, PI-KIM. ISH C. In sand or gravel alon^ ami near the
sea-shore: taller, with oblong-spatulaie or lanceolate leave- green above and
white-cottony beneath, ami purpli-h head.- in axillary cluster.-, or spiked along
the upper part of the stem.
§2. (Jriinminin/ < rni/'i- I M M« n: n. i.u.s m the gardens, these in ftrictness named
HKLH IIKVSI M, irii/i pistilJote Jlouxrs fewer in- iii a sinyle in<ir<jiinil row.
G. bracteatum, or HELICIIKYSIM HI; MTKATI M, from Australia : tall,
srnoothish or slightlv downy, with lanceolate leaves, large licads terminating the
branches and with '.some leaf-like l>racts on the peduncle, the permanent ami
very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and petal-like, spreading iu
many ranks, golden yellow, and with white varieties. j i
G". (or H.) macranthum, from Australia, is less tall (l°-2° high), with
roughish stem and lance-oblong or spatulate leaves green throughout, and the
showy solitary heads nearly 2' 'across ; the scales of the involucre rose-red, or
white on the upper face. ^ ©
16. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Name
from the eluh-shaped pappus of the stamiuate flowers, which rc.-eniMes the
untenniK of certain insects.) Jl
A. margaritacea, PEAHLY EVERLASTING. Dry fields and woods,
especially N., H. in summer: stem ahont 2° high, leafy to the top; the leaves
lance-linear ; head- in a broad corymb, the fertile ones with a few imperfect
staminate (lowers in the centre ; scales of the involucre pearly white, rounded.
A. plantaginilolia, PLANTAIN-LEAVED E. Dry knolls and slopes, fl.
carlv spring: in patches, spreading by runners and otl'-ct- ; the root-leaves
spatulate orobovate and tufted ; flowering stems 4'-*' high, with few and small
lanceolate leaves ; head- in a small corymb, the fertile ones with narrow and
aeutish, the staminate with white and rounded scale.-.
17. RHODANTHE. (Name from (ircek words for msr and fl,»i-i'r, from
the rose-colored pearly head-, which in cultivation are sometimes white.) (\)
R. Mangldsii, cult, in gardens for ornament, from Australia: a low
smooth herb, with oblong and alternate cia-piuu entire leave-, and loosely
corymbed showv nodding heads of yellow (lowers, the jicarly involucre obuvate
or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very ornamental, in summer.
18. AMMOBIUM. (Name from Greek words meaning
A. alatum, of Australia, cult, for ornament : l°-30 hi-'li. rather cottony,
with root-leaves oblong and tapering downwards into a petiole. -ieni-le:i\ es
small and lanceolate, and extended down the1 branches and stems in the form of
leaf-like wings ; heads solitary with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow
flowers.
19. HUMEA. (Named for Lady Hume.) From Australia, cult, for orna-
ment. i
H. 61eganS. Tall, 3° -6° hitrh when in flower, with simple stem thickly
set with the alternate lance-ovate, and clasping ^recn leaves, the summit branch
in^ into a lar^e drooping panicle, its branches sh-mlcr. bearing very numerous
and small purplish heads.
20. VERNONIA, IRON-WEED. (Named for a Mr. }'<mon, of Eng-
land, who travelled in this country.) Fl. autumn. T£
V. Noveborac6nsis, NKW TOHK or COMMON IHON-WEED. Near the
coast and along rivers: 3° - 6° high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, Crowded
along the whole height of the -tern, head* in a broad corymb, and scales of in-
volucre with slender awl-shaped or awn-like tip-.
V. fasciculata, only W. ^ S. in prairies, ^c.. has the scales of involucre
blunt and pointless, except perhaps some of the lowest.
V. angUStlfblia, only S., has narrow linear and more scattered leaves.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1(J1
21. LIATRIS, BUTTOX-SNAKEROOT or BLAZING-STAR. (An
unexplained name.) Chiefly in pine-barrens or sandy soil. Fl. late summer
and autumn. 3/
§ 1. Stem commonly wand-like and simple, rising from a round conn or short tuhir,
rcnj li-qfy with narrow and entire often grass-like leaves : heads spiked or
r- -ceiiicd, or occasionally branching into a panicle, uiil/t imbricated involucre:
lobes of the rose-purple corolla long and slender.
* Bristles of the pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye.
•<- Heads small, only 4 - 5-Jiowered.
L. tenuif61ia, in S. pine-barrens, has very slender mostly thread-shaped
leaves, stem 2° - 4° high, very slender raceme, and scales of involucre erect and
pointed.
L. elegans, from Virginia S. ; 2° high, often hairy or downy, with com-
pact spike, short lanceolate or linear leaves, and scales of involucre with spread-
ing rose-purple tips.
-t- -t- Heads large andj'twer, cylindrical, many-flowered.
L. squarrosa, COMMON BLAZING-STAR ; from Penn. S. & W. ; l°-f)°
high, with linear leaves, few heads about 1' long, and scales of involucre with
spreading leaf-like tips.
L. cylindracea, from W. Canada S. W., smaller than the preceding,
6'- 18' high, the narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips.
* * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye.
•*- Heads 30-40-Jluwered, commonly an inch broad.
L. scaribsa, with stout' stein 2° -5° high, lanceolate leaves, or the lower
spatulate-oblong, and very numerous scales of the involucre with rounded tips,
often scarious or purple on the margins.
•<- H- Heads 3- }5-Jiowered,from J' to •£' long: stem 2°- 5° high.
L. pycnostachya, in prairies W., with linear or lance-linear leaves, and
a very dense spike ot about 5-flowered heads, the scales of the involucre with
recurving purplish tips.
L. spicata, the commonest species ; in low grounds, with 8-12-flowered
heads crowded in a long spike, the oblong and blunt scales of involucre without
any obvious tips.
L. graminifolia, in wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S., has 7-12-
ilowt-red heads in a looser spike or raceme, the rigid appressed scales blunt or
slightly pointed.
L. gracilis, from N. Carolina S., with spreading leaves, the lower lance-
oblong and long-pcti'iled, the others linear and short, and 3 - 7-flowered small
heads on spreading pedicels.
§ 2. A7o tuber or corm : leaves broad : heads small, in a corymb.
L. odoratissima, VANILLA-I'LANT of low pine-barrens S. (also wrongly
called HOUNI»'S-TONI;UE) : 2°-3° high, very smooth, with pale obovate or ob-
long leaves which are vanilla-scented in withering, the heads 7-S-flowered, in-
volucre of few scales, and pappus not plumose.
22. KUHNIA. (Named by Linnaeus for Dr. Kuhn of Pennsylvania.)
K. eupatorioides, the only species from New Jersey to Wisconsin S.,
is a rather homely herb, with lanceolate leaves, and panicled or corymbed small
heads of flowers, in autumn. ^
23. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (Named for a Bohemian
botanist, Prof. Mikan.)
M. scandens, a rather handsome plant, climbs over bushes in low grounds,
with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, and small heads of pur-
plish flowers, in summer, ^f
192 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
24. EUPATpBIUM, THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. (Old name,
dedicated to Eupator Mithridutcs, who is said to have used the European spe-
cies in medicine. Most of tin1 ~i»-< n> are American.) y,
E. glechonoph^llum, «>t Chili, and one or two other somewhat woody-
stemmed and white-lli>wered species arc cultivated in greenhou-es fur winter-
blooming. — The following are the commonest wild species; fl. late .summer
and autumn.
§ 1 . leaves 3-6 in a irlior! : heads 5 — 1 5- flowered, cylindrical, the purplish
sralts r/u.sWy iniliririiti-d in si n-ml rows: flowers flesh-colored.
E. purpureum, IYRPI.E T. or JoK-PvE WEED. Low grounds, with
simple stems 3° - \"2° high, with or without purplish spots or dot-, MTV veinj
oblong-ovate roughish-toothed and pointed leaves on petioles, and dense corn-
pound corymbs.
§ 2. Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile : heads corymbed,
the scales more or less imbricated: flowers white.
* Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs (connate-perfoliate) .
E. perfoliatum, THOROUGH WOKT or UONESET. Low grounds every-
where (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine), 2°-4° hi^h, hairy ; the
lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veim and somewhat wrinkled,
5' - 8' long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense corymb, 10-30-
tiowered.
* * leaves separate at base : heads mostly 5 - S-fl
E. Sessilif61ium, on shady hanks, is smooth, 4° -6° high, with lance-
ovate serrate leaves (3' -6' long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to
a slender point, and small heads in very compound Hat corymbs.
E. pubescens, in dry soil chiefly near the coast, only 2° high, with ovate
acute and toothed downy leaves, and 7-8 flowers in the heads.
E. rotundif61ium, in similar places and like the foregoing, but with
roundish-ovate blunt leaves more deeply toothed, and 5-flowered heads.
E. teucrifblium, in low grounds near the coast, r m^hish-puhesecnt,
with ovate-oblong or lance-oblong veiny deeply few-toothed leaves and small
corymbs.
E. album, in sandy soil from New Jersey S., 2° high, is roughish-hairy,
with oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed and strongly veiny leaves, and heads
crowded in the corymb, the lanceolate and pointed scale- of the involucre white
above and larger than the flowers.
E. altissimum, in dry soil from lYnn. to 111 and S., is stout and tall,
3°-7° high, downy, with lanceolate leaves (resembling those of some Golden-
rods) tapering to both ends and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed
above the middle ; corymbs druse ; scales of the involucre blunt.
E. hyssopifdlium, in dry, sterile soil, from Mass. S., l°-2° high,
smoothish, with narrow linear or lanceolate blunt 1 - 3-nerved leaves.
§3. Lvuns iittn-natr or the lower opposite, all long-prtioled : corymbs comjmmd :
flowers 12-15 in thp. head, small, irlu'tr.
E. serotinum, in low grounds from Maryland to III. & S., minutely
pubescent, tall (3° -6° high), bushy-branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate and
taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely 'toothed, 5' -6' long; the involucre very
down.
§ 4. h'in;x /./>.•""••'''<'. i»-ti,,!i,l, tri/ih'-ri/ilnil : /;.•,/,/.„• /„ ,-<<n/ntl<s, S-:?i)-//,))/?ererf, the
xr.-lis <>t tin' inrn/iirri' K/IIH/ inn/ utmost in <m< i;nr : t! m; /x white.
E. ageratoides, WHITE SNAKE-ROOT. Common in woods, especially
N., -J" ° high, smooth, with broadly ovate long-petioled coarsely and sharply
toothed thin leaves (4'- 5' long), and heads of handsome pure-white flowers ill
compound corvmbs.
E. aromaticum, like the preceding, but commoner S. and only near the
coast ; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves more bluntly
toothed on short petioles, the corymbs usually less compound.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 193
25. CONOCLINIUM, MIST-FLOWER. (Name from Greek, means
conical receptacle, in which alone it differs from Eupatorium, i. e. from such
species as those of the last section.) 2/
C. CCelestinum, in rich soil from Fenn. to 111. and S., sometimes cult,
for ornament, l°-2° high, with triangular-ovate or slightly heart-shaped
coarsely toothed leaves, and a flat corymb of small heads of blue-purple flowers,
in autumn.
26. AGERATUM. (An ancient Greek name, which means not growing old,
probably applied originally to some sort of Everlasting.)
A. conyzoid.es, the variety with azure-blue flowers called A. MEXICANUM,
cult, for ornament from Trop. Amer. ; 2° -3° high, soft-downy, with ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped petioled leaves, and corymbcd heads of azure-blue flow-
ers, produced all summer and autumn, ©
27. PIQTJERIA. (Named for an obscure Spanish botanist, Piquerio.)
P. trinervia, from Mexico, cult, for winter-blooming; smooth, 2° -3°
high, branched, with lance-oblong 3-nervcd sparingly serrate leaves, and loose
panicled corymbs of very small white-flowered heads ; much used for dressing
larger cut flowers. ©
28. C AC ALT A, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name, of uncertain
meaning.) Natives of rich soil, fl. mostly in late summer. 11
* Receptacle flat : involucre with some bracts at the base.
C. suaveolens, from Conn, to Wisconsin and S., but rare; 3° - 5° high,
with halberd-shaped serrate leaves on winged petioles, and rather large heads of
20-30 flowers.
* * Receptacle pointed in the middle: involucre ^-flowered, of 5 scales, naked.
C. reniformis, GREAT I., from New Jersey to Illinois and S. along the
mountains, 4° -9° high, with large and green repand-toothed petioled leaves,
the lower kidney-shaped, the upper fan-shaped.
C. atriplicifblia, PALE I. Compioner S. : pale or glaucous, with coarsely
toothed or angled leaves, the lower almost kidney-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped
C. tuberbsa, TUHEROUS I. Wet prairies W., with angled stem and
green thickish 5 - 7-nerved mostly entire leaves, the lower lance-oval and taper-
ing into long petioles, the upper short-pctioled. Elowers in early summer.
29. TUSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Name from the Latin tussis, a cough,
for which the plant is a popular remedy.) 11
T. Farfara, the only species, is wild along brooks, damp roadsides, and
near dwellings N., probably introduced from Europe, spreading very much by
its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) rootstocks, which send up, in earliest
spring, scalv-braeted scapes, 3' - G' high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head,
followed by" the rounded and somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kid-
ney-shaped leaves, which are cottony beneath when young.
30. SENECIO, GROUNDSEL. (Name from the Latin senex, an old
man, referring to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of tho
pappus.)
§ 1. \Vild species, chiefly of low or wet grounds, with yellow flowers.
* Xo ray-flowers, introduced from En. : fl. all summer. ©
S. VUlgaris, COMMON GROUNDSEL; a low weed in waste or cultivated
grounds E., corymbose, nearly smooth, with pinnatiral and toothed leaves.
* * With ray-flowers, native herbs : ft. spring and f-arly summer.
S. lobatUS, BUTTERWEED. Low h;mks of streams S. & S. W., very
smooth, l°-3° high, with tender lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate and variously
lobed leaves, small heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays, (j)
13
194 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
S. aureus, (ioi.nEx RAGWORT or SQUAW-WEED. Cottony what young,
becoming Miiouth with age, .-ometimc- <|uite >inooth when young, with simple
steins I0-'}3 high, root-lea\e- -imple ami in dilK-rcnt varieties cither round,
obovate, heart-.-haped, obiong, or -patulatc, eremite or cut-toothed, on -lender
petioles, lower -tern-leaves 1\ ratr, upper one- sessile or clasping and eut-pin-
natirid; coryinlt uniliel-like ; ray- s- 12. ^
§ 2. Exotic species, cultivated for ornant> nt from the Old World.
* K.MI'I.IA, or CACALIA. »/' tin- i>!di r liotnnists, intli no rm/s. Init muny oriunff-
r/il ilisk-jlmri rs in /t very simple cup-like inroiucre: ukenes with 5 </<•/</«
<iml hispid-citiate <m<il< s. \
S. SOnchif61ia, TASS;.L-FLOWER: cult, as a summer annual, from India
very smooth or a little bristly, pule or glaucous, l°-2° high, with root-leaves
obovate and pctioled. stem-Ie.ivcs sagittate and partly clasjiing, and rather .-howv
heads in a naked corymb, in Mimmer.
* * Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk-jinn; /•*, small, yelloic: st< m i i-l, I/NI'/V /</
climbiny, more or leas twining.
S. SCandens, cult, as hmi-e plant under the name of (;I:I:MA\ Ivv, but is
from Cape of Good Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the leaves, which are
round-heart-shaped or angled and with .'i - 7 pointed lobes, soft and tender in
texture, and very smooth : the flower- -ddoin produced. 2/
* * * CIXEKAIJIA. IJi-nda ir/t/i /•<;//< and numerous disk-flowers : not climbers.
-i- Flou; •/•.>• nil //, How. 11
S. Cineraria, or Cixia:\i;i\ MAKI'I IM\, of .Mediterranean eoa-t, an old-
fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (\vhenee the name L'n><.r<iri<t. and the
popular one of DUSTY MILLER) with a woolly coating; the branching stems
somewhat woody at base ; leaves pinnatelv parted and the divi-ions mostly
binuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense corymb.
S. Kserapferi, of Japan and China, i- most probably the original of the
F ARK IK; it;. M <JRANI>K, lately introduced into the gardens, where it hardly ever
flowers : it is cultivated for the to ia^e, the thick and smooth rounded and angled
rather kidney-shaped root-leaves blotched with white; >ome of the tlowers more
or less 2-lippcd. 21
•+- ••- Ray-Jlowers ]>ur/>Ie, n'nlct, blur, or run/ii/tj to »•/<//<, thus?, (if the disk oj
similar f/>'<>rs or sometimes yellow.
S. Heretieri, or CIXEKAUIA LAN.'VTA, from Tenerifle, with woody base
to the stem, rounded heart-shaped 5 - 7-lobcd leaves on .-lender petioles, very
white-cottony beneath but soon smooth and green above, and peduncle hearing
solitary rather large head of purple flowers, is a le-> common house-plant than
the next. 2/
S. cruentUS, the COMMOV CIXERAHI v of the greenhotises, from 'I'ene-
ritVe, is herbaceous, .-mootliish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or less
cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crim-on or purple underneath, the
lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into da-ping auricles at the base;
heads numerous in a tlat eorvmb, the handsome tlowcr.- purple, crimson, blue,
white, &c. T/
S. elegaus, rn;iM.i: \\ \<;WOKT, from Cape of (Jood Hope, a smooth herb,
with deeply pinnatilid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half clasping
ba-e, the lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; he:i.l- corvmbed, with yellow
or purple disk-Mower- and purple or rardv white ravs. i ,\.nd a full-double
variety, having the disk-flowers turned into rays. 2/
31. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of I^tirinica.) The
common Kuropcan specie- i- u>ed in medicine. The following probably has
similar properties. ^
A. nudicatllis, so called for the naked stem, which bears only 1 or 1' pairs
of small leaves, although 1°-.1° high, the main leaves beiiiLT clustered at the
root, thickisli. sessile, ovate or oblong, :: - "i-nerved, mo-tlv enrire, hairy ; heads
several. loo»dy corymlird. prettv large and showv, in spring. Low pine-barrens
from S. 1'eim. S.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1'J.J
32. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) Fl. summer. ^
I. Heldnium, COMMON ELICCAMPANK. In old gardens and nat. from
En. liy road>ides ; a stout herb, with steins 3° - 5° high from a thick mucilagi-
nous root (used in medicine), large entire leaves woolly beneath, those from the
root ovate and petioled, the others partly clasping ; heads large, but the rays
very narrow.
33. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Name from two Greek words
meaning golden in ap/xannn-c, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild
chiefly S. & W., in dry and barren or sandy soil : fl. summer and autumn.
C. graminifolia, from Delaware S. : silvery-silky, with long lance-linear
and grass-like shining nerved leaves, and single or few heads. Ij.
C. falcata, on the coast, from Cape Cod to New Jersey : only 4' - 10' high,
woolly, clothed to the top with short and linear 3-nerved rigid leaves, which are
often curved or scythe-shaped (whence the specific name); heads small,
corymbed. 2/
C. gOSS^pina, from Virginia S. : white-cottony all over (whence the name),
with oblong obtuse rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads. 2/
C. Mariana, the commonest species, from Long Island S. : silky with long
and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a few corymbed
heads on glandular peduncles. 2/
C. villosa, from Wisconsin S. & W. : coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary,
leafv to the top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short pedun-
cles, and narrow-oblong leaves. 2/
34. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (Old name, from Latin word to make
whole, from supposed healing qualities.) There are very many species, flow-
ering through late summer and autumn. See Manual and Chapman's S.
Flora. The following are a few of the very commonest. 2/
§ 1. Ihuds i-'ii^ti /•<</ in the axils of the feather-veined leaves.
S. bicolor. Pale and downy or hairy, with oblong or lance-oblong scarcely
toothed leaves, and small heads with cream-colored or nearly white ray -flowers !
S. latifdlia, of shaded banks N. : smooth, with broadly ovate pointed and
sharply serrate thin leaves, and bright yellow ray-flowers.
S. C8BSia is like the last, but with more branched and glaucous stems, and
lanceolate or lance-oblong sessile leaves.
§ 2. Hwds in racemes forming a termijial panicle.
* Leaces feather-veined, not 3-riUn if.
S, argllta. Smooth, with the lowest and root-leaves oblong or lance-oval
pointed and sharply toothed, the upper narrower and entire ; the slender one-
sided naked raceme's widely spreading or drooping.
S. altissima, badly named, as it is mostly only high, one of the
earliest-flowering Golden-rods, with rough-hairy stem, small lance-ovate or
oblong and serrate very veiny leaves, and one-sided recurving racemes of small
heads of bright-yellow flowers.
* * Leaves feather-veined and ind'tstincthj triple-ribbed, entire or nearly so, grayith.
S. nemoralis, in dry open ground, flowering soon after midsummer only
l°-2° hi-h, pale with very minute down ; the. leaves spatulate-oblong or pblan-
eeolate ; one-sided dense racemes numerous and at length recurving, and
bright golden-yellow.
* * * La,-,* p/aiul,/ filler :;-/•/'./,.,/ or tripli'-rihl^f : racemes one-sided, n-,.,,-,1,,1,
xprunli'ntf or recurving andfirmi'ig an ample jutn-
S. Canadensis, has rough-hairy stems lanceolate and usually serrate
pointed leaves rather downy beneath' but rough above, and small heads with
short ravs.
S. gigantea is smooth or smootliish, especially the stem, and with larger
head.- and rays than the preceding.
1'J6 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
§ 3. Heads much crowded in a terminal compound corymb.
S. rigida, in drv soil, a tall and stunt specie-, minutely hoary-downy and
roughish, the thick oval or oh!onu leaves with a strong midrib ; the remarkably
large heads as many as .'iO-Howei-ed.
S. lanceolata, along river-hanks, only 2° -3° high, very bushy-branched,
nearly smooth, with lance-linear :{ - r>-nervcd have-, mid dense flat corymbs of
small' heads .>e-Mle iii clusters, the small rays 15-20, the di.-k-rlowers fewer.
S. tenuif61ia, in sandy ground, usually near the coast ; like the |ireceding,
hut more slender, with narrow linear mostly 1-nerved dotted leaves, and nar-
rower or club-shaped heads, the small rays G- 12.
•35. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA-ASTER. (Name from Greek words
me&mng beautiful crown.) Fl. all summer, (i)
C. Chinensis, the well-known CHINA- ASTKR, of the gardens, a native of
China and Japan, has numerous varieties of various colors, the finest full-
double.
36. ASTER, STARWORT, ASTER. (Name, aster, a star.) This va-t
genus (with which SERICOCARPUS and Dii-LoijAi'i'fS may he here included)
is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for their study will
naturally use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman's Southern
Flora for the few that arc peculiarly southern. ' We barely mention the com-
monest and more distinct or striking of our 40 or 50 wild species. Fl. late
summer and autumn. JJ.
§ 1. With heart-shaped and petioled leaves, at least the lower ones.
* Heads in open corymbs, middle-sized : rays white or nearly so and rather few.
In woodlands, rather early-flowering.
A. corymb6sus, CORYMBED ASTEU. Rather slender, with thin coarsely-
toothed and sharp-pointed leaves, which are considerably longer than broad,
and only 6-9 rays.
A. macrophyllus, LAU<;I:-I.EAVED A. Larger and stouter, 2°-3° high,
with broader and thickish rather rough leaves, and more rigid corymbs of larger
heads, with 12 -21 rays.
* * Ucail.* jtanii-li'd, i/ii/ntroiis and small. In woodlands, A-<\
A. COrdifblius, HEART-LEAVED A., is smooth or smoothNh, much
branched, \\ith thiniii-h serrate leaves on slender petioles, and very numerous
loosely paniclcd small heads, the rays pale blue or whitish.
A. undulatus, WAVY-I.I:AVI.H A., is minutely downy, with the leaves only
slightlv toothed or wavv, the lowest heart-shaped and on margined petioles, the
upper abruptly contracted into short and broadly winged petioles with dilated
and clasping base, or else sessile by a heart--haped ha-e ; th.- heads larger and
in narrow or raceme-like panicles, and with rather showy purple-bine rays.
§ 2. With loin-r luin-s in n r linirf-.*lin/»d, tin- upper ones sessi/t uml p'trtli/
'"!/ ''.'/ " li'iir/-s/iii/ml in- inir/c/iil /HIS, : li»nls hin/f or nit/ii r lar<je, shvucy,
the iiiiiiirntii.'i i-tij/s finr/ili' <>r l>ini .
# Scales of the iiinifitcrr imt nt all l«ifi/. l»it >ri//i short greenish tips, rigid, close-
pnxxitl in inn //i/ run/.:*, t/if unti r .titmssin/ii s/mrtt r : rays deep-colored:
leaves entire or nearly so. / >ry </''«""'/*•
A. patens, SPUKADINC, A. Rough with short hairiness, l°-3° high, with
long uidelv s])readiug branches, and sinu'le large heads terminating the slender
minutelv-leaved branehlet-; all the stem-leaves clasping, usually lance-oblong
or laiiee-nvate, the larger ones ol'ten contracted above the heart-shaped base,
rough-edged; nn s deep purple-violet.
A. Iffivis, SMOOIH A. Well-known by its perfect -moothness, pale, often
glaucous, with lanceolate or lance-ovate leave.-, heads middle-sized in a rather
close panicle, involucre of close-pressed whitish scales with abrupt green tips,
and rays sky-blue.
COMPOSITE FAMILY. l'J7
* * Scales of the involucre not leafy but loose and slender, all of about the same
length, clammy-glandular, leaves entire.
A. NovaJ-AngliSB, NEW ENGLAND A., but everywhere common in low
grounds; the stout hairy stem 4° - 8° high, thickly beset to the top with
lanceolate minutely downy leaves, which all have an auricled clasping base ;
heads many and large in a crowded corymb; the rays very numerous and
narrow, violet-purple, or in var. KOSEUS rose-purple or reddish.
* * * Scales of the. hivo/ticn- nlmut er/nal in leni/th, loose and with more or less
leaf-like spreading t//-/s, or lite outermost wholly r/recn : /eaves serrate in tli«
middle or sometimes nearly entire: heads loosely corymlxd or paniclfd.
Low grounds.
A. prenanthoides. In rich woodlands chiefly N. & W. ; only l°-2°
high, almost smooth, with lance-ovate leaves coarsely toothed in the middle,
tapering above into a long point, and below into a portion narrower than the
abruptly dilated heart-shaped clasping base ; rays pale blue.
A. puniceus, RED-STEMMED A. In wet grounds, mostly 3° - 6° high,
loosely branched, rough-hairy, commonly purple-tinged, with lance-oblong or
lanceolate sparingly serrate rough leaves, the base auriclcd and partly clasping;
scales of involucre slender ; rays long, bright or pale blue.
A. Iongil61ius, LONG-LEAVED A. Smooth or nearly so, l°-4° high,
with lanceolate or linear often entire taper-pointed rather tirm and glossy leaves,
more leaf-like scales to the involucre, and bright blue-purple rays.
§ 3. With /caves none of them hertrt-shaped, those of the stem all sessile : heads very
small and numerous, racemrd or paniclfd: involucre imbricated in ftw or
several rows : the scales with f/rtt n tips, the outer successively shorter.
* In dry open ground, about 1° litjh : rays trhite : scales of the involucre rigid and
whitish, with abrupt and spri.iidimj conspicuous i/reen tips.
A. ericoides, HEATH-LIKE A. Smooth or rather hairy, with lanceolate
or linear-awl-shaped leaves acute at both ends, and scales of the involucre broadest
At base, the green tips acute.
A. multifl6rus, MANY-FLOWERED A. Very common in sterile dry soil,
pale or slightly hoary with fine c!o<e down, much branched and bush-like, with
spreading linear leaves rough or ciiiate on their margins, the upper sessile or
partly clasping by a broad base ; scales of involucre spatulate, the green tip
shorter than the whitish lower portion.
* * In low, moist, or shach/ places, l°-3° hir/h : scales of involucre with short and
close-pressed green or greenish tips.
A. Tradescanti. Nearly smooth, with slender stems, linear or lance-
linear leaves, and very small and numerous heads closely racemcd along the
upper side of the flowering branches, the scales of the involucre narrow linear
and acute ; rays white.
A. miser.' Rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong thin leavo tapir-
ing to each end and sharply toothed about the middle, heads loosely raecmed or
scattered on diverging branches, and with linear rather blunt scales of the invo-
lucre ; rays pale blue-purple or white.
A. dumosus, BUSHY A. Smooth or almost so, loosely bushy-branched,
with mostly linear entire or slightly serrate rough-edged leaves, and loosely
racemed flowering branchlets bearing solitary or few heads ; scales of the invo-
lucre linear-spatulate and blunt, closely imbricated in several rows ; rays usually
light purple-blue, sometimes nearly white.
§ 4. With small and very rir/icl linear sessile haves, a large head t-o'itary at the
end nf the simple stem or fi ir braiichrs, iJn- involucre of narro/r rigid *-'i'<s
closely imbricated in very many i-oics, without green tips, am! showy violet-
blue rays.
A. linariifolius, of the older botanists, strictly DIPLOPAPPUS LINAKII-
FdLius (having a double pappus, the outer of very short bristles) ; common in
open gravelly or sandy ground, 6' - 20' high ; the spreading leaves with rou-1.
margins, strong midrib, and no veins.
l'J8 COMl'Oslli- 1'AMILY.
37. ERIGERON, FLKAP.ANK. (Name of Greek words, for .sy/r/w// ami
old HUin, suggested probably l>v the hoarv appearance of some vernal species.)
ERIGERON -i i.< K'»SIM <>f Oregon i- occasionally cultivated a.- a garden
JUT. n;,ial, U TIIOIV showy than any of the follow in;:, which arc the common
•wild species of the country.
§ 1. IiUi/S cun.ijiii-iHiitx : In ails innri' <ir Ass COrijmbed 1 xt< m i i'<'-t.
* Ilui/s jmrjih or iiiu-jili-li, very numerous (">"- 15o) . /ifij^mx ximfde. 11
E. Philadelphicum, ('<>M-J<>X !•". Low -rounds : -2° hij:h, rather hairy,
with oblong mostlv entire and partly cla-piiu stem-leaves, sputuiute and tonthcd
root-leaves, and si-vi-ral liead-; ; tlic ra_\ > very many and narrow, pale reddish-
purple : (1. .-unnner.
E. bellidif61ium, DAISV-I.KAVLI. F. or ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. M"i-t
Around, sot't-liairy, 1° -2° liiurh. with a Hustrr of ratli;-r lar-f nuindish n.nt-
IIMVCS lyiiiir Mat mi the ground, tin- stnn-Ieux cs ratlirr fi-\v and small; head-
1 -'.) an'd Inn- ],, -dniicii-d, rather lar-c, with ahont 50 liia-ar li-lit bluish-purple
rays : rl. lute spring.
* * Jim/s ir/u'/i, fit/;/ illicit .•)!), rnliur In-null : /m/>/>/ts sii/i/ilc. 11
E. Vemum. Lo\v urmiii'l- from Virginia S. ; smooth, with oval or spatu-
hil,' leave.- all at the rout, s...ider scape l°- ^° hi-h, with a lew small heads :
tl. spring.
* * * luii/a irli/ti or IK nrlii so, 50 or more, iHirnur : ;«//</wx <I "iiti r of a
row »/' miii'it, chajj lies or littl< scales. i
E. Strig6sUin, SMAI.I.KK I)AISV-FI.KAI:AM:. l-'i-vis : 2° - 4° liii^li,
smouthish, or roujrliish with minute elo-e-pre-.-ed hair;; leaves entire, the
lower spatulate and slender-iietioled, tlie upper lancco.atc ; rays pretty long :
II. all stimmer.
E. annuum, LAKOKR DAISV-FI. I:\I-.AM:. Kields and waste plaee> ; a
(•oniinoii weed, :{° - 5° liijrli. hrair !i :! above, roughish witli spreading hair-;
i ova; • or lance ovate, tii.1 Imv. i- ones eoar.-ely tootlu-d ; rays rather short,
often tinned with purple: tl. all SUI:;::I.T.
5^2. J!/n/* in'" tous, scara cylindrical bell-shaped involucre
inn! I. a .. ;.. 'i /"'•," - OllS, in tini'-i l!iu:i nnc run'.
E. CanadcilSC, IIi>i:si:\\'!:Ei) or I>; i i I:KWI:KI). A common weed in waste
or cult, ground, liri.-tiy hairy; with erect strict stem l°-5° hi'Ji, linr:;r leaves,
0 i the lowest ones cut-lobed, an.l very sin. ill panie'ed head> ol' whitish Mowers,
all stimmer. i
38. BOLTONIA. (Named for ./. Do'ton, an Kn-li-li hotanist.) Wild
]i!ant» of low ground- S. ci \V., ivsemlilin^ Asters except in the akem-s and
pappus: ray-i'.tr.V'T.^ hlue-jiurplo or nearly white; disk-flowers yellow; in
autumn. 2/
B. diffusa, of [|]in.ii< ,v S., has small heads loosely panicled on the slender
open hrunchc.-, \\hieh hear .~mall awl-sha|icil leaves, those of the stem lance-
linear ; pappus of >everal liri-tles and L' short a\\ us.
B. glastifdlia, from IVnn. S. ^ \\' ., ha- f.-wer larger and corymhed heads,
lanceolate |iartly erect leaves, hroadly win-",| akene-, and '2 or.'! siiort awns in
the pappus.
B. asteroides, from IVnn. S., le<s common, is verv like the last, but
with narrow margins to the akenes and no awns (onlv a few short bristles) in
the pappus.
39. BRACHYCOME. (Name in Creek means short /<//?, from the pap-
pus, in which re-peet mainly it ditfers from the 1 )aUy-!_rcnn>. )
B. iberidifblla, cult. for ornament, from Australia, has slender branching
Stems nearly 1° hiuh. ]Hiuiately purled leaves with \ery slender divisions, and
handsome heads with violet-blue ray-flowers and .similar or darker purple
ventiv, produced all summer. (I)
COMPOSITK FAMILY. 199
40. BELLIS, DAISY. (The old Latin name of the Daisy, from
prettv.) (Fl. spring and summer.)
B. integl'ifolia, WESTERN WILD DAISV : in open grounds from Kentucky
S. \V., ha- branching spreading sterns 4' -10' long, bearing some lanceolate-
oblong or spatulate leaves, and terminal slender-peduncled heads with pale
blue-purple rays. (T) ©
B. perennis, TRUE or ENGLISH DAISY, cult, from Eu., mostly in double-
flowered varieties, i. e. with many or all the disk-flowers clumped into rays, or,
in the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink or white) : in the natural stale
the centre is yellow, the rays white and more or less purplish or crimson- tipped
underneath ; head solitary on a short scape ; leaves spatulate or obovate, all
clustered at the root. 11
41. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNKEZEWORT. (Named after A
Leafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymb.-,. 11
A. Millefolium, COMMON Y. or MILFOIL, abounds over fields and hills,
10' - 20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very slender and crowded
linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close Hat corymb, with 4 or 5
short rays, white, sometimes rose-colored : all summer.
A. Ptarmica, SNEEZEAVORT. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, cult, in
gardens, especially a full-double variety, which is pretty, tl. in autumn ; leaves
simple, lance-linear, sharply cut-serrata; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12
or more rather long bright white rays.
42. MARUTA, MAYWEED. (Meaning of the name uncertain.) Native
of the Old World.
M. Cotula, or ANTHEMIS COTCLA, the COMMON MAYWEED, along road-
sides, especial! v E. ; low, strong-scented and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnatcly
divided into slender leaflets or lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches,
with white rays and yellow centre ; all late summer. (T)
j43. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient. Greek name, from the pro-
fusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World : n. summer. Peduncles bearing
solitary or very few heads.
A. arvensis, FIELD C. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places,
but rare, is not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute border of
pa] (pus. (T) ©
A. nobilis, GARDEN C., yield- the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries,
spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong-scented ;
rays white ; pappus none. 2/
A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is cult, for ornament, but hardly common :
2° - 3° high, with pinnately divided and again pinuatih'd or cut-toothed leaves,
and heads as large as those of Whiteweed, with golden-yellow flowers, or tho
rays sometimes white. 2/
44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTIIEMTM and PYRE-
THRUM. (Name means golden flowers in Greek; but they are of various
colors.) All natives of Old World.
§ 1. LEUCANTIIEMCM or WHITEWEED and FEVERFEW: the ray-flowers
white, those of the centre mostly yellow. 11
C. Leucanthemum, or LEIT \vrii KMIIM YCLGARE, the too common
WHITEWEED or OX-EYE DAISY, tilling meadows and pastures, and difficult to
eradicate; has stems nearly simple and erect from the creeping base or root-
stock, bearing cut-toothed or slightly pinnatih'd leaves below (the lowest s|iatu-
late, upper partly clasping), the naked .summit bearing the single showy h'v.d,
in early summer. H
C. (or L.) Parthenium, or I'YRETHIU-M PAKTHEN-IPM, FEVER; i \\
Cult, in old gardeu>, and running wild; with branching lcaf\ -u-m- l°-3°
200 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
high, leaves twice pinnatcly divided into rather coarse ovate leaflets, and loose
corymbs of nithcr -mull head-, iu -mumer. A double-flowered variety has the
disk-corollas transformed into white or whitish tubes.
C. parthenioides, l)i>ri;u.-ri,. m- I'.U:>I.H-LK.VVI-:I> FIOVKKFKW, from
China ; probably a low. liner-leaved, ami much altered full double variety of the
foregoing, with ] Hi re white (lowers all in the form of rays, produced through the
summer and aiitmir.i.
§ 2. CHRYSANTHEMUMS »f tln> (/uri/m* ,• tin- jlnim-* «f i-<iri<ms colors, but only
111 Ct rt-iiii niriifii.f ir/n'tr.
C. r6seum, from Persia and X. Asia, with simple stems bearing once or
twice pimiately divided smooth leaves with linear divisions, and at the naked
summit single head- as larue as tho-c of \Vhiteweed, but with pale rose or bright
pink-red ra\s (and in some varieties full double), is coming into ornamental
cultivation : the pulveri/.ed flower-heads form the well-known Persian Insect
powder : H. summer. T£
C. Indicum, parent of the CHINKSI: ( 'n i; vs .\\TIIICMUMS, flowering in
late autumn, of numerous forms and colors, mostly full-double, <£c. from China
and Japan. If.
C. coronarium, SI-MMKU rmtvs.vxTHKMrM, with yellow or sometimes
whitish flowers, cult, from X. Africa ; smooth, with branching stems, twice
pinnately ].arted leaves with aurieled and clasping ha-e, and lanceolate or linear
cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of hroad and .-carious scale-. i
45. HELENIUM, SNKK/KWEKD. (Tin- old Creek name of some very
different plant named after Helen.) North American herbs.
H. autumnale, the commonest species, wild in low "rounds, l°-4° high,
with ianc'-olaie loothed leaves, their base often deeurrent on the stem, and a
corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often drooping, in au-
tumn. 2/
46. GAILLARDIA. (Xaniedfor <;<it'(/<inl, a Freneli amateur of botany.)
North American low or spreading lierbs : fl. all summer.
G. lanceol^,ta, wild from Carolina S. in pine barrens, has narrow mostly
entire laiiceolati1 leaves, commonly small and few vellow ravs, and purple disk-
flowers. d ~y.
G. pu.lch.611a, wild fVom Louisiana \V. and cult, for ornament (one form
called ('•. IMCTV), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or lobed, and
showy beads with the large rays mostly brownish crimson-purple with yellow
tips. i
G. aristata, wild from Mis-ouri W., and cult., is more ilowny than the
last, |i-<s branched, with large showy ravs yellow throughout, or their base
brown-purple. Tj.
47. GAZANIA. (Named for a learned ecde-ia-tic of the middle ages,
TliKHlm; il< <;<i:,i.) South African plants of the' con.-er\ aiory, and flowering
all summer when b'-dded out.
G. rigens, also named S|.|.I':M)I.NS, of Cape of Good Hope, with short
stems spreading on the Around, hcariiiLr spatulate entire or some jiinnatitid
leave-;, \\liich are nearly .-mootli and green above, but ^-el•y silvery with white
cotton underneath, and a lar:e sho\\ y head, the orange ravs over 1' long, and
with a dark eye-spot ai base. "^.
48. CALENDULA, MARIGOLD. (Xame from the Latin aikndce or
cat, //./>•; tlowcring through the months.)
C. officinalis, (;.\HDK\ M MIIGOLD, of the Old World ; cult, in country
gardens, 1° hi-h. spreading, with green and succulent oblong and entire sessile
leaves, rather unpleasantly scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced
all summer, sometimes nearly full-double, most of the corollas being strap-
shaped. ©
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201
49. POLYMNIA, LEAF-CUP. (These coarse and inelegant plants are
oddly dedicated to one of the Muses.) Fl. summer and autumn. 2/
P. Canadensis, common in shaded ravines N., is 3° - 5° high, clammy-
hairy, with thin leaves, the lower pinnatih'd, the tipper 3 - 5-lobed or angled,
and the few pale-yellow and hroad rays of the small heads shorter than the
involucre.
P. Uvedalia, in rich soil from New York to 111. and S., is roughish-hairy,
stout, 4° -10° high, with large ovate and angled or lobed leaves, the upper
ones sessile, and rays of the pretty large head 10-15, bright yellow, longer than
the involucre.
50. SILPHIUM, ROSIN-PLANT. ( Ancient Greek name of some very
different plant.) Fl. summer and autumn. 11
§ 1. Leaves alternate, larye, most of them petio/ed.
* The stout and rough flowering stems ( 3° - 6° high ) leafy up to the few large heads :
scales of involucre ovate, with taptring and spreading rigid tips.
S. laciniatum, ROSIN-WEED or COMPASS-PLANT, of prairies, from Michi-
gan W. & S., so called because the rough-hairy deeply pinnatirid root-leaves (of
ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. & S.
* * The slender smooth flowering stems (4° - 10° high) leafy only near the base,
dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads.
S. terebinthinaceum, PRAIRIE-DOCK, so called from the appearance
of the large root-leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 1° -2° long, besides
the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed : common W.
S. compositum, from North Carolina S., is more slender and smaller, with
round heart-shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided.
§ 2. Leaves or many of them in whorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, rather small,
entire or coarsely toothed.
S. trifoliatum, of S. & W., has the smooth stem 4° -6° high, lanceolate
roughish leaves, and small heads.
S. AsteriscuSj of dry soil S., is rough-hairy, with fewer and larger heads.
§ 3. Leaves opposite and clasping or connate : stems leafy to the top.
S. integrifblium, in prairies from Michigan W. & S. ; roughish, 2° -4°
high, with lance-ovate partly heart-shaped and entire distinct leaves.
S. perfoliatum, CUP-PLANT, of rich soil \V. & S. : with very smooth
square stems 4° - 9° high, around which the ovate coarsely toothed leaves are
connate into cup which holds water from the rains.
51. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary with
Linmeus.) %. Two or three Mexican species, of which the most familiar is
D. variabilis, COMMON DAHLIA of the gardens, with pinnate leaves, ovate
serrate leaflets, and large heads, much increased in size and altered, of all colors :
roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, p. 35, fig. 87).
52. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (Named from Greek word for bug, from
the shape of the akenes. ) Many wild species : several cult, for ornament : these
are the commonest. Fl. summer. (See Lessons, p. 94, fig. 268, 269.)
§ 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3 - 5-toothcd : outer involucre not l"/n/< / than the inner :
akenes orbicular or ova/, incurved when mature. Chiefly cultivated.
* (T) © Disk-flowers and lower part »f the rai/a dark-colored <>r
akenes in these spirits icim/less ami n«irli/ nalcid at tup : It acts compound.
C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, &c., the conummt'st COREOPSIS or CALLIOPSIS
of all country gardens ; smooth, with lower leaves twice-piimately divided into
narrow leaflets, numerous heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the wholo
of rays brown-purple : in one variety they are changed to tubes.
202 COMI'OSITK FAMILY.
C. Drummondii, of Texas, is low ;unl -prcading. nither hairy, with leaves
of 3- 7 oval leaflet*, or sonic of them simple, heads on long peduncles, and very
oroad ray.* golden yellow with small dark spot at !>;'
* * i 1 >i.-<k-jl<iir<-rs yel/itiu : rays ye/Inn- n-ii/i a darker and purplish-streaked spot
near the Ixise : akenes winyed and '2-toothed.
C. COronata, of Texas, is low, with slender-petioled leaves oblong or spatn-
late, or some of them 3 - 5-parted, and very long peduncle; rays broad and
handsome.
* * * 11 Disk-floive.rx 'i ml rays (!' long) entirely yellow ; akenes orbicular, much
incurred and broadly iriin/cd when ripe, crowned trith 2 little teeth or scales.
C. lanceolata. Wild W. & S.. and e.nlt. iii gardens; l°-2° high, smooth
or sometimes d.twnv, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanccolate entire leaves
mostly crowded at 'the base, and long slender peduncles: flowers in early
summer.
C. aurictllata. Wild W. & S., and in some gardens ; taller, sometimes
with runners or suckers at base, leafy to near the top ; upper leaves oblong,
lower roundish and sometimes aurieled at base or with 3-5 lobes or leaflets.
§ 2. Rays entire or nearly so, oblonrj or lanceolate: <ik>ih~ <,',!•»,(/, iritli a very
narrow icii/r/ or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at nil 2-toothed at the
apex : scales of outer involucre narrow and entire : heads rather small, t/te
flowers all yellow. 2/
* Low, l°-3° hinh, leafy to the top: leaves really opposite and sissile, but <///•/</,</
into 3 l«t fie/*, tints seeming to be 6 in a whorl. Wild r/uejly in S. States,
all but tin- first are. cult in gardens.
C. senifolia, has seemingly C lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a whorl,
''. e. two, but each 3-divided) smooth or downy.
C. verticillata, has the pair cut into once or twice pinnate almost thread-
shaped divisions, smooth.
C. delphinif61ia, very like the last, but with fewer lance-linear divisions.
* * Tall, leaf i/ to the top, iritli eritli nlli/ opposite petioled lean-s.
C. tripteriS. Hich ground W. & S., with simple stems 4° -9° high, leave*
of3-5 lanceolate entire leaflets, cory tubed heads, very short outer involucre,
and blunt ravs.
§ 3. liin/x in-al or lib/nut/, fjolden yel/oiv, sliqht/y imtr/inl : uktiits irintj/,**, nut in-
curr,d, bearing 2 uii-us or teeth for a pappus : <>ut, r inr<> m-re cuii.tpicuoia
ami n-si'iiib/iiH/ liai-is: branch! inj plant* <f n-it I/rounds, iritli thin lmi-<s
7nnst/y of :>,-' pinnate toothed nr rut rein// hamlets; resembling tin n,.rt
yenits, but t/ie aims not downwardly !>nr!i,d. (\) ©
C. trichospei'llia. Swamps mostly near the roa-t, l°-2° high, with 3-7
lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflet* or divi>ion->, numerous heads, and uar-
row-obloni;- or liip-ar wedge-shaped ni:iririule>s akene-s with '1 stout teeth.
C. aiirea, only S., has upper leaves often >ini|ile, lower nearly as in the fore-
going, and >liorter wedge obuvate akenes wilh 2 or 4 >liort ehatf-like teelli.
C. ariStbSft, from Illinois S., ha* more eompiiiind leave> with olilong >r
lanceolate ol'ti'ii pinnatifid leaflets, and br«iad-obo\ ate very flat akenes slightly
margined and bri.Mly eiliate, the pappus of -J long and slender auus, or MMIIO-
times 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all.
53. BIDENS, BUR-MARIGOLD, 15K(i(;AH-TICKS. (Latin for two-
tonthed, from the u>ua'ly 2 awns of the papjuis.) Our sjieeies i or ® ;
ll. Mimmer and autumn. The akenes adhering to the dress or to the fleece
of animals bv their barbed awns.
§ 1. Aki'iits broad tinil jlnl, irit/t brit/'i/ ri/intr iniiri/ins.
* C»nrxe mill /•</•// lionnli/ II-IK!*, fonn/ioii/i/ iritlmit anii niya.
B. frondbsa, COMMON I5i.i.i; \K-TK 'Ks. Coarse weed in low or manured
grounds, 2° - 6° high, branched, with pinnate leaves of 3 - 5 broad lanceolate
COMPOSITE FAMILV. 203
coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer than the head, and wrdge-
obovate akcnes ciliate with upturned bristles, and 2-awned.
B. COnnata, SWAMT B. Low grounds; smooth, l°-2° high, with simple
lanceolate and taper-pointed leaves, or the lower 3-tlivided and decurreiit on the.
petiole, smaller heads, narrow wedge-shaped akeues minutely and downwardly
ciliatc and bearing about .3 awns.
* * Low smooth herbs, with sltoiry golden yellow rays 1 ' long.
B. chrysanthemoides, LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD. Shallow water or
wet places, G'-30' high, with simple lanceolate sessile sen-ate leaves, outer
involucre shorter than the rays, and wedge-shaped akcnes with almost prickly
downwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns.
§ 2. Akenes linear or needle-shaped.
B. Beckii, WATER B. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single short-
peduncled heads rising above the surface, and with showy rays ; leaves cut into
very numerous fine hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akcnes 4-6, barbed
near the tip.
B. bipinnata. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S., 1° - 3° high, branched,
with 1 -3-pinnately parted petioled leaves, ovate-lanceolate leaflets, small heads,
short pale-yellow rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns.
54. ACTINOMERIS. (Greek-made name, alluding to the irregularity
of the rays in the commonest species.) 2/
A. squarrbsa, common in low rich soil from TV. New York S. & W. ; with
branching stems 4° - 8° high, lance-oblong leaves tapering to both ends, nu-
merous rather corymbed heads, spreading involucre, 4-10 irregular rays, and
broadly winged akenes : fl. Sept.
A. helianthoides, in open grounds W. & S., resembles a Sunflower as
the name denotes, l°-3° high, with more hairy lance-ovate sessile leaves, few
and larger heads, erect involucre, 8-15 regular rays, and slightly winged
akcnes : fl. summer.
55. VERBESINA, CROWNBEARLX (Origin of name obscure.) Ours
are tall (4° -7° high) branching herbs in rich soil, with compound corymbs
of small heads : fl. summer. ^
V. Siegesbeckia, from S. Pcnn. to 111. & S., has 4-winged steins, smooth-
ish, large and thin ovate and opposite leaves pointed at both ends, yellow flow-
ers, and wingless akenes.
V. Virginica, of same range, has stem, less winged, smaller lance-ovate alter-
nate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and narrowly winged akenes.
56. XIMINESIA. (Named for J. Xinu'ncs, a Spanish apothecary.)
X. encelioides, of Texas and Mexico, and cult, for ornament, 2° high,
spreading, rather hoary, at least the lower face of the oblong or heart-shaped
clasping serrate leaves' ; the bright yellow heads somewhat corymbed, showy,
the rays deeply 3-toothed : fl. all summer. ©
57. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in Greek).
The following are the commonest of the numerous specie.-, many of which are
difficult.
§ 1. ® Receptacle flat and very broad : disk brownish : leaves alternate, Irouil
and triple-ribbed, petioled : Ji. summer. Cult, for ornament : ici/d only far
S- IF". .' fl. all summer,
H. annuus, the GREAT COMMON SUNFLOWER of the gardens, with huge
heads ; leaves green, ronghish, not hoary.
H. argophyllus, of Texas, cult, for its hoary-white foliage ; heads smaller.
§ 2. 11 Receptacle and disk coiur.r : heads middle-sized or rallter small: flouxr-
iii'i throuyhuut late summer and autumn.
204 COMPOSITE FAMILY.
If Disk dark purple, contrasting with the yellow rays.
•*- L/eaves long and limur, \-tnrr.il, m/i'r<, .sv. «//<•.- /i/nt/s small and
coryinliul : uiro/nrn- nf l«iflil\' sj>r<ntlii<g scales.
H. angustifblius, of pine-barren-. from Xr\v Jersey S., has slender rough
stems 2° -0° high, lower leaves opposite and rough.
II. orgyalis, of Kansas .-iiiil Arkansas, cult., has strnis (G°-10° kiyh), and
crowded very narrow alternate leaves smooth : ll. late.
+-+- Leaves oval «r lanceolate, opposite : stems l°-3° hinh, bmrinf/ solitary or
f>.w tong-peduiicled rather large In mix: i/u-olitcre of short dose scales
±1. heterophyllus, of lo\v pine-barrens S. ; rather hairy, with lowest
Iea\es oval or oblong, upper ones lance-linear anil tew; scales of involucre
lanceolate.
H. rigidllS, of dry prairies AV. X: S. ; rou^h, with thick firm leaves lance-
oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, blunt.
* * Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish.
•*- Scales oft/ii' iiirnfiicre short and /•rnai//i/ lin<-i<>!att>, rei/it/ur/i/ imbricated, without
liai-lik<- t/j>$: tat fix nearly all opposite and nearly < nitre.
H. OCCidentalis, of dry barrens from Ohio W. & S. : somewhat hairy,
with slender simple stems i°-3° hig:.i, M-nding of}' runners from base, naked
above, bearing 1-5 heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; upper ones
narrow, small and distant.
H. mollis, of >ame situations, is soft white-woo!!y all over, 2°-4° hi-li,
leafy to the top, the lea\e> heart-ovate and partly clasping.
•*- •»- Scales of the involucre looser and leafy-tipped: stems leafy to the top.
•>-*• leaves chiefly alternate ami not triple-ribbed.
H. gigant&US, common in low grounds X. : rou^h and rather hairy, 3°-
10° high, with lanceolate serrate nearly sessile leaves, and pale yellow ra\ >.
** ••-•• Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-riblted at base or triple-ribbt </.
H. divaricatUS, common in dry sterile soil, has smooth stem l°-3° hi-h,
vougli ovate-lanceolate h'axes tapering to a point and 3-nerved at the rounded
(sessile base.
H. hirstltUS, only W., di tiers from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem
jo_.jo ),]„],_ ani| leaves with narrower base more or less petiolcd.
H. strumOSUS, common in low grounds, has mostly smooth stems 3° -4°
hi.uli, broadly lanceolate or lance ovate leaves rough above and whitish or white-
downy beneath, their margins beset with tine appresscd teeth, and petioles short
ami margined.
H. decapdtalus, so named because (like the preceding) it commonly has
10 rays; common along >trcam>, has branching stems .3° - i>° high, thin and
briglit-^reen smootlii>h ovate lcave> coai'selv toothed and abrnjitly contracted
into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose.
H. tuberbstlS, .IKIM-SAI.KM AIITICIIOKK (i. e. airnsnle or Sunflower in
Italian, corrupted in Kn^land into ./< ruxali m } : cult, for the tubers and run
wild in fence-rows. pn>habl\ a state of a wild S. W. species ; 5° -7° high, with
triple-ribbed mate pi riolcd leaves, rough-hairy a^ uell as the stems, all the
upper ones alternate, the running root^tocks ending in ovate or oblong edible
tubers.
58. HELI6PSIS, OX-EYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness l()
Sunflower.)
H. labvis, our only species, common in rich or low grounds, resembles
a Sunflower of the la-t section, but has pistillate rays and 4-sided akenes with-
out pappus: l°-4° high, smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed,
petioled, serrate ; head of golden-yellow (lowers terminating the branches, in
summer. 2L
COMPOSITE FAMILY. 2<>,')
69. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for Rudbeck, father and
son, Swedish botanists.) The following are the commonest species, all
natives of this country : fl. summer.
§ 1. Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, tlie s<>fl chuff not point/ d: rouyh-hairy
plants 1° - 2° h'u/h, leafy Mow, the naked summit of the stems or branches
bearing single showy heads: leaves simple. 11
R. speciosa, from Pcnn. W. & S., and cult, in some gardens ; leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 3-5-nerved, petioled, coarsely
toothed or cut.
R. hirta, common in open ground W. & S., introduced into meadows E.
with clover-seed ; stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, triple
ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile.
§ 2. Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-pointed : lower leaves often pinnul, ///
parted or 3-cleft. @
R. triloba, from Pcnn. to 111. & S. ; hairy, 2° - 5° high, much branched,
with upper leaves lance-ovate and toothed, and" the numerous small heads with
only about 8 rays.
§ 3. Disk y/obu/ar, pale dull brownish (receptacle sweet-scented), the chaff blunt
and downy at the end ; lower leaves 3-parted. 2/
R. subtomentbsa, of the prairies and plains W. ; somewhat downy, with
leafy stems 3° - 5° high, ovate or lance-ovate serrate upper leaves and short-
peduneled heads.
§ 4. Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1' long, yreenish yellow, the chaff very
blunt and downy at the end : leaves all compound or cleft. If.
R. laciniata, COMMON CONE-FLOWER, in low thickets; 3° -7° high,
smooth, branching above ; lowest leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets,
upper ones 3 - 5-parted, or the uppermost undivided ; heads long-peduncled,
with linear drooping rays l'-2' long.
60. LEPACHYS. (Supposed to be formed from Greek words for thick
and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented when crushed. Fl. summer.
L. pinnata, in dry soil from W. New York W. & S. : minutely roughish
and slightly hoary ; the slender leafy stems 3° -5° high, bearing leaves of 3 - 7
lanceolate leaflets", and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk
much shorter than the oblong drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed,
flatfish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. 2/
L. columnaris, of the plains W. of the Mississippi; cult, for ornament;
l°-2° high, with single or few long-peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often
becoming 2' long, and longer than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these cither
yellow, orvar. PULCHERRIMA, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenes
1 - 2-toothed at top and winged down one edge. "2J.
31. DRACOPIS. (Name refers in some obscure way to a Dragon.) ©
D. amplexicaulis, wild far S. W., sometimes cult, for ornament ; smooth,
l°-2° high, with clasping heart-shaped pale leaves, and long-peduncled heads,
like those of the preceding, the broad rays mostly shorter than the cylindrical
disk, and either yellow or the lower part brown-purple.
62. ECHINACEA, HEDGEHOG CONE-FLOWER. (Name means like
a lu'dyeltog, viz. receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) Fl. summer. 2/
E. purpurea, in prairies and open grounds from W. Penn. W. & S. :
stems l°-2° high from a thick and black pungent-tasted root (called Black
Sampson by quack-doctors), bearing ovate or lanceolate 5-nerved and veiny
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 15-20,
dull rose-purple.
E. angUStifolia, from Wisconsin S., is a more slender form, with narrow
lanceolate 3-nerved entire leaves, and 12- 15 brighter-colored rays.
COMPOS I Th FAMILY.
63. ZINNIA. (Named for a Gorman professor, Z>nn.) Commonly r ti-
tivated for ornament : 11. all <tinimer.
Z. Slogans, the favorite G\I;I>I.N ZINNIA, frmu Mexico, with ovate heart-
shaped hah'da-piug lea\e>. and very large heads of rose-cdlored. purple, violet,
red, or wh're 1'o-vcrs. '2 -.'i'in diameter, of late al>o full-double like a .-mall
Dahlia; <•!, ::('.-. receptacle Crested-toothed at tip; akenes barely ^-toothed at
summit.
Z. mulliflbra, !Vom .Mexico, >.<:<•., n.nv not common in gardens, In-iu- lc>;.
Bhowy, has ovate-lanceolate lca\e-, hollow peduncle much enlarged under the
head, ul>ov;,re red-purple rays, blunt entire cii;itf, and l-a\vned akenes. i
Z. angUStifblia, cult, as Z AI.-KK.V, from Mexico, is widely and copiously
branched, i.m^li-liairy, with lanceolate leaves, many small heads, oval orange-
yellow ray>, and coii-picii:>usly pointed dial]'.
64. TAGETES, FRFNCII or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, hut from South
America anil Mexico. ( Mythological name.) Fl. all summer. i
* Plant (i>iixr-s<-uitf<l, irith entire leaves, small rorymbtd Leads, andftio m//x.
T. lucida, now rather uncominon in ^ardeu>, ha- -lossy lanceolate serrate
leaves, and orange flowers.
* * Plant strong-scented : leaves pinnate : leaflets cut-toothed : head Ittrye.
T. 61'6cta, LAK<;I: Ari:ic.v\ M., with laneeolnte leaflets, intlated club-
sh.in"d peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored (lowers, often full double.
T. patula, KI;I:NCII M., with liner lance-linear leaflets, cvliudrical pedun-
cle-, anil narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker stripes.
T. Signata is a more delicate low much-branched species, with finely cut
leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple-spotted or spotted
and striped with darker orange at l>a>e.
65. DYSODIA, FKTIO MARIGOLD. (Name, in Greek, denotes the
ill-scent of the plant.) Fl. late summer and autumn.
D. Chrysanthemoides. Hoad-ides and river-banks \V. & S. W. : a low
weed, nearly smooth, with spreading brandies, oppo-itc pinnatelv parted and
linelyeut leaves, and few yellow ray> >carcely exceeding the involucre, (i)
66. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic
name of the plant.) Fl. all summer.
C. Intybus, COMMON ('. Nat. from Ku. by roadsides, &<•. maiulv K.
leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flowering
stems small and bract-like, entire ; showy bine flowers opening only in thft
morning and in cloudy weather ; deep rout HM.,I as substitute' for eoll'ee. 2/
C. Endivia, KXDIVK, cult, from Hast Indies, for autumn salad; leaves
smooth, -li-htlv or deeply toothed, or much cut and crisped, (lowering stems
short and leafy. (5) 0
67. TRAGOPOGON, SALSIFY. (Greek name for (joat's-beard, from
the pappus.) Fl. early summer.
T. porrifblillS, COMMON s. or OVSTI ii-ri.\NT. Cult, from Fu. for the
edible tap-root, sometimes running wild : smooth and pale, 2°-4° high, branch-
ing, with long leaves tapering from a clasping b:isc to a slender apex, very large
heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upward-, and deep violet-purpio
(lowers. ®
68. LEONTODON, IIAWKBIT. (Greek name for /ion-tooth, from the
runcinate leaves of -onie species.)
L. autumnale, FALL DAM.DI.ION or II \\VKIUT. Nat. from Kurope in
meadows and lawns I-'.: leaves pinnatitid or laciniate ; >eapes slender, 8' - 12'
high, branching; peduncles thickish and sealy-brneted next the small head
11. summer and autumn. 2/
COMPOSITE FAMILY. -/l»7
69. HIERACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek).
Wild plants of tlie country, in dry ground : II. summer and autumn ^/
H. Canadense, chiefly N., has simple stems l°-3° high and leafy up to
the corymbed summit ; laiiceolate <>r oblong acute, leaves with a few coarse teeth,
and rather large licads with loose imbricated involucre.
H. paniculatum, in woods, has slender and branching leafy stems 2° -3°
high, lanceolate scarcely toothed leaves, a loose panicle of very small 12-20-
flowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple.
H. SCabrum, in more open grounds, is roughish-hairy, with rather stout
simple stem (2° -3° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and
a narrow panicle of many small heads, the 40 - 50-flowered involucre and stiff
peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles ; akenes not tapering.
H. longipiium, in prairies W., is so named from the exceedingly long
(often 1') straight bristly hairs of the stem ; has narrow oblong entire leaves,
panicle and 20 - 30-flowered involucre between the last and the next, and akenes
spindle-shaped.'
H. Gronbvii, common in sterile soil, with slender stems leafy and very
hairy below, leaves oblong or obovate, panicle narrow, small heads, slender
peduncles and 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly, anil spindle-
shaped akenes with very tapering summit.
H. venbsum, RATTLESNAKE- WEED ; common in dry sandy ground, very
smooth or with a few hairs ; with leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong,
thin, purple-tinged beneath and purple- veiny above ; scape slender, l°-2° high,
forking into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads;
akenes linear, not tapering.
70. NABALUS, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (Name from Greek word
for a harp, alluding probably to the lyrate leaves of sonic species.) Roots
tuberous or spindle-shaped, bitter. Fl. late summer and autumn. 2/
* Peduncles and 5 — \1-flowered heads smooth : leaves very variable.
N. altissimus, TALL R. or WHITE-LETTUCE. Rich woods N., 3° - 6°
high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petiolcd leaves inclined to be ovate-
triangular ; heads 5 — 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white.
W. albUS, COMMON WHITE-LETTITE, in open woods, chiefly N. and W.,
is glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowercd heads, usually more
cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus.
N. Fraseri, LION'S-FOOT, or GALL-OF-THE-EARTH, is commonest in dry
soil E. and S., l°-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowered
heads, and pappus dull straw-color.
* * Peduncles and 12 - 40-Jloivered heads lairy. Chiefly West, on / l:iin<:, $-c.
N. racembsus has smooth wand-like stem '2° - 5° high, lance-oblong
slightly toothed leaves, the upper ones partly clasping, and a narrow >piked
panicle of about 12-flowered heads.
N. asper is similar, but rough-pubescent, the 12- 14-fiowered beads mostly
erect and larger.
N. crepedinius, only W., is smoother, with stout stem 5° - 8° high,
wide corymbed panicles of 20 - 40-flowercd heads, brown pappus, and broad
leaves G' - 12' long on winged petioles.
71. PYRRHOPAPPTJS, FALSE DANDELION. (Nam,- means in
Greek fame-colored jia/ipiis ; this and the leafy steins obviously distinguish
this genus from the next.) ® @
P. CaroliniantlS, in sandy fields from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, with
oblong or lanceolate leaves often pinnatirid or cut, the upper partly da -ping:
n. spring and summer.
72. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to mcdici
nal properties of the root. ) ? y.
T. Dens-lebnis, COMMON D., in all fields, &(•., from spring to autumn.
Inner involucre closes after blossoming till tlie akenes mature and tin1 beak
208 I.OHKMA FAMILY.
lengthens ami elevate* the pappus ; then the involucre is reflexed, the pappus
spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind.
73. LACTUCA, LKTTIVE. (Ancient Latin name, from the milkyjuice.)
L. sativa, <;AI:I>I:.\ LETTUCE. Cultivated from Europe, the broad and
tender root-lea\e- u-cd for salad; stem-leave- hcart->haped and clasping •
flowers yellow. ® ©
L. Canad6nsis, WILD LKTTI o:. Open ^rounds, 3° -9° high, with
lanceolate or oblong leaves often pinnatiiid, sometimes entire; flowers pale
yellow, sometime.- purple or reddish.
74. MULGEDIUM, FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. (Name from
Latin mulgeo, to milk.) Fl. summer, in thicket-borders, >.Vc.
M. acuminatum, from New York to 111. & S. ; 3° - 6° high, with ovate
or lance-ovate barely serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright
white pappus.
M. Floridanum, from Pcnn W. & S. ; like the first, but with all the
leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinatc, uppermost partly clasping. ©
M. leucophaeum, in low grounds : resembles Wild "Lettuce, and with
equally variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatiiid leaves, very
compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white (lowers, 'and tawny pappus. ©
75. SONCHUS, SOW-THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse
weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves: nat. from En.:
fl. summer.
S. Oleraceus, COMMON- S. ; in manured soil and damp waste places; 1°-
5° high, acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow flowers,
and akencs wrinkled transversely. (I)
S. asper, like the la>t, but the leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed,
the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akencs smooth with 3 "nerves on
each >idc. Ci)
S. arv^nsis, FIELD S. Less common E. ; l°-2° high from creeping
root-stoeks, with larger heads of bright yellow flowers, and bristly peduncles
and involucre. 21
62. LOBELIACE.ai, LOBELIA FAMILY.
Plants with milky acrid juice, alternate simple leaves, and scat-
tered racerned or panic-led flowers ; the calyx-tube adherent to the
many-seeded ovary and pod ; the corolla irregularly 5-lobed and
mostly split down as it were on the upper side ; the 5 stamens
united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their
anthers; style only one.
Downingia elegans, under the older name of CLINTONIA ELEGANS, and,
D. pulch611a, formerly CI.INTOMA IM LOHBLLA, are delicate little annu-
als from California, sparingly cultivated. They resemble small Lobelias, with
very bright blue flowers, but are known by the very long and slender 1 -eel led
pod, and short tube of corolla not much spl'it down. 'The tirst has the 2 narrow
I'|l>es approaching each other opposite the 3-lobed lip which has a whiti.-h centre.
The second has a larger corolla, with centre of the 3-lobed lip vellow and white,
and the -2 other lobes widely diverging. — The nther common plants of the
order belong to
1. LOBELIA (named after the herbalist He I'Oliel or Lobe!}. Tube of the
calyx and 2-cellcd pod -hort. Corolla split down on one side, the 5 lobes
more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers bearded at top.
CAMPANULA FAMILY. 209
# Exotic, cultivated for ornament.
L. ErinuS, from Cape of Good Hope, the common low and spreading little
Lobelia of conservatories and summer gardens, with abundant small flowers
azure-blue, usually white in the throat, and narrow toothed upper leaves : (r or
continued by cuttings.
L. laxiflora, from Mexico, cultivated in conservatories under the name of
SIPHOUAMPYLUS BfcoLOR ; tall, with curved and large red and yellow flowers,
hanging on long slender peduncles from the axils of the oblong or lanceolate
toothed leaves. ^
* * Wild species of the country, one or two of them sometimes cultivated for orna-
ment ; fl. summer : growing in wet or low grounds, except two of them.
t- Corolla deep red : stems tall and simple.
L. cardinalis, CARDINAL-FLOWER, with lance-oblong leaves and erect
raceme of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored or even
white. @ JJ.
•*- -t- Flowers blue or with some white in the throat.
L. inflata, INDIAN TOBACCO. Somewhat hairy, 9' -18' high, much
branched, with ovate toothed leaves, and spike-like leafy racemes of small
flowers, the pale blue corolla only 2" long, and pod inflated. © Common in
fields : a noted quack medicine.
L. syphilltica, GREAT BLUE L. Slightly hairy, l°-3° high, leafy, with
ovate-oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and
corolla almost 1' long. 1}.
L. pub6rula, chiefly S. & W. ; minutely soft-downy, with blunter and
finer-toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers, y.
L. spicata, in sandy or gravelly damp or dry soil ; smoothish, with long
and wand-like stems l°-3° high, obovate lowest leaves, narrow and small
upper ones, and close naked raceme of very small flowers. © Jl
L. Kalmii, of wet banks N. ; smooth, with branching stems 5'- 12' high,
obovate root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose racc7ue
of sleuder-pedicelled and small but handsome bright-blue flowers, and obovate
pods. (2) y.
63. CAMPANULACE.E, CAMPANULA FAMILY.
Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers,
with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 stamens borne
on the summit of the calyx-tube which is adherent to the 2-5-
celled many-seeded ovary and pod ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as
the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate in all our plants of the
order, which by this and by the regular corolla (valvate in the bud)
are distinguished from the preceding.
1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear or nar-
row oblong, opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Other-
wise as in the next.
2 CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stipmas and cells
of the short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or
short cleft.
8. PLAT YCODON. Corolla very broadly open from a narrow base, balloon-shaped
in the bud. Pod top-shaped, 5-celled, opening at the top into 3 - 5-valves.
1. SPECULARIA, VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin name
of European species is Speculum Veneris.) Fl. all summer. (T)
S. Speculum, GARDEN V., cult, from Eu. for ornament, is a low herb,
with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading branches, and
linear triangular pod.
S & F— 20
210 HEATH FAMILY.
S. perfdiata, a wild weedy plant in sterile or sandv ground, with simple
stems 3' - 20' high, furnished throughout with round-neart-shaped clasping
leaves, and small (lowers in their axils, only the later ones expanding a small
blue corolla ; pod oblong.
2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive of
Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Fl. summer. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 254.)
* \\'ild species of the country, all with 3 stigmas and 3-cel/ed pod.
C. Americana, TALL WILD B. Rich moist ground especially W., with
stem 3° - 6° high, thin lance-ovate taper-pointed serrate leaves, ami long loose
spike of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped light-blue corolla 1' broad, and lung
curved style, (i) ®
C. aparinoidcs, SMALL MARSH B. Grassy wet places, with delicate
weak stem 8' -20' high, and rou^h backward <>n the angles, bearing small lance-
linear leaves and a few small flowers on diverging peduncles, the bell-shaped
corolla 3" -4" long. ^
C. rotundifolia, COMMON- HAREBELL. On precipices and rocky banks
N., with tufted spreading slender stems 5' -12' high, round or heart-shaped
root-leaves, dying early, but narrow mostly linear stem-leaves (the specific name
therefore unfortunate), and a few slender-peduncled flowers, the blue bell-shaped
corolla 6'' - 8" long. 1J.
* * European species of the gardens : flowers mostly blue, with white varieties.
•*- Stigmas and cells of the ])od 3 : no apjtendagis to calyx, y.
C. Carpathica. Smooth, tufted, 6'-10' high, with roundish or ovate
petioled small leaves, slender l-flowcred peduncles, and open bell-shaped corolla
about 1' long.
C. rapunculoides. Weedy, spreading inveterately by the root, rather
hsriry, the erect leafy stems l°-2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped and
peiioleil, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil of bracts
forming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1' long.
C. Trachelium. Ronghish-hairy, 2° -3° high, with more coarsely toothed
ami broader leaves than the last, and rather larger l>ell-shaped corolla,
C. persiCSefblia. Smooth, with upright stems l°-2i° high, and bearing
small lanee-linear leaves, rout-leaves broader, all beset witb minute close teeth ;
the (lowers nearly ses-ile and erect, rather few in a sort of raceme, the open bell-
shaped corolla 1 V - 2' long, sometimes double.
•*• +- titiymas ami cells of the pod 5 : calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. (?) (a)
C. Medium, (T\\TERntiRY BULLS. Erect, branching, hairy, with coarse
toothed leaves, and oblong-l>cll-shaped flowers 2' -3' long, often doable.
3. PLATYCODON. (A Greek-made name, means broad beltjiower.) 11
P. grandifl.br um. Cult, from SiU-ria; very smooth, pale or glaucous,
rather low and spreading, with lance-ovate coarsely toothed leaves, terminal
peduncle bearing a showy flower, the broadly expanded 5-lobcd corolla fully
•2 broad, blue or white, sometimes double, in summer.
64. ERICACE^I, HEATH FAMILY.
Very large family, chiefly of shrubs, difficult to define as a whole;
the leaves are simple and mostly alternate ; the flowers almost all
n-iinlar, and with as many or twice a- many statin n~ as there are
petals or lobes of the corolla; their anthers 2-eelled, each cell more
commonly opening by a pore or hole at the end ; ovary mostly
with as many cells as there are lobes to the corolla ; style only one,
and seeds small.
EPACRIS is a genus and the type of a family or sub-order of
Heath-like shrubs, of Australia, some of them cult, in conservatories
HEATH FAMILY. 21 1
Epacrises and the like differ from Heaths in their stamens (often
inserted on the tube of the corolla) having one-celled anthers. The
Heath Family comprises the following subordinate families :-
I. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY, known by having the tube
of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the rnonopetalous
corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. All are shrubs,
with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like.
1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10: anthers with the cells opening by a chink at
the blunt or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, Conn-
ing a berry-like Crait containing' 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones.
Flowers in lateral racemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or
clammy dots or atoms.
2. VACCK^IUM. Stamens 10 or 8: anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole
at the top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, Conning a pulpy
many-seeded (rarely rather Cew-seededj berry.
3. CHIOGENES. Stamens 8: anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and
opening by a large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-cellecl, in fruit a white
many-seeded berry.
II. HEATH FAMILY PROPER ; shrubs or small trees with
calyx free from the ovary.
§ 1. HEATHS: the corolla persisting dry and scariovs long after the flowers open,
enclosing the pod; the evergreen leaves needle-shaped or minute. Lobes of
calyx and corolla 4 : stamens 8. No scaly leaf-buds.
4. ERICA. Corolla of various shapes, 4-toothed or 4-cleCt, longer than the calyx.
Pod loculicidal. Leaves needle-shaped or linear with margins revolute.
5. CALLUNA. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous
than the 4 colored and scarious-persistent sepals; below these 2 or 3 pairs of
bracts, the inner ones scale-like. Pod septicidal. Leaves very short and
small, opposite, crowded, and imbricated.
§ 2. Corolla deciduous (not remaining dry after flowering).
* Monopetalous (or in No. 16 with two of the pttals nearly separate).
t- Fruit berry-like, containing 5-10 seeds or very small stones: calyx dry underneath.
6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, enclosing the Id sta-
mens; their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned 011 the back. Leave*
alternate.
-»- H— Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod,
•w- But enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and Jlrxliy, so that the fruit imitates
a berry, but has a dry pod inside.
1. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or short-cylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers lo,
4-awned or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Leaves alternate, broad,
often spicy-aromatic, evergreen.
•*-+• •"• Calyx dry and separate from the pod.
a. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; anther-s opening lengthwise, not appendaged.
8. EPIG/EA. Sepals r>. thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves
evergreen, reticulated, roundish.
b. Corolla cylindrical, urn-shnped, orate, or globular, very rarely bdl-flm/nd. //«.-
orifice o-toothed ; anthers oj/tnini/ wholly ur niniiily til the top. All belonged to
ANDROMEDA of Linnaeus, now dividul ttgfullou's.
9. CASSANDRA. Calyx oC 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the
bud, and a pair oC similar braetlet-i at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical.
Anthers with tubular tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flatfish
Crom above, when ripe splitting into an outer layer of o valves and an
inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy.
10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx of 5 almost separate .-epals a little overlapping in the
bud. Corolla ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular
tips. Pod flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs.
212 HEATH FAMILY.
11. AXDROMKDA. Calyx valvate in the' curly bud: no bractlots. Corolla various.
I'od L'lohular or short-ovate, -"-v.-ilved, loculicidal. Shrubs.
12. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; IK. hractlet-. Corolla ovate.
Anthers awnles-. Pnd conical <>r pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree.
C. Corolla (tisu'illi/ lurijt-j optn-bnU-shnptd, saucer-shaped, funnel-form, .)'•< •., :,-l,,bed
or cleft : n'lttln rs short, without turns or other appendages, opening only by
holes at the top : filaments luttj ami slender, as is also the style : pod septicidal .-
leaves entire.
= No scaly buds : bracts green, firm, and persistent.
13. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly ".-lobed, and with 10 pouches in
which the lu anthers are "lodged until extricated l>y in-rcts, when the bent
da-tic iilanicnts liy ii[) and discharge the pollen. 1'od globular. Leaves
evergreen. Flowers in umbels or corymb-like clusters.
c= = Flowers in umbel-like clusters from large scaly terminal buds, their thin scale-
like bracts or bud-scales fulling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often
minute or obsolete.
14. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various. Stamens
10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or rarely deciduous.
1'od moi-tlv oblong.
15. AZALEA. Stamens 5, or rarely more, and leaves deciduous: otherwise nearly
as in Rhododendron. And the characters run together, >o that Azaleas would
hardly be kept distinct, except that they are so familiar in cultivation.
16. RHODORA. Like A/.alea, but the corolla strongly irregular, the upper part
3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate petals; and stamens 10.
* * Polypetalous or nearly so: the (white) corolla of 5 equal petals,
•»- \Vldtlif spreading, oval or obovate : leaves evergreen : Jlowers in a terminal umbel.
17. LKKHMIYI.H'M. Stamens 10: anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled.
Leaves small, smooth both sides, glossv, mostly opposite.
18. LEDTM. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled.
Leaves alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly
. terminal buds, as in A/.alea.
H- H- Petals less spreading : leaves deciduous : Jlowers in hoary racemes.
19. CLETIIKA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals ~>. Stamens 10: anthers arrow-
shaped and ivtlexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the
bottom. Style 3-cleft at the apex. 1'od U-valved, 3-eelled, enclosed in the
calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather-veined, deciduous.
III. PYROLA FAMILY ; evergreen herbs or nearly so, with
calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, anthers turned
outwards in the hud, soon inverted, when the holes by which they
open are at top. Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat.
20. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at
base. Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens in, with awl-shaped
filaments. Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edge*.
21. MONF.SF.S. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (.-cimctinie- only
4) petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large 5-rayed stigma on a straight
style, and pod as in the next genus: otherwise like 1'yrola.
22. Cllf.MAl'lIlLA. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular widely-
spreading petals, 2-horned anthers on lilamenN enlarged and hairy in the
middle. Very short top-shaped style covered bv a broad orbicular stigma,
and valve- .it'' pod smooth on the edges. Stems leafy below: leaves narrow,
smooth and glos.-y.
IV. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY ; herbs destitute of green foli-
age, parasitic on roots of other plants ; commonly represented by
one. common genus, viz.
23. MOXOTROPA. Calyx or 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of
4 or 5 erect spatnlate or wedge->haped petals, resembling the scales of the
stem. Stamens s or |n: anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top,
style stout: stigma depressed. Pod 4 -u-culled, seeds innumerable, minute,
resembling fmc sawdust.
HEATH FAMILY.
1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY or AMERICAN WIIORTLK-
BERKY. (Named for the French chemist (lay-Lussac.) Flower-, white
tinned with reddi.>h, in hite spring .- the edil)le fruit ripe late in summer, that
of the first species largely gathered for the market.
G. resinbsa, COMMON or BLACK H. Low or rocky ground, common ex-
cept S. W., l°-3° high, clammy-resinous when young, with rigid hranelies,
oval leaves, short one-sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and
black fruit without a bloom.
G. frondbsa, BLUE-TANGLE or DANGLEBERRY. Low grounds from NY\v
England S., with diverging slender branches, pale leaves white beneath, slen-
der racemes and pedicels, short corolla, and sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom.
G. dumbsa, DWARF H. Sandy soil near the coast, rather hairy or bristly,
with thickish rather shining oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval bracts
to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit.
2. VACCINIUM, CRANBERRY, BLUEBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin
name, of obscure meaning.) Berry edible. (Lessons, p. 96, fig. 274.)
§ 1. BLUEBERRIES, beyond New England commonly called HUCKLEBERRIES,
w ilk leaves deciduous at least in the Northern Stales ; flowers in sjiring in
clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather curlier than tin- leaves;
corolla oblong or short cylindrical, ^-toothed, enclosing the 10 anthers, berries
ri/ie in summer, sweet, blue or black loith a bloom, each of the 5 many-seeded
cells divided into two.
V. Pennsylvanicum, DWARF EARLY BLUEBERRY. Dry or barely
moist grounds N. and E. : 6' - 15' high, with green angular branches, mostly
lance-oblong leaves bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both sides, the
sweet berries earliest to ripen.
V. Canad6nse, CANADA B. Low grounds onlyN., is taller, l°-2° high,
the broader entire leaves and branchlets downy.
V. vacillans, Low PALE B. Dry woodlands, less northern ; l°-3° high,
with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glaucous leaves obovatc or oval
and entire, and berries ripening later than the first.
V. tenellum, SOUTHERN B. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; 1° -3° high,
with greenish branches rather pubescent, obovatc-oblong or oblanceolate leaves
scarcely serrulate and often pubescent, £'- 1' long.
V. COrymbbsum, COMMON SWAMP B. K. & S. in wet or low grounds :
3° - 10° high, with oval or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green,
and sweetish berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety pure
black without a bloom.
§ 2. EVERGREEN BLUEBERRIES of the South, in low pine barrens, procunilmit
or only 1° - 2° high, with 5-toothcd corolla and 10 stamens.
V. myrsinites, with stems 6' - 20' high, lanceolate or lance-obovate leaves
£' - 1 ' long and mostly pale beneath, and black or blue berries.
V. Crassif61iu.m, with procumbent slender stems, thick and shining oval
or oblong leaves ^' or less in length, their margins revolute, globular-bell-shapcd
corolla, and black berries.
§ 3. FARKLEBERRY and DEERBERRY ; erect shrubs with single axillary or
racemed flowers on slender pedirels, in early summer, »/>i u-ln U-shaped
corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes and 2 aims on the hue/.-,
and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided into tiro, and
maturing few seeds.
V. arbbreum, FARKLEBERRY. Open woods from Virg. and S. 111. S. :
8°- 15° high, evergreen far S., with oval glossy leaves, anthers included in the
5-toothed white corolla, and black mealy berries.
V. stamineum, DEERBERRY or SQUAW-HUCKLEBERRY. Dry woods,
N. & S. : 2° -.3° high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves,
anthers much longer than the greenish or whitish 5-clcft corolla, and laryu-
greenish berries.
211 IIKATH FAMILY.
§ 4 CRANBERRY; creeping or trailing very slender hardly woody plants, with
small evergreen leaves tr/titis/t hcnrnth, single flowers in summer, borne on
slfndi r ii-ii-t /Kilii-i/.-i, /ink rose corolla </<•»/</'/ jmrtul into 4 narrow rtflexed
divisions, 8 diitliers with very lomj tithes hid no aims on the buck, and Mid
rid /•'/•/•// 4-<-i l/iil, n/ii in (iiiti/iini.
V. OxyCQCCUS, SMALL C. Cold peat-hogs X. & K. : a delicate little plant,
flowering at the end of the steins, the ovate acute leaves (only ,-J' Ion- ) with
strongly revolute margins, lierry only half as la rye as in the next, often speckled
with white, .-eldoni gathered for market.
V. macrocarpon, LARGE or AMERICAN C. Boys from Virginia N. ;
with steins 1° to 3° long, growing on so that the (lowers become lateral, oh-
lony ohtu.-c leaves sometimes £' long, and with le.-s revolute margins, and
berries £' or more long ; largely cultivated for the market K.
3. CHIOGENES. ( Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-\rhite berries. )
C. hispidula, CREEPING SNOWKKKKY. Cool peat-hogs and low mossy
woods N. : with nearly herhaceous slender creeping stems, very small ovate
pointed evergreen lea\es, their lower surface and the hranehlets l.eset with rusiy
hristles, minute axillary flowers in late s].ring, and white herries ripe in summer :
these and the foliage have the flavor of Aromatic Wintergreen.
4. ERICA, IIKATH. (Ancient Greek name.) All belong to the < >M
World. The Heaths of the con>ervatories, Uooming in winter, helony to
various species from C'ape of Good Hope, Of the European species one hears
the winter well at the North, and is planted, viz.
E. carnea (in the form called K. IIKRB\CEA), of the Alps ; a low under-
sliruh, with linear b'uiit leaves whorled in fours, and rosy or bright tle>h-colorcd
(lowers, with narrow corolla rather longer than calyx, in early spring.
5. CALLUNA, HEATHER, LING. (Name from Greek, to sweep, brooms
being made from its twigs in Europe.)
C. VUlgai'is, COMMON II. of North Europe, seldom planted, very sparingly
found wild in E. New England and Nova Scotia, &e. : II. summer.
6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBEEBY (the name in Greek).
A. D'va-'drsi, COMMON H. ; trailing over rocks and bare Mis N., forming
mats, with thick smooth and entire ohovate or spatulate evergreen leaver, and
small scalv-hraeted nearlv white flowers in a short raceme, in early spring, fol-
lowed by 'the red austere berries. Leaves used in medicine, a>tringent and
.some\\ hat mucilaginous.
7. GAULTHERIA, AROMATIC WINTERGHEEN, &c. (Named
for />,-. (i,iiiitlii,r or ti'anltin- of Quebec, over IMd years ago.)
G. prociimbens, ('i;i:i:i>iNr, W., r,<>\r.i KKV, CMI:< 'KKRHERRY, Xc. ;
common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender mo-tly
Mil.lerraneaii runners, sending up stems :V - .V In'uh. bearing at summit a few
obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding white flowers in the
a\ils. the edible red " berries " la-ting over winter : the-e and the folia-e famil-
iar for their spicv tlavor, yielding the oil of wintergreen
G. Shallon, in the shade of evergreen wood- of Oregon. &c., and sparingly
]ilanted, a shrub spreading over the ground, with glossy ovate slightly heart
t-haped leaves al>oui :!' lony, and (lowers in racemes.
8. EPIG-2EA. (Name in Greek tneau- on tin- i/ronnd, from the growth.)
E. l*6pens, TK\II.IN<: Ain-.fTrs, GI;.MM> LM-IM i , or, in New England,
MAYFLOWER. Sandy or some rocky woods, chiefly E., under pines, \c. ; pros-
HEATH FAMILY. 215
trate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat heart-shaped leaves slender-petioled,
and small clusters of rose-colored or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers in early
spring.
9. CASSANDRA, LEATHER-LEAF. (A mythological name.)
C. calyculata. Wet bogs N. and mostly E. ; low much branched shrub,
with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with some fine
scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the upper leaves
forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring.
10. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked
scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and open the
next year.
§ 1 . Evergreens on moist Ixinks of streams, with very smooth and glossy finely
and sharply serrate leaves ; the rather catkin-like dense racemes sessile in
their a,rils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers in spring,
exhaling the-scent of Chestnut-blossoms.
L. Catesbaei, abounds from Virginia S. along and near the mountains,
with long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper-pointed leaves on
conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals.
L. axillaris, belongs to the low country S., flowers very early, has broader
less pointed leaves on very short petioles, and broad-ovate sepals.
§ 2. Deciduous-leaved, with one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the branches,
flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous leaves are
developed ; bractlets dose to the calyx, acute.
L. racembsa. Low grounds E. & S. ; erect, 4° - 8° high, with oblong
acute serrulate leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and
4-awned anthers.
11. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely tinged
with rose, mostly in spring.
§ 1 . Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the end of the branches, formed
in summer and opening early the next spring : leaves evergreen.
A. floriblinda. Along the Alleghanies S. and planted for ornament ;
30 _ 10° high, very leafv, the lance-oblong acute leaves serrulate with very fine
bristly teeth, abundance of handsome flowers, the ovate-urnshaped corolla
strongly 5-angled ; anthers 2-awned low on the back.
§ 2. Flowers in umbel-like clusters: leaves evergreen : stamens 2-awned.
A. polif61ia. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6' - 1 8' high, smooth and glaucous ;
with lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath, flowers in a simple termi-
nal umbel, the corolla almost globular.
A. nitida. Low pine-barrens from North Carolina S. ; 2° -6° high, very
smooth, with 3-angled branchlets, ovate or oblong and entire glossy leaves,
abundant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate-
cylindrical corolla.
§ 3. Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late spring or
ear/// summer: leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or coriaceous : pods
5-angled by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of opening.
* Flowers £' or more, long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless shoots :
stamens 2-awned. Smooth orniiinnitnl shrubs, 2°-4° hiiih.
A. specibsa. Low barrens S., barely hardy X. in cultivation; with oval
or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often' mealy-whitened ; corolla open bell-
shaped.
A. Mariana, STAGGER-BUSH (the foliage said to poison lambs and calve>).
Low grounds E. & S. ; with glossy oval or oblong entire veiny leaves, and
leaf-like lanceolate sepals half the length of the almost cylindrical corolla.
216 HEATH FAMILY.
* Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla. Rusty pu-
bescent or scurfy shrubs, 4° - 10° high.
A. ferruginea. Low sandy grounds S. with thick and rigid mostly ever-
green rusty obovate leaves, the margins revolute.
A. ligustrina. Low grounds E. & S. ; with thin and green obovate-oblong
leaves, and jmnicled clusters of small flowers.
12. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL-TREE, SOUR- WOOD. (Both the
Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves.) One species.
O. arbbreum. Rich woods, Pcnn. to Ohio and S. ; tree 15° -40° high,
smooth, with oblong-lanceolate pointed serrulate leaves (resembling those of The
Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clus-
tered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches of the season, in early
summer.
13. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for
Peter l\«l m, pupil of Linmeus, who travelled in this country before the
middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. : foliage
thought to poison cattle. Fl. spring and early summer.
K. latifolia, LARGE MOUNTAIN-L., also CALICO-BDSH, SPOON-WOOD, &c.,
in Middle Status. Common N. in damp grounds and along the mountains S.'
where it forms very dense thickets, 4°-10° or even 20° "high, with mostly
alternate lance-ovate leaves bright green l>oth sides ; the large and showy
clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted flowers terminal and clammy
in early summer.
K. angustifdlia, NARROW-LEAVED or SHEEP L., LAMKILL. Low or
dry grounds ; 2°-;i° high, with narrow-oblong short-petioled leaves opposite or
in threes and pale beneath, and corymbs uf .smaller crimson-purple flowers lat-
eral (in late spring), their pedicels 'recurved in fruit.
K. glauca, I'AI,K L. Cold bogs N. ; l°-2° high, with 2-ed-ed branches,
opposite sessile oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute margins,
the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring.
14. RHODODENDRON, ROSE-BAY. (The name in Greek means
ttos&tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees. Calyx in our species
small or minute.
* Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth : branches stiff ami e-vrt .- flowers in early
summer from very large terminal buds: coiolta brond'i/ foil-shaped.
R. maximum, GREAT R. or WILD LATUEI,. Mountain sides, abundant
through the. Alleghanies, and N sparingly to Maine and Canada- (>°-20°
high, with lance-Oblong leaves (4'-K>' Ion-) narrowM, !,<•!,, \v, elaminv i.edi-
•Is, and pale ruse or nearly white corolla (I' broad) greenish in the throat, on
the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or reddish : tl. midsummer.
R. Catawbiense, CATAWHA R. High Alleghanies from Virginia S., and
planted; 3°-6° high, with oval or ohlom; leaves rounded at both e*ds and
pale beneath (:{'-.V long), usually rusty pedicels, and large purple corolla:
early summer. This, hybridized with other less |K,nlv species especially
with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum of the 'Himalayas (cult, in
conservatories) gives rise to most of the various Rhododendrons of ornamental
grounds.
R. P6nticum, from Pontus, &c., hardv when planted N. only as a low
Shrub, has ohovate-laneeolate leaves tapering to the base, and a very open bell-
Bhaped purple corolla, in late spring.
* * Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branrlrs slmdcr and spreading or droopir,,, :
flowers in enr/i/ sii
R. punctatum, DOTTED R. Aloni; the mountains E. from N. Carolina
8., and sparingly planted; 4° -6° high, with ohlong or lance-oblong leaves
"cute at both ends, 2' -4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outride
ot the rather small short funnel-shaped rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots 01
atoms.
HEATH FAMILY. 217
* * * Leaves tardily deciduous, thickish : Jlowers borne on the naked shoots in
earliest spring : corolla almost wheel-sha/ied, bright rose-purple.
R. Dauricum, cult, from Siberia ; a low shrub, with small oblong leaves
(!' -2' long) sprinkled with minute dots, becoming rusty beneath.
15. AZALEA. (Name in Greek means arid ; not applicable to these orna-
mental shrubs, which grow in low, wet, or shady grounds.)
§ 1. CHINESE AZALEAS, with thickish almost or quite evergreen leaves, rather
leafy calyx, short-tubtd corolla approaching to bell-shapid, and often 10
stamens, — therefore in strictness rather Rhododendrons :
A. Indica, cult, from China and Japan, &c., is however the AZALEA of
florists, flowering in late winter and early spring in conservatories, with red,
purple, pink, white or variegated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves,
and shoots beset with appressed awl-shaped rusty bristles.
§ 2. TRUE AZALEAS or FALSE HONEYSUCKLES, with deciduous leaves, slen-
der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style long
and protruded : hardy ornamental shrubs.
* Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant.
A. viscbsa, CLAMMY A. Swamps E. & S. ; 4° -10° high, with bristly
branchlets, oblong-obovate mostly smooth leaves commonly pale or whitish
beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged very clammy flowers.
* * Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly pubescent
leaves, in /ale spring, slightly fragrant.
A. nudiflbra, PURPLE A. or PINXTER-FLOWER. Swamps, chiefly E. & S. ;
30 _ go high, with oblong or obovate leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the
rose or pink-red corolla rather glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small.
A. calendulacea, FLAME-COLORED A. In and near the Alleghanies,
especially S., and cult, in hybrid forms ; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and
3arger calyx-lobes than the preceding.
A. Pontica, planted from the Old World, a native of the Caucasus ; has
larger (2' or more broad) golden or orange-yellow flowers, terminating naked
branches, the tube clammy-downy.
16. RHODORA. (Name made from the Greek word for Rose, from the
color of the flowers and general likeness to Rhododendron.)
R. Canaddnsis. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. & E. : low shrub, with
handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than the pale rather
hairy leaves.
17. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND -MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek,
meaning smooth le/tf v
L. buxifblium. In sand, from New Jersey S. ; evergreen shrub a few
inches high, much brancned, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from 4' to
near %' long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring.
18. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Fl. early
summer.
L. Iatif61ium, COMMON or BROAD-LEAVED L. Low and damp or wet
grounds from Penn. N. ; 2° -5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens,
and oblong pods.
19. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of Alder, from
some resemblance in the foliage.) Fl. in summer.
C. alnifblia, the only common species, in low grounds, 3° - 10° high, with
wcdge-obovate sharply serrate straight-veined leaves, and upright pamcled
racemes of fragrant small flowers.
218 HOLLY FAMILY.
20. PYROLA, WIXTEHGRKKX, SlIIX-LKAF. (Old name, .liminu-
live of /'i/nis, ihc IVar-tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers mostly
greenish-white, in summer.)
* Flowir* niidilinif. tin /iitit/* jxirilij r.r]>a/«linr/, the hanging sfi/le more or less
curt'iil, tijijinl iriili a. narrow sli'/ma, and stamens ascending.
P. rotundif61ia. Damp or sandy wood- ; has thick and shining round
lea\e> on short petioles, ma ii \ -dowered raceme, and blunt anthers : a variety in
lio^s has rose-purple flowers.
P. elliptica. Rich woods N. ; has thinnish and dull upright leave- on
rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish-white tlowers nearly as in the
preceding.
P. Chlorantha. Open woods X. ; smaller, the scape only 5'- 6' high, with
a few grceni>h. white (lowers, thick but dull roundi.-h leaves only 1' long, and
anther- .-hort-liorned.
* * flowers all turned to one sidt>, rather spreading than nodding, the petals con-
niriiuj, stamens and style straight, stigma large and 5-rayed.
P. secunda. Rich woods N. & E. : slender, 3' - 6' high, with thin ovate
lea\es and dense spike-like r.ic 'inc.
21. MONESES, OXE-FLOWERED W1XTERGREEX. (Xame, from
the Greek, refers to the solitary (lower.) Flowering in early summer.
M. imiflora. Cold woods N. E. : with roundish and serrate veiny leaves
alu MII V Ion-, -cape •>.' -4' high, and rather large white or rose-colored (lower.
22. CHIMAPHILA, TIPSISSEWA or PHIXCES-PIXE. (Xamc
from Greek, means l,,r«- ,,/' irini<r, \ c. Wintergreen ) Plants of dry wood,,
branched at base, 3' - 10'' high, with fragrant wax-like mostly flesh-colored
(lowers, in early summer.
C. umbellata, COMMON P. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not
spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers.
C. maculata, SI-OTTICD P. Lower, 3' -6' high, with ovate-lanceolate
remotely toothed leaves blotched with white, and 1 - :> tlowers.
23. MONOTROPA, 1XD1 AX PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers to
the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side, or hanging : in
fruit it straightens.) F'l. summer.
M. uniflbra, <'C,\IM,,\ INDIAN PIIM; or Coursic-pi. VNT ; in rich woods ,
smooth, waxy-white all over, 3' - 6' high, with one rather lar-e nodding flower
of' ."> petals and ID stamen-.
M. Hypopitys, PINK-SAP or FALSK P.i.i.m-i.uors ; in Oak and Pine
woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4' -12' high, with several
smallish tlowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 stamens, or the upper-
most "> petals and ID stamen-.
65. AQUIFOLIACEJE, HOLLY FAMILY.
Trrc- «r -limbs, with ;illonialc. simple Imvrs, small mostly po-
IvganiiMis or (lid-cjoiis axillary flowers, lia\ inir divisions of the five
calyx, petals (the-e almo-t or <|iiite diMinet), >tainens (alternate,
with petal-), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-6 or
even ',), and I'ruit. berry-like, containing 4-G single-seeded little
slones. Solitary ovule hanging from the (op of each cell. Sessile
Btigmas 4 — 6, or united into one. Flowers white.
i\i:.Moi'A\Tj[i:s CANAPKNSIS, sometimes called MOUNTAIN HOL-
I.Y, shrub with slender petals and large dull red berries, in cold
woods or bogs N., is (he only representative besides the species of
EBONY I-'AMILY. 21!)
1. ILEX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name, which however belonged rather
to an Oak than to Holly.) Fl. early summer : fruit autumn.
§ 1. TRUE HOLLY, with thick and rigid evergreen leaves, red berries, and parts
of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes.
I. Aquif61ium, EUROPEAN HOLLY, is occasionally planted, not quite
hardy N. ; tree with more glossy and spiny leaves, and brighter red berries than
I. opaea, AMERICAN* H. Low grounds from E. New England S. ; tree
20°-40° high, smooth, with gray bark, oval leaves wavy-margined and .-pinv-
toothcd.
I. Dahdon, DAHOON H. Shrub or small tree, of low pine-barrens from
Eastern Virginia S., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear short-petioled
leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. BIYRTIFOLIA, with n arrow IT
leaves barely 1' long and mostly entire.
I. Cassine, YAUPON H. Shrub on the sandy coast S., with oblong or
lance-ovate crenatc leaves only 1' long, and flowers in sessile clusters. Leaves
used for Ya upon tea.
§ 2. PRINOS, &c., shrubs with deciduous mostly thin leaves, and red berries.
* Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6 : nutlets striate on the back.
I. decidua. Wet grounds S. & W. ; with wedge-oblong or lancc-obovafe
obtusely serrate leaves downy on the midrib beneath, when old glossy above,
and with acute calyx-lobes.
I. ambigua. Wet grounds S. ; with the thin oval or oblong pointed
leaves smooth or smoothish and sharply serrate, and obtuse ciliate calyx-lobes.
I. mollis. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S."; like the
last, but soft-downy, and fertile peduncles very short.
* * Parts of -the blossom 6 (or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 4-6 in the sterile
flowers : nutlets of the berry smooth and even.
I. verticillata, COMMON WINTERBERRY or BLACK ALDER. Common
In low grounds ; with obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves (l^'-2' long)
acute or pointed at both ends, the lower surface often downy, verv short-pedim-
cled flowers mostly clustered, and very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in
autumn. There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name
is rather misleading.
I. Isevigata, SMOOTH W. Wet grounds along the coast of New England
to Virginia ; has smoother and narrower minutely serrate leaves glo>sy above,
long-peduncled sterile flowers, and larger less bright berries ripening earlier.
§ 3. INKBERRY ; shrubs m'th tlu'ckish evergreen leaves glossy above, often blackish-
dotted beneath, parts of the flower 6, or rarely 7-9, and with black
astringent bei~ries, their nutlets smooth and even.
I. glabra, COMMON IXKRERRY. Along sandy coast from Mass. S., 2° - 4°
high ; with wedge-oblong few-toothed near the apex, flowers several on the
sterile, solitary on the fertile peduncles.
I. COriacea. Wet soil from Carolina S. ; 4° -8° high, with larger obovatf
oblong or oval leaves entire or with scattered .sharp teeth.
66. EBENACE.ZE, EBONY FAMILY.
Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire leaves,
from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes to the corolla,
several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hanging in each cell, and
berry with large hard-coated seeds. Represented only by
1. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE -l'I, I'M. (Ancient Greek
name.) Flowers polygamous or dicecious the fiTti'e ones single in axils of
leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered. Calyx and corolla each 4-6-
lobed. Stamens about 16 in the stewle, 8 imperfect ones in the fertile flowers,
220 STORAX FAMILY.
inserted (,n the tube of the corolla : anthers turned inwards. Berry edible
when very ripe, plum-like, frlohnhir, surrounded at base l.v the per-Ntent
thickish calyx. Fl. early summer.
D. Virginiana, COMMON P. Southern New England to Illinois and S. :
tree 20°-60° hi^h, with very hard blackish wood, nearly smooth tliickish ovate
leaves, very short peduncles, 4-parted calyx, pule yellow 4-cleft corolla, 4 stvlcs
2-lobed at tip, s-eclled ovary, and plum-like fruit green and very acerb, but yel-
low, sweet, and eatable after frost.
67. SAFOTACE^I, SAPPODILLA FAMILY.
Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood, and in other
respects also resembling the last family, but mostly with milky
juice, perfect flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, and
Lony-coated seeds. Represented S. by a few species of
1. BUMELIA. (Ancient name of a kind of Ash, transferred to this penus.)
Flowers Mnall, white or whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calvx
"•parted. Corolla 5-eleft, and with a pair of internal appenda-o between the
lobes, 5 jjood stamens before them, and as many petal-like Sterile ones or
scales alternating. Ovary o-celled, hairy : Style 1, pointed. Fruit cherrv-
likc, containing a single lanre stony-coated seed. Small trees or shrubs, wiib
branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves entire. Fl. summer:
fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river-banks, <!ic.
B. lycioides, from Virginia to Illinois and S., is smooth, with oliovatc-
oblongor lance-wedge-shaped leaves -2' -4' I'm-, and Lrn-eni-h (lowers.
B. tenax, still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky underneath,
and a shorter white corolla.
B. Ianugin6sa, in dry soil from S. Illinois S. ; has leaves rusty-hairv or
woolly beneath, and white corolla.
68. STYRACACE^, STORAX FAMILY.
Shrubs or trees, \vilh alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers with
4-8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearin.-r twice as
many or indefinitely numerous partly iiionadelphous or polyadel-
phous stamens, only one style, and a l-5-celled 1 -5-seeded fruit.
Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in ours coherent more or
less with the 2-4-celled ovary.
1 STVK'AX. Flowers from the axils of the leaves white, showy, on droopin- pe-
duncles. Calyx scarcely 5-tOOthed, il> base, coherent merely with the base ..'
lll(1 8-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corollaopen bell-shaped, mostly 6-parted
rather downy OUtside. Stamens twice OS many as the io lies,, C the corolla,
with flat filaments monadelphoua at base, and' linear anthers. Fruit drv,
l-celled, with usually only one globular hard-coated seed at it- base.
IALESIA Flowers in fasoiclea <m han-ini: pedicels from the axils of the
deciduous leave- of the preeediiiu' year, white, showy. Calvx 4-tu.ithed. tllO
tube wholly coherent with the 2 -4-CCUed ovary. 1'etals .(.'or united into a
haped corolla. Stamens S-10: filaments monadelphoua at the I
anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fmit \:u-^ and drv, 2-4-
Winged, within bony or woody and 1 - 4-eclled, a sinde seed filliiV each
slender cell.
3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowor* yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not droop-
Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the lower part of the 3-eelIed ovary.
Petals ',. broad, nearly separate. Stamens very many in 5 clusters, one
attached to the. base «i each petal: filaments verv slemler : anthers vcrv
•wort Fruit l-celled, 1-sc-eded, small and drv.
PLANTAIN FAMILY. 221
1. STYRAX, STORAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, &c. with
some scurf or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or barrens, from Vir-
ginia S. : fl. late spring.
S. grandif61ia, has obovate leaves (2' -6' long) white downy beneath, and
flowers mostly numerous in racemes.
S. pulverulenta, has oval or ohovatc leaves less than 2' long, their
lower face scurfy -downy, and fragrant flowers few together or single.
S. Americana, has oblong almost glabrous leaves acute at both ends, and
flowers 2-4 together or single.
2. HALESIA, SNOWDROP- or SILVER-BELL-TREE. (Named for
Stephen Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) Tall shrubs
or small trees, flowering in spring just as the leaves appear.
H. tetraptera, FOUR-WINGED H. Along streams from Virginia and the
Ohio River S., planted for ornament and hardy N. : tall, smoothish, with oblong
finely serrate leaves, 4-lobed corolla, 12-16 strongly monadelphous stamens,
and 4-winged fruit.
H. diptera, TWO-WINGED H., confined to low country S. ; has coarsely
serrate more downy oval leaves, 4 nearly distinct petals (!' long), 8-12 nearly
distinct stamens, and 2-winged fruit.
3. SYMPLOCOS. ( A Greek name, means growing together. ) Fl. spring.
S. tinctoria, SWEET-LEAF, HORSE-SUGAR. Shrub or small tree, in rid:
ground S., with coriaceous oblong nearly entire almost evergreen leaves, pale
beneath, and small odorous flowers in close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves
sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by cattle.
69. PLANTAGINACE.SI, PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus
1. PLANT AGO, PLANTAIN, RIBGRASS. (The old Latin name.)
Flowers in a spike, on a naked scape, small, whitish. Sepals 4 (or rarely 3
from two of them growing together), imbricated, persistent. Corolla short
salver-form, thin and membranaceous, usually becoming scarious and dry, or
withering on the pod ; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 2) borne on the tube of
the corolla : filaments usually lengthening suddenly at flowering time and
hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2-celled anthers. Style and long hairy
stigma single and thread-like. Ovary 2-celled. Pod 2-ccllcd, a pi/rix, the top
falling off as a lid, and the partition then falling out along with the 2 or more
seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the ground. The following are the
common species : fl. summer.
§ 1 . Flowers all alike and perfect, in each the style protruded a din/ or two before
the anthers open or are hung out : lobes of corolla remaining wide open.
P. major, COMMON PLANTAIN, in yards, &c. Usually smooth or smooth-
i*h, with ovate or oval 5 - 7 -ribbed leaves, a slender spike, and 7 - 16-seeded
pod. 11
P. lanceolata, RIBGRASS, RIPPLEGRASS, or ENGLISH PLANTAIN. Nat.
from Eu. in fields: rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong 3-5-ribbed
leaves, a grooved-angled scape, thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly
united into one, and 2-seeded pod. 11
P. maritima, SEASIDE P. Salt-marshes N. E. ; smooth, with linear thick
and fleshy sometimes almost terete leaves, showing no ribs, slender spike, and
2 - 4-seeded pod. © 11
§ 2. Flowers almost dimcious, or of 2 sorts, one with 4 long stamens and
corolla, the other with minute short stamens, and corolla dosing permanently
over the pod.
P. Virginica. Sandy grounds mostly S. : small, pubescent, with obovate
or lance-spatulate 3-5-ribbed leaves, a small spike, and 2-seeded pod.
222 PRIMHOSK FAMILY.
70. PLUMB AGINACE^J, LEADWORT FAMILY.
Known by the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5-lobed
plaited calyx, o stamens opposite as many petals or lobes of the
corolla and almost ,-eparate from them, 5 styles or •> .-tigmas, and
the free ovary 1 -celled, containing a single ovule hanging; on a
sh-nder stalk which rises from its base ; the fruit a small utricle.
§ 1. Low hardy herbs, with haves all from the root, aiul flowers on scapes, having
a funnel-shaped srariiing ruly.r. urm-ly or quite separate /Ht'ils liiprriny at base,
and 5 almost or quite separate styles.
1. AK.MK1.MA. Tufti-il plants with evergreen very narrow and entire leaves,
simple scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose-
hairy towards the ba-e.
2. STAT'ICE. Broadish-leaved herlis, with scapes branching into a panicle,
bearing 3-bracted (lowers or clusters : styles smooth.
§ 2. Plants of warm regions, with branching mostly woody stems bearing alternate
tntirb U'lircs, in/if brai'tvil spikes <;/' handsome Jiuteerts, huviity a tubular calyx
and corolla, ana one style bearing i'l stiymas.
3. I'LOlBAiii i. Calyx ">-toothcd at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or
angles. Corolla salver-form, with long tube.
1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old Celtic name latinized.) Fl. summer. ^
A. vulgaris (also called A. MAK/TIMA), COMMON THRIFT, wild on shores
of Europe, ,£c., cult, in gardens for edgings, &c., with short spreading leaves
and scape 3' - 6' high.
2. STATICE. (Ancient Greek, moaning astringent, the roots used as such
in popular medicine.) A few species of the. Old World are cult, in choice
gardens, but not commonly. 2/
S. Lim6niuin, SEA-LAVENDEB or MAKSH-HOSKMARY. Along the coast
in salt-marshes : with oblong or spatulutu thick and pale leaves on slender
peti.ilcs, scapes l°-2° high, bearing hivcudei -colored (lowers all summer.
3. PLUMBAGO, LKADWoKT (which the Latin name denotes). The
following are. cult, in conservatories, or turned out to flower all summer.
P. Cap6nsis, CAPE L., with somewhat climbing angled stems, oblong
spatulate leaves, and large pale, or lead-blue corolla, the tube li' long.
P. COCCinea, l\icn-ri.nwi:i:i;i> L., of the Hast Indies, is mure tender, with
dee]) red (lowers.
P. Zeylanica, WHITE-FLOWERED L., of die East Indies, with smaller
white (lowers.
71. PRIMULACE.S), PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the
(•orollji, and as many as its divisions and oppo-ite them, one style,
ami stigma, and many or sometimes lew ovules on a f'rve central pla-
centa of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod.
§ 1. M7//I i«ir<s nil fi-i'i/i //,. /-./.I/ ii n, t simple, thejlowers on a scape,
* From a Jib roue-rooted croton or root-slock.
1. ritTMT'LA. Calyx f.-toothed or ".-cleft, often angled. Corolla s:ilver-«hnped
or funnel-shaped with .r» spreading lubes; the >taiiienr, included in i!~ tube.
1'u.l opening by valves or teeth at the tup. Flowers ill an umbel, which is
B63 lie in uiie species, but UMiallv rai-ed on a scape.
2. DO|)|;C \ i IIKON. Calyx 6-parted, reflexed. Corolla 6-parted; the divisions
l:nice.,l:ite. ~tiMiiL.rl\ 1'ellexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender eune, the
linear anthers very much longer than the short partly moiiadelphous lila-
meiit.s. 1'od splitting into 0 valves. Flowers in an umbel.
PRIMROSE FAMILY. 223
* # From a depressed or biscuit-shaped fleslnj corm.
3. CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a
scape or stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed.
§ 2. With leofy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire,
# In one tohorl at the summit of the slender stem: parts of the flower 7.
4. TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united
only at base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblon
both pointed. Filaments united in a ring at base: anthers oblong, curving
when old. Flowers white.
# * Tre pairs or whorls along the stems : parts of the flower mostly 5.
5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla yellow, wheel-shaped, 5-parted (or rarely of 5, 6, or
even 7 nearly or quite separate narrow petals). Filaments beardless, often
monadelphous at base. Pod splitting into valves.
6. ANAGALLIS. Corolla red, blue, or white, wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad.
Filament-* bearded. Pod (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top
falling oft* as a lid, many-seeded.
* * # Alternate leaves along the branching stems : base of calyx and ovary coherent.
7. SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body
like a sterile filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded,
splitting into 5 valves. Flowers small, white, in racemes.
§ 3. With hollow inflated leafy stems ; the leaves wlwrled or scattered, the lower ones
pinnately parted : parts of the flower 5.
8. HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short salver-shaped : stamens included.
Pod opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in
whorls along the upper part of the stem and branches.
1. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, &c. (Name from primns,
spring, from the flowering-time of true Primrose.) ^ Twro small species
are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) : the following are the
common ones cult, for ornament.
* Tender house-plant, with inflated conical calyx, and round-heart-shaped 7 — 9-
lobed leaves.
P. Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE, a downy plant, with often proliferous
umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, sometimes double,
in one variety cut-fringed.
* * Hardi/ or nearly so, from Eu , with larrjc tubular or oblong-bell-shaped nni/lnl
ai/i/.r, inn! wrinkled-veiny oblony or aputn/nt/' /W;/vs /ii/><:/-<>ty into short wintj-
margined petioles : flowers naturally yellow, in sprint/.
P. grandifl6ra (or ACAULIS), TRUE PRIMROSE, has leaves somewhat
hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on slender pedicels from their axils,
the proper scapes not developed ; corolla flat, sulphur-yellow.
P. officinalis (or VERIS), ENGLISH COWSLIP; somewhat pubescent with
minute pale down, .-capes bearing the umbels above the leaves, much smaller
flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla rather concave or cup-like, tin-
throat commonly orange. The sorts of POLYANTHUS arc cultivated varictie-,
with flowers enlarged, of various colors, or partycolored, often more or less
double.
* * * Srtiri'f'/i/ Jut r<l>/ N., irith bcll-slinpcd mli/.r much shorter than t/n- /'ini/n/-
shaped corolla, and smooth and tiiicl.- obovate /mi-t-s, mostly covered icit/i
some fine mealiness.
P. Auricula, AURICULA, of Southern Europe; low, with sessile leaves,
and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varieties white,
purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double.
2. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for
D. Meadia, called SHOOTING-STAR at the Wot, or sometime.- AMI. KM \N
COWSLIP : in rich open woods from IVnn. S. and especially W., and cult, for
ornament : smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves around the base
224 PRIMROSE FAMILY.
of a simple scape, 6' -2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand-
some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, becom-
ing erect in fruit : fl. late spring.
3. CYCLAMEN". (Classical name for the wild plant of Europe called
SOWBREAD.) Cult, in this country as house-plants tor winter-flowering.
Flowers ro-c-eo!orcd, pink, or white, nodding on the apex of the stalk, the
reflexed lobes turned upwards. 2/
C. Europseum, COMMON C. Corm l'-2' in diameter, sending up heart-
shaped thick sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and
crimson-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and (lowers with open
thmat and oval or oblong divisions, the tlower-stalks coiled up after flowering
so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen.
C. Persicum, PERSIAN C., is more tender, with longer and lanceolate
di\ i-ious and less open throat to the corolla, the flower-stalks not coiling after
blossoming.
4. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED-WIXTERGREEN. (From Latin
for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European species.) 11
T. Americana, AMERICAN C. or STAR-FLOWER. In open low woods,
especially N. : a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, and at top
a whorl of long-lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, also 2 or 3 slender-
stalked delicate rowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring.
5. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in Greek).
Fl. summer. ^
§ 1. ]Vi/d species of the country, in low or wet grounds : corolla yellow.
L. thyrsiflbra. Wet swamps N. : smooth, with simple stem leafless at
ba-e, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of one or two of them
a ,-hort-peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, having slender fila-
ments and lance-linear mostly separate purplish-dotted petals, and as many little
teeth between them.
L. Stricta. Common N. & S. : smooth, very leafy, branching, with mostly
opposite lanceolate sessile dark-dotted leaves tapering to each end, (lowers on
slender pedicels in a terminal long raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments mo-
nadelphous, and lance-oblong lobes of corolla blackish-streaked.
L. quadrifblia. Sandy moist ground : rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate
;;essile leaves 4 (or 3-6) in a whorl, slender peduncles in the axils of the upper
ones, and ovatc-obloug lobes of corolla dark-streaked.
L. ciliata. Low thickets; with erect stems 2° -3° high, opposite dotless
leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base and on fringed
petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils, light yellow
corolla not streaked nor dotted, the lobes round-ovate and wavy-margined or
denticulate, little longer than the sepals.
L. radicans, from Virginia S. W., resembles the foregoing, but stems or
Iwanches reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half.
L. lanceolata, commonest W. & S., is similar, but with oblong or linear
leaves mostlv narrowed into short and margined petioles.
L. Ionglf61ia, from Western New York W., ha< similar but deeper yellow
(lowers, and sessile linear blunt stem-leaves of thicker texture.
§ 2. European spu-ii* hi cultivated grounds, frc.
L. vulgaris, COMMON L. of Europe: a rather stout downy plant, 2° -3°
high, with oblong or lance-ovate leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, flowers in panicles,
and monadelphoufi filaments.
L. nummularia, MONKYWOUT : trailing and creeping in damp garden-
grounds, or running wild sometimes; smooth, with opposite small round
lea\es, and solitary flowers in their axils on short peduncles. (Lessons, p. 73,
tig. 199.)
BLADDERWOUT FAMILY. 225
6. AN AGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delightful.)
Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer.
A. arvensis, COMMON P. or POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS, the small
(red, purple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of rain ; in gardens
and running wild in sandy fields ; spreading on the ground, with pale ovate
leaves shorter than the peduncles, and rounded petals fringed with minute
glandular teeth. ®
A. CSerulea, BLUE P., of the gardens, a tender mostly larger form of the
preceding, with larger blue flowers. (T)
7. SAMOLUS, WATER-PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name,
of unknown meaning.) Fl. late summer. © 2/
S. Valerandi, var. Americanus. Along rills and wet places ; spread-
ing, 6' — 10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers on slender pedi-
cels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at base.
8. HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHERFOIL. (Named
for a Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Fl. summer. 2/
H. inflata. A singular plant in pools and ditches, smooth, with stems and
branches much inflated except at the joints, bearing finely cut pectinate leaves ;
flowers white.
72. LENTIBULACE^I, BLADDERWORT FAMILY.
Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod as in Primrose
Family, but with irregular bilabiate flowers bearing a spur or sac
underneath, and only 2 stamens: — represented by the two follow-
ing genera.
1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2-
lipped, the lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and
below a large spur. Anthers 2, converging in the throat of corolla. Stigma
2-lipped. Leaves finely cut, mostly into threads or fibres, many bearing
little air-bladders; some are leafless.
2. PINGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx S -cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla
distinctly lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is
open. Otherwise as in Urricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the
1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, soft and tender.
1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. (Utriculus, a little bladder.)
Fl. all summer. The following are the commonest species.
* Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla violet-purple.
U. purpurea. Only E. & S., with 2-4 flowers on the peduncle, and a
rather short spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla.
* * Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla yellow.
U. inflata. Only E. & S.: swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of
leaves around base of the 5-10-flowcred scape inflated into oblong bladders,
besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves.
U. vulgaris, LARGE B. Common in still or slow water ; the stems
long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like many-parted leaves; flowers
5- 10 in raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than lower lip.
U. intermedia. Chiefly N. in shallow water, with stems
bearing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladd
these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flowered ;
spur nearly equalling the very broad lo\ver lip.
U. gibba. Chiefly Middle States : small, with short branches bearing
sparse thread-like leaves and some bladders, 1 - 2-flowercd peduncles only 1
high, and blunt conical spur shorter than lower lip.
15
226 I'.I'JNOXIA FAMILY..
U. biflbra. Chiefly S. : stems 4' - 6' long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and
maiiv bladders, 1 - .'J-llowered peduncles 2' - 4' liigh, and awl-shaped spur us
long as loan- lip.
* * # Slinjilf U nil <wt naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with minute and
fuijiii-iims ijruxs-like leaves seldom seen : commonly no bladders : flowers
ow.
U. SUbulata, from N. Jersey S. in wet sand; very slender, 3' - 5' high,
witli several very small slender-pedicel led flowers.
U. cornuta. In tiogs N. ..<; S. ; ti'- 15' high, bearing 2-4 large flowers
crowded together on short pedicels, or 8. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller
flowers.
2. PINGUICULA, BUTTERWORT. (Name from Latin, pinguis, fat.
Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in ours are more
or less clammy-pubescent.)
* ( 'orolla violet-purple ; the upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed.
P. vulgaris, is scarce on wet rocks along our northern larders ; scape 2'
high ; upper lip of corolla short ; spur straightish and slender : fl. summer.
P. pumila, in moist sand from Georgia S. & W., has rather large flower
on scape '2' -6' high, with blunt sac-like spur: ti. spring.
P. elatior, borders of ponds from N. Carolina S., has scapes near 1° high,
and large corolla (I' wide) with bluut spur : fl. summer.
* * Corolla yellow, more bell-shaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes often cleft.
P. liltea. Wet pine barrens S. ; whole plant yellowish, with nodding
flower (!' or more wide) on scape 6' -12' high, m spring.
73. BIGNONIACE.SI, BIGNONIA FAMILY.
Woody plants, or a few herbs, with more or less bilabiate flowers,
diandrous or didynammis stamens (often with rudiments of the
wanting ones), 2-lipped stigma, free variously 1 - 4-celled ovary,
and fruit, usually a pod, containing many large mostly flat and
winged seeds, filled with the large embryo: no albumen.
I. BIGNONIA FAMILY PROPER ; almost all woody plants,
\vi;h opposite leaves, 1 — 2-celled pods, and flat winged seeds. (Les-
sons, p. 126, fig. 415, 416.)
$ 1. Climbers, with comjwund leaves and I fertile stamens in tiro pairs.
* Barely woody or herbaceous : ovary and pod one-celleii with 2 parietal placenta.
1. KCCKKMOCARPUS. Calyx 5-elcft, short. Corolla tubular, \vith5shortand
round recurved lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round.
* is Wwxlii-stemmed: ovary and pod '2-celled, but the placenta parietal: valves of pod
fnllinij away from UK. /»irlithm : set-tig with a broad thin icintj.
2. ni(i\n\|\. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed.
l'»d flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf-
Irila.
3. TKCIIMA. Calyx '.-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-shaped,
6-lobed. l'"«l ilaltisb or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges 01
which -eparate t'n.in the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pinnate.
'I he hardy species climl' I'V rootlets.
§ 2. Trees, irith simple learns <iml 2 or rarely 4 fertile stamens.
4. CATALI'A. (^ilvx deeply 2-lip])e,l. Ccirolla inflated hell-shaped, the 5-lobed
border more or les^ •j-lijipt-d and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging;
the partition contrary to the. valves. Narrow win^ of the seed lacerate-
' (For corolla and stamens, see Lessons, p. 92, fig. 265.)
BIGNONIA FAMILY. 227
. II. SESAMUM FAMILY, &e. ; herbs, with simple leaves,
some of the upper ones alternate, and 4-celled ovary and fruit
(but the stigma of only 2 lips or lobes), containing flat but thick-
coated wingless seeds.
5. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-partcd, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the
2 lobes of the upper lip shorter than the others. Stamens 4. Fruit an
oblong obtusely 4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves, almost sessile.
6. MA1HTXIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in
terminal corymb or raceme.
1. ECCREMOCARPUS. (Name, from the Greek, means hanging fruit.)
E. SCaber, or CALA.MPELIS SCABER, from Chili, cult, in gardens and con-
servatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the end of the twice pinnate
leaves; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, ovate or heart-shaped; flowers in
loose drooping racemes ; corolla inflated-clubshaped and gibbous, orange-red,
about 1' long.
2. BIGNONIA. (Named for the French Abbe Bignon.) Our only true
native BIGNONIA is
B. capreolata. Climbing trees from S. Virg. to 111. and S. ; smooth,
the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short petiole and often what seems
like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong leaflets heart-
shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them ; flowers several in the
axils, the corolla '2' long, orange-red outside, yellow within, in spring.
3. TE'COMA, TRUMPET-FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.)
Formerly under BIGXOXIA, which name the species still bear in cultivation.
Fl. late summer.
T. radicans, WILD T. or TRUMPET-CREEPER. Wild from Pcnn. and
111. S., planted farther N. ; climbing freely by rootlets ; leaves of 5 - 1 1 ovate or
lance-ovate taper-pointed and toothed leaflets; flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow
and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped.
T. grandifl6ra, GREAT-FLOWERED T. Cult, from Japan and China,
not quite hardy N., climbing little, with narrower leaflets, and 5-clcft calyx
nearly equalling the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3' long and
broad, much wider than in the foregoing.
T. Capensis, CAPE T. of conservatories, has smaller and rounder leaflets,
naked-pcdmicled cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored
corolla 2' long, and stamens protruded.
T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, from Australia, twining,
very smooth, with lance-ovate entire bright green leaflets, and white corolla
pink-purple in the throat.
4. CATALPA, or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name; the popular
name alludes to the shape of the pods.)
C. bignonioides, COMMON CATALPA. Tree wild S. W., and widely
planted; with large heart-shaped pointed leaves downy beneath, open panicles
(in summer) of white flowers (!' long) variegated and dotted within witli some
yellow and purple, and pods 1° long.
S. Kseinpferi, of Japan, beginning to be planted, has smooth leaves,
y of them 3-lobed or angled, and flowers one half smaller.
5. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) ®
S. IndiCUm, from India and Egypt, somewhat cult, or running wild in
waste places far S. ; rather pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, the
lower often 3-lobed or parted, pale rose or white corolla 1' long, and swi-i-t
oily seeds, used in the East fot food, oil, <!i.e.
228 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
6. MARTYNIA, UXK'OHX-PLAXT. (Named hy Linnams for Prnf.
Murti/n.) ( 'lammy-pnl.cscent and licavy-.sct ntcd rank herbs, with long-
petioled rounded and obliquely heart-shaped wavy-margined leaves, and large
flowers, in summer, (i)
M. probOSCidea, COMMON r. Wild S. W., and cult, in gardens;
coarse, with ncarl\ entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and
yellow spots, and long-beaked fruit.
M. fragrans, SWKI;T-SCI:.\TI:I> U. Cult, from Mexico; less coarse and
clammy, with somewhat 3-lobud or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy violct-
purple vanilla-scented (lowers.
74. GESNERIACE.SJ, GESNERIA FAMILY.
Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corolla<=,
didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many-
seeded placenta?, — therefore botanic-ally like the next family ; but
with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the common cultivated
species have the tube of the calyx coherent at least with the ba<e
of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order
are in choice conservatories ; the commonest are the following.
Gloxinia speci6sa. An almost stomlcss herb, with ovate and crcnately
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles ; the deHexed corolla 2' long,
ventricose, between hell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a short and
spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobed border, violet with a deeper-colored throat,
in one variety white. 2/
Gesn6ria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety,
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ;
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border,
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. —
There are several other species. ^
Achim^nes longifldra. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or
ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped
corolla OVIT an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb '2' or more broad,
violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblcts from
the root. ^
75. OROBANCHACE.E, BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.
Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, and
with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the monopet-
alous corolla more or less 2-lipped or irregular, 4 didvnamous
.-taniens, and one-celled ovary and pod with the 2 or 4 parietal pla-
i-cnta' covered with innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods,
ami mostly parasitic on the roots of trees.
1* EPIPHEGUS. Stems slender and busliy-branching, with small find scattered
M-ali's and two sorts of (lowers >e:itteivii in lnn-e spikes or racemes, with
minute (tracts. Upper flowers conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with
tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long filaments and style; lower flowers small
and short, seldom opening, lint fertili/.ed in the hud.
2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with linn overlapping scales, each of
the upper dues with a (lower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4- 5-toothed,
and split down on the lower sj,|e. Corolla ^liort, -troni;ly U-lipped; upper
lip arched and notched; lower one spreading and 3-clett. Stamens pro-
truding.
3. APHYLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-tlowcred scapes from a scaly
mostly subterranean liase. Calyx r.-cleft. Corolla with a long curved
tube, and a snivading slightly 2-lipped or inviailar 5-lobed border; the lobes
all nearly alike. Stamens included in the tube.
FIGWORT FAMILY. 229
1. EPIPHEGUS, BEECH-DROPS, CANCER-ROOT. (Name in
Greek means on t/ie Beech : the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of
that tree.) One species,
E. Virginiana. Common, about 1° high, with purplish flowers £' or more
long, in late summer and autumn.
2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAW-ROOT, CANCER-ROOT. (The name
is Greek for cone-scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir-cone when
old.) One species.
C. Americana. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming clusters
among fallen leaves, 3' - 6' long, as thick as the thumb, yellowish : fl. early
summer.
3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM-RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED
CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means without leaves.) Fl. spring and
early summer.
A. uniflbrum. Open woods or thickets : slightly clammy-pubescent, with
1-3 scapes (3' -5' high) from a subterranean scaly base, and lance-awl-shaped
calyx-lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla.
A. fasciculatum, the other species, occurs only from Northern Michigan
W. ; has scapes from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular
calyx-lobes.
76. SCROPHULAKIACE.SI, FIGWORT FAMILY.
Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less
irregular monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single
style, entire or 2-lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod contain-
ing several or many seeds on the placenta? in the axis ; these with
a small embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a
few have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens,
either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly herbs, some
shrubby, and one species is a small tree.
§ 1. Intermediate between this family and the Nightshade Family ; the flowers ter-
minal or lateral, never really from the axils of the leaves or bracts ; llie
corolla hardly if at all sensibly 2-lipped, sometimes almost regular, the lobes
plaited in the bud: stiff ma enlarged, often 2-lipped. All garden exotics.
* With 4 stamens only, included within the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla ••
leaves alternate and entire.
1. BRUNFELSIA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded
and about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers
all alike. Fruit fleshy.
2. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with
somewhat unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of
the anthers shorter and only 1-celled. Fruit a dry pod.
* * With 4 anther-bearing stamens and a sterile filament : corolla with wide throat.
3. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifid alternate leaves.
Corolla funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the
lobes all with a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong.
§ 2. Corolla imbricated and not plaited in the bud; the smaller lip 3-parted; the
larger b-deft, and the lobes again Z-cleft or deeplij notched. Flowers terminal,
panicled.
4. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla with tube
shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut up, the middle lobe of the
smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are inclined, more or less
hooded or sac-like. Stamens with good anthers 2, the 2 or 3 others small and
abortive. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, pinnate, or piniiately cut.
230 FIG WORT FAMILY.
§ 3. Corolla with lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud, either 2-Hpped or more
or less irregular, the division* or lubes ,ii most '>. Peduncles from the nxil »f
leavts nr bracts, ii,> il'in; i- 1 1- 1 1- rtiil/i/ /' rmiii'ttiity tin nmiit stun or branches.
* Tree, with /<"•//. mid <>/i/iosite Gitalpa-like [tacts.
5. PAl'I.oWXIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with a
cylindrical or funnel-form tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded
lobes. Stamens 4, included. 1'od turgid, thick, tilled with very numerous
winged seeds.
* * Herbs, or a few becoming low shrubs.
•*- With 5 anther-bearing stamens a.id a whetl-shaped or barely concave corolla.
6. VF.KHASCl'M. Flower- in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisions. All the
filaments or 3 of them woully. Style expanding and tint ut apex. I'o.l
globular, many-seeded. Leaves alternate.
.,_ .,_ \\rith only 2 or 4 anther-bearing stamens.
-4- Corolla wheel-shaped, or at least with irid,' s/>rrading border mostly much longer
tlinn the short lube : Jiowers single in (lie axils of the leaves or collected in a
raceme or spike.
7. CELSIA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts.
8. ALOXSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down i.y
the twisting of the pedieel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be
the upper and the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many-
seeded. Lower leaves opposite or in threes.
9. VKlJi'NICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3-6-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or
sometimes salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of
them usually rather smaller. Stamen* 2, with long slender filaments. Pod
flat or flatfish, 2 - many-seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or some-
times whorled.
4-,. ++ Corolla salrer-shnped, with almost >•< i/u!<tr 4 - :>-},>/» •>! horder : flowers in a
terminal spike. Here one species of A'o. 9 would be smujht.
10. BUCHXKKA. Calyx tulmlar, .Vtootlied. Corolla with a slender tube, and
the border cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, one-celled.
Style club-shaped at the apex. 1'od many->veded. Leaves mainly opposite,
roughish.
+**+++ Corolla either obviously 2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular, or belt-shaped.
= Coroll'i •2-jmrtid iii-iirlif to /lie base, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the loirer lurt/er one
slipper-shaped: stamens only 2 (or very rarely 3), and rm riidinn-iits of more.
11. CAI.cKol.AKIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped
divisions of the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves
chiefly opposite, and flowers in eyme< or clu-ters.
= = Corolla almost 'i-pnrtvd. the middle lobe of tin' Ion; r li/i folia! together to form
a flat packet which encloses the 4 .-itiniti us <nul the style.
12. COLLIXSIA. Calyx deeply ",-eleft. Corolla turned down: its short tube
laterally llattene.i, -trouu'ly liulirini: on the upper side: upper lip 2-clrft and
turned 'back: the lower one lar«rer and :!-lo!>cd, its middle and laterally
flattened |pocket-haped lobe Covered above by the two lateral ones. A little
rudiment of the fifth stamen present. Pod globular, with few or several seeds.
Flower, on pedicels sinirle or most I v chi.-teved in the axils of the upper oppo-
site i rarely whorled} leaves, which' are p-adnally reduced to bracts, forming
an interrupted raceme.
=: = = Corolla not 'i-/>irt<d nor tether-shaped, Imt with n tulic of some length in
]>rn/H>rt!<>n loll,,' 2-li/>j>i-d or uwre or less irrnjular (rarely nearly regular)
4_0-/,,/;, ,/ /;,!/•,/, /; (I ltd
a. \\~ith a s/nir or sur-likf projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting
•I, t» tin AT* /• //'/;, ii-liich commonly closes the throat or nearly so : stamens
4, ami no ohriniis nidi in i nl.
13. LIXA1MA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base.
(Lessons, p. '.HI, li^. ^5S.) Tod many-<e<-ded, opening by a hole or chink
which forms below the .-.iimmit of each cell.
1 1. ANTIRRHINUM. Xo spur, but a sac or gibbosity at the base of the personate
corolla (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 257): otherwise like 13.
FIGWORT FAMILY. 231
b. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat,
nor with the upper lip laterally compressed or folded and narrow and arched.
1. Stamens with anthers 4, and no rudiment oftheffth : peduncles l-ftowered.
15. MAUUANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly
opposite leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers in their axils, climliing
by their coiling leafstalks and flowerstalks. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous.
Corolla open-mouthed, between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2
plaits or hairy lines running down the t'ube within, the border obscurely 2-
lipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading roundish lobes nearly similar, the upper
ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 14.
16. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem, alternate leaves, and a simple
terminal raceme of hanging flowers. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous, the upper
sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less inflated tube and
a short scarcely spreading border, distinctly or indistinctly lobed, the lower
lobe or side longest, the lateral ones outermost in the bud. Pod 2-valved,
many-seeded.
17. GERARDIA. Herbs with branching steins, opposite or some alternate leaves,
and above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx
5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular-funnel form,
with an oblique or rather unequal border, the 5 lobes somewhat equal, the
lower and lateral ones outside in the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite
unequal length. (Lessons, p. 92, fig. 263.) Pod globular or ovate, pointed,
2-valved, manv-seeded.
18. SEYMERIA. Herbs, like 17; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped
tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal spreading lobes ; and
the stamens almost equal, their anthers blunt at base.
19. MIMULUS. Herbs, with opposite leaves, and single flowers in the axils of the
upper ones. Calyx prismatic, with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved
lobes, the lower of 3 rounded spreading lobes. Stamens included. Stigma
of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded.
20. TORENIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. Calyx
prismatic, with sharp angles, 2-lipped at summit, the lips 2-toothed and
3-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular with inflated throat,
4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermost in the bud.
Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the upper
lobe, the longer pair almost equalling the upper lobe and bearing a short
naked- branch or appendage at base; the shorter pair simple and included.
Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded.
2. Stamens with good anthers only 2, a pair of sterile ones or abortive filaments
generally present also: fmcers small: calyx 5-parted: corolla Z-l!ppt'd : liana
opposite, with sinyle flowers in the axil of the upper ones : peduncles simple
and bractless.
21. 1LYSANTHES. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect
and 2-lobed: the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. I'pper pair of stamens
with good anthers, included" in the tube of the corolla; lower pair borne in
the throat and protruded, 2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod
7iiany-seeded.
22. GRAT10LA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft;
lower 3-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair with good anthers; the
lower pair short with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none
at all. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base
of the calyx.
3. Stamens u-i/h anthers 4, the fifth stamen present as a barren f lament or a scale-.
calyx 5-parted or of 5 imbricated sepals: ftif/ma sin/pin: leaves chiefly OppO.
site : flowers in the, axils >f the upper leave's, or when these are reduced t<
bracts forming a terminal panicle or raceme : peduncles few-flowered, or ichen
one-flowered bearing <i pair if bractlets, from the axils <f which Jlowers wi.
spring : pod many-seeded.
23. SCROPHULARIA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a
globular or oval tube, and a short border eomp.xrd of 4 short civet [obes and
one (the lower) spreading or reflexed. Fertile stamens short and included;
the rudiment which answers to the fifth is u little scale at the summit of th«
tube of the corolla.
232 FIGWORT FAMILY.
24. CHF.l.f »NT.. Low upright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in spikes or
dusters in the axils of the upper leave-, and accompanied by closely imbri-
cated concave roundish bracts :uiil hractlets. Corolla short-tubular and
inflated, concave underneath, with tilt; 2 !>n>ad lips only slightly open; the
upper arched, keeled in thf middle, notched at the apex; the lower one
woolly bearded in the tlimat and li-lnlicd at the end. Filaments and anthers
woollv: sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds winged.
25. I'F.N LSI K.MOX. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright
stems branching only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers.
Corolla tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., more or less 2-lipped, open-
ni'.iithed. Sterile filament conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther-
bearing ones. Seeds wingless.
26. Rl'SSKIJ.IA. Kather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular
branches; the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5
short spreading lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament
small and inconspicuous near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless.
C. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or
infolded upper lip of whim is htlinet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely
notcln'il, nuil enclosing the 4 stamens ; no sterile jilament. Ofttn showy but
uncultivable plants.
27. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper,
with flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay
than the corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cleft. Corolla
tubular, with a long and narrow conduplicate erect upper lip, and a very
short 3-lobed lower lip. Cells of the anther unequal, rod many-seeded.
28. PEDICULARIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaves and
spiked flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet-
shaped upper lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 3-lobed.
See. Is several in each cell.
29. MKLAMl'Y Kt'M. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and
(lowers in their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell-
shape. I, 4-cleft, the lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above,
with the lower lip nearly equalling the narrow upper one and its biconvex
palate appressed to it, 3-lobed at the summit. Cells of the anther minutely
pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 seeds in each cell.
1. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brunffls.) Con-
servatory shrubs, from Brazil, cult, under the name of FuANcfscEA ; with
showy flowers, blue or violet turning paler.
B. latifblia, is very smooth, with oval or oblong leaves, and few flowers
at the end of the branches H' across.
B. Hopcana, with lance-oblong leaves 2' long, and flower only 1' wide.
2. BROWALLIA. (Named for Dr. Browall, of Sweden, first a friend,
later a bitter opponent of Limuuus.)
B. demissa (named also B. KI.\TA when the plant and the man it was named
for grew exalted), t'roni S. America; cult, in the gardens, l°-2° high, bushv-
branched, with ovate leaves ami handsome bright violet-blue flowers (!' or lesf
across, at length as it were racemed) produced all summer. (7)
8. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for /nnn/x t-timqne, from the curved apex of
the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet.
1. S. sinuata. Cult, from Chili as an ornamental annual or biennial, under
various names and varieties a 'cording to the color of the large flowers, dark-
purple, or straw-colored and mostlv striped : 11. all summer. In appearance
resembles a I'etunia.
4. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut //.<«•<•/•, the corolla being as if cut
into slips.) Cult, for ornament, from Chili : II. summer. (T)
S. pinnatUS, the common species, of several varieties ; slender, 1°- 2° high,
pubescent with tine glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted
into narrow divisions, and numerous handsome flowers barely 1' in diameter,
FIGWORT FAMILY. 233
usually pink and white variegated with yellowish and some deeper purple spots
on the larger lobe. — There are one or two larger flowered but less common
species.
5. PAULOWNTA. (Named for a Russian Princess.) Only one species.
P. imperialis, of Japan, cult, for ornament, scarcely hardy far N. ; the
heart-shaped very ample leaves resembling those of Catalpa but much more
downy, flowers in large terminal panicle, in spring, the violet corolla l^'-2'
long.
Q. VERB ASCTJM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of the
Old World, here weeds, often hybridizing: fl. summer. 2/ (D
V. Thapsus, COMMON M. Fields : densely woolly, the tall simple stem
winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a lung dense spike of yellow
(rarely white) flowers.
V. Lychnitis, WHITE M. Waste places, rather scarce : whitened with
thin powdery woolliness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish above, and
spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled.
V. Blattaria, MOTH M. Roadsides : green and smoothish, 2° - 3° high,
slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose raceme of yellow
or else white and purplish-tinged flowers.
7. CELSIA. (Named for 0. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Fl. summer.
C. Cretica, cult, for ornament from the Mediterranean region: 2° -3°
high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pinnatifid, upper
toothed and clasping at base, corolla orange-yellow with some purple (I' — 2
across), lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair short and woolly-
bearded. @
8. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) Cult, as
annuals, from South America : fl. all summer.
A. incissefblia (also called URTIC-EFOLIA) : smoothish, branching, l°-2°
high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut- toothed leaves, and orange-scarlet
corolla less than 1' wide : several varieties.
9. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, perhaps
referring to St. Veronica.) Fl. summer.
§ 1. Shrubby, tender, very leafy species, from New Zealand, with entire and
glossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense many-
flowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods.
V. specibsa, is smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong blunt or retuse
thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet-purple flowers.
V. salicifolia, has lanceolate acute leaves, and longer clammy-pubescent
racemes of blue flowers.
V. Lindleyana, has oblong-lanceolate pale leaves, and racemes of pale
lilac flowers.
§ 2. Herbs, growing wild, or those of thejirst subdivision cultivated in gardens.
* Spik«-s or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches and
often clustered. 24
V. spicata, and sometimes V. PAXICCLATA, or hybrids between them, are
cult, for ornament, from Eu. : 9' -2° high, with opposite lanceolate toothed
leaves, lobes of mostly blue corolla much longer than the distinct tube, and pod
notched at the end.
V. Virginiea, CULVER'S ROOT. Wild in rich woods from Vermont W.
& S. ; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla longer than the
acutish lobes and much longer than the calyx : simple stems 2° -6° high, bear-
ing whorls of lanceolate or lance-ovate pointed finely serrate leaves ; spikes
dense and clustered. ,., . _
o &. r — 21
KKJWOUT I'AMII.V.
* * Racemes in the arils ff the (>/>/>,«;/<• /<„,•,* .- stems creeping or procumbent at
r, btU above ascending: corolla, as in all the following, strictly wheel-
•»- WATER SPEEDWELLS or BROOKI.IME, in water or wet ground, smooth and
with [ink blue (sonntiiiK* <lt i r/.: r *//•//., //)_//'<;/v,-.s on si end, r .*]>',-•, i,/;,,,/ pr-dir
V. AnagalllS. In water N. : leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile bv a heart-
shaped base, 2'-3' long ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded.
V. Americana. In brooks, much more common ; leaves mostly pctioled,
ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels ; and pod" more tur-
gid than in the foregoing.
V. SCUtellata. In bogs N. ; slender, with linear slightly toothed senile
leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pedicelled pale flower* ;
and very flat pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, few-seeded.
•*- •*- In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like racemes.
V. officinalis, COMMON SPEEDWELL. Spreading or creeping, low ; loaves
wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels shorter than calyx ;
pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded.
* * *
Raceme loose, terminating the leafy low stem or Irnnch, x, or the small flowers
in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves.
V. serpyllifblia, THYME-LEAVED S. Creeping or spreading on tbc
ground; with simple flowering stems ascending 2' -4', smooth; lease.-, roundi.-h,
small, almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes longer
than the calyx. Jf.
V. peregrina, NECKWEED or PUKSLAXE-S. Common weed in damp
waste or cult, ground; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves oval or
oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspicuous flowers
almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the calvx, and inanv-
sccded pod slightly notched. ©
V. arvensis, OM:V S. Introduced into waste and cult, grounds I",. ;
hairy, 3' - 8' high, with lower leases ovate and erenate, on petioles, the upper
sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod obcordate! i
10. BUCHNERA, BLUE-HEARTS. (Named for one /,V/,,,,r, an earlv
German botanist.) Flowers summer. ]/
B. Americana. Sandy or gravelly plains, from New York \V. &. S. ;
rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with slender stem l°-2i° high, veiny
leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest obovate, middle ones ..blonir, uppermost
lance-linear, flowers scattered in the slender spike, and corolla deep purple.
11. CALCEOLARIA. (From Latin m/iWi/s, a shoe or slipper.) Tender
South American lirrl.s or -limbs, \vith curious and handsome (lowers, cult, as
honse and bedding plants. The common cultivated species are now for the
most part too much mixed and crossed for botanical analysis.
C. integrifblia (also called RCG6SA and SALVIJEFOLIA) is the commonest
woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugose in the manner of Garden
Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded clusters.
C. corymbbsa, herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, with ovate crcnate-
toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs or cymes of vellow flow-
ers, the purple-Spotted mouth considerably open.
C. Crenatiflbra, a fertile parent of many of the more >ln»wy herbaceous
garden (onus, \\-ith more leafy steins and larger (lowers, their orifice rounder and
smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac I' or more long, more ol.ovate and flat,
somewhat ",-lolied a> it were toward* the end. and variously spotted with purple,
brown, or crimson.
C. scabiosaefolia is a delicate annual, with pinnntely divided slightly
hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose" small pale vellow
(lowers with globular lower lip about .V wide.
FIGWOHT FAMILY. 235
12. COLLJNSIA. (Named by Nuttall for the late Zuccheus Collins of
Philadelphia.) Flowers handsome, mostly 2-colored. © ®
C. verna. Wild from Western New York W. : slender, 6' - 20' high, with
ovate or lanee-ovutc and toothed leaves, the upper clasping heart-shaped, and
slender-pcduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip blue, upper white.
C. bicolor, of California, and a handsome garden annual, is stouter, with
crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower lip of corolla
violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white.
13. LINARIA, TOAD-FLAX. (Name from Linum, Fiax, from resem-
blance in the leaves of the commoner species.) Fl. summer.
* Lcams narrow, sessile, and entire : steins erect : flowers racemed.
L. Canadensis, WILD T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with scattered
linear leaves on the slender flowering stems, or ob!ong and in pairs or threes on
prostrate shoots, and very small blue flowers, (ij ®
Li. vulgaris, COMMON T., RAMSTED, BUTTER-AND-EGGS. A showy but
troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, l°-3° high, with alternate
crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow flowers
(!' long) with paler tips. 2/
L. triornithophora. Cult, from Europe : glaucous, 2° - 3° high, with
ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large slender-peduncled long-spurred
flowers, violet and purple-striped. 2/
# * Leaves broad, often lobed : stems and branches trailing : /lowers very small,
yellow and purple mixed, on /on</ axillary p'duncles : natives of Europe.
L. Elatine. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil : hairy, with ovate and halberd-
shaped >hort-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. ©
L. Cymbalaria. Cult, as a delicate little trailing ornamental plant : very
smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and thickish almost kidney -shaped 3-5-
lobed leaves on long petioles. 2/
14. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name from the Greek,
compares the flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Nat. and cult,
from Europe : 11. summer.
§ 1. TRUE SNAPDRAGON, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, and erect
or ascending stems, ttot climbing.
A. majus, LARGE S. of the gardens; with stems l°-3° high, oblong or
lanceolate entire smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme of showy flowers,
the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 1' long. 2/
A. Ordntium, SMALL S. Weed in some old gardens and cult, grounds ;
low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary flowers £'
long. ©
§ 2. MAURANDIA-LIKE S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the mouth,
and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petio/is and sometimes of
the peduncles a/so.
A. maurandioides, cult, from Texas and Mexico, as MAUKANDIA
ANTIRRIIINIFLORA ; smooth, with triangular-halberd-shapcd leaves, or some of
them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, the violet or purple corolla
1 ' or more long. 2/
15. MAURANDIA. (Named for Prof. .}faitra»dt/.) Excluding the last
preceding species, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and including
LOPHOSPERMUM, which has wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, with
triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely lobed leaves,
tender, cult, for ornament: fl. all summer.
§ 1. Corolla naked inside, rather obri<nis(</ -2-lipped.
M. Barclayana. Stems and leaves smooth ; calyx glandular-hairy, clam-
my, its divisions lance-linear ; corolla purple, usually dark, 2' or more long.
"J-'!<| FIGWOHT KAMILY.
M. semperflbrens, has lanceolate smooth calyx-divi>ions, and smaller
rose-purple or violet corolla.
§ 2. LOFHOSPERMUM. Corolla very obscurely 1-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines.
M. erub^SCens. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly toothed leaves,
rose-colored flowers 3' long, and ovate-oblong rather leaf-like .-epal-
M. SCandens, now le<s common and not so showy, is less pubescent, and
has smaller less-inflated deeper purple corolla, and lance-oblong sepals.
16. DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. ( Latin name, from >hape of the corolla,
likened to the linger of a glove, in the common species.)
D. purpiirea, PURPLE F., of which varieties with corolla white or pale
and more or less strongly spotted corolla are common, 2' long, the lobes rather
obscure; leaves rugose, somewhat downy. Cult, from Eu. : fl. summer. ^
17. GERARDIA. (Named for the herbalist, Gerarde.) Handsome, but
uncultivablc plants : fl. late summer and autumn. The following are the
commonest wild species : mostly of gravelly or sandy soil.
§ 1. Coro'la fi/irp/e or rose-color, somewhat bell-shaped : calyx-teeth short : anthers
oil dike, nearly pointless at /»/xc .- l/m-rs narrnir, linear or thread-shaped,
entire: loosely branching, nearly all annuals, except thejimt.
G. linifblia. Pine-barrens S. ; with erect branches, and erect linear leaves
about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and corolla 1' long. 2/
G. tenuifblia. N. £ S. ; with opposite pedicels equalling the linear
spreading leaves, broadly awl-shaped calyx-teeth, and corolla .V-J' long.
G. filifblia. S. ; with alternate pedicel- twice the length of the rather
fleshy thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped leaves ; corolla 4'. lonir.
G. aphylla. S. ; with short peilicels alternate along one side of the
flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves,
minute calyx-teeth, and corolla £' long.
G. purpurea. N. & S. in low ground ; with stout pedicels not longer
than the conspicuously .r>-lohed calyx, opposite and spreading rather broad
linear leaves, and corolla •}' - 1' lone;.
G. maritima. Salt mar>hes X. & S., lower than the preceding, and with
fleshy blunt leaves, the pedicels as long as the upper ones and as the nhtu.-ely
5- toothed calyx, and corolla £'-$' long.
§ 2. Corolla purple (or sometimes wl,!t,} : calyx deeply and unequally .r> -cleji :
anthers point/ex*, those of the short* r pair much smaller: /«/r» rut/nr broad.
G. aui'iculata. Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W. ; rough-hairv, with
nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the lower with' a lobe
on each side of the base ; flowers se-<ile in the upper axils ; corolla 1' long.
§ 3. Con>lla i/, How and with a longer tube, the insiih woolly, «s are the filaments
urn/ anthers; tin latin- almost prnjii-tin,/, slender-pointed <ii /«/.«•: ni'i/.i-
:>-.•/,// .- /,;//,/• /„ His, with leaves or some of them pinnntijiil or tontl. ,!. ^
* Stems nearly simple: flowers in a /«//'// rareme : corolla more tubular.
G. flava, DOWNY FAI.SF. Fox»;i.ovr.. Open dry wood* : 3° -4° high,
minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves laneeo'atc or oblong and entire, lower sinuate
or pinnatitid ; pedicels very short ; corolla I,1,' long.
G. quercifblia, SMOOTH F. l!ieh woo.N, commoner S. & W. : 3°-6°
high, smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice
pinn.ititid ; pedicels as IOIILT as calyx ; corolla '2' IOIILT.
G. integrifblia. Harrens, from Penn. S. & \V. : l°-2° high, smooth,
not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1' lon«r.
* # Steins bushy-branched: calyx-lobes toothed or pinnatifid : leaves mostly rut.
G. grandiflora. Oak openings from \ViM-.uxiu S. : ;t0-4° hiuh, minutely
downy ; Icavo ovate-lanceolate, I'oarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatiiid ; ped
iecls shorter ihan the barely toothed calyx-lobes ; corolla "2' long.
FIGWOUT FAMILY. 237
G. pedicularia. Common N. & S. : slightly pubescent, 2° -.3° high, very
leafy ; leaves all pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite and
longer than the hairy serrate calyx-lobes ; corolla over 1' long.
G. pectinata. Sandy barrens S. : more hairy than the foregoing, with
finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than pinnatirid calyx-lobes ; corolla
broader and H' long.
18. SEYMERIA. (Named for Henry Seymer.) Wild plants S. & W., very
near Gerardia : rlowers yellow, in summer and autumn.
S. macrophylla, MULLKIN-FOXGLOVE. Shady river-banks W. : 4° -5°
high, with large leaves, the twice or thrice pinnately divided or cut, the upper
lanceolate and toothed ; curved corolla woolly inside, also the filaments ; style
short. 2/
S. pectinata. Sandy ground S. : about 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubes-
cent ; pinnatilid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla £' long. ©
S. tenuif61ia. Low sandy grounds S. : 2° -4° high, with long slender
branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped divisions ; corolla hardly
£' long, (i)
19. MIMULUS, MONKEY-FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, from
the grinning corolla.) Fl. all summer.
* Wild in wet places, with erect square stem l°-2° high, oblong feather-reined
serrate leaves, and violet-purple corolla (I1 or so in length). 1J.
M. ringens, the commonest, with clasping leaves, peduncles longer than
the flower, and taper-pointed calyx-teeth.
M. alatus, not rare more S., has leaves tapering into a petiole, peduncle
shorter than calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem ;
whence the name.
* * Cult, for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from Western N. America.
M. glutinbsus, shrubby conservatory plant from California, glutinous-
pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow orange or brick-
red flower.
M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly
clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red- 2/
M. lllteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several-
nerved ; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown ; of many
varieties. 2/
M. moschatus, MUSK-PI.ANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-vil-
lons, smelling strong of musk ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flower small, pale
yellow. 2/
20. TORENIA. (Named for 0. Toren, an obscure Swedish botanist.)
T. Asiatica, cult, from India, a handsome hothouse plant, with lance-ovate
serrate leaves, wing-angled calyx, and corolla over 1' long, pule violet or purple
with the tube and the end of the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet.
21. ILYSATSTTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (From Greek words for
mire and flower, alluding to the station.) Fl. all .summer.
I. gratioloides. Common in wet places, a smooth diffuse little plant,
4' -8' high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish
rlowers. ©
22. GRATIOLA, HEDGE-HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin ynttia,
grace.) Rather insignificant plants, in low or wet places: flowering all
summer. © ^
* Sterile f laments minute or hardly any: corolla irhitish, with yclloicish tit!><>.
G. Virginiana. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves and slender pc
iluncles.
238 FIGWORT FAMILY.
G. sphaerocarpa. Chiefly S. : smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate
leaves, ]ieduiH-lcs scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod.
» * Sterile filaments uln-imis, i/xmif/i/ ti/i/ml n-itli a little rjlandular head in place of
the anther : /< un .s Jtort.
G. viscbsa. Chiefly S. W. : clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves
shorter than the peduncle-, and whitish flower^.
G. aiU'ea. Sandy wet .-nil, I'.. & S. : nearly smooth, with rather narrow
entire le.ivrs as IIUIL: a> the peduncles, ami golden yellow tlowrrs.
G. pi!6sa. From N. Jersey S. : verv dilt'.Tcnr from anv of the foregoing.
having riuid and simple erect stems and ovate or oblong se-sile leaves, both
hairy, the flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx.
23. SCROPHULARIA, FICWOUT. (Plants a supposed remedy tor
scrofula.) These homclv and iiiMgnilieanr plants hardly ought to have given
the name to this large and important family.
S. nodbsa. Damp shady ground : smooth, with 4-sided stem 3° -4° high,
ovate or oblong coarsely toothed leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes,
all sninmcr. ^
24. CHELONE, TURTLE-TIE AD (to which the name, from the Greek,
refers), SNAKE-HEAD, BALMONY.
C. glabra, the common species, of wet places; l°-2° high, with lanceolate
or lance-oblong leaves on very short petioles, and white or pale purple corolla
1' or more long, all summer. 2/
25. PENTSTEMON. (Name, from the Greek, meaning 5 stamens,
refers to the presence of the ~>\\\ stamen, which, however, has no anther.)
Showy North American and a few Mexican plants, ehietly Western ; two or
three are wild E. ; several are in choice cultivation, but few are yet common
here. Fl. late spring and summer. 2/
* Wild /•'. of the Mis$im;i/>/>i. unit xoiinliim s cult. : flowers white, common/I/ tinged
witli some /""'/' 'i*li <"' riulit : /eaves partly clasping, often serrate : panicle
clammy, the corolla sliijhtly so.
P. pub6scens. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish except the
panicle, l°-3° high, variable; stem-leaves lanceolate; flowers nodding; the
plainly 2-lipped corolla (1 long) with gradually enlarging tulie concave on the
lower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the mouth ;
sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side.
P. Digitalis. N. Virginia to 111. & S. : taller (2° -4°), smooth np to the
naked panicle, with wider more entire leaves ; corolla but slightly 2-lipped,
open, abruptly inflated bell-shaped above from a narrow tube ; sterile filament
sparingly bearded on one side.
* # Wild beyond but near the Mississippi, shoicy and cultirntid for ornament.
P. grandiflbrus. Plains from Falls of St. Anthony AY. & S. AY. : very
smooth, pale and glaucous, l°-3° high, with thick ovate leaves (!'-2' long)
closely se-Mle and entire, the upper ones rounded, short-pedicclled flowers
raeenird, lilac-purple oblong-bell-shaped corolla l.','-2' long and almost equally
5-lobed, the sterile filament nearly smooth.
P. Cobaea. Plains I'nnu Nelira-ka S. : l°-2° high, stout, with ovate often
denticulate thick leaves, a slight ly clammy few-llowered panicle or rnceme,
pale purpli>li or whiti>h corolla almut 2' long and abruptly much inflated above
the narrow ba>e, the. border 2-lipped, bnt the oblong lobes similar; the sterile
filament bearded.
P. glaber. Plains from Nebraska and Missouri AY.: very smooth, com-
monly pale or ulaneoiis, with ascending steins l°-2° long, lanceolate or lanei--
ovate entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular-
inflated corolla about li' long, bright purple bine, with the spreading lobes
of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments ami also the anthers slightly hairy
or else naked.
ACANTHUS FAMILY. 2o'J
* * * Farther Western species, cultivated and hardy in tlie gardens.
P. OvatUS, of Oregon, is an early blue-flowered species, smoothish, with
ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of small flowers.
P. barbutUS, supposed to come from Mexico, lon»: cult, in the gardens ;
smooth, with slender wand-like stems 3° -4° high, lanceolate and entire pale
leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow tubular
scarlet corolla over 1' long, with erect upper lip concave and slightly 2-lobcd,
the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong lobes, some beard in the
throat, and sterile filament naked. Var. TORREYI, from New Mexico and
Rocky Mountains, is taller, the brighter red corolla with little or no beard in
the throat.
* * * * Common garden species from Mexico, but not hardy N., are forms of
P. Hartwegi. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the
base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2* long, deep red
or red purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked.
P. campanulatus. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ven-
tricose above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Varies
greatly in cultivation.
26. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Dr. Alexander Russell of Scotland.) 2/
R. jllncea, of Mexico, a showy house and bedding plant; very smooth,
with small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on the copious
long and rush-like green hanging branches and branchlets ; corolla 1' long, nar-
row, bright carmine red.
27. CASTII/LEIA, PAINTED-CUP. (Named for CastiUejo, a Spanish
botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from beyond the
Mississippi to the Pacific. Fl all late spring and summer.
C. COCcinea, SCARLET P. Sandy low grounds ; pubescent, simple-
stemmed, l°-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the flowers
3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while the 2-cleft
calyx is yellowish and the narrow corolla pale yellow. @ @
28. PEmCULARIS, LOUSEWORT (which the name denotes). %
P. Canadensis, COMMON P. or WOOD-BETONT. Low, rather hairy,
with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate, a short dense spike of
greenish and purplish flowers, oblique calyx without lobes but split down in
front, and a dagger-shaped pod : fl. spring.
P. lanceolata. Less common, in swamps ; 1° — 3° high, smoothish, with
lance-oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite, a close spike of
pale yellow flowers, 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and ovate pod : fl. late summer.
29. MELAMPYRUM, COW-WHEAT. (The name in Greek means
black grain, from the color of the seeds. ) ©
M. Americanum, our only species, common in open woodlands ; 6' — 12'-
high, with lanceolate leaves, the" upper ones abrupt or truncate at base and
with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers pale yellowish or almost
white, sometimes purplish-tinged ; produced all summer.
77. ACANTHACE.ffi, ACANTHUS FAMILY.
Plants with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise irregu-
lar or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynanaous or else only
2 stamens, 2-celled ovary and pod, and few seeds, — distinguished
from the related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on
hook-like projections of the placenta? or on a sort of cup. Chiefly
a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here omitted.
240 ACANTHUS FAMILY.
§ 1. Twining tropical herbs (or cult, as herbs), with nearly regular Z-kbed corolla,
and ylobnliir seeds supported by a cartilaginous riny or shallmc cup.
1. THUXI'.KIMIIA. Flowers enclosed when in laid l.y a pair of lar<;e leaf-like
bractlets borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mu-tly
somewliat curved tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 6 rounded
equal lobes, convolute in the bud.' Stamens 4. included. IJod globular,
tipped with H long and conspicuous flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered.
§ 2. Erect or spreading : all the folbntring are herbs, with fiat seeds borne on hook-
like processes (retinucula) : calyx l-li-parted, mostly '2-bractcd.
t. ACANTHI'S. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting- Stamens 4,
with one-celled ciliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spiki-.
8. RUKLLIA. Corolla funnel-fonn, with an almost equally 5-l«.i sading
border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included: cells of the anthers
parallel. Pod narrow, contracted into a stalk-like ba.-e, above 4- 12-seeded.
4. DICLIPTKKA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lubed, the upper 2-cleft or
entire; but the (lower as it were reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be
the upper one. Stamens 2, protruded: cells of the anther equal, but one
placed below the other. Pod 2-4-seeded below the middle.
5. D1ANT11KKA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower
3-lobed, wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Stamens 2: cells of
the anther one below the other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, con-
tracted into a stalk-like base, 4-seeded above the middle.
1. THUNBERGIA. (Named from the Swedish botanist Thunberg.)
Showy flowers produced all summer.
T. alata (so named from its winged petioles) from Africa, is the one com-
monly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size and color of flower,
buff, orange, white, &c., usually with blackish-purple eye ; herbage soft-downy
or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped. 2/
2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for spine or
prickle.) 11
A. mollis, one of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasionally cult., not
hardy N. : the broad sinuately and deeply pinnatilid leaves mostly from the root,
hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short vscape, dull-colored.
3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Ruelle.) Ours are wild herbs,
chicrlv southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters,
produced all summer. 2/
§ 1. Cell a of the anther pointed at base : stiyma only one : pod ^-seeded.
R. oblongifolia. Pine ham us S. : downy, f>'-12' high from a creeping
ba.-e, with nearly sessile oval leaves barely I' long, almost bristle-shaped sepals,
but oblong bracts, and spotted purple, corolla 1' long.
§ 2. Cells of the anther blunt : stigmas 2 : ]><»l S - 1 2-wded : strms 1 ° - 4° hiyh.
R. cili6sa. Drv soil \V. & S. : clothed with soft white hairs, the oval or
oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2' long) with slender tube
much longer than the inflated upper part anil than the brittle-shaped sepals.
R. StrdpenS. Richer soil, 1'rom 1'enn. \V. X: S. : smooth or slightly downy,
with obovate or oblong leaves (l'-47 long) narrowed into a petiole, and purple-
blue corolla (l'-2' long) with tube hardly longer than the expanded portion or
than the linear-lanceolate sepals.
4. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for dmt'Si-, >/////, from the 2-valved pod.)
D. brachiata, of low banks S. is nearly smooth, with 6-angled stem bear-
ing many branches, thin ovate-oblong pointed leaves on slender petiole, and
interrupted spike-like clusters of small puq>le flowers, each with a pair of con-
spicuous flat bracts. 2/
VERVAIN FAMILY. 241
6. DIANTHERA. (From Greek for double anther, alluding to the two
separated cells on each filament. ) Fl. all summer. 2/
D. ovata. Muddy banks of streams S. : 4' -8' high, smooth, with lance-
ovate sliort-petioled leaves longer than the 3-4-flowercd peduncles in their
axils, and small pale purple flowers.
D. Americana. Wet borders of streams : 2° high, smooth, with long
linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4' -6' long) bearing an oblong
spike of pale purple flowers.
78. VERBENACE^E, VERVAIN FAMILY.
Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differing
from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and didynamous
or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed and with a single
ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit either fleshy or when
dry at length splitting into as many 1 -celled indehiscent nutlets.
Besides the following some species of CLERODENDRON are culti-
vated, in choice conservatories.
§ 1. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding from below upwards.
1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the
upper lip of 3 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens
included. Ovary 1-celled, forming a simple akene in the calyx. Herb.
2. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed
and plaited. Corolla salver-form, the tube often curved, the border rather
unequally 5-cIeft. Stamens included: upper pair sometimes wanting the
anthers. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets.
Herbs.
3. LIP PI A. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2- 5-toothed.
Corolla tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger.
Stamens included. Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seecled.
4. LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely
4-toothed. Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe
sometimes notched. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry-
like, and containing 2 little stones or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs.
§ 2. Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves : shrubs.
6. GALLIC ARP A. Calyx 4 -5-toothed, short. CoroUa tubular-bell-shaped, short,
4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4, protruded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit
berry-like, with 4 little stones.
§ 3. Flowers irregular, in cymes or clusters in the axils of the. compound digitate
leaves or of the upper leaves reduced to bracts: shrubs or trees.
6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, with a spreading 2-lipped border,
the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens
4, protruded, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the
fruit, which contains a single 4-celled stone.
1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One species.
P. LeptOStachya. Copses, &c. ; 2° -3° high, with coarsely-toothed ovate
thin leaves, and branches terminated by the slender spikes of very small purplish
flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in fruit. 21
2. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) Fl. all
summer. — Genus of difficult analysis on account of numerous hybrids, both
wild and in cultivation.
§ 1. VERVAINS native to the country, or growing as vnld weeds, mostly in waste
or cultivated ground ; the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes : no apjyen-
dage at tip of the anthers. All but the last with upright stems. 11
V. angustifolia, NARROW-LEAVED V. Stems 6' -18' high ; leaves nar-
16
2-t2 VKKVAIX FAMILY.
row lanceolate, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded
with purple (lower-.
V. Stricta, HOARY V. Barren.- W. & S. : whitish-hairy, l°-2° high;
leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, -. --ile ; spikes thiek and dense ; flowers blue,
larger than in the other-.
V. hastata, BLUE V. Stem 4°-0°high; leaves lance-oblong, some of
the larger with short side lobes at liase, eut-serrate, petioled : spike-, den-, ly-
flowered, eorvmbed or paniclcd : (lowers blue.
V. Urticif61ia, Ni.i ru>i.i.\\ i n or WHITE V. Stem 4°-6°liigli;
leave-; oval or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes of small white
flowers slender anil loose.
V. offieinalis, EUROPEAN V. Nat. by roadsides, at least S. Stems
l°-3° high, branched; leaves sessile, 3-cleft and mostly pinnatitid into narrow
cut-toothed lobes; small purplish (lowers in very slender panicled >pikes.
V. braotebsa. From \Vi>consin S. ; hairy, spreading or procumbent ;
leaves wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, eut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ;
small purple Mowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted.
§ 2. VERBENAS of the qardtn sort, u-itk creeping or spreading stems, and dense
spikrs of larger or showy flowers : anthers of the £o»y<<>- stamens with a
V. Aubletia. Wild from 111. and Carolina \V. & S. : has cut-pinnatifid
leaves, and a long-pednneled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded in the
throat. — This and the sev :ral following species from South Brazil, Buenos
Ay res, &c., variously and greatly mixed, make up the Verbenas which adorn
our gardens in summer.
V. chamaedrifblia, the original SCARLET V., with oblong-lanceolate
marselv serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers,
in a Hat cluster.
V. phlogiflbra, also named TWEEDIANA. More upright; the leaves
decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson,
varying to rose, but not to scarlet.
V. incisa, differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the petioled
ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a flat cluster, rose-color or purple.
V. teucroides. Krect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised sessile
leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, sweet-scented,
especially at nightfall.
V. erinoides, or MULTIFIDA. Dwarf and much creeping, rough-hairy,
with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with violet purple
flowers, and
V. pulchdlla or TEXERA, with equally finely cut leaves, and rather larger
originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the smaller races.
3. I/fPPIA. (Named for .1. Li/>j>i, an Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer.
L. laiiceolata, FOG-FRIMT. A creeping weedv herb, along river-banks
from I'enn. S. ,.<: \V., with wedge-spatulate or oblaneeo'ate leave- serrate above
the middle, and .-lender peduncles from the axils bearing a head of bluish
small flower-.
Li. citriodbra (or AI.OYSIA), the LEMON-XCK\TKI> or Swi;i;r VERBENA
of the u:ird'-ns ; shrub from C'hili, with whorls of linear-lanceolate fragrant
leaves, roiighish with glandular dots, and small whitish and bluish flowers in
blender spikes.
4. L ANT ANA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical,
mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until
frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and Bowers odorous, ir
some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed.
L. Camara, from Tropical America, has flowers deep yellow, turning first
to orange, then to red.
L. mixta, from Brazil, has flowers opening white, soon changing to yel-
low, orange, and finally to red.
MINT FAMILY. 243
L. nivea, from Brazil, has the pleasant-scented flowers white and unchang
ing; or, in var. MUTAKILIS, changing to bluish.
L. involucrata, of West Indies, lias small ohovatc and prominently viiuv
leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple flowers, involucrate
by the outer bracts.
L. Sellowiana, of Southern Brazil, is low and spreading, with wedge-
oblong or ovate strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish-
purple flowers lengthening somewhat with age.
5. CALLICARPA. (From Greek, for beautiful fruit.) Fl. early summer
C. Americana, FRENCH MULBERRY. Rich soil from Virginia S. : shrub
3° - 8° high, with some scurfy down, especially on the lower face of the ovate-
oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish flowers ; fruits violet-blue and
showy.
6. VITEX, CHASTE-TREE. (The ancient Latin name.)
V. Agnus-castus, CHASTE-TREE, of Mediterranean region, has 5-7 lan-
ceolate entire leaflets whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in sessile clusters
forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; hardy only S.
V. incisa, of Northern China, barely hardy in gardens N., has 5-7 leaflets
lanceolate and cut-piunatifid, and the clusters of bluish flowers peduncled.
79. LABIATE, MINT FAMILY.
Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite
simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name of
the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens, 2-lobed stigma,
and at once distinguished from all the related families by the deeply
4-parted ovary (as if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style),
ripening into as many seed-like nutlets, or akenes, each containing
a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As in all these
families, there are 2 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower
lip of the corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts,
usually in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or
spikes.
^ 1. Sta7>iens 4, parallel and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the upper
side of the i-iiict/n. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner
side near the base.
* Lobes of the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned forward so that (here seems
to be no upper lip, the' filaments conspicuously projecting from the upper suit .
1. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two
upper lobes. Cells of the anther confluent.
2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and
slender, curved, coiled up in the bud.
* * Lobes of the corolla equally spreading : filaments slightly projecting from tiie
notch between the 2 upper lubes.
3. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering.
Corolla only little longer than the calyx', bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading
lobes.
$ 2. Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair
longer : anthers 1-celled. Corolla usually turned d,.»rn or declining. A uUels
smooth or smoolhish, fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions.
4. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much
broadest and sometimes wing-margined. Corolla short, the upper lip BS
were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat or Saltish declined lobe scarcely
longer than the upper. Filaments separate.
244 MINT FAMILY.
6. COLEUS. Calyx a« in No. 4. Corolla similar, but the lower lobe longer and
concave or boat-shaped, enclosing tin- stamens ami style: filaments monadel-
phon-.
6. HYP IIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short -imi-
lar upper lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower one; filaments
separate.
7. LAN AXDULA. Calyx not deflexed, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
mostly larger. Corolla with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped,
i. e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, the lobes all equally spreading. Sta-
mens included, but declined towards the lower lobe of the corolla.
§ 3. Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or
dicerging : anthers plainly 2-i-elled, not < onniring in p-iirs. Lubes of the
corolla flat and spreading, or the upper erect but not arclitd.
* Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5
lobes nearly equal and all spreading.
3. PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-clcft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming
2-lipped. Corolla 5-clel't, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 4, nearly
equal. Style deeply 2-ck'ft.
9. MENTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper
lobe a little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearlv
equal, similar.
10. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens
2: the upper pair, if any, without anthers.
* # Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the ripper lip
erect and mostly notched, the lower spreading and 3-c.leJt, the tube not bearded
within : stamens with anthers otdy 2.
11. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half
shorter than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding: no rudiments of
the other pair.
12. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbons on the lower side near the base, hairy
in the throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protrudeo,
and 2 sterile short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther.
* * * Corolla elongated and irregular : the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pen-
denl, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 oth< rs uvarlii n/>ml «n,l alike: tube with a
bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat : stamens 2 icith
anthers or rarely 4.
13. COLUNSON'IA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowerine,
2-lipped, the upper lip Hat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Cells of the an-
ther diverging.
* * * * Corolla evidently 2-lipped, short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spread-
ing and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 3-clcft : stantens irith
anthers 4.
14. HYSSOITS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally :>-toothod. naked in the throat.
Cnrnlla with the miildle lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
very long and protruding.
15. PYCNAN I'lIKMl'M. Calyx oblong OT short-tubular, about i:i-nerved, equally
5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped, naked in the throat. Corolla with the lobe's
of the lower lip ovate and entire. Flowers crowded in ln'inU o,' close cyine>
16. ORIGANl'.M. Calyx hairy in the throat, about 13-nervd. Lower lip of the
corolla of U similar lohe^. I-'lowrr- crowded into spike-like clusters and fur-
nished with imbricated often colored braet-.
17. THYMl'S. Calyx ..vale, hairy in the throat. M-nerved, 2-lipped; the upper
lip 3-toothed and spreading, the lower deft into 2 awl-*haped ciliate lobes.
Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip re^rniblini; the :i loliooi the h.wer
lip but notched at the apex. Stamens mostly protruding.
18. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-vhap,.,!, naked in 'the throat, lO-ncrved, e.|iially
6-tOOthed. Corolla with lower lip of :i nearly equal entire lobes. Stamen's
somewhat a-cending. Leaves narrow.
§ 4. Stamens 4 (the hirer or outer pair longer), ascending- or curved and irilh the
plainly 2-ccl/xl anlhtrs approximate or connirinr/ in pairs under the. erect and
Jlaltisn but not arched upper lip. Calyx more or less 2-lipped.
19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat,
and 2-lipped border, the spreading lower lip 3-parted, its middle lobe entire
or slightly notched.
MINT FAMILY. 2-1")
20. MELISSA. Calyx with 3-toothed upper lip flat. Corolla more or less curved
:im! ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs.
Otherwise as in 19.
§ &. Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat
sha/ni! ( • nii re or bartly notched upper lip of the corolla: anthers I-CT//M/,
either strictly so or by confluence of the 2 cells end to end.
21. SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft,
throat not hairy. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the lower lip spreading or hanging,
3-lobed, the middle lobe larger and sometimes notched at the end. Filament
as it were compound, the proper filament short and bearing on its apex an
elongated thread-like or linear body (the connective, in fact) attached i>v its
middle, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear
1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and imperfect
cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy.
22. ROSMAR1XUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobe- of
the lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contorted (as in some Sages
also). Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short
tooth on the filament below the middle. Shrub.
23. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed,
mostly hairy in 'the throat. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow in the throat,
the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the apex,
its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple
filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large,
numerous in the whorled or terminal heads.
24. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, naked in the throat, 2-lipped, tb<$ upper
lip with 3 awned, the lower with 2 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with a more
expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like Monarda, but flowers srnalkr.
§ 6. Stamens 4, diverging or ascending : the upper or inner pair longer ! Upper
Up of the corolla erector a little arcliiiuj, the lower spreading.
25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla
slightly 2-lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat
crenate. Stamens not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less as-
cending, the upper and longer ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the
lower. Tall erect herbs, with small flowers clustered in panicled spikes.
26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and
their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their
cells diverging from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla con-
siderably largest.
27. CEDROXELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the
anthers parallel.
37. PHLOM1S, of the next section, might from the stamens be sought for here.
§ 7. Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascending and pandhl, t/nir anthers
in pairs mostly under the concave or arched upper lip of the corolla. Plant*
not sweet-scented, some of them bitter-aromatic.
* Corolla inflated funnel- form and rather slightly 2-lipped: calyx thinnlsli. open
b< //-simped in fruit, the 5 teeth equal and pointless : flowers simply spiked,
only one to each bract or floral leaf'.
28. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire;
lower of 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless
herbs, with thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves.
* * Corolla decidedly 2-lipped : calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit.
29. BRUNELLA. Calvx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on tli.- up-
per side; the upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothed; the lower 2-cleft. Fube ot
the corolla dilated on the lower side jn*t below the rather narrowed throat;
upper lip arched and entire; lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes ob-
loi,.r, the concave middle one rounded and crenulate. Filaments
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers m a terminal clc
head or short spike.
30. SCUTELLAR1A. Calyx short, with the very short lips truncate and entire, and
a large hump on the upper side, the whole helmet-shaped; the upper lip nsu-
ally falling away when the fruit is ripe-. Corolla with rather long ascendi
tube, the 'lateral lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with
the arched upper lip, the middle lobe larger and spreading or the sides reflex
anthers of the lower stamens 1-celled. Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, v
flowers single in the axil of each bract or leaf.
246 MINT FAMILY.
* * * Corolla decidedly 1-lipped : calyx b-loudied, regular, or sometimes obscurely
2-lipj>ed, not i-lustiiy in fruit : the tctth commonly awl-shaped or triangular,
often rii/iil or spiny-tipped,
T- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla : calyx 10-toothed.
31. MARh'ri'.ir.M. Teeth of the calvx awl-shaped or spiney-tipped, recurved
after flowering. Corolla small! upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants:
flowers iu axillary capitate whorls.
•»- f- Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla : calyx b-toothed.
•** Anthers opt-niiiy crosswise by 2 unequal r«/r< s, the smaller one ciliate.
32. GALKOPSIS. Calvx tubular Ijell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spinv-tipped teeth.
Corolla enlarged 'in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the
middle lobe of spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like
clusters.
*+ *-(• Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way.
33. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth.
Corolla much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching and with a narrow
base, lateral lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spread-
ing or turned down, its base much narrowed. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 256.)
Mamcns ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets truncate at the top.
34. LKONTBl'S. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and
spiny-pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate.
Stamens parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect.
Flowers in close whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves.
35. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl-
shaped, sometime* rigid fir even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat,
the upper lip entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobe
nearly entire. Stamens ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair
turned down after discharging their pollen! Nutlets obtuse, but not trun-
cate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most of these commonly approximate in a
terminal raceme or spike.
36. BETOXICA. Like Stachys, but calyx more tubular and with awn-like teeth,
tul ie of corolla longer and its upper lip sometimes notched, and the stamens
gcnerallv remaining parallel.
37. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid narrow awl-shaped teeth from the
notch of as manv very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. I'pper
pair of stamens (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base
of the filaments.
38. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, funnel-form,
the bonier reticulated, veiny, entire, except 5 mucronate points. Corolla
much shorter than the calyx; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcordate.
Nutlets 3-sided.
1. TEUCRITJM, (JKRMANDER. ( Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) y.
T. Canadense, our only species, in low grounds, 10-,'J° high, downy,
with ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely
white tlowers collected in a long spike, in late summer.
. 2. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Name from the Greek, means
hair-like a/mums.) Ours are branching loosely-flowered rather clammy low
lierb>, with entire leaves, ami small (lowers as it were panicled, blue, or
changing to purple, iu summer and autumn. (T)
T. dichdtomuin, COMMON B. or BASTARD PKXNYKOY.U.. Sandy fields
K. & S. : i','- \-2' high, with mostly lance-oblong sliort-petioled leaves.
T. lineare, from New Jersey S., has linear or lance-linear smoother leaves.
3. ISANTHUS, FALSK PKNNYROYAL. (Name in Greek means equal
_rlon;r, i. e. parts of corolla regular.) (T)
I. CCeruleus. Common in sandy or sterile soil ; bushy-branched, clammy-
pubescent, 6' - 12' high, with oblong 3-ncrvcd entire leaves, and scattered small
Uue (lowers on axillary peduncles : all summer.
MINT FAMILY. 247
4. 6CIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, the
herbage sweet-scented. )
O. Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. Low sweet-herb, of kitchen-gardens, from
India, with ovate somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and calvx, and bluish-
white nu-emed (lowers, in summer. ©
5. COLEUS. (Name from the Greek word for sheath, alluding to the inona-
dclphoiis >tamens.)
C. Blumei, of Java, especially its var. VERSCHAFFELTII, the showy spe-
cies of ornamental grounds in summer, planted for its richly-colored ovate pointed
and coarsely toothed leaves, either blotched with crimson or bronze-red, or almo.-t
wholly colored ; the inconspicuous flowers blue or bluish and racemed.
6. HYPTIS. (From a Greek word meaning reversed.) Fl. late summer.
H. radiata. Low ground, North Carolina & S. : stems 2° -4° high;
leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in
peduncled whitish-involucrate heads. ^
7. LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (From Latin lavo, to lave, for which
Lavender-water is used.)
L. vera, GARDEN L. Cult, from S. Europe : a low tmdershrub, barely
hardy N., hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small
flowers on long terminal peduncles, in summer.
8. PERILLA. (Name unexplained.) Natives of China ana Japan. ©
P. ocimoides, var crispa, or P. NANKINENSIS of the gardens, a bal-
samic-scented much-branched herb, cult, for its foliage, the ovate-petioled leaves
in this variety dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple above, the
margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose-colored or whitish
flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer.
9. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) One native
and two very common naturalized European species, mostly spreading rap-
idly by running rootstocks ; leaves toothed ; the small flowers purplish-
bluish, or almost white, in summer. ^/ The following common Mints
all in wet places.
M. viridis, SPEARMINT. Nearly smooth, with oblong o ' lance-ovate wrin-
kled-veiny sessile leaves, and flowers in narrow terminal spikes.
M. piperita, PEPPERMINT. Smooth, with ovate acute petioled leaves, and
whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted spikes.
M. Canadensis, WILD MINT. Along shaded brooks ; pleasant-scented,
hairy or a smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong acute or pointed leaves on
short petioles, and whorls of flowers in the axils of some of the middle pairs.
10. LYCOPUS, WATER-HOREHOUND. (Name in Greek means
foot ) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aromatic, commonly
producing slender sometimes tuber-bearing runners from the base, smooth, the
very small white flowers close-clustered in the axils of the leaves, in summer.
Wild in shady moist soil. 2/
L. Virginicus, BCGLEWEED. Common N. ; stems blunt-angled, G' - 18'
high ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and merely toothed ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate and
bluntish. Used in medicine.
L. EuropSBUS, under several varieties : common N. & S., is taller, with
sharply 4-angled stems, ovate-oblong or laneeulate leaves cither toothed or pin-
natifid, many flowers in the clusters or whorls, and 5 calyx-teeth rigid and
sharp-pointed.
248 MINT FAMILY.
11. CUNILA, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.)
C. Mariana, MAKYI.AMI I). Dry hills through the Middle States ; nearlj
smooth, 1°' high, corymbo-ely much branched, with ovate or heart-haped almost
sessile -> Trate leaves (!' long), and pediiuclcd loo-e cymes of purplish flowers, in
summer, y.
12. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint, refers to
the sweet scent.) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry and open or sterile
grounds, with small (lowers in loose axillary clusters, all summer.
H. pulegioid.es, AMKKICAX I'KXXYKOYAI,, the pungent aromatic scent
anil taste being like that of the Knglish Pennyroyal or Mentha Pulegium of Ku. ;
verv common, .V - 8' high, hairy, branching, with oblong-ovate petioled leaves,
few' (lowered clusters, and bluish corolla searech exceeding the calyx. ®
H. hispida, is common from Western Illinois S. \V. ; 2' - 5' high, hairy,
with sessile linear entire leave-, and bristly-ciliate calyx. (T)
13. COLLINSONIA, HORSK-BALM. (Named for Peter Collinson of
London, who corresponded with Bart rani and Linmrus.) Rather tall and
larn'c-leaved strong-scented plants : fl. summer. ^
C. Canadensis, also called RICH-WEED and STOXE-ROOT, the only com-
mon species, in rich moist woods; smooth, 2° -3° high, with ovate >errate,
(eaves 3' - ('>' long and on lonu' petioles, and pale yellow lemon-scented flowers
on slender pedicels in panicled racemes.
14. HYSSOPUS, IIYSS< >P. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, from
the Hebrew.) 2/
H. officinalis, the only species, cult, in gardens from the Old World,
rarelv running wild : smooth tufted simple stems or branches 2° high ; leaves
lance-linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a terminal
spike, in summer.
15. PYCNANTHEMUM, MOUNTAIN' MINT or BASIL. (Name
from (I reek, means </< ns< [/an; r-r/ns/ii's.) Several species, all aromatic-scented,
1°-.1° high, in open usually gravelly or sandy soil ; flowers with pale corolla
often purple-dotted, in late summer and autumn. 2/ Only the following
widely common.
P. incanum. Leaves petioled. ovate or oblong, remotely toothed, finely
fioft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next the open flat cymes
whitened both sides; bracts and calyx-teeth .-omewhat awn-pointed.
P. muticurn. Minntelv soft-down v but hardly whitened, rather low,
hii-liy-branehed ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and sessile, with rounded or slightly
heart-shaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid ; flowers in heads or
dense clusters ; calvx-teeth and inner bracts rather blunt.
P. pilOSUin. Only from W. I'enu. \V., is downy with rather long soft
hairs; the bvoadNi lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire;
\\horled head,- at the cud of the branches ; the calyx-teeth and bracts ovate-
lanceolate and acute.
P. aristatum. Only from New Jersey S.. in pine-barrens : minutely soft-
pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire; llowers
in head-, with tin- narrow and awn-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth as long as the
corolla.
P. lanceolatum. SmOOthish, not hoary, verv leafy, bushy branched;
leaves small and clustered, narrow lanceolate or lance-linear, rigid, M-ssile, ob-
tuse at base ; (lower- -mall, in numerous globular close heads which are crowded
in terminal eor\ nib- ; calyx-teeth and bract.- -hurt, triangular; lips of the
corolla verv short.
P. linifblium. Like the last, less common X. : smoother, with lauee
linear leaves, tuid narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth.
MINT FAMILY. 249
16. ORIGANUM, MARJORAM. (Old Greek name, said to mean d, -%/.t
<>f mountain.*.) Natives of the Old World : sweet-herbs: fl. summer. If.
O. vulgare, WILD MARJORAM. Old gardens, and wild on some mini-
sides ; l°-ii0 high, with small ovate nearly entire leaves, on short petioles, :nnl
purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or short spikes; cal \ \
equallv 5-toothed.
O. Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. Cult, in kitchen-gardens (as an i i ;
leaves small and finely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; flowers whitish or
purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly down on the lower side.
17. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name ) Low cr
creeping s'.ightly woody-stemmed sweet-aromatic plants of the Old World:
fl. small, in summer. Leaves in the common species entire, small, from ^'
to near A' long, ovate, obovate or oblong with tapering base. If.
T. Serp^ilurn, CREEPING THYME. Cult, as a sweet herb, rarely a little
spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs ; leaves green ;
whorls of purplish or flesh-colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the
ends of the flowering branches.
T. Vlllgaris, COMMON THYME. Rarely cult., more upright and bushy
than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in shorter clusters.
18. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic:
fl. siimmer.
S. hortensis, SUMMER SAVORY. Low and homely sweet herb of the gar-
dens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at base, and
pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or running into panicled
spikes at the end of the branches. (T)
19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINTH. (Greek tor beautiful Mint.) Fl.
summer. 2/
§ 1. Flowers loose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles.
C. glabella. A delicate native but uncommon species, only from Niagara
Falls W. : smooth, with weak stems 5' -20' long, also with creeping runners,
oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose purplish flow-
ers about J' long.
C. Nepeta, BASIL-THYME. Nat. from Eu. from Virginia S. : soft-downy,
branching, l°-2° high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, small and loose purple
flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat.
§ 2. Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.
C. Clinopbdium, BASIL. Waste grounds and along thickets ; hairy,
with rather simple stems l°-2° long, ovate arid nearly entire petioled leaves,
and pale purple small corollas.
20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE-BALM. (Old name from Greek for bee. )
Old- World sweet herbs. Fl. summer. 2/
M. officinaliS, COMMON B. Gardens, sparingly running wild ; rather
hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely heart-shaped crc-
nate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers in small loose axillary
clusters.
21. SALVIA, SAGE. (From the Latin sah<o, to save, from its reputed
healing qualities.)
§ 1. WILD SAGES of the country, all with blue or jiaill;/ irhite wallas. ~H
* Upper lip of calyx 3-toothcd: lower cell of the anther present but <lf»nn<J.
S. lyrata. Sandy soil from New Jersey to 111. £ S. : l°-2° high, rather
hairy, with leaves mostly at the root and obovate or lyre-shaped, and a smaller
pair on the stem ; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted raceme ; coroU
hardly 1' long.
250 MINT FAMILY.
* * l'/>/>rr /ij> of the calyx entire : lower cell of the anther wanting.
S. urticifblia. Woodlands from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, leafy, some-
what clammv-dov. nv ; leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, tlie blue and
white corolla only i' long.
S. aziirea. Sandy soil S. & S. W. : nearly smooth and green, with rather
simple .stems, -2° - 4° high; leaves lance-linear with tapering base, obtn~ep
entire, or the lower serrate; the showy azure-blue flowers (less than 1' long)
numerous in a spike-like raceme.
S. Pitcheri, from Kansas to Texas, is very like the foregoing, but minutely
soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated, a> is also
S. farinbsa, of Texas, with more petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves, the
spikes, calyxes, &c. white-hoary, in contrast with the light blue corolla.
§ 2. GARDEN SAGES, cultivated fur ornament, or the first species for its savory
foliage. Perennials, but some cult, as annuals, several wucxli/ at base.
* Flowers Hue.
S. officinalis, COMMON SAGE, from S. En. : low, minutely hoary-pubes-
cent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticulated-rugose and the margins
crennlate, spiked flower-whorls, and short corolla.
S. patens, from Mexico : 2° -3° high, rather hairy, with crenate triangular-
ovate or halberd-shaped leaves, or the uppermost sessile ones oval, loose-pedi-
celled flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2' long, the lips widely gaping and
the stamens exserted.
* * Flowers scarlet-red.
S. splendens, SCARLET SAGE, of Brazil : smooth, with branching stems,
ovate pointed leaves, the floral ones and calvx as well as the corolla ('2' or more
long and with short lower lip) bright scarlet.
S. i'lilgens, CARDINAL or MEXICAN RED S., from Mexico: tall, pubes-
cent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and somewhat
rugo.sc, green calyx, and long-tubed downy deep scarlet corolla over 2' long,
tlu1 style' plumose.
S. COCCinea, from Tropical America: somewhat downy or soft-hairy,
with ovate and heart-shaped acute crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or
purplish calyx, and smooth red corolla 1' long, with lower lip much longer than
the upper one.
S. pseudo-COGCinea, from Trop. Amer. : like the last, but with bristly-
hairy stems, less heart-shaped leaves, and corolla more or less pubescent.
# # * F/otcers white.
S. argentea, from the Mediterranean regions : cult, for its silvery-white
foliage, hardv ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long white
wool ; flowering >tcm and its scs.sile leaves, as well as calyx, &c. clammy-hairy;
the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1' long and a very short tube-
22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY. (Old Latin name, dew of the sea.)
R. officinalis, from S. Ku. : not hardy N. : leaves evergreen, linear, entire,
with revolute margins, white hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in
their uxils.
23. MOlSrARDA, IIOKSK-MIXT or BALM. (Named for an early
Spanish writer on the medicinal plants of the New World, Monardez.) FL
summer.
§ 1 . Xliuiiriis mid */>/!,> jirotrndinrj beyond tlie narrnir artitp upper lip of the corolla.
/i arts oblong-ovate <>i' /<mrt -ornii-, iritk roundish or slightly heart-shaped base,
ri i, iif, pleasant-scented.
M. didyma, <Nwr<;<> TEA or BEK-BALM. Wet ground N., and cult.;
leaves petioled; the floral ones tinged with red; calyx naked in the throat;
eornl la bright red.
M. fistulbsa, WILD BKRGAMOT. Rocky grounds ; soft-downy or smooth-
ish ; leaves periolcd, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the
'hroat ; corolla iose-color, purple, or white.
MINT FAMILY. 251
M. Bradburiana. From Ohio W., differs from the preceding in the
eessile leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla.
§ 2. Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of the short
corolla, the tube of which is nearly enclosed in the calyx. © @
M. pimctata, HORSE-MINT. Dry sandy ground, from New York to
III. and S. : strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lanceolate,
the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple ; calyx-teeth short and awn-
less ; corolla yellowish.
M. aristata. Plains from Missouri S. W., has its calyx strongly bearded
in the throat and with awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously
awn -tipped.
24. BLEPHILIA. (From Greek for eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliaie,
the outer ones ovate.) Fl. summer. 2/
B. ciliata. Dry ground, from Penn. S. & W. : leaves almost sessile, ovate
or oblong, whitish-downy beneath ; outer bracts large, acute ; corolla hairy.
B. nepetoides. Low shady grounds N. & W. : hairy all over ; leaves
lance-ovate sometimes heart-shaped at base, on distinct petioles ; bracts smaller
and very slender-pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted.
25. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Name from Greek for crest
and flower, not very appropriate. Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. & W., with
ovate and toothed leaves : fl. summer. ^
L. nepetoides. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented ; stem 4° - 6° high
and sharply 4-angled ; calyx-teeth ovate, bluntish, almost equalling the dull
yellowish corolla.
L. SCroph.ulariif61ius. Resembles the preceding, but the obtusely an-
gled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the lanceolate acute calyx-
teeth shorter than the purplish corolla.
L. anisatus. Wild from Wisconsin far N. W. and rare in cultivation :
slender, with anise-scented leaves white beneath, and calyx much shorter than
the lavender-blue corolla.
26. NEPETA, CAT-MINT. (Latin name, from the city Nepcte.) ~U
N. Cataria, CATNIP. Weed nat. from Eu. around dwellings and gardens :
soft-downy ; with oblong heart-shaped leaves deeply crenate, and whitish flow-
ers crowded in terminal clusters or spikes, in late summer.
N. Glechbma, GROUND IVY, GILL. Weed nat. from Eu. in waste or
cult, shaded grounds: creeping and spreading, with smoothish rounded kidney-
shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue flowers in their axils,
each pair of anther cells approaching and forming a little cross : fl. all spring
and summer.
27. CEDRONELLA. (From Greek name of oil of cedar, alluding to the
sweet aromatic scent of the foliage of the first species.) The cultivated species
not hardy N. : fl. summer, y.
C. triph^lla, BALM-OF-GILEAD of the English gardens, here rarely cult.,
from Madeira ; very sweet-scented leaves of 3 broadly lanceolate leaflets ; flowers
purplish.
C. Mexicana, from New Mexico, has simple lance-ovate leaves with heart-
shaped base, erect stems, and handsome rose-colored (lowers in close clusters.
C. COrdata, wild in shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare : low,
hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, the
purplish corolla l£' long, its throat inflated.
28. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. ( Name from Greek
words for inflated or b/adderi/ covering.) Fl. all summer. 2/
P. Virginiana. Wet banks of streams, from New York W. & S., in sev-
eral varieties: l°-4° high; leaves mostly serrate; flowers either crowded or
rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1' or more long.
2~>2 MINT FAMILY.
29. BRUNELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL. (Latinized from the
old iJiYmaii ii. tine.) Fl. all summer, y.
B. vulgaris. Low fields ami copse-, low, spreading, with ovate or oblong
pctiolcd leaves, anil .'! tiow<r-, under each of the liruad and round purpli>h hraet>
of the he. id ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white.
30. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Name from Latin scutellum, a.
dish.) Fl. in summer, in species ours blue or violet. 2/
§ 1. Floiri rs in rOGt Hint or Xjiilciit tn'/niiKitiii'l tin .sV. ;;/ anil lirinn'lii s.
S. versicolor. River-banks, from Pcnn. W. & S. : stem stout, 1° -.3° high
soft-pulicM-cnt, a> are the heart-shaped very veiny and rugose eremite and blunt-
ish lonu-petiolcd leaves ; -pike-iikc racemes clammy-pubescent; corolla almost
1' Ion;:, the lower lip purple spotted.
S. canescens. From IVnn. S. & W. : stems branching, 2° - 4° high ;
leaves petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the
lower surface as also the racemes and Mowers whitish with very tine soft down,
otherwi>e smoothisli ; corolla 1' long.
S. pilbsa. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple, 1°-.'!°
high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong-ovate veiny leaves, the
lower -ometimes heart-shaped, upper on short-margined petioles; merino
short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla 3' long.
S. integrifdlia. Along thickets: minutely hoary, l°-2°high; leaves
lance-oblong or linear, obtu>e, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short;
corolla 1' long, much enlarged upwards.
§ '2. Flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves.
S. nervosa. 3Ioist ground from New York S. W. : smooth, l°-2° hiuh,
slender; leaves roundMi or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1' long, those subtending
the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like main veins prominent
beneath ; flowers 4' long.
S. parvula. Dry banks and shores, commoner W. & S. : low and spread-
ing, :i' - (]' high ; with round-ovate or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped
lea\es .',' or more Ionic, and (lowers \' long.
S. galericulata. Wet ground N. : smoothish ; the slender simple stems
l°-2° high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute,
serrate ; (lowers :j' long, with arched upper lip.
§ 3. Flowers in axillary or some terminal oin-sii/nl racemes.
S. lateriflbra. Wet shady places : smooth, branching, 1° - 2° high, with
lancc-o\ate or oblong acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes
rather leat'y-bracted ; flowers $' long.
31. MARRUBIUM, IIOUKIIOUXD. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew
word for uitter. ) Fl. late summer. ^
M. vulgare, COMMON II., from Europe, in gardens and waste places
branching, .spreading, hoary-downv, with round-ovate eremite-rugose leaves .in
petioles, and small white corolla.
BLACK HOKKIKHM), P. M.I.OT.V Ni<;n.\, of F.urope, and naturalized in a
tew places V... i> not hoary, and has purplish tlowers with a spreading 5-toothcd
border to the calyx.
32. GALEOPSIS, IIKMl'-XKTTLE. (Name in Greek means like a
weasel; the likeness not at all obvious.) Fl. summer. ®
G. Tetrahit, COMMON 11. Damp wa>te and cult grounds, nat. from En. •
a common weed, rattier bristly-hairy, with >tem Mvollcn below each joint, leaves
mate and eoar.-elv scrrat •, and corolla purpli>h or variegated.
33. LAMIUM, DEAD-NETTLE. (Xame from Greek word for throat. |
Low spreading herbs from Did World • 11 s-jiring and summer.
MINT FAMILY. 253
* Insignificant weeds in waste, or cultivated grounds, icith few smalt and purple or
slender floicers in some of the axils. Q) ®
L. amplexicaule. Leaves rounded, deeply eremite-toothed and cut, the
upper ones clasping; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip bearded, the
lower one spotted.
L. purptireum. Not so common : leaves more heart-shaped, and less
cut, all of them petioled.
* * Flowers fan/rr, 1' lour/, in several axillary whorls: corolla ascending, the
lateral Mies bearing a s/tnder awl-shaped appendaye. 2/
L. album. Gardens and waste grounds : hairy ; leaves all petioled, ovate
and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white.
L. maculatum. Cult, in gardens ; hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves as in
the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the upper face ; flowers purple.
34. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Name in Greek means lion's tail,
but there is no obvious resemblance.) Fl. late summer.
L. Cardiaca, COMMON M. Nat. from En. in cult, and waste grounds ;
tall, with palmately cleft long-petioled leaves, the lower rounded, the upper
wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla bearded. 2/
35. STACHYS, HEDGE-NETTLE. (Greek word for spike, from the
inflorescence.) Flowers in summer, in all ours 2/-
* }\'i/d species in wtt grounds, with small light reddish-purple corolla.
S. palustris. Common in many and diverse varieties, rough-hairy or
smooth, or the angles of the stem bristly ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, or the
lower heart-shaped at base, crenately toothed, the lower or nearly all petioled ;
calvx-teeth sharp-pointed or pungent.
S. hyssopilblia. Wet sandy soil, not common : smooth, low (1° high) ;
leaves linear or linear-oblong, almost entire, sessile ; calyx-teeth softer and less
pointed.
* * Cultivated for ornament • not very common.
S. lanata, from Europe: low, tufted; the stems, oblong Mullein-like
leaves, and dense interrupted spike wholly covered with thick and silvery white
wool, and vcrv short dull purple corollas.
S. coceiliea, SCARLET S., from Mexico, with ovate-oblong and heart-
shaped pubescent leaves, and whorled flowers with bright red corolla, its tube
often 1' long.
36. BETONICA, BETONY. (The Latin name.) Cult, occasionally in
old gardens, from Old World. Stems low, erect: leaves coarsely crenate,
oblong, those on the stem few, of the root larger and heart-shaped on long
petioles. Fl. summer. 2/
B. grandifldra, GREAT B., from Northern Asia; with stem l°-2° high,
flowers in separated whorls, purple corollas H' long.
B. officinalis, WOOD B., from Europe, has flowers many times smaller, in
a more crowded oblong spike.
37. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some woolly
plant.) Fl. summer. 2/
P. tuberosa, from E. Eu. : cultivated in old gardens, sparingly run wild ;
stems 3° - 5° high ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, crenate,
rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense whorls ; upper lip of the purple
corolla white-hairy inside.
38. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL-FLO WER. (Name
from Molucca Islands.) Fl. summer. ©
M. laevis, from
with roundish petioled
spine-like bracts, the
mii'.'li exceeding the inconspicuous corolla.
Lands.) l1 1. summer, (i)
Asia : in some old gardens : low, much branched, smooth,
:>led leaves, flowers sessile in their axils accompanied by
lie remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and 1 ' long,
2.~>4 BOUA'II, IAMII.V.
80. BOilRAGINACE.aE, BORAGE FAMILY.
Mostly rough or rough-hairy plants, known from all relat'-l
nionopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or apparently
4 ovaries, around die lia-r (if a rmnnion style, each 1-ovulcd, ripen-
ing into akeui;s or nutlets, along with regular llowers (Echium
cx.'fptfil). >tameiis a> many as the lobes of the corolla (•')) and
alternate with them, and alternate (mostly entire) leaves. In the
Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is not lobed, but the fruit at
maturity separates into 2 or 4 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo
filling the seed : no albumen. Flowers disposed to be on one side of
the stem or branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like
clusters coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand.
Herbage not aromatic ; juice commonly bitterish, often somewhat
mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye.
I. BORAGE FAMILY PROPER, having the deeply 4-parted
ovary as above. Ours all herbs.
i) I. Corolla irregular funnel-form, naked in the throat : stamens unequal!
1. ECIIIUM. Two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the others.
Stamens ascending, more or less protruding: filaments and style long and
slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, leathery, rough-wrinkled.
§ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all.
2. BORRAGO. Flowers, as in all the following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale
at the base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the con-
niving stamens. Filaments verv short, limad, and with a cartilaginous pro-
jection behind the linear pointed anther. Nutlets erect.
6. M YOSOTIS, and 7. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the corolla may
be sought for here.
§ 3. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped,
* Open in the throat, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the. oriftce.
3. MERTF.XSIA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading
border -carceiv at all lolied and its throat perfectly naked in the common
species; the slender filaments protruding. 1-ruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled.
Smooth plants, which i.- rare in this order.
4. OXoSMOIUI'M. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging,
the throat perfectly naked, bearing tlu> arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate
anthers: filaments hardly any. Myle very slender and protruding. Nutlets
Stony. <niooth, fixed by their base. Very rou^h-bristly liomelv plants.
5. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, with' rounded lobes
imbricated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or
folds in the throat. Anthers oblong, included: filament* hardly any. Xut-
let- Mony. smooth or rou'_rhen.-.l, ovate, lixi'd by the base. Hough or hairy
plants, mo-stly with red rooN.
6. MlOSOTIS. "Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of
the 6-tOOthed Or B-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. the
throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included.
Nutlets -month and hard, lixed by their ba-e. Low and small, mostly soft-
hairy plants, the small raeemed (lowers commonly bractlr--.
» * Scales or appaiilngcs «f the corolla, i-iint/iii-iimm nnv before the base of each lobe,
<i/i<l i-losim/ nr lunrli/ cluniiii/ tin' nr/jice.
-i- Corolla short-siilrcr-slinped or netir/u irlntl-slmptd : ftinm-ns Included.
7. OMHIALODES. Corolla with tube -shorter than the roundel lobes. Nutlets
smooth, depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely ra-
cemed: nooracts. Low smooth or smonthish herbs.
BOKACK FAMILY.
5 ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube ns short as the rounded lobes, the
throat closed with short rounded scales. Nutlets erect, fixed to the central
column or base of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more
marginal rows of barb-tipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds,
with leafy-bracted racemed flowers.
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the
tube about the length of the rounded lobes ; throat closed by the blunt scales.
Nutlets bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they
are fixed by their apex, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked
prickles. CJoarse and strong-scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower
sometimes bracted, otherwise bractless.
4_ .,_ Corolla tubular and more or less funnel-shaped.
10. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and
bristly-hairy scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nut-
lets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly
plants.
11. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-funnel form, with short spreading
lobes which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales and
the linear or lanceolate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nut-
lets erect, smooth, coriaceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branch-
ing and leafy, with thickened or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and
bitterish, used in popular medicine. Flowers nodding in raceme-like often
forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted at base.
II. HELIOTROPE FAMILY, the ovary not divided but,
tipped with the simple style, the fruit when ripe separating into 2
or 4 closed pieces or nutlets.
12. HELIOTROPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat
more or less plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, included. Style short: ^stigma
conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. Flowers
small, in one-sided single or cymose-clustered spikes, mostly bractless.
13. HELIOPHYTUM. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Fruit
mitre-shaped, splitting at maturity into 2 nutlets each 2-celled. Otherwise
as in Heliotropium.
1. ECHIUM, VIPER'S BUGLOSS. (Name from Greek word for viper.)
E. vulgcire, COMMON V. or BLUEWEED. Cult, from Eu. in old gardens,
and a weed in fields, Penn. to Virginia : l°-2° high, very rough-bristly, with
lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the purple
corolla changing to bright blue, in summer. ©
2. BORRAGO, BORAGE. (Old name, supposed corruption of cor ago, from
imagined cordial properties.)
B. officin&lis, COMMON B. Cult, from Eu. in old gardens, spreading,
branched, beset with sharp and whitish spreading bristles; leaves oval </r
oblong-lanceolate ; flowers loosely racemed, handsome, blue or purplish, with
dark anthers, in summer. (T)
3. MERTENSIA. (Named for a Prof. Merlens, of Germany.) 2/
M. Virginica, VIRGINIAN or SMOOTH LUNGWORT. Alluvial soil W.
6 S., and cult, for ornament : a vert/ smooth and pale leafy plant, 1° > high,
with obovate entire leaves, those of the root long-petiolcd, handsome flowers
spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in loose raceme-like clusters, the light
blue or at first purple corolla 1' long : fl. spring.
4. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means JlL-e OHOS-
ma, an European genus of this family.) Wild plants of the country, mostly
in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground : flowers leafy-bracted, greenish or yel-
lowish-white, in summer. ~^_
256
BOUAGK FAMILY.
O. Virginianum. Clothed with harsh l.ut a]. pressed short bristles, 1° - 2C
hL'h, with obloni: leaves, ami lance-awl-shaped lobes of narrow corolla spar-
Inj I v bristly outside.
O. Carolinianum. From \ew York \V. \ S.: shaggy with rouirh and
spreading bristles, stout, :j°-4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acnte leaves,
and lobes of rather broad cm-olla triangular and thicklv hairv.
O. molle. Only W. : hoary with softer and whi'ti.-h appressed hairs, the
oblong-ovate b!unti.-h leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the triangular-pointed
lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairv outside.
5. LITHOSPERMUM, GKOM\YELL, PUCCOON. (Name from
Greek, means st<,,,,/ »,//.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length
scattered or as if spiked, leafy -bracted.
§ 1. Corolla white or nnhi //• //«//•/>•// //, the wholly nak<-d throat, scarcely longer titan
the calyx : tuttifta rough-wrinkled uml />/'t/,J, ,/''<"/ and dull. (T) @
L. arvense, COIJN GHOMWKLL. Nat. from Eu. in waste drv soil, 6'- 12'
high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers.
§ -2. Corolla dull w/iili.i/i, rather short, with little downy scales or rather fMs in
the thront .- null, is smooth or with a few fiores, often ivory-white. T/
L. angUStifdlium. River-banks from 111. S. & W. : minutely roughish-
hoary, bra-iehed, (',' - 15' high, with linear rigid leaves, short peduncles recurved
in fruit, and corolla not longer than calyx.
L. officinale, COMMON- (J. of Europe, a weed by some roadsides : l°-2°
high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate acute leaves rough above but
soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx
L. Iatif61ium. From W. New York \V."& S. : larger and rougher than
the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves 2' - 4' long and prominently
ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla shorter than calvx.
§ 3. Corolla />/•////// »>/v;«v -yi-llmr, xliniri/, longer than calyx, almost salvrr-shaped,
with little. aj>]H'>i(la</i's in the throat crid.t-nt : nutlets smooth, usually irory-icftitr.
L. hirtum, ll\n:v PITCCOON. Dry ground, chiefly S. & \V. : l°-2°
hi^h, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or those next the (lowers
ovate-Oblong and hriMly-eiliate, the crowded flowers pednncled, tube of the
corolla scarcely longer 'than the breadth of the border (f'-l'j and woolly-
b'Mi-dcd at b:i.>e inside.
L. canescens, HOARY P. Mostly N. & W. : softer-hairy and somewhat
hoarv, 6'- 15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla
smooth at ba-ie inside.
L. Iongifl6rum, only on prairies N. W., has linear leaves, and tube of
corolla 1' 01 more long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes.
6. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION-GRASS. (Xamo
in (iivck means >timise-<w, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Fl.
spring and summer.
M. palustris, TIM-I: F., in gardens and somc^ waste jilaees, with loosely
branched stems ascending from a creeping base, rough-pubescent lance-oblong
leave-;, moderately 5-clcft calyx shorter than the spreading pedicels, its hairs
not hooked nor glandular, and its lobes open in fruit; corolla li^ht blue with a
yellow eye.- - Yar. I.AXV, wild in wet places X., has .-mailer flowers Oil still
longer pedicels ^/
M. arvensis. Not rare in fields, &<•. : birsute, with Iauce-ob!<>ng acutish
leaves, ra.-emes naked at base and .-talked, small blue corolla, pedicels spreading
in fruit and longer than the 5-eleft c.pial calyx, the lobes of which are closed in
fruit, and th-- tub • beset with some hooked o'r glandular-tipped hairs. i i
M. v6rna. Dry hills : bristly-hirsute, erect (4'- 10 hitjh), branched from
base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes IcafV at base, very small mostly
white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but abruptly bent
outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the unequal very bristly calyx,
some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their tip. © ©
BOKAGE FAMILY. 257
7. OMPHAL6DES. (Name from the Greek, refers to tin- navel-shaped
depression on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult, from En. for ornament.
O. v6rna, BLUE or SPRING NAVELWORT. Spreading by leafy runners ;
leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2' -3' long, pointed, green; flowers
azure-blue, in spring. 2/
O. linifolia, WHITE N. Erect, 6' -12' high, loosely branched, very pale
or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate. the upper sessile,
white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around the margin of the
cavity. ©
8. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICKSEED. (Name of two Greek words
for hedgehog and seed, from the nutlets )
E. Lappula. Weed of waste grounds, especially N., roughish-hairy, erect,
1°- 2° high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and nutlets with rough-
tubcrcled back and thickly-prickled margins : fl. all summer. ©
9. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDSTONGUE (which the name means in
Greek). Fl. summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to fleece.
C. offlcinale, COMMON H. Coarse weed from Europe, common in pas-
tures and roadsides : leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or lance-oblong
leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, and flat somewhat
margined nutlets. ©
C. Virginicum, WILD COMFREY. Rich woods: bristly-hairy; with
simple stem leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue
flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the nut-
lets very convex. 2/
C. Moris6ni, BKGGAR'S LICE. Thickets and open woods : a common
weed, 2° — 4° high, with slender widely spreading branches, thin oblong-ovate
leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging racemes of very small
whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels rencxed in fruit, and convex barbed-prickly
small nutlets. © ©
10. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Name of Greek words for tco/fsmA face or
aspect.) European weeds. Fl. summer. ©
L. arvensis, FIELD or SMALL BUGLOSS. Very rough-bristly weed, about
1° high, in sandy fields E. ; with lance-oblong leaves, and small blue corolla
little exceeding the calyx.
11. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (From Greek word meaning to grow
together or unite, alluding probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult,
from Old World : fl. summer, y.
S. officinale, COMMON C. Rather soft-hairy ; the branches winged by
the decurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves; corolla yellowish-white.
Naturalized sparingly in moist grounds.
S. asperrimum, ROUGH C. Cult, in some gardens : stem and widely
spreading branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little
prickles, not winged ; calyx-lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud changing
to blue.
12. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE (i. e., in Greek, turning to the
sun). Fl. all summer.
* Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary : flowers white. ©
H. Curassavicum. Sandy shores and banks from Virginia and Illinois
S. : very smooth and pale ; leaves oblong, spatulate, or lance-linear, thickish,
veinless
H. Eu.ropS8U.in. Old gardens and waste places S., introduced from Eu. ;
hoary -downy, 6' -18' high; leaves oval, long-pctioled, veiny.
S & F— 22
258 WATKRI.KAF FAMILY.
* * Spikes collected in terminal and srr<-n?l times forked cymes : woody-stemmeA
or shrulily house ami ln-ililin<) plants from Peru and C/ii/i. 2/
H. Peruvianum, S \VKKT HELIOTROPE. Pubescent, with ovate-oblong
or lance-ovate very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented pale blue-purple
flowers.
II. corymbbsum. Cult, with the other, differs mainly in the larger and
deeper-blue llowers of much less fragrance.
13. HELIOPHYTUM. (Name of the Greek words for sim and plant,
indicating the resemblance to Heliotrope.)
II. Indicum, INDIAN HKLIOTKOPK : hairy low plant, nnt. from India a* a
weed in wa-tc ground S. ; with ovate heart-shaped leaves, and solitarv spikes of
'small purplish (lowers, in summer ; a cavity before each seed-bearing cell of the
2-lobed fruit. ©
81. HYDROPHYLLACE.SJ, WATERLEAF FAMILY.
Plants in some sort resembling both the foregoing and the following
families, in the arrangement of the flowers more commonly imitating
the former; differing from both in the 1 -celled ovary and pod with
2 parietal placentae. In some the placentae unite in the axis, making
a two-celled ovary. Style 2 -cleft or else 2 separate styles. Ovules
at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small embryo in hard
albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves mostly alternate, simple
or compound. The following are all N. American plants, some
wild, the others cult, for ornament from the West.
§ 1. Style 2,-cleft: ovary and pod \-celled, with two parietal placenta,
* These flesh ;/ and so brand that they line the or try, and enclose, the (mostly 4) ontlei
and seeds: corolla usually convolute in the bud, commonly with 5 or 10 folds,
scales, or other appendages down the inside of (he tube.
1. HYDBOPHYLLUM. Calvx 5-parted, sometimes with small appendages at the
sinuses, not enlarged in fruit Corolla bell-shaped. Stvle and mostly hairy
filaments protruded : anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4
spherical seeds. Flowers in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate,
slender-petioled.
2. NEMOPHlLA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus,
somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped,
lunger than the stamens. Flowers solitary and long-pednncled. Leaves
mostly opposite, at least the lower ones.
» « Placenta narrow, adherent ilirecthj to the n-nlh. or else home on nn incomplete
partition and projecting into the <•<//, n-hfre they sometimes meet: lubes of the
corolla imbricate d in the find.
3. PHACELIA. Calyx -l-parted, the divisions narrow : no appendages at th«
sinuses. Corolla open bell-diaped, approaching wheel-shaped. Stamens and
style often protruded. Pod 4 - many-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
one-sided raceme-like clusters or spikes.
4. WHITLAVIA. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped or slightly contracted at the throat,
the 6 short and broad lobes abruptly and widely spreading. (I'od many-
seeded.) Otherwise as the last section "f Phacelia.
§2. Styles 2 (run!;/ M ), si>f>arnte. t/tiite to (he base: ovary mid /><«! '2-felf/d: tends
minute and ren/ numerous.
6. HYDROLEA. Calyx "i-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or auproadiing wheel-
shaperl, rather shorter than the stamens: filaments enlarged at ha*e. Herbs.
or sciinewliat shrubby, with entire leaves and often spines in their axil*
Flowers in loose axillary clusters.
WIQANDIA, from South America, with very large rounded leaves and sharp
or stinging bristles, is of late planted out as an ornamental leaf-plant, but ie
as yet uncommon.
AVATKRT.KAK KAMII.V. '2~>0
1. HYDROPHYLLUM, WATERLEAF, is a translation of the name
from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, &c. Flow-
ers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer. ^
* Ca>yr irith minute appendages If (ini/ : root&locks creeping, scaly-toothed.
H. macrophyllum. From Ohio \V. & S. W. -. rough-hairy, witli leaves
pinnately divided into 9- 13 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; a globular cluster
of (lowers on a very long peduncle.
H. Virginicum. Very common N. & W. : smooth or smoothish, with
5-7 main divisions to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx-
lobes bristly-ciliate.
H. Canaddnse. Chiefly N. : barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish
leaves palmatelv 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute leaflets
on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower-cluster.
* * Caliix with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus.
H. appendiculatum. From New York W. & S. : pubescent or hairy,
with rounded palmately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather
loose flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx.
2. NEMOPHILA. (Name from the Greek, means lover of tlte grove.) Low
spreading plants cultivated for ornament ; all but the first from California :
fl. summer. ©
W. phacelioides. Wild from Arkansas S., and sparingly cult. ; with
ascending stems l°-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 oblong
entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla U' broad.
N. insignis. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate leaves cut-
toothed, and pure blue corolla 1' broad.
N. maculata. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly sessile,
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and white corolla with
violet patch on each lobe.
N". atomaria. Procumbent; leaves opposite, pinnatifid ; corolla smaller,
white sprinkled with chocolate-brown spots.
3. PHACELIA. (Name from Greek word for a cluster.) Several species
cult, for ornament : fl. spring or summer.
§ 1. TRUE PHACELIA, loith only 4 ovules and seeds : lobes of corolla entire.
P. COTlgesta. Cult, from Texas, &c. : rather pubescent, with leaves pin-
natelv divided or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or lobes, and
small" blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender peduncle ; stamens
slightly protruding. ©
P. tanacetifolia, from California: taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower
pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in longer dense spikes, and long stamens. ©
P. bipinnatifida. Wild from Ohio S. & W. in rich shady soil : 1°
high, branched, glandular-hairy, with leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate
ciit-lobed leaflets, flowers slender pedicelled in long loose racemes, violet-blue
corolla V or more broad. @
§ 2. COSMANTHUS, with 4 ovules and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. © ®
P. Plirshii. Shady soil from Penn. W. & S. and cult, under the name of
the next : slender, 8' -12' high ; lobes of pinnatifid leaves several, lance-oblong,
acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on slender pedicels ; corolla light blue
or whitish, ^' broad ; filaments hairy below.
P. fimbriata, the true plant "grows only in the high Alleghanies
smaller, with 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the leaves, few and
smaller white flowers.
§ 3. EfjTOCA, with seeds or at lea*t ovules several or many : corolla-lobes entire.
P. parvifldra. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car. : scarce, delicate
little plant, 3' -6' high, with pinnately divided or cleft leaves, a raceme of fev
flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less than £' wide, and few seeds <j)
•Jl'iM I'OI.KMONIU.M FAMILY.
P. viscida, cult from California as Ef/T<>< ,v vfsciDA : clammy all over
with dark glandular hairs, rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut-toothed, short-
petioled ; racemes single terminatinj: the liraiiches ; corolla deep blue, 1' or less
wide,; pod many-seeded. (T)
4. WHITLAVIA. ( Named by the lamented Professor Harvey for his
t'ri.-nd Mr. \\'/iil/n.) Kl. summer. (T)
W. grandiflbra. Cult, for ornament, from California: resembles Pha-
cclia viscidain growth and folia-''. but only slightly clammy, the roundish-ovate
or slui-ht'y heart-shaped leaves comely toothed, on longer petioles; raeemo
loose; corolla 1' or more lon^, violet-blue (also a white variety) ; stamens and
st\ le very slender and protruding.
5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water; the plants aquatic
or in wet places.) Fl. summer. 2/
H. quadrivalvis, of S. E. States, has hairy stems ; lanceolate acute leaves
tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as the corolla.
H. affinis, of river-banks, from S. Illinois S., is smooth, with short-pctioled
lanceolate leaves, and ovate sepals as Ion;; as the corolla.
H. ovata, of 8. W. States, lias soft-downy steins, ovate leaves, looser flow-
ers, and lanceolate villous sepals.
82. POLEMONIACE^I, POLEMONIUM FAMILY.
Chiefly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent o-cleft calyx, the 5
lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in the bud, 3-lobed
style, 3-celled ovary and pod ; the single, few, or many seeds in each
cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo straight in the axis of
albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, the juice watery. Nearly
all are N. American plants, many cult, for ornament.
§ 1. Erect or diffuse herbs, nut cH/n/>!n>/, nml with nothing resembling stlpitlt-s.
1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, .".-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla
salver-shaped, with a lon<_c tube (Lessons, p. '.'0, tig. 255), in which the 5
short and unequally inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2
ovules, but the short pod with only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and
ino-tly senile, the lower all opposite, upper often alternate.
2. CILIA.' Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes.
Stamens equally1 inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not
declined. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut,
or divided.
3. POLKMONM'M. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short-funnel
form. Stamens slender, like those of Cilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged
at the base. Leaves pinnate, alternate.
§ 2 Tall-climbing by compound ttndi-ils on tie pinnate leaves: lowest leaflets close
to the stem, unlike the otlu-rs, iiiiitntimj stijntU-it.
4. COB^EA. Calyx of 5 l:ir-re leaf-like division-;, the margins of which, applied
each to each, appear like 5 win^-d an.irles. Corolla Bell-shaped, with short
nnd broad .-pivadinir lolies. Stamens decline,!. A fleshy disk around the
ha-e of the ovary. Seeds numerous iu each cell of the pod, winded. Pe-
duncles axillary, 1-llowered, le-ily-liracted near the base, naked above.
Leaves alternate.
1. PHLOX. (Greek fnr_fl<ime, anciently applied to Lychnis, and transferred
to the-c North American plants.)
§ 1. © Cultivated Jbr ornament from Texas : fl. all summer.
P. Drurnmondii. From thi- come all the annual Phloxes of the gardens :
rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubescent, with co-
rymbs of purple, crimson, rose-colored, or even white, showy flowers.
POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 2C1
§ 2. 2/ Wild in most/// dry or rocky ground, also common in gardens, ir/u re the
species are much crossed and vuriid.
* Stems erect : flowers in (Mong or pyramidal panicle, with short peduncles and
pt'dii -i In : lo!>i s of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white varieties.
U V/i/ from Pennsylvania S. and \V. : fl. summer.
P. paniculata. Smooth, or some varieties roughish or soft hairy, 2° - 4°
hin'h, stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate and mostly with tapering base;
panicle broad ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.
P. maculata. Smooth; stem slender, l°-2°high, purple-spotted lower
leaves lanceolate, upper lance-ovate from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped
biise ; panicle long and narrow, leafy below ; calyx-teeth hardly pointed.
* * Stems ascending or erect, but often it-it li a prostrate base, l°-3° high: whole
plant smooth, not clammy nor glandular : flowers corymbed: lobes of corolla
round and entire. \Vild chiefly H . and S., seldom cult. : fl. summer.
P. Carolina. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, or the upper heart-
shaped ; Howers crowded, short-pednncled, pink ; calyx-teeth acute.
P. glaberrima. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3' -4' long;
flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.
* # # Flowering stems ascending, or in the flrst erect, low, terminated hi/ a loose
corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as the thinnis/i
leaves : flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-teeth very slender : fl. late spring.
P. pi!6sa. From N. Jersey to Wisconsin & S. : mostly hairy ; erect
steins 1° or so high ; leaves lanceolate or linear and tapering to a point (l'-2£'
long) ; flowers loose, with spreading awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; lobes of pink,
rose, or rarely white corolla obovate and entire.
P. amdeha. Barrens from Virg. to 111. & S. : pubescent, spreading
from the base, 6' -1° high, leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on
sterile shoots, short ; flowers in a crowded leafy-bracted corymb, with straight
hardly awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white.
P. reptans. Moist woods from Penn. and Kentucky .S. : spreading by-
long runners, which bear ronnd-obovate often smoothish leaves, those of the low
flowering stems oblong or ovate (about £' long) ; flowers few but crowded ; lobes
of the deep pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (!' broad).
P. divaricata. Moist woods from N. New York W. & S. : soft-pubescent;
stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate (l'-2' long) ,-
flowers loosely corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, pale lilac, bluish, or
lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly inversely heart-shaped and
as long as the tube.
* * * * Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, almost woody,
persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pub scent leaves : flowers
few in the depressed clusters, in early spring.
P. SUbulata, GROUND or Moss PINK. Wild on rocky hills W. & S. of
New England, and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; leaves awl-shaped
or lanceolate, at most £• long ; corolla pink-purple, rose with a darker eye, or
varying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes generally notched at the end.
2. GILIA. (Named for one Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound
from Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the
gardens : fl. summer.
G. COronopifolia, or IPOMOPSIS, called CYPRESS GILIA from tho
foliage resembling that of Cypress- Vine : wild S. and cull.; has erect wand-
like stem 2° -3° hitch, thickly clothed with alternate crowded leaves pinnately
divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow strict leafy pauich;
of showy flowers ; the corolla tubular-funnel form, light scarlet with whitish
specks on the lobes inside, l£' long. (Lessons, p. 90, tig. 249.) ©
G. androsacea, or LEFTOSIPHON ANDROSACEL-S, of California: low and
slender, with opposite leaves palmatcly cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions,
a head-like cluster of flowers with very long and slender but small salver-shaped
corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. ®
2G2 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
G. tricolor, of California: with branching stems, about 1° high, scattered
alternate leave* 2-3 time* jiinnately dissected into short linear divi.-ions, flow-
er* panicled at the end of the branche-, -hort funnel-form eorolla with lilac-
jiur]ile or whitish lobes, brown-]iiir|i|e throat, and yellow tube. i
G. capltata, of California and Oregon; l°-2° high, with alternate leave*
twice ('innately divided into small liiu-ar or thread-like leallets (,r lobes, and
numerous small blue flowers crowded in heads at the end of iiakcd branches ;
tlie corolla narrow funnel-form with lanceolate lobes. ©
3. POLEMONIUM, GREEK VALKKIAX, JACOB'S LADDER.
(Ancient name, from the Greek word for war, or in honor of a philosopher or
king named J'o/nnon.) Fl. early summer. ^
P. reptans. Woods of Middle States, also cult.: smooth, with weak and
spreading (but never creeping) stems 6' -10' long, 7-11 lance-ovate or oblong
leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and stamens and style not
longer than the corolla.
P. caeruleum. Cult, in gardens from Eu., also rarely wild N. : smooth
or sometimes hairy ; with erect stem l°-3° high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and
crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue flowers collected in a long panicle, and
stamens and style longer than the lobes of the corolla, which is 1' broad.
4. COB.S1A. (Named for one Cobo, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from which
country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) 2/
C. SCandens. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much branching tendrils ;
leaflets ovaf ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2' or more long, long filament*
coiling spirally when old : 11. all summer, usually cult, as an annual.
83. CONVOLVULACE^I, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
Twiuing, trailing, or rarely erect plants, (ours herbs,) commonly
with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules; regular mono-
petalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4,) imbricated sepals, as many
separate stamens, corolla convolute or t \vi.-t ed in the bud, a
2-4-celled ovary and pod with only 1 or 2 ovules erect from the
base of each cell, becoming largo seeds containing a curved or
coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous (or when dry,
harder) albumen.
I. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY PROPER ; with ordinary foli-
age, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually showy flowers,
nnd embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons folded and crumpled in
the seed. (Le.-son*, p. 21, fig. 40-43.) Calyx of 5 separate sepals.
§ 1. Style sint/le and entire : sttymiie 1 - 3.
* C«tyx naked, i. e. not enclosed by it // iir <>/' /< //}/ bracts.
1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla nearly salvor-shaped nr trumpet-shaped, with a long
tube, tin- border not twisted in the hud. Stamen* and style commonly pro-
truded. Stigma capitate, more or le>s 2-lobed. 1'ud 4-ceiled: cells 1-seeded.
(Lessons, p. 101. lig. -JK-J. 203.)
2. IPOMCEA. Corolla variou-, nmre commonly funnel-form, the border twisted
in tlie bud. Stamens mostly included. Stigma capitate, commonly 2 -8-lobed.
1'od 2-4-celled.
8. COXVOLVl'I.rs. Corolla open funnel-form or almost hell-shaped. Stamens
included. Stigmas 2, linear. 1'od •_' celled: cells 2-seeded.
* * Gilyx surroundiil und enclosed b// <i pair of l<irge leafy heart-shiijii-il bntctg.
4. CALTSTEGIA. Corolla o[>en funnel-form, the wide-spreading border obscure-
ly lobed or entire. Stamens included. Style bearing 2 linear or oblong
stigmas. 1'od 4-seeded. I'eduncles 1-nowered.
CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 2G3
§ 2. Style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining.
6. BONAMIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or puiiictimfs 3, or in one
species 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1 -7-flowci •,-.!.
6. EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped.
Styles 2, each 2-cleft: the 4 stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled: cells 2-seeded.
II. DODDER FAMILY ; slender parasitic twiners, without
green herbage and with only some minute scales in place of leaves ;
embryo slender and spirally coiled in the seed, destitute of coty-
ledons.
7- CUSCUTA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4 - 5-cleft.
Stamens with a'scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2
in our species. Ovary 2-celled : cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded.
1. QUAMOCLIT. (Aljoriginal Mexican name.) Twiners, with small
flowers red or crimson, and with pale or white cultivated varieties, in summer,
open through the day. ©
Q. vulgaris, CYPRESS- VINE. Cult, from Mexico : leaves pinnately parted
into slender almost thread-shaped divisions ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; border of
the narrow corolla 5-lobed.
Q. COCCinea. Run wild S. & W. : leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals
awn-pointed; peduncles several-flowered; border of (!' long) corolla merely
5-angled.
2. IPOMCEA, MORNING GLORY. (Greek-made name.) FL summer.
§ 1. Ovary and pod 3-celled (or accidentally 4-celled), with 2 seeds in each cell:
stigma more or less 3-lobed : corolla funnel -form, openiny in early morning
for a few hours : stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs more or less retrorse.
I. purpurea, COMMON M. Cult, from Trop. Amer. and wild around
dwellings ; with heart-shaped pointed entire leaves, 3- 4-flowered peduncles, and
purple sometimes vanegatcd or nearly white corolla, 2' long. ©
I. Nil. Cult, or run wild S. : with heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, 1 -3-flow-
cred peduncles, slender-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white
corolla 1' -2' long. ©
I. limbata or albo-marginata, perhaps a var. of the preceding . a
tender species, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with
deep violet border, edged with white 2^' broad. ©
I. Learii, cult, from S. Amer. : tender, less hairy, with heart-shaped and
some deeply 3-lobed leaves, many flowers crowded on the summit of the
peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla, 3' long and border 3' wide. 2/
§ 2. Ovaru and pod 2-celled, the cells ^.-seeded, or sometimes each cell divided by a.
partition making 4 one-seeded crts: lobes of the stif/wa if any only 2.
I. Bona-N6x, or CALONYCTIOI* SPECi6suM. Cult., also wild far S. :
tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft almost prickly
projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles long,
1- few-flowered; corolla salver-forra with a slender tube 3' -4' long and the
border still broader, white, opening at evening.
I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Cult, from East Indies : creeping, seldom
twining, smooth, producing the large fleshy edible roots lor which the plant is
cultivated: leaves variously ^eart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or triangular, some-
times cut-lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple,
li' Ion" ; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. If.
I. MicWxii. Light soil along the coast S. : creeping or twining, with
heart-shaped or triangular sometimes lobed leaves downy beneath ; flowers
downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3-4' long, opening at night ;
pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root extremely large and
2G4 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.
I. pandurata, WILD POTATO- VINK or MAV-OF-THE-EARTII. Sandy 01
gravelly soil, Conn, to 111. & S. : trailing or twining, stout, smooth, with heart-
shaped and sometimes fiddle-shaped or halberd-3-lobed leaves, I— 5-flowered
peduncles, small bracts, anil open t'uiinel-t'onn white corolla with deep purple
eye, 2' - 3' long ; root very lar^e and deep. ^
I. sagittilblia. Salt-marshes, from North Carolina S. : smooth, with
stems twining 2° -3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate
leaves, 1 -3-flowercd club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel-form
corolla 2' - 3' long. If
I. lacundsa. Low grounds, Penn. to 111. and S. : twining, nearly smooth,
with heart-shaped nearly entire leaves, short 1-3-flowered peduncles, small
white 5-lobed corolla about £' long and twice the length of the pointed ciliate
sepals, and slightly hairy pod. (j)
I. commutata. Low grounds S. & W. : rather hairy, twining; with thin
heart-shaped and sometimes angled or 3 -5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1- 5-flowered
peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 1'- 2' long
and 4-5 times the length of the pointed ciliate sepals ; pod hairy.
3. CONVOLVULUS, BINDWEED. (From Latin convolve, to roll
around or twine.) Fl. summer.
C. arv6nsis, FIELD BINDWEED of Eu., is a weed on the coast E. : spread-
ing and low-twining, smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong and narrow-shaped ; pe-
duncles 1 -flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less than 1' long. "11
C. tricolor. Cult, from S. Europe in gardens ; hairy, low, w^ith ascending
branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate almost sessile leaves, 1 -flowered
peduncles, rather large and showy flowers opening in sunshine, the corolla blue
with pale or white throat and yellow tube. (f)
4. CALYSTEGIA, BRACTED BINDWEED. (From Greek words
denoting the calyx covired, that is, by the bracts.) Fl. all summer.
C. sepium, HKDGE B. Wild in low grounds, also planted : twining freely,
sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks ; smooth, al>o a downy
variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, with the lobes
at base obliquely truncate and sometimes toothed or sinuate ; peduncles 4-anglcd ;
corolla white or light rose-colored, l£' - 2' long. ^/
C. spithamsea. Dry sterile ground ; downy, not twining, 6' -12' high;
leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart-shaped at the base;
corolla white, 2' long. 11
5. BONAMIA. (Named for F. Bonamij.) Low, small-flowered: corolla
more or less silky or hairy outside : fl. summer : chiefly S. If.
B. humistrata. Dry pine barrens from Virg. S. : sparsely hairy or
Bmoothish ; leaves varying from oblong with heart-shaped base to linear; sepals
smooth; corolla white, almost 1' long ; filaments hairy ; styles united at base.
B. aquatica. Along ponds S. : finely soft-downy; leaves varying as in
the preceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink of purple | long ; filaments smooth ;
Styles nearly separate.
B. Pickermgii. Sandy barrens from N. Jersey S., scarce: leaves nearly
linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like and longer than the
flowers; sepals hairy ; corolla white, hardly £' long; styles united to alove the
middle, and with stamens also protruding.
0. EVOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll, that is, it does not twine.)
Low and diminutive small-flowered plants, only S. Fl. summer. J£
E. arg6nteu.S. Dry ground from Missouri S. : tufted from a woody base,
.V-7' high, silky-woolly all over; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, mostly
nearly sessile, as are the (lowers in their axils; corolla purple; \' broad.
E. sericeus. Damp ground S. & S. W. : slender-stemmed, silky with
fine appresscd hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance-liuear leaves,
i-orolla white or bluish, not ^' broad.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265
7. CTJSCUTA, DODDER. (Old mime, of uncertain derivation.) Plants
resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over herbs and low
bushes, coiling around their branches, which they adhere to and rob of their
juices. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered.
§ 1 . Stir/mas slender ; pod opening by a transverse division all round near the bc.se,
It <n-ing the partition behind. Nativrs of Europe : fl. early summer.
C. Epilinum, FLAX DODDER. Growing on flax, which it injures; occa-
sionally found iu. our flax-fields ; flowers globular, in scattered heads ; corolla
5-parted. ©
§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods bursting im-aularly if at all : ici/d species of the
country, mostly in rich or low ground : fl. summer and autumn. (T)
* Flowers in rather loose clusters, mostly short-ptdiccl/ed, the scaly bracts few and
scattered : calyx 4 - b-c/e/L
•t- Corolla with cylindrical tube, in fruit covering the top of the pod.
C. tenuiflbra. On shrubs and tall herbs from N. Jersey W. & S., in
swamps : pale ; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate acute spreading
lobes and of the ovate blunt calyx-lobes.
C. inflexa. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens W. & S. :
corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than the ovate acutish crcnulatc
erect or inflexed lobes of the corolla and the acute keeled ca'yx-lobes.
C. decora. Wet prairies S. W. : with larger flowers, the corolla broadly
bell-shaped, its 5 lobes lance-ovate and acute.
-*--t- Corolla bell-shaped, remaining at. the base of I he ripe pod.
C. arvensis. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from New York to 111.
& S. W. : flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest ; tube of corolla shorter than
its 5 lanceolate pointed spreading lobes, much longer than the stamens.
C. chlorocarpa. On low herbs, in wet soil, from Delaware W. & S.W. :
orange-colored ; open bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the length of the
most I v 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, depressed, greenish-yellow.
C. 'Gronbvii. The commonest E. & W. and the only one N. E. ; on coarse
herbs and low shrubs in wet places ; bell-shaped corolla with tube usually
longer than its 5 (rarelv 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes ; its internal scales
large and copiously fringed.
* * Flowers sessile in compact mostly continuous clusters, making large bunches or
close matted coils, when old resembling pieces of rope twisted around the stems
of course herbs or shrubs: calyx ofs/p<trate sepals surrounded by similar
crowded bracts : remains of the corolla borne on the top of the ripe pod.
C. compacta. On shrubs, from N. York S. & "W. : bracts (-3-5) and
sepals round and appressed ; tube of corolla cylindrical.
G. glomerata. On Golden rods and other coarse Composite, from Ohio
W. & 8. W. : the numerous oblong scarious bracts closely imbricated with
recurving tips ; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindraceous tube of the corolla,
84. SOLANACE.S!, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Plants with rank-scented herbage (this and the fruit more com-
monly narcotic-poisonous, colorless juice), alternate leaves (l>ut apt
to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers with the parts usually
in fives, but the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded placentae
in the axis. The seeds have a slender usually curved embryo in
fleshy albumen. (Lessons, p. 23, fig. SO, 51.) The order runs on
the one hand into Scrophulariacere, which a few species approach
in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many as
the lobes. On the other hand the Nolana group is appended, which
differs from all in its separate ovaries around a common style.
200 NIGHTSI1AIM-: FAMILY.
I. NOLAXA FAMILY, with few or many separate ovaries
collected in a circle or heap around the base of a single style. Low
and spreading plants.
1. NOLAXA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form,
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5. Style 1: r-tigma capitate or eliil>--haped.
Ovaries 3-40, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nutlets, each cell 1-seeded.
II. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY PROPER, with only one 2-celled
or sometimes ;J-f>-celled ovary as well as style, the many-seeded
placentae in the axis, usually much projecting into the cell.
§ 1. Corolla wheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or sometimes more divisions, plaited
and valuate or the mart/ins turned inwards in the bud: the tube very short :
anthers conniving around the style : fruit a berry.
2. LYCOPERSICUM. Like Solatium, except that the anthers are united by a
membrane at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately
compound.
3. SOLANl'M. Stamens with anthers equalling or mostly longer than the very
short filaments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex.
(Lessons, p. 90, fig. 2{)2, 253.) Leaves simple or pinnate.
4. CAPSICUM. Samens with slender filaments much longer than the short and
separate commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise.
Berry sometimes dry and inflated, then becoming 1-cclled.
§ 2. Corolla between wheel-shnptd and funnel-form, pi tiled in the bud, the border n ry
moderately if at (dl lubed . anthers separate, opening lengthwise: calyx blad-
dery-inftuted after Jiwoering, enclosing the globular berry.
5. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. Stamens
erect. Fruit a juicy, often edible, 2-celled berry.
6. XICAXDHA. Calyx 5-parted and aimled, the divisions somewhat arrow-
shaped. Corolla with widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dry
3-5-cellcd berry.
§ 3. Corolla belt-shaped, funnel-form, tuhulir, or sulccr-shaped ; anthers separate.
opening lengthwise : c dyx nut bl.idd< ry-inftaled,
ft Culijx urn-shaped in fruit, enclosing iliepcd- corolla considerably irregular.
7. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated,
enclosing the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling oil' as a lid. Co-
rolla short funnel-form, with the plaited' border more or less oblique and
unequal. Stamens declined.
* Calyx ^-parted to near the base, the lobes fuliaceous.
8. ATROPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under
the globose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with
5 triangular-ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender.
9. PETUNIA, Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulatc lobes much longer than
the tube. Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shaped, the 5-lobed border
commonly a little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod
2-celled, 2-valved.
* * * Calyx tubular, prismatic, or In-U-shaped,
-t- Covering the. dry pod or urnr/if $n : rornlf-i tt'ili'fr-fliiiped or funnel-form, the lobes
pi 'iti il in the. bud : jii-K/s mi n ut i\
10. NIERKMP,r,I«;TA. Corolla with very .-lender thread-like tube ^'-1'long),
abruptly expanded at the narrow throat into a BEUCer-shaped or almost wheel-
shaped Vi-lobed border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kiduey-
shaped ami somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers scattered.
11. NICOTIAXA. Corolla with a regular r.-lolied border. Stamens inserted on its
tube, included: filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2 - 4-valved from
the apex. Flowers more or less racemed or panicled.
-»- -»- Gilijx prismatic, falling atoay after flowering, lea ring the 2 - ^-celled pod naked.
12. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 6 or
more pointed teeth. ( Lessons, p. 89, fig. 246; p. 98, fig. 282.) Filaments
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 2(>7
slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 2-lipped. 1'od globular, in the com-
mon species prickly and 4-celle.d, but the 2 placentae-bearing or false par-
titions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat kidney-shaped.
Flowers terminal or in the forks.
•*- •»- 4- Calyx btll-shafietl, cup-shaped, or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or
partly covering the 2-ceUed berry ; shrubs, with entire feather-veined leaves,
13. OESTRUM. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or
plaited lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary
with few ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters.
14. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-form, bell-
shaped or tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry
many-seeded, red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbelled, lateral.
1. NOLANA. (From Latin no/a, a little bell.) Cult, for ornament, from
coast of Peru and Chili ; the following procumbent and spreading, rather
fleshy-leaved, smooth except some scattered hairs on the stalks, the showy
blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, opening in sunshine, all
summer.
N. atriplicif61ia, with obovate or broadly spatulatc leaves (resembling
those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2' wide with
white and yellowish centre; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 1 -celled and
1 -seeded. ©
N. prostrata, now less common, has more petioled rather narrower leaves,
smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ovaries each of 2-4
cells. ©
2. LYCOPERSICUM, TOMATO. (Name in Greek means wolf-peach,
no obvious application.) Fl. summer.
L. esculentum, TOMATO, cult, from trop. America, includes the manifold
varieties and forms ; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger
leaflets cut or pinnatifid • flowers yellowish, by cultivation having their parts
often increased in number, the esculent red berry becoming several celled. ©
3. SOLATIUM, NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers
mostly in corymb or raceme-like clusters, in summer.
§ 1. More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers.
# Very prickly calyx enclosing the dry berry . anthers declined, n>ni/ual, one of
them much longer than the rest, leaves sinuately once to thrice pinnatijid. ©
S. rostratum. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becoming a weed
in some gardens, has yellow flowers, 1'- l£' in diameter.
S. hetei'Odbxurh. Wild S. W. beyond the Mississippi, sometimes cult,
for ornament, has violet-blue flowers, and the more divided leaves resemble
those of Watermelon, but are very prickly
* * Calyx mostly somewhat prickly but not enclosing the fruit: anthers nearly equal. _
S. Carolin6nse, HORSE-NETTLE. Wild weed in sandy soil from Conn.
S roughish-downy, 1° high, with ovate-oblong angled or sinuate-lobed leaves,
vellowish prickles, and pale blue or white flowers almost 1' wide. 2/
' S. aculeatiSSimum. Weed introduced into waste places
high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the toregomg, wit
white flowers. i
S. Melongena, EGG PLANT, AUBERGINE. Cult, for the large oblong
or ovate violet colored or white esculent fruit (2' -6' long) ; leaves ovate, rather
downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with yellow eye. ©
§ 2. Plants not at all prickly : anthers blunt.
S. niKrum, BLACK or COMMON NIGHTSHADE. Low weed of shady
grounds, much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed or sinuate
leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries said to be poi
ous. ©
268 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
S. tuberbsum, POTATO. Cult, from Chili for the esculent tubers ; leaves
pinnate, of several ovate leaflets and .sonic minute ones intermixed ; flower.- bine
or white ; berries round, green. 2/
S. Dulcamara, BITTEHSWKET. Nat. from Eu. in moist cult, and waste
grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and di-pos«l to climb, ovate
and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones halberd-3-lohcd, or with one or
two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at ba-e, enrolla violet-purple with a pair
of greenish spots on the base of eaeh lobe, and oval red berries. ^
S. jasminoides. Woody-stemmed house-plant from Brazil, tall-climbing
by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly heart-shaped entire
leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and clusters of white or bluish
flowers. 11
S. Pseudo-Capsicum, JERUSALEM CHERRY. Shrubby house-plant
from Madeira, cult, for the ornamental bright red berries, resembling cherries ;
smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white flowers. ^
4. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Said to come from
Greek word meaning to gobble or eat quickly.) Originally all South Ameri-
can. Fl. summer.
C. annuum, COMMON C. Cult, for the large oblong or globular and often
angled dry berry (red or green), which is exceedingly pungent, and used as a
condiment; leaves ovate, entire ; flowers white, with "truncate calvx. (T)
C. cerasiforme, is cult, rarely as a pepper, more commonly for the orna-
mental cherry-like fruit, either bright red or yellow ; stem shrubby. ^
5. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY. (Greek name for bladdery, from
the inflated fruiting calyx.) Fl. summer.
§ 1. Low stems (6' -20' hif/h) from slender creeping rootstocks : anthers yellow:
fruiting calyx loosely inflated, ">-</m//«?/, mm-li /,t,;/t-,- t/«m ///•• «///</,'• /«/•/•//.
All Imt tli,' first are wild species of the country, in light or samh/ soil. JJ.
P. Alkekengi, STKAWBKRKY TOMATO. Cult, from S. En., and running
wild ]•:. rather downy; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed; corolla greenish-
white, 5-lobed, not spotted; fruiting calyx ovate, turning red: berrv red.
P. Pennsylvamca. Smooth or somewhat hairv. but not clammy ; leaves
varying from ovate to lanceolate (var. LAN CEOLATAJ, entire or sparingly wavv-
toothed; corolla yellowish with a darker throat and slightly 5 - 10-toothed
border ; fruiting calyx sunken at the base ; berry red.
P. Visc6sa. Clammy-pubescent, much branched, bushy ; leaves ovate or
heart-shaped and mostly toothed ; corolla light yellow with dark brown centre;
fruiting calyx truncate or slightly concave at'base, sharply 5-angled ; berry
orange or reddish, glutinous.
§ 2. Stems l°-3° hir/h, from an annual root : flowers matt, light greenish-yellow :
anthers tinged >nth bine or violet. \Vil,l species in /-<»• or cult. ;/r,),,nds. '®
P. pubescens. Clammy-hairy or downv ; stems much spreading ; leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, angulate-toothed ; corolla brown-spotted in the throat;
Sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely enclosing the vello\s or greenish berry.
P. angulata. Nearly smooth ; leaves more sharply cut-toothed ; peduncles
slender, very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 10-angled. loose at len-'th
filled by the greenish-yellow berry.
P. Philadelphica. Almost smooth, erect : leaves ovate or oblong and
Oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; corolla dark colored in the throat,
over*' wide; fruiting calyx globose, completely tilled bv the large reddish or
purple edible berry, and open at the mouth.
6- NIC ANDRA, APPLE-OF-PERU. (Named from the poet Nicander ?)
Only one species : tl. summer. (T)
N. physaloides. Tall smooth weed from Peru, wild in moist waste
grounds; with ovate angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and solitary peduncles,
bearing a rather large pale blue flower.
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 20'.)
7. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Name of the Greek words for hog
and bean.) Fl. summer, © ®
H. niger, BLACK HENBANE, of Europe, cult, in old gardens, and a weed
in waste places : clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poisonous ; with cla>p-
ing sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided leafy-bracted spikes, and
dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple.
8. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) 11
A. Belladonna, the only species, sparingly cult, from Europe : low and
spreading, nearly smooth, with ovate entire pointed leaves, flowers single or in
pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome purple
berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine.
9. PETUNIA. ( Petun is an aboriginal name .of Tobacco. ) Cultivated as
garden-annuals, from South America. The common Petunias are of the two
following species and their hybrids : herbage clammy-pubescent ; flowers large
and showy, in summer.
P. nyctaginiflbra, with originally white corolla, the long narrow tube
3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.
P. violacea, now much the more common, with weaker stems, and violet-
purple or rose-red corolla, the broader and ventricose tube hardly twice the
length of the calyx.
10. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. Nieremberg, a priest and botani-
cal collector in Buenos Ayres, whence the common species comes.) 2/ ®
N. gracilis. Cult, for ornament under many varieties, low, with slender
bushy branches, small linear or spatul.ite-linear leaves, and scattered flowers
produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with purple.
11. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the in-
troducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Hank, acrid-narcotic, mostly clammy-
pubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely wavy-margined.
Fl. summer.
N. Tabacum, COMMON T., the principal species cult, for the foliage: 4°-
6° high, with lance-ovate decurrent leaves l°-2° long, or the upper lanceolate,
panicled flowers, and rose-purple funnel-form corolla 2' long, with somewhat in-
flated throat and short lobes. ®
N. rustica, a weed in some places, is a low homely plant, with ovate and
petioled leaves 2' -5' long, and green funnel-form corolla (!' long) contracted
under the short round lobes. ©
N. longiflbra, is slender, 2° - 3° high, cult, for its handsome white flow-
ers, which open toward evening; corolla salver-shaped, the green tube 4' and
the lance-ovate acute lobes i' long ; leaves lanceolate, undulate. © _
N. noctiflbra, its handsome white flowers also opening at evening (as the
name denotes), is similar to last, but with ovate-lanceolate petioled leaves, tube
of corolla only 2' - 3' long, and its roundish lobes notched at the end.
12. DATURA, THORN-APPLE, STRAMONIUM, &c. (Nam-.- "In-red
from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, muvntic-pois
weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation : fl. summer.
§ 1 . Flower and the usually prickly 4-vahed pod erect, the latter resting on a plate
or saucer-shaped body which is the prrsisfmt base of the calyx, the wMf,
upper part of which falls off entire after flowering : corolla icith a 5-too
border. ©
D. Stramonium, COMMON T. or JAMESTOWN-WEED. Waste grounds :
smooth, with green stems and white flowers (3' long) ; leaves ovate, angl
sinuate-toothed.
D. Tatula, PURPLE T. A weed very like the other, but rather taller, w
purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers.
270 GENTIAN TAMII-V.
§ '2. Pod nodding on tlte short recurved peduncle, rather fishy, bursting irregular-
ly, nl In /vr/.v us in //i, furit/uiiuj section : flowers lanje, shou:y. Cldt.jrom
warm regions for ornament. i If.
D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves ovate, entire or obscurely angled-
tootlictl ; corolla white, tin- 10-toothed border 4' wide.
D. meteloides. Cult, from NY\\ Mexico (~ometimcs under the name of
I). \VI;I<;HTI i ) ; like the other, hut pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet-scented,
ami the corolla with more expanded f>-toothed border 5'-6' wide, white or pale
violet.
§ 3. Flower and smooth ^-celled pod hanrjint/, the former vert/ larye, 6'- 10' long:
ca/i/.i- s/>/itti>iff down lengthwise after jbnoer ing. Tropical American tree-
lilci- tihrnlis, cult, in conservatories: flowers sometimes double.
D. arbbrea, has ovate or lance-oblong entire or angled pubescent leaves,
long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected anthers.
D. suaveolens, has mostly entire and smooth leaves, short teeth to the
corolla and the anthers sticking together.
13. OESTRUM. (Name given by the Greeks to some different plant,
the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm climates, chiefly American ; a few
cult, in conservatories.
C. elegans, or HABROTIIAMXCS ELEGANS, from Mexico, has the branches
and lower lace of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed leaves downy-pubescent,
terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped corollas le>s than 1' long.
C. noctlirnum, from \V. Ind. : with smooth ovate leaves, and axillary
clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night.
C. Parqui, from Chili ; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at both
ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular-funnel
form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night.
14. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.)
Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small leaved
often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in spring and summer.
L. vulgare, MATRIMONY VIM;. From the Mediterranean region : planted,
and sparingly running wild in some places, sii-htly thorny, with very long and
lithe recurved or almost climbing brancho, oblong-spatulate leaves, slender
stalked (lowers clustered in the axil;., and pale greenish-purple 5-eleft corolla
about equalling the 5 stamens.
L. Caroliniauum. Wild in salt marshes S. : low, spiny, with fleshy
thickened almost club-shaped leaves, .scattered small flowers, and 4-cleft purple
corolla shorter than the 4 stamens.
85. GENTIANACE.3E, GENTIAN FAMILY.
Known gem-rally from the other monopetalous plants with free
ovary by the 1-eelled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placenta?
covered with small seeds along with regular flowers, their stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and
the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, without stipules. The
exceptions are that in some eases the ovules cover the whole inner
face of the ovary, and in one group the leaves are alternate and
even compound. They are nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic
plants, with colorless juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none
in common cultivation.
§ 1. Leaves opposite or u'horltd and entire, sessile. Corolla iri/h the lobes mostly
in the bud. sometimes al»0 plaited in tlte sinuses.
••- Style slender, deciduous from the pod : anthers soon curving.
1. SABBAT1A. Calyx 5- 12-parted.the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped,
6-12-parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs.
GENTIAN FAMILY. 271
•K -t- Style (if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod: anthers str<iiijht.
2. FRASKRA. Calyx mid corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; divisions of the
hitter with a glandular and fringed spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval,
flattened, rather few-seeded: seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large
thick-rooted herbs, with whorled leaves and panicled flowers.
3. GKNTIANA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4- 5-lobed, often with teeth or salient
folds at the sinuses, usually withering-persistent. Style short or none :
inns 2, persistent. Pod oblong, containing innumerable small see<K with !< » so
cellular or winged coat. Flowers solitary or clustered, mostly showy.
4. BARTOXIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style' none. * Pod ob-
long, flatfish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole inner face.
Flowers very small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales.
§ 2. Leaves alternate, lonf petioitd. Corolla with the lubes valvate and the edges
turned inwards in the 'bud. Seeds many or few, with a hard ur bony coat.
5. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short-funnel-form, 5-lobed,
white-bearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent: stigma
2-lobed. Pod globular, with many smooth' and shilling seeds. Flowers
raeemed on a stout scape; one or more long petioles sheathing its base,
and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets.
6. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx" and corolla 5-parted; the oval divisions of the
latter with a yellowish crust at their base, and in our species otherwise
naked. Style 'short or none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing
the flowers in an umbel on the long slender petiole of the floating round-
heart-shaped leaves.
1. SABBATIA, AMERICAN CENTAURT. (Named for Sablxttf, an
Italian botanist.) Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the
coast (with one or two exceptions) : flowers white or pink, usually handsome,
in summer. ® ©
* flowers white, 5-parted, numerous in cymes or corymbs, seldom over ^' bi'oad.
S. paniculata. Low grounds S. : stem l°-2° high, with 4 sharp wing-
like angles ; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1 -nerved ; lobes of the corolla little
longer than the narrow-linear calyx-lobes.
S. lanceolata. From New Jersey S. : taller, larger-flowered, with lance-
ovate 3-nervecl leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute ; lobes of
corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx-lobes.
S. macropliylla. Only S. : 2° -3° high, glaucous, with terete stem,
thickish lance-ovate 3-5-nerved leaves, and lobes of smaller corolla very much
exceeding the bristle-like calyx-lobes.
* * Flow<rs rose-pink, rarely white, with yellowish err greenish eye, 5-pnrted, in
panic/ed clusters, 1' or more broad. In rather dry ground, much branched
dhore, l°-3° high, the only species which extend W. to Illinois, frc.
S. brachiata, chiefly S., has slightly angled stem, linear or narrow-oblong
leaves, and fewer flowers only 1' broad.
S. angularis, from N. York S. & "W., has wing-like angles to the stem,
ovate or heart-shaped 5-nerved leaves, and corolla 1^' broad.
* * * Flowers rose-purple or white, 5-G-parted, V or less broad, scattered singly
on long peduncles: stems slender 5' -20' high, commonly forking, scarcely
angled. All grow in salt marshes or near the coast.
S. calycbsa. Only from Virg. S. : has oblong pale leaves narrowed at
base, and lance-spatulate calyx-lobes longer than the mostly white corolla,
S. Stellaris. From Mass. S. : has lance-oblong leaves or the upper linear,
and linear calyx-lobes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla.
S. gracilis. From Mass. S. : very slender, with linear or almost thread-
like leaves, thread-shaped calyx-lobes as long as corolla, otherwise like prec
* * * * Flowers bright rose-color or with white varieties, 7 - 1 1-jmrted 'very hand-
some, l£' - 2' broad : stems simple or sparingly branched, 1° - 2° high.
S. Chloroides. Along sandy ponds, from Plymouth, Mass. S. : leaves
lanceolate; peduncles 1 -flowered, slender; calyx-lobes linear.
S. gentianoides. Wet barrens S. : stem-leaves linear , flowers shortr
peduncled or sessile, clustered.
"27f2 (iKXTIAN FAMILY.
2. FRASERA, AMERICAN COLUMBO. (Named for John Fmser.)
F. Carolinensis. Rich wooded ground \V. & S. : mot very large and
deep, liittor (u>ed in medicine as a Mili-titute for Columbo) ; stem 3° -8° high ,
|ea\e> mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the lowest >patulate ; corolla 1' wide,
greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark-dotted. ',;;• ~^.
3. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from Genttus, king of Illyria.)
Chiefly in woods and damp ground : flowering chiefly in autumn, a few in
summer.
§ 1. Corolla without plaits at the sinuses : anthers separate: seeds wine/less. © ©
G. QUinquefl6ra. Chiefly N. <& W. : l)ranching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or sli-htlv heart-.shaped at base"; flowers panic! ed, hardly 1'long, the 5 lobes
of the pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed.
G. crinita, FKINGEU GEXTIAN. Low -rounds X. & W. : leaves lanceo-
late or broader, with rounded or heart-shaped base; flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequal
lobes; corolla sky-blue, showy, 2' long, funnel-form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes
with margins cut into a IOIIL; and delicate fringe.
G. detonsa, takes the place of the preceding species N. W , and is perhaps
a variety of it : has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla (to which the
name alludes), often none at the top of the lobes.
§ 2. Corolla naked, l^'-2' long, with plaits at tit? sinuses, which project more or
less into teeth or t/iin intermediate lobes : ]x>d stalked in the corolla. 2£
* Steins low, bearing 1-3 slender-peduncled flowers : seeds wingless.
G. angUStifolia. Pine barrens from N. Jersey S. : 6' - 15' high, with
linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2' long, its lobes ovate ;
anthers >cparate.
* * Steins 1° - 2° high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers at the
summit of the Itufy stem, mid nj'l< n in the upper tuvi'j also.
*- Corolla between bell-shaped and short-funnel-form or obconical, mostly open, with
ovate lobes exceeding the usually tool/ml appendages <>fthi' p!ni/x.
G. OChroleuca. Chiefly S. in dry ground : leaves obovatc or spatulate-
oblong, narrowed at the base; calyx-lodes linear ; corolla greenish-white with
greener and purplish .stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ;
seeds wingless.
G. alba. Along the Alleghanies and N W. : flowering at midsummer;
|ea\es lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, tapering thence to a point ;
c.ilyx-lobe- ovate, short; corolla yellowish-white, with short and broad lobes;
anthers conniving; seeds broadly winged.
G. pub6l*ula. Dry barrens and prairies W. ,<: S. : low, ronghish, or
minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear rough-margined leaves
only 1 -2' long; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla bright blue, open, its spreading
ovate lobes '2 or .'( times longer than the cut-toothed intermediate appendages;
seeds not covering the walls of the pod, as thev do in the related species.
G. Sapoiiaria, SOAPWOKT G. Low woods, chiefly N. and along the
Alleghanies; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, or in a northern variety
linear, narrowed at ba-e ; ealvx-lobes linear or spatulatc ; corolla light blue or
verging to white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the con-
spicuous 2-clet't intermediate appendages ; anthers conniving or united; seeds
narrowly-winged.
•*- •«- Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, tmnrnti', u-ith no proper lobes.
Q. Andr^WSii, CLOSED <;. Woods especially N. : leaves lance-ovate or
lance-oblong with a narrowed base ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong. >hort ; corolla
blue (rarely a white varietv), its proper lobes if any shorter than the broad and
more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages which terminate tho
folds ; anthers connected , seeds broadly winded.
LOGANIA FAMILY. 273
4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) In-
significant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few pcduncled white
flowers. (T) (J)
B. tenella. Woods : 5'- 10' high, with branches or peduncles 1 -3-flow-
ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled : fl. summer.
B. verna. Bogs, only S.: smaller, less branched, 1 - few-flowered ; flowers
larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat.
5. MENYANTHES, BUCKBEAN. (Name from Greek words for
month and flower; application not obvious. The popular name from the
leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Horsebean.)
M. trifoliata. Cold wet bogs N. : fl. late spring ; corolla white or tinged
with pink ; scape hardly 1° high. H
6. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING-HEART. (Name formed of
Greek words for swamjt and blossom. ) But our species grow in water, and pro-
duce through the summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like
thick bodies, probably of the nature of roots. If.
L. lacunbsum, is common E. & S. : leaves l'-2' long, on very slender
petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and even.
L. trachysperma, in deeper water, from Maryland S. : leaves rounder,
2' -6' broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; petioles stouter;
seeds roughened.
86. LOGANIACEJS, LOGANIA FAMILY.
Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite leaves
with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, along with a
free ovary ; the flower regular or nearly so, and stamens as many
as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.
§ 1. Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers.
1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad
and imbricated in" the bud. Stamens 5: anthers sagittate. Style slender:
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, lobes linear, ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened
contrary to the partition, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged.
§ 2. Herbs, not climbing.
2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and some-
what funnel-form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers linear.
Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin,
2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe separating across near the base which is left
behind, and splitting 2 or 4 valves.
MITREOLA, of the South, comprises a couple of quite inconspicuous weeds, ami
POLYPREMUM, also S. is a common weedy plant; — both wholly insigmheant,
as well in the herbage as in the minute white flowers.
1. GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name an
Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessamine.
G. sempervirens, our only species : low grounds from E. Virg. S., climb,
ing trees, bearing shining lance-ovate small leaves (evergreen far S.), am
profusion of axillary clusters of bright yellow very fragrant handsome
(!' or more long), in early spring.
2. SPIGELIA, PINK-ROOT or WORM-GRASS. (Named for AJrinn
Spiegel, latinized Spigelius.) Fl. summer.
S. Marilandica, MARYLAND P. Rich woods, from Penn. W. & S.:
nearly smooth, 6' -18' high; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute;
simple or forked spike-like clusters terminating the stem or branches
!£' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lance
Root used as a vermifuge. 11
18
274 DO<;BANK FAMILY.
87. APOCYNACE.3E, DOGBANE FAMILY.
Herbaceous or woody plants known mainly by the milky acrid
juice, opposite (sometimes whorlcd) simple and entire leave-, with-
out stipules, and regular nionopetalons flowers with 5 in the calyx,
forolla, and .stamen-, the lobes of the corolla convolute or twisted in
the bud, the anthers conniving around the stigma or often adhering
somewhat to it, ordinary pollen, ii laments separate, the 2 free ovaries
commonly separate, but often the styles and always the stigmas
united into one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice
in several (a.s of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly
milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are orna-
mental in cultivation, many are acrid-poisonous. There is com-
monly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the style below the
stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere.
§ 1. Shrubs cult, for ornament, natives of warm climates: leaves ofteiter ichorlaL
1. ALL AMANDA. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into
cylindrical bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Sta-
men- :it the summit of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with
as many 2-parted narrow scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal pla-
centa, becoming a prickly pod. Style slender. Seeds naked.
2. NKKll'M. Corolla salver-form or the long tube narrow funnel-form, the throat
crowned >vith 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube:
anthers 2-tailed at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy twisted
awn-like appendage. Style 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted.
§ 2. More or less woody-stemmed twiners, willi opposite leaves.
3. ECIIITES. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Fila-
ments very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds
with a downy tuft. Flowers large and showy.
4. FOBSTERONlA. Corolla funnel-form, uearly as in Echites, but the flower
small, and filaments slender.
§ 3. Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners : bark usually abounding wilfi tough
Jibi-vs • ovaries 2, becominy many-seeded podi in fruit.
# Leaves opposite.
6. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped or the tube funnel-form, the throat narrow
and naked. Stamens in-erted on the upper part or middle of the tube: fila-
ments short. Style 1, slender. 1'od- rather short. Seeds abrupt at each
end, naked, rough. The hardy species trail or creep.
6. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in
the throat. Stamens attached to the very base of the corolla. Stvle none.
A large ovate stigma unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit form long
and slender pods. Seeds with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright
or ascending herbs, with small pale or \vlnte flowers in terminal cymes or
corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark.
* * Leaves alternate, very numerous.
7. AMSONFA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form,
bearded in-ide, without appendage* at the throat, the lobes long and linear.
Stamens in-erted on and included in the tube: anthers blunt at both ends.
Style 1, slender. 1'ods long (4'-t>') and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt
at both ends, with no tuft. Upright herbs, with terminal p'anicled cymes of
bluish (lowers.
1. ALL AM AND A. (Named for Dr. F. AllamanJ, who discovered the
common spfeie- iii (iuiana.)
A. cathartica. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with bright great
oblong thinnish leaves, and golden-yellow flowers 2V -3' lony.
DOGUANE FAMILY. 27-3
2. NERIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.)
Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers ^howy, in
terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white varieties, either
single or double.
N". Oleander, the OLEANDER of common house-culture, from the Levant :
leaves lanceolate ; appendage surmounting the anthers scarcely protruding ;
flowers large, scentless.
N. odorum, SWEET 0. : less cnlt., from India, more tender ; leaves linear-
lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers fragrant.
3. ECHITES. (Name from Greek word for a viper.) Plants from the
warm parts of America, one not rare as a conservatory climber, viz.
E. suaveolens, or M.\NDEvfLLEA SUAVEOLENS, CHILI JESSAMINE, a
slender woody-stemmed tall twiner, with thin oblong or ovate heart-shaped
pointed leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few raccmcd very fragrant flow-
ers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed border, 2' broad.
4. FORSTERONIA. (Named for an English botanist, T. F. Forster.)
P. diffbrmis, in low grounds from Virginia S. & W., is a barely woody
twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves thin, oval-lan-
ceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole; flowers i' long,
in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer.
5. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, from a word meaning to bind,
from the thread-like stems.) 2/
§ 1. TRUE PERIWINKLES, cult, from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, trail-
ing over the ground or creeping, only the short flowering stems ascending,
with blue (or 'by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, in spring or
early summer.
V. minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE, in all country-gardens, spreading freely
by the creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining
leaves barely 1^' long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the corolla :
fl. early spring.
V. major, LARGE P., not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves
is most cultivated, larger than the tirst species and leaves rounder, the lobes of
corolla obovate.
V. herbacea: not evergreen; stems reclining and rooting; leaves lance-
ob'.ong, lobes of the more purple-blue corolla oblong-obovate : fl. late spring.
§ 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base: flowers produced all the season.
V. rdsea, house and bedding plant from West Indies, with oblong-petioled
veinv leaves, and showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose-
purple, or white, with or without a pink eye.
6. APOCYNUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers),
INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Fl. summer. ^
A. androssemifolium, SPREADING D. Along thickets, mostly N.
branches forking and widtly spreading ; leaves ovate, petioled ; corolla open
bell-shaped with spreading lobes.
A. cannabinum, COMMON INDIAN HEMP. Gravelly or wet banks
streams: branches more erect; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, ovate, or slightly
heart-shaped; flowers more crowded and erect; lobes of the corolla little
spreading.
7. AMSONIA- (Named for a Mr. Charles Amaon.) Low grounds chiefly
S. ; very leafy, 2° - 3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with rather small
flowers, in late spring.
A. Tabernsemontana. Leaves varying from ovate or lance-ovate to
lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath.
A. Ciliata. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins and mostly the
stems beset with some scattered bristles.
MII.KWEKU FAMILY.
88. ASCLEPIADACE^E, MILKWEED FAMILY.
Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds nearly as
in the preceding family ; hut the anthers more connected with the
stigma, their pollen collected into linn waxy or granular ma»es
(mostly 10), the short filaments (monadelphous except in the last
genus) commonly hear curious appendages hehind the anthers form-
ing what is called a crown, and the corolla more commonly valvate
in the hud. The flowers are rather too difficult for the beginner
readily to understand throughout. For a particular study of them
the Manual nm.-t be used.
§ 1. Erect herli*. wi/h ordinary foliage, end deeply 5-parted, reflexed calyx and
< < '/-i .//<(. FIxiKei-f. iii niin/,i\- umbels. Fruit <t pair of pods (follicles,) containing
numerous tf«t seeds fiiniinlitd with a coma (Lessons, p. 12ti, tig. 417) or hnii/
tuft of sift dotcn at one etui.
1. ASCLEPIAS. Stamens with tlieir short fil:imcnts monadelphovis in a ring; or
tube, bearing behind earh anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like
appendage, with a liorn projecting out of the inside of it: the 5 broad anthers
closely surrounding and partly adhering to the very thick stigma, a mem-
branous appendage at their tip inflected over it. Each of the 2 cells of the
anther has a (inn waxy pour-shaped pollen-mass in it: and the two adja-
cent masses from two contiguous anthers are suspended by a stalk from a
dark gland; these 5 glands, borne on the margin of the flat top of the stigma,
stick to the legs, &c. of in.-ccts, and are carried oil", each gland taking with it
2 pollen masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle-bags.
2. ACERATES. Like Asclepia>, but no horn in the hoods or ear-like appendages,
and the flowers always greeni.-h.
§ 2. Twining plants uith ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds nearly as in Ascle/>ias.
* Anthers with tJieir hanging pollen-masses nearly as Asclepias •• pods smooth mid even.
3. EN'SI.KXIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly
erect. The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous
leaflets, each bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb.
4. VTNCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flat and fie-hy
5 - 10-lobed disk or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs.
* * 7V(e 10 pollen-masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 ylands of the. stigma.
5. GOXOLORUS. Corolla wheel-shaped: a fle.-hy and wary-lobed ring or crown
in its throat.
* * The 10 xlinr/ /lol/en-niasses ji.red by their bcme in pairs to lite 5 glands of the
ml i /•< i I. Shrubby plaitiS, of ti-npieiil
6. IIOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance.
Crown of 6 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central
column.
7. STKI'IIANOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens,
crown, \-c., in its Miinrwhat >wollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the
bud. Crown of ^ thin erect appendages. Stigma conical.
». * v * Anthers distinct, the. 5 patten-mattes each composed of 4 small granulat
iiiiit.ot imiti '/, unit up/Jit •/ t/ii-ft-t/y to the ijlands of the stiyma without any stalk.
Shrubby lirini / s.
8. PKK'II'I.OCA. Corolla JS-parted, wlifcl-^haped, the divisions hairv on the
upper face: idtcrnatc with tln-ni are "• >mall thick s.-alc-, each liearing :i
brittle-- hapeil appendage, l-'ilainents di-tinct, bearing anthers of more ordi-
jiary a|']iearance than in the re>t of this family. Stigma hemispherical.
I'oiis .smooth.
§ 3. Fleshy loiv plants, Cactus-like, with <wl>/ smnll fleshy scales or teetfi in place of
!i ,ires, on the anyles of the thick* IK <! s!i ms or branches.
9. STAFKLIA. Flowers large, lurid, solitary lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
5-cleft, wheel-shaped: within is a crown formed of two rings of short appen-
dages or lobes. Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect.
MILKYVKKU FAMILY. '2
1. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of
.Ksculapias, lather of medicine.) Flowering in summer. 2/
* Flowers bright oranr/e or red : pods smooth : leaves opposite, except in the first.
A. tuberosa, BUTTERFLY- WEED, PLEURISY ROOT. Dry hills: milky
juice hardlv anv ; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong leave*
hairv ; flowers bright orange.
A. Curassavica. Wild far S., cult, from S. America, as a house and
bedding plant; nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate; umbels long-peduneled ;
corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange.
A. paupercula. Wet barrens from N Jersey S. : tall, smooth, with
long lance-linear leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on long
peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods.
A. rubra. Low barrens from N. Jersey S. : smooth, with lance-ovate
gradually taper-pointed leaves, a few many-flowered umbels on a long naked
peduncle, and purple-red flowers.
* * Flowers pink or light rose-purple : leaves all opposite : pods smooth.
A incarnata, SWAMP MILKWEED. Wet grounds, with very leafy
branching stems, lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart-
shaped at the base ; smooth or smoothish, or in var. PULCHRA pubescent and
the leaves very short-petioled.
* * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white.
-i- Stems branching, almost woody at base : leaves all opposite : pods smooth.
A. perennis. Low grounds S. : nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate or lance-
ovate, slender-petioled ; flowers small, white ; seeds mostly without a tuft !
•<- •*- S/tm simple : leaves all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a heart-
shapetl base, the ape.r rounded or notched: plants smooth, pale or glaucous.
A. obtusifolia. Sandy grounds, 2° -3° high, the rather remote broadly
oblong leaves wavy ; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduucled ; flowers pretty
large, greenish-purplish.
A. amplexicaulis. Dry barrens S. : stems reclining, 1°- 2° high, very
leafy ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; umbels several, short-peduncled ; corolla ash-
colored, the hoods white.
*- -»- -i- Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top : leaves all opposite, orate, oral,
or oblong, pretty large, short-petioled: umbels lateral and terminal : Jlowcrs
y long or nearly so.
•«• Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections.
A. Comuti, COMMON' MILKWEED of fields and low grounds N. : downy,
or the large pale leaves soon smooth above ; flowers dull greenish-purplish.
*-*• +H- Pods even, but usually minutely downy.
A. phytolaccoides, POKE -MILKWEED. Moist grounds N. & W. :
smooth or smoothish, 3° - 5° high ; leaves large, pointed or acute at both ends ;
umbels loose, the long pedicels ( 1' -3') equalling the peduncle ; corolla greenish,
but the more conspicuous hoods white.
A. purpurascens. Rich ground N. & W. : l°-3° high ; leaves downy
beneath, smooth above, the upper taper-pointed ; pedicels of the rather loose
umbel shorter than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple.
A. variegata. Dry grounds, commoner S. & W. : l°-2° high, nearly
smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, slightlv wavv ; peduncle and crowded pedicels
short and downy ; corolla white, the ho'ods purplish.
*- -i- -i- •<- Stems simple or rarely branched, slender : Aim* must of them in whorls:
pods slender and smooth : Jlowcrs small, white or whitish.
A. quadrif61ia, FOUR-LEAVED M. Rocky woods mostly N. : stems 1°
-2° high, nearly smooth, naked below, bearing about the middle one or two
whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate taper-pointed petioled leaves, and beneath or
above them usually a pair of smaller ones ; pedicels slender ; corolla mostly
tinged with pink, the hoods white.
1?7.S Mil. K \VKKI) FAMILY.
A. verticillata, WHORLED M. Dry ground, l°-^c high, smoothish ;
stems vcrv leafv throughout : leaves very narrow linear or thread-shaped, in
\\ horls of 3 - G ; flowers greenish-white.
2. ACEBATTSS, CUKKN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, means
wit/tout (i liuru i. i\ none to the hood-like appendages, in which it differs from
Asclepias.) l-.ow.-rs green or greenish, in summer. 2/
§ 1. Flowers in compact lateral nml<h: corolla witli oblonrj re flexed divisions:
the ItOOlls creel : y««/s s!in<l<r, annutiinis downy, but with tin snr/in-i < rin.
A. viridiflora. Dry sandy or gravelly soil : soft-downy or smoothish,
l°-2° high; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite: globular
uniliels nearly sessile ; flowers short-pedicelled, nearly £' long when open;
hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla.
A. longifblia. Low barrens W. & S. : rather hairy or ronghish, l°-3°
i, with very numerous mostly alternate linear leaves, flowers .•-mailer and on
slender pedicels, the umbel pednneled, hoods elevated on a short ring of fila-
ments above the base of the corolla.
§ 2. Fioicrm »i loose terminal awl so/ihiry or corymbed umbels : divisions of the
corolla lin/e'ij sprtading, Imt t/if lonjc hoods spreading and slipper-shaped:
jiwlx t/i/rl.-, ufli n irttli sonic sn/'l t/llifl'cle-/ike /ii'ii/ii-t/nns.
A. paniculata. Dry prairies and barrens from III. S. £ W. : smoothish,
1° high ; leaves alternate, oblong or lance-oblong; flowers 1' broad, green, the
hoods purplish.
3. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslcn, an Austrian traveller.) ^
E. albida. River-banks from Ohio S. & W. : climbing, 8° -12° ; smooth,
with opposite heart-ovate long-petioled leaves, anil small whitish flowers in
raceme-like clusters on axillary peduncles, all late summer.
4. VINCETOXICUM. (Name is equivalent to Poison Periwinkle.) 2/
V. nigrum, from En. : a low-twining smooth weed, escaping from gardens
E. ; leaves ovate and lanee-ovatc; flowers small, brown-purple, rather few in
axillary umbels, in summer.
5. GONOLOBUS. (Name in Greek means angled pod.) Ours arc twin-
ing herbs, along river-banks, chiefly S., with opposite heart-shaped petioled
leaves, and corymbs or umbels of dark or dull-colored small flowers, on pedun-
cles between the petioles, in summer. ^
G. Isevis. From Virg. to Illinois S. : smooth or only sparingly hairy, the
yellowish-green flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth.
G. Obliquus. From Penn. S. : hairy, somewhat clammy ; flowers mi-
nutely downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crim>on-purple within,
the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions A' long ; pods ribless, wartv.
G. hirsutUS. From Virginia S. : differs from the last in its short-ovate
flower-buds, the oval or ohlung divisions of corolla only about 4' long.
6. HOYA, WAX-PLANT. (Named for T. /%, an English florist.)
H. cam6sa, a well-known house-plant from India ; with rooting stems,
thick and tie-by oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or almost white
flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute papilhr.
7. STEPHANOTIS. (Name from Greek for crown and car, referring to
the appendages of the stamens.)
S. floriblinda, from .Madagascar : a fine hot-house twiner, very smooth,
with opposite oval or oblong thickish leaves, and lateral umbels of very showy
fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla l£' in diameter, the tube 1' long.
OLIVE FAMILY. 27'.*
8. PERIPLOCA. (Xame, a Greek word, implies that the plant twines.)
P. Gr38Ca, of S. Eu., cult, as an ornamental twiner, hardy through tin-
Middle States : smooth, with opposite ovate mostly pointed leaves, on *hort
petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small rlowers, the corolla greenish-yellow
with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple : in summer.
9. STAPELIA. (Xamcd for a Dutch naturalist, Dr. Van Stnpel.) Strange-
looking fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult, in conservatories along
with Cactuses. The commonest io
S. hirsuta. Stem-; or branches G'-10' high, with concave sides, pale and
obscurely downy ; llowcr 3'- 4' in diameter, dull purple and yellowish with
darker transverse stripes, beset with purple very long hairs, and with denser
hairiness towards the centre, exhaling a most disgusting odor, not unlike that
of putrid meat.
89. OLEACEJE, OLIVE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, distinguished
among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the regular flowers
having stamens almost always 2, and always fewer than the 4 (some-
times 5 or more) divisions of the corolla, the ovary 2-celled and
(except in Ja^minum and Forsythia) wi.h one pair of ovules in
each cell : style if any only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly
or quite polypetalous ; others apetalous.
§ 1. Calyx and corolla icith 5-8 lobes A single erect ovule and seed in each cell.
1- JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens
2, included in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded.
$ 2. Cnlyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or
both wanting. Ovules hanging, •usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2.
Leaves opposite, except accidentally.
* Leaves simple : flowers perfect and complete.
-i- Ovules and seeds numerous or several in each cell of the ovary and pod.
2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes con-
volute in the bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves
deciduous.
-i- -i- Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often fewer.
3. SYRIXGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube much
longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Fruit a pod, 4-seeded, flattened contrary
to the narrow partition, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate. Seed's
slightly wing-margined. Leaves deciduous.
4. L1GUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes,
valvate in the bud, white. Fruit a 1- 4-seeded black berry. Leaves firm
and thickish, but deciduous.
5. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, white.
Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and l-.-roded. Leaves
evergreen.
6. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear
petals slightly or scarcely united at their base; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or
even 4 in cultivation) very short stamens barelv adhere. Fruit a 11. -by and
globular drupe, the stone becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves
deciduous.
* # Leaves pinnate : flowers polygamous or dicecious, in most species apetalous.
7. FRAXINUS. Calyx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting IV'als 4.
2, or none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, p. \~1'>.
fig. 38ft), usually becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous.
OUVK FAMILY.
1. jASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Cultivate.,
for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house-plants except at the
South. Flowers fragrant.
# l''l<nri i* i/ /'on- : leaves commonly alternate and compound.
J. odoratissimum, COMMON SWKKT YELLOW J., from Madeira: smooth,
twining ; leaflets .'! or f>, ovate ; peduncles terminal, few-flowered.
J. revolution, from Himalayas or China: not twining, has mostly 3 - 7
leaflets, and more numeni.i- and fragrant flowers, 1^' wide.
* # Flowers trliilc : It.uves opposite.
J. officinale, COMMON WHITE J., from the East, has striatc-angled
branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, a terminal
cvme of verv fragrant flowers and calyx-teeth slender.
J. granditiorum, from India, has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the uppermost con-
fluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish outside.
J. Azdricum, from the Azores and Madeira : not twining, with 3 ovate or
heart-shaped leaflets, terminal cymes of very sweet-scented flowers, and very
short calyx-teeth.
J. Sambac, from Tropical India : scarcely climbing, pubescent ; leaves
simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; calyx-teeth
about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; flowers simple or
double, very fragrant, especially at evening.
2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for IT. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.)
Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate
lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring.
F. viridissima, a vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect yellowish
green branches, covered in early spring with abundant showy yellow flowers,
followed by the deep green lance-oblong leaves.
F. SUSpensa, shrub with long and slender weak branches hanging, or some
of them creeping, to be treated as a climber ; flowers still earlier, but less pro-
fuse ; leaves thinner, duller, ovate.
3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to the
'tubular corolla or to the nvius. used for pipe-stems.) Familiar ornamental
tall shrubs, fmm the Old World, with scaly buds in the axils of the leaves,
but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only a pair at the tip of a
branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and crowded compound panicles or
thvrsus of mostly fragrant flowers, in spring.
S VUlgaris COMMON- L., from E. Europe or Persia : with ovate and more
or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading; fl. lilac
or pale violet, and a white variety.
S Persica, PKRSIAN L ; more slender, with lance-ovate leaves, and 1
clusters of lilac-purple or paler or sometimes white flowers, bonier of the corolla
flat when open.
4. LIGUSTRITM, PKIVKTor PKIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs
'of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-pctiolcd entire leaves and
panicles of small flowers, in early summer.
L. VUlgare, COMMON P.. of Europe, here planted for hedges, and running
wild E. ; leaves small, lance-ovate or lance-oblong.
L Japdnicum. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. : has long and widely
spreading branches, larger ovate leave.-, and larger flowers in ample panic,
6. 6LEA, OL1VK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and in
small panicles or corymbs, in spring.
O. Europaea, OUVK of the Levant, sometimes planted far S. : tree with
lanceolate or lance-oblong pale entire leaves, whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong
edible oily fruit.
OLIVE FAMILY. 281
O. Americana, DEVIL-WOOD. Wild along the coast from Virginia S. :
small tire, with lance-oblong and entire very smooth green leaves (:*' - li' long),
and spherical fruit.
O. fragrans, or OSMANTHUS FRAGRANS, of Japan and China (differing
from Olive genus in the almost 4-parted corolla and 2-parted style), cult, in
green-houses for the exquisite fragrance of its very small flowers ; the leaves
oblong or oval, sharply serrate, bright green, very smooth.
6. CHIONANTHUS, FRINGE-TREE. (Name of the Greek words for
snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of drooping snow-
white flowers.)
C. Virginica, COMMON F. River-banks from Penn. S., and planted for
ornament : shrub or low tree, with entire oval or obovate leaves (3' -5' lonu ),
the lower surface often rather downy, loose panicles of flowers in late spring or
early summer, petals 1 ' long, and fruit blue-purple with a bloom.
7. FRAXINITS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber-trees, with light
and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flowers appearing
in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, from separate buds in
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year.
§ 1. EUROPEAN ASHES, planted as shade trees, frc. : flowers polygamous.
F. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH, of S. Europe, the tree which furnishes manna,
not hardy N., sometimes planted S. : this and a species like it in California have
4 petals, either distinct or slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, green-
ish ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or oblong, small.
F. excelsior, ENGLISH or EUROPEAN ASH. Hardy fine tree, with bright
green lance-oblong leaflets nearly sessile and serrate ; petals none and cai \ x
hardly any ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. The WEEPING ASH is a variety or sport
of this.
§ 2. AMERICAN ASHES, all destitute of petals, and dioecious or mostly so.
* Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end: calyx minute, persistent ;
leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, stalked, either sparingly toothed or entire.
F. Americana, WHITE ASH. Large forest tree of low grounds, furnish-
ing valuable timber ; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate or lance-
oblong pointed leaflets either pale or downy beneath ; and rather short t'ruii
with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear wing.
F. pubescens, RED ASH. Common E. & IS.; known by' its velvety-
pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flatfish 2-edged seed
bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated into the lance-linear
or oblanceolate wing.
F. viridis, GREEN ASH. Like the last, into which it seems to pass, but
is smooth, with leaves bright green on both sides : a smaller tree, most common
W. & S.
# * Fruit flat and winged all round : leaflets mostly green both sides and serrate.
F. sambucifdlia, BLACK ASH. Small tree in swamps, N. & N. W.,
with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and coarse baskets ; the
bruised leaves with the scent of Elder : smooth; leaflets 7-11, sessile on the
main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a point; calyx none, at least in the
fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong.
F. quadrangulata, BLUE ASH. Large forest tree W., yielding valuable
wood; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on short stalks, and
narrowly oblong fruits
F. piatycarpa, CAROLINA WATER-ASH. River s\\ amps S. : small tree,
with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked leaflets acute at both
ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-wiuged) fruits, oblong with a tapering
base.
S & F— 23
J>82 BIRTH \VOttT FAMILV.
III. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with
flowers destitute of corolla ; some are destitute of calyx also.
90. ARISTOLOCHICAE^I, BIRTHWORT FAMILY.
Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules
and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx
is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens generally G or
12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored,
valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not
serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic
or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.
1. ASARUM. Low stemlcss herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a
flower at the end ol" a creeping aromatic rootstock, the flowers therefore
close to the ground. Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis-
tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually
pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and
irregularly bursting pod.
2. ABLSTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular
variously irregular, often curved. Filaments none: anthers adherent directly
and by their whole inner face to the outside of the 3 -6-lobed stigma. Seeds
very flat, in a dry C-valved pod.
1. ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, of
obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods : fl. spring. ^
§ 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers : style 1, thick, bearing
6 thick stigmas : leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them.
A. Canadense, CANADA WILD GINGKH, sometimes called SNAKEROOT.
Common N. : sort-pubescent ; loaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, not
evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped but cleft down to the adherent ovary, browu-
purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed.
§2. Filament* short or almost none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, each 2-cle/l,
bearing the stigma Mow the clejt : leaves thick ami evergreen, smooth, often
mottled, usually only one each year : rootstvcks in a close cluster.
A. Virginicum, VIRGINIA W. Along the Allcghanies S. : leaves small,
rounded heart-sin] —1 ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with a somewhat narrowed
throat and broad Bl.jrt lobe's, the base coherent only with base of the ovary.
A. arif61ium, from Virginia S , has larger somewhat halberd-shaped
leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx.
2. ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal
properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a horizontal row under
each of the .'3 lobe* of the stigma, i. c. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in eaeh
set, c.r f> in all. Flowers in and aln>vc tin- axils.
A. Serpentaria, VIRGINIA SNAKKKOOT (used in medicine). Rich woods,
cfiieflv in Middle States and S. : low downy herb ; stems clustered about 1°
high;' leaves o\ate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute;
Bowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the middle and
at the throat, in summer. 2/
A. Sipho, PiPK-ViNi:, DUTCHMAN'S PUT. (from the shape of the curved
calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbor-
very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves
i.t'tcn downy beneath, the.-c humming 8'-12' broad : peduncles with a clasping
brisci, drooping: calvx I.1,' long, intlatcd above the ovary, narrowing above,
contracted at the throat, "the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobcd :
11. late spring.
A. tomentdsa. Common S. : a more slender woody climber, with smalk
rounder ami very veiny downv leaves, and yellowish flower with an oblique
almost closed brownish orifice, the border rettexed : fl. late spring or summer.
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 283
91. NYCTAGINACE.2E, FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.
Represented by a few plants with tubular or funnel-form calyx
colored like a corolla, and falling away from a persistent lower
portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary
and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry covering which would
be mistaken for a true pericarp. Stamens 2-5, the long slender
filaments hypogynous, but apt to adhere somewhat to the sides of
the calyx-tube above. Embryo coiled around some mealy albumen.
(Lessons, p. 23, fig. 52-55.) Ours are herbs, with opposite simple
entire or wavy leaves, and jointed stems, tunid at the joints.
1. ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded
by an involucre of about 5 separate bracts. Calyx salver-shaped with a
slender tube, and a corolla-like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud,
the lobes generally notched at the end. Stamens 5 and style included.
2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded* by a 5-lobed invo-
lucre, which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and
wheel-shaped after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted
above the ovary, expanding into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like lionler,
open only for a day. Stamens (mostly 3) and slender style protruding.
Fruit (persistent base of calvx) akene-like, strongly-ribbed.
3. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the
cup-shaped 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as
the tubular funnel-shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a
corolla. Stamens 5, and especially the style (tipped with a shield-shaped
stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and nearly even.
1. ABRONIA. (Name from Greek word meaning delicate.) Western
North American herbs, cultivated for ornament : fl all summer. ^
A. Uinbellata, from coast of California, has prostrate slender stems, ovate-
oblong slender petioled leaves, and rose-purple flowers open by day, the invo-
lucre of small bracts.
A. fragrans, from Rocky Mountains, hardy N., has ascending brandling
stems, lance-ovate leaves, and white sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset ;
the involucre of conspicuous ovate scarious and whitish bracts.
2. OXYBAPHUS. (Name from a Greek word for a vinegar-saucer, from
the shape of the involucre.) 2/ Several species on Western plains : 11. rose-
purple, all summer.
O. nyctagineus. Rocky or gravelly soil from Wisconsin W. & S. :
smooth or smoothish ; leaves petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse
or heart-shaped at base.
O. albidus. From North Carolina S. : often hairy above ; leaves sessile
or nearly so, acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit more hairy.
3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL-OF-PERU. (Clu-
sius called it Admirahilis, which Linnauis shortened.) Natives of warm parts
of America: roots very large and fleshy; leaves more or less heart-shaped,
the lower petioled; flowers mostly clustered, shuwy, opening towards sunset
or in cloudy weather, produced all summer. ^
M. Jalapa. Cult, for ornament in many varieties as to flower (red, yellow,
white, or variegated), its tube only 2' long" and thickish, stamens shorter than
its spreading border ; whole plant nearly smooth.
M. longiflbra. Less common in cult. ; tube of the sweet-scented flower
6' long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves) ; stamens shorter than
its spreading white border.
M. Wrightiana. Texas and cult. : more slender than the last, nearly
smooth, tube of the smaller and more slender faintly fragrant flower 4' long,
the border white tinged with rose; stamens and style much protruding.
284 OOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
92. PHYTOLACCACE^J, TOKEWEED FAMILY.
A small family, represented he,.- only by a single snecies of the
principal genus,
1. PHYTOLACCA, I'OKK or I'OKKU'KKD. (A mongrel name, of
the Greek word fur ,,/„„/ prefixed to the French lac, lake, alhnliii"- tu 'the
cnmson coloring-matter of the berries.) Calyx .>f r. rounded petal-like wliite
sepals. Stamens5-30. Ovary of several cell and lobes, bearing as many
Short Styles, in fruit a deprived jnicv berry. contiiiiiin- a rim.- uf \ertical
seeds ; tlie.-e tunned on the plan ut' those of the next family. V
P. decandra, COMMON p. or SCOKE, GARGET, vte. Coarse Mnooth
weed of low grounds, with lar-e acrid-poisonous rout, -tout stems 6°-90lnVh)
alternate ovate-oblong leaves on Ion- petiole-;, and racemes hecominv. lateral
opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark crimson purple lorries in autumn •
stamens, style.-, and seeds 10.
93. CHENOPODIACEJE, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.
Represented chiefly 1>y homely herbs, with inconspicuous green-
ish flowers ; the 1-celled ovary has a single ovule and ripens into
an akene or utricle, containing a single seed, usually with embryo
coiled more or less around mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alter-
nate. Plants neither attractive nor easy to students ; only the
cultivated plants and commonest weeds here given.
§ 1. Cultivated for xi-nnini'iit, tirh/hiy plant, u-illt white flowers : calyx corolla-like.
1. l;oi SS1NGAULTIA. Flower- in slender spikes from the axils of the leaves
perfect. Calvx 0-parted. spreading, and with one or two exterior sepals ur
hraets. Stamens 6, with slender filaments. Stvle slender: stigmas li. eluh-
shaped. Fruit a thin akene, pointed with the persistent ?tyle.
§2. Cultivated for food, from Eu. : flowers greenhli, us ig usual in tlie fmnlfi/.
2. BKTA. I-'lowers |ierfcct, clustered, \\iih :; Imiets and a f.-rlel't eahx l.ccoming
indurated in fruit enclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent.
Stamens J3. Style -Imrt : ^ti^mas mo-t! v '2. Seed hurixontal.
3. SPINACIA. Flowers iliieeiuiis, iii axillary close clusters : the staminate ones
racemed or spiked, consisting of a 4-6-lobed calyx and as many -tanien-.
Pistillate (lowers with a tubular calyx which i< 2-3-toothed at the apex and
2-3-horned on the sides, hanleniu:: and enclosing the akene. Styles 4.
Seed vertical.
§ 3. Weeds of i-ult'rnit'mn, <»• of rwnls!ili s, y/t-A/n, $c. Flowers j>< rf'«-t, lirnctlits.
4. IlLl'lTM. Flowers in close axillary i-ln~teri or heads vhidi are soinetinies
c"ntlnent into interrupted s]tikes.' Calyx 2-.ri-p:irtt-d. hec ..... inj; Hoshy or
berry-like in fruit in th< genuine species. Stamens i-o. Styles or Mijmas
li. Seeil \cvtii-al in the calyx.
5. CHENOPOpIUM. Flowers iii small clusters collected in .-piked or sometimes
open panicles. Calvx mostly -i-deft, not -uccuU-iit in fruit. Ovary and
utricle depre-.ed. (Lessons, p. 1-JI, )!•_;. ::sii) Stales 2, rarely 3. "Seed
horizontal, or in a few specie- occasionally vertical.
The following also are common species aloti^ the coast or near salt-water : —
^ Atriplex patula, and one or two other species of OKACHI;: most like
Spinacia, lint scurfy or niealv.
Salicornia herbacea, ami two other species ,,f GLASSWOKT : low, leaf-
less, tlcshy, juinteil, hranchin- plants, with the (lowers sunken ill the fleshy
spikes.
SuiBda maritima, SKA BLITK : with hranchiiiL; steins, and small flowers
in the axils of linear nearly terete fleshy leaves.
Salsola Kali, SALTWOKT : bushy-branching annual, with awl-shaped
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 285
prickly pointed loaves, ami fle-di-colorecl horizontal wings on the back of the
fruiting calyx, making a circular broad border.
1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. (Named for the traveller and agricultural
chemi.-t. Boussingault.)
B. baselloides, of South America : high twining plant, in cultivation her-
baceous, from oMong tubers resembling small potatoes: smooth, with some-
what heart-shaped succulent leaves, and slender racemes of deliciously fragrant
small flowers in. autumn. ^
2. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz. : —
B. vulgaris, COMMON BEKT, from S. Eu. : cult in many varieties, with
ovate-oblong smooth often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes purple-tinged ;
(lower-clusters spiked; root conical or spindle-shaped. MANUEL WCRT/EL or
SCARCITY-ROOT is a mere variety, the root used for feeding cattle. ©
3. SPINACIA, SPINACH. (Name from Latin for spine or thorn ; prob-
ably from the horns or projections on the frniting-calyx which become rather
spiny in one variety.)
S. oleracea, COMMOH SPINACH, cult, from the Orient, as a pot-herb ; the
soft-fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. ® ©
4. BLITUM, ELITE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb
or of the Amaranth.) Fl. summer.
B. capitatum, STRAWBERRY ELITE, the flower-heads as the fruit matures
becoming bright red and juicy, like strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd-
shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods,
&c. N., sometimes in gardens. © (!)
B. Bonus-Henricus, GOOD-KING-HENRY, cult, in some old gardens, is
between a Elite and a Goosefoot, being slightly mealy, as in the latter, and the
calyx not fleshy nor fully enclosing the fruit, but the seed is vertical ; leaves
triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; flower-clusters crowded in an interrupted
terminal spike. ^
5. CHENOPODItTM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in
Greek), PIGWEED, &c. Weeds : fl. late summer and autumn.
§ 1. Either smooth or with scurfy mealiness, insipid, never hair// nor aromatic. ©
C. album, WHITE G or LAMB'S-QC u:n;i;s; the coniiiioii'.-st species in all
cult, ground: pale, more or less mealy, with leaves varxing from rhombic-ovate
to lanceolate, cither angled.-tOOth.ed or entire, and flower-clusteri :u dense pani-
cled spikes. Yar. BOSCIANDM, wild in shady places, ir.o-tlv S., has loose
branches, obscure mealiness, and smaller loosely clustered flowers.
C. Ul'bicum, in waste grounds, is dull green, scarcely mealy, the triangular
leaves coarsely and sharply many-toothed, flower-clusters in dense panicled
spikes, and seed with rounded margins.
C. hybridum, MAPLE-LEAVED G. Waste grounds, unpleasantly scented
like Stramonium, bright green throughout ; the uidelv branching stem '2° - 4°
hiu'h ; the thin large leaves triangular and heart-shaped, sinuate and angled, the
angles extended into a few taper-pointed coarse teeth ; racemes in loo-e and
leafless panicles ; seed sharp-ed-ed.
§ -2. Not mealy or scurf;/, Inl iin'mit, !// ijlunilnlar nr jmlrAi-i-nt, aromatic-scented:
the seed sometimes vertical-. i
C. Bbtrys, JERUSALEM OAK or FEATIIKI: GERANIUM. (Jardens and
some roadsides: low, spreading, almost clammy-pniie «•, nt, sweet-scented ;
leaves sinuate-pinnatilid, slender-pctioled : racc;iH". I'xK.-ly coryinhed.
C. ambrosiokles, Mi \i< AN TK\, WORMSEED. Wa-!e -rounds, especi-
ally S. : rather stout, smoothish, strong-«vut<'d : leaves oMoii._r or lanceolate,
varying from entire to cut-pinnatitid, nearly sessile; spikes deiw, leafy or leaf-
less. This, especially the more cut-leaved var. ANTiiKLMf.NTK'r.M. i.-i u-ed as a
vermifuge, ami yields the tro
236 AMARANTH FAMILY.
94. AMARANTACE.S], AMARANTH FAMILY.
Weeds and some ornamental plants, chiefly herbs, essentially like
the foregoing family, but the llt/wrr- provided with dry and mostly
scarious crowded persistent braels, and the fruit sometimes several-
seeded. The cultivated sort- are ornamental, like Immortelles, on
account of their colored dry bracts which do not wither.
§ 1. Leaves alternate, mostly long-pttluled : anthers 2-cfl/nf.
1. AMARAXTI'S. Flowers moiicccion- or polygamou-. each with 3 bracts
Calyx of .">, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, smooth. Stamens 5. -
times 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or o. Ovule solitary, on a stalk from the base of the
ovary. Fruit an utricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually opening all round
tran>verse]y, the upper part falling oil' as a lid (l,<>-o'ns. p. 121. fig. 387),
di-charging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters.
2. CELOSIA. Flower- perfect. Ovules and seeds numerous, otherwise nearly
as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining colored
bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests.
§ 2. Leaves opposite : anthers l-celled.
3. GOMl'IIIiEXA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round head?, crowded
with the firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Stamens fi,
monadelphous below: filaments broad. 3-cleff at summit, the middle lobe
bearing a l-celled anther (l.e--on-, p. 102, fig. 290). Utricle 1-seeded.
Achyranth.es or Iresine Verschaffeltii is lately cult, for its red
foliage, a poor substitute for Coleus, except in shade, where it has clear red
.stems, its ovate or roundish opposite 1< \i\ es strongly veined or blotched with red,
or wholly crimson.
Iresine celosioides, a wild tall weed, with opposite leaves, and panicles
ofsinall white-^ooliy tlo\\rrs, is common S. \V.
Acnida cannabina, in salt-marshes along the coast, is a tall annual, like
an Amaranth, but dia-cious, bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indeliiscent
fruit 3 - 5-angled and crested.
1. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for wifrdhuj.) Coarse
weeds of cult, and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated for ornament •
fi. late summer. Bracts commonly awn-pointed. i
§ 1. RED AMAKANTHS, the flower-clusters or the leaves tinrjcd with red or purple.
A. caudatUS, I'IMNTES' FI.ATIIKU. Cult, from India: tall, stout; lca\<s
ovate, bright green ; spikes red, naked, long and slender, in a drooping panicle,
the terminal one forming a very long tail.
A. hypOChondriaCUS. "Cult, from Mexico, &o. : stout; leaves oblong,
often reddish-tinged; llouer-chisters deep crimson-purple, short and thick, the
upper making an interrupted blunt spike.
A. paniculatUS. Coarse weed in gardens : the oblong-ovate or lance-
oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple; tlovuTs in rather slender
purplish-tinged spikes collected in an erect terminal panicle.
A. melanchblicus, LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING. Cult, from China or India:
rather low ; stems and stalks red; the ovate thin leaves dark purple or partly
green; or, in var. TIJK oi.oit, greenish with red or violet and yellow variously
mixed ; sepals and stamens only :!.
§2. GUKKN AMUIVNUIS, or PIGWEEDS, ./Zower* and leaves green or greenish.
A. retrofleXUS, COMMON riowr.i:i>: erect, roughish-pubescent or smooth-
er ; spikes crowded in a -till' panicle, the awn-pointed bracts rigid.
A. 8pin6sUS, THOI:NV A. Waste ground, chiclly S. : dull green leaves
with a pair of spines in their axils; (lowers small, yellowish-green, in round
axillarv cluster- and in a long terminal spike.
A. albus. Roadsides and streets, spreading over the ground ; with obovate
and spatnlate leaves, Mowers all in small clusters in their axils and covered by
rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; sepals .'3 ; stamens 2 or 3.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 287
2. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Name in Greek means dried, alluding to
the scarious bracts.) Fl. summer, (i)
C. cristata, COMMON- C. of the gardens, from India, in various usually
monstrous forms, the showy flower-crests crimson-red, sometimes rose-colored,
yellow, or white.
3. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Fl. summer.
G. glob6sa, GLOBE AMARANTH or BACHELOR'S-BUTTOV. Cult, from
India : low, branching, pubescent, with oblong nearly sessile leaves, and dense
round heads crimson, rose-color, or white.
95. POLYGONACE^E, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the form
of scarious or membranous sheaths at the strongly marked usually
tumid joints of the stern. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedi-
cels, with green or colored 4 — 6-parted usually persistent or wither-
ing calyx, 4-9 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary
with a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, p. 110, fig. 342),
forming an akene or nutlet. Embryo mostly on the outside of
mealy albumen, the radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit.
ERIOGONUM differs in having no obvious stipules, and the
flowers from a cup-shaped involucre. There are a few species
of the genus S. and S. W., and many near and beyond the Rocky
Mountains.
§ 1. Calyx of 5, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering.
1. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves.
Akene either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there
are 3. Embryo curved round one side of the albumen : cotyledons narrow.
2. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an
embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the
very broad leaf-like cotyledons. The triangular akeue longer than the calyx.
§ 2. Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts : styles 3.
3. EHEUM. Sepals ah1 similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the
3-winged fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9.
4. RUME^t. Sepals of 2 sorts; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spread-
ing; the alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering,
becoming veiny and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and
convergent over the 3-augled akeue. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6.
1. POLYGONUM, KNOTWEED, JOINTWEED. (The name in Greek
means many-jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the
following are the commonest : fl. late summer and autumn.
§ 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the arils of the almost sessile linear or
oblong leaves, small, greenish-white : sheatlis scarious, usually clejl or turn
and fringed. (T)
P. aviculare, KNOT-GRASS, GOOSK-GRASS, or DOORWEED. Prostrate
or spreading and variable low weed, with pale lanceolate or oblong leave*,
commonly 5 stamens, and dull 3-sided akene enclosed in the calyx. Var.
ERECTUM, has more upright steins, and larger oblong or oval leaves.
P. ramosissimum. Chiefly W. in sandy soil : with nearly erect much-
branched and rigid striate stems 2° -4° high ; lanceolate or linear leaves taper-
ing into a petiole, and a glossy akene ; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else
sepals 5 with 4 or 5 stamena.
288 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
P. t6nue. Rocky dry soil : slender, upright, with thread-like branches,
along which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear,
acute ; akene shining.
§ 2. Flowers collected in terminal x, .//,>.< or spike-like racemes, rose-purple or flesh-
color, <>r rarely white or nremish.
* Leaves small awl thn ad-liki- <ir at l< >i<//h none : the shrnths truncate, naked, ri'/id :
manij-jomtdl nien,/e with a single flower under each bract.
P. articulatum. Sandy shores and barrens : a slender little plant, bushy-
branching, 4' -12' high; flowers rose-colored, nodding; stamens 8; akene
triangular. ©
* * Leaves ovate, short-petioled : sheaths cylindrical, fringr-d-hairy : greenish
flowers 1-3 from each bract of the lo/i>/ mid slender sj>ii(-f*, unequally 4-
parted ; the 2 styles rfflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the ti/>.
P. Virginianum. Thickets: 2° -4° high, nearly smooth ; leaves rough-
ciliate, 3'- 6' long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5. 2/
* * * Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly pt-tioltd : sheaths cylindrical:
flowrs several from each bract of the spike, b-jxtrtid.
•4- Sheaths mostly with an abruptly spreading foliaceous liorder (which sometimes
falls ojT) : tall, 3° -8° high, with dense cylindrical nod 'ding spikes of rose-
colored flowers, and flat akenes.
P. orientale, PRIXCKS' FKATHER. Gardens and cultivated grounds, from
India : with large ovate pointed leaves, and 7 stamen-.
P. Careyi. Swamps from Pennsylvania N. & E. : with lanceolate leaves,
glaudular bristly peduncles, and 5 stamens.
-i- •«- Sheaths truncate, without a border.
t-f Herbage and flowers not acrid nor punctate with pellucid glands or dots.
= In moist soil : leaves lanceolate : plants nearly smooth. (T)
P. incarnatum. Tall, 3° -6° high ; leaves tapering from near the baso
to a narrow point (4' -12' long) ; sheaths smooth and naked ; peduncle* rou_rh
with scattered sessile glands ; spikes linear, nodding ; (lowers flesh-color or pale
rose; the ("> stamens and ~2 st\ les included ; akene fiat with concave sides.
P. PennsylvaniCUm. Stems l°-3° high, the branches above and pe-
duncles bristly with stalked -lands ; sheaths naked ; spikes oblong, thick and
blunt, erect ; flowers rose-purple; stamens j<, a little protruding ; styles-cleft;
akene with flat sides.
P. Persicaria, LADY'S THUMB. Tsat. from Kit. near dwellings, about
1° high: upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle: sheaths
su;ii''wliat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, evert, on naked peduncles;
HnuiTs Lrreeuish-purplo ; stamens mostly ('• ; style S-3-clcft; akene either
tlattish or triangular.
= = fn miter : at( /us rooting below. 2/
P. amphibium. WVTKR P. ChietlyN. : steins often simple bearing a
tingle ovate or oblong d-nse spike or head of pretty large and slmwv ros
flowers; lea\es nlilung, lieart-obloiiL:, lanee-o\ate or lanceolate, mostly long-
petioled, often floating; sbeaths not fringed : stamen.-* 5 ; style 2-elet't.
P. hydropiperoldes. Commonest S. : stems slender, rising out of
shallow wat'T l°-3° liigh ; leaves narronly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheaths
hairv and fringed with IOULT bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; (lowers small, pale
or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; akene sharply triangular.
** •*-<• Iferlmye (smooth) pnnqently acrid: li'iins and pule sepals marked with
pellucid mt or glands, in which the acrid quality rrsidm: sheaths fringed
with bristlef.
P. acre, WATER SMAKTWKKD. Shallow water or wet soil : stems rooting
at the decumbent base, rising 2°- 4° hiLih : leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-
pointed: spikes slender, emit ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8:
akene sharply triangular, shining. 2Z
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 280
P. Hydr6piper, COMMON S. or WATER PEPPER. Low or wet grounds
N. : l°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, mostly short;
flowers greenish-white ; stamens <> ; akenc either fiat or obtusely triangular, i
* * * * Leaves /wart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petialed : sheaths half-cylindrical.
•<- TEAR-THUMB. Stems with spreading l>i-nn<-/ies, the angles and petioles ar/u«l
withs/inr/i ri'fli.rnl prii-H, s, !>// which tin /'lunt is enabled almost to dimh:
flowers in pedunclea heads or short race/in*, n-liit, ,,/• //, ,1, color. ©
P. arif61ium. Low grounds : leaves halberd-shaped, long-petioled ; the
peduneles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; akene lenticular.
P. sagittatum. Low grounds : leave's arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; the
peduncles naked ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3 ; akeue sharply 5-angled.
•*- •*- BLACK BINDWEED. Stems twining, not prickly: flowers whitish, in loose
panicled racemes : three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx keeltd or
crested, at least in fruit: stamens 8 : styles 3 : akents triangular.
P. Convolvulus. Low twining or spreading weed from Eu., in culti-
vated fields, &c. : smoothish, with heart-shaped and almost halberd-shaped
leaves, and very small flowers. (T)
P. cilinode. Rocky shady places : tall-twining, rather downy, a ring of
reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shapcd ; outer sepals hardly
keeled. 2/
P. dumetbrum, CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT. Moist thickets : tall-
twining, smooth ; joints naked ; leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd-
shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly
winged. 2/
2. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the
Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech-wheat, the
grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult, from N. Asia, for the flour
of its grain : tt. summer. (T)
F. esculentum, COMMON B. Nearly smooth ; leaves triangular-heart-
shaped inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long-petioles ; sheaths
half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so in corymbose panicles ; stamens 8,
with as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; styles 3 ; acutely triangular
akene large.
F. tartaricum, TARTARY or IXDIAX WHEAT. Cult, for flour on our
N. E. frontiers and N. : like the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with
yellowish ; grain half the size, with its less acute angles wavy.
3. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Name said to come from the Greek, and to
refer to the purgative properties of the root ; that of several species, of N.
Asia, yield officinal rhubarb.) 2/
R. Rhaponticum, GARDEN R. or PIE-PLANT ; the large fleshy stalks of
the ample rounded leaves, filled with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as
a substitute for fruit ; flowers white, in late spring.
*•»
4. RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three enlarged
sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, in whorls
on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted spikes.
§ 1. DOCK. Herbage bitter : flmo ers perfect or partly monoecious, in
* In marshes : stem erect, stout : leaves lanceolate or lance-oblonij , flat , not wart/ :
valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the first species, y.
R. orbiculatus, GREAT WATER DOCK. Common X.: r>°-G° hi-li ;
leaves often l°-2° long; flowers nodding on .-lender pedicels: the \xl\es
round-ovate or almost orbicular, thin, finely reticulated, nearly .',' wide, each
bearing a crain.
R. Britannica, PALE D. Commoner S. : 2°-G° high ; pedicel < noddin-,
shorter than the fruiting calvx, which has broadly ovate loosely reticulated
valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root yellow.
19
290 LArilKI. FAMILY.
R. salicifolius, WHITE D. Salt marshes: 1° -3° high: pedicels inurh
shorter than the fruiting calyx ami in much-crowded whorls, forming a spike ;
val\es more triangular than in the foregoing and smaller, their grain very
Jarje ; rout white.
R. verticillatus, Sw \Mi-D. Common N. : 3° -5° high; whorl- loose;
fniit-huarinr.' pedicels slender and chili-shaped, abruptly rctlcxnl : valves some-
what rhombic and with narrow hlunt apex, each hearing a very large grain ;
leaves thk'kish, the lowest often heart-shaped at huse.
* * HV'/x mi/, front J-'iimpf in riilt. or inrxtc around: stem erect, 2°-4° high :
lower li'i'-is nr unini' nl' tin in heart-shaped nt linse, all more or /ess wary:
root COinntvnltJ i/il'mr <nnl x/iind/i -aluipid. 2/
R. GrispUS, CrRLion D. Leave* green, lanceolate, very wavy-curled, the
lower rather truncate than heart-shaped at base; whorls crowded in long
racemes ; valve* rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire ; mostly gram-bearing.
R. sanguineus, BI.O<H>Y-\ I.INKD or Ki.n D. Leaves less curled and
red-veined, lanceolate or ohlong ; whorls distant; pedicels very short; valves
narrowlv ohlong, one or more grain-hearing.
R. obtusif61ius, Bi i TER D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance-ohlong
and acute, lower ohlonu-heart-shaped and ohtuse ; whorls loose and di-tant ;
valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, beset with some long sharp teeth near the
base, usually only one grain-hearing.
* * * S'.indy sea-shore and river-hanks N. : 5' -12' high, spreading. ©
R. maritimus. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined,
the lower ain-ieled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls much crowded into leafy
spikes; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering point, turning orange-colored, a
large grain on the hack and 2 or 3 long stout bristles on each margin.
§2. SOKRELS. Herliane acid: some leai-rs hullm d-shaped, others ii-i/h nit ire
narrow fit lus< : ilnnrs d<recious, small, in a terminal tiuki <l jHinic/e : valves
naked: ft. spring and summer. ^
R. Acetos611a, COMMON or SHEEP SORREL. Low weed in all sterile
fields; leaves lance-ohlong or halberd ->haped, the lobes or auricles narrow; pedi-
cel- jointed with the ilower ; ovate valves hardly enlarging in fruit.
R. Engelmanni, only S. c; \\\, differs iii jiedicels jointed near the mid-
dle, nnd thin rounded heart-shaped valves becoming many times larger than
the akene.
96. LAURACEJE, LAUREL FAMILY.
Spiry-aromatic trees or .-linibs, die alternate simple leaves (with
entire, margins l>tit sornrliiiirs lulled) more or less marked with
minute pellucid dots; the regular flowers with a calyx of 4 or 6
sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud. and free from the
ovary ; the latter is terminated by a simple style and stigma, is
] -celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit becomes a berry or
drupe. The stamens (in ours 9) furnish a special character, their
anthers opening I'.v uplifted valves! To this family belong the
clas-ieal Laurel or' Bay, the Cinnamon, the Camphor-tree, e^e.
* rioiriTss perfect, in axillary panicles.
1. PKUSF.A. Culvx r,-p:irted, persiBtenl at the ha*e of the berry. Sinn,
with anthers, 'the :5 outer of which are turned outwards, t'ie 6>Others inward;
also :j Clauds or sterile filament* forminu an innermost row. The t\\o proper
cell- of the anther with a lower ami an apper chamber, making 4 compart-
ments, each Opening hy a valve in the manner of 8 trap-door.
* * Flwt'rs irliol/i/ «r runrh/ iHii'dniis. greenish-yellow, haves deciduous.
2. S\ss\ri:\S. I'lo\\-er* in an open corymbed and peduncled clu*ter, with
,,„, arted calyx: .-terile ones with 9 stamens in :i rows, the filaments
, -'the three inner-witha pair of yellow stalked viands on theirbase. Anthers
wuh 1 chambers a* in th.- inveeding. lertile tlouers with G rudiments
Stann TtS an') an ovoid ovary, li'/cnming a dni|H-.
MEZKRUM FAMILY. 2!) 1
8. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow
calvx: sterile ones with 9 stamens having simply 2-culled and 2-valved
anthers; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fertile tlmvrs
with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stan.
Berry red. oval; the stalk not thickened.
4. TETRANTHERA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with G-part.-d
deciduous calyx: sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers turned in-
wards, the 2 cells with 2 chambers, each opening by a valve, as in ,^
Fertile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of
stamens, and becoming a globular drupe or berry.
1. PERSEA, RED BAY. (Ancient of some Oriental tree.) Leaves ever-
green : flowers greenish-white, in summer.
P. Carolinensis, CAROLINA RED BAY. Tree or large shrub, in low
grounds, from Delaware S. : hoary when young, the obloug leaves soon smooth
above ; berries blue on a red stalk.
2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.)
H. officinale, SASSAFRAS. In rich woods : a fine tree with mucilaginous
yellowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the
leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when old ;
fruit blue on a club-shaped rather fleshy stalk.
3. LINDERA, SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSIl.
(Named for./. Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Genus also named BENZOIN.
Shrubs : fl. in spring, preceding the leaves.
L. Benzoin, COMMON S or BENJAMIN-BUSH. Damp woods: 6°-15°
high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3' -5' long.
L. melisssef61ia. Wet grounds S. : 2° - 3° high, silky-pubescent ; leave<
oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at base, 1' -2' long, when old smooth
above.
4. TETRANTHERA. (Name in Greek means four anthers, alluding to
the 4 chambers to each anther.)
T. geniculata, POND SPICE. Along ponds in pine-barrens from Virginia
S. : large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and divergent or zig/ag branches,
rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (.)'-!' long), appearing later than the
flowers in spring ; these in little crowded clusters of 2-4 from 2-4-leaved in-
volucres ; fruit red, globular.
97. THYMELEACE.ZE, MEZEREUM FAMILY.
Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers, having a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing twice a-
many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers of the ordinary
sort ; the free ovary one-celled, with a single hanging ovule, hi-coir
ing a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly in umbel-like cluster-.
1. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funm-l-shaped : the 4 lob<v
spreading, the"8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, include. 1.
or none: stigma capitate.
2. D1RCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate
border sometimes obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The S stamens and the style
long and slender, protruding.
1. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo
into a Laurel.) The following cult, for ornament from the < Md World.
D. Mezei'eum, MEZEREUM. Hardy low shrub from Europe. 1°
with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shout- .•!
the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate very smooth green
leaves ; berries red.
SANMAI.WOOD FAMILY.
D. Cnebrum. Hardy undcr-shrub from En., spreading and branching,
witli crowded lance-oblong or oblaneeolate evergreen leaves (less than 1' 1
and a terminal cluster nt' hand-ome ro-e-j.ink flowers in spring.
D. Odbra, SWEET DAI-HXE. Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright
green lance-oblong evergreen leaves, and terminal clusters of white or pale pink
sweet-scented flower-, in winter.
2. Dl'RCA, LKATIIKKWOOD, MOOSK-\VOOD. (Classical Greek
name of a celebrated fountain.)
D. palllStris, the only species, in damp woods chiefly N. : shrub 2°-G°
high, with tender white wood, bnt very tough bark, used' bv the Indians for
thongs (whence the popular names), the numerous branches ;l; ;c joint,.,1, ; i,.aves
obovate or oval, alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous; flowers before the li
in earliest spring, honey -yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dark-hairy
scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish.
98. EL^AGNACE^, OLEASTER FAMILY.
Silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, having often dioecious
inconspicuous flowers, the calyx-tube of the fertile ones itself
enclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort of
berry, around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is erect.
Otherwise much like the preceding family.
Shepherdia Canadensis, a low shrub along onr northern borders, with
opposite oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and with some ru.-t\ scurf
beneath, din-clous 4-partcd (lowers, and yellow berries.
S. argentea, BITFFAI.O-BKKUY. shrul) through the plains and mountains
far \V. and X. \V., and planted for ornament, has alternate ohlong leaves with
narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red berries.
Elseagnus arg6ntea, SII.VI.K-HKKRY of the far West, also cult., with
oval silvery leaves and mealy edible berries ; the genus known bv the mostly
perfect flowers \\ith salver-shaped calyx, the .stamen- only a> mam as the lobes,
usually 4. — One or two Old World species are occasionally planted.
99. SANTALACE.SI, SANDAL WOOD FAMILY.
Represented by one or two shrubs along the Alleghanies S., one
of them (lit- !'•> i;i I.AICIA OLKIKKUA, the OII.-.M r or Bui i AI.O-NTT,
— and widely by a low herb, viz.
1. Comandra umbellata. Dry ground, common X.: probably para-
Mi ic 011 the roots of shrubs. Known by the ~> stamens with their anthers
connected y\ ith the face of the white calyx-lobes behind them b\ a tuft of thread-
lii.e hairs (to which the name-, from the Creek, alludes); tube of the calyx
coherent below with the ovary, becoming a hard or nut-like fruit, tilled by a
globular seed. Stems 6'- 10' high, with many small oblong pale leaves.
100. LORANTHACEJE, MISTLETOE FAMILY.
I'ani.-itic on the branches of trees, represented only, through the
Middle and Southern States, by
Phorad6ndron flav6scens, AHBBICAH MISTLKTOK ; with obovate or
oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and short yellowish jointed
spikes iu their axils, of diieciotis greenish flowers, the fertile ones riuening whit*
ben i
SPURGE FAMILY. 293
101. SATJRURACEJE, LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.
A very small family, having a single Eastern North American
representative in
Saururus cermiUS, LIZARD'S-TAIL. Wet swamps: fl. summer ; stem
jointed, 2° high, branching; leaves heart-shaped, with converging ribs, peti
flowers white, crowded in a dense but slender tail-like spike, with thr mil
nodding, perfect, but with neither calyx nor corolla ; stamens 6 or 7, with long
slender white filaments ; pistils 3 or 4, slightly united at base. (Lessons, p. 86,
fig. 234.)
102. EUPHORBIACEJE, SPURGE FAMILY.
Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and monoecious or dioecious
flowers, of very various structure ; the ovary and fruit commonly
3-celIed and with single or at most a pair of hanging ovules and
seeds in each cell.
§ 1. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
* Flowers both staminate and pistillate really destitute both of calyx and corolla : a
Distillate and numerous staminate surrounded by a cup-like involucre which
imitates a calyx, so that the whole would be taken for one perfect Jluwer.
1. EUPHORBIA. , For the structure of the genus, which is recondite, see .Manual,
and Structural Botany, fig. 1143. These plants may be known, nio-tly, liy
having the 3-lobed ovary raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk.
short styles each 2-cleft, "making 6 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into
the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, discharging the seed. What
seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really a staminate flower, in
the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel, the joint
being the junction.
* * Flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyx.
2. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few
fertile flowers at base. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. I'od 3-lobed.
Stigmas 3, simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate.
3. ACALYPIIA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate : '•
fertile at base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of
sterile flowers 4-parted, of fertile 3- 5-parted. Stamens ts-li;. .>.na-
delplious at base; the 2 cells of the anther long and hanging. Sty1
cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod of 3 (rarely 2 or 1) lolies or •
Fertile flower-clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut-lobed bract. Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, with stipules, serrate.
4. RICINl. S. l'lo\v<-rs in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the >taminate
below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamen- very many, in several bundles. Style< 3,
united at base, each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large si
Leaves alternate, with stipules.
5. JATROPHA. Flowers in cymes or |>:mivle-; the fertile in the main fork*.
Calyx colored like a corolla', in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and
6-lobed, enclosing 10-30 stamens, somewhat monaiielphous in two or more
ranks; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 3, united belov, . .rked
at the apex. Pod 3-celled, 3-seedcd. Leaves alternate, long-petioleil, with
stipules.
§ 2. Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of (he oninj <in<l "-hurnt-d /><><!. .Iitice not
milky in the following: which Imn us flowers, -1 m/>n!f, l
sliuntns in lite sterile, and 3 awl-sh<tped spri'it'/hiy or n-fiii-rnl ftyL? or ftiymas
in the fertile flowers.
6. BUXUS. Flowers in small .-e»ile bract' '- in the axils of the tliiek
and evergreen entire opposite leaves. Shrubs «f tree-.
7. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers in naked lateral spike-, <ramin:ito ab.ivo, a few
fertile flowers at ha-e. Filaments long, thieki-h and Hat, white. Nearly
herbaceous, low, tufted: leaves barely evergreen, alternate, coaiselj lew-
toothed.
L".' 1 SPURGK FAMILY.
1. EUPHORBIA, SPURGK. (Said to be named for Kujihnrbus, physician
to King Juba.) Flower- couiiuonly in hue Miinmer.
§ 1. Shrubby species of the conservatory, winter-flowering, with red bracts or leaves.
E. pulcherrima, or I'OIVSI.ITIA, of .Mexico : unarmed stout shrub, with
ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather <luwm beneath,
tho-e next the (lowers mostly entire (4'-5' long) and of the briuhte-t vermilion-
red ; (lowers in globular greenish involucres bearing a great yellow gland at tin;
top on one side.
E. splendens, of the Mauritius : smooth with thick and horridly pricklr
stems, oblong-Spatlllate mncronate leaves, and slender clammv |icdiincles hearing
a cyme of several deeji-red apparently 2-pctalous (lowers ; but the hceining petals
are bracts around the cup-like involucre of the real (lowers.
E. flilgens, or JACQUJNI.KKI.UKA, of Mexico : unarmed, smooth, with .-len-
der recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, lew-flowered ; peduncles
shorter than the petioles, what appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red
lobes of the involucre.
§ 2. Herbs natives of or naturalized in the country, the first and last and some-
t imes a few of the others cult, in tptrdms : fl. late summer.
* The l<-ari-s irliich are cro/n/«l >/, .rt tin' //<>/nr-cu/>s or involucrm Inn-' tin ir »ta>-
i/ins or a />art of the bane colored (white or red) : stem erect, 1° - 3° hiijh. ©
E. marginata. Wild on the plains W. of the Mississippi, and cult, for
ornament : leaves pale, o\ate or oval, sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in
threes or pairs and broadly white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like
appendages behind as many saucer-shaped glands.
E. heterophylla. Rocky banks S. W. : smooth ; leaves alternate, ovate
and sinuate-toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and
entire ; the upper with red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower-cup and
only 1 or 2 sessile glands.
E. dentata. Rich soil from Pcnn. 8. W. : hairy, only the lower leaves
alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, uppermost paler or
whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower-cup short-stalked.
* * The leaves none of them rolared : but the flower-cup with 5 bright-white con-
x/iii-iions appendages, imitolin;/ a r>-clejl corolla. 1J.
E. COrollata. Gravelly or handy soil, from New York S. & W. : 2° -3°
hi^h ; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alternate, upper
whorlcd and opposite ; (lower-cups umhellcd, long-stalked.
* * * Lnn-tK nil <ili/,'i inn/ iijtjHixitt ,</''" ", '"' ii'iih a brown-red >•/«•/, short-petioled,
icith xi-n/i/ i>i- I'l'i/K/' /l-i'iit stipmes : *i<ms low-spreading or /irutititih, n/i«it-
<i!ii/ /.'•/ -l.-ul : a small /lu/rer-ru/i in «trh fork, liKirinij 4 t//<inds, each bor-
<Lntl iriili « more or less petal-liJa white or reddish margin or appendage.
Of this,' ilh r,' an s,r,r,il .-•/(. <7i s, iiiaiijnijii-iDit ir, , ih ; these two are the
riiiiiiiin/iist i n ri/ir/ufi ill siniily <if i/ninl/y <>]n n /•
E. maculata. 1'ro-trate ; leaves oblong -linear, very oblique at base, ser-
rulate above, blotched in the centre ; pods sharp-angled, very small.
E. hypericifblia. Ascending lo'-un' high; leaves ovate-oblong 01
linear-oblong, serrate., often with red spot or margins; pod blunt-angled; seeds
wrinkled.
* # # *• f^in-fx irithnnt sii]»il«, >i">" with colored margins or spots : tin- jb>u-< r-
m/* ,i/s,, green or </>•« ///W/, »/«/«•//•*/, tltnr i/lnmlf wholly destitute of any
/a tit/-/i/.-i' ii/i/n iii/m/' .
•»- Tsar<s nt'th" i-nni/iiiix/i/ in-'-t .tfi'in alternate or srtitii ml : thoxf of the umbel-like
inrl'>nsi-i an' ir/i<ir/i il or o///inv//« ,nnl <>t' d(tj< f nt s/in/x; usually roundish:
;i/nnils <./'//"•.//"»•'/•-'•"/' '"'«'('/ •*• M '«'/>• or inul-liki .
-M- (.'In nds "flli' Jfoircr-cii/i tnnixrersfli/ anil and alt use. ®
E. platyphylla. Nat. from Kurope N. : upper stem-leaves lance-oblong,
acute, minutely serrulate; uppermost heart-shaped ; floi'al ones triangular-ovate
and heart-shaped; umbel 5-rayed ; glands large and sessile; pod beset with
de],re.-scd warlh ; >eed smooth.
SPURGE FAMILY.
E. obtusata. Native W. & S. : like preceding, but taller, l°-2° high ;
stem-leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, tbe upper heart-shaped ; floral ones
dilated -ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of flower-cup
short-stalked ; pods long-warty.
E. dictyosperma. Open ground S. W. Resembles the preceding, but
slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds delicately
reticulated.
E. Heliosc6pia. Weed from Europe in waste places N. : with stouter
ascending stems 6' - 12' high ; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched at the
end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, then 3, and at
length with 2 rays ; glands orbicular and stalked ; pods smooth and even ;
seeds with honeycomb-like surface.
•M- •>-*• Glands of the flower-cup icith 2 long horns : pod smooth : seeds sculptured
or pitted and pale. © ®
E. PeplllS. Waste places, from Eu. : stem erect ; leaves petioled, entire,
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel first 3-rayed, afterwards
2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe.
E. commutata. Wild from Wisconsin and Virginia S. W., on shady
slopes: stems with decumbent base; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, t In-
rounded floral ones broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; pod crestlcss : fl. early
summer.
-M.-M-.i-t- Glands crescent-shaped: pod granular : seeds smooth, dark-colored. 2/
E. Cyparissias, CYPRESS SPURGE. Gardens from Eu. and running
wild E. : in dense clusters 6'- 10' high, smooth ; stem and branches crowded
with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded heart-shaped ;
umbel many-rayed.
•<- -t- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile : pod smooth.
E. Ipecacuanhas, IPECAC SPURGE. Sandy soil from New York S. :
branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely spreading ;
leaves barely 1' long, varying from obovate to linear; peduncles solitary in the
forks, slender ; flower-cup dull purple, with 5 glands. 2/
E. Lathyris, CAPER SPURGE. Cult, from Eu. in country gardens : glau-
cous ; stem erect, stout, 2° -3° high; leaves thick; those of the stem lance-
linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking ;
glands short-horned. ©
2. STILI JWG-IA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth plants,
only S. : fioweiing all summer.
S. sylvatica, QUEEN'S DELIGHT. Dry soil from Virginia S : herb 1°-
3° high, clustered from a woody root; leaves crowded, almost sessile, varying
from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2.
S. ligUStrina. River-swamps from N. Carolina S. : shrub f)°-12° high;
leaves lance-obovatc or oblong, entire ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3.
S. sebifera, TALLOW-TREE of China, planted South Caroliiia >£ S. : tree
20° -40° high; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, long-petioled ; stamens 2 ; seed-
A'hite, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax.
3. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Flowering through
Lit • summer and autumn.
A. Virginica. A most common, coarse, low weed in fields, £c : smnothisb
or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate !•> linear, fertile
flowers in short clusters ; p(.>d and S<T<! snmolhish @
A. Caroliniana. Cult, ground, chiefly S. : has thin heart-shaped closely
serrate leaves, mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles,
and seeds rough-wrinkled. ©
4. RlCmUS, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. (Latin
name of a bug, which the seed resembles.)
R. COmmunis, the only species, but of many varieties, native probably ol
Africa : a sort of tree, but cult, in temperate climates as a stately annual, for its
296 NETTLE FAMILY.
feeds, from which mstor-oil is expres.-cd, and in ornamental grounds for its
magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 7 -11-cleft leaves l°-2° broad,
or even more : fl. late summer.
5. JATROPHA. (Derivation of name obscure.) Chiefly tropical plants ;
one is a weedy plant wild !S., viz.
J. iirens, var. Stimuldsa (or .1. STIMII.<VA), TiiKAD-SoFTLYor Srntr.E-
XI.TTI.E, names rcferriiiir to its stin^in.ir liristly hairs, which are like those of
Nettles: dry sand\ soil, branching, (/ - 12' . lii.uli ; leaves rounded heart-shaped
3 - 5-lohed or variou-ly elei't or parted ; ilowers slender, white ; stamens 10,
their filaments, almo-t separate, y.
8. BUXTJS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the Box- tree )
B. semperyirens, THEE Box, and its more common var. V\NA, the
DWAKK Box, with much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, arc planted
North ehieily tor borders, especially the Dwarf Box.
7. PACHYSANDRA. (The name in Greek means thick stamens.) 2/
P. prociimbens. Kocky woods, \V. slope of the Alletrhanies. and in <ome
gardens ; devclopin.;- it- copious spikes from the hase of the short procumbent
densely tufted stems, in c-;rly spring.
103. URTICACE.2E, NETTLE FAMILY
This family, taken in (he largest sense, includes very various
apetalous plants, with monoecious or dioecious flowers (except in
the Elm Family), having a distinct calyx free from the 1 -seeded
fruit. Inner liark generally tough. Leaves with stipule.-!;, which
are sometimes early deciduous. There are four suborders.
I. ELM FAMILY. Trees, the juice not milky. Leaves
alternate, 2-ranked, simple : stipules small and falling eariv.
Flowers monceciously polygamous, many of them perfect, with
the filaments not. indexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or
long t-tigmas. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules,
in fruit always 1 -eel led and 1 -seeded.
* Frnil '//•//, winged or nut-like. Anthers turned outirnrds.
1. I.' I, MI'S. Calyx bell— hapc,!. 4-!t-clel't. Stamens •!-!': lilament^ long and
^lender. Ovary mo-ily U-eelled, lieeomin^ a 1-eelied thin samara or key-
fruit winded all nmnd (I,''s<on>. |i. \'2'2. l}^. •'{'.)()). Flowers in eln-tei> in
axils of la-1 year's leaves, in early -pi-ini:. before the leaver of the M-asmi,
purplish or yellowish-green. ! it-veined, serrate.
2. ri.AN'l-'li'A. Like Mini, but llnueix more jiolvLraninns, apjM-arin;: with the,
leaves in -mall axillary cluster-: Ine lobes of fl: • i-:dy\ j'.nd -tamens only -1
or 5; the 1-eelle.l 1-..\ uleii ..vary lormin^ a windless nut, like fruit.
# * Fruit a bvrrij-like ijlilnilir tni>i[l i/riipc. AnllifS liirnul imniril.
3. CKLTIS. Calyx 6 - 6-parted, persistent Stamens r> or fi. Stigma- ver\
ta|ierini;. O\;irv and dnijie 1-cellcd, l--eedeil. I'lmveiv ureeni-li, in (In-
Is of the leave-; the lower Ones ni"-tlv staminate ainl elu-fered, the upper
fertile and mo-tl solitar 0 ' B D ler
IT. FIG FAMILY. Trees with milky or colored acrid or
poisonous juice. Leaves alternate. Flowers strictly monoecious or
fliircious. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
§ 1. Flcirers of both kinds iiii.ri-il, l/nhi;/ the inside tif a closed fleshy receptacle, or
hollow jtower-stalk, irhirh rijmif inlii ii-h'il ti-eins to be ii fni t iif berry.
4. FHTS. Keceptaele in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil 01
Akene seed-like. Stipules lan_'>\ sncro--ively envelopinp; tin;
vomit' leaves in Hie hud, falling oiV n< the leaves expand
NETTLE FAMILY. 2'jV
§ 2. Flowers of the two kinds mostly separate ; the fertile crowded in cntlan-tikt
sjtikes or heads, which become fleshy in fruit : Jilaments injlcxed in the </«</,
spreading elnslically when the calyx expands.
6. MORUS. Flowers usually moim-Hoii*, both sorts in catkin-like spike-.. <'ah x
4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an ovai
multiple pulpy fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp co:i-i-t> <if thy
calyx, bracts, &e. of the flowers, each enclosing a small akene.
6. BROUSSONETIA. Flowers dioecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, and
like those of Mulberry; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly
scales, their calyx urn-shaped and 3-4-toothed, out of which the ripened
ovary protrudes and forms a club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single.
7. MACLURA. Flowe s dioacious; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those
of Mulberry; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx
of 4 unequal sepals, in fruit enclosing the small akene : the whole head
ripening into a fleshy yellow mass, resembling an orange with a rough i.-h
surface.
III. NETTLE FAMILY PROPER. Herbs, as to our wild
species, with bland watery juice and tough fibrous bark : many are
armed with stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, green-
ish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and inflexed in the bud,
straightening elastically when the calyx opens. Fruit an akene :
style or stigma one and simple. — All ours worthy of notice belong
to the three following genera.
8. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters; the calyx in
both sorts of 4 separate sepals. Stamens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft.
Akene flat, ovate, straight and erect, enclosed between the larger pair of
sepals. Herbage beset with stinging hairs : leaves opposite.
9. LAPORTEA. Flowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and
lower sterile; the latter with 5 sepals and stamens; the former of 4 very
unequal sepals, the two outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl-
shaped, hairy down one side, persistent on the ovate flat very oblique and
nearly naked akene, which is soon reflexed on its wing-margined pedicel.
Herbage beset with stings: leaves large, alternate.
10. BCEHMERIA. Flowers either dioecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes; the
sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely
toothed at the apex, enclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat
akene. No stings.
IV. HEMP FAMILY. Rough herbs, with watery juice and
tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and palmately loberl
or compound. Flowers dioecious, greenish ; the sterile in axillary
loose compound racemes or panicles, the fertile in close clusters or
catkins : calyx of the former with 5 sepals, of the latter one scale-
like sepal embracing the ovary and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles
two, long.
11. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular
spiked clusters. Leaves of 5-7 lanceolate irregularly toothed lealle;-.
12. HUMULUS. Tall-twining. Stamens erect. Fertile flowers in solitary
catkins or spikes, 2 flowers under each of the broad thin bracts which make
the scales of the strobile or hop-fruit.
1. ULMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) Fine trees in deep,
mostly moist or alluvial soil. Fl. early spring ; fruit in early summer.
§ 1. Leaves rough and harsh on the up[»'i; x-y> <i>»/ iixicil/i/ <l'>,i-t,,f ,,n
surface: seed in //»- middle of the orbicular or round-wal fruit, far away
from the shallow not,. -It : jiou; r-cluaters ijlubular : ji, die, As i; ,-;/ .<fmrt.
U. flilva, SLIPPERY ELM. Common, rather small tree through the coun-
try, with tough reddish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and
298 NETTLE FAMILY.
ru-ty-downy buds ; leaves 4'- 8' long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; these
mid the flowers sweet-scented in drying; calyx-lobes and stamens 7 -'J; fruit
much less than I' IOIILT, the seed-be. mn:_r centre pubescent.
U. montana, Wvm or Scon n ELM. Planted from En. : leaves smaller
and less rough ; buds not downy ; calyx-lulu-, and stamens about 5 ; fruits 1'
long, smooth.
§ '2. Leaves smooth above, smaller: notch at the summit of the fruit reaching nearly
to the seed-bearing cell : fruit only about ^' ion*;.
* European species occasionally planted : Jfawers in dose clusters: pedicels very
short or hurdly an// : xta/tiens 4 or 5 : fruit smooth, round-obovate.
TJ. camp^Stris (or GI..VHRA), ENGLISH ELM. Large tree with rather short
horizontal or a.M-ending brandies ; leaves 2'-4' long, mostly or soon smooth.
U. suberosa, EL-ROI-EAN CORK-ELM. Probably a mere variety of the
preceding, with thiek plates of cork ou the branches.
* * Wil<I .'•;>«•!<*, with theflowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed
above, tin' middle : fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin
downy-ciliate at least whtn younij.
U. Americana, AMERICAN or WHITE EI,M. Well known large tree,
with long a>c, ruling brandies gradually spreading, drooping slender branchlets,
wliidi arc smooth as well as the buds, not corky; the abruptly pointed leaves
a' - 4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7 - 'J calyx-lobes and stamens ;
fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points closing the notch.
U. racembsa, CORKY WHITE EI..M. Resembles the foregoing, bat with
downy-ciliate bud-scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlete some-
what pubescent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers raccmed.
U. alata, WHAHOO or WINGED ELM. Virginia to 111. and S. : small
tree, with bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates of cork on
the branches, and small thickish leaves (l'-2' long) almost sessile.
2. PLANERA, PLANER-TREE. (Named for 7. ./. rinner, a German
Botanist.) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring.
P. aquatica, AMERICAN P. River swamps, from Kentucky S. : small
tree, leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular
warts or crests.
3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE-TREE. (Ancient Greek name
for the Lotus-berry, produced by the European ,-pccics.) Fl. spring: fruit
ripe in autumn, eatable.
C. OCCidentalis, AMERICAN H. Small or middle-sized tree, of rich low
grounds ; with reticulated ovate, and taper-pointed serrate or entire leaves,
oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed fruit as large as a pea.
Var. rr.MiLA, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 4° - 10° high.
4. FICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the Fig.)
F. Carica, COMMON FIG. Cult, from the Levant, as a hou.se-plant, N. :
leaves broad, 3 - 5-lobed, ronghish above, rather downy beneath; figs single in
the axils, pear-shaped, luscious.
F. elastica, IWDIA-RUBBER-TBBB of E. Indies (not that of S. America) :
tree cult in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6' - 10' long, oval-oblong,
entire, thiek, smooth, bright green, glossy above.
F. ripens, from china, a delicate creeping species, fixing itself firmly by
rootlet.> and covering walls in conservatories; leaves 1' or less long, oblong-
ovate, with unequal partlv heart -shaped base.
5. MORUS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Leaves heart-
shaped or ovate, mo<tlv serrate, often palmately lobed : short catkin-like
spikes axillary or lateral ; 11. spring : fruit in summer, eatable.
M. rubra, RED MI-I-HERUY. Low tree, wild in rich woods or along
streams; leaves rough above, downy beneath, pointed ; spikes often dioecious,
fruit cylindrical, red, turning dark purple.
NETTLE FAMILY. 299
M. nigra, BLACK M. Middle-sized tree, planted and sparingly run wild
from the, Levant ; leaves rough ; spikes short and short-peduncled ; fruit short-
ohlong or globular, red turning black, pleasant-tasted.
M. alba, WHITE M. Small tree., planted from China : the leaves feed silk-
•worins, these are smooth and mostly oblique at base ; spikes slendcr-peduneled,
in fruit oval or oblong, white or pale rose-color, rather insipid.
6. BROTJSSONETIA, PAPER-MULBERRY. ( Named for Broussonet,
a French naturalist.)
B. papyrifera, of Japan. Cult, as a shade-tree from New York S. •
spreading by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, dovvnv be-
neath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-clet't or
variously lobed : flowering in spring.
7. MACLURA, OSAGE-ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Madure,
founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.)
M. aurantiaca, COMMON 0., or Bois D'AKC (BOW-WOOD, the tough
yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from Arkansas,
&c. : multiplying rapidly by its running roots ; planted for hedges, especially
W. ; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves lance-ovate, entire, very
glossy : fl. spring.
8. URTICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in waste
grounds and near dwellings : fl. summer.
* Flower-clusters in branching panidcJ s/>ik<'s : often dioecious. 11
U. dioica, COMMON N. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2° -3° high,
with heart-ovate very deeply serrate leaves downy beneath.
U. gracilis. Fence-rows, &c. : 2° - 6° high, with ovate-lanceolate less
deeply serrate leaves, longer petioles, rather few stings, and slender spikes.
* * Flower-clusters shorter than the petiole, most'y 2 in the snme axil, containing
both sorts of flowers : stint/s scattered. ©
U. chamsedryoides. Wild S. & W. : slender, with heart-ovate or lance-
ovate leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower-clusters.
U. urens, SMALL N. Weed from Eu., not common : 8' -12' high, with
ovate leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth; flower-clusters small, loose.
9. LAPORTEA, WOOD-NETTLE. (Named for one Laporte.) 11
L. Canadensis. Moist and rich woods : 2° -3° high; ovate leaves 4' -7'
long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil : fl. all summer.
10. BCEHMERIA, FALSE-NETTLE. (Named for Prof. Bohmer of
Germany.) 11
B. cylindrica. Moist shady grounds, l°-3° high, smoothish ; leaves
mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-ncrved, serrate, long-petioled; flower-
clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer.
B. nivea, RAMIE, or the GRASS-CLOTH PLANT of China, &<•., 3D-4° high,
with ovate leaves white-downy beneath, is recently planted S. W. for its very
valuable textile fibres.
11. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient name.) Fl. all summer. ®
C. sativa, COMMON HKMP. Tall coarse plant from the Old World : cult
for the fibres of its stem.
12. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name said to be a diminutive of /(limits, the
ground ; the application not apparent.) Fl. summer. 11
H. Lupulus, COMMON- HOP. Wild in alluvial soil N. & W. : also cult.
from Eu. for hops : the aromatic bitterness resides in the yellow resinous grains
which appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, &c ; stems almost prickly down-
wards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3 - 7-lobed.
300 WALNUT FAMILY.
104. PLATANACE^, PLANK-TREK FAMILY.
This order, it' it may be so called, consists merely of the small
genus
1. PLATANUS, rLAXK-TRKK. (The ancient name of the Oriental
specie-, from tin- (Jreek word for l>r<i<iil, alluding either to the leaves or the
wide-sprcadiie.: branches.) Flowers moncccious, in .separate nak> d head-
hanizinv; on Blender peduncle.- ; the sterile of many short stamens with club-
sliaped littlo scale- intermixed ; the fertile of dub-shaped or inverselv pv-
rainidal ovaries mixed with little scales and tipped with a slender awl--haped
simple style, ripening into a sort of akene with a tawny-hairy contracted
l>ase. No evident calyx. Leaves alternate, pahnatelv lohed or angled, tho
hollowed base of the petiole covering and concealing the axillary hud (Les-
sons, p. 28, litr. 74) : stipules sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family.
M. spring.
P. OCCidentalis, AMKKK AN PI.VN-I:. SYCAMORE, or BI;TTONWOOD.
Well-known larue tree by river-hank-, with white close bark separating in thin
brittle plates : leaves truncate or heart-shaped at lia.se. rather scurfy-downy
until old. the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads .solitary.
P. orientalis, OUIKNTAI. I'I.AM:, especially its var. AC i;t:in>i.i v, seldom
planted in this country, is very like ours, but has leaves more cut and sooner
smooth, the heads larger.
105. JUGLANDACE.2E, WALNUT FAMILY.
Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipule?, and monceoiniis
flowers ; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular calyx and
several stamens ; the fertile single or 2 or more in a cluster, with a
." - .>]<>!>ed calyx, the tube of which i.- adherent to the ovary.
The latter is incompletely 2-4-cel!rd. but has only a single ovule,
erect from its base, and ripens inio a lari_re fruit, the Ixrny inner part
of which forms the nut, the ile>hy at length dry miter part the
husk. Seed 4-lobed, filled wilh the fle.-hy and oily embryo, the
large and separated cotyledons deeply two-lobed and crumpled or
corrugated.
1. .TniLAXS. Sterile flower- in solitary catkins from the wood of the preeedin;:
vear, e-ieli with 12 --Id stamen.- on very short filament.-. Fertile llo\\er- on
/ininal p-'diniele, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little ;:n-eu jietnls. ;md ii elnh-
sha]»-d and fringed eon.-picuous stipnas. ' Hu-k of the fruit drying np with-
out splitting. Hark anil .-1 ..... t- resinous-aromatic and -troujr-seeuted. I'.IP!-
-everal, one over the other, the uppermost far above the axil the-soiis, p. al,
lit:. 78). 1'ith in [ilates. Leaflets numerous.
2. CAh'VA. Sterile flowers La clustered lateral catkins, with 3- in almost -
anthers. Fen ile ilow.-r- -j -5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle: no petal-:
stiumas •_> or 4. lar.'c. Hu-kof the fruit splitting into .} valv.-s and falling
away from the -inooth nut. Valuable timber and nut tree-, with very hard
and'touu'h wood, and scaly buds single (Lessons, p. ~2~, ir_r. 7:0. from which
are u-iiiilly put forth both 'kinds of llowcr-, the .sterile below and the fertile
above the leaves.
1. JUGLANS, \VAIATT. (Name from foots gJans, the nut of Jupiter.)
I'l. spring : fruit rij>e in autumn. Seed sweet and edible.
* Xutice tffin i >f tin- i-ninitri/ : nut irith ri nj r"n>i/i and jvurowed surface, from
which tin' ilriii) /,i.:--t.- i/i', v nut /.;,'/ ninii/ : M » r/ rr i>/ ui/i/.
J. Cin6rea, UrTTKKM- r <>r WIUTI: \V. Middle-si/eil tree, mostly \. •
stalks and shoots clammy-downy: leaflets downy, at least beneath, oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate ; fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges.
OAK FAMILY. 301
J. nigra. BLACK W. Large tree, commoner W. & R. : stalks and shoote
not clammy, minutely downy ; leaflets smoothish, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ;
fruit spherical.
* * Planted from the Old Worli! : husk friable, separating when dry from the
roundish and smoothish thin-shelled nut.
3. l'6gia, ENGLISH WALNTT, so called, but native of Asia: leaflets oval,
entire, smoothish; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States.
2. CARYA, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these
North American trees.) FI. in rather late spring : nuts fall in autumn.
§ 1. Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster: leaflets 13-15, short-stalked: nut edible.
C. olivseformis, PECAN-NUT. Along rivers, from Illinois S. ; leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive-shaped, the seed
delicious.
§ 2. Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle: leaflets sessile or
nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-13 leaflets : nut globular or short-oval.
* Xuts sweet-tasted and edible (the hickory-mils of the market) ; the husk splitting
into 4 thick and hard valves : buds large, of about 10 w •</.',.<;.
C. alba, SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK H. Commonest E. : bark of old
trunks very shaggy, separating in rough strips ; inner bud-scales becoming very
laruo and conspicuous on the young shoot ; leaflets 5, the 3 upper much larger
and lance-obovate ; nut white.
C. sulcata, WESTERN SHELL-BARK H. From Penn. W. & S. : differs
from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart-wood, 7 -9 leaflets IIKUV downy be-
neath, fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, and larger yellow-
ish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2' long) mostly with a point at both ends.
C. tomentosa, MOCKER-NUT or WHITE-HEART H. Common Iv £ S. :
bark rough, but not splitting off in strips ; shoots and lower surface of the
leaves woolly-downy when young; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovatc, or the lower
lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk, and globular nut (not flatfish on
the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly fit to eat.
* * Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, which splits onfi/ at the top, or
tardily to near the base : bark on the trunk close : bud-scales falling early.
C. porcina, BROWN H. or PIG-NUT. Common N. : bark of trunk
rough; bud-scales about 10, small; schools and leaves nearly smooth; leaflets
5-7, obovate-lanccolate ; fruit pear-shaped; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled,
seed at first sweet, then bitterish.
C. amara, BITTER-NUT. Moist or low grounds : bark of trunk smooth and
very close; yellowish bud-scales about 6 ; shoots and leaves pubi>eent when
young; leaflets 7- 11, lanceolate or lance-oblong; fruit and white thin-shelled
and tender nut globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter.
C. aquatica, WATER H. River-swamps S. ' Small tree, with rou-h
bark; bud-scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, smooth; nut thin-
shelled, 4-angular, flattish ; seed very bitter.
106. CUPULIFER.SI, OAK FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaver
very deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in
slender catkins (except in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered,
or sometimes spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms
a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1 -seeded nut. This nut comes
from an ovary with 2 or more cells having one or two ovules hang-
ing from the summit of each ; but all .-xc.-pt one cell and one
ovule are abortive. There is a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is
shown by the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed filled by
the embryo, which has thick and fleshy cotyledons.
302 OAK FAMILY.
§ 1. Sterile floiaers with a distinct 4 - 1-lobed calyx and 3-20 slender stamens : fertile
Jlowers 1-4 in a cup or bur-like involucre.
* Sterile flowers dutd rt<l in s/rW< /• i-n/kiii.-t -. tin //• bracts ittfonsjiiciinus or deciduous.
1. QUERCUS. Stamens 3 - 12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre,
which becomes a scaly cup. Stigma :i-lohed. Nut (acorn) terete, \\ithafirin
shell, from \vliich tin- tliick cuts !. -ilons do not emerge in germination. (Les-
sons, p. 122, fig. 388; p. 20, li-.' :;i;, •',!.)
2. CAS I AM:. \. Stamens 8-20. Fertile (lowers few (commonly 3) in each in-
volucre, one or more ripenini:: stiirmas mostly n or 7, bristle-diapcd. Nuts
coriaceon.-, ovoid, when more than one flattened on one or both >ides, en-
closed in the hard and thick very pricklv bur-like at length 4-valved invo-
lucre! Cotyledons somewhat folded together and cohering, remaining under
ground in germination.
* * Sterile Jlowers in small heads on drooping peduncles.
3. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers l.ell-Miaped, 5-7-cleft, containing; 8-16 long
stamens. Fertile (lowers 2 together on the summit of a sealy-bracted pe-
duncle; the innermost scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre: ovary
3-Celled when young, Crowned by I! a\vl-shaped calyx-teeth and a :J-elcft or
3 thread-like Styles: in fruit a pair of sharply 3-sided nuts in the 4-dei't -i.fi-
prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, ,-omcwhat crumpled together, but
rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 31-33.)
§ 2. Sterile flowers consisting of a few short stamens partly adhering to the bract,
and destitute of any proper c/ili/.r ; lite anthers l-eelled: ftrtilr. flmccrs in
pairs under cm-It brnct of a head, spike, or .tlmrt catkin, each with one in- tn-«
bractlets, forming afoliaceous or sue-like involucre to the nut- Sterile catkins
rather dense.
4. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of
which 2 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little
head, like a scaly bi'd: sti<rma< 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bony,
wholly or partly enclosed in a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobe<> •>: toothed
involucre.
6. OSTIJVA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flower? ',n a sort of
slender catkin, its bract* deciduuii>, each ilowcr an ovary tipp ••! with 2 long
slender stigmas and enclosed in a tubular bracflet, which beei n.es a 'nladdery
L'l-eeiii-li-white oblong bag, in the bottom of which is the liitle nut: the.-c
together form a sort of hop-like fruit.
6. CARPINl'S. Sterile catkin as in()>trya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender
loose catkin; each with a pair of separate 3-Iobed bractlets, which become
leaf-like, one each side of the small nerved nut.
1. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Fl-Avcrs in spring;
acorn* ripe in autumn. All but one of the following species are natives
of the country.
§ 1. Annual-fruited OuLt, the acorns maturin;/ tin- autumn of the first near, there-
fore on the wood of the season, uswu'/y in the axil of tin' /<ttr<s,out of
u-liifli l/ni/ iiri' i>/Ji-ii raised on a p<tlnn<-l< : kernel commonly sizeet-teiste'd •
no lirial/is on llii' loins or teeth of tin liui'is.
* WHITE OAKS, trith lyrutili/ or sinnatt/i/ pinnatifid and dici'iluoim Ixtres,
-i— /,'«/•('/""" //'"', more or Ass p/nntnl eastward.
Q. R6bur, Ki'itoiT..\\ or K\<;I.ISH OAK. Belongs to the same *cction
with our White Oak ; but. leaves smaller, not glaucous bencalli, siuuate-lobed,
but hanllv pinnatifid ; acorn oblon", over !' linig, — one or a few in a cluster
which is nearly sessile in the axils in var. SKSSI LiFLdKA, — raised on a slender
peduncle in var. IT;IM WCl I.ATA.
^_ H_ Natii'p. species : Icarcs pale, or whitish beneath.
Q. cllba, WIIITK OAK. Rich soil: lar^c tree with whitish bark; leave*
soon smooth, bright , ^recn above, whiti>h beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear
obtuse and nioMlv entire obli:|iie lobe*; the shallow rou^h cup \ cry mucll
horter than the ovoid-oblong (about 1' lonu) acorn : seed edible.
Q. obtusiloba, POST OAK, KOI i. ii or Box WIIITK Oak. Small tree in
barren soil, commonest !S., with very durable wood; thickish leaves grayish
OAK FAMILY. 303
downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed, tlic lobes divergent
and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched ; naked cup
deep saucer-shaped, halt' or one third the length of the small acorn.
Q. macrocarpa, BUR-OAK, OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP WHITE OAK.
Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with ohovate or oblong lyrately
pinnatirid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ;
cup deej), thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard
and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a
mossy-fringed border; acorn I'-l^' long, half or wholly covered by the cup.
Q. lyrata, SOUTHERN OVERCUP OAK. Large tree in river-swamps, from
N. Car. S. & W. : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong,
with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be-
neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the
globular nut.
* * CHESTNUT-OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except slightly in
the first species, ivhite or whitish downy beneath: cup hoary, about half the
length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn.
Q. bicolor, SWAMP WHITE OAK. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall
tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being
more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatitid,
hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only G-8
pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often
mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long.
Q,. Prinus, CHESTNUT OAK. The leading form is SWAMP CHESTNUT
OAK, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed
and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be-
neath ; fruit- bearing peduncle short ; the thick cup £'- 1' wide, tubercled with the
thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. — Var. MONTfcoLA, ROCK CHESTNUT OAK,
has large acorns like the above, biit more the chestnut-like leaves of the next;
grows in and near the mountains. — Var. ACUMIN\TA, YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK
of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has
chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender
petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about |'
broad, its scales small and elose ; acorn rather small.
Q. prinoides, DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN-OAK. Barren or
sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2° -4° high, with obovate or oblong sinuate
leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak,
but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of
the scales of the cup.
* * * LIVE OAK, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lolwd.
Q. virens, LIVE OAK. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S.
Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the hraneh-
lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves
hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup
and oblong acorn.
§ 2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of
the second yt-ar, these therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of the
season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or
lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed.
* THICKISH-LEAVED OAKS, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South,
coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sjmrinijly toothed, or barely 3-lol>ed at
the summit.
•«- Leaves general1!/ entire, not widened upwards: acorns spherical, sinuU.
Q. Cin6rea, UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Dry pine-barrens, S. K. Virginia
and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower-
leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn <r!obular.
Q. Ph611os, WILLOW OAK. Sandy low woods from New York !•
middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth willow-like leaves
narrowed at both ends.
304 OAK FAMILY.
Q. imbricaria, LATRKL or SHINGLE OAK. Rather sterile soil, from New
,Jer-e\- \V. iv S. \V. : & middle-si/.ed tn-c, with laurel-like lance-oblong leaves
, more or le.-s down\ heneaih.
•*- •*- Leaves widening H/iu-nnls, where they are sometimes moderately 3 - 5-lobed :
acorns globular, uroid, small.
Q. aquatica, WATKU OAK. Wet ground from Maryland S. : a small
tree, with very smooth and glossy obovate-spatulate oblanceolate or wedge-
(.' long leaves long-tapering at ha>e ; cup >aueer-shaped.
Q. nigra, BLA« K .1 u K or I'> \KKI.N <>\K. llanvns, from New York S.
& W. : low tree (x°- 25° high), with wedge-shaped lea\e.- widelv dilated and
mostly .'{-lolied at summit, but often rounded at the narrow base, rusty-downy
beneath, smooth and glo.-sy above- ; run top-.-liaped, coarse-scaly.
* * BLACK and RED OAKS, //•/'//< long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid
deciduous leaves.
-»- Downy beneath even when mature : cup saucer-shaped with top-shaped base.
Q. ilicifblia, BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK. Sterile hills and barrens,
Iiio>tly X. & \V. : shrub 3° -8° high, straggling; leaves obovate with \\edire-
shaped base, above angularly 3-7-lobed, whitish-downy beneath; acorn ovoid,
narelv i' long.
Q. falcata, SPANISH OAK. Dry soil, New Jersey to 111. >>nd S. : large
tree, \\ith oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed above, -ravish or
yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly narrow and entire or sparingly
toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn globular, hardly £' long.
•i- -»- Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, or
some of the larger obovate in mil /inf., and varying from sinuutely to deeply
IK in/a/ i/id, turning various bhades of red or crimson in late autumn : wood
course-grained.
•»-*• Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and coriaceous.
Q. Catesbaei, TITHKEY or BAI:KI:NS SCRCH-OAK. Small tree in pine
barrens S. : leaves deeply pinnatilid or ,'5-5-cleft, the long and narrow or un-
equal lobes somewhat seytlie-sliaped and often nearly entire ; cup very thick
and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half enclosing the ovoid nut.
«•* •*-»• Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the. base, slender-petioled, tlinnn:
Q. COCCinea, SCARLET OAK. Dr\ 01 barely moist soil : large tree, with
gray bark, the interior reddish, rather firm leaves more or le>» glo»-y above and
deeply pinuatitid ; cup roarse-scaly, toji-shajied or hemispherical with a eonical
h:iM'. eo\-ering half or more of the roiindi.«h acorn (this i'-ij' long).
\'ar. tinct6ria, <A>i i-.m ri 'Kov, VI.I.I.IIW-I:AHKI:I). or I.I.ACK (>.VK. Bark
of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (i|iierritron), and
much more valuable to the tanner and d\er; eii]i less top-shaped; h-avcs less
pimiatilid or some of them harelv sinuate, thinner, less glossy, and more like
those of the next.
Q. rilbra, l>'i:i> <>VK. Common ill rich and poor soil: large tree, with
dark gray smoothi-h bark, very eoarse reddish wood, and tliinuisli moderately
jiinnatititl leaves; <-np saucer-shaped, se--ile or on a short and alirujit narrow
;u-ek, of line clo-<- scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn (this
1' or less in length ).
Q. palustris, SWAMI- SPANISH or I'iv OVK. Low grounds, only N. :
middle-sized tree, with le.-s coar.-e wood, deejil\ pinnatiliil smooth leaves with
their divergent |ol»> separated bv broad and rounded sinuses: euji llat-saucer-
shajied with a -hon -ealv base or stalk, of line seales, very much shorter than
the roiindi>h aeoni, which is barelv .',' in length.
2. CASTANEA, CIIKSTNTT. (Cla^i.-al name, taken from that of a
town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, appearing later than the elongated
strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves.
C. V^SCa, Krnoi-K vx CIIKSTNTT : seldom planted : large tree, with oblong-
laneeolate pointed leaves beset with coarse sharp-pointed teeth, when mature
smooth ami green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre.
SWKKT-GAI.K FAMILY.
Var. Americana, AMERICAN CHESTNUT : large tree in hilly woods,
from Canada to Florida, distinguishable from the European only by leaves acute
at the base, and nuts sweeter and smaller.
C. pumila, CHINQUAPIN. Sandy dry soil chiefly S. & E. : shrub or
small tree ; with lance-oblong leaves whitish downy beneath, and very sweet
nut solitary in the involucre, therefore terete.
3. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding to
the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing witli the (straight-veined
and serrate) leaves, in spring.
F. ferruginea, AMERICAN BEECH. Forest tree, commoner X., with fine-
grained wood, close and smooth light gray bark, and light horizontal spray,
the leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky
hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient teeth.
F. sylvatica, EUROPEAN BEECH, occasionally planted as a shade-tree, is
distinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed
leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. COPPER BEECH is a
variety with crimson-purple foliage.
4. CORYLUS, HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.)
Shrubs, with flowers in early spring, preceding the rounded-heart-shaped,
doubly-serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn.
C. Avellana, EUROPEAN H. or FILBERT. Occasionally planted : 6°-10°
high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeplv-cleft involucre about the length
of the (!' long) oval nut.
C. Americana, AMERICAN H. Thickets . 4° -6° high, with more downy
shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the smaller globular nut
in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy bracts.
C. rostrata, BEAKED H. Thickets and banks, mostly N. : 2° -5° high,
with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly involacre
prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut.
5. OSTRYA, HOP-HORNBEAM. (Classical name.) Slender trees, with
very hard wood : flowers appearing with the (Birch-like) leaves, in spring.
O. Virginica, AMERICAN H., IRON-WOOD or LEVER-WOOD. Rich woods :
tree 30° -50° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed
sharply doubly serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly at base.
6. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD. (Ancient Latin name.)
Low trees or tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close
gray bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; flowers with the
leaves, in spring.
C. Americana, AMERICAN H., also called BLUE or WATER BEECH.
Banks of streams: 10° -20° high ; with ovate-oblong pointed doubly serrate
leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed bracts of the involucre.
107. MYRICACE^I, SWEET-GALE FAMILY.
Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leave*, and
monoecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly catkins or
heads, and destitute of any proper calyx, the 1 -seeded fruit a fleshy
little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax.
1. MYRICA. Flowers mostly dioecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds: each
flower under a scale-like bract and with a pair of brackets; the sterile of
2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bearing 2 slender stigmas and surround-
ed by a few little scales.
2. COMPTON1A Flowers mostly monoecious, the storilo in cylindrical
the fertile in globular bur-like heads. Ovary surrouuded by long awl-shaped
scales which persist around the smooth little nut.
S & F— 24
o06 BIRCH FAMILY.
1. MYRICA, RAYBERRY, SWEET (iALE. (Ancient name of some
aromatic shrub.) Fl. spring, with or earlier than the leavo.
M. Gale, SWEKT (i.vi.K. Col. I hogs N. : l°-4° high, with pale wedge-
laneeolate leaves, serrate towards the apex; little nuts crowded, and a- if
winded by a pair of scale>.
M. ceril'era, BAYHKIJRV, WAX-MYRTLE. Along the coast : shrub 2°-S°
high, with fragrant lance-oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming
glossy above, the scattered bony nuts thickly incrnsted with greenish or white
wax and ajjjiearing like berries.
2. COMPTONIA, SWEET-FERX. (Named for Henry Campion, a
bishop of London.) Flowers rather later than the leaves, in spring.
C. asplenif'61ia, the only species, in sterile rocky soil, chieflv E. : l°-2°
high, with linear-lanceolate down \ leaves pinnatifid into many short and rounded
lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aromatic.
108. BETULACE^E, BIRCH FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, often resinous-sprinkled and aromatic, with al-
ternate, simple, mostly straight-veined leaves, commonly deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers, both kinds in scaly catkins, and 2
or 3 under each bract. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovtiled, but the fruit
(a little nut or akene often surrounded by a wing like a samara)
1 -celled and 1-seeded. Stigmas 2, thread-like.
1. BETULA. Sterile catkins lone; and hanging: 3 flowers under each shield-
shaped scaly bract, each witfi a -eale bearing 4 ^mrt stanu-iis with 1-edle.l
anthers. Fertile catkins stout: 2 or 3 llowers under each 3-lobed bract, each
of a naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly wing.'d M air-like little key-
frnit, tipped with the 2 stigma-.
2. ALNUS. Flowers much as in lletula: but usually a distinct 3-5-parted calyx;
anthers 2-celled; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at !•
woody persistent scales; and the little nutlets less winged or wingU-.->.
1. BETULA, BIRCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender
sprav (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile scalv
buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile catkins golden
yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short iMeavcd branches of
the season. The following are all native trees.
# Trunk inlh hroirn or i/elloiv-qrai/ bark, the inner and the hn'r/s mid thin straight-
veined //ares spicy-aromatic: ]>tii»l<s >V,n/7 .' thick fruiting catkins with
their thin scales rather persistent : fruit with narrow tciinj.
B. 16nta, SWEET, BLACK, or CHERRY Fiitcn. Moist woods mostly X.:
a rather large tree, with fine-grained valuable wuod, dark brown close bark on
the trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bron/e-rcddish twigs, vu-y aromatic;
leaves oblong-OVate and >omc\vhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all round,
soon glossy above and almost smooth: Inntin^- catkins oblong-cylindrical.
B. Ititea, YELLOW or (JuAY B. With the other and more northward :
less aromatic ; bark of trunk ycllowish-irray and somewhat silvery, separating
in filmy layers; leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped;
fruiting catkins short-oblong.
* * Trunk with chalky-white bark j>«Iinq horizontally in linn shtefs: leaves and
narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked: bracts falling with the
broad-winged fruit.
B. alba, var. populifolia, AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. Small tree in low
or sterile soil, from I'enn. X. E., 15° -25° high, with triangular very taper-
pointed smooth and glossv leaves.
B. papyr£cea, PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. Large tree, from upper part of
Penn. X., mostly far N. ; with more ovate and even heart-shaped leaves (dull
WII.I.OW r.VMILY. ."1)7
hcncntli, ami even dark preen above), and more papery hark than in White
ISirch, separating in ample sheets.
* * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, Itttrdly peeling in layers, reddish ttcitjs
lit lie aromatic, and oblomj downy short-stalked catkins : winys of fruit I inn id.
B. nigra, RIVEI; or RED BIRCH. Middle-sized tree of low river-hanks,
commonest S. : leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath.
2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name. ) Small trees or shrubs, with
narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly
clustered or racemcd on leafless branchlets or peduncles.
§ 1. Flowers with the leaves in sprim/, the sterile from catkins which were naked
over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly Im/l.
A. viridis, GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER. Only rather far N., and on
mountains: 3° -8° high; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous; fruit with
a broad thin wing.
§2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the litres, loth sorts from calkins
which have remained naked over winter: wing of fruit rnirrou- and t/iickish.
A. serrulata, SMOOTH A. Common, especially S. : 6° - 12° high, with
ohovate smooth or smoothish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate.
A. incana, SPECKLED or HOARY'A. Common N. along streams: 8° -20°
high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and often
coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath.
109. SALICAC'E-SS, WILLOW FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi-
vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dioecious
flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale,
the staminate of naked stamens only; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary
which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal or basal placentae,
bearing numerous seeds furnished with a tuft of long cottony down at
one end.
1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many
stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little
gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each
sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled
buds, and narrow leaves.
2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup-
shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas lung. Catkins
drooping; flowers preceding the leaves", these mostly broad. Buds scaly.
1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil-
lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be-
ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The
following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of
the most tree-like wild ones.
§ 1. Stamens 2, but their filaments and often the anthers also united into one.
S. purpurea, of Eu. : known hy the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral
catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and M-S.M!C downy
ovary.
§ 2. Stamens 2 and separate.
* Flowers earlier than the leaves: ait kins stssile along the shoot of preceding year.
S. Vimin&lis, BASKET W. or OSIER, of Eu., the twigs best for basket-
work ; has lance-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' -6' long and satiny-white
underneath.
308 AVII.J.OW 1 AMII.Y.
* * Flowers sllrjhtly earlier than the leaves lid rather late in spring, on lateral
cdtkiiis ic/iii-h have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base.
S. COrdata. A common wild species along streams, badly named, as the
leaves arc seldom heart-shaped at ba*e and generally lanceolate, often tapering
to both ends, sharply serraic, smooth, pale or whitish beneath ; stipules on
young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney-shaped ; ovary slender-stalked,
tapering, smooth.
* * * Fliiii-ti-x in l< it,*- ra/l.-iiifi terminating leafy lateral shoot* of the season, there-
fore later than the leaves, in late sprint/ or curly summer.
S. Iongif61ia, LONG-LEAVED W. Wild on river-banks N. : low shrub or
low tree, with very long lance-linear nearly sessile sparsely denticulate leaves
grayish-hairy when young; catkins with narrow yellowish scales; the stalked
silky-downy ovary bearing large stigmas.
S. Babyloniba, WEEPING W. Planted from the Orient : a familiar tree,
with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate leaves white beneath ;
in the monstrous variety called ANNULARIS, HOOP W., curved into a ring.
S. alba, WHITE W., commonly the var. VITELLINA, with yellow twigs :
planted from En. ; a familiar tree; leaves lanceolate, serrate, white-silky under-
neath ; stipules lanceolate ; ovary nearly sessile and smooth.
S. fragilis, BRITTLE W., from Ku. (so called because the twigs, used for
basket-work. &c., break off readily from their base, as in several other species) ;
large tree, with lanceolate taper-pointed leaves white but smooth beneath, half
heart-shaped stipules, and nearly sessile smooth ovary.
§3. Stamens 3-5 o>- more, separate: catl-ins late-fiowering, terminating leafy
branches of the season as in the prmdint/ species: stamens hairy: ovary
smiioth : .so/As deciiluoiis: /races serrate, smooth.
S. nigra, BLACK W. Low river-banks : wild tree, with rough black bark,
narrow-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, 3-G stamens, and short-ovate pods.
S. pentandra, BAY W. A handsome tree, planted from Ku. for the deep
green very glossy lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, of the same hue both sides,
the large staminate catkins of golden yellow flowers also handsome: stamens
4-12, commonly 5 ; pods tapering.
S. lucida, AMERICAN BAY W. Wild in wet ground N : very like the
last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch.
2. P6PULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. (Classical Latin name.) Fl. spring.
§ 1. Bntk not glutinous : leaves cottony, at host beneath, even when old.
P. alba, ABKLK or WHITE P. Tree planted from En., witli spreading
branches, roundish slightly heart->haped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon
above, very white-cottony beneath : spreads inveterately by the root.
§ 2. Buds not glutinous : leaves cotton;/ ir/i, n developed, but soon smooth and
bath */</«.'. : /,<//•/.- smooth and close, greenish-white.
P. tremuloides, AMERICAN ASPEN. Small tree, common in woods N. ;
with small roundish-heart-shaped leaves beset with small regular teeth; scales
of the catkin cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs.
P. grandidentata, LARGER AMERICAN ASPEN, Middle-sized tree, com-
mon in woods : the larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse and irregular blunt
teeth ; scale< iineipiallv .r> - G-cleft, slightly fringed.
P. heterophylla, DOWNY POPLAR. Wet grounds, common only W. &
S. : tree 4(t°-(i(i° high; leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped with the sinus
clo-ed by the overlapping lobe-, obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3'-5' loni:,
white wool deciduous only with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on
the petioles ; fruiting catkins smooth.
§3. flinls ,1/iifinoua with aromatic n-sin or Ixilsam: hares smooth from the first.
P. dilatata, LOMM UU.Y P. Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches,
and small broadly triangular pointed leaves, formerly much planted, from the
Old World, — thought to be a remarkable state of
PINE FAMILY. 309
P. nigra, BLACK P., of Eu., which is occasionally planted, and has spread-
ing branches, larger leaves, more glutinous buds, &c.
P. monilifera, COTTON-WOOD or NECKLACE P. Along the Great Lakes
and rivers, from L. Champlain W. and S. W. : large tree, with young brandies
somewhat angled; leaves dilated-triangular or slightly heart-shaped, IU|MT-
pointcd, serrate with cartilaginous incurved teeth and prominent lateral vein- ;
fertile catkins very long and interrupted, their scales cut-fringed ; stigmas very
large, toothed.
P. balsamifera, BALSAM P. or TACAMAHAC. Middle-sized tree, wild
along our Northern borders and N. W. : has round or scarcely angled branch-
lets, very glutinous and pleasantly balsamic strong-scented bud-scales, and ovate
or lance-ovate gradually tapering leaves.
Var. candicans, BALM-OF-GILEAD P.: planted around dwellings as a
shade tree, wild in some places, spreading invetcrately from the root ; appears
to be a variety of the Balsam Poplar, with broader ovate and often heart shaped
leaves lighter-colored beneath.
SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS : no closed ovary, style,
or stigma, but ovuk-s and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort
of transformed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ;
the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. (Lessons, p. 109,
fig. 337-339; p. 125, fig. 411-413.) Leaves not netted-veined.
Cycas revoluta (Lessons, p. 26, fig. 71), from the southern part of
Japan, a palm-like low tree of conservatories, wrongly called SAGO PALM, and
Zamia integrifolia, the COONTIE of Florida, the root-like trunk of
which does not rise above ground, and furnishes a kind of flour called FLORIDA
ARROW-ROOT, represent the order CYCADACE^E.
111. CONIFERJE, PINE FAMILY*
Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fibre (no ducts),
resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves, and
monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers destitute of both calyx
and corolla, and in catkins or the like. (See Lessons, as above.)
I. PINE FAMILY PROPER. These are true Coniferee, 01
cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin which
becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each in the axil
of a bract (which is sometimes evident and projecting, but often
concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear a pair of ovules ad-
hering to their inner face next the base, the orifice downwards,
and the two winged seeds peel off the scale as the latter expands
at maturity. They all have scaly buds. All the common and
hardy trees of the family belong to the following.
1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3. or 5 in a cluster from
the axil of dry bud-scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the -ea^-n
lengthens. Sterile catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of tin- -ra.-oii:
each stamen answers to a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly
any filament. Cone woody, mostly large, maturing in the autumn of the
second year. Cotyledons of the embryo several. (See Lessons, p. 24, fig.
56, 57; p. 63, fig. 185; p. 125, fig. 411-413.)
* For a particular account of the numerous trees of this nohlo family now [ilantcd or
beginning to be planted for ornament special works should be consulted, such, esprrially. as
the recent '• Book of Evergreens " by Mr. Hoopes. We give here only the principal specie*
of the country, east of the Mississippi and the well-established introduced species, uiaiulj
such as are fully hardy North.
310 PINE FAMILY.
2. ABIES. Leaves persistent, linear or short needle-shaped, borne directly on the
-limits of the season, over which they are thickly and uiiiformlv Mattered.
Sterile catkins in the axils of tl; •>!' tin- ]>ivc< -ding year. 'Fertile cat-
kins solitary, maturing in the autumn of the same year: their Denies thin and
even, nev.-r prickle-bearim.
3. LAKIX. Leaves all deciduous in autumn, soft, short needle-shaped, in spring,
developed very many in a dense cluster from axillary bud- <>!' the previous
summer (Less'ons, p.* 68, fig. 184), those on shoots of 'the season similar Imt
seattereil. Cones as in . \bic-. the scales persistent.
4. CEI>Ul"S. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and per-i-tent. Cones globular,
large, of very broad thin scales, which at length fall away from the axis.
II. CYPRESS FAMILY. These have both kind, of flowers
in short often globular catkins of few scales ; the fertile making a
globular or ovate small cone, which is often fleshy when young,
sometimes imitating a. berry. The branches appear and the shoots
grow on without the intervention of any scaly buds. Leaves often
opposite or whorled, sometimes scale-like and adnate to the branch.
§ 1. Scales of tlie globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale,
parly colic riny wiUi its back.
5. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the
bract and awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting.
§ 2. Scales (if the fruit simple, no bract behind them.
* Fruit a sort of cone, dry ami hard ichen mature: flowers moncecious, rarely dicecious.
-t- Leases thin and delicate, flat, deciduous.
6. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches; the sterile catkin
spike-panicled, of few stamens; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular,
firmly closed till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield-
shaped scales, a pair of erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk.
•»- •<- Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands.
7. SEQUOIA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several
ovules. Cone woody; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping.
and bearing 3-5 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part of
their stalk-like base.
•+- •<- -t- Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale-shaped (the former on the
more vigorous lengthening shoots, the. latter closely imbricated and decussate on
the succeeding branchlets), commonly icith a resinous gland on lite back. Seeds
and ovules erect : cotyledons only 2 or 3.
6. CUPRESSl'S. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their
well-fitted margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each .-calc bear-
ing two or usually several ovules' and winged or wing-margined seeds, its
broad summit with a central boss or short point.
9. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped but concave
and fixed by their ba-e, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near
their summit, spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of
ovules and seeds, or rarely more.
# # Fruit berry-like: flowers commonly dicecious.
JO. .TUXIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral: the fertile of 3-6 fleshy scales
growing together, and ripening into a -ort of globular berry, containing 1-3
bony seeds. Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled.
III. YEW FAMILY. Distinguished by having the fertile
catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single terminal flower,
consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some bract-, ripening
into a nut-like or drupe-like .seed: cotyledons only '2. There is
nothing answering to the scales of a pine-cone. Leaf-hud-; scaly as
in the true Pine Family. Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary.
11. TAXI'S. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides.
Both kinds of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds
PINE FAMILY. 311
imbricated with persistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked
stamens, each with 3-8 anther-cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex,
the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit becomes a nut-like blackish seed,
resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup.
12. TORRE YA. Leaves, catkins, &c., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale-
shaped at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther-cells. Naked seed resembling
a tliin fleshed drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup around it, as large as a
nutmeg, which it resembles also in the brain-like interior structure.
13. SALISBlJRIA. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and thz
lobes wavy-toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed
with straight simple or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not
often seen. Sterile catkins slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a
flesh3r short cup around its base.
PODOCARPUS. one or two species in choice conservatories, and two half
hardy in the Middle States as low shrubs, — the genus so called because
the fleshy seed is raised on a sort of stalk, — belongs here. The leaves are
sometimes much unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear,
lanceolate, or even ovate, and veinless, except the midrib.
1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late spring.
§ 1. PiTCH-PiNES and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the cluster,
scaly-sheathed at the base : wood resinous.
* Conns lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the seed, the scales
thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine: leaves rigid.
i- Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian.
P. australis, LONG-LEAVED or SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. Lofty striking
tree, of pine-barrens from N. Car. S. ; with leaves 10' -15' long, very resin-
ous wood, and cones 6'- 10' long, the scales tipped with a reflexed short spine.
P. tgeda, LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P. Smaller tree, in light soil, from
Virginia S , with less resinous wood, dark green leaves 6'- 10' long, and solitary
cones 3' -5' long, the scales tipped with a short straight or incurved spine.
P. rigida, NORTHERN PITCH P. Sandy or thin rocky soil, abounding
along the coast N. and in the upper country S. : a stout tree, with dark green
leaves 3' -5' long from short sheaths, clustered ovate-conical cones 2' -3' long,
the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle.
P. serotina, POND P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car. S. ; with
valueless wood, leaves 4'- 8' long, and mostly opposite round-ovate cones 2' -3'
long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak prickle.
P. ponder6sa (or BENTHAMIA.NA) ; planted from California, where it is a
characteristic tree, with heavy wood, deep green leaves 6' — 11' long, and clus-
tered cones about 3' long, reflexed on a short stalk.
i- •*- Leaves only 2 in the sheath, or a few of them sometimes in threes.
•*-*• Planted from Europe.
P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE (wrongly called also Scotch Fir), the com-
mon Pine ot N. Europe : middle-sized tree, known by the bluish-white hue of
its flat leaves (2' -4' long), reddish bark on the trunk, and narrow tapering
cones, the scales with tubercle-like tips.
P. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN P., a probable variety of P. LAKIOIO, or COR-
SICAN P. of S. Eii. : a fast-growing nmssive tree, with very n>u<:h branches,
dark-green slender but rigid leaves 4' -6' long, and conical cones 2£' -3' long.
-M- ++ Wild species of the country.
P. pungens, TABLE-MOUNTAIN or PRICKLY PINE. Along the Alle-
ghanies from Penn. to S. Car. : middle-sized tree ; with dark bluish-green
leaves only about 2' long; but the heavy and clustered cones fully 3' long,
ovate, and" the scales armed with a very strong somewhat booked spine.
P. mitis, YELLOW PINE of the North, SHOKT-LKAVED YELLOW TIM. '
a middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm fine-grained wood, slender
leaves (not rarely in threes) 3' -5' long, and mostly solitary ovate or oblong-
onical cones barely 2' long, the scales tipped with a minute weak prickle.
312 PINE FAMILY.
P. inops, JERSEY SCRUB P. Low strangling tree of barrens and sterile
hills, from New Jersey S. & W. ; with drooping branchlcts, leaves 1 '-:{' long,
and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, rellexed on a .short stalk, tin- -rales
tipped with an awl-shaped prickle.
P. Banksiana, (JKAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P. Along our northern
frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks : straggling shrub or tree, 5°-20°
high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long, curved cones barely 2' long, and
blunt scales.
* * Cones at the apex of the branch and falling after shedding the seed, their
scales slightly thickened ut the end mid intlmut any prickly point; leaves
only 2 in the cluster and with a long sin nth, slender.
P. resinbsa, RED PINE, and wrongly called NORWAY PINE : the Latin
name not a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous : dry woods N.
from N. England to Wisconsin; 50° -80° high, with reddish and smoothish
bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5' -6' long and not rigid, and ovate-
conical smooth cones about 2' long.
§ 2. WHITE PINES, with softer leaves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale
underneath early deciduous : cones long, cylindrical, terminal, hanging,
falling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the
end, pointless : seed thin-shelled and winged.
P. Strdbus, WHITE PINE. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along
the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish
bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3' -4' long,
and narrow cones 5' - 6' long.
P. excelsa, BHOTAN or HIMALAYAN WHITE P. Ornamental tree barely
hardy for N. ; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice
the length of those of White Pine.
P. Lambertiana, LAMBERT'S or SUGAR P. One of the tallest trees of
Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rigid as in many
Pitch Pines, 3' -5' Jong, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when roll
grown 12' -20' long.
§ 3. NUT PINES, with leaves, $~c. as in the preceding sfctinn, but short tJii<l; coins
of fewer and thick pointless scales, and large hard-shelled edible seeds desti-
tute of a wing.
P. C^mbra, CEMBRA or Swiss STONE P. of the higher Alps : small,
slow-growing, very hardy ornamental tree, with green 4-sidcd leaves 3' -4' long
and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round-oval, erect, 2' long, the
round seeds as large as peas.
2. ABIES, SPRUCE, FIR (Classical Latin name. — The names ABIES
and PI'CEA, for Spruce and Fir, are just oppositely used by dilVereiit authors.
Linnaeus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do some
late writers. The ancients used the namcr. just the other way, and the later
botanists mostly follow them ) Fl. late spring.
§ 1. SPRUCE. Cows hanging or nodding on the end of a branch, their scales
persistent : cells of the anther opening length wise : the neidlt-shaptd and
4-sided leaves pointing every way.
A. exc61sa, NORWAY SPRUCE :• the most common and most vigorous
species planted, from Europe ; fine large tree, with stout branches, deep green
leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones 5' -7' long.
A. nigra, BLACK or DOUBLE SPRUCE. Cold woods and swamps N. and
along the mountains S. : middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom over £' long)
dark green, and a glaucous-whitish variety Iv ; its ovate cones recurving on
short branches, l'-l.V long, persistent for several years, thin rigid scales with
thin often erod"d edge.
A. alba, WHITE SPRUCE. Wild only along our northern borders and N. ;
when planted a very handsome tree, with pale glaucous leaves ; cylindrical
nodding cones about a' long, falling the first winter, the thinner scales with a
rirm even edge.
PINE FAMILY. 313
A. Menzi^sii, MENZIES' SPRUCE, of the Rocky Mountains nnd \V., ia
planted anil likely to become common : fine tree., with broader and stiller leaved
than the foregoing, almost prickly-pointed, silvery-whitish beneath; cone* almut
3' long, cylindrical, soft ; their scales rhombic-ovate, thin and pale.
§2. HEMLOCK-SPKUCE (Tsuo.\). Cones hanging on declined branches of tlie
preceding //•<//•, small, persistent, and their scales persistent: sterile calkins
very small and globular, of a few anthers which open across: lea at 8 flat, on
distinct little petioles, most of than spr«idin/j right and left so us to appear
•2-ranktd on the branch.
A. Canad6nsis, HEMLOCK-SPRUCE. Common on hills N., and planted
for ornament : large tree, with coarse wood, light and spreading spray, broad i>h-
linear and blunt leaves only £' long, green above and white beneath, and oval
cones onlv i' or §' long, their bracts very short and hidden.
A. Douglasii, DOUGLAS SPRUCE, one of the tall trees from Rocky
Mountains and W. to the Pacific, planted but proves not quite hardy enough N.,
is of this section : it has slender leaves 1' or more long, light green, indistinctly
2-rankcd ; cones 2' -3' long, loose, with pointed and toothed bracts projecting
beyond the scales.
§ 3. FIR. Cones set rigidly erect on the upper side of spreading brunches of the
preceding year, their scales and commonly conspicuous bract a falling aunty
with the seeds when ripe from the persistent slender a.ris .- seed* resinous :
anthers irregularly bursting : leaves flat, white beneath each mile of the
prominent midrib, those on horizontal branches inclined to spread rig/it and
left so as to appear 2-ranked.
* BALSAM FIRS, native trees: bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters, frc.
A. balsamea, COMMON B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds N., hand-
some when young, but short-lived, with worthless wood, narrow linear leaves
jj' or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylindrical violet-colored cones 2' -4
long and 1' thick, their bracts with only the abrupt slender point projecting.
A. Fraseri, FRASEK'S or SOUTHERN B. Along the higher Alleghanies :
small tree, like the preceding ; but the small cones (only l'-2' long) oblong-
ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the bracts conspicuously projecting
and reflcxed.
* * SILVER-FIRS, &c., very choice ornamental trees, only the first at all common.
•H- Leaves blunt.
A. pectinata, EUROPEAN SILVER-F. Large tree with wood, its horizon-
tal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., nearly as
white beneath and lj' long) forming a flat spray; cones ti'-8' long, with
slender projecting points to the bracts
A. Nordmanniana, from the Crimea and N. Asia ; with thicker-set and
broader leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1' long, deep green above and
whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate.
A. Pichta, SIBERIAN SiLVER-F. ; with thicker-set leaves than those of
European Silver-Fir, dark green above and less white beneath ; cones only 3'
long, their short bracts concealed under the scales.
A. grandis, GREAT SILVER-FIR of Oregon and California: resembles a
fine Balsam Fir on a large scale, with broader leaves notched at the end, about
1' long, and thicker cones with concealed bracts.
->- Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, n't/id, widely and about
equally spreading on all sides.
A. Cephal6nica, CEPHALONIAN SILVER-FIR : remarkable for its very
stiff almost prickly-pointed squarrose leaves dark green above, white beneath.
A. Pinsapo, "SPANISH SiLVERrFiR : resembles the last, but not so hardy,
leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones are concealed.
3. LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for ornament
and valuable for timber : branches slender, the young ones pendulous • flow-
ers in earliest spring, much before the leaves appear : catkins from later*'
314 IMXE FAMILY.
spurs or broad bud* ; the sterile globular, yellow; tlie fertile oval, crimson-
red, being the color of the brae'-.
L. Europaea, EUKOPEAX LARCH, the one generally planted : a fine fast-
growing tree, with leaves about 1' long, and longer cones of numenni^ >calcs.
L. Americana, AMKUICAX L., TAMARACK or HACKMATACK. Swamps
N. : slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small cou.es of few ><-a!r.-,
only £' or j|' l<>ng.
4. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i. e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood
reddi>h, I'ra-raiu. Cult, for ornament, but precarious in this climate.
C. Libani, CKDAR OF LEBANON ; with dark foliage and stiff horizontal
branches, the terminal shoot erect : not hardy E. of New York.
C. Deodara, DKOI.AI: C. of Himalayas ; with lighter drooping spray on
young trees, and whitish foliage : seems unlikely to flourish in this country.
5. CRYPTOMERIA. (Name, from the Greek, means concealed parts or
joint*. ) Evergreen tree from Japan.
C. Jap6nica, not hardy X. but often in conservatories ; leaves crowded,
awl-shaped, many-ranked, edgewise and deeurrent on the stem.
6. TAXODIUM, BALD-CYPRESS. (Name, from the Greek, means
Yew-like: the resemblance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Fl. before
the leaves, in earliest spring.
T. distichum, AMERICAN B. or SOI-THERX CYPRESS. Large tree in
swamps 8., and planted, even N. : branchlets slender, many of them falling in
autumn like leaf>talks ; 'eaves light green, £' long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on
some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped and imbricated ; cones 1' or less thick.
7. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed Indian
See-qua- i/a It, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very celebrated,
gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike that of Taxodium,
and soft, fissile, dull-red wood. Neither species is hardy in New England,
or safe in the Middle States ; but the second is disposeil to stand.
S. sempdrvirens, Common Redwood of the coast ranges of California ;
with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl-shaped
and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globular cones
(barely 1' long).
S. gigant^a, GIAXT REDWOOD (in England called WKLLIXGTOXIA) of the
rierra Nevada; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed round the branch;
cones ovoid, l'-2' long.
.
8. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress,
namely,
C. sempdrvirens, planted only far S. ; stiff narrow tree, with slender
;reet branchlets, dark foliage, and cone 1' in diameter, each scale many-seeded.
C. thujoides, WHITE CEDAR. Tree of low grounds S. & E., with white
'aluablc wood, slender spray, and pale glaucous-green triangular-a\vl-sba| ed
eaves much liner than in Arbor Vita; ; cones hardly £' wide, with few seeds to
•each scale, and tbe-e almost wingless.
C. Lawsoniana, of N. California, recently much planted, and if fully hardy
promising to be very ornamental ; has thickly set and plume-like tiat spray, of
bluish-green hue, and cones scarcely above j' in thickness, their scales bearing
'2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or .'? seeds.
C. pisifera, or KKTINOSPOKA I-ISIKERA (of which C. oitTTSA is seemingly
n form with the scale ->haped leaves blunter and cone larger), is a scarcely hardy
species, introduced from Japan, the cones only as large as peas (to which the
specific name refers), a single pair of broad-winced seeds to each scale.
C. squarr6sa, or BRICOIDBB, from Japan, is perfectly hardy N., perhaps
a variety of the last, but of strikingly different appearance, bearing only loose
and awl-shaped leaves.
PINE FAMILY. ulj
9. THUJA, ARBOR VITvE. (Andent name of some resin-bearing ever-
green.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; the follow-
ing are the principal natural types, by many taken for genera.
T. occidentalis, AMERICAN ARBOR VIT.E, or WHITE CEDAR of the
North. Common tree N., in swamps and cool moist woods, much plant' •>!,
especially for hedges and screens; leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, hlunt
ami adnate ; cones oblong, rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing
'2 thin winged seeds. Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially \ur.
ERICOIDES or HEATH-LIKE A., have the loose awl-shaped sort of leaves.
T. orientalis, or BIOTA ORIENTALIS, the CHINESE A., not fully hardy
far N. : small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute, cone larger, with
thicker scales tipped with a recurving horn-like apex or appendage, each
2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. — Var. AtREA, the GOLDEN
A. is dwarf and very dense, with yellow-green or partly golden-tinged foliage.
Var. TARTARICA, is a more hardy glossy-green variety, the leaves scale-shaped.
Var. MELDEXSIS, one with only loose and a\vl-shapcd leaves. Even the slender-
stemmed and weeping T. PENDULA is an extreme variety.
T. dolabrata, or THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA of Japan. Remarkable for its
very flat spray, broad and very blunt large leaves (sometimes $' long) green
above and white bejjpath ; the cone with thick and rounded scales, each with
5 wing-margined seeds.
10. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Fl. late spring.
§ 1. Leaves (scale-like and awl-shaped, small, the former sort minute and very
adnate) like those of Cypress and Arbor 1'itir.
J. Virginiana, RED CEDAR or SAVIN. A familiar shrub and small or
large tree, with most durable and valuable reddish odorous wood ; the small
fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short supporting branchlet.
J. Sabina, var. prociimbens. Rocky banks, trailing over tiie ground
along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves less acute, and the
fruit nodding on the short peduncle-like recurved branchlet.
§ 2. Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of '3, jointed with the stern, linear n'ith an awl-
shaped prickly point, the midrib prominent, also the rib-like man/inn.
J. COmmunis, COMMON JTXIPER. Erect or spreading shrub ; with very
sharp-pointed leaves green below and white on the upper face ; berries large and
smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is common X. in sterile or
rocky ground. Var. HIBERNICA, very erect tree-like shrub, forming a narrow
column, is most planted for ornament, from Eu.
11. TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow, the tough
wood was chosen for bows.) Fl. early spring.
T. baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Low tree, with thick upright trunk, spread-
ing short branches, and pointed dark green leaves about 1' long ; when planted
in this country forms only a shrub.
Var. fastigiata, IRISH YEW ; a singular form, making a narrow column,'
the branches appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks.
Var. Canadensis, AMERICAN YEW or GROUND HEMLOCK ; shady cold
banks and woods N. ; the stems spreading over the ground.
12. TORRE YA. (Named for our Dr. John Torrey.} Flowers in spring.
T. taxifolia. Woods in Florida : a handsome tree, but with the we MM! and
fo'.iage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew but longer and tapering to a -harp
point : hardy as a shrub as far north as New York. — T. CALIKOKMCA, is the
CALIFORXIAN NUTMEG-TREE. T. NUcfFERA, from Japan, is another specie-.
13. SALISBURIA, GINKGO-TREE. (Named for A' .1.
S. adiantif61ia (the name denotes the likeness of the leave- t<> those of
the Maidenhair Fern) , a most singular tree, planted fnun Japan, hardy ever.
N. : branches spreading; the fan-shaped alternate leaves with their slender
stalks, 3' or 4 long
316 PINE I-AMILT.
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDOXOUS or ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the woody matter of the
stem in distinct bundles scattered without obvious order
throughout its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to
come in a circle, when abundant enough to form proper
wood as in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the
bundles most crowded toward the circumference. Embryo
with a single cotyledon ; the first leaves in germination
alternate. Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined.
Parts of the flower almost always in threes, never in fives.
See Lessons, p. 138, and for style of vegetation, p. 26, fig. 71.
The plants of this class may be arranged iffider three gen-
erally well-marked divisions.
I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers either naked, i.e.
destitute of calyx and corolla, or these if present, not brightly
colored, collected in the sort of spike called a spadix, which is
embraced or subtended by the kind of developing bract termed a
spathe. The most familiar examples of this division are offered
by the Arum Family. To it also belong on one hand the Palms,
on the other the Pond weeds — here merely mentioned, as follows : —
Sabal Palmetto, CABHAGE PALMETTO, of the sandy coast from N. Car-
olina S., our only tree of the class, with
S. serrulata, SAW PALMETTO, of the Southern coast, the trunk of which
creeps on the ground, and the short petioles arc spiny-margined, whence the
popular name,
S. Adans6nii, DWARF PALMETTO, the leaves of which, rising from a
stem underground, are smooth-edged, and
Chamaerops H^Strix, BLI-E PALMETTO of S. Carolina, &c., with erect
or creeping trunks only 2° -3° long, and pale or glaucous leaves 3°-4° high ;
— these represent with us the PALM FAMILY.
Potamogdton natans, and other species of POXDWEED abound in
[xmils and streams, and represent the N u \n v< i..i: or PONDWEED FAMILY, —
plants of various forms but of little interest — in fresh water.
Zost6ra marina, GRASS-WRACK or EEL-GRASS of salt water, with its
long riMion-like bright green leaves, and (lowers hidden in their upper sheaths,
represents the same family in shallow bays of the ocean.
L6mna polyrhiza, DUCKWEED, consisting of little green grains, about
J'-J' long, floating on stagnant water, producing a tuft of hanging roots from
their lower face, never here found in blossom,
L. minor, still smaller and with only a single root, — and the less common
L. trisulcu, which is oblong-lanceolate from a stalk-like base, — all propa-
gating freely by budding from the side and separating, — are greatlv simplified
little plants representing the LEMNACE^E or DITKWEED FAMILY, their mi-
nute flower rarely seen. See Manual ; also Structural Botany, p. 70, fig. 102-
ARUM FAMILY. 317
112. ARACE^l, ARUM FAMILY.
Plants with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves mostly with
veins reticulated so as to resemble those of the first class, flow ITS
in the fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furni-hrd with
the colored or peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe.
There are several stove-plants of the family now rather common
in choice collections, mostly species and varieties of CALADIUM, cul-
tivated for their colored aud variegated foliage.
§ 1. Leaves with expanded blade, and with spreading nerves or veins, never linear.
* Flowers wholly destitute of calyx and corolla.
1. ARISyEMA. Leaves compound, only one or two, with stalks sheathing the
simple stem, which rises from a fleshy conn, and terminates in a long .-padix
bearing flowers only at its base, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower
part ot the greenish or purplish spathe. Sterile -flowers above the fertile,
each of a few sessile anthers ; the fertile each a 1-celled 5-6-ovuled ovary,
in fruit becoming a scarlet berry: commonly dioecious, the stamens being
abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other.
2. COLOUASIA. Leaves simple, peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe
convolute, yellowish, much longer than the spadix: the latter covered with
ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded
with numerous 6-8-ceUed sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked.
3. PKLTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the scape from a tufted
fibrous root. Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined.
Spadix long and tapering, covered completely with flowers, i, e. above with
naked shield-shaped anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the
top, below with one-celled ovaries bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a
1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly.
4. RICHAKDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the long scape from a short
tuberous rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, bright white, convolute
at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above
with yellow anthers, below with ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and con-
taining several hanging ovules.
5. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles; these and the peduncles from
a creeping rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading
widely at the base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with
flowers; the lower ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a 1-cellcd ovary;
the upper often of stamens only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seed-.
surrounded with jelly.
* * Flowers with a perianth, perfect, covering the whole spadix.
6. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, :\\\-
pearing much later than the flowers 'from a fibrous-rooted corm or >h<.rt
rootstock. Spathe shell-shaped, ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of
ground, enclosing the globular spadix, in which the (lowers are as it were
nearly immersed. Each flower has 4 hooded sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled
anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary tipped with a short
awl-shaped style: the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix under the rough
surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds. "
§ 2. Leaves linear, flag-like, nerved: spadix appearing lateral.
7- ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of :x 2-edged
simple scape resembling the leaves, densely covered witli perfect (lower*.
Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, with linear filaments and kidney-shaped an-
thers. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming
dry in fruit, ripening only one or two small >eeds.
1. ARISJEMA, INDIAN TURNIP, &c. (Name altered from Ar,,,,,, to
which these plants were formerly referred.) Wilil plants of rich wood-, (I.
in spring, veiny-leaved, their turnip-shaped corm farinaceous, but imbued
with an intensely pungent juice, which is dissipated in drying, if
A. triphyllum, COMMON INDIAN TUKMP. In rich woods ; leave* mostly
2, each of .3 oblong pointed leaflets; stalks and spathe either green or variegated
with whitish And dark-purple stripes or spots, the latter with broad or ti.it
summit incurved over tjie top of the club-shaped and blunt spadix.
318 CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
A. Dracontium, DRAGON-ABOM, DKAI;D\-I;OOT. or GRKKN DRAGOV.
Low Around.-.; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole l°-2° long, bearing 7-ii
pedate lance-oblong pointed leaflets ; tli.- -nvni>h spathe wholly rolled into a
tube with a short slender point, verv much shorter than the Ion-' and taiicriii"
tail-like spathe.
2. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common species.) ~U.
C. antiquorum, one variety called C. ESCULENTA ; cult, in the hot parts
of the world lor its farinaceous thick rootstocks (which arc esculent when the
acrid principle i< driven off by heat, as also the leaves), and in gardens for its
magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped leaves being 2°-3° long when
well ^rown ; the stalk attached much helow the middle, the notch not deep.
3. PELTANDRA, ARROW-ARUM. (Name of Greek words meaning
shield-shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Fl. summer. Jl
P. Virginiea. ShaJlow water : 1° - 2° high ; leaves pale ; the fine tran-
verse nerves ninintig from the midrib and netted with 2 or 3 longitudinal ones
near the margin ; scaj.es recurved in fruit ; top of the spatbe and spadix
rotting off, leaving the short fleshy base firmlv embracing the globular clu-tcr
of green berries.
4. RICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. Richard.) 21
R. Africana, the .ETHIOPIAN or EGYPTIAN CAI.LA, of common house-
culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not a true Calla, — too
familiar to need fuller description.
5. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name.) Fl. early summer. %
C. palustris. Cold and wet bogs from Penn X. : a low and small, rather
handsome plant ; leaves 3' -4' long ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-cel led.
6. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Name of Creek words
for fmlt f/1'own together.) y.
S. foetidllS, the only species, in swamps and wet woods, mostlv N. : send-
ing up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped spathe enclosing the head
of (lowers, and later the large leaves, when full grown 1°- 2° long, in a cabbage-
like tuft ; the fruit 2' -3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost ^' wide,
ripe in autumn.
7. ACORUS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMI'S. (Ancient name, from
the (ireek, said to refer to the use as a rcmedv for sore eves.) ~^_
1. A. Calamus, COMMON Swi.KT-Ei.Af; : in wet grounds ; sending up the
2-ed.ired sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more' high, from the horizontal pungent
aromatic nmt-'ock : II. earlv summer.
113. TYPHACE.SI, CAT-TAIL FAMILY.
Marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, wit!) linear and straijrht-
nerved erect (unless floating) long leaves, fhcathing at base, and
monccoious flouci-s on ;i dry ,-padix, destitute of calyx and corolla;
the fruit dry and nut-like, 1 -seeded, rarely 2-seeded.
Near to this belongs PANDANTS, cult, lor its foliage in some cou-
servatories, with prickly toothed leaves crowded on woody stems.
1. TV I'll A. I'lowors indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long
and simple reed-like stem; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long
hairs: the lower ami thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a
style and below surrounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form
the copioii< down of the fruit.
2. SPABGAN1UM. Flowers collected in separate dense heads, scattered along
the summit of the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 310
minute scales interposed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few SIMM!!
scales at its base, the whole ripening j,ito a spherical head .,f small i
which are wedge-shaped below and with a pointed tip.
1. TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (From Greek won! f,,r /•«, in whirl,
these plants abound.) FL early summer, y.
T. latifolia, COMMOX C. or REED-MACE ; with flat leaves, these and the
stem 6°- 10° high ; no interval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike.
T. angUStifdlia, NARKOW-LKAVED C. Less common, smaller; leaves
narrower, more channelled toward the base ; commonly a space between the
sterile and the fertile part of the spike.
2. SPARGANIUM, BUR-REED. (Name from Greek for a fillet, al-
luding to the ribbon-shaped leaves ) Fl. summer. Ij.
S. eurycarpum, GREAT B. Border of ponds and streams, .3° -5° high,
with paniclcd-spiked heads, the fertile when in fruit l£" thick, the' nut- hr«ad-
tipped ; stigmas 2; leaves j'-§' wide, flat on upper side, keeled and eoneave-
sided on the other.
S. simplex, SMALLER B. Only N. : in water; erect, sometimes floating,
l°-2° high, mostly with a simple row of heads; leaves narrower; stigma
simple, linear, as long as the style ; nuts tapering to both ends and with a
stalked base.
S. minimum, SMALLEST B. Mostly with leaves floating in shallow
water (6' -10' long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; nuts oval,
short-pointed and short-stalked.
II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not on a spadix,
with a perianth (calyx and corolla), all or part of it usually colored.
114. ALISMACEJE, WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.
Mar»h herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in pani-
cles, racemes, or spike , witli distinct calyx and corolla, viz. 3 se-
pals and 3 petals, and from 3 to many distinct pistils ; stamens on
the receptacle. Juice sometimes milky. The genuine Alismaceae
have solitary ovules and seeds, and wholly separate pistils. Some
outlying related plants differing in these respects are annexed.
I. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored
alike (greenish). Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries 3 partly
united, or a single 3 - 6-celled compound pistil. Leaves petiole-like,
without a blade.
1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect, small, in a slender spike or raceme, bract-
less. Calyx and corolla deciduous. Stamens 3 or 6, with oval anthers or
short filaments. Ovary 3 -6-celled, splitting when ripe from the central axis
into as many closed and dry seed-like 1-seeded cells: stiirmas sessile.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect, lew and rather small, in a loose bracted
raceme. Sepals and petals oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, with linear an-
thers. Pistils 3, with globular 2-3-ovuled ovaries slightly united at base, and
diverging in fruit, forming 3 turgid pods. Stigmas llat, >essile.
II. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY PROIM.I:. Calyx of 3
persistent green sepals. Corolla of 3 deciduous white petals. An-
thers turned outwards. Ovaries many, tipped with short style or
stigma, 1-ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves sometimes only
petioles, commonly with distinct blade, when the nerves or ribs
are apt to be more or less joined by cross veins or netted.
320 WATEK-1'LAXTAIX FAMILY.
3. AF.ISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud
Stamens 6. Ovari.-- many, in a ring, very flat— ided, becoming coriaceous
flat nkeiie.. l! - ;j-kfeled mi the bark.
4. KCIlIN'oDolM'S. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated
in the bud. Stamens y or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becomim: wino--
less akenes.
6. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous, in suc-
cessive whorls, the ,-terilc at the summil of the scape; the inwe-t fertile.
Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries verv many, heaped ou the globular
receptacle, in fruit becoming Hat and winged akenes.
III. FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY. (BUTO..IE.E.) Dif-
fers from the preceding mainly in the few ovaries haviug numerous
ovules distributed all over the inside.
6 LIMNOCHARIS. Flowers perfect, long-peduncled. Petals large, vellow. Sta-
mens numerous with slender filaments, a few of the outermost without an-
fliers, the rest with linear anthers. Ovaries 6 or more, somewhat united at
base. Leaves roundish and heart-shaped, long-petiolcd.
1. TRIGLOCHIN, ARROW-GRASS. (Name in Greek means three-
pointed.) Insignificant rush-like plants, in marshes, mostly where the wa-
ter is brackish : tl. summer. ^
T. palustre. Slender, 6' -18' high, with linear-club-shaped ovary and
fruit, the 3 pieces when ripe separating from the sharp-pointed base upwards
T. maritimum. .Stouter, 12( -20' hi-h, with fruit of about 6 pieces
rounded at base.— Var. I:I,\TITM, in bogs of the interior, N., 20' -30' hio-h the
pieces of the fruit sharp-angled on the back.
T. triandrum, a small slender species along the coast S., has onlv 3
sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-lobed fruit.
2. SCHEUCHZERIA. ( Named for the early Swi>s botanist, Schcuchzer.)
5. palustris. Peat-hogs from IVnn. N. : 1° high : fl. early summer. ~U
3. ALISMA, WATER-PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of uncertain
meaning.) Kl. all late summer.
A. PlantagO. Shallow water : leaves lonjr-pctiolcd, varying from oroblon--
heart-shaped to lancedlate, 3- 5-ribbed ; panicle l°-2° lonj} of verv maiiv ami
loose small flowers. ^
t. ECHIN6DORUS. (Named probaV>ly from Greek words for prickly
Jlnxk, the liead of fruit beiny as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but
hardly so in our species. The following occur in' muddy or wet places, chiefly
W. i!t S : fl. summer ; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and
creeping.
E. parvulus : a tiny plant, l'-3' high, with lanceolate or spatulatc leaves,
few-flowered umbels, '.) Mamens, and almost pointless akenes. i
E. rostratUS, with broadly heart-shaped leaves (l'-3' long, not including
the petiole') shorter than the erect scape, winch bears a panicle of proliferoiis
umbels; flower almost £' wide; 1^ stamens; akenes beaked with slender
styles. i
E. radicans, with broadly heart-shaped and larger leaves (3' - 8' wide)
which arc very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping scapes or stems
becoming l°-4° long and hearing many whorls ; flowers },' -\' broad ; akenes
short-beaked.
5. SAGITTARIA, ARROW-HEAD (From the Latin for mroic, from
the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus. In shallow water : fl. all
summer. ^
* Filaments lonq and slender, i. e. as lon<i <m tin* Hnear-oMong anthers.
S. lancifblia. Common from Virginia S. : with the stout leaves l°-3°
and scapes 2° - 5° high, the coriaceous' blade of the former lance-oblong and
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.
always tapering into the thick petiole, the nerves nearly nil from the thick
and prominent midrib.
S. variabilis. The common species everywhere,, exceedingly variable;
almost all the well-developed leaves arrow-shaped ; filaments nearly twice tin-
length of the anthers, smooth; akencs broadly obovatc, with a long and
curved beak ; calyx remaining open.
S. calyclna. Along rivers, often much immersed ; many of the leaves
linear or with no blades; the others mostly halberd-shaped; scapes weak.
3'-9'high; pedicels with fruit recurved; filaments roughish, onlv a> Ion- a-
the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal style ; calvx appressed
to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile flowers show 9-12 stamens,
the sterile occasionally some rudiments of pistils.
* * Filaments very short and broad.
S. heteroph^lla. Common S. & W. : scapes 3' -2° high, weak; the
fertile flowers almost sessile, the sterile long-pedicellcd ; filaments glandular-
pubescent ; akenes narrow-obovate, with a long erect beak ; leaves linear, lance-
olate, or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire.
S. graminea. Common S. : known from the foregoing by the slender
pedicels of lioth kinds of flowers, small almost beakless akenes, and leaves
rarely arrow-shaped.
S. pusilla. From N. Jersey S. near the coast : known by the small size
( 1 — .'!' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and r< curved in fruit ;
stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, with erect beak ;
and leaves without a true blade.
S. natans, only S. is probably a large state of the last, with leaves having
a floating blade l'-2' long, ovate or oblong, or slightly heart-shaped, 5-7
nerved.
6. LIMNOCHARIS. (Name from the Greek means ddiaht of the pools.)
L. Humboldtii. Tender aquatic plant from S. America, which, turned
into pools, spreads widely by its proliferous branching and rooting stems, and
flowers all summer and autumn ; each flower lasting but a day, the 3 broad
sulphur-yellow petals l'-l^'long; pistils about 6; leaves about 3' long, the
midrib swollen below.
115. HYDROCH ARID ACE JE, FROG'S-BTT FAMILY.
Water-plants, with dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous flowers
on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one or two leaves,
the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 parts united below into a
tube which is coherent with the surface of a compound ovary : — we
have three plants, two of them very common.
* Floating, spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petroled, rounded heart-shaped.
1. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers mono3cious or dioecious, from sessile or short-stalked
leaf-like spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 3 long-pedieellrd
staminate flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pedicelled flower.
Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes (calyx) and 3 narrow inner ones (petals). A
cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelphous stamens in the sterile flower: some
awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6 -it-celled ovary in the lertile
flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many-seeded.
* * Growing under water, the fertile Jltncfrs only rising to the surface ; the s>> rilr.
(not often d-etrrted) breaking o/ their short stalks, and jlnuiiiiy on the surface
around the pistillate flower s.
1 ANACHARIS. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tnbu-
lar spathe; the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly Mender stalk-like
tube, 6-lobed at top, commonly bearing 3-9 apparently Lr'»»l .-ramen-: ovary
1-celled with a few ovules on the walls: style coherent with the tube of the
perianth : stigmas 3, notched.
8. VALLISNERIA. Stemless; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fer-
tile flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an
21
PICKEREL-WEED FAMILT.
extremely long and slender scape: tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond
tin- L-cefled ovary, with 3 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner
linear oni I, and no stamens. i >\ ules v.-rv numerous lining the walls.
Stigmas 3, M^.-ile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, berry-like.
1. LIMNOBIUM, FKO<;'S-BIT. (Name in Greek means living in
jxxjls.) 1'lowers whitish, the fertile ones larger, in .summer. %
L. Spongia. Floating free on still water S. & W. ; has been (bund in bays
of Lake Ontario: rooting copiously; leaves l'-2' long, purple beneath, tumid
at base with ,-pongy air-cells.
2. ANACHARIS, WATER-WEED. (Name from the Greek means
destitute of channs.) Fl. summer, y.
A. Canadensis. Slow streams and ponds : a rather homclv weed, with
long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid and veinlcss
1 -nerved minutely serrulate sessile leaves (£'-!' long), varying from linear
to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish perianth often several
inches long.
3. VALLISWERIA, TAPE-GRASS, EEL-GRASS of fresh water.
(Named for .1. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. %.
V. spiralis. In clear ]>ouds and slow streams, with bright green and grass-
like linear leaves (l°-2° long), delicately nerved and netted; fertile scapes
rising 2°-4° long, according to the depth of the water, afterwards coiling up
spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen. — The leaves of this and
the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. (See Structural Botany, p. 31,
Lessons, p. 150.)
116. PONTEDERIACE^EI, PICKEREL-WEED F.
A few water plants, distinguished from the foregoing by having
the tubular corolla-like perianth free from the ovary, and the flow-
ers perfect. Represented by
Schdllera graminea, or WATER STAR-GKASS ; a grass-like weed grow-
ing under water in streams, with branching steins lie-set with linear pellucid ses-
sile leaves; the flower with a slender salver-form pale yellow perianth, of six
narrow equal divisions raised to the surface on a very slender tube, and only 3
stamens.
Heteranth6ra renif6rmis, MI-D-PLANTAIN, in mud or shallow water
S. & \V. ; with (loafing round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3-5
ephemeral white (lowers, from tin- sheathing base or side of a petiole; their per-
ianth salver-form, with a slender tube, bearing 6 nearly equal divisions and 3
dissimilar stamens, one with a greenish, two with yellow anthers.
H. lirnbsa, in mud S. & W. : distinguished by its oblong or lance-oblong
lea\es, and solitary blue (lower. — The only widely common plant of the family
belongs to
1. PONTEDERIA, PICKEREL- WEED. (For the Italian botanist
J'o/it'ilii-ii.) Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of C divi.-i"iis irregularly
united below in a tube, the, 3 most united forming an upper lip of 3 lobes, the
others more spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering
claws forming the lower lip, open only for a dav, rolling up from the apex
downwards as it closes; the 6-ribbed base thickening, turning green, mid en-
closing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower in the throat, with incurved fila-
ments ; the .'5 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. Ovary 3-celled,
2 cells empty, one with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1 -celled 1 -seeded utricle.
P. COrdata, COMMON P. Everywhere in shallow water; stem l°-2°high,
naked below, above bearing a single petiolcd heart-shaped and oblong or lance-
arrow-shaped obtuse leaf, and a spike of purplish-blue flowers; upper lobe with
a conspicuous yellowish-green spot : tl. all summer. 2/
ORCHIS FAMILY. 323
117. ORCHIDACE.S3, ORCHIS FAMILY.
Herbs, with flowers of peculiar structure, the periantli adherent
to the one-celled ovary (which has numberless minute ovules on
3 parietal placentae), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts irregular, 3 in
an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and alternate with these
answering to petals, one of these, generally larger and always differ-
ent from the others, called the labellum or lip: the stamens are
gynandrous, being borne on or connected with the style or stigma,
and are only one or two; the pollen is mostly coherent in masses ot
peculiar appearance. All perennials, and all depend upon insects
for fertilization. Beginners will not very easily comprehend the
remarkable structure of most Orchideous flowers But our more
conspicuous common species may be readily identified as to genera
and species.
§1. EPIPHYTE or AIK-PLANT ORCHIDS. Of these a great variety are cultivated
in the choicest conservatories. IVe have one in the most Southern Shit: .<.
1. EPIDENDUM. The 3 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading:
the odd petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base* united with the style, whii-h
bears a lid-like anther, containing 4-stalked pollen-masses, over the glutinous
stigma.
§ 2. TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds.
* Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be
mistaken for two anthers: pollen collected into one or more masses in each
cell : stigma a glutinous surface.
•i- Lip or odd petal produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur:
pollen of each cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk,
the lower end oftvhich is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to ivhich the iclmle
mass of pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried oj) 'by insects.
2. ORCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper
side of the flower; the lip turned downwards (i. e. as the flower stands on its
twisted ovary). Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous; the 2
glands side by side just over the concave stigma, and enclosed in a sort of
pouch or pocltet opening at the top.
3. HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals com-
monly spreading; the glands attached to the pollen-masses nUked and ex-
posed.
H- -t- No spur to the lip : anther borne on the back of the style below its tip. erect or
inclined: the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, white.
4. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth
erect or conniving, the lower part of the lip involute around the style and
with a callosity on each side of the base, its narrower tip somewhat recurved
and crisped. * Pollen-masses 2 (one to each cell), each 2-purted into a thin
plate (composed of grains lightly united bv delicate threads), their summits
united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped" sticky gland set in the beaked tip
over the stigma. Leaves not variegated.
5. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes; but the lip more sac-shaped, closely
sessile, and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated
with white veining.
*~ -t- •*- No spur to the lip, or one adherent to the orar;/: anther inrertnl «n the apex
of the style, common!;/ attach' <l Inj <i sort of hingt : pollen 2 Of 4 separate s<ft
masses, not attached to a stalk or gland.
++ Fknvers rather large : pollen-masses soft, of lightly-conned, J pwdi-ry grains.
6. ARETIIUSA. Flower only one, on a naked scape: the 3 sepals and 2 petals
lanceolate and nearly alike, all united at the ba-e. ascending and arching
over the top of the long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like
top of which rests the helmet-shaped hinged auther, over a little shelf, the
824 ORCHIS FAMILY.
tower face of which is the stigma. Lip broad. erect, with a recurvlv.g
reunified ;\pex :uid :i bearded crest down the face. Pollen-masses 4, two in
• .M It ci-11 (•!' the anther.
7. CAL< »!'( )<;< i\. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike; the lip
turned towards the axis diveiying widely from the Mender (above wing-mar-
gined) style, narrower at ba-e. larger and rounded at the apex, strongly
bearded along the face. Sepals and the 2 petal- i. early alike, lance-oval/-,
separate and spreading. Anther lid-like: pollen-masses 4.
8. POtiONFA. Flowers one or lew tenninating a \< .if-iiearing stem; the sepals
and petals separate; lip civ-ted or 3-lobed. Style club--hapcd, wingless:
stigma lateral. Anther lid-like, somewhat stalked: pollen-masses 2, only one
in each cell.
<-,. ^H. rimrcrs mostly fi/iull, /lull-colored, in a spike or raceme on <i brownish or ytl-
Ivu'iiili ItujliKu fi-iiji, : pollen-manses -1, i/lobulur, soft-waxy.
3. CORALLOIilll/A. Flowers with si-pals and petal- nearly alike: the lip broader.
2-ridged on the face below, from its base descends a short sac or ob.-cure spur
which adheres to the upper part of the ovary. Scape with sheaths in place
of leaves; the root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like.
10. APLKCTRUM. Flowers as in No. 9, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger.
Scape rising from a large solid bulb or conn, which also produces, at a dill'er-
ent season, a broad and many-nerved green leaf.
* * Anihersi (Lessons p. 111. fig. 226), borne one on each side of the style, and a
tfuwfl-sliirjini lioilij i>n the upper side iwsirers to (lie third stamen, tht am tlttit
alone is present in other Orchids : pollen powdery or pulpy : stigma roughisk:
unt glutinous.
11. CYl'KIPKDirM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, be.-idcs
the lip which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bear-
ing the stamens and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined.
Pollen sticky on the surface, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or
at length pulpy underneath.
1. EPIDENDUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i. c. an epiphyte )
E. conopseum, our only wild Orchideous Epiphyte or Air-plant, is found
from South Carolina S. & W. on the boughs of Magnolia, >.<.(•., clinging to the
bark bv its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks bearing thick and firm lance-
olate leaves ( I'-3' long), ami scapes 2'-G' long, with a raceme of small greenish
and purplish flowers, in summer. (Lessons, p. 36, fig. 88.)
2. ORCHIS. (The ancient name, from the Greek.) We have only one true
Orchis, viz.
O. spect&bilis, SHOWY ORCHIS. Rich hilly woods N. ; with 2 oblong
obovate glossy leaves (3'-5' long) from the ricshy-lihrous root, ami a leafy-
bracted scape 4'-"' high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty llowers, pink-
purple, the ovate lip white : in late spring.
3. HABENARIA, popularly called ORCHIS. (Name from Latin hal»na,
a rein or thong, from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.)
Flowers in a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring or sum-
mer. In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower 01
anterior side of the flower.
§ 1. FiMMiKD OHCIIIS. Lip mid oflrn the other petal* cut-fringed or clefl,
a/inrti'i- I/KIII tin- luiii; ciirriiii/ s/mr: c< l/s of tin' uidltir moir ur lms tl!n nftng
and lii/nriiii/ l»/<»i', the .-.v/r/v/ gland at their lower <//</ strongly projecting
lii/-inii<t.<. I'lifsi- nr< <>ur handsomest TM/ Orchises: nit yroif tn lays or low
t/roiiiid* : s/i ins I, i if'i/, 1°- 4° ln'i/li.
* Flowers vt<>/<t-/mr/>l<>, in summer: tin- ///> fitii-sh<i/>,'fl, ^-/xirlnl nearly down to t/ie
stnlk-liL'i1 husi , iitnl tltf ilirisimis i/i<>r< or l< ssj'rinijed.
H. fimbriita, LAKOBB PURPLE FRINGED O. Wet meadows from Penn.
N. !•'- : lower leaves oval or oblong, upper few and small; raceme-like spike
oblong, with rather few large flowers in early summer ; petals oblong, toothed
down the sides ; lip almost 1' wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe.
ORCHIS FAMILY. :',D
H. psycbdes, SMALLER PritrLE FRINGED O. Common, especially
N. : leaves oblong, above parsing into lance-linear bracts ; spike cylindrical,
4' -10' long, crowded with smaller and fragrant flowers; lateral petal- w.-d-e-
obovate, almost entire; lip spreading, only £' wide, cut into denser fringe.
H. perarncena. From Peim. W. ov S. along and near the mountains:
flowers of size intermediate, between tbe two preceding, the broad wcdge.->hapcd
lobes of the lip moderately eut-toothed, but not fringed.
* * Flowers greenish or yellowish-white, in late summer : glands oval or lancet
almost facing each otfu r : sjiike long and loose.
H. leucophasa. From Ohio W. & S. : 2° -4° high; leaves lance-oblong ;
flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, | long, and many-cleft to the
middle into a thread-like fringe.
H. lacera, RAGGED FRINGED 0. Common N. & E. : l°-2°high; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions of the slender-stalked
3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed.
* * * Flowers bright white, in summer: the lip fringe-margined but not cleft.
H. blepharig!6ttis, WHITE FRINGED 0. Peat-bogs N. : like the next,
but rather smaller, 1° high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to
the width of its body.
* * * * Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer : glands orbicular, projecting
on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther-ctlls : ovary and jiod
lonij, tapering lo the summit.
H. ciliaris, YELLOW FRINGED O. Sandy bogs: l£°-2° high; leaves
oblong or lanceolate ; spike short, of many crowded very showy flowers ; petals
cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the lip narrower than the copious long
and fine fringe.
H. cristata, from Perm. S. : smaller, with narrower leaves, and flowers
only a quarter the size of the preceding, the petals crenate, and the ovate lip
with a narrow lacerate fringe.
•6'
§ 2. Yellow, green, or white species, with tip entire, at least not fringed.
* Stem leafy: (eaves oblong or lanceolate : flowers small : ant Jter-cells nearly parallel .
H. Integra. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : resembles H. cristata,
having small bright orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and entire or
barely crenulate.
H. virescens. Wet grounds, common: 10' -20' high, with a conspicu-
ously bractcd at length long and loose spike of small dull-green flowers ; tin-
lip oblong, almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and
a n.isal protuberance on the face; spur slender, club-shaped.
H. viridis, var. bracteata. Cold damp woods N. : 6'- 12' high, with
lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the short spike, which are much
longer than the green flowers; lip truncate and 2-3-toothed at the tip, very
much longer than the sac-shaped spur.
H. hyperborea. Cold low woods and bogs N. : 6'- 2° high, very leafy ;
leaves lanceolate; spike dense, often long; flowers greenish, the lanceolate lip
like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length of the incurved spur.
H. dilatata. Resembles the last, grows in same places, but common I j more
slender and with linear leaves; flowers white, less wide, open, the lanceolate
lip with a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap-shaped.
H. nivea. Sandy bogs, from Delaware S. : l°-2° high, all the upper
leaves bract-like; flowers white, in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, dilVerent
from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and the linear-
oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking inwards.
* * Stem a naked scape: the leaves only 2 at the gronntl : //Un ,••< pretty large in
a loose spike : anther-cells widely diverging at their tapering or beak-hke
projecting base.
II. orbiculata, GREAT GREEN O. Evergreen woods and hill-ides N. : a
striking plant; its exactly orbicular leaves 4' -8' wide, bright green above and
silvery beneath, lying flat on the ground ; scape i°-2° high, braeted, bearing
many large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme , sepals roundish ; lip nar
iJ'JG OUCIIIS 1AM11.T.
rowly jpatnlate-linear and drooping ; spur about l£' long, curved, gradually
thickened towards the lihmt tip: tl. .July.
H. Hookeri. Sandy woods from I'cnn. N. : smaller in all part>, flower*
in .June; the orbicular leaves only .'!'- .V broad and Hat on the ground; .-cape
naked, C>'-12' high, hearing fewer yellowish-green (lowers in a strict spike;
sepals lancc-o\ an- ; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance-
aul->haped; spur lender, acuf, nearly 1' long.
4. SPIRANTHES,. LADIES'-TRESSES. (Name from the Greek, de-
notes that the Mowers arc spiral : they oftt M arc apparently spirally twi.-ted in
the spike. ) Flowers white. The speeies are difficult ; tlie following are the
commonest.
* Fiou-crs crowded in 3 ranks in a dose spike : wet banks or bogs.
S. latifblia. Only from Delaware X. : known by its oblong or lance-ob-
long leaves (I' -3' long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small
Mnooth flowers early in June.
S. Romanzoviana. Cold bogs, from N. New England W. : 5' -15' high,
with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers at mid-
summer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip.
S. cdrnua, Common K. and S. : 6' -20' high, with lance-linear leaves,
cylindrical often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel
with the lower petal or lip : tl. in autumn.
# * Floictrs in one str<ii<jld <>r often spiral hi tir/sta/ mnk, in summer.
S. graminea. Wet grassy places from X. England S. : stem about 1°
high, towards its base and at the flohy root bearing linear or lance-linear leaves,
which mostly last through the flowering season; spike dense and much twisted,
rather downy.
S. gracilis. Hills and sandy plains : scape s'cndcr, 8'- 18' high, bearing a
slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, ovate or oblong, apt to
wither away before the small flowers appear in late summer.
5. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Named for JnJ,n
fiifiifi/i ;-, an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white,
spiked on a scape; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small.
Q-. rdpens. Evergreen woods N.: 3'- 8' high, slender ; flowers in a loose
one-sided spike, with inflated sac-shaped lip.
G. pubescens. Oak and pine woods E. & S. : G'- 12' high ; larger, with
leaves more beautifully white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser
spike ; lip globular.
G. Menzidsii. Woods, only from New York \V. : 9'- 12' high ; leaves less
reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the bud, the lip
hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex.
0. ARETHUSA. (Mythological name of a nymph and fountain.) FJ ' te
spring.
A. bulb6sa. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N. : consists of a scape
6'- 10' high rising from a solid bulb or conn, sheathed below with one or two
green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink flower 1'- 2' long.
7. CALOPOGON. (Xamc in Greek means Imiuliful beard, referring to
the lip.) Fl. early summer.
C. pulchellUS. Wet bogs : scape about 1° high, from a small solid bulb,
slender, bearing next the !>:IM> a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved gras-s-like
leaf, and at the summit 2 - C> beautiful pink-purple flowers (!' broad), the lip as
if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.
8. POGONIA. (Name in Creek means Ininld, i. e. on the lip: this is
hardly the ease in most of our species.) \Vc have several, but the only widely
common one is
P. ophioglossoides. Wet bogs along with the Calopogon, and in
blossom at the same time : stem 6' -9' high from a root of thick fibres, bearinp
ORCHIS FAMILY. 327
an oval or lance-oblong closely sessile leaf near the middle, and a smaller <>ne or
bract near the terminal flower, sometimes a second flower in its axil ; HOY.
long, pale rose-color or whitish, sweet-scented ; sepals and petals m-arlv alike ;
lip erect, beard-crested and fringed.
9. CORALLORHIZA, CORAL-ROOT (which the name means i,,
Greek).
C. innata. Low woods, mostly N. : 3' -6' high, yellowish, with 5-10 very
small almost sessile flowers ; lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base: fl. sprini_r.
C. Odontorhiza. Rich woods, common only S. : 6'- 16' high, thickened
at base, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pedicelled flowers, and lip not lobed
but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete.
C. multiflora. Common in dry woods, 9' -20' high, purplish, stout, with
10-30 short-pedicellcd flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and adnate spur manifest.
10. A.PLECTRUM, PUTTY-ROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name,
from the Greek, means destitute of spur.)
A. hyemale. Woods, in rich mould, mostly towards the Allcghanies and
N. : scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large oval and plaited-ner, <M
petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts over winter ; solid bulbs one
each year, connected by a slender stalk, those of at least two years found i<>-
gether (whence one of the popular names), 1' thick, filled with strong glutinous
matter, which has been used for cement, whence the other name.
11. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASON-FLOWKK.
(Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Two exotic
species are not rare in conservatories ; the others are among the most orna-
mental and carious of our wild flowers : in spring and early summer. Rool-
stocks very short and knotty, producing long and coarse fibrous roots.
§ 1. The three sepals separate: stem leafy, one-flowered.
C. arietinum, RAM'S HEAD C. Cold bogs N. : not common ; the smallest
species, with slender stem 6' -10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy
purplish flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram's head,
one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear.
§ 2. Two of the sepals united by their edges into one >i/i<// /• the sac or slipper, but
their very tips sometimes separate.
* Stem l°-2° high, leafy to the l-3-flowered summit: leans l<tn<-< -oblong or
ora/e, unth many someivhat plaited nerves, mare or less pubescent: sac or
slipper horizontal, much inflated, open by a rather large round orifice.
-»- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals broicnish, pointed, larger tlitui tin- sue.
C. pubescens, YELLOW LADY'S-SLIPPER. Low woods and ho^s. mainly
N. : sac light yellow, higher than broad, convex above ; sepals long-lanceolate .-
flowers early summer, scentless.
C. parviflorum, SMALLER YELLOW L. In similar situations ; stems and
leaves generally smaller, and flower about half the size of th" other, somewhat
fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals
browner.
C. candidum, SMALL WHITE L. Bogs and low prairies, chiefly W. :
small, barely 1° high, slightly pubescent; sac like that of preceding but white.
-<- •*- Sepals and petals broad or roundish and flat, n-hite, not Itirgi r than the sac.
C. spectabile, SHOWY L., and deserving the name, in bogs and rich low
woods N., and along the mountains S. : downy, 2° or more high, with lca\e*
6' - 8' long, white flowers with the globular lip (1^'long) painted with ] i:ik-
purple, in July.
* * Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit.
••- Wild species, with only a pair of oblong many-nerved downy hare* at the roof.
C. acaule, STEMLESS L. Moist or sandy ground in the shade of ever-
greens : scape 8 -12' high; sepals and petals "greenish or pnrnlish, the latter
328 HANA.NA FAMILY.
linear, shorter than the rose-purple oblong-obovate drooping sac, which is split
down the front but nearly closed : fl. spring.
-»- •«- East Indian species of the conservatory, with several thick and firm keeled
leaves in 2 ranks at the root : sac luinyinij, laryely open at top.
C. insigne, has linear strap-shaped cartilaginous leaves, and yellow flower
with some greenish and purple-spotted.
C. veniistum, with more fleshy oblong-strap-shaped mottled and spotted
leaves, and purplish flower with some green and yellow.
118. SCITAMINE.E!, BANANA FAMILY.
Here is assembled a group of tropical or subtropical plant?, with
leaves having distinct petiole, and blade, the latter traversed by
nerves running from the midrib to the margin ; flowers irregular,
with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, below all combined
into a tube which is adherent to the 3-celled ovary ; the stamens
1 - G and distinct. We have only two, by no means common, wild
representatives on our southeastern borders ; the cultivated ones
are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and mo t of them are
rarely seen in blossom. They may therefore be simply referred to,
as follows.
I. GINGER FAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots hot-aro-
matic. Stamen only one, with a 2-celled anther, commonly em-
bracing the style, but not united with it.
Hed^chium Gardner ianam, GARLAND-FLOWER, cult, from India :
stems 3°-4° high, furnished to the top with oblong 2-ranked leaves, terminating
in a large spike of handsome light-yellow flowers, a slender tube bearing 0
divisions which may be likened to those of an Orehideous flower, one (answer-
ing to the lip) much larger and broader than the 5 others, and a very long
protruding reddish filament terminated by a yellow anther sheathing the style
up almost to the stigma.
II. ARROWROOT or INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY. No hot-
aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, &c., commonly contain
much staivh, from which genuine arrowroot is produced. Stamen
only one with an anther, and that one-celled.
Thalia dealbata, wild in marshes and ponds far S., is dusted over with a
white powder, the heart-ovate lonir-petioled leaves all from the root, reed-like
scape branching above into paniclcd spikes of small much-bracted purple (lowers.
Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a showy leaf-plant in conserva-
tories ; the oblong leaves 2 or'3 feet long, purple beneath, the upper surface
satiny and with alternating stripes of deep and pale green ; flower- dull purple,
inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike near the ground on a short scape.
Canna Indica, COMMON INDIAN SHOT (so called from the hard shot-
like seeds, these several in the 3 cells of the rough-walled pod): frequently
planted for summer flowering ; the lance-ovate or i.blong pointed leaves G' - 12'
Ion;,' ; flowers several in a simple or branching spike, about 2' long, red,
varying to yellow, or variegated; stamen with petal-like filament bearing the
anther on one side, otherwise resembling the .'{ divisions of an inner corolla,
tlie-e probably transformed sterile stamens. — The following, more magnificent
for summer foliage, and sometimes for tlo\\cr.s are choicer sorts, but much
confused as to species.
C. Warszewiczii, 4° -5° high, with mostly purplish or purple-margined
pointed leaves, and crimson-red flowers.
PINK-APPLE FAMILY. 329
C. discolpr, grows 6° -10° high, with broad purple-tinged very large
leaves, and crimson or red-purple flowers.
C. glauca, especially its var. ANN.EI, 8°-13° high, with its glaucous
pale taper-pointed leaves, and yellow or red flowers 4' long.
C. flaccida, wild in swamps from South Carolina S. : 2° -4° high, with
ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3' -4' long; all the inner
divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 outer or calyx reflexed.
III. BANANA FAMILY PROPER. Not aromatic or pungent.
Stamens 5 with 2-celled anthers, and an abortive naked filament.
Strelitzia Reginae, a large stemless conservatory plant, from the Cape
of Good Hope, winter-flowering, with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid
petioles bearing an ovate-oblong thick blade; scape bearing at apex an oblique.
or horizontal and rigid coiv'-iplicate spathe, from which several lan.re and
strange-looking blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the peri-
anth 3'-4' long, orange-yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and
somewhat like the two larger of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which
are united and cover the stamens, the other petal inconspicuous.
Musa sapientum, BANANA; cult, for foliage and for the well-known
fruit ; the enwrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of tree-like sue-
culent stem, 10° -20° high ; the flower-stalk rising through the centre, and de-
veloping a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the axil of its purplish
bracts; perianth of 2 concave or convolute divisions or lips, the lower 3-5-
lobed at the apex and enclosing the much smaller upper one ; berry oblong, by
long cultivation (from offshoots) seedless. (Lessons, p. 26, fig. 71.)
M. Cavendishii. A dwarf variety, flowering at a few feet in height, is
the more manageable one, principally cultivated for fruiting.
119. BROMELIACE.SI, PINE-APPLE FAMILY.
Tropical or subtropical plants, the greater part epiphytes, with
dry or fleshy, mostly rigid, smooth or scurfy leaves, often prickly
edged, and perfect flowers with 6 stamens. — represented by several
species of Tillandsia in Florida, a small one further north, and sev*
eral of various genera in choice conservatories, not here noticed.
Ananassa'Sativa, PIXE-APPLE ; cult, for its fruit, the flowers abortive,
and sometimes for foliage, especially a striped-leaved variety.
Tillandsia usneoides, the LONG Moss or BLACK Moss (so called),
hanging from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp S. : gray-
scurfy, with thread-shaped branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recurved leaves,
and small sessile green flowers ; the ovary free, forming a narrow 3-valved pod,
filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds : fl. summer.
120. AMARYLLIDACE.SI, AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
Chiefly perennial herbs, with leaves and scape from a bulb, corm,
&c., the leaves nerved from the base, and rarely with any distinction
of blade and petiole ; the perianth regular or but moderately
irregular and colored, its tube adherent to the surface of the 3-celled
ovary ; and 6 stamens with good anthers. Bulbs acrid, some of
them poisonous. To this family belong many of the choicer bulbs
of house-culture, only the commonest here noticed.
§ 1. Scape and linear hairy leaves from a little solid bulb or corn.
1. IIYPOXYS. Perianth G-parted nearly to the ovary, spreading, greenish out-
side, yellow within, persistent and withering on the pod.
880 AMARYLLIS FAMILY.
§ 2. Scape and mostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb.
» A cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth.
2. NARCISSI'S. Perianth with a more or less cylindrical tube, 6 equal widely
spreading divisions, and stamens of unequal length included in the cup or
crown. Scape with one or more flowers, from a scarious 1-leaved spathe.
3. PANCUA I'll M. Perianth with a slender tube, 6 long and narrow divisions,
and a cup to which the long filaments adhere below, and from the edge of
which they project. Anthers linear, (ixed by the middle. Scape bearing a
few flowers in a cluster, surrounded by some leaf-like or scarious bracts.
* * No cup nor crown to thejluwer, or only minute scales sometimes in the throat. 1
•i- Filaments borne on the tube of tlie flower : anthers Jixed by the middle, versatilt .•
spa/he of 1 or 2 scales or bracts.
4. CRINUM. Perianth with a slender long tube and 6 mostly long and narrow
spreading or recurved divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few or
many flowers, in an umbel-like head. Bulb often columnar and rising as if
into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks.
6. AMARYLLIS. Perianth various; the divisions oblong or lanceolate. Scape
bearing one or more flowers. Leaves mostly 2-ranked.
•«- 4- Filaments on the ovary at the base of the 6-pa.rled perianth: anthers erect, not
versatile : spathe a bract opening on one side.
6. GALANTHUS. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel.
Perianth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces; the three inner shorter, less
spreading, and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed.
7. LEUCOIIJM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of
6 nearly separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish
upwards.
§ 2. Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from a tuberous rootstock or crown,
8. ALSTRCEMERIA. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the
top, the thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over.
Flowers in a terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly IT quite to the ovary,
rather bell-shaped, often irregular as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens more or
less declined. Style slender: stigma :j-cleft.
9. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple l'n>m a thick tuber, bearing long-linear
channelled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical
and somewhat funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spread-
ing lobes. Stamens included in the tube: anthers erect. The summit of the
ovary and pod free from the calyx-tube; in this and other respects it ap-
proaches the Lily Family.
10. AGAVE. Leaves' thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny
margin, tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers
and ofl'sets; in flowering sends up a bracted scape, hearing a spike or panicle
of yellowish flowers. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 nar-
row almost equal divisions. Stamens projecting: anthers linear, versatile.
Pod containing numerous flat seeds.
1. HYPOXYS, STAR-GRASS. (Name from the Greek, means acute at
the lm*i • ; the pod is often so.)
H. er6cta, the common species, in prass; with few-flowered scape Z'-W
high, and leaves at length longer; yellow star-like flower over i' broad.
2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in the mythology
who is said to have been changed into this flower.) Most of them are per-
fectly hardy : 11. spring.
N. poeticus, I'OKT'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered ; crown of
the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish
throat : in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears.
N. bifl6rus, TWO-FLOW KKED N., or PRIMR<KI; I'l I;ULESS of the old
gardeners, lias two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the
form of a short yellow cup.
N. poly£nthO8 is the parent of the choicer sorts of POLYANTHUS N. ;
{lowers numerous, white, the cup also white.
AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 331
N. Tazetta, POLYANTHUS N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and
nearly flat, glaucous; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes
white, with the crown a golden or orange-color^ 1 cup one third or aliiu»t one
half the length of the divisions.
N. Jonquilla, JONQUIL. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ;
flowers 2 to :>, small, yellow, as also the. short cup, very fragrant.
N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL. Leaves flat, and 1-flowcred scape
short; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped
cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the
divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens.
3. PANCRATIUM. (Name in Greek means all poiuerftd: no obvious
reason for it.) Flowers large, showy, ' fragrant, especially at evening in
summer. Cult, at the North ; the following wild S. in wet places on and
near the coast.
P. maritimum. Glaucous ; leaves linear, erect ; scape barely flatfish ;
perianth 5' long, its green tube enlai'ging at summit into the funnel-shaped
12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the spreading narrow-lanceolate
divisions of the perianth are united.
P. rotatum (or P. MEXICANUM). Leaves linear-strap-shaped, widdy
spreading, bright green, 2' or more wide ; scape sharply 2-edged ; slender tube
of the perianth and its linear widely spreading divisions each about 3' long, the
latter wholly free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged cup.
4. CRINUM. (The Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants,
chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S.
C. amabile, from East Indies ; the huge bulb rising into a column ; leaves
becoming several feet long and 3'- 5' wide; flowers numerous, 8' -10' long,
crimson-purple outside, paler or white within.
C. Americanum, wild in river swamps far S. ; much smaller, with a
globular bulb; scape l°-2° high; flower white, 6' -7' long.
5. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) One wild
species S. ; many in choice cultivation, and the species mixed. The following
are the commonest types.
A. Atamasco, ATAMASCO LILY, wild from Virginia S. in low grounds ;
scape 6'- 12' high, mostly shorter than the glossy loaves; flower 2'-.'V loni:,
single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pinkish ; stamens
and style declined.
A. formosissima, JACOB.EAN or ST. JAMES'S LILY, of the section
SPREKELIA: cult, from South America : scape bearing a single large and de-
clined deep crimson-red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lippcd as it were,
three divisions recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at
base involute around the lower part of the dctlexed stamens and style.
A. Reginse, from South America; with 2-4 large almost regular nodding
flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the dollcxod stamens curved
upwards at the end.
A. Belladonna, from the Cape of Good Hope; has elongated bulbs, chan-
nelled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scape, and several almost regular
large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form with very short tube, the stamens
not much declined.
A. Speci6sa, or VALLOTA PURpfjRi: v, from ( 'ape of Good Hope ; the sear-
let-red flowers with funnel-shaped tube rather longer than the broad ovate and
nearly equal spreading divisions.
6. GALANTHUS, SNOWDROP. (Name formed of the Greek words
'for mill.- and^««vr, probably from the color.) Fl. earliest spring.
G nivalis of Europe, sends up soon after the winter's snow leaves the
ground a pair of linear pale leaves and a scape .T-G' hi-ili. bearing its delicate
drooping white flower, the inner divisions tipped with -reen : a variety i
double.
332 IRIS FAMILY.
7. LEUC6IUM, SXmVFLAKK. (Ancii-nt Greek name means
I i'ofef.) In gardens from Kurope ; much like Snowdrops on a larger scale,
flowering later, the scape more leafy at ha>e, and leaves bright green.
L. Vernum, SI-KINO S. Scape about 1 ° high, m. >.-t]y 1 -flowered, in spriii"--
pod pear-shaped and (>->ided.
L. SBStivum, Si M.MI.K S. Scape 2° liigh, hearing 3-7 rather hroader
flowers in late spring or early summer; pod rounder.
8. ALSTRCEMERIA. (Named by Linna-us for his friend Baron A/strea-
mer.) Plants of the conservatory, from W. South America, <»f mixed species.
A. Pelegrina, LILV OF THE IN. AS, from Peru. Flowers few or solitarv
*t the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink
and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner divisions.
A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulate
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted.
A. versicolor. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or spreading
branches, yellow spotted with purple.
9. POLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name from Greek words for city and
flower; therefore not Polyanthes. And the popular name relates to the tuber-
ous rootstock, therefore not Tube-Rose.)
P. tuberbsa, the only species cultivated, probably originally from Mexico ;
the tall stem with long several-ranked leaves at base" and shorter and sparser
ones towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted out) ;
the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the choicer sorts
full-double.
10. AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Name from Greek word for wonderful.)
Plants flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit.
A. Virginica, of sterile soil from Virginia to 111. and S. ; has lance-oblong
denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves (\'-\-2' long, and scape bearing a loose
simple spike of small flowers, 3° -6° high.
A. Americana, of Mexico, is the common CKNTURT PLANT or AMEKICAN
AI.OK ; with very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, i°-4° IOIILT,
pale green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old
plants (said to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) tree-like, bearing an
ample panicle.
121. IEIDACEJE, IRIS FAMILY.
Distinguished by the equitanl erect leaves (Lessons, p. 69, fig.
186, 187), of course 2-ranked, and the 3 stamens with anthers lacing
outwards. Flowers ,-howy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or
more leaves or bracts ; the tube of the perianth coherent with the
8-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in two
sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in the bud.
Style 1, or rarely .'J-clefi : ,-t'gmas •'!, opposite the •'• stamens and the
outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3-celled and many-seeded
p<>d. Steins or herbage rising from a rootstock, tuber, or solid bulb
(form, Lessons, p. 46, fig. 105, 106) ; these are acrid, sometimes very
much so. All are perennial herbs.
§ 1. Perianth of 3 outer recurvini/. mul :'. inner coimnoiili/ smaller erect or incurving
divisions: sliyums or HKH-I JH-I'III r/i/ In/us i'/' tin- sti/lc
1. IBIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much pn.ilungcd bcvoml the ovarv,
in the 1'itter case eohiTciit also with file style. Stamen- under the overarch-
ing branches of the style: anthers linear or oblong, lixed bv the ba.-e. The
real stigma is a shelf or short lip on the lower face of the petal-like brunch
of the style, only its inner surface ^tiitmatie- Pod 3 -6-aiigled.
IRIS FAMILY. 333
§ 2. Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal w'uhly spreading dirisiims:
stamens separate or nearly so : style 3- 6-lobed.
2. PARDANTHUS. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem,
from a rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow l>a-e. Fila-
ments slender, much longer than the anthers. Style long. club-shaped. its
simple brandies tipped with a broad and blunt stigma. 1'<M ]>e;n---haped;
the valves falling away expose the centre covered with black berry-like
seeds.
3. NEMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a solid bulb
like that of a Crocus. Divisions of the (lower obovate. Filaments nwU
shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. Style short, its 3 lobes parted
each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging stigmas. Pod truncate.
Seeds dry, angular.
§ 3. Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions : stamens mon-
adelphous to the top : style long: stigmas 3 or 6, thread-like : Jtowers opening
in sunshine and but once for a few hours.
4. SISYRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous: leaves grass-like. Divisions of the
wheel-shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3, simple.
6. TIGRIDIA. From a solid bulb with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lance-
olate, large, very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very
large and with a concave base; the other 3 very much smaller and fiddle^
shaped. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft.
§ 4. Perianth tubular at base, the 6 divisions all more or less spreading : stamens sepa-
rate: style long : stigmas 3, more or less dilated : flowers lasting for several
days. Plants from solid bidbs or corms. (Lessons, p. 46, fig. 105, 106.)
6. GLADIOLUS. Flowers numerous in a spike, on a rather tall leafy stem
remaining open, irregular, the short-funnel-shaped tube being somewhat
curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the flower commonly oblique
or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens (inserted on the tube,) and style as-
cending. Leaves sword-shaped, strongly nerved.
7. CROCUS. Flowers and narrow linear leaves rising from the bull), the ovary
and pod seldom raised above ground: perianth with a long and slender tube;
its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 3 inner rather smaller, concave,
fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins.
There are besides many tender plants of the family in choice collections, the
greater part confined to the conservatories, — mostly belonging to
ixia maculata, of Cape of Good Hope, and others, once of that genus,
now called SPARAXIS, WATSOXIA, &c. ; also to MONTIJKKTIA or TKIT^NIA, \c.
Schizostylis COCCinea, from South Africa, lately introduced : not very
tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and sterns .'i° high, bearing a spike
of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, the ovate acute lobes all alike and widely
spreading from a narrow tube; the slender style deeply cleft (whence the name)
into 3 thread-like branches.
iridoides, of the Cape ; very like an Iris, as the specific name
denotes ; but the 6 divisions of the perianth all nearly alike and widely spread-
ing, white with a yellow spot on the 3 outer ones.
1. IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, BLUE FLAG. (Greek and Latin my-
thological name, and name of the rainbow.) Fl. spring and early summer.
§ 1. Wild species of the country, all with creeping root stocks.
* Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only Irnfij tufts). 1 -:\ ilm; ,-,d in earlf
spring, from creeping and brandling slnalr n«i/.s7,«-/,-.s-, //,•/> (n«l ///«?•<• tuber-
ous-thickened: flowers violet-blue, with a lonrj sA ml, r tuh, , and no beard.
I. v6rna, SLENDER DWARF-!RIS. Wooded hillsides, from Virginia and
Kentucky S. ; with linear grassy leaves, tube of (lower about the length <>t' its
almost equal divisions, which are on slender orange-yellow claws, the outer ones
crestless.
I. cristata, CRESTED D. Along the Alleghanies. &c.. sometimes cult. ;
with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, tube of (lower (2' long)
much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones crested • pod
sharply triangular.
334 IRIS FAMILY.
* * Taller: the sever al-floirered often branching stems 1° -3° /<»//( : tube of the
flower short: the outer division* >m/.,i/, '»rm/,i. -.-.•;, <m<l all Im/ one crrst/ms;
the inner very iiiwh ainnlli r: jL lute spring and early summer, in sirumjis.
I. Virginica, SLEXDKK Bi.n: FLAT,. Slender; with very narrow linear
leaves, ami blue ilowcrs with <'>MI<- white (barely 2' long), on slender peduncles,
with hardly any tube beyond tin- .'l-aiiLili'd ovary.
I. versicolor, LAKUKK I'.i.i i.-Fi.\<.. Stout ; stem singled on one side;
leaves sword-shaped, |' wide ; flowers light blue variegated with some' yellow,
•white, and purple, hardly .'i' Ion;:, the inflated tube shorter tlian the obtusel)
3-angled ovarv ; pod oblong, 3-angled.
I. kexagona. Only S. near the coast; with simple stem, n arrow ish long
leaves, and deep blue variegated (lowers 4' long, the outer divisions crested, the
tuhe longer than the <>-angled ovary.
I. cuprea. Only S. and \V. ; with copperish-yellow flowers 2' long, the
tube about the length of the (>-angled ovary
I. tripetala. Only S. in pine-barren swamps; with ratlier short sword-
shaped glaucous leaves, and i'ew blue flowers (2' -3' long), variegated with
yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and wedge-shaped, the
tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary.
§ 2. Garden species from the Old World, cult, for ornament.
* A dense beard n/mn/ the, lower part of the 3 outer dii-isinnn of the flower : the
stamens >n all spring from thickened rootstocks.
-t- Dwarf: Jlmn rni// in early sprint/.
I. ptimila, DWARJ- (iu;i>i.x Ir.is. Stem very short ; the violet and pur-
ple flower close to the ground, with slender tuhe and ohovate divisions, hardly
exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves.
-t- -t- Taller and larger, several -flowered, in early summer.
I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCK of the gardens, with very
large seentlr-s flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3' long, the ol.o-
vate inner ones neariv as large, lighter and bluer.
I. sambucina, ELDER-SCENTED F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer-
leaved; tin' llnwers ahiint halt' as large as in the ]ireeeding, the outer divi-i. ms
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and \ellowish toward the base, painted with
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale greyish or brownish blue;
spathe. broadly scarious-margined.
I. squalens, very like preeeding, with longer dull violet outer divisions to
the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff-colored inner divisions.
I. variegata, has much smaller flowers, with spatulate-obovate divisions
2' long, white with pa'e yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark-purple and
purplish-tinged in the middle
I. Florentina, FI,OKI:NCI: or SWKET F. Less tall than the Common F.,
with broader leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish veined, the
obovate outer divisions 2^'-3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented root-
Stock yields orris-root.
# * \<> Iti-urd nor crest to tin tlm; r : all but the last with rootstocks.
I. Pseudacorus, Yi:i.i.o\v IKIS, of wet marshes in Europe, with very long
linear leaves and bright vellow flowers, sparingly cultivated.
I. gramlliea, GRASS-LKAVED 1., has narrow linear root-leaves 2° -3°
long and often surpassing the 1 - .'(-flowered stem; flower purple-blue, with
narrow divisions.
I. Persica, PI.KSI \N IK-IS. A cboic,- house-plant, dwarf, nearly stomle-s
from a kind of bulb-like tuber, from which the flower rises on a Ion- tube,
earlier than the leaves, delicately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at
the tip of the outer divisions, the inner divisions very small and spreading.
2. PARDANTHUS, 151, ACKUKRKY LILY. (Name from the Greek,
means ^inl-jiuirer, alluding to the spotted perianth.) Fl. late summer.
Pardanthus Chinensis, from China, cult, in country gardens and
escaping into roadsides: :{°-40 high, more branching than an Iris; the di-
visions of the orange-colored flower (!' long) mottled above with crimson spots,
YAM FAMILY. 335
the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating a Mack-
berry, whence the common name.
3. NEMASTYLIS. (Name from the Greek, means thread-like s/yle, ap-
plicable here to the stigmas.) Fl. spring and summer.
N. COBlestina. Fine barrens S. : l°-20 high, with handsome but fuga-
cious bright blue flowers; the leaves mainly from the small bulb, linear ai«l
plaited.
4. SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Name in Greek means
lioifs snout, the application not apparent.) Fl. all summer.
S. Bermudiana. In all moist meadows ; the slender 2-winged stems
6'-12' high, in tufts, longer than the root-leaves, almost naked; the small
flowers in an umbel from a 2-leaved spathe, their obovate divisions bristle-tipped
from a notch, pale blue, sometimes purplish, in a Western variety white.
5. TIGRIDIA, TIGER-FLOWER (as the name denotes). Fl. summer.
T. pavdnia, from Mexico, the principal species, with several varieties,
planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2° high, bearing in succession
a few very large showy flowers 5' or 6' across, yellow or orange-red, the dark
centre gaudily spotted with crimson or purple.
6. GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin
word for sword, from the leaves.) Several choice tender species in conserva-
tories; while the hardy ones and those which bear planting out, which make
our gardens gay in late summer and autumn, are from the following:
G. COmmunis, of Europe, is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather
few rose-red (rarely white) flowers; the filaments longer than the anthers.
G. Byzantinus,of the Levant, is larger in all its parts, with more flowers
in the spike, and more showy ; filaments shorter than the liuear anthers.
G- blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of many of the
tender white or pale rose-colored varieties.
G. cardinalis, of the Cape, also tender, has large scarlet-red flowers,
often white along the centre of its 3 lower divisions.
G. psi.ttacin.US, of the Cape, is a tall and robust species, its numerous
large flowers with very broad divisions, dull yellow, mixed or bordered with
scarlet. This is the parent of G. GANDAVENSIS, now universally cultivated,
and from which so many fine sub-varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red
and yellow, orange, and other colors.
7. CROCUS. (The Greek name of Saffron.) Cult, from the Old World.
C. v6rnus, SPRING CROCUS; with violet, purple, white or mixed colored
flowers, the broad divisions rarely expanded, and short dilated stigmas with
jagged margins.
G. luteus and C. Susianus, YELLOW CROCUS, with yellow or orange
flowers, and opening wider, are mere varieties of the first.
C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and fragrant flowers, in
autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red stigmas are
saffron.
122. DIOSCOREACE^l, YAM FAMILY.
Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, having
ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less imitating tho-e
of Exogens, and small greenish or whitish dioecious flowers, with
the tube of the perianth in the fertile ones adhering to the 3-ctlled
ovary; its 6 divisions regular and parted to near the base or to the
ovary. Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or '2 in
each cell.
336 SMILAX FAMILY.
Tamils elephantipes, or TKSTI:IIINARIA ELAPHAVTIPES, of the Cape
of Good Hope, is a curiosity in conservatories ; the globular or hemispherical
trunk, resting on the ground, covered with very thick bark soon cracked into
separate portions, und resembling the bark of a tortoise; out of it spring every
year slender twining stems, bearing rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves.
1. DIOSCOKEA, YAM. (Named for L .scoride*.} Flowers in axillary
panicles or racemes: stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile ones
producing a 3-celled 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through the wings.
Fl. summer. 2/
D. Vill6sa, WILD YAM : sends up from a knotty rootstock its slender
stems, bearing heart-shaped pointed leaves, either alternate, opposite, or some
in fours, 9-11-ribbed and with prominent cross-veinlets. Jn thickets, com-
moner S. : slightly downy, or usually almost smooth, so that the specific name
is not a good one
D. Batatas (or D. JAP6NICA of some), CHINESE YAM : cult, from China
and Japan, for ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, —
a substitute for potatoes, if one could only dig them ; with very smooth heart-
shaped partly halberd-shaped opposite leaves, and produces bulblets in the axils.
D. sativa, TRUE YAM, with great thick roots, is only of hot climates.
123. SMILACE^I, SMILAX FAMILY.
Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, a few herbaceous, climbing or
supported by a pair of tendrils on the sides of the petiole, having
ribbed and netted-veined leaves and small dioecious flowers, as in the
foregoing ; but the ovary is free from the perianth, bears mostly 3
long and diverging sessile stigmas, and in fruit is a berry ; the an-
thers are only 1 -celled, opening by one longitudinal slit (the division
of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). Consists of the genus
1. SMILAX, GREENBRIER, CATBRIER, or CHINA-BRIER. (An-
cient Greek name.) All wild species, in thickets and low grounds ; flowers
small, greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of
the Southern prickly ones in spring.
§ 1 . Stems troody, often prickly : ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
* Smooth, and t/ie leaves often ylossy, 5- 9-ribbed : stiymas and cells oforary 3.
•*- Ben-ies red : peduncles short: Itares 5-ribbed: prickles hardly any.
S. lanceolata, from Virginia S. : climbs high ; leaves evergreen, lance-
ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends ; rootstock tuberous.
S. Walter!, from New Jrr-ev S. : 6° high ; leaves deciduous, ovate or
lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped ; peduncles Hat; rootstock creeping.
•*- Beiries black, often with a bloom : lettres mostly roundish or somewhat heart-
taaped (it IKISC : peduncles almost always Jlat.
S. rotimdif61ia, COMMON (iin.KNHRiER. Yellowish-green, often high-
climbing; branclilrts more or less square, armed with scattered prickles; leaves
ovate or round-ovate, thickish, green both sides, i>'-3' long; peduncles few-
flowered, not longer than the petioles.
S. glauca. Mostly S. of New York: like the preceding, but Jess prickly,
the ovate leaves glaucous beneath and seldom at all heart-shaped, smooth edged,
and peduncles longer than petiole.
S. tamnoides. New Jersey to 111. and S. : differs from preceding in the
leaves varying from round-heart-shaped to tidd 'shaped and hal herd-shaped,
green both sides, pointed, and the edges often S] -iiseh bristly.
S. Pseudo-China, CHINA-HKIKK ; from N'ew Jersey and Kentucky S.:
rootstock tuberous; prickles none or rare; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green
both sides, often contracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3' -5' long; Hat
peduncles 2' -3' long.
LILY FAMILY. 337
S. hispida. Only from Perm. N. : rootstock Ion;:; stem high-climbing,
below beset with long and dark bristly prickles; leaves ovate and heart-shaped,
green both sides, thin, 4' -5' long; flat peduncles Ij"- 2- long; (lowers larger
than in the Common Grecnbrier.
* * Downy or smooth : stigma, cell of the. ovary, and seed only one !
S. pumila. Sandy soil S. : rising only 1 ° - 3° high, not prickly, >< ift-dc >wny,
with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped 5-ribbed evergreen leaves, when old
smooth above; peduncles twice as lung as petioles, densely-flowered; berries
whitish.
S. laurifdlia. From pine-barrens of New Jersey S. : very smooth, high-
climbing, stem with some prickles ; leaves thick, evergreen, glossy, varying
from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles not exceeding the petiole anil
pedicels ; berries black.
§ 2. Sterns herbaceous, merer prickly, smooth : leaves long petiokd, thin : ovules
and seeds usually a pair in each cell: berries blue-black with a bloom.
S. herbacea, CARRION FLOWER (the scent of the blossoms justifies the
name) : common in moist ground ; erect and recurving, often without tendrils,
or low-climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth; leaves ovate-oblong
or roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7 -9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes short,
generally 3' -4' or even G'-8' long, even much surpassing the leaves, 20-40-
flowered.
S. tamnifolia. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : differs in its heart-
shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather longer
than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded.
124. LILIACE.S3, LILY FAMILY.
Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical flow-
ers, with perianth of G (in one instance of 4) parts, as many stamens
with 2-celled anthers, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-cdled) ovary.
Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, but not glu-
maceous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Alii urn, &c.
Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves; all perennials. The great groups
comprised are the following.
I. TRILLIUM FAMILY; with netted-veined leaves all in one
or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which rises from a fleshy
rootstock : styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a berry.
1. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals and 3 colored petal*: the
latter at length withering away after tlowering, but not deciduous. Anther*
linear, adnate, on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped stylos or stig-
mas persistent. Ovary 3-6-angled. Kerry purple m- red, ovate, many-> l''d.
2. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly >imilar pieces, recurved,
deciduous Anthers oblong, shorter than the slender filaments. Stigma- or
styles long and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous
Berry dark-purple, few-seeded.
II. MELANTHIUM FAMILY; with alternate and parallel-
veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; and (lowers
often polygamous, sometimes dioecious; styles or sessile stigma- ;!.
separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. Anthers almost always
turned outwards. Perianth withering or persisting, not deciduous,
the 6 parts generally alike. Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some
used in medicine.
22
338 LILY FAMILY.
§ 1. Stemless : the large flower u-ith a long tube rising directly from a thtn-torited
solid bulb or corm: anthers 2-celled.
3. COLCHIGUM. Perianth resembling that of ;i Crocus. Stamens borne on the-
throat of the long-tnbniar perianth. Styles very long.
§ 2. Perianth without any tithe, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions.
* Anthers 2-celled, short : fluwers in a simple raceme or spike : pod loculicidal.
4. CHAM.ELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and
narrow white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme
slender.
6. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning
green in fruit; the divisions Bpatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender:
anther- blue. Pod 3-lobed; cells many-seeded.
6. XEHOPHYLLUM. Fluwers perfect, in ;i compact raceme, white; the divisions
oval, sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular,
3-lobed, with 2 wingless seeds in each cell.
* * Anthers kidnei/-xl»ij><:I or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one,
thield-shaped afttr < ••//< i/iiiy : styles aid-shaped : pod 8-horned, septicidal: sinls
commonly Jlut or thin-margined.
f. AMIANTHII'M. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white,
the oval or obovatc spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments
long and slender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the
bullions ba-e of the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like.
8. STKNAN THII'M. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem.
Perianth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering
to a narrow point from a broader ba-e, which cohere- with the base of the
ovary. Stamens very short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled,
grass-like.
9. VEEATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish
or brownish, its ohovat<--o!.]ong division- nan-owed at base, free from the
ovary, not spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined.
Leave- broad, many-nerved. llasc of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like,
producing many long white roots.
10. MELANTHIUM. Flowers pohgamoits, in racemes forming nn open pyramidal
panicle. Perianth cream-colored, turning green or brownish with age. per-
fectly free from the ovarv, its heart-shaped or oblong and partly hai:
shaped widely spreading divisions raised on a claw and marked with a pair
of darker spi'its or glands. Filaments short, adhering to the claws of the
perianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, I n.adly winded. Leaves
lanceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish-downy above, its
ba-e more oi- less bulbous.
11. ZYGADENl'S. Flowers pefect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Peri-
anth greenish white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted
with a pair of roundish glands or colored spots near the se--ile or all
sessile base. Stamens free' from and about the length of the perianth. Leave?
linear. grass-like; stem and whole plant smooth.
III. BELLWORT FAMILY; with alternate and broad not
grass-like parallel-veined ICMVCS: sti-in from a root. slock or from
fibrous roots, brandling ami leafy: style one at ihe base, but 3-cleft
or 3-partetl. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. Anlliers turned rather
outwards than inwards. Perianth of G almost similar and wholly
separate pieces, deciduous. Not acrid nor poisonous. Plants inter-
mediate between the preceding groups and the next.
12. UVULAKIA. Flower- solitarv or sometimes in pairs at the end or in the forks
of the forking stem, drooping, yellowi-h: the perianth rather bell-shaped
and lily-like, its divisions spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove
or pit' a! the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at the ba^e ,,( each
division: anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod triangular or
3-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish.
LILY FAMILY. 339
IV. ASPARAGUS FAMILY; with parallel-veined mostly
alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a root-lo.'k, ;it
least there is no bulb, a single style (if cleft or lobed at all only at
the summit), and fruit a few several-seeded berry. Pedicel- v»-ry
often with a joint in the middle or under the ilouvr. Flower
almost always small, and white or greenish, chiefly perfect.
§ 1. Herbs with ordinary broad lenves.
* Flowers bell-shaped, of 6 separate and similar deciduous divisions: stamens on (he
receptacle or nearly so : anthers turned
13. CLINTONIA. Flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape,
the base of which is sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong ana
ciliate root-leaves. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear or oM
style long. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping,
like those of Lily-of-the- Valley, which the leaves also resemble.
14. PROSARTES. Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading
branches on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth
lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt
anthers. Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the :> cells, l>«-com-
ing an ovoid or oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creep-
ing: herbage downy.
15. STREPTOPUS. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking
stem, just out of the axils of the ovate clasping loaves: the slender peduncle
usually bent in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the
three inner ones keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flatfish fila-
ments. Ovary 3-celled, making a red many-seeded berry.
# # Flowers trith perianth of one piece, but often deeply parted, (he stamens on its
base or tube: anthers turned inwards: stems not branched.
16. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angle i
which rises, with the about, two oblong leaves, from a running rootstork.
Perianth short bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included.
Style stout. Ovary with several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry.
17. SMILACINA. Flowers in a raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf-
bearing stem, small, white. Perianth 6-parted, in one 4-parted. Filaments
slender: anthers short. Ovary 2 -3-celled, making a 1 -2-seeded berry. Root-
stocks mostlv creeping.
18. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy
and recurving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock
Perianth greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included
stamens at or above the middle of the tube. Style slender. < )vary 8-celled
with few ovules in each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few-
seeded berry.
§ 2. Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which are produced
false-leaves, i. e. bodies which by their position are seen i<> In- of the nature of
branches, but which imitate ami net ns leaves. Pn-vmth greenisli <n- whitish,
6-parted, (he stamens borne on its base. L'< n-y :;-••,//,.-./, the cells Z-seeded.
19. ASPARAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the mucl
divided branches. Styles short: stigma 3-lobed. The so-called leaves
narrow.
20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. Flowers 2 or 3 in the axils, greenish-white; the lineal
oblong divisions of the perianth recurved. Stamens almost as
perianth. Style slender: stigma entire. The so-called 1
Stems twining.
V. LILY FAMILY PROPER (including Asphodel Family} : «1N-
tinguished by the single undivided style (or rarely a se»ile stigma),
and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth with all 6 parN gen. Tally
corolla-like, and in all the following nearly Miuilnr. Leaves par-
allel-veined or ribbed, sometimes with uetted-veina aLo.
scape mostly simple.
340 LILY FAMILY.
§ 1. From a coated or sometimes scaly bvlb.
* Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often irhvrhd or crmcded: divisions of the
perianth with a honey-bearing furrow or spot at or near the bust : styli long :
stigmas or lobes 3: /W packed with 2 rotes of depressed and Jial toft-coaled
seeds in each cell. Flowers large, often several.
21. LILIUM. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form with the separate or partly united
divisions spreading or recurved above: the honey-bearing-groove beginning
at their ba~e. Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong.
Bulb mostly scaly (Lessons, p. 47, fig. 107-109.)
22. FRITILLARIA. Divisions of the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all. re-
curving; the honey-bearing spot above tli c base. Bulb coated or scaly
Flowers always nodding, often spotted.
* * Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or towards the base, naked above and ordinarily
\-flowered at summit : the six pieces of the bell-tlinpcd /« rianth separate : sta-
mens on the receptacle or nearly so : anthers erect : sctds many, pale.
23. TULIP A. Stem 1-2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower.
Divisions of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spreading. Ovary and pod
triangular, columnar: stigmas 3, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily.
24. KRY I'lIlK )M I M. Scape 2-leaved from the . :-ound, bearing a nodding flower.
Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, recurved or spreading above. Ovary
and pod obovate: seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped.
* * * Scape naked, bearing several or many flowers: seeds very few, globular or
angled, mostly with a crustaceans or brittle black coat.
-t- Perianth 6-parled or §-sepalled, either wheel-shaped or less widely spreading.
?,5. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers in a corymb, bracted, white, wheel-shaped.
Style 3-sided: stigma 3-angled.
26. ALLITM. Flowers in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lcavedor scarious spathe.
Style persistent, slender: stigma entire.
27. SUILLA. Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue. Style slender.
•i- -i- Perianth merely 6-toothcd or G-cleft, bearing the short included sla7nens on its
tube: pod triangular.
28. MUSCARI. Flowers in a raceme; the globular or urn-shaped narrow-mouthed
perianth nearly ti-toothcd.
29. HYACIN fill S." Flowers in a raceme; the short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped
perianth i',-c|eft, the lobes spreading.
§ 2. Scape and leaves from a tuberous rootstock or Jibrous-rooted crown: no bulb.
* Stamens and styles hmg and slender, declined: stigma nearly simple: Jlotrcrs large.
30. AGAPANTHl'S. Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel, bine. Perianth tubular at
base, With t; widely spreading division- nearly regular. Pod triangular,
many seeded. Seeds Hat, brownish, winded above. Leaves linear. Hat.
31. Ft'XK'lA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form. G-cleft,
the lobes hardly spreading, somewhat irregular. Pod oblong, prismatic,
many-seeded. Seeds Hat, 'black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the
apex. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted-veiny between the ribs, and on
• petiole^.
2. HEMEROCALLTS. Flowers few on a somewhat branching scape, yellow,
lasting but a day. Perianth funnel-form, with short narrow tube closely in-
vesting the ovary ; the nearly similar divisions more or less spreading. Pod
thick, at first lle'-hy. Seed/ few in each cell, roundish, with a hard aiid brit-
tle black coat. Leaves linear, grassy, keeled.
* * Stamen* and style straight, protruding from the tubular perianth,
33. TIMTOMA. Flowers very many, nodding in a dcn<e raceme or spike on a
bracted scape. Perianth tubular, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. Fila-
ments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. Leaves' narrow-linear, long and
grassy, keeled, crowded at the root.
§ 3. Stem a ircn,!,/ trunk, tillnr short or tm-l/kf, bearing a crotrd of rigid and
jwngt nt-i>"inti'il sword-shaped per sistent leares : no bulb.
32. YUC<' A. Mowers in an ample terminal compound panicle, large, often polyga-
mous, white or whitish. Perianth of G separate oval or oblong acute divis-
ions, not deciduous the o inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas
3, sessile. Pod oblong, many-seeded; the depressed seeds as in
LILT FAMILY. 341
Among the various cultivated plants of the choicer collections, the following
ai'e not rarely met with.
* Not bulbous.
Phormium tenax, NEW ZEALAND FLAX. Nearly hardy N., but docs
not flower; the very firm finely nerved linear evergreen leaves tufted on matin)
rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, yielding a
very strong fibre for cordage.
Dracaena and Cordyline, DRAGOX-TREES, two or three species, orna-
ments of choice conservatories, cult, for their foliage.
A16e angulata, A. variegata, and other ALOES, with very thick and
fleshy 2-ranked leaves crowded or imbricated at the ground, sending up a sleu
der scape, bearing a spike or raceme of tubular flowers ; in conservatories.
* * From coated bulbs, sending up leaves and scapes.
Lachenalia tricolor; tender bulb from Cape of Good Hope; with
lanceolate soft leaves blotched with purple, and a raceme of small, rather .sin-
gular than handsome, greenish-purple and yellow flowers, its erect divisions
connivent, the three interior longer.
Calochortus, Cyclob6thra, Brodisea, and Triteleia, handsome
flowered bulbs, chiefly from California and Oregon, hardly any quite hardy \.
1. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE ROBIN,
BIRTIIROOT. (Name from Latin trill x, triple, the parts throughout being
in threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, p. 44, tig. ic.o),
bearing a whorl of three green conspicuously netted-veined ovate or rhom-
boidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. All grow in rich or moist
woods, or the last in bogs.
§ 1 . Flower sessile : petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull purple.
T. sessile. From Penn. W. & S. : leaves sessile, often blotched ; petals
sessile, rather erect, turning greenish, long persisting.
T. recurvatum. Only W. : differs in having the leaves narrowed at
base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with a narrowed base.
§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away soon after flowering.
* Peduncle erect or inclined : leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile bij a wedge-shaped base,
abruptly taper-pointed : petals flat.
T. grandiflbrum, GREAT-FLOWERED WHITE T. From Vermont to
Penn. and W., flowering rather late : handsome, the obovate petals 2' -2^' long,
much larger than the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white,
in age becoming rose-colored.
T. erectum, PURPLE T. or BIRTHROOT. Chiefly N. : not so large as the
preceding; the dark dull purple petals ovate, widely spreading, little longer
than the sepals, !'-!£' long.
Var. album, from New York W. : has greenish white, rarely yellowish
petals.
Var. declinatum, from Ohio N. W., has peduncle fully half the length of
the leaves and horizontal, or in fruit even reflexed ; petals white or pinkish.
* * Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves,
not longer than the ovary and recumd n'/i/lc petals.
T. cernuum, NODDING T. Commonest E. : leaves rhombic-ovate ; petal-*
oblong, ovate, acute, .V-ij' long; styles separate.
T. Styl6sum. Upper country S. : leaves oblong, tajieritiL: to both ends ;
petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer and broader than the sc-puls;
styles united at base.
* * * Peduncle nearly erect ; leaves rounded at the base and short-pet ioled.
T. nivale, DWARF WHITE T. From Ohio N. W. : very early-flowering,
2'-4' high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, pure white,
1' long ; styles slender.
342 LILY FAMILY.
T. erythrocarpum, PAINTED T. Low woods or bogs N. : leaves ovate,
taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with pink stripes at tha
base ; berry bright red.
2. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (from the taste of the
tuberous white and horizontal rootstock; the Latin name from Medea, the
sorceress). Fl. early summer.
M. Virginica, the only species : in woods: simple stem l°-3° high, cot-
tony when young, bearing nrar the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate
thin and veiny but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5)
much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel ol' a few small recurved-
stalked flowers.
3. COLCHICUM. (Named from the country, Colchis.) Flowers in au-
tumn, sends up the lanceolate root-leaves the next spring. Sparingly cult,
from Eu. for ornament.
C. autumnale, COMMON C., mostly with rose-purple or lilac flowers.
C. variegatum, perhaps a variety, has shorter and wavy leaves, and peri-
anth variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated.
4. CHAM-aJLIRIUM, DEVIL'S BIT. (Name in Greek means Ground
Lily, of no obvious fitness.) Fl. summer.
C. luteum, also called BLAZING-STAR : low grounds, commoner W. & S. :
rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem l°-3° high, bearing flat lance-
olate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and a wand-like spike or
raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones from the stamens appearing
yellow.
5. HELONIAS. (Name probably from the Greek for a swamp, in which
the species grows.) Fl. spring.
H. bullata. Rare and local plant, from New Jersey to E. Virginia, but
sometimes cult. : very smooth, the tuberous stock producing a tuft of oblong or
lance-spatulate evergreen leaves, from the centre of which rises in spring a leaf-
less scape l°-2° high, bearing the rather handsome flowers.
6. XEROPHYLLTJM. (Name means, in Greek, arid-leaved, the narrow
leaves being dry and rigid-) Fl. early summer.
X. asphodelioides. Pine barrens, from New Jersey S. : a striking plant,
with the aspect of an Asphodel ; simple stout stem rising 2° -4° high from a
thick or bulb-like base, dcnsrlv beset at l>:i-» with very long needle-shaped rigid
recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length are reduced to bristle-
like bracts ; the crowded white flowers showy.
7. AMIANTHIUM, FLY-POISOX. (Name, from the Greek^ alludes
to the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Molauthiiuii and Xygade
nus.) Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age.
A. inuscsetoxicum, BROAI>-LI:AM:I> F. Open woods from New Jcr-cy
S. : with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many broadly linear
(£'-]' wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather large ; seeds few, red
and lleshv.
A. angUStifolium. Pine barrens S. : stem hardly bulbous at base, 2'
high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale; seeds linear, not fleshy.
8. STENANTHIUM. (Name from Greek means narrow flower. ) Fl.
summer.
S. angUStif61ium. Low meadows and prairies, from Penn. S. & W. :
2° -6° high, leafv, the leaves long and narrow ; flowers only 4' long, in a pro-
longed terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, making an ample light
panicle.
LILY FAMILY. 343
9. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin
ater, truly black) Mostly pubescent stout herbs; the roots yield tin1 acrid
poisonous wrntrin. Flowers summer.
V. Viride, AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE, or INDIAN POKE. Swamps,
mostly N. : stout stem 2° -4° high, thickly beset with the broadly oval or ovate
strongly plaited sheath-clasping leaves : panicle of spike-like raceme.- pvramidal ;
flowers yellowish-green turning greener with age.
V. parviflorum, along the Alleghanies, is slender, 2° -5° high, with scat-
tered oval or lanceolate scarcely plaited leaves below, and a long and loose pan-
icle of greenish small flowers turning dingy or brownish with age.
10. MELANTHIUM. (Name, from the Greek, means black flower, the
perianth turning darker, yet not black.) Fl. suimnrr.
M. Virginicum, BUNCH-FLOWER. Moist grounds, from S. Now York
S. & W. : 3° - 5° high; lowest leaves sometimes 1' wide, the upper few and
small ; flowers rather large.
11. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means yoked glands.) Fl. summer.
Z. glab6rrimus. Pine barren bogs S. : l°-3° high, from a running root-
stock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed; panicle many-flowered;
divisions of perianth \' long, a pair of round spots above the narrowed base.
Z. glatlCUS. Bogs along our X. borders : l°-3° high, from a bulb : le;i\rs
flat, pale ; flowers rather few ; base of perianth coherent with that of the ovary,
the divisions marked with an inversely heart-shaped spot.
12. UVULARIA, BELLWORT. (Name from the Latin m-ula, or palate ;
the application obscure.) Stems 6' -2° high, naked below, leafy above: fl.
spring. All in rich woods.
* Leaves oblong, the base clasping round the stem which seems to run through the
blade just above its base (Lessons, p. 60, fig. 162) : pod 3-lobed: rootstock
very short and erect.
U. grandiflora, the common one from W. New England W. : with pale
greenish-yellow flower 1^' long and smooth or nearly so inside.
TJ. perfoliata, common E. & S. : smaller, with sharper tips to the an-
thers, and the parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside.
U. flava, chiefly N. E., with bright yellow flower about 1' long, and nearly
smooth inside.
* * Leaves not surrounding the stem, merely sessile: rootstock creeping: pod
sharp/i/ triangular.
U. SeSSilifblia, common, especially N. : 6'- 12' high, with pale lance-ob-
long leaves, and whitish cream-colored flower |' long; pod stalked.
13. CLINTONIA. (Named for DeWitt Clinton of New York.) Cold
moist woods : flowers early summer. /
C. borealiS. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, greeni>h
yellow, over £' long; berry rather many-seeded.
C. Umbellata. Along the Alleghanies : flowers numerous, j' long, white
speckled with green or purplish dors ; seeds only 2 in caeli cell.
14. PROSARTES. (Name from Greek word meaning
P. lanuginbsa. Rich woods the whole leii-th of the Alleuhany region to
Canada: branches widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or
slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base; flowers £' long, greenish ;
Btigmas : fl. late spring.
15. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED-STALK (which the name denotes in
Greek). In cold damp or wet woods N. : flowers in late spring and early
summer, small, barely £' long.
344 LILY FAMILT.
S. amplexif61ius. Stem stout, rough at base, 2° - 3° high ; leaves strong-
ly clasping, smooth, trlancons beneath; (lower \vhitish, on a long stalk with
abrupt bend above the middle ; anthers slender-pointed : stigma truncate.
S. r6seus. Stem l°-2° high; lca\e-< -recn, finely ciliate, and with the
few branches beset with more short and line hri-tly hairs ; flower rose-purple,
on a less bent stalk ; anthers 2-horncd ; stigma 3-clet't.
16. CONVALLARIA, LILY-OF-THK-V ALLEY. (Name altered
from the Latin Lilnun convallium, of which the English name is a translation.)
Fl. late spring.
C. majalis, the only true species, cult, everywhere, from Europe, and wild
on the higher Alleghanies ; its small sweet-scented white flowers familiar.
17. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name a diminutive
of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Wild in woods or low
grounds : fl. late spring.
§ 1. Perianth of only 4 reflered spreading divisions: stamens 4 : ovary 2-celled.
S. bifolia. In all rn<>i<t woods N. : 3'-6' high ; stem bearing 2 (sometimes
3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of small flowers ; berries red.
§ 2. Perianth of 6 divisions: stamens 6 : ovary 3-ct-lled, rarely 2-ceJ/ed.
S. trif61ia. Cold bogs N. : 3' -6' high, smooth, with mostly 3 oblong
leaves tapering to a sheathing base; raceme loose, few-flowered : berries red.
S. Stellata. llocky places N. : l°-2° high, smooth, or the 7-12 lance-
oblong leaves minutely downy when young; raceme several-flowered; berries
blackish.
S. racem6sa. Moist copies and banks, chiefly N. : 2° high, minutely
downy, leafy to the top; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each
end ; "flowers small, crowded in a compound raceme; the divisions of perianth
narrow ; berries pale red and speckled.
18. POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name in Greek means
many-jointed. The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of
the seal being the scar left by the death and >eparation of the stem of a former
year: Lessons, p. 44, fig. 99.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Fl.
late spring and early summer.
P. bifl6rum, SMALLER S. Wooded banks : l°-3° high : the ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leave- nearly sessile and glaucous or minutely whitish-downy
beneath; peduncles mostly 2-flowercd ; filaments roughened, borne above the
middle of the tube.
P. gigantfeum, LAI;I:KK S. Alluvial grounds N. : 3°-8° high, smooth;
leaves ovate, partly clasping : peduncles 2 - S-llowered ; filaments smooth and
naked, borne on the middle of the tube.
19. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Creek name.) Fl. early summer.
A. officinalis, COMMON Asi'Ai; \<;us. Cult, from Eu. for its esculent
spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens: tall, bushy-branched, the leaves
thread-shaped.
20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. (The name in Creek means tnyrtlr-kavcil.)
M. asparagoides, of Cape Good Hope : a very smooth delicate
twiner, cult, in conservatories for winter decoration, under the name of
SMILAX: the bright green SO-called leaves 1' or inure long, glossy-green both
sides, nerved, set edgewise on the branch, but turning so as to present an upper
and under face ; the small (lowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with
reddUh anthers: berries green. — That the -ermin^ leave- are of the nature
of branches is -howti in Ki-^is, the P>r i m F.K'> I>I;<>OM. of Europe (here
rarelv culmatcd), whore they are rigid, spiny-tipped, and bear flowers on one
face.
LILY FAMILY. 34-J
21. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) All,
including our four wild Lilies, more or less commonly cultivated : n. summer.
§ 1. Flowers erect, orange or orange-red, of bell-shaped outline, the dn-ixiunx u-id, ///
separate and on slender claws : no bulblets in the arils of the leaves. Wild
species of sandy null.
L. Philadelphicum, WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. Chiefly X. & W. :
l°-2° high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves nearly all in whorls of 5-8,
and 1-3 open-bell-shaped reddish-orange flowers, '2^' -3' long, .-potied inside
with dark purple.
L. Catesbffii, SOUTHERN RED L. Chiefly S. : l°-2° high, with scatter' 'd
linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and larger nearly scarlet flower; the ohlong-
lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3' -4' long, with very
slender claws, within crimson-spotted on a yellow ground.
§ 2. Flowers erect, orange ; the oblong divisions without claws, conniving at the
broad base, the upper part spreading.
L. bulbiferum, BULBLET-BEARING L. Cult, in old gardens, from Europe :
l£°-3°high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregularly scat-
tered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2' -2^' long, with
some rough brownish projections at base inside, but hardly spotted.
§ 3. Flowers nodding ; the divisions without claws, rolled back, mostly dotted inside.
* Bulblets in the axils of the leaves.
L. tigrinum, TIGER BULBLET-BEARING L. Cult, from China: stem
4° -5° high, cottony; leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers paniclcd, numerous,
very showy, orange-red, the divisions about 4' long, black-spotted inside.
# * No bulblets in the axils.
-i- Wild species of the country in moist meadows and bogs : JJowers orange or
orange-red, strongly dark-spotted inside.
L. Canadense, CANADA L. Stem 2° -5° high, bearing few or several
long-peduncled flowers; leaves lanceolate, all in whorls, their edges and nenes
minutely rough; divisions of the flower 2' -3' long, reeurvcd-sprcading above
the middle.
L. superbum, AMERICAN TURK'S CAP L. Stem 3'-"' high, bearing few
or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle: leaves lanceolate, smooth, imperfectly
whorled or many of them scattered; divisions of the flower strongly rolled
backwards, about 3' long.
L. Carolinianum, CAROLINA L., in the low country S., appears to be a
variety of the above, 2° -3° high, with broader leaves and only 1-3 flowers
more variegated with yellow.
•t- •<- Cultivated species from the Old World.
L. Pompbnium, TURBAN L., of Europe : slender, with scattered and
crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange-red or
scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions somewhat bearded
inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common in gardens.
L. Chalcedonicum, RED L. of Palestine and throughout the East;
stem thickly beset with scattered narrow lance-linear erect leaves, their margins
rough-pubescent; flowers several, scarlet or vermilion, the divisions bearded
towards the base within, not spotted.
L. Martagon, TURK'S CAP or MARTAGON L., of Europe : :\
with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of rather
small but showy light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) flowers dotted
with small brown-purple spots.
L. SpeciOSUm, of Japan : stem l°-3° hi-h ; leaves M-uttercd, lance-ovate
or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly revo-
lute divisions about 5' long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent purple
warty projections inside : now of many varieties.
L. aufatum, GOLDEN-BANDED L, of Japan : stem 1° high : leaves
lanceolate, scattered; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, very large,
340 LILY FAMILY.
the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6' or more long, spreading almost from the base
and the tips revolute, white with a light yellow band down the middle of the
ii|i|>rr face, which is spotted all over with prominent purple spots and rough
•with bri-tlv projection." near the base. Probably a Japanese hybrid of the pre-
ceding with some oilier : the most showy species known.
§ 3. Flowers inclined, white, more or less funnel -fur m in outline ; the naked sessile
tlii-isions ritiininiii/ or somewhat united In /mi} into a tube, t/ieir summits
mure or few spreading, but hardly recur viny. All cultivated, from Asia,
with scattered leaves.
L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILY. Cult, from Persia, £e. : with Ian
ce«;lare leaves, and few or several bell-shaped flowers, smooth inside, sometimes
double.
L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Cult, from Japan: 2° high, with
mostly only one (lower, which is nodding and larger than in the foregoing, below
coi i ni vent into a narrower tube, and above with the divisions more widely
spreading.
L. longiflorum, LONG-FL. WHITE L., of Japan : 1° high, with lanceo-
late leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form flower, 5' or 6' long, the narrow
tubular portion longer than the rather widely spreading portion.
22. FRITILLARIA. ( Latin fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of the
flower, which differs from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the divisions
not spreading.) Fl. spring.
F. Meleagris, GUINEA-HEN FLOWER. Cult, from Eu. : 1° high, with
linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, tessellated with
blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot narrow.
F. imperialis, or PtrfurM IMPKUIALE, CROWN IMPERIAL. Cult, from
Asia: a stately herb of early spring, 3° -4° high, rather thickly beset along
the middle with lanceolate or lance-oblong bright green leaves more or less in
whorls; flowers several hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal crown
or tuft of leaves, large, orange yellow, or sometimes almost crimson, a round
pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled.
23. TTJLIPA, TULIP. (Name and the common species said to come
from Persia.) Fl. spring and early summer : all from the Old World.
T. Gesneriana, COMMON T., from Asia Minor, is the original of the
various ordinary hardy kinds ; leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, shorter than the
flower-stalk ; divisions of the flower very obtuse.
T. suav6oleus, SWEET T. of Eu. : low ; flower sweet-scented, ite divisions
acute, appearing very early.
24. ERYTHRONIUM, DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET. (Name from the
Greek word tor red, — not appropriate even for the original European species. )
Fl. spring.
E. Dens-canis, DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET of Eu : sometimes cult. ; has broadly
oblong pale leaves little spotted, and a rose-purple or almost white flower in
earlicM spriiiLT-
E. Americanum, YELLOW D. or ADDER'S-TOWGUE. Moist or low
woods, very common E. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted with
dark-purplish and whitMi ; flower light yellow.
E. albidum, WHITE D. Hare in N. Y. and Perm., but common W. :
leaves less or not at all spotted ; flower bluish-white.
25. ORNITHOGALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek
means bii-d'n-inil/c, a current expression for some marvellous tiling.) Fl.
early summer.
O. umbellatum, COMMON S. or TEN-O'CLOCK, from Eu. : in old gardens
and escaped into some low meadows : leaves long and grass-like; flowers bright
white within, green outside, opening in the sun, on slender stalks.
LILY FAMILY. 347
26. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, &c. (Ancient Latin name.)
Taste and odor alliaceous.
§ 1. Wild species of the country, or one a naturalized weed.
* Leaves bruad : flowers white, in summer : ovules and seeds single in each eel!.
A. tricdccuin, WILL LEEK. Rich woods N. : bulbs clustered, large,
pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large lance-oblong flat leaves, and after
they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked sca]>
* * Leaves linear, grasr-like : ovules and seeds a pair in each cell : flowers rose
color, in summer.
A. c6rnuum, NODPING WILD ONION. Banks, through the Allegheny
region and N. \V. : scape angular, l°-2° long, often nodding at tin- apex';
pedicels of the loose many-flowered tunbel dropping; flowers light rose-color;
leaves linear, sharply keeled on the back, channelled.
A. mutabile, CHANGEABLE WILD O. Dry sandy soil S. : scape 1° high,
terete, bearing an erect umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color; leaves
narrow, concave ; bult coated with a fibrous network.
A. vineale, FIEL*> or CROW GARLIC. A weed from En. in gardens and
cult or waste low grounds ; slender scape sheathed to the middle by the hollow
thread-shaped leaves which are grooved down the upper side : flowers greenish-
rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets.
* * * Leaves narwi} -linear, grass-like: ouults and seeds several in each cell:
flowers nearly white, in sprint/.
A. Striatum. Low pine barrens and prairies, Virginia to Illinois and S. :
scape and leaves <>'- 12' high, the latter involute and striate on the back ; flowers
3- 10 in the umbel.
§ 2. Cultivated from the Old World : flowers in summer.
* Leai-esflat.
A. Mbly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Cult, for ornament in some gardens : leaves
broadly lanceolate; scape 1° high; flowers numerous, large, golden yellow.
A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered, pointed; Icnves lance-
linear, keeled ; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place ; filaments all
broad and 3-cleft.
A. Pdrrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb elongated, single : leaves broadly linear,
keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose-colored stripes ; 3 of
the fiUments 3-forked.
* * Leaves cylindrical, hollow: umbel globular, man t/- flowered.
A. Ascalonicum, SCIIALLOTJ. Bulb with oblong offsets ; leaves awl-
shaped ; flowers lilac-purple; 3 of the filaments 3-forked.
A. Schoenoprasum, CHIVES. Low, tufted; leaves awl-shaped, equal-
ling the scape; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and pointed,
long; filament simple.
A. Cepa, OVION. Bulb depressed, large; leaves much shorter than the
hollow inflated scape ; flowers white, or bulblets in their place.
27. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name of S. MARITIMA of S. Europe,
the bulb of which is the officinal «//////.)
S. Fraseri, WILD S. called WILL HYU-IVTH at the W., (>IAM\<II.
Moist banks and prairies from Ohio W. ^ S. W. : seape and linear-keeled
leaves 1° high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in spring.
S. amcer»a, S. vei'na, &c. are cult, from Europe ill some ehoiee collections,
for their ear'y bright blue flowers, but are rare.
28. MUSCARI, GRAPE or GLOBE IIYACIN'TIL (Name from the
musky scent of the flowers in one species.) All from En. : tl. spn-
M. botryoides, COMMON GRAPE-HYACINTH, of country gardens es-
caping into lawns and fields : a pretty little plant, sending up in early spring
•548 LILY FAMILY.
its narrow linear Icnvos, and a scape (5' -7' high) bearing a dense raceme of
globular deep lilac flowers which arc barelv J' long, resembling minute grapes,
scentless.
M. racetndsum, less common in gardens, is more slender, with flaccid
leaves ami ovoid faintly sccntcil Mowers.
M. moschatum, is glaucous, and has larger and ovoid-oblong livid musky-
seentcd flower>, and lincar-laiici ola.e shorter leaves.
M. COmbsum, is larger, 9' high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, on
longer pedicels in a IOOM' raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abortive: the
monstrous variety mo>t cultivated produces, later in the season, from the tufted
apex of the scape a large paiiiclcd mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue
branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance.
29. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name, the plant
dedicated to the favorite of Apollo.)
H. orientalis, COMMON II., of the Levant, with its raceme of bine flow-
ers, is the parent of the numberless cultivated varieties, of divers colors, single,
and double : h1. spring.
30. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for amiable flower.) One species,
A. umbellatus. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, a handsome house-plant,
turned out blooms in .summer; leaves large, bright-green, l°-2°long; scape
l£°-2° high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers.
31. FUNKIA. (Named for one FKM&, a German botanist.) Ornamental,
large-leaved, hardy plants, cult, from Japan and China : fl. summer. For-
merly united with the Day-Lilv.
F. subcordata. WHITE DAY-LILY, is the species with long, white, and
tubular-ronnel-form flowers.
F. ovata, I'«i.n: I)., the one with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet
flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube.
32. HEMEROCALLIS, DAY-LILY. (Name, in Creek, means l,,,nt,,-
of-a-<lny, the large flower ephemeral.) Cult, from the Old World, especially
in country gardens ; the first species escaped into roadsides : tl. summer.
H. fulva, COMMON DAY-LILY. A familiar, rather coarse and tall plant,
with hroadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner divisions wavy
and obtuse.
H. flava, YELLOW D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and light yellow
flowers, the inner divisions acute.
33. TRITOMA. (Name in Greek means thrice rut, supposed to allude to
the three sharp edges of the tapering apex of the leaves, viz. the two margins
and the keel.) Flowers unpleasantly-scented, showy, in autumn.
T. Uvaria, from Cape of Good Hope, planted out, is ornamental in autumn,
the scape rising from the thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3° or 4° high, the
cylindrical spike or raceme producing a long Hiece<>ion of flowers, which are
at first erect and coral-red, soon they hang over and change to orange and at
length to greenish yellow. Hoots half hardy N.
34. YUCCA, BKAU-GKASS. SI'AXISII-RAYONT.T. (American ab-
original name.) Wild in sandy soil S., extending into Mexico, ^c. Cult,
for ornament, but only the nearly Stemless species is really hardy N. . fl.
summer, large, and whole plant of striking appearance, ruder various names
and varieties, the common ones mainly belong to the following:
* Ti'unk short, covered in'th /«NVS, riain/i null/ a fnnt or ttvo above the ground :
jloirtriit'i >•/(///,- m-ii/ir-likr : /mil ili-y.
Y. fllamcnt6sa, COMMON BEAR-GHASR, or AUAM'S NEEDLE. From E.
Virginia S. : leaves lanceolate, 1°-L)0 long, spreading, moderately rigid, tipped
with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like filaments ; scape
3° -6° high ; flowers white or pale cream-color, sometimes tinged purplish.
RUSH FAMILY. 340
Y. angUStif61ia, wild over the plains beyond tin- Mis~is-ippi, is smaller,
with erect and narrow linear lea\e>, lew threads on their white margins, and
yellowish-white flowers.
* * Trunk arborescent, 2° -8° hii/li in irild plants on the sands of the cmist
S., or much hit/In r in conservatories, naked below : no thnuilx t<> tin- 1< «
Y. gloriosa. Trunk low, generally simple; leaves coriaeeoiK, sniooth-
edged, slender-spiny tipped, 1° — 2° long, l'-lj'wide; flowers white, or pur-
plish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle.
Y. aloifolia, SPANISH-BAYONET. Trunk 4° -20° high, branching when
old; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with \vry rough-serrulate saw
like edges, 2° or more long, 1^' - 2' wide ; the short paniele nearly sessile.
125. JUNCACE.SJ, RUSH FAMILY.
Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and Grasses,
yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, having a com-
plete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, but greenish aud
glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1 : stigmas 3.
1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage
smooth : stems often leafless, generally pithy.
2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, and one seed to
each. Stems and leaves often soft-hairy.
1. JUNCUS, RUSH, BOG-RUSH. (The classical Latin mime, from the
verb meaning to join, rushes being used for bands.) Flowers Mimnicr. — We
have more than 30 species, chiefly in bogs or wet grounds, nio-t of them diffi-
cult and little interesting to the beginner, — to be studied in the Manual and
in Dr. Engelmann's monograph. The following arc the commonest.
§ 1. LEAFLESS RUSHES, with naked and jointless round stems, wholly leafless,
mere/i/ with sheaths at IXIKC, in tnjlsfrom matted running rootstOCKS : Jfowers
in a lateral sessile panicle, y.
J. effilSUS, COMMON RUSH, in low grounds ; has soft and pliant stems
2°-4° high, panicle of many greenish flowers, 3 stamens, and vcrv blunt pod.
J. filifdrmis, of bogs and shores only N., is lender, pliant, l°-2° high,
with few greenish flowers, 6 stamens, and a broadly ovate blunt but short-
pointed pod.
J. Balticus, of sandy shores N. ; has very strong rootstocks, ri-id stems
2° -3° high, a loose panicle of larger (2" long) and chestnut-colored with green-
ish flowers, 6 stamens, and oblong blunt but pointed deep-brown pod.
§ 2. GRASSY-LEAVED RUSHES, with stems bearing grass-like jtat or thread-
shaped (n< i-er knotty) leaves, at Itast near the liase : panicle terminal.
* Flowers crowded in heads on the divisions of the panicle: stuns flattened:
haves flat: stamen* 3.
J. marginatUS. Sandy wet soil, from S. New England S.
high; leaves lony linear; heads several-flowered, brownish or purplish.
J. repens. 'Miry banks S. : spreading or .-(.(,11 creeping <
short linear ; heads of green flowers few in a loose leafy panicle.
* * Flowers single on the ultimate branches of the panicle, or rarely clustered:
stamens 6 : leaves slemlir,
J. bufonius. Along all wet roadsides, &c. : stem- low and slender, branch-
ing, 3'-9' high; greenish flowers scattered in a loose panicle; Bepalfl
linear and awl-pointed. i
J. Gerardi, BLACK GRASS of salt marshes : in tufts with rather r
l°-2° high, and a contracted panicle of chestnut-brown but partly gri
flowers, the sepals blunt. 2/
350 SPIDERWORT FAMILY.
J. t6nuis. Open low grounds and fields, everywhere N. : in tufts, with
wiry stems 10' -20' high, a loose panicle shorter than the slender leaves near it,
and LiTccn (lowers with lanceolate very acute sepals longer than the green blunt
and scarcely pointed pod. y.
3. dichotomus. Low sandy grounds, takes the place of the preceding S. :
has more thread-like leaves, flowers more onesided on the branches of the pan-
iele, and greeni.-h sepals only as long as the globular and beak-pointed brown-
ish pod. ^f
§ 3. KNOTTY-LEAVER RUSHES, the. sterna (often branching above) having 2-4
thread-ti/i'i/'nl or laterally flattened leaves, irldrk are knotty as if jointed
(especially when dry) by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal. Of
these there tin' ninny species, needing close discrimination : the following are
only the very commonest, especially the. northern ones. 2/
J. acuminatUS. Very wet places : 10'-30' high ; heads .3-10 flowered in
a loose spreading panicle, greenish turning straw-colored or brownish; sepals
lance-awl-shaped, barely as long as the triangular sharp-pointed pod; stamens
3 ; seeds merely acute at both ends. It flowers in early summer.
J. nodosus. Mostly in sandy or gravelly soil : spreading by slender root-
stocks which bear little tubers, 6'- 15' high: heads few, crowded, chestnut-
brown, each of 8-20 flowers; sepals lance-linear and awl-pointed, hardly as
long as the slender and taper-pointed pod ; seeds abruptly short-pointed at both
ends ; stamens ti.
J. scirpoides. From New York S. : stems rigid, l°-3° high from a
thick rootstock; heads spherical and dense, 15-80-tlowercd, dull pale green;
sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed ; stamens 3 ; pod taper-pointed ; seeds
abruptly short-pointed at each end.
J. Canadensis. Wet places, common, flowering in autumn, very variable,
l°-3° high; bends numerous, greenish or light brownish, 5 - many-flowered ;
sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter ; stamens 3 ; seeds tail-pointed at both
ends.
2. LUZULA, WOOD-RUSH. (Luciola is Italian for the glow-worm.) 11
L. pilbsa. Shady banks N. : G'-9' high; with lance-linear leaves, and
chestnut-brown flowers in an umbel, in spring.
L. campestris. Dry or moist fields and woods, 6'- 12' high, with linear
leaves, and 4-12 spikes or short heads of light brown or straw-colored heads in
an umbel, in spring.
126. COMMELYNACE^3, SPIDERWORT FAMILY.
Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branching leal y
stems, and perfect tlmvers, having a perianth of usually 3 green and
persistent sepals, and three ephemeral petals (these commonly melt
into jelly the night after expan-ion) ; 6 stamens, some of them often
imperfect, and a free 2-3-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod
2 - 3-celled, few-seeded. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical.
1. OOMMEl.VXA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes
united by their contiguous margins. Two of the petnl- rounded and on slen-
der claw'*, the odd one smaller or abortive. Stamens uneijiial: three of them
fertile, one of these bent inwards: three smaller and with cro«— haped im-
prrfi-et anthers: filamenN naked. I.eave> abruptly contracted and sheathing
at b:i-e. the uppermost forming a -pathe for tin- (lowers.
2. TRADESCANTlA. Flowers regular. 1'etals all alike, ovate, sessile. The
(J stamens all with similar and good anthers, on bearded filaments.
1. COMMEI/^NA, DAY-FLOWER. (There were three Commelyns,
Dutch botanists, two of them were authors, the other published nothing. In
naming this genus for them, Liniueus is understood to have designated the
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 3f> 1
two former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive
petal. ) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from the j< >ints ;
in alluvial or moist shady soil : fl. all summer.
C. erecta. From Penn. S. & W. : stem erect, 2° -4° high; leave, lanee-
oblong, 3' -7' long, the margins rough backwards, and sheaths fringed with
bristles; spathes crowded, hooded, top-shaped in fruit; odd petal like the others
but smaller.
C. Virginica. From S. New York S. & W. : stems reclining and rooting
at base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, conduplicate,
round-heart-shaped when laid open ; odd petal inconspicuous.
2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDERWORT. (Named for the gardener-bot-
anist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. 11
* Wild species of moist or rich woods, one vt-ry common in gardens: with erect
stems, linear or lanceolate keeled leaves, the uppermost nearly like the others.
•*- Umbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of leaves, or later
also in the lower axils : flowering in summer.
T. Virginica. Common wild from W. New York W. & S , and in gar-
dens : leaves lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, cilian- ;
umbels terminal; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white.
T. pilbsa. Chiefly W. : 2° or more high, with zig/.ag stem, more or less
pubescent leaves lanceolate from a narrowish base, very dense terminal and ax-
illary umbels of smaller and later purple-blue flowers, and hairy calyx and
pedicels-
-i- •»- Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle.
T. rbsea. Sandy woods chiefly S. & W. : slender, 6' -12' high, smooth,
with linear grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers ^' wide.
* * Conservatory species from the tropics.
T. zebrina, the only one common, spreads by branching and rooting freely,
rarely blossoms, is cult, for its foliage ; the lance-ovate or oblong rather succu-
lent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, variegated with two,
broad stripes of silvery white.
127. XYRIDACEJE, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F.
Rush-like herbs, with equiiant leaves, like Sedges, or rather Bul-
rushes, in having flowers in a head or spike one under each linn
glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of o sepal- and 3 col-
ored (yellow) petals; also a 1 -celled many-seeded ovary and pod
with 3 parietal placentas, somewhat as in the Rush Family, repre-
sented by
Xyris flexubsa, COMMON YELLOW-EYED GRASS, of sandy
4'- 16' high; head roundish; lateral sepals glume-like lance-oblong, l«mt-
shaped, wingless; the anterior one larger, membranaceons, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it ;' petals 3, with claws, alternatm- with
3 sterile bearded or plumose filaments and bearing on their base 3 naked fila-
ments with linear anthers ; style 3-cleft. 11
X. Caroliniana, the commonest of several Southern speeies ; al><> ?
l°-2°high, the scape 2-edged at top, bearing a larger head (about \' long),
lateral sepals winged but nearly naked cm the keel. y.
X. fimbriata, from pine barrens of New Jersey S. : 2° high, with oblong
head almost 1' long, the lateral sepals fringed on the keel. ^
352 SEDGE FAMILY.
128. ERIOCAULONACE.SI, PIPEWORT FAMILY.
Another small group of mar>h or aquatic herbs, of Rush-like
appearance, with a head of monoecious white-bearded flowers, in
structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminating a naked
scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl-shaped, linear,
or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, not equitant, but the
upper surface concave.
Eriocatllon septangulare, in ponds or in their gravelly margins, is
the common species N., \vith7-augled scape 2' -6' high, or more, when the water
is deeper : ti. summer.
E. gnaphalodes, with grassy awl-shaped taper-pointed leaves, in pine-
barren swamps from N. Jersey S.
E. decangulare, with similar or wider and blunt leaves, lo-12-ribbed
scapes l°-3° high, and heads sometimes £' wide; in similar situations S.
III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers enclosed or sub-
tended by glumes or husk-like bracts ; no proper calyx or corolla,
except sometimes minute bristles or scales which represent the peri-
anth. Stems of the straw-like sort, called culms.
129. CYPERACE.3E, SEDGE FAMILY.
Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in spikes or
heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume being a scale-like or
husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, except some vestiges in the
form of bristles or occasionally scales, or a sac which imitates a
perianth ; the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions
of the style 2 when the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 3, when it
is usually triangular. Leaves when present very commonly 3-
ranked, and their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large
family, to be studied in the Manual, &c., and too dillicult for the
beginner. Therefore passed over here.
None cultivated, except sparingly CVPERUS ESCULENTUS of the
Mediterranean region, for its nut-like. .-wcet-taMrd tubers, called
Cn UFA: only two are pernicious weeds, and that from their multi-
plying by similar nut-like tubers, which are hard to extirpate; these
are CYPEROS rnv.MATbnES, in sandy soil, but troublesome only S. ;
.111(1 C. ROTUNDUS, var. HYDRA, the NUT-GRASS Or COCO-GRASS
of the South. In the genus SciRPUS, the tall COMMON BULRUSH,
S. LACUSTRIS, or better the small one with 3-sided stems, S. PUN-
<;KNS, in the borders of ponds, is used for rush-bottomed chairs.
CLADIUM EFFCSTM, with its coarse saw-edged leaves is the SAW-
GRASS of the South. Of Sedges proper (CAKEX) there are about
160 species, several of which contribute (more in bulk than value)
to the hay of low coarse meadows and halt-reclaimed bogs.
GRASS KAMII.Y.
130. GRAMINE.&J, GRASS FAMILY.
Grasses, known from other glumaceous plants by their 2-ranked
leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems commonly, but not
always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a pair to each spikclci
even when it consists of a single flower (these called glumes proper),
and a pair to each flower (called palets), rarely one of them want-
ing. Flower, when perfect, as it more commonly is, consisting of 3
stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft
style, and 2 either hairy or plumose-branched >tigmas : ovary 1-
celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a grain: the floury part is the albumen
of the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, p. 25, fig.
G6-70).
The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spikelets
of Grasses are much too difficult and recondite for a beginner. For
their study the Manual must be used: in which the genera both of
this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. Here is offered
merely a shorthand way of reaching the names of the commonest
cultivated and meadow grasses and the cereal grains
A. Stems hollow, or soon becoming so.
§ 1. Spikelets in panicles, sometimes crowded but never so as to fonn a spike.
* F/ow.rs moncccious, the staminate and pistillate separate in the same panicle.
Zizania aquatica, IKDIAN RICE or WATER OATS : in water, common-
est N. W. ; tall and reed-like Grass, with leaves almost as large as those of
Indian Corn, the upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on
erect club-shaped pedicels, the lower hearing staminate flowers on spreading
branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumes, the outer one
long-awncd ; grain slender, y long, collected for food by N. \V. Indians. (I)
* * Flowers one and perfect in earh spikeltt, with or without rudiments of others.
-*- Stamens 6.
Oryza sativa, RICE. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds: 2° -4° hiijh,
with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; branchc- of the panicle crert ;
outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much flattened laterally, .-<> as
to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, closing over the grain and falling
with it, the outer one commonly bearing an awn. ©
•i- -i- Stamens 3, or rarely fewer.
Agr6stis Vlllgaris, RKD-TOP. Rather low and delicate grass of meadows
and pastures, with oblong spreading panicle of small purple or purplish spikelets ,
the lanceolate proper glumes thin, but much firmer than the delicate palets,
about the length of the outer one, the upper truncate palet one half shorter. 11
A. alba, FIORIN or WHITE BENT GRASS. Less abundant in meadows,
the stems with procumbent or creeping base; lignle long and conspicuous;
panicle more dense, greenish or slightly purplish : a valuable meadow-grass. "21
Calamagrdstis Canaddnsis, BI.CK-JOINT GRASS. In all bogs X.. and
in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle : 3°-5° high ; resembles an Airro--
tis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hair-; around the flower almo-t of
its length, the lower palet with a delicate awn low down on its back and scarcely
stouter than the surrounding down. 2/
C. arenaria, SEA SAXD-REED of beaches where it serves a useful pur-
pose in binding the sand by its long running rootstocks ; has the panicle con-
tracted into a long spike-like inflorescence, so that it would be sought in the
next division ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs at
the base of the palets two thirds shorter than they. TJ.
S & F— 26
354
r.\Mii v.
Phalaris arundinacea, NEED CANARY-GRASS, the striped variety is
the familiar RIHKON-GRASS of country gardens ; wild in bogs and low grounds ;
2° -4° high, with flat leaves nearly $' wide, flowering in early summer, in a
pretty dense contracted panicle, hut open when the blossoms expand; the ovate
whitish glumes longer and much thinner than the blunt coriaceous palets ; a
hairy rudiment or appendage at the base of each of the latter. ^
P. Canariensis, CANARV-GKASS. Cult, from Eu. for Canary-seed, and
running wild in some waste places: ]0-20 high, with the panicle contracted
into a sort of oblong spike, the glumes with wing-like keels, and a little scale or
rudimentary sterile flower at the base of each palet. ©
* * * Flowers several in each spikdet, all or nearly all perfect.
-»- Reeds or Canes of the borders of rivers and ponds. 2/
Phragmites COmmunis, COMMON REED, mostly N. : 5° -12° high,
with leaves l'-2' wide, the stems dying down to the base; panicle in late sum-
mer or autumn, loose ; spikelets 3 -7-flowered. beset with white silky long hairs.
Arundinaria macrosp6rma, LARGE CANE, forming the cane-brakes
S. : with woody stems 10° -20° high and leaves l'-2' wide, branching the sec-
ond year, at length flowering from the branches, in Feb. or March ; the panicle
of a few small racemes of large many-flowered naked spikelets, the palets downv.
A. tecta, SMALLER REED, S., is only 4° - 10° high, and more branching.
-i- -i- Meadow- Grasses, Sfc. ; with awn if any terminating the glume or pakt.
Dactylis glomerata, ORCHARD-GRASS. Nat. from Europe in meadows
and yards : a tall and coarse but valuable grass for hav, t£.c , flourishes in shadv
places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, pa'le, and keeled leaves, and
a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the spikelets are much crowded,
each 3-4-flowcred, both the glumes and the laterally compressed-keeled lower
palet tapering into a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel : fl. early summer. ^
P6a, MEADOW-GRASS ; several common species ; known by the open panicle
of 3- 10-flowered spikelets, the glumes and palets blunt (no awn nor pointed
tip), the latter laterally compressed and deep boat-shaped, with scarious or white
membranaceous edges, and usually some delicate cobwebby hairs towards the
base. Fl. summer. ^, all but the first.
Poa annua, Low SPEAR-GRASS. Very low weedy grass in cult, ground,
waste places, paths, &c. : fl. in spring or again in summer. ©
P. COmpressa, WIRE GRASS. In gravelly waste soil: pale, with low
very flat steins, rising obliquely from a creeping base; panicle small.
P. ser6tina, FOWL-MEADOW-GRASS or FALSE RED-TOP: an important
native grass in wet meadows N. ; (lowers in late summer in a loose panicle, the
2-4-flowercd ^pikelets green with dull purple; lower palet narrow, acutish.
P. trivialis, ROUGIIISH MEADOW-GRASS. A common introduced meadow
and pasture grass, N. : flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of green
spikelcts, these mostly .'(-flowered, the lower palet prominently 5-nerved ; sheaths
mid leaves roughish ; lignle oblong, acute. A white-striped variety, lately in-
troduced, is cult, for ornament and very pretty.
P. prat6nsis, COMMON M. or westward called KFXTITKY BLUE GRASS.
Dry meadows ami pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and with more
crowded and often purplish panicle than the foregoing, flowering in earliest
Miinmer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt; lower palet hairy
along the margins and the 5 nerves.
Festtica, FESCUE GRASS. Known from Poa by the firmer or even oori-
HC ..... us texture of the lower palet, which is convex on the back, not cobwebby,
and sometimes awn-tipped.
F. OVina, SHEEP'S FKSCI-E. Valuable pasture and lawn-grass, 4° -2° high,
tufted, with slender or involute pale leaves, 3 - ^-flowered spikelets in a short
1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the lower palet rolled
uj>, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or bri<tle-likc awn. T£
GRASS FAMILY. .",."».".
F. elatior, TALLEU MEADOW FESCI;E, A rather rigid grass of meadows
nnd pastures, nat. from Europe: l°-4° high, with LJTCCII flat leaves, a narrow
panicle with short branches appressed before ami after llowcrinjr, 5 - 10-tlowcrcd
green spikelets, the lower palet blunt, or acute, or rarely with a short awn. 1J.
Br6mUS, BKOMK GRASS. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an O])en
panicle, containing 5-10 or more flowers, the lower palet with a short brittle
point or an awn from, the blunt rounded tip or notch, the upper palet >oon adher-
ing to the grain. Coarse grasses : two or three wild species are common, and the
following are weeds of cultivation, from Europe, or the last cultivated tor (odder.
B. secalinus, COMMON CHESS or CHEAT. Too well known in wheat-
fields ; nearly smooth ; panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets
turgid; flowers laid broadly over each other in the two ranks; lower palet
convex on the back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. © @
B. racemdsus. UPRIGHT CHESS : like the other, but with narrower
erect panicle contracted in fruit, lower palet sicnder-awned, and sheaths .-ome-
times hairy. © ®
B. mollis, SOFT CHESS : like the preceding, but soft-downy, with denser
conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned lower palet acute. © @
B. unioloides, or B. SCIIR.\DERI (CERATOCIII.OA UNIOLOIDES) : lately
much prized for fodder, may be valuable S., is rather stout and broad-leaved,
with drooping large spikelets much flattened laterally, so that the lower palets
are almost conduplicate and keeled on the back. ]/
Briza maxima, LARGE QUAKING GRASS or RATTLESNAKE-GRASS, is
sometimes cult, in gardens for ornani /nt, from En. : a low trrass, with the
hanging many-flowered ovate-heart-shaped spikelets somewhat like those of
Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, becoming dry and papery, rattling
in the wind, — whence the common name. ©
-i- -4- •»- Grain and fileadow-Grnsses, ivith a mostly twisted or !>ent awn on the
bar/i of the I nicer pnlet : flowers 2 or 3, or ff.io in t/ie spilcelet, and mostly
shorter than the (/lames.
+-<• Flowers perfect or the uppermost rudimentary.
Aveaa sativa, CULTIVATED OAT, from Old World : soft and smooth,
with a loose panicle of large drooping spikelets, the palets investing the grain,
one flower with a long twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. ©
A. nilda, SKINLESS OAT, rarely cult, from Old World : has narrower
roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikeiet, and grain loose in the palets. ©
*+ +•*• One floicer perfect and one. staminate only.
ArrenathSrum avenaceum, OAT-GRASS, or GRASS-OF-THE-ANDES.
Rather coar>e but soft grass, introduced from Europe into meadows and fields
and rather valuable : 2° -4° high, with flat linear leaves, IOIIL;- and loose panicle,
thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the lower palet, of
which bears a long bent awn below its middle, above this a perfect flower with
its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above that a rudiment of a
third flower. 2/
H61CUS lanatus, VELVET-GRASS, or MBADOW-SOPT-GRASS. Introduced
from En. into meadows, not very common, li°-2° hiirh. well distinguished by
its paleness and velvety softness', being soft downy all over ; panicle crowded ;
the flowers only 2 in the spikeiet, small, rather distant, the lower one perfect
and awnless, tlie upper staminate and with a curved or hooked awn below the
tip of its lower palet. y,
§ 2. Spikelets either strict/i/ spiked or in a panicle so contracffl and dm*r as to
imitate a spike. (I fere would he gout/lit one apides o/"Calamagrostis and
one of Phalaris.yo/- which see above, p. 354, 35").)
* Aim borne low down on the back of one or tiro p<il,ts.
Anthoxanthum Odoratum, SWEET-SCENTED VI-:IIVAL-GKV<*. n.it
from Eu. : the plant which gives delicious fragrance to drying hay (the other,
3.")G GRASS FAMILY.
viz. HIEROCHLOA RORE.X.LI9, SENECA or HoLY-Gn.*ss, being rare) : low.
slender, soft and smooth ; the pale brown or greenish spikclcts crowded in an
evident spike-like panicle ; each compo-ed of a pair of thin very unequal glumes,
above and within these a pair of obcordate or 2-lolted hairy empty palets, one
with a lient awn from near its ba.-e, the other with a shorter awn higher up;
above and within these a pair of very small smooth and roundish pain-, of
parchment-like texture, enclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally in-
vesting the grain. 2/
Alopeeurus pratensis, MEADOW FOXTAIL. Introduced from Europe
ahundantlv into meadows K. : flowering in spring; stem about 2° high, bearing
few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and dense spike, or what
seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short side branches, not on
the main axis ; these spikelets very flat contrary to the glumes, which are con-
duplicate, united by their edges towards the base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the
keel; these enclose a single conduplicate lower palet (the upper one wholly
wanting) which bears a long awn from below the middle of the back, and sur-
rounds 3 stamens and the pistil.
* * Awn, if any, from the apex of the glumes or palets.
->- Spikelels densely crowded in a long perfectly cylindrical apparent spike, each spike-
Itt strictly \-jl<nr< 1 1 d : gliding '2, k« /< <l and nearly conduplicate, aim-pointed,
much larger and oj jiriiur texture than the thin and truncate awn/ess palets.
Phl&um pratense, CAT-TAIL GRASS, TIMOTHY, or HERD'S GRASS;
introduced from En.; a coarse but most valuable meadow grass, 2°-4° hi.i:h.
with green roughMi spike 3'- 8' long; the small spikelets are crowded on very
short branches, and therefore the seeming spike is not a true one. ^£
+. H_ Xpiki-h't-i sirirtlt/ spliced all on one side of a flattened jointiess rhachis, much
cruirdid: t/i>< 2-5 spikes digitate, i. e. a// on the a/iex of the flowering stem :
pulets awiittss. Finger-grass miijht be sought here ; see Panicum below.
*•* Flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudiment beyond it, awnless.
Cynodon Dactylon, IU-.RMI-DA or SCITTCII GRASS. An introduced weed
chieflv S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is not to
be had ; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short flatfish
leaves and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bearing the 3-5 slender
spikes. T/
*+ ++ Flowers 3 - T> or more in each spiki'hi, the uppermost generally imperftct .•
sfid loose, proportionally large, rough-wrinkled. ®
Eleusine Indica, CRAB-GRASS, YARD-GRASS, DOU'S-TAIL, or WiiiE-
GRVSS. Introduced only in yards or lawns X., more abundant S., where it is
valuable for cattle; low," spreading over the ground, pale; glumes and palets
pointless.
Dactyloct6nium JEgyptlacum, EGYPTIAN GRASS. Yards and fields,
chieflv a weed, S. : creeping over the ground, low ; spikes dense and thickish ;
glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the strongly
keeled boat-shaped lower "palet also pointed.
+.+.*- Spikekts spiked alternately on opposite sitls of a zi,,z,tn jointed rhachis.
+* Glume only one to the solitary spib'lcl, which stands edgewise.
L61ium pcr6nne, D \UXEI.. RYE-GRASS, or KAY GBABS. Introduced
from Europe : a good pasture-grass, l°-2° high, with loose spike 5 -6 tone,
of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed cd-vwi-e. BO that one row of
(lowers is next the glume, the other next the rhachis ; lower palet sliort-awned
or awnless.
•«• Glumes a p,i:r to the single spiMf, right <i,,,l left at each joint of the rhachis.
Triticum r6pens, Cor. II-HKASS, <>i ITCH or QUICK-GRASS, O^e , belongs
to the section with perennial roots; this spreads amazingly by its vigorous
long running rootstocks, is a pest in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and
GRASS FAMILY. I}.', 7
hard for a meadow grass : of many varieties, introduced from Europe ; spikelets
4- S-flowered ; lower palct cither pointless or short-awned. 2/
T. VUlgare, WHEAT. Spike dense, somewhat 4-idr.l ; tin- spikrl, -H
crowded, 4- 5-flowcred, turgid; glumes veutricosc, blunt; palrt either a
or awnless ; grain free. ©
T. Spelta, SPELT. A grain rarely cult, in this country; spike flat, the
rhachis fragile, breaking up at the joints ; grain enclosed in tlic paler-, i
Secale cereale, UVE. Tall ; spike as in wheat; spikelcts with onlv •>. per-
fect flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the ba,-e ; low.-r pa'let veu-
tricosc, long awncd ; grain brown.
+-•*-•*- Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forminej on inrolucre.
Hordeum VUlgare, COMMON BARLKY, from the Old World : spike
dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile flower, ita
lower palet long-awned. ©
H. distichum, T\VO-ROWED BARLEY, from Tartary : only one spikelet
at each joint of the rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being
reduced to sterile rudiments, the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. i
•i- -t- -t- -t- Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some-
wltat on one side of the rhachis : each with a single p< /•/«»•/ flower, //.< /<"/>/.s
of coriaceous or cartilaginous tcxtnr,- : by the side of it are either one or two
thin palets of a sterile usually neutral flower.
Setaria, FOXTAIL-GRASS. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of tho
contracted spike-like panicle or seeming spike, these continued beyond them
into awn-like rough bristles ; but no awns from the spikelets themselves.
Weeds, or the last one cult. ; all from Old World ; fl. late summer. ©
S. glauca, COMMON* FOXTAIL : in all stubble and cultivated grounds ; low ;
spike tawny yellow, dense ; long bristles 6-11 in a cluster, rough upwards (as
also all the following) ; palets of perfect flower wrinkled cros.-wi-r.
S. viridis, GREEN FOXTAIL or BOTTLE-GRASS; has less dense and green
spike, fewer bristles, and palets of perfect flower striate lengthwise.
S. Italica, or GERMA.NICA, ITALIAN MILLET, BENGAL GRASS, &c. Cult,
for fodder, 3° - 5° high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted so-
called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes G' - 9' long and
nodding when ripe; bristles short and few in a cluster; palets of the fertile
flower smooth.
Panicum (Digitaria) sanguinale, FINGER-GRASS or CRAB-GK\*S.
Chiefly a weed in cult, fields in late summer and autumn, but useful in thin
grounds S. for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, digitate, nearly
1-sided ; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered with 3 glumes ; no awns. ©
P. Crus-galli, COCK'S-FOOT P., or BARXYARD-GRASS. Common weedy
grass, of moist barnyards and low rich grounds : coarse, with rather broad Iruvr-,
and numerous seeming spikes along the naked summit of the floweriuir -tnn-,
often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets containing one fertile and our >terilc
flower, the lower palet of the latter bearing a coarse rough awn. i
P capillare, WITCH GRASS of stubble and corn-fields in autumn. Inning
a very open capillary panicle, would be sought under another division ; it is a
mere weed. ©
B. Stems not hollow, pitfii/.
§ 1. Spikelets clustered or smtti n>l in mi ample panicle, each icith one perfect and
one neutral or staminate flower.
* Witltoiit silhi-ilown : </lttmes, frc. russet-broum, c«ri,i<-<« />.
Sorghum. VUlgare, INDIAN MILLET, PUKKA, or DOCRA. &C., from Africa
or India; the var. CERNUUM. GTINLA CORN, has dcnsch contracted panicle,
and is cult, for the grain. Var. SACCIIARATUM, SWEET SORGHUM, CmNESB
SUGAR-CANE, IMPIIEE, &c., cult, for the syrup of the stem ; and BKOO.M-CORN.
for the well-known corn-brooms. ©
3.">8 GKASS FAMILY.
* * Lonrj white silky down with
Saccharum Officinarum, Tun: Si «. \I:-<'ANI: : cult, far S. : rarely
left to flower, propagated by cuttings; stein 8°- 20° high, 1'-^' thick. 2/
Gyndrium. arg6nteum, PAMPAS (JKASS. Tall reed-like grass, from
S. America, planted out tin- ornament; with a large tuft of rigid linear and
tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length ; the flowering stem 0
to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle. 2£
§ 2. Sp/kelels in spikes : slamhiate and pistillate separate,
* In the same spike, the upper part of which is staininate, the lower pistillate,
Tripsacum dactyloides, (JAMA (JKASS, SKSAMK GHASS. Wild in
moist soil from Conn. S. : proposed for fodder S. ; nutritious, but too coarse ;
leaves almost as large as those of Indian corn ; spikes narrow, eompo.-ed of a
row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fertile cylindrical, the exter-
nal! v cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the rhaehis, the sterile part thinner
and flat, ^
* * In different spikes.
Z6a Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN COUN. Stem terminated by the clustered
slender spikes of staininate (lowers (the tuxsrl) in 2-flowercd spikclets ; the pis-
tillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch,
two flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pis-
tillate, with an extremely long style, the silk, (i)
SERIES IT.
FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS:
THOSE which fructify without true flowers, that is, with-
out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) in
place of seeds.
CLASS III. ACROGENS ; the highest class of Flower-
less Plants, those with a distinct axis, or stem, growing
from the apex, containing woody matter and ducts, and
bearing leaves, or something answering to leaves.
The account of the three following families is contributed by PROFESSOR
DANIEL C. EATON, of Yale College. Figures of the indigenous genera are
given in the Manual.
131. EQUISETACE^I, HORSE-TAIL FAMILY.
Perennial flowerless plants, rising from creeping rootstocks ; tli<*
stems mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at
the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves ; either simple or
with branches in whorls about the joints ; fructification in terminal
cone-like spikes, composed of 5-angled short-stalked and shield-
shaped scales, each bearing on the under surface about 6 one-celled
spore-cases. Contains but one genus.
1. EQUISETTJM, HORSE-TAIL, SCOURING-RUSH. (Name from
the Latin, meaning horse-tail.) Stems grooved, the cuticle often containing
silex ; each joint closed at the lower end, and bearing at the upper a tubular
sheath (a whorl of united leaves) which encloses the base of the next joint,
and is split into as many narrow teeth as there are ridges in the stem. Seeds
(that is, s/>or<s) minute, each with four club-shaped threads, which are coiled
about the spore when moist, but uncoil suddenly when dried. — Of 25 spot-it's
most of them widely distributed throughout the world, four or five are com-
mon with us. (Lessons, p. 157, fig. 493-498.)
§ 1. Stems living through the winter, unbrancJied, or with very few branches, fni it-
ing in sMitnter.
E. hyemale, DUTCH RUSHES, SCOUUIXG-RUSH. Common on wet banks,
N. : steins solitary or 2-4 together, cylindrical. l°-4° high, with ninny nuiirh
ridges; sheaths marked with one or two black rings, and divided into 15-25
narrow teeth, their points deciduous.
E. scirpoides. Wooded hillsides, from IVun. N. : stems in dense clus-
ters, 3' -6' high, not hollowed, very Blender and wiry, entangled, about 6-fur-
rowed ; sheaths 3-toothed.
3 GO FERN FAMILY.
§ 2. Stems annual, not living through the winter, branched, at least the sterile ones.
E. limbsum. Muddy cd^-cs of streams, rather common : stems all alike,
2° -3° high, with many furrows, fruiting in summer, and afterwards sending
out a few upright liranchcs ; hheaths with 15-20 dark-colored acute teeth.
E. arvense, COMMON HOKSI.-TAIL. Moist sandy places, common X. :
fertile steins unbranchcd, with very conspicuous sheaths, 4'-S' high, appearing
in earlier-t spring and soon withering; sterile steins S'-2O' high, producing
many whorls of rather rigid slender and mostly simple 4-angled branches.
E. sylvaticum, WOODLAND H. Common N., along the edges of moist
woods : fertile stems appearing in early spring, but lasting all summer, both
these and the sterile ones producing many whorls of spreading or gracefully
decurved compound softish 3 - 5-furrowed branches and branchlets ; sheaths of
the main stem loose, 8- 14-toothcd.
132. PILICES, FERN FAMILY.
Flowerless plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even
erect trunks, bearing distinct leaves (fronds), which are rolled up
(circinate) in the bud (except in one group), and bear commonly on
the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, consist-
ing of 1 -celled spore-cases (technically called sporangia) variously
grouped in dots, lines, or masses, and containing but one kind of
minute, 1-celled, powdery, numerous spores. A large family, most
abundant in warm and moist regions, consisting of 8 suborders, 6 of
which are represented with us.
[ The divisions of a pinnatifid frond are properly called segments ; of a pinnate
frond, pinnos; of a 2 — 3—4-jrinnate frond, pinnubs or ultimate segments. The. stalk
of the frond is a stipe; its continuation t/noii(/h th<' /'nnul, t/,e rfuicliis ; its branrlns,
partial or secondary rliachises. A rharhis Imrdi-nd l>y the leafy portion becomes a
midrib, which may be primary, secondary, $-c.\
I. POLYPODIACE^E, or TRUE FERNS: characterized by
stalked spore-cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed,
elastic, ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore-
case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore-cases rarely
if ever on very narrow thread-like branches; the fruit-dots often
covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusiuiri).
§ 1. No definite fruit-dots, but the spore-crises in large patches on the under surface
of the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface: no indiisium.
1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched,
with reticulated veins : spore-cases covering the whole under surface of the
frond or of its upper divisions.
2. PLATYCEKIUM. Fronds irregularly forking; veins reticulated: spore-cases
in large patches on special portions of the under surface.
§ 2. Spore-cases on Ihe back of the frond, sometimes near the mnrain, in dots or lines
(sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but without indiisium of
tint/ kind.
3. POLYPODH'M. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate: veins free
or reticulated; fruit-dots round or roundish, at the ends i,C the veins, or at the
point when- -e\ era I veins meet (<in<istt>mt<m\. Stalk articulated to the root-
stock, and le:ivin'_r a distinct scar when decayed away.
14. PHEGOPTEBIS. Agrees with Polypodium iii nm-i respects; but has the fruit-
dots smaller, and commonly on the veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is
not articulated to the rhachis.
4. QTMN06BAMME § CKKOP TKR1S. Fronds compound, covered beneath
with white or yellow waxy powder: fruit-dots in long often forking lines
on the veins.
KHUN FAMILY. 3G1
5. NOTHOL.ENA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery be-
neath; fruit-dots at the ends of the vein*, turmiiiL' a line next the margin uf
the divisions.
§ 3. Spore-cases on the brick along the margin of the frond, pmr'nh-d with an invo-
lucre formed of its reflexed and more or less ulu 1-1 <l iu>in/in.
6. ADIAXTUM. Fruit-dot-* :it the ends of the vein-;, borne on the inner side of a
reflexed portion of the margin. Stalk 'lurk and poiMied. -'.m'-'imes rhaiVv-
bristly. Pinnules always separate, distinctly .stalked or alnio-t gi
never decurrent on the rliachis.
7. PTERIS. Spore-cases on a transverse veinlike reee|>taele within the mar/in,
which connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the rellexed ihin
margin. Stalk light-colored (except in § Doryopteri.s.) Pinnules or ultimate
segments adnate to the rhachis, often decurrent.
8. PELL-5SA. Spore-cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent
in a sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less c<>\
by the reflexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, some-
times chall'y. Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so.
§ 4. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinleit, in rows near the
midrib and parallel to it: indusiuin of the same shape as the fruit-lint, opining
toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful i-mss-veiiiltt.
9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly
sunken in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large,
native. Veins reticulated, often very much so.
10. DOODIA. Fruit-dots oblong, often slightly crescent-shaped, not sunken in the
frond. Exotics; the narrow fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate.
§ 5. fruit-dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with i/irulu-
cres of like shape attached by one edije to the n inl< / mid free atony the other.
11. ASPLEXIUM. Fruit-dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinleN,
rarely double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins
mostly free.
12. SCOLO'PENDRIUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to
face along contiguous veinlcts; each pair thus seeming to be a single one
with an indusium opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped
or tongue-shaped, with free forking vein*.
13. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib
double as in the last; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simple as in
Asplenium. Frond simple, tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting
point. Veins reticulated.
§ 6. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the, ends, round or roundish, covered
at least when y»uny by a special indusiuin of the same general shape. Sterile
and fertile fronds alike or nearly so.
15. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the cen-
tre, opening all round the edge. Mostly rather large. Ferns, from once to thrice
pinnate. Veins free in the native species.
16. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit-
dot, at length reflexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice or thrice pinnate
fronds. Veins free.
§ Sterile fronds broad and leafy : fertile ones with rontnti'tid anil rolled rip and pod-
like or berry-like diclsions: indusium reri/ e//s. •«/•.. irrci/id-irl// semicircular,
placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the s/wre-cases tire attached.
17. STRUTHTOPTERIS. Sterile fronds tall, with free veins, growing in a crown;
fertile fronds coming up much later in an inner circle, pinnate, e:n-h pinna
rolled up from the edges into a somewhat cylindrical or necklace-like body,
containing the fruit.
18. OXOCLEA. Fronds scattered on along creeping rootstock; sterile ..nes wit
reticulated veins; fertile ones twice pinnate, the divi-imis contracted, rolled
up and berry-like.
§ 8. Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays,
placed on the veins under the round fruit-dots, sometimes at first eaoeuping
the spore-cases.
19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts: fronds once or twice-
pinnate : veins forked, free.
3G2 FKKN FAMILY.
§ 9. Frvil-flotf separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin <\f the frond,
borne on ilif i">/'/.< <'/' tin I'linf, in' mi tin i //'/.s of very short side-Ktinlets : the
indusium iiltin'hul <ii tin- Ijnm- or //utf ami sides, (mil opening toward the mar-
gin of the fruitful portion of the frond.
20. DAYAI.I.IA. Indusiuin of a single piece, flatfish or often convex and shaped
lik.' li:ilfa gohlet cut lengthwise. F.xotic Fern-, mostly decompound.
21. DICKSONIA.. Indu-iuni united !>y its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the
t'rnnd, li.niiing a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening
as the spore-cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter
arborescent.
II. CYATHEACE^,or TREE FERNS: with erect and tree-
like stems, often many feet high. Fruit-dots round, not marginal,
naked, or with an involucre placed beneath the stalked spore-cases,
which are seated on a globose or elevated receptacle, have a some-
what oblique complete ring, and burst open transversely.
22. CYATHKA. Fruit-dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, fit first enclosed
in a globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with
an entire or broken edge.
23. ALSOl'illLA. Fruit-dots as on the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudi-
mentary indu-ium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore-*
veins free.
III. HYMENOPHYLLACEJE, or FILMY FERNS: these
have very delicate and tran-lucent fronds, the short-pedicelled spore-
cases growing on a sl.ort or long thread-like receptacle, included in
a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped involucre, and furnished with a complete
transverse or slightly oblique ring.
24. TIMCIIOMANKS. Fruit-clots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends
through the funnel-form or goble---haped involucre, as a thread-like recepta-
cle bearing the spore-ca~e-; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and
of the same pellucid texture.
IV. SCHIZvEACE/E : mostly small Ferns, or else with climb
ing fronds. Spore-cases ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse,
articulated ring or cap at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal
slit.
* ferns with elegnnt climbing f rands, rising from slender creeping rootstorks: spore-
cttte&jveed by their side.
25. LYGODITM. Pinna? or frondlets in pairs. Spore-cases covered bv imbri-
cating -eale-like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond.
* # Not climbing: rootstock short : fronds flustered: spore-cases fixed by their base:
n<> indvsivm.
2«. ANT.IMI A. S]>oiv-e:i-e~ on the narrow pauicled branches of the lowest pair of
piniijv of the 1 - :i pinnate frond, or on separate fronds.
27. SCIII/.KA. Spnre-ea-es in a double row <>n the narrow divisions of a pinnate
or rarely pedate special appendage to the. simple, and linear, or fan-shaped,
and sometimes many-forked frond.
V. OSMUNDACEJE, or FLOWERING FERNS: rather large
Ferns; the spore-eases covered witli reticulated ridges, opening
longitudinally into two valves, and with no ring, or a mere vestige
of a transverse ring at the back.
88. OSMI'N'DA. Kootstock verv thick, creeping, the growing end producing a
crown of tall showy frond-;. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted,
pimmtely compound, the narrow often tlireud-like divisions densely covered
with nearly sessile spore-cases.
FERN FAMILY. 303
VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE.E, the ADDKR'S-TONGUE FAM-
ILY: mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, gluluilar, coriac-nus
opaque and smooth spore-cases, opening transversely into 2 valves,
and wholly destitute of a ring. Fronds not rolled up in the bud,
as they are in all the foregoing, rising from a very short rootstock
or conn, with fleshy roots.
29. BOTRYCHIUM. Spore-cases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile
part of the frond compound; veins free.
30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Spore-cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of
frond simple in our species ; the veins reticulated.
1. ACROSTICHTJM § CHRYSODIUM. (From Greek words meaning
a row at the tup, the application not evident.) All tropical.
A. atireum. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of South Florida;
the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous; pinnae 4' -6' long, l'-2' wide, elliptical
or oblong-linear.
2. PLATYCERIUM, STAG-HORX FERN. (Name from the Greek,
meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, &c, : cult, in conserva-
tories.
P. alcicorne. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, over-
lapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely downy
beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the topmost ones
fruitful.
3. POLYPODITJM, POLYPODY. (Name in Greek means many-fooled,
referring to the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts
of the world.
§ 1. POLYPODIUM proper. Veins free: ilie following all native.
P. VUlgare, COMMON POLYPODY. Rocky places N., small, simply pin-
nafitid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4' -10' high, l'-.'i' wide, the numerous
divisions oblong-linear; fruit-dots rather large. (Lessons, p. 157, fig. 499.)
P. incanum. Shady places S., often on trees ; much like the last, but
much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy with peltate scales; fruit-dots
rather small.
§ 2. CAMPY LOXEfrROX. Vt'ins parallel, pinnate from thf nti<lril<, t'onn«-t<il l>i)
numerous transverse. angularly arched veinlets, with short fruit-bearing r< iii-
/</.-• proceeding from the angles.
P. Phyllitidis, HARTS-TONGUE, of Tropical America ; frond simple,
linear-lanceolate, 1°-1^° long, l'-2' wide, thinly chartacfous, smooth and
shining ; fruit-dots in 2 rows between the veins.
§ 3. NlPHOBOH'S. Veins much as in the preceding, but eery obscure and c
reticulated. Fronds simple, of a thickish texture, covered «;i l-"th $i<l>s u-iiti
a close, stellate down.
P. Lingua. Cult, from Japan : fronds 4'-S' loin:, ovate-oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, at length nearly smooth above; fruit-dot- exceedingly numerous,
closely arranged in many rows.
§ 4. PHLEB6DIUM. Veins reticulated, with free reinlets included in the larrjrr
meshes. Fruit-dots in 1-3 rows betn-een the inidn'!> anil iimri/in, commonly
placed each one on the converging ends of a /><nr of' r, /
P. aureum. A large showy Fern of Florida, and cult, from West Indies ;
fronds on a stout stalk, broadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale green above.
glaucous beneath, pinnately parted into 5 - 9 or more oblong-linear or lamv»-
late spreading divisions.
364 FERN FAMILY.
4 GYMNO GRAMME. (Name meaning in Greek a naked line, from
tin- elongated fruit-il(ii>. ) The following eult. species all have live veins and
i In- under surface of the fronds covered with n yellow or whitish waxy powder.
G. triangulai'is, CALIFORNIAN GOLD-FERN. Deserves more general c'tl-
'ivntion ; frond 4' -6' long, on slender and poli>hed stalks, broadly 3- or rather
5-angled in outline, twice pinnate below, pinnate above ; pinna> oblong-lanceo-
late, deeply pinnutitid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath
of a rich golden yellow, sometimes paler; the fertile fronds at length nearly
covered with brownish lines of spore-cases.
G. SUlphiirea, of West Indies : fronds narrowly lanceolate in outline,
l°-li°high, -2'-', 3' wide, pinnate; pinna; ovate or ovate-oblong, lower ones
gradually .--mailer and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate obtuse toothed or rag-
ged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow powder.
G. calomelanos, from Tropical America, the commonest Gold and Silver
ferns of the conservatories ; much like the last, but broader and larger, the lower
pinna: largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder white, or in var. CHRYSO-
PHY"LLA golden yellow.
6. NOTHOLJENA. (Name from the Greek, signifying spurious wool, the
woolly pube.-ccuee of some species concealing the marginal fruit-dots.) The
following eult. species are small, 4' -8' high, ovate in outline, mostly tri-
pinnatc ; their ultimate divisions roundish-ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked,
and covered beneath with a waxy powder : stalk and branches dark brown
and polished.
N. flavens, from Central America : powder bright yellow ; fruit-dots ex-
tending fiom the edge almost to the midrib, so that it might equally well be
considered a Gymnogramme.
N. nivea. Also Central American, and very like the oilier ; but the powder
snowy white, and the fruit-dots closer to the margin.
6. ADIANTTJM, MAIDKX-IIAIU. (Name from the Greek, meaning
iinivftfeil, the rain-drops not adhering to ihe fronds.) A large genus, most
abundant in warm climates.
* Frond simply pinnate : exotic.
A. macrophyllum. Cult, in hot-houses from West Indies; pinnae 2-5
pairs and a terminal one, nearly sessile, deltoid-ovate, 2' -3' long, nearly half
as wide; fructification in long marginal rarely interrupted lines. 1'innae of
sterile fronds wider and somewhat crenately incised and toothed.
# * Frond 2 - 4 timrx pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in general outline.
A. Capillus-V6neris, VKNTS-HXIR, so named from the shining capillary
branches of the rhachis ; native S., often in conservatories X. : twice pinnate or
thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper part simply pinnate; pinnules about
£' broad, on verv slender stalks, sharply wedgc-shapcrt at the base, rounded at
the top, or rhomboidal, commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin; fruit-
dots one to each lobe; involucres kidnev -h:i;i'd or transversely oblong. Plant
fi'- 12' high, ol'en pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells.
&c., in S. of Kurope.
A. ^Ithiopicum, as commonly seen in hot-houses, is much like the last ,
but has smaller pinnules not -o ^harply wed-:c-shapcd, often broader than long,
and les- deeply lobed; fruit-dots in deep sinuses of the upper margin ; involucres
kidney-shaped <>r crescent-shaped.
A. CUncatum, from S. America, is a much larger plant, broadly triangu-
lar in outline, .'< - 4 times pinnate; pinnules smaller and very numerous, wedge-
shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit-dots as in the last.
* * * rn>nil tm>-forki <l, iriih elongated simply p/muite divisions springing from
ranches:
the upper siilr <>f tin- two recurved branches: midrib of the pinnules none;
I'i'iiis forked from the Ixise.
A. pedatum, MAIPKN-HAM:. Native in shady woods ; whole plant smooth,
l°-2° high; principal divisions 4' -10' long, l'-li.' wide; pinnules very
FERN FAMILY. 3G«J
numerous oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper edge;
fruit-dots at the top of the lobes ; involucres transversely oblong <>r linear.
A. hlspidulum, from Au.-tralia, &c. : commonly le^-, >\ niniemi .il than
the last, when young irregularly 3 — 4-branched ; a smaller plain with finely
chaffy or bristly stalk and rhaehis ; pinnules minutely hairy, nearly entire;
fruit-dots crowded along the upper margin, involucres rounded kidney-shaped.
7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, mean in- n
winy, from the feather-like fronds.) Another large and widely distributed -
§ 1. Veins free: stalk straiv-colored or brownish .
# Frond simply pinnate : pinn/e undivided.
P. longifolia. Cult, from warm regions, native in S. Florida : oblong-
lanceolate in outline; pinnae numerous, linear and tapering from a truncate ,.r
cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller.
* * Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinna forked or again pinnate,
the divisions and upper pinniK elongated, simple.
P. Cr&tica. Cult, from warm climates, native in Florida.' l°-2° high;
pinnoj 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decnrrent, lower ones cleft almost to
the base into 2-3 long linear-lanceolate acuminate divisions; sterile ones and
tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply serrate. Var. ALBO-LI.NEATA
has a whitish stripe in the middle of each division.
P. serrulata. Cult, from China: l0-!^0 high; pinnae 3-8 pairs, all
but the lowest decurrent and forming a wing 3" wide on the main rhaehi- ;
lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut into several narrow linear-acuminate
divisions; upper ones simple, sterile ones spinnlose-serrulate.
* * * Frond* pinnate, and the numerous primary divisions pinnately cut into m<my
lobf-s, the lowest ones mostly with 1-3 t/omjuti'd similarly -lobed branches on
the lower side.
P. quadriaurita. Cult, from East or West Indies, &c. : fronds l°-3°
long, 6'- 12' wide, broadly ovate in outline; lobes of primary divisions lineav-
oblong, j'-l' long, 3" wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostlv rather
obtuse. Var. ARGY'REA, has a baud of white along the middle of the primary
divisions ; to this is added a tinge of red in var. tufcoLOR.
* * * * Fronds broadly triangular, twice or thrice pinnate throughout: lowest
primary divisions long-stalked.
P. aquilina, COMMON- BRAKK. Plentiful everywhere, l°-5° high, harsh
to the touch ; the lowest primary divisions standing obliquelv forward ; second-
ary divisions pinnatifid with many oblong or linear sometimes ha-tate !
which in a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere with brown spore-ca-e^.
§ 2. DoRVOPTiiRiS. Veins finely rttirnlati-d: frond pidate, and ;">-<(»'//< //:
stalk black and shining.
P. pedata. Cult, from West Indies and S. America: frond 2' -6' long
and nearly as wide, almost parted into a few primary divisions ; upper ones en-
tire, lowest pair again cleft ; the lobes on the lower side much largest.
8. PELLJEA, CLIFF-BRAKE. (Name from the Greek, meanin-
colored, descriptive of the stalk.) Mostlv small Ferns: the following *]„•< •{,--.
have fronds of a somewhat coriaceous texture.
P. rotundifdlia, from New Zealand : frond narrow, 6'- 12' long, on a
chaffy and pubescent wr\rv stalk, simply pinnate; pinna? round or roundi-h-
oblong and entire; band of spore-cases very wide and concealing the narrow
involucre.
P. atropurpurea. Wild, on shaded limeroek : fronds tufted. 0'- 12' Ion-.
2'-4' wide, with polished and sparin-lv downy stalks, '.'-pinnate, simply pinnate
toward the top ; pinnules distinct, ohlon- or luiear-oblon-. rarely halberd-shaped,
obtuse or slightly mucronate ; involucre rather broad, and a' length hidden ly
the spore-cases.
P. hastata, from South Africa : mostly larger than the last and vry vari-
able; frond ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-3-pinnate; pinnules lancooliuc or
3GG KKKN FAMILY.
rhomboid-ovate, very often halberd-shaped, the end ones of the primary pinn.-e
iniK-h tin- largest, often \'-"2' long and V-l' broad; stalk and branches hiaek
and ]i-il shed, smooth; involucre rather narrow.
•
d. WOODWARDIA, < 'II AIX-FERN. ( Named in honor of Thomas J.
\\'i,<K/tnin/, an English botanist oi' the la.-t century.) A small genus of rather
large I-Vrns, all natives of the N. temperate zone.
W. Virginica. Tall, growing in M\amps N. & S. : sterile and fertile
frond-- alikr, ovate in outline, pinnate, with hui'-eolate deeply pinnatitid pinna:;
lobes oblong, obtuse; veins rcti' ulated, forming a single row of meshes along
the niidril)s of pinna; and of lobes, the outer vein-lets free; fruit-dots oblong,
close to the midribs.
W. angUStif61ia. Range, &c. of the last, but less common : fronds 6 -
10' long,' 4' -IV broad, pinnatilid almost to the winged rhachis into 17-27 lobes,
which arc broadly lanceolate and with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile
frond, but are narrowly linear in the fertile, and with a single row of narrow
meshes next the midrib ; fruit-dots linear, sausage-shaped, one iu .each mesh.
10. DOODIA. (Named in honor of Samuel Doody, an early English Crypto-
gamic botanist.) Small Ferns, cult, from Australia and New Zealand.
D. caudata. Fronds 9' -15' long, linear-lanceolate, on dull-black nearly
smooth stalks, pinnate with many linear serrate and nearly sessile pinna?, which
fire about 1'long, often slightly auriculate at base, the lower ones rather trian-
gular, distant ; fruit-dots in a single row next the midrib.
D. aspera. Stalk Mack and rough with small ragged points ; fronds broadly
lanceolate, rather coriaceous, harsh to the touch, pinnatirid to the rhachis ; di-
visions crowded, oblong-linear, spinulose-serratc, lower ones gradually smaller;
fruit-dots not close to the midrib, sometimes a second row next the margin.
11. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Name from the Greek; refers to
supposed a tion on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species
ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like.
§ 1. Frond* undivided, large and skowy : cidt.fiom /-,'<;*/ Indies, S/-c.
A. Nidus, HIKD'S-XEST FERN. Fronds numerous, broadly lanceolate,
•2° -4° loiiir, 4' -8' wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown around the
central upright rootstoek ; fruit-dots very narrow, elongated, crowded, running
from the stout midrib obliquely half-way to the margin.
§ 2. l-'ruinlx ximill, pinnatijid below, taperiny into a long entire point • native.
A. pinnatifidum. Verv rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly W. & S.,
especially along the Alieghanies : fronds 3'- G' lonir, i"- U' wide at the base;
lobes roundish-ovate mostlv obtuse; fruit-dots small, irregular.
$ :i. I-' mink simply pinnate..
* fi»m/f Ferns, 4'- 15' fiii/ft : nil c.rn [>t tin- lust arc wild species.
A. Trichomanes. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of shady
rock> : fronds linear. 4' -8' long, with black and shining stalk and rhachis, and
manv roundish or oblong slightly crcnated or entire pinna-, about ^' long and
about half as broad ; fruit-dots few to each pinna.
A. ebdneum. Common in rocky woods: fronds linear-lanceolate, nar-
rower at the base, 8'- 15' long, l'-2'widej slalk dark and polished; pinna;
many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, linely serrate, atiriclcd on one or
both sides at the base ; fruit-dot< numerous
A. flabellif'61ium. Cult, from Australia : lax, the rhachis often pro-
Ion-_;ed and rooting at the verv ein! , fronds linear; pinna- sharply wedge-shaped
at the base, the broad and rounded end crcnated ; fruit-dots irregularly radiat-
ing from the base of the pinna-.
* * lAirge Ferns, 1° - 3° high.
A. angustifblium. Rich woods N., and S., mainly along the mountains :
fronds thin, long-lanceolate, pinna; many 3' - 4' long, linear-lanceolate from a
FERN FAMILY. 307
truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire1 ; those of the fertile frond
narrower; fruit-dots slightly curved, very numerous.
§ 4. Frond* niori' than
* fruit-dots more than one in each smallest dicision of the frond.
A. Rilta-muraria, WALL-RUE. On e\po-ed dills of lime-tone, from
Vermont W. & S. : fronds small, l'-4 long, ovate, twice or thrice pinnate,
the few divisions rather thicki.-h, wed-e-.~liaj.ed or rhomboid, inutlicd at the
top ; fruit-dots few, becoming coidlnent.
A. furcatum. Cult, from Trop. Ameriea, S. Africa, &c. : fronds 8'- l.V
long, 3'- 6' wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with
lance-oblong acuminate pinnae, which are again pinnately cut nearly or quite to
the midrib; divisions oblique, wedge-shaped, narrow, serrate, rather coriaceous,
deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit-dots elongated, radiating from the
base of the division.
A. thelypteroides. In rich rocky woods, not rare : fronds U°-3° high,
thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate; pinna; 3'-G' long, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatitid into close-set oblong and obtuse minutely toothed lobes ; fruit-
dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them commonly double.
A. Filix-fcernina, LADY-FERN. Common in moist woods : fronds lar-.'
(2°-3° high, 4'-s' broad), growing like the last in a crown, 2-3-pinnai ;
pinnae lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary rhachis : pinnules
oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceolate and pinnatitid with
incised lobes ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length continent.
* * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single veinlet
and but one fruit-dot.
A. Belangeri. Cult, from Malacca and Java: fronds l°-l£° hiuh,
2' -3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk ; pinna; oblong,
truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatitid to the winged midrib into
numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the upper basal ones of each pinna
2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on the side farthest from the main rhachis
a solitary elongated fruit-dot.
A. rn.yrioph.yllu.ni. Limestone caves in Jack-on Co., Florida : fronds
delicate, almost translucent, lanceolate, 0'-!)' long, l'-2' wide, 2-3-pinnate;
smallest divisions obovate-oblong, 2"-3" long, ^" wide ; fruit-dot in the lower
half of each division.
A. foulbtferum. Cult, from Xew Zealand, &c : fronds herb-iceoii-. ample,
broadly lanceolate, l°-3° long, C'-12' wide, 2-3-pinnate, often producing
leafy bulbs on the upper surface; pinine triangular-lanceolate, with a broadly
winged midrib; pinnules lanceolate, deeply toothed or cut into oblong-linear
lobes ; fruit-dots extending from the middle of the lobes downward almost to
the midrib of the pinnules.
12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the. Greek word for a <;;,ti,,,,l,;
suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.)
S. VUlgare, HART'S-TON<;UE. Rare, amon-r shaded rocks in Central New-
York and in Canada West ; fronds G' - 18' long/ 1 ' - -'' wide, oblong-lanceolate
from a heart-shape,! base, herbaceous, the margin entire or wavy. Cultivated
forms from England are crisped, crested, many-forked, «jLc.
13. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING-LEAF. ( Xame from the Creek,
meaning a ben/ heap, referring to the curved and angled fruit-dot.-.) Aliuo-t
the only species is
C. rhizophyllus. Damp mossy rock- X. ,^ S., mainly along the moun-
tains: frond 4'- 12' long, tapering from a heart-shaped or aui d ha-
wide to a long narrow point, which often ro:>ts at the end, and there gives rise
to a new plant, ready to take another step in advance. (Lesions, \]^. 501.)
14. PHEGOPTERIS, BEECH-FERN (which the name means in Greek,
the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropical; but the
following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods.
3G8 FERN KAMILY.
* Frond* tn-icf pinnatffid: the sessile pinnae mostly /orniinr/ nn irregular and
many-angled »•//<</ ninmj tl« /•/««/</*.
P. polypodioldeS, formerly POLYI-OPM M 1'iiEfJoi'TEKis. Common N. :
frond.- 4'-'.»' long, longer than broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath;
pinna- lanceolate, the lower pair turned obliquely forward-; secondary divisions
crowded, oblong, obtuse, emiiv; fruit-dots all near the margin.
P. liexagonoptera. Common N. ,v S. : larger than the last, which it
much iv.-embles, but the frond is broader than long; lowest pinna- much the
largest and with elongated, and pinnatifid divisions ; Iruit-dots not exclusively
near the margin.
* # Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked, rhachis wingless.
P. Dryopteris. Common N. : fronds broadly triangular, 4' -6' wide,
«mooth ; the three primary divisions triangular, once or twice pinnate with ob-
long- obtuse entire or toothed lobes ; fruit-dots near the margin.
15. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD-FERN. (Greek for a little shield, referring to
the iiidusium.) — A very large genus, inhabiting all parts of the wond.
§ 1. NEPHR6DIUM or DKYOPTERIS. Lidusium round-kidtiey-shaped or nearly
circular with a narrow clef i from the lower side almost to the centre.
* Fronds tluclcish, simply pinnule, the few pinnce entire or nearly so.
A. Sieb61dii. Cult, from Japan : fronds coriaceous, smooth, about 1°
high, with 2-4 pairs of side pinna.', each 4'-G' long and nearly 1' wide, and a
terminal one rather larger than the others; veins with 4-6 free parallel branch-
es ; fruit-dots large, scattered in several rows.
* * Fronds thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot-house plants), pinnate:
simply pinnatifid with mostly entire obtuse lobes: indusium small.
•*- Rootstoclc creeping, slender, mar/// naked <in/l bearing scattered fronds : vii
free, simple or once forked : wild species, common in b<r/s and Ion: grounds.
A. Thelypteris. Fronds lanceolate, 10' -18' long, on slender stalks,
nearly smooth; pinna', lanceolate, 2' -4' long, about . A' wide, spreading or
turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter; divisions oblong, fruiting ones
seeming acute from (be revolnte margins ; veins mostly forked ; fruit -dots con-
Hncnt when ripe ; indusium smooth.
A. Noveboracense. Much like the last, but hairy beneath along the
rhachis and veins; fronds tapering both ways from the middle; lower pinna-
gradually .-mailer and distant ; lobes flat, the basal ones otten larger and incised;
veins rarely forked ; fruit-dots distinct ; indusium slightly glandular.
•»- •*- Rooistock oblique or erect, stouter , bearing the fronds in a crown: veins simple,
Ji'i-e, or the lower ones of contiguous lobes united: indusium litiiry.
A. patens. Low shady grounds, Florida and W. : fronds l°-20 high,
sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong ; pinnre 3'-G' long, £' wide, numerous, lance-
olate from a broad base, lowest pairs a little smaller; divisions oblong, slightly
falcate, obtuse or aeutish ; veins entirely free; indusium slightly hairy.
A. molle. Cult, from tropical countries: very much like the last, but ev-
en where downy or solt hairy; pinna' less deeply lo'ied ; lobes obtuse; lower
venders (1 or 2 pairs) uniting with the corresponding ones of contiguous lobes
and sending out a ray-like veinlet to the sinus; indusium very hairy.
* * # Frond* smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, qroiriny in a crown from a
Stout and chaffy rootstock, and ofl<n n mnininif </''"" through tin1 winter:
veins 2 - ^-forked or branching. Wild species of the country.
••- Fronds imperfectly eren/rcen, once, pinnate with <ln'/>li/ pinnati/id pinna;, or
ntiirhj twice pinnule: /'mil-dots not close to the nianjin: indusium rather
l<irr/e,Jlat, smooth, /n rsistent.
A. Goldianum. Kieh moist woods N. : fronds broadly ovate, 2° -4° high,
9' -12' wide; pinna? oblong-lanceolate, broadest about the middle, parted to the
KKKN FAMILY.
midrib; divisions very numerous, nearly 1' lone:, somewhat scythe-shaped,
rather acute, serrate with incurved teeth ; fruit-dots vcvv near tip- ini'l
A. cristatuin. Wet places in woods, common : frond > narrowU oi.'onir,
1° — 2° high, 3'- 5' wide, rutlitT rigid, erect; p ir.ue triangular-ovate, bro ,
at base, pinnatilid almost to the inidril), divisions not nriuv. oblong. ohtu.-e,
finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed or pinnaiiiid-lobed ; fruit-dot-
half-way between midvein and mar-in. — Var. ( 'I.IN m\i VMM. in swampy
woods, N., is very mucli larger every wav, with fruit-dots nearer the midvein,
and is often mistaken for A. (loldiannm. — Var. KI.OIM i>\s i M, in wet wood-
S., has the lower pinna; triangular-lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones
fertile, narrower and longer, with very short obtuse rather distant divisions,
which are deeurrent on the winged secondary rhaehis.
t— -t— Fronds imperferth/ evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate : the d/rixions cut-
toothed or incised^: fruit-dots not near the margin: iiidasium rather small,
withering aw/iy.
A. Spinul6sum. Shady woods, very common N. : fronds thin, obloii'_r-
ovate; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and somewhat triangu-
lar ; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately inei-ed, the oblong lolies
with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium smooth or minutely glandular
at the margin. — Has several forms. — Var. DILATA/PCM, in mountainous place-.
N., is larger, broader in outline and commonly but twice pinnate ; pinnule- , ,f
the lowest pinna? greatly elongated. — Var. Boorm, in swampy woods X, is
2°-3° high, of narrow outline, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed
pinnules, or the lower ones pinnatifid : — it runs apparently into A. cristatum.
•»- -i- -t- Fronds fufly evergreen, thickish, aJtout twice-pinnate : fruit -dots mar the
margin: indusium thickish, convi'x,
A. marginale. Rocky woods, common N. : fronds l°-2° long, ovate-
oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chaffy; pinnae lanceolate, :{' - 5' long;
pinnules oblong, often curved, entire or obtusely toothed, attached by a hro.id
base to the narrowly winged secondary rhaehis ; fruit-dots close to the margin,
rather large.
§2. POLYSTICHUM. Indusium orbicular, peltate, a/f<ir/m/ l>y the centre to a
short stulk: veins forking, free : wild species of the country.
A. acrostichoides. Rocky woods, common; fronds 1° - 2° high, grow-
ing in crowns, with chaffy rootstoeks au;l stalks, evergreen, shining, lanceolate,
simply pinnate; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate from an minimal halt-
halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, rarely inci-e,!, upper
ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious soon continent fruit-dot-.
§3. CYRTUMIUM. Indusium as in § POLYSTK'IIITM. Fronds once pinnule :
vein* pinnate from the midrib, pinnalelu branching, the rrinli''.* reticulated
and for mi mi arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising from the
base of the arch : exotic.
A. falcatum. Cult, from Japan: fronds l°-2° hUrh, 5'-9' broad : base
of stalk chaffy with large scales; pinnne thick and shining, end one large and
rhomboid or halberd-shaped ; side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed,
nearly entire, lower side of base rounded, upper side an-lcd or slightly auricle
fruit-dots in many rows on all or nearly all the pinnaj.
16. CYSTOPTERIS. ( Greek for Bladder /-V™, alluding to the thin,
sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly Northern.
C. fragiliS. Shaded or moist rocky places, common X. : fronds very .1
cate, 4'-8: long, with slender stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate; pinnae
a narrowly margined rhaehis; pinnules oblong or ovate, toothed or incised, rery
variable; indusium pointed at the upper end.
C. bulbifera. Wet places, ol'tene-t in ravines, from X
fronds 1°- 3° high, 3' -5' wide at the base, narrowed above and much e
gated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblets beneath ; pinnule- oblon-. ob-
tuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on the upper ride
24
FtKN KAMI I. Y
17. STRUTHIOPTERIS, OSTKICH-FEKX (which the name means
in Greek, from tin- large plume-like sterile from!-).
S. Germanica. Alluvial grounds, X. : sterile fronds tall, 2° - 5° high,
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, into a short angular stalk, pinnate; pinnie
very many, narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid more than hah- way to the midrib;
lobes numerous, oblou^; fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing
erect after the others have withered.
18. ONOCLEA. SENSITIVE-FERN. (Name, from the Greek, mean-
ing a closed vessel, referring to the berry-like fructification.) The only species is
O. sensibilis. Common in wet places : sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2°
high, broadly triangular-ovate, the rhacliis winged ; pinna; not many, lanceolate,
entire or obtusely lobcd less than half-way to the midrib, veins everywhere
reticulated ; fertile fronds with few closely apprcssed pinnae.
19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)
W. obtusa. Kooky places, from Carolina N. : fronds 6' - 18' high, slightly
glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with ovate or oblong deeply pinnaiitid
or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at first closed,
opening into a lew ragged lobes.
W. Ilvensis. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alleghanies:
forms large tufts; fronds 4' -8' high, rusty chatty beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
pinnate ; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed ; indusium obscure, consisting of a
lew jointed hairs.
20. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many trop-
ical or sub-tropical species, the following cult, in conservatories.
D. Canariensis, HARE'S-FOOT-FERN, from the Canary Islands, etc. :
rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish scales, and looking not
unlike an animal's paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly triangular, 8'- 15' long
and about as wide, 3 — 4-pinnate ; pinnules cut into a few narrow lobes ; these
are directed upwards, bearing at or just below the end a single fruit-dot ; indu-
sium whitish, deeply half-cup-shaped.
D. tenuifblia, from India and China : rootstock creeping, crisp with short
chatty hairs; fronds smooth, l°-2° high, broadly lanceolate, 3 -4-pinnate ;
smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the truncated ends one or
two fruit-dots ; indusium brownish, mostly broader than deep.
21. DICKSONIA. (For Jam°s Dick-son, an English botanist.) The spe-
cies all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere.
D. punctil6bula. Moist shady places, from N. Carolina N. : rootstock
creeping, slender : fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleasantly odor-
ous, laneelote, long-pointed, 2° - 3° high, mostly bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatitid ;
the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin ;
indusium globular.
D. antarctica. Tree-fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in large
conservatories: trunk 3' -5' thick, sometimes many feet high, bearing in a
crown at the top many fronds, 6° -9° long, 2° -4° broad, coriaceous, twice
pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate divisions bearing
1-4 rather large fruit-dots ; indusium prominent, plainly two-valved.
22. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, referring to
the involucre.) Tree-ferns from tropical countries.
C. arborea. Rarely cult, from W. Indies : trunk sometimes 20° high,
Btalk mostly light-brown, and without prickles or chair'; fronds 4° - 10° long,
bi|mmate ; pinna' 1° - 2° long, 6' - 8' wide, lanceolate ; pinnules narrowly lance-
olate, spreading, pinnatilid to the midrib; lobes oblong, slightly serrate, with
4-9 fruit-dots near the midveiii ; involucre beautifully cup-shaped, the margin
entire. — Several other species, as well as one or two of the allied genus HI.MI
TKI.IA (with an imperfect involucre, veins often partly reticulated), are rarely
seen in conservatories.
I I.KN FAMILY. .'171
23. ALSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning yi-orr-loi-i'ti'/, the species
growing in tropical forests.
A. aspera. Unruly cult, from \Yr. Indies: trunk 6° - 8° lii^li ; stalks
prickly, clothed at th.- base with pale, narrow scales ; fronds C,'-' - s
wide, bipinnutc ; rhachis hairy above ; pinna1 oblong-lanceolate; pinnule'- vrrv
many, lanceolate, pinnatitid almost to the midrib; lubes oblong, curved, ser-
rate, obtuse ; frnit-dots 8-10 to a lube; indusium u thin scale Oil on.- side oi
the fruit-dot, often disappearing with age.
A. pruinata, from S. America, is sometimes seen : a much smaller plant.
rootstock short, clothed with bright-brown wool ; fronds smootli, J_TC<_-H above,
pale and glaucous often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deeply
toothed ; fruit-dots solitary at the base of each tooth; spore-cases mixed with
woolly hairs.
24. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of sonic Fern, referring
to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus ; most of the species tropical.
T. radicans. On dripping rocks, Alabama and Tennessee, very rare : frond-
pellucid, 4'-8' high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winded, lanceolate, pinnate
with I - 2-pinnatirid ovate pinna;; involucres on short lobes, fnnnel->liaped,
with long exserted receptacles. — A broader and more compound form from
Killarney, Ireland, is grown in Wardian eases.
25. LYGOpIUM, CLIMBING-FERN. (Name from a Creek word
meaning flexible, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not many
species ; all but ours tropical.
L. palmatum. Low shady woods, rather rare: smooth, slender, and deli-
cate, 2°-4° high, entangled among herbs; pinnae roundish, 12"- 18" wide,
deeply heart-shaped at the base, pahaately 5-7-lobed, upper ones decompound
and fertile.
L. Japonicum. Conservatory plant from Japan : climbing 10°- 12° hi-h.
smooth; pinna; ovate, 5' -9' long, bipinnate, divisions ovate-lanceolate, often
halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pin HIE bordered with narrow fertile lobes.
26. ANEIMIA. (Name from the Greek, meaning without covering, allud-
ing to the naked spore-cases.) Mainly tropical.
A. Phyllitidis. Cult, from S. America: 12'- 18' hi-h, has the two lower
pinna? lon'4-stalked, narrowly-elongated, y-4-pinnate, fertile: middle portion
of i lie frond sterile, simply pinnate ; pinna; lanceolate, linely serrate; veins re-
ticulated.
A. adiantoides. Native in Key West, Florida ; \vith lower pinnae as in
the last; middle portion sterile, 2-3-pinnate ; pinna1 lony-pmntcd : divisions
obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins forking from
the base.
27. SCHIZJEA. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, ret- r-
ring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species.)
S. pusilla. Wet sand, in pine woods of New Jersey : sfrik- fronds very
slender, flattened, Minpk and linear, curled up; fertile on.'- Miuilar, but straight,
2' -3' high, bearing at the top the fertile portion, 2" -3" Ion-, composed ••(
about 5 pairs of minute pinna;. (Lessons, p. 158, fig. 505-507.)
28. OSMUNDA, FLO'.VEUING FF.KX. ,N:une of doubtful uri-in.
anciently " Osin und the Wutrniifin," who was perhap- St. (Kimtnd. 11 -h
Salisbury, or possibly St. Christopher, patnm of \va-ermen.
British Ferns.) Spcc'ics very few, fruiting in spring or early summer.
* Fruiting fronds distinct from t/,, /,-;///.'.•(..<.
O. Cinnam6mea, CISNAMON-FI:I;N. Swamp-, abundant evcrynhcTc
sterile fronds 2° - 5° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lam-
deeply pinnatifid pinn:v : fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, >oon with-
ering"; fructification bright cinnamon color.
372
CLL'B-MOSS FAMILY.
* * Fructification borne at the top or middle of an otherwise leafy frond.
O. Claytoniana. Wet places, common : sterile fronds much like those
of die la>t, but more obtuse at the top : fertile one-; with 2-4 pair> of contra.'
and fen lie Mucki>L pinna- just helo\v the middle, — otherwise like the sterile
O. regalis, KOVAI. FERN. Also common in swamps and wet woods,
fraiting later than the others : fronds truly hipinnafe ; ]iinnules oval or oblong'
serrulate, obtuse, someiimes a little heart->hapcd at Iia>e. or sli^htlv :inne!ed on
one .-iilc; fertile portion at the top of the frond, pauieled ; sjiori-. a-es li"ht-
brown.
29. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (Name from the Greek word for
a bunch of yrnprs, from the appearance of the fruetitieation.) Speeies verv few
none cultivated.
B. ternatum. Shaded Brassy pa>tuivs and hillsides : plant flesliv, 3' -10'
high; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked fertile one with" twice or
thriee pinnate fructification facing a triangular ternately compound sterile por-
tion on a longer or shorter stalk. — Has several forms :' var. r.CN.utioii.K.s has
roundish kidney-shaped sterile divisions; in var. OBLhjri'M thev are lanceolate
from an oblique base; and in var. DISSECTCM, pinnatilid into narrowly toothed
and razored lobes.
B. Virginicurn. In rich woods : plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 6' - 1 8' hiirh ;
sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly triangular, ternate;
the parts twice or thrice pinnate ; divisions thin, oblong-lanceolate, incised or
toothed; fertile portion long-stalked, twice or thrice pinnate. — Other smaller
species occur rarely N.
30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. (Greek equivalent of the common name )
O. vulgatum, ADDER'B-TONGUE. Wet meadows or hillside pastures,
rare: 3'- 10' high; sterile portion somewhat flesliv, ovate or elliptical, entire,
l'-2' long, sessile near the middle of the stalk wh'ich supports the short two
sided spike. — Some rare tropical species have large and palmate, or pendulous
and ribbon-like fronds. (Lessons, p. 15s, fig. 508.)
134. LYCOPODIACE.2E, CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.
Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, often
elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in rather large
solitary spore-cases borne in the axils of the simple mostly awl-
shaped leaves. (Lessons, p. 1GO, fig. 511-515.)
§ 1. Growing on land: stems more or less elimr/attd ami branch! n g : leaves mostly
less than 1' Inn//, <>/'/, -n mi unit : s/>»rt -<•<.«.< in the cucils of the upper (often
transformed ami imbricated) scale-like leaves.
1. LTCOPODIUM. Mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves awl-shaped, in 4 or
inure nnvs; the '2-valved kidney-shaped spore-cases all of one kiud, contain
iiiLT "uly minute iiumherleo; spores.
2. SELAGINELLA. Rut one species evergreen N. ; leaves mostly flattened, rare-
ly awl-ehaped, mostly in 4 row*, two row* being of smaller leave-*; spore-cases
OT2 kiml-: one 2-valved and filled with minute spores, the other 3-4-valved
and containing very few lari:e s]>ores.
§ 2. Growing in wntt-r or mini: stuns r, >•// nlmrt and corm-like : leaves rush-like,
dongated, with large spore-cases adhering to the tipper surface of tiidr dilated
bases, unil us if imbedded /» than.
3. ISOETES. (inter <pore-caM-s with large reticulated spores; inner ones with
minute powdery spores.
1. LYCOPODIUM, CLUB-MOSS. (Xame from the Greek, meaning
wolf's-foot, probably from the short hairy branches of /.. clunttnm.) Specie*
about 100, in all parts of the world : the following all wild species.
CLI:B-MOSS FAMILY. :',7:\
§ i. Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves (ill a/ike, dark-gre*n, ;-,•/"/,
in about 8 rows.
L. lucidulum. Damp wood- X.: stems 4' - 8' Ion-, tufted. ascending,
forking; leaves spreading or rellexed, >harp-poiiit<d, inv^nhirh .-errulatc, dark
green and shining.
§ 2. Fructification s/n'kt-d at tin tn/i of an < r, <-t Branch : fertile leave* and timse of
(lie creeping stems nearli/ alike, si; ft, narrmrli/ limar, muni/-r<><i:-i/.
L. alopecuroides. riiic-barren swamps. NYw Jersey ^ S. : scarcely ever-
green: stem anil sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile ones 6'— 18'
high, all rather stout and thickly clothed with >pn-:iding .-ol'i linear-awl-shaped
bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long slender tips.
§3. Fructification spiked: the fruitim/ Imi-es yellowish, scale-like, shorter and
broader than those of the sterile br/nn-ln 5.
* Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary brunch.
L. anno'tinum. Cold woods N. : stein creeping, l°-4° long; branches
4''- 9' high, nearly erect, once or twice forked ; leaves about 5-rowed, spreading
or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearlv entire ; those of tin- solitary >pik<->
ovate, with spreading points and ragged scarion- margins.
L. dendroideurn, GROUND-PINE. Moi-t wood-, common X. : root-tock
creeping, under-ground, nearlv leaHess ; steins looking much like a miniature
hemlock, 9' -12' high; the manv spreading branches with shining lanceolate
entire leaves in about six rows ; leaves of the lower and often of the upper row
smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4-10 on a plain; scales ovate pointed,
margin slightly scarious, nearly entire.
# * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which has only a
few inconspicuous leaves
•*- Stems creeping, very short: spikes always single.
L. Carolinianum. Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey and S. : scare, ly ever-
green ; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, lanceolate,
entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appre-sed row ; spikes slender on
stalks 4' -6' high. — Allied in habit to L. alopecuroides.
-i- -i- Stems extensively creeping : spikes often in pairs or flrtrs.
L. davatum, CLUB-JIOSS. Common N. in dry woods : running stem long
and leafy; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly pinnat <• : brancblcts
4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped entire commonly bristle-tipped
leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs.
L. COmplanatum. Dry woods, commonest amoni; evergreens : niiinln^
stems with scattered awl-shaped very small leaves; brain-he-, erect. >'-\cral tinier
branched : the parts repeatedly forked into many hori/.ontally spreading llat-
tened branehlets.
2. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutive of .S'r/a'/o, a species ofLyco-
podinm.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical.
§ 1 . Native species.
S rupestl'is. Exposed rocks : a common moss-like little evergreen ; stems
and densely tufted branches l'-2' hi^h ; leaves n\vl--;liaped. marked with a nar-
row furrow on the back, and tipped with a minute bristly point ; spikes four-
cornered.
S. apUS. Damp places in meadow-; ; common, r-pceialh S. : very delicate ,
stems 2'-4' high, sparingly branched; leaves 4-rowed, th<>-e of the vide row-
spreading horizontally, scarcely 1'' lonir, ovate with the upper side larger, mi-
nutely serrulate; intermediate one- half a> larur, erect, very acitn- ; spike-;
2'' -6" long. — Often cult, as ,S'. </<•»>•«/.
§2. Cultivated, most 1 1/ tropical species, seen in rn»xi'r>;it'>,-i. s : nine/! branched:
leans of th<> linnich'S flmr-i-oif'-d, tn-'> sid? rc/rs <•/' >• <i:<idin,i
'
,
parent! ;/ ed</< ivise, and tiro up/n-r ron-.t »t' smaller oppressed leaves. Spike.
four-cornered, at the ends of the
•""•1 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.
* Stems trailing, sending out rmtlets nearly up to the end.
*- Branchlets only 1" broad: leaves wide apart in each row.
S. delicatissima. Stems 4' -8' long, irre-nlarly forked and branched;
branches rather di-tant ; leave.- oblong-roundish, obtuse, with a few slender
cilia toward- liu: base ; intermediate ones ovate, pointed.
••- •*- Branchlets 2'' -3" broml, tl«ir /tar,* closely placed in each row.
S. Kraussiana. (LYCOPODIUM DENTKTI.YTI M of the florists.) Stems
very long, articulated below each branch; hranches distant, hearing a few short
forked branchlcts ; leave- hri-lit green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute,
roiindi-d on the upper -ide, nearly straight on the lower, mimitelv denticulate ;
smaller ones with longer often rellexed points.
S. uncinata. (l.vc. < vksn M <>f ilorists.) Stems very long, not articu-
lated, freely branched ; branches 2 - 3-pinnate with short crowded hranc!.
le;ues wlien living with a steel-blue ir.de-ecnee, failing to green when dried, very
closely placed, larger one, oblong, equal-sided, obtuse, entire ; smaller one's
ovate with slender incurved points.
* * Stems ascending, only the lower part bean'//'/ l<m>f rootlets.
S. Martensii. (Lvc. sxoLoxfFERUM of florists.) Stems e'-io' long,
much branched from the ba.se ; branches hipinnate, with copious branchlets
2'' -3" or even 4" wide ; larger leaves crowded, obliquely ovate, the upper side
broadest, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones ovate with a slender often recurved point.
* * * Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base.
S. er^thropus. Stalk 2' -6' high, bright red, having a few closely ap-
pressed red leaves, and bearing at the top «i broad frond-like stem pinnate] \ or
pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with verv numerous
extremely crowded branchlets 1" - 1 ,'f" wide ; leave- elo-cl\ imbricated, oblique! v
ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliatc ; smaller ones ovate, with
long straight points.
S. Braiinii. (LYC. WiLLDEN6vii of florists.) Stalk straw-color or pale
red, shorter than in the last, finely pubescent, as are the branches ; frond-like
Stems long-ovate, 4 times pinnate, resembling an elegant fern; branchlets not
crowded, about 1" wide; leaves scarcely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, entire;
smaller ones with straight points.
* # * * Stems in a di-nse nest-like tuft, not rooting : branches often curling up
when dry.
S. CUSpidata. (Lvr. CIKCIN\LK of florists.) Frond-like stems 6'- 8'
lonir, uTeen abo\c, paler beneath, oblong or lyre-shaped, loosely 3-pinnate ;
branchlets 1" wide ; leaves obliquely triangular-ovate, wiih long often incurved
bristle-points, having a narrow whitish margin, sparingly ciliated and minutely
dentienl.ite ; smaller ones obliquely ovate, with long slender points.
S. lepidophylla, from Lower California, £c., is the " Bird's-Nest Moss,"
or •• Resurrection-Plant." It is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it un-
folds and displays the densely 2 - 3-pinnate el"gam fern-like branches radiating
from a coiled-up central stem ; the leaves white-margined, closely imbricated,
i-'Hind-ovatc, obtuse. — Nearlv 30 species are cultivated in Great Britain, besides
ihose here described.
3. ISOETES, QUILMVOKT. (Xamc from the Greek words for equal and
//""•, meaning that ihe plant is the s:ime at all sca-ons.) The species demand
too nice discrimination lor the beginner, and must be studied by aid of the
Manual. (Lessons, p. 1 GO, fig. 516-519.)
I. laciistris, rather rare only N., and the far commoner
I. 6Chin6spOra, are the principal northern species, living underwater.
I. riparia and I. Engelmanni, with leaves 4' -20' long, live partly
out of water, at least for a p-irt of the summer.
I. melan6poda, only W., lives in shallow ponds or pools which dry up in
summer.
INDEX
*#* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and Orders are in full capitals ; those of th«
Genera, &c., as well as popular names, are in common type.
Abele-tree 308
Althaea 70, 71. 74
Abies 310, 312
Alsophila 3o2, 371
Abronia 283
Alstroemeria 330, ^iii
Abutilon 70, 73
Alum-Root 135
Acacia 99, 115
Alyssum 52, 56
Acalypha 293, 295
AMARANTACE.E 2sii
ACANTHACE.E 239
Amaranth 286
Acanthus 240
AMARANTH FAMILY 286
ACANTHUS FAMILY 239
Amarautus 286
Acer 89, 91
AMARYLLIDACE^E ::3t
Acerates 276, 278
Amaryllis 330, 331
Achillea 183, 199
AMARYLLIS FAMILY 329
Achimenes 228
Aniberboa (Amberboi) l>-i
Achyranthes 286
Ambrosia 180, 188
Acnida 286
Amelanchier 117, 129
Aconitum (Aconite) 34,41
American Laurel 21(5
Acorus 317, 318
American Aloe 332
ACROGENS 359
American Oolumbo 272
Acrostichum 360, 363
American Ipecac 121
Actsea 34, 39
Amianthium &3S, :!42
Actinomeris 184, 203
Ammauia 1 "ii i
Adam-and-Eve 327
Ammobium 181, 190
Adam's Needle 348
Amorpha 95, 103
Adder's- tongue 346, 372
Ampelopsis 85, 80
ADDER'S-TONGUE F. 3(53
Amphicarpaea 97, 109
Adiantum 361, 334
Amsonia 274, 275
Adlumia 50
ANACARDIACE/E 84
Adonis 34, 37
Anacharis :';!}, VJ:2
/Eschynomene 95, 105
Anagallis 2'j:i, 225
.Esculus 89, 90
Anana.-sa 329
African Marigold -' ' >
Andromeda 212. 215
Agapanthus 340, 348
Aneimia 362, 371
Agati 106
Anemone 34, 35
Agave 330, 332
Angelica-tree 1 > i' '•
Ageratum 182, 193
ANGIOSPERMOU3
Agrimonia (Agrimony) 125
PLANTS 33
Agrostis 353
Anise-tree
Ailanthus 83
Auoda 70, 72
Albizzia 99, 114
ANONACEJE
Alchemilla 117. 125
Antenuaria 181, 190
Alder 307
Anthemis 183, 199
Alder-Buckthorn 87
Anthoxanthum '•"•",
Alisma 320
Antirrhinum
ALISMACE^E 319
Anychia '>4, US
Allamanda 274
APETALOUS DIVISION 'J-J
Allium 340, 347
Aphyllon
Almond 118
Apios '•'' • 11K
ALMOND FAMILY 116
Ajiium 163, 1»V5
Aluus 306,307
Aplectrum 824, 327
Aloe 341
APOCYNACE.E 274
Alonsoa 230, 233
Apocynum 274, 275
Alopecurus 356
Apple 129
Apple-of-Peru 268
Apricot 118
AQUlFOLIACEiE 218
Aquili-pa, 34, 40
Aral.is 61,64
AKAIT..K :;i7
Arachis %, In.;
A. -alia 166
AKAI.IAi'K.K
Arbor- Vit;p 315
Archangclioa 1P>3, 165
Arctostaphylos 211, 2U
Aivuaria i.l. 1,7
Arethusa 323, 326
Ari:.'iuone 48, 49
Ari-mua 317
Aristolochia L'-'J
AKisToi.o, ,IIAI K.E 282
Anucria 222
Arnica 182, 194
Aromatic \Vintergreen 214
AiTcnathcrum 355
Arrow-Arum 318
Arrow (Ira--; 320
AKKOU CRAS? FAMILY 3U»
Arrow. lira, I
AUKOU KOOT FAMILY :r>
Arrow-win ii I 172
ArtcmMa 1S(I. I -v
Artichoke !-•:
Arum Family ".17
Aruuiliiiaria 354
A-anil>acca 'J-'J
Alarum '-'S'J
AM i.Ki>iAi>A< ; .:';.
\-<-\ rum 61
Ash 2S1
Ash-lcavcil Maple !*2
\-imina 44
Aspara-u- St.'
ILSPARAOOS FAMILY
A-III-H •'"
Aspidium 881
Aspleninm
Aster 1-:-;. I1.'-:
Astill.c l:f.'.
Afltragaloa
Afamasco Lily
Atngene
AtriplfX 1-1
Atropa 2»>6, 269
370
l.NDLX.
Aubergine
Aucuba
Auricula
A vena
Avens
Azalea
Bald-Cypress
B:;ll<n,ii-Viue
Ballota
Balm
Balm-of-Gilead
267 ,
167, l>;s
355
212, 217
314
90
252
249,250
25]
Balm-of-Gilead Poplar 3u9
Bahnony 238
Balsam 81
Banaua 32'J
BANANA FAMILY 328
Barn-berry 39
Bapti.-ia 98. Ill
Barbadoes Flower-fenct 113
Barbarea 51, 54
Barberry 45
BARBERRY FAMILY 44
Barley 357
Barnyard Grass 357
Barren Strawberry 121
Barren-wort 45
Bartonia 151, 271, 273
Basil 248, 249
Ba>il Thyme 249
Ba.<swood 75
Bastard Pennyroyal 240
Bauera rubioides 131
Ba\ berry 300
Bean 108
Bean-trefoil-tree 101
Bearberry 214
Bear-Grass ;;is
Beaver-Poison 105
Bedstraw 174
Bee-Balm 249
Beech 305
Beech-Drops 229
Beech-Feru 367
Beehive 1U1
Beet 285
Beggar's Lice 257
•ar-Ticks 202
Bc'/nnia 161
BEGOXIACE^E 161
BEiioXIA FAMILY 161
Belladniia ty.'.l
Belllhiwcr 21(1
Bellis 182, 183, 199
Be 11 wort :;i:i
BELL WORT FAMILY 338
Bengal (!rass 357
Benjamin-Bush 291
Bi-ii/.niii 291
BLRBKRIDACE.E 44
Berberis 44, 45
Ben-hernia 86, 87
Bernanii.t 250
Bermuda Grass ::.V;
Beta 2sl,2sr>
Bet, mica (Betony) 246,253
Beftila a 16
BET1 LACE.E 306
Bidens 184,2(12
Biunmnia 226,227
BICMIM \(T.K 226
BKINOXIA FAMILY 220
Bilsted 141)
Bindweed 264,289
Biota 815
Birch 306
BIRCH FAMILY 306
Bird's-ne.-t Fern 366
Birthroot 341
Birthwort 282
BIRTHWORT FAMILY 282
Bitter-Cress 54
Bitter Sweet 88
Bittersweet 268
Bitterueed Iss
Black alder 219
Black bean 109
Blackberry 124
Blackberry Lily 334
Black Grass 349
Black Moss 329
Black Sampson 205
Black Snakeroot 39
Black-Thorn 118
Bladder Campion 66
Bladder Ketmia 74
Bladder-nut 90
BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 89
Bladder-Senna 107
Bladdcrwort 225
BLADDERWORT FAMILY
225
Blazing-Star 191, 342
Bleeding Heart 50
Blephilia 245, 251
Blessed Thistle 187
Elite 285
Blitum 284, 285
Bl 1-root 49
Blue Beech 305
Blueberry 213
Bluebottle 187
Blue Curls 246
Bluets 176
Blue-Eyed-Grass 335
Blue Flag 333
Blue Hearts 234
Blue-Joint Grass 363
Blue Lettuce 2ns
Blue-Tangle 213
Blueweed 255
Blnmenbachia 152
Doccunia 48, 49
Boehmeria 297, 299
Bois d'Arc 299
Bokhara 101
Boltonia 183, 198
Bunamia 263, 264
Br.neset 192
Borage 255
BORAGE FAMILY 254
BOKKAGlXACEJi 254
Borrago 254, 255
Bc.lrvclmim 303, 372
Bottle-brush 149
Bottle Gourd 159
Bottle Grass 357
Bouncing Bet 66
Boussingaultia 284, 285
Bouvanlia 174, 170
Bowman's Root 121
Bow-Wood -'.''.»
Box 290
Boxbcrry 214
Box-Elder '.U
Boykinia 132, l:i •;
Brachycome 183, ln-i
Bracted Bindweed - t
Brake 865
Bramble 124
Brav-iea 61,62
Brascnia 46
BRASILKTTO FAMILY '.is
Brier Rose 125
Briza 355
Broccoli 52
Bmdi.-i-.i 341
Brome Grass 355
BUOMELIACE& 3z9
Brcmus 355
Brooklime 234
Brook weed 225
Bro. .m-corn .'J."i7
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 22
Broussonetia 29 T. '- '
Browallia 229,282
Brunella 240 '. -
Brunfelsia 229. LMi
Bnnphyllum 138, 139
Buchncra 230 234
Buckeye dO
I'.uckthorn 87
BU'KTHORN FAMILY 80
Buckwheat 289
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 287
Buffalo-Berry 292
BufTalo-nut " 1 12
Bugbane 39
Bugleweed 247
Bugloss 257
Bulrush 3£2
Bumelia 22o
Bunch-berry l'>7
Bunch-Flower 343
Burchellia Capensis 173
Burdock 1*7
Bur-Marigold 2o2
Burnet 125
Burning-bush 88
Bur-Reed 319
Bush-Clover 104
Bush-Honeysuckle 171
Butcher's Broom 344
Butomeae 320
Buttcr-aud-Eggs 235
Buttercup 37
Butterfly-Pea 109
Buttcrth-Weed 277
Butternut 300
Butterweed 193, 198
Butterwort 220
Button-bush 175
Button-Suakeroot 164, 191
Button- weed 175
Buttouwood 300
Buxus 293, 296
Cabtoage 62
Cacalia 182,193,194
CACTACEJE 152
t'ACllS FAMILY 1;VJ
tVsalj.inia 99 113
Caiophora 1".2
Cakile 62, 6'i
Calabash 159
Caladium 817
Calamagrostis 863
Calamiuth 249
Calamintha 249
Calainpelis 227
Calamus :;1S
Calandrinia tl'J
Calceolaria 230,234
Calendula 184, 200
Calii-o-busli 216
I'alilurnia Nutmeg-tree 315
('alia 317.318
Callicarpa 241.243
Cal.iop.js 120 1
Callirrhoe 70.72
Callistemon 149
Callistcphus 182, 196
Calluna 211, 2H
Calochortus 341
Calonyction 263
Calopogon 324, 32P
INDEX.
377
Coltna 34 39
Centradenia 148
Climbing-Fern 371
CALYCANTHACEJE 130
Centranthus 177
< 'limbinir Fumitorv
Calycanthus 131
Centrosema 97, lul) Climbing Ileuipw-i .| l:il
CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 130
Century Plant 332 Clintonia 208,8
Calystegia 262, 2>i4
Cephalanthus 174 175
Cliroria 97, 1<O
Camelina 51, 55
Cerastium
i>ur 188
Camellia 76
Ceratochloa 355
Clover In]
CAMELLIACE.E 75
Cercis 98, 113
riul.-M.i— ;,72
CAMELLIA FAMILY 75
Cereus 153, \:,\
<'Li:H-Mo." FAMILY :;72
Campanula 209, 210
Ceropteris 360
Cnicua 1-n. 1-7
CAMPANULACE.E 209
Oestrum 267, 270
Cobaea 200, - 2
CAMPANULA FAMILY 209
Chain-Fern 366
Cocculus it
Camptosorus 361, '•', 17
Chanueliriurn 338, 342
Coi'klclmr 188
Cauipyloneuron 363
Chamomile 199
' ' i M • i . - 1 ' i M 1 1 1 * 287
Canary-bird Flower 81
Charlock 52
Coco-Urass .T,2
Canary-Grass 354
Chaste-Tree 243
Coffea (Coffee) 174, 17»i
Cancer-Root 229
Cheat a55
Coho>li i:,
Candytuft 55
Checkerberry 211
Colchicum 338, 342
Canua 328
Cheiranthus 51, 54
1 ' ileus 2H, L'17
Cannabis 297, 299
Chelidonium 48, 49
Collinsia
Canterbury Bells 210
Chelone 232, 238
Collinsonia 244,248
Cape Jessamine 176
CIIENOPODIACE.E 284
Colocasia 317, 318
Crape-Myrtle 150
Chenopodium 284, 285
d.ltslbot 1 i.;
CAPER FAMILY 56
Cherry 118
Columbine 4n
Capers 56
Chess 355
Colutea 96, 107
CAPPARIDACE.E 56
Chestnut 304
Colza 52
Capparis spinosa 56
Chick-Pea 111
Comandra 292
CAPRIFOLIACEJE 169
CHICK\VEED FAMILY 64
Comfrey 257
Oapsella 52, 55
Capsicum 266, 268
Chickweed-U'intergreen 224
Chicory 206
Commelvna 350
COMMELYNACE^; 350
Caragana 96, 106
Chili Jessamine 275
Compass-Plant 201
Caraway 165 Chimaohila 212, 218
COMPOSITE 179
Cardamine 51, 54
Chimonanthus 131
COMPOSITE FA5IILY 179
Cardinal-Flower 209
China-Aster 196
Comptonia 305. 306
Cardiospermum 89, 90 China-brier 336
Cone-Flower 205
Cardoon 186
China-tree
CONIFERS 309
Carex 352 Chinese Sugar-Cane 357
Conium 163, 165
Carolina Allspice 131
Chinese Sumach 83
Conoclinium 182, 193
Carpet-weed 68
Chinquapin 305
Conooholis 228. 229
Carpinus 302, 305 Chiogenes 211, 214
Convallaria 339, 344
Carrion Flower 337
Chionanthus 279, 281
CONVOLVULACE.E 262
Carrot 164
Chives 347
Convolvulus 262, 2i>4
Carthamnus 180, 187
Chokeberry 130
CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 1V2
Carum 163, 165
Chorizema 98, 111
Coontie 309
Carya 300, 301
Christmas Rose 39
Coptis 34. 39
<JAKYOPHYLLACE.E 63 Chrysanthemum 183, 199
Coral-berry 170
Cashew Family * t
Chrysodium 3*3 CoraUorhiaa 324,327
Cassandra 211, 215
Chrvsopsis 182,195 Coral -Hoot 327
Cassia 99, 113
Chrysosplenium 133, 137 Cordyline
Castanea 302,3' >4
Cliufa 3-72 (Yir<-i>ii-i- 184, 201
Castilleia 232, 239
Cicer 98, 111 diriainli-r
Castor-oil Plant 295
Cichoriuni 185, 2nr, Cnriaudrum 103, Itl4
Catalpa 226, 227
Ci.-bory 20>; dim
Catbrier 336
Cicuta 163,165 roKN.\('E.E 167
Catchfly 65
Cimicifuga 34.3'.' d>ni-<'ockle
Catgut 106
Cinchona l"''i Ourm-l
Cat-Mint 251
CINCHONA FAMILY 173 Corii-H.iir
Catnip 251
Cineraria I'-'t d.rntlo'Arr
CAT-TAIL FAMILY 318
Cinnamon-Fern 371 <',,rii Salad
Cat-Tail Flag 319
Cinquefoil 122 Corn us
Cat-tail Grass 356
Circsea 141, 142 Coronilla
Cauliflower 52
Cirsium 179,186 Corpse-plant
Caulophyllum 45
Cayenne Pepper 268
Ceanothus 87
CISTACE.T, >••" Cory.lalis
Cistus Ladaniferus >'•» Corvlus
Citron 83, 1' '.ii Cusuianthua
(V'lar 314
Citrullus 159,160 Costmary
Cedronella 245, 251
Citrus 82, 83 Cotoneaster
Cedrus 310, 314
Claaium 352 Cotton .74
Celandine 49
Cladrastis 98, 112
Cotton-Row ]••
Celandine Poppy 49
Clarkia 142, 143
diiti.n Thistle
GELASTRACE^ 87
Claytonia 69 Cotton-WOOd
Culastrus 88
Cleavers 174 Cotyledon
Celery 165
Clematis 33,35 Couch-Grass
Celosia 286, 287
Cleome 57
Cow-herb <*>
Celsia 230, 233
Clethra 212, 217
Cow-parsnip
Celtis 296, 298
Cliauthus
Cowslip
Centaurea 180, 187
Cliff-Brake 365
Cowslips
Ceutaury 271
Climbing False Buckwheat 289 Cow-Wheat UJ
S&F— 27
378
INDEX.
Crab-Grass 356, 357
Decumaria 132, 134
Echinospermum 255, 257
Cranlierry 213
Deerherry His
Kclii',. 274,275
i -try-tree 17-
Deer-llrass ll>
Kehinm 25-t
Cram-UU 7'.'
Delphiniuui 3}, 411
Bel-Qi 31'..
Cra>sul;i. 138, 1.71
llentari.-t 52. 55
KL;- Plant 267
CRASS ]\j\CEM l:;7
Deodar 314
tian (Jrass 356
Crata ^us 117, 12S
Di-smanthus 99, 114
KL.EAii.NACEJE 292
Creeping Snowbeny 21 1
Desimiilium '.15, 1'4
••.•II us '2!i2
Crinkle-root 55
D,-ut/.ia l.'!2, 135
KLA'I IN \CEJE 63
Crimim 330,3:31
Devil's Hit :;(J
Elatii 63
Crocufl
Devil-wood 2-1
Elder 173
Cri.talaria HI. lull
]>e\vl,elTV 125
Elecampane 195
Crowl'.H.t 37
DianUiera 240,241
Elephant's Ear 161
C KG U FOOT FAMILY 33
Dianthus 64
Klciisine 356
Crownbeard 2n:;
Dieentra 50
Elm 297
Crnwn Iiii]ierial SI'1.
Diervilla 16!(, 171
KI.M FAMILY 2'.'i'i
CIK CIFKR.E 51
Di. k-onia 362,370
Elod.-s 61,6^
CRYPTOtiAMOUS PLANTS
Dii-liptera 240
Emilia 1'.'4
359
DICOTYLEDONOUS
Endive 206
Cr\ ptoineria 310,314
IT A NTS 13,33
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS :;16
Cuckoo-Flower 55
Dictamnus 82
Ensleiiia 276, 278
Cueumlier ],.n
Di'-htra 50
Kutoca 2"i'.i
CnenmlM-r-tree 4:i
Digitalis 231, 236
Epidendrum 323, -7J4
Cnenmis 159, 16(1
Diodia 173, 17.-,
Epigaea 211,214
Cncnrl.ita 159
Dionasa 5!i, 6<i
Epiiohium 142,143
ci CC.RBITACEJE 158
Dii.M-orea 336
Kpimcdiuni 44, 45
Cudweed 189
DIOSCORF.ACE.E 885
Epiphi'L'iis 22S LI'.!
Culver's Root 233
Dio.-pyros 219
Epiph\lhim 153, 151
Cunila 244, 24s
Diplopappus l'.!7
EQUISETACEJE
Cunouia Capensis 131
DIPSACEJB 178
E.i uisel inn 35y
ciip!i.-".-i 150. I.M
Dipsacus 178
Ereehthites 181, 189
Cup-Plant 201
Dirca 291 , 21*2
Erica 211,214
Cllplessu* 310, SI 1
Diteh Stone-Crop I:;s
EU1CACF.E 210
CUTLIFER^E 3dl
Dittany 248
Erioliotna 12! I
Currant 133
Dock 289
Erioi-aulon :i.">2
Cu.-cuta 263,265
Doc kmackie 172
ERloCAULONACE^ a52
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY
Dodecatheon 222, 223
Erioxonnm 287
43
Dodder ''t;5
Kri>;eron 183, 198
Cvanophyllum 1 H
DODDKK FAMILY 203
Erodium 78, 79
Cyathea 362,370
Do^i one 275
Eryngium (Eryngo) 162. \>'\
i'\ \TIIKACE53 3''.2
DI)(;I:ANE FAMILY 274
Kr\ simum ,",! . .".4
C Vi 'ADAGES 309
Do-'s-tail 156
Erythrina 95, 97. Ins
309
Dog-Tooth-Violet :;i6
Krythroniiun
c •,,-!:, men 223,224
DOL;W 1 1(37
K-i'hscholtzia -Is. i'i
Cveloliothra 341
DOi;\VOOD FAMILY D',7
Eucharidiuin 1 12, 143
Cvdi.nia 117,130
Dolichos H7. l"!i
Kncnide l.vj
C.Miara. 179, 186,
Doodia 361
Eujrenia 1 ill
C\ mi. Ion 356
|ii >orwced 2S7
Eu|>ntorium 1*2, 192,
CynogloBsum 255, 257
Doryopteria
Enphorl.ia 293, 2'. 14
CYPERAC&X s-,2
Do ura Ii"i7
El I'lKlRBlACE.E 2! i3
Cvperus 352
Downingia 208
Euonx inns ss
Cypress 314
Draha 52, 55
KM niiiL'-l'i-imrosp 143
CYPRESS FAMILY sin
Dracaena ;M1
E\ KMM; PRIMROSE
Cypress Vine 263
Drai-opis 185. -' 6
FAMILY 141
Cvpi-ipcdiiim 324,327
Dragon-Aram
Everlasting l^H. 190
Cvrtominm 369
Cystopteris 361,S6!>
.Hi- Root
Dra >_'c in Tree 3-11
i:\..lvulus 2'::!, 2t'4
i:\oiiENOUS PLANTS 12,.-::
Cytisus 94,100
Dropwort 121
DROSERACEA
FaL'opyrum 287, 289
Daetylis :!",!
Di-yopteris
Fagus :;i'2. ::n5
Fair Maids of France 38
D ict\ loetenium :*>6
n.iio.iii 881
DUCKWEED FAMILY 316
F'all Dandelion Lm;
Dahlia 184,2iil
Dnrra .'>i7
False Iieech-drops 21^
Daisy IH'.i
lintcliinnn'fi Hri'eches .".i i
Fal.-e Dandelion 2i>7
Dalea 95. ln2
Dutchman's Pipe 2^2
False Dragon-Head 2.M
Daliliarda 116,, 121
Dutch Ruslies "V.i
False-llax
Dandelion 207
D\sodia 185. 2' Hi
False (iromwel) 255
Danu'leherry 213
I'al-e llcllehore 343
liaplme 291
EHKNACEJE 2l:i
False Indigo 103, 111
KI'.oNY FAMILY
False Lettuce 208
Dal'Mel 356
Eclialium 1".^
False Loosestrife 146
Hit, -Pluiii 21:1
Eccremocarpus 226, 227
False Mermaid 79
Datura 2i:6. iy.ll
Enchanter's Nightshade 142
FaNe Mitrewort 1;:7
llallens 162, 1' ' 1
Kehevcria _ 139
False Nettle 2!"J
Davallia 362. S7n
Keliinari a 1W5, 2n5
False Pennyroyal
llav-Flow-er .".5il
Eehinocactns 15:;. I,V,
Fal.-e Pimpernel
Da\-Lilv 348
Echinocystis 15'J, I1'.1*
False Red-top
Dead-Nettie 252
Erhinodorus 320
False Saffron 187
INDI.X.
379
False Solomon's Seal 344
Farfugiuiii 1'Ji
Parkleberry '213
Fcathert'nil 22.">
Feather Geranium 285
Fe.lia 177, 178
Fennel 165
Fennel-flower 41)
Fenugreek lol
KHUN FAMILY 300
I'Vsrue Grass 354
Festuca ::".!
Fetid Marigold 2ni.i
Feverbush 2'.H
Feverfew I '.''.»
Fever-tree 1,0
Fevcnvort 17"
Ficus 290, 298
Fig 298
FIG FAMILY 298
Fig-Marigold 157
FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY
156
Figwort 238
FIG \VOKT FAMILY 22: i
Filago 181, 189
Filbert 305
FILICES 360
Filmy Ferns .'{02
Finger-Grass 357
Fioriu &>3
Fir 312
Fire-Pink o i
Fire weed 143, 189
Five-finger 122
Flax 77
FLAX FAMILY 77
Flea bane 198
Flcerkea 78, 79
Flower-de-luce 333
Flowering-Fern 371
FLO \VERING FERNS 3j2
FLOWERING-RUSH
FAMILY 320
FLOWERING PLANTS 12. :;:!
Flowering U'intergreen 93
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 359
Fluwer-of-au-hour 71
Fly-Poison 342
Foeniculum 163, 105
Fog-fruit 242
Forget-me-not 256
Forked chiekweed 68
Forsteronia 274, 275
Forsythia 279, 280
Fothergilla 140
Four-o'clock 283
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 283
Foul-Meadow-Grass 354
Foxglove 237
Foxtail-Grass .T.7
Fragaria 116, 123
Franciseea 232
Fi-angula 87
Fraukliuia 70
Fmscra 271, 272
Fraxinella 82
Fraxiuus 279, 281
French Marigold 2> ' i
French Mulberry 21.'!
Fringe-Tree 281
Fritillaria 340, :;r;
Frogs-Bit :!22
FROQ'S-BIT FAMILY 321
Fn-i tweed 60
Fuchsia 142, 147
Fumaria 50
FUMARIACEJ5 49
Fumitory
KIM (TORY-FAMILY
Fimkia 34(1, :: I-
Gaillardia
Galactia
Cialanthu.4
Galeopsis
Galium
Gall-ot'-the-Earth
Gama Gra.-s
Garget
Garland Fli.\\. r
]-., 2""
173, 171
174, 17-;
284
(iarrva M7
G:uiltlirria 211,214
Gaura 142, I LI
Gaslussacia 211,213
Gazania 183, 2'" i
Gcl.seinium .;'•',
G«'iiista 94,lno
Geiitiaua (Gentian) 271, 272
GENTIAN ACK.K 270
G:;NTIA\ FAMILY 270
G.-.rgia Hark 17'i
I;KKANIACK,E ^ "7
Gi'vaniuui 78, 79
G KUAN I I'M F'iMII.Y 77
Gerardia 231,236
Germander 210
Uirnian Ivy l:il
GESNERIACKE U_-
Ge^neria 288
GI-;-M-;I:IA FAMILY 22H
Geum 116,122
Giant Hyssop 2.",1
Gilia 260, 201
Gill 2.M
Gillenia 110, 121
Gillitlower •'•',
(il.VGER FAMILY 328
i.ink-u-Tree 31."i
(HIIMIIL; 107
GINSENG FAMILY 1 »
liirasole '-1 i
C lade-Mallow 72
Glailinlus 333, :Vi',
(ilasswort 2^1
Gleditschia 99,114
Globe-flower
Globe Hyacinth 347
Glottidium 1 '
Gloxinia 22-
GLUMACEOUS DIVISION
30, 3T.2
Gnaphalinm 181, Ivt
Goatsbeard
di'tia 1 l"i
(ii.lden Aster I'1".
Gold,.ii Chain 1"!
(InMen-Kod 1 •.'.".
iMeii Saxifrage 1;!7
Gold-Fern
Goldthread
Gomphrena
Goiiolnliiis 2i'i. 27^
(i ..... l-KiiiL'-IIenry 2s".
i: ..... lycra 32: ;
Gooseberry
(inusefoot 2s i
I;OOSI-:FOOT FAMILY_ 2-]
i i..' i-e-nrass !"•"'> -S|
Gunlonia 71'
tilPSM pilllU 70, , \
Gourd 169
(i(lCKI) FAMILY 1 -
GRAMINE.E 353
Gi-Mii:i,lilla
•_ • i
135
:;!•;
231 ,- ~.
I1"!
Grape
II .i.-infh
•I'ii.tl, riant
GRASS I'AMII.V
-'if-l'ania-.-in
Grass-of-the-Andaa
-\\ rack
tlratiola
(I reek Valerian
Greenbrier
Green-Dragon
Green Milkweed
Grei-li-\\eed
Grciin\M-ll
Gruund Cherry
lininnd Ivy
iJi-iinnd Laurel
tin.und-iiut 106,
Pink
Plum
Groundsel
Guava
Guelder K".-e
Guinea Ci.ni
(inine.-i-iieii Flower
Gumbo
Gyiiiii.ieladus
'.\ MNO.-PKKMOUS
PLANT-
<i\ nainlrupsis
I i, Helium
Gypsophila
2-M
21 1
10?, !• 7
2''1
1!|7
I ;•.'
172
','»:'
;;io
7 1
99, 1 l:>
3O1-
27, 3<"»9
:•'
358
64,66
323,324
Haekberry
Elackmatack :;H
Ililoia 220,2.1
IIAI.OKACK.T:
IIAMAMELACE.T: n •>
Ilima liu
II ird 97, L09
llardlia.-k P_'>
Harebell 21"
Hare'a-Foot-Fern
Hart's-tongae
Ha» 12^. 172
Hawkbit
Hawkweed
II LA thorn 12-
II l/.el-UUt
Ueal-all
Heart'- '
Heart-Seed '.•'
Heath 2H
llentber 2U
II i:\TII FAMILY 21"
lledenllia 211. 21-
ll.-.lel-a 1'^.. I''"
II. Jgehog Cnne-I'lower
II. age-hyssop . '
[lodge-Mustard
Hedge-Nettle
1 1. l\ ehiuin
Heleninm
llelianthemuin
llelialltlHIS
lli'licbr\ .-inn
Heliophytum
lli-li..|. 1-i
IIF.I.lOTHnl'F. FVMll.V
-
Hellebore
HrlleberllS (Hellebori-) S-l.
>80
INDEX.
IK-loiiixs -.312
Hy?sopus (Hyssop) 244, 24S Kale 52
11,-iiieroeallis 34<>.
K.-ilinia 212, 21U
Helllitelia 370
H.ITIS 62, [,'> Ki.iiui'.l\:i 97,110
llcinliick Spruce 313
Ic-i-riaut I.'M" Ki Htm kv Blue Grass
Hemp •-.'.<
lk-x LI. ' Kentock) CoQc.-true 113
IlLMP FAMILY 297
Iiliriun. 42. 4:i Kc-rria ' 116,121
I h nip-Nettle 2.>2
Uysanthes 231,237 Ki.lm-y l!ean 108
Henbane Jill*
Iiiiiiii.rri-iii- l^'.i. l'.';' Kinnikinnik lo
Ib-patiea 34, 35
luipiitic-ns 78, bl Ivitaibclin 70, 71
Hei-aeleum 103, lijti
Inipiiri- 3 >7 Kn.ip.'.r. .( 187
llerl.a Impia J-1.'
ll"nnoea '2>'i'2, '2' .'•'• Knawel 68
ll.-rl, K,,l,,.rt 79
[pOOlOpsU Kiint-frrass li»7
lien-Hies' Club I'.'i
liMlian Bean 227 Kimtwcvil 287
Herd's <ira>s
In. liaii Corn o> Kn Irrutrria .-'.'. '• i
Hesppris 61,63 liidi.m Ci-e« si Ki.hlrabi ;'2
II, tei-anthcra :;22
Iinli.-iii Cucumber-Root 312 l\<i.-tclctz.-k\;t 7u. '<:',
Heterurentron 148
Iinliaii Currant 17"
Kuhnia 182, 191
lleuchcra 132, 135
luilian 1 i._' 153
Hibiscus 70, 74
Jiniiai] Ili'in)) 275
LABTAT.V. 213
Hickory :;i>l
In.lian M.-illnw 73
Labrador Tea 217
Hieracium 185, 2i>7
Iiulian Millet :r>7
Laburnum 94, 101
Hien .ehloa 3.~ji;
Indian Pir»ic 121
Lai tura 186,208
Hippiiri.- Ill
Indian l'i).u 218
Ladies' Eardrops 147
lbi,;r\-pea In.;
INDIAN I'IPE FAMILY 212
Ladies' Smock
Hobble-bush 172
Indian Plantain 193
La.lies'-Tresses 326
ll-j-IVa-nut Id'.t
luilian Poke 343
Laih-Fern .'M7
llogweed . 188
Indian Kicc 353
La, I\V Mantle 125
Holcus 355
Indian .Shot :J2S
Lai.h's Slipper 327
Holly 219
IXDIAX-t=HOT FAMILY 328
Ladj 's Tliumb 2>.->
HOLLY FAMILY 218
T :. liau Turnip 317
Lagenaria 158, 159
llullvhoek 71
Indian \Vhr:,t •>'.<
La-.'c •rstru'inia 149,150
Hully-lli-ass. 3-Vi
India-RublK.T-Tree 29X
Lanibkill 216
ir.iir.~ty 55
Indignl'rra 96, lOfi
Lallib-l.ettuce 178
Il,mey-Looust I1! Indigo-plant l|l;i
Lamb '.--Quarters 285
Hijm-vsurkle IT-i lukberry 219
Laniiuin 24t :. '-'.J
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 109
linila 182, I'.'.'i
Lautai.a 241,212
Hup 299
Ircsine ->';
La] . rtea 297. 2 9
Hop-Hornbeam '.',«•>
IKIDACE^; 332
Lappa lai. 1S7
Hop-tree 83
Iris 332, 333
Laivh 313
Uordcuni 357
IK IS FAMILY
Cane 354
Horchnund —~>2
Irish lirimiu LOO
Larix 310,313
Hornbeam 305
In.ii-u, i .I !:«' l/irk.-jmr 40
Horse-Balm
I run-wood •iii.'i
Latin rus 98,110
Horse 1!, in 111
I>anthus 243. 24U
I.AI i: u r. v. 290
Horse-* 'hestnut 90
I sat is 52, 5<)
LAI Kl.l. 1'AMII.Y 2!'U
Hni-se-tlentian 170 Ism-trs 37-. '•>! I
l.aurestinvis 172
Horse-iiiiiit 250, li">l
Italian May lid
Lavandula 244,247
llm-si'-Xcttle -tu
Italian Millet 357
Lavatera 70. 71
lli'r*«'r:iili-li 53
It. a 132,134
Lax end, r 247
l|..:--i--Sui;:ir 221
Iw 167
L.ad-l'lant 103
H.ii-i-t.-iii 359
Ixia 333
Leaihvort 222
IIOKSK-TAIL FAMILY 359
LKA1MVOUT FAMILY 222
Km-M-wecd 198
.lainba^in Lily 331
Leal'-cuj. 201
lloti-iu 137
Jacob'e Ladder
LeatliiT-lraf 21;',
lliittmiiH 223,225
Jainofito\vn-\\ Ccd -' '•'
Leatherwood 292
lliiumlstoiigue 191, ~2"<1
.Mi pan Alspice 131
Li-rhea r.u.i;)
lluuM.l^.k I:N
.la.-minum 279,280
LeUum 212, 217
MuusiDiiia I"*!, 17(>
.l:it,..pha 293, 29li
U-ek 347
llova 27'i, 'J7*
.IHlrr-niiia -4">, 41'.
LECrMINns.y. !U
lliu'Ulcl..-rrv 213
.Irrusalcin Articlioke -Hi
l.c-i,.pli\lliiiii 212,217
llti.lsonia i;n
.Irrii.-ali'in Cbrrrv 'J'.s
lycmna 316
limn,'.-, 1S1 1!X)
.Ifrusalcm (»ak ' 2>5 I.K.MN ACK.i: MD
llnniulus 297, -'.''•'
.Irriisak'in Sace 2-V! l.i-umn s."
il..Hintinifl :;to .i.--.;iiuin,. -jsii Lemon-scented Verbena 2-)2
llvr.rintli 848 .lrw,.]-\V,.,.,l M Leu- US, 111
IIv.lr.-uiL'r:, 132, l:jf)
.loc-Pvo \\Ccd 182 LKNTIBl'LACE.E
Ih.h-.-i-ti-i :;i :o
Jointed Charlock .V, Lentil 111
U\ HKOCIIARIDACE.T-: :i21
.loint«rrd 287 Leontodon is:,. -nr,
ll\cln.c.ityle I'-!, M4
.l(.ni|iiil :-U Leonurua 246,253
Hydrotea L;:,S, LT.II
Jndas-trrp 113 Li'iiarlns 185,205
Hydrophyllnm 258, 'J.'.'.i
.in;LAM»\CK^ Lepidium 62,56
HTDROPHTLLACBIX 268
.In-jlMiis 3<)0 Lrptii!-i]iliiin 261
HYMK\iii'iivi,i,Afi:.i: :; ;'j
.11 NCACK.K 319 l,,-|.r,l,./a 95,104
Ilviwv.-iiims 266. 2!1,'. i
.In ni-iis 349 Lettuce 208
HYI'KIMC M'K.V. 111
,him--l;,Tr> 129 Lcu.-antb, -mum 183, 11*9
IlvpcriruiM ''.1
Juniperus (Juniper) 310,315 Li-iii-niiini 330,332
ll'vpnxys 32ft, -;n
Jupitpr's-Bcanl 177 Lonrotho.- ^li 215
Hyptis 244,247
Jussia-a 142, 145 Lever- wood 305
INDKX.
881
Levisticuin lifl, Ifir,
Liatris 1>2, I'.'l
Liiri'.strum 279, 2Sn
Lil.te 280
LILIACK.K 337
Liliuin 340, 315
Lily 345
LILY FAMILY 337, 339
Lily-of-the-Valley 344
Lime 83
Lime-tree 75
Lirnnanthemum 271,273
Limnanthes 77, 79
Limnobiuni 321, 322
Limnocharis S20, 321
LINAGES 77
Linaria 230, 23.3
Linden 75
LINDEN FAMILY 75
Lindera 291
Ling 214
Linnsea 169, 170
Liuura 77
Lion's-Foot 207
Lippia 241,212
Liquidambar 140
Liriodendron 42
Lithospermum 254, 2."it;
Live-for-ever 13S
Liver-leaf 35
Lizard's Tail 293
LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY 293
Loasa 152
LOASACE.E 151
LOASA FAMILY 151
Lobelia 208
LOBELIACE.E 208
LOBELIA FAMILY 208
Loblolly Bay 76
Locust-tree 107
LOGANIACE.E 273
LOGANIA FAMILY 273
Lolium 356
Long Moss 329
Louicera 169, 170
Loosestrife 150, 224
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 149
Lopezia 142, 147
Lophauthus 245, 251
Lophospermum 231,236
Lcpseed 241
Loquat-Tree 129
LORANTHACE.E 292
Lotus 47
Lousewort 239
Lorage 165
Love-lies-Bleeding 286
Low Spear Grass 354
Lucerne 101
Ludwigia 142, 146
1,11 II I I l:: 52, 55
Lungwort 255
Lupinus (Lupine) 94, 100
Luzula 349, 350
Lychnis 64, 65
Lydum 267, 270
Lvcopersieum 266, 267
LYCOPODIAOEJE 372
Lycopodium 372
Lycopsis 255, 257
Lyi-npus 244, 247
Lygodiuin 362, 371
Lysimaohia 223, 224
LYTIIKACE^ 149
Lythrum 150
MADDER FAMILY 173
Maclura
Madder
297, 299
174
.MAliMlLIACK.K
M Ail. NOLI A FAMILY
Maliernia
Mahogany-tree
Mah.mia
Mahun stock
Maiden-hair
M ilcolmia
MALLOW FAMILY
Mall...v
M.ilope
M.-ilva
MALVACEJ?
M;il\ ivisrus
Mamillaria
Mandevillea
Maudnikc
Manettia oordifolia
Man-of-the-Earth
Maple
MAPLE FAMILY
Maranta
Maivstail
Marigold
Marjoram
Marrubium
.Marsh-Mallow
Marsh-Marigold
Marsh-Rosemary
Marsli St. John's-wort
42
42
75
84
r,
63
364
358
51,53
70
71
70,71
7ii,71
7o
70. 73
1".;:. I"..;
275
46
173
263
91
89
32S
141
•3 H i
21; '
246, 252
71
39
222
Martyuia
Maruta
Marvi'1-of-Peru
M istrrwort
Matrimony-Vine
Matthi.ila
Maurandia
Ma \ -apple
Mayflower
Mavpops
63
227, 228
183, 199
283
166
270
51,53
231. J 5
46
214
I"i7
199
148
356
354
36
355
120
Medeola 337, ::12
Me. lie-ago 94, 101
M.-.li.-k 101
Melampyrum 232, 239
Melantliium 338, 343
MELANTIIIUM FAMILY 337
MELASTOMACE.K 148
MELASTOMA FAMILY 1H
Melia &1
MELIACE2E M
MELIA FAMILY
Melilotus (Melilot)
Mcli-a
Meadow-Beauty
Meadow-Foxtail
Meadow Grass
Meadow-rue
Mcail.iw-Soft-Grass
Melon
Mrlini-Cactus
Melothria
84
'."1, bii
21.'.. 2l;i
153, I.Vi
160
Mcnispcrmum
M.-ntlia
Mcutzelia
Meny ant lies
Mermaid-weed
Mertensia
159, Itiii
244,217
1"'l
271, 2.3
141
'-'"14,255
MESEMBRY ANTHEM I. 1
166
Mesembryautheuiuin 156, 157
Mexican Tea
Mezereum
MK/.KKKIM FAMILY
MhiNoNKITE FAMILY
M.I. .nia . l;.l
Milfoil
Milk-l'ea 1..J
MiU Thi>tle 1^7
Milk- Vetch p. 7
Milkweeil U77
MILKWEED FAMILY 'J7'1,
Milkwort 112
Mine 99, 111
MIMOSA FAMILY
Mnnulus
Mint li|7
MINT FAMILY
Uirabilia
Mist-Flower
Mistletoe
MI.-TLETOC FAMILY 2:rj
Mitchella 174, i7.'i
Mit.-lla 133, L;7
Miireola 27:;
M it r. -wort 1 7
Moceasou-Flower -.7
Mocker-nut I
M.ick-..range 119. I:;!
Modinla 7". 73
Mollugo
Molucca Balm 'J."»i
MollK-cella 246,253
Mi.iiiorilii-a 158
M ><.arda . 250
Moneaee 212. 21^
Moneywort 1. 1
Monkey-Flower
Monkshood 41
MONOCOTYLEDONOCS
ri.\\TS 316
.MnNnl'ETALlirS DIVI-
SION l./.t
M tropa 212, L'H
M' in t lirctia 333
MooN.-KED FAMILY 44
91. .
297.
-• 1
21.'.
17j
37
1" '
34<i.
-
M
Mi... -.-wood
Moroea
M.. ruing Glory
Morns
Moss I'ink
Motherwort
Mountain A-h
M.iuntain 11..I1.V
Mountain Laurel
\lMinitain Mint
Mouse-tail
Mud-Plantain
\|nil...rry
Mulgedinm
Mullein
Mullein-Foxglove
Ml. -a
Muscadine
Muskmelon
Mask-plant
Musquash-Root
M-.--.nl
Ml STAUli FAMILY
My 080 da
Myoeuruji
Myrics
MYRICAC&B
J82
INI » EX.
Myriophyllum 141 Ophinglnssmn
363, 372 Penthorum 137, i%\
Msrrhis odorata It'i4 Oimntia
152, l.V; IVnt.-ti'nioii 2il-.
Ms r-iphsllum 339,344 Oraelii-
2- 1 Pepperg 5$
MYKTAi'EJ-; jv.i Orange
M\ lU'LE FAMILY lr.' ( » range-grass
P. i'permint 247
ti2 Pi-]p],i.ripl'.'e ]. -
Ms rtus 14'J i )ra n^r-root
38 Perilla 244. 247
i Irchard-Grass
.';',! P. ilploca 276 ''1'J
Nahalus 185,207
i n;i 'in [)\i 'i-;.i;
323 ivn tinkle '275
NAIADACE.E 316
i Irchis
323, 32} I'er-ea 9<¥l -''P<1
N'.p-pl Broom-rape 22: i
"K( lll.< FAMILY
323
Pi r-iminon -_\:i
Nandina 44, 45
Origanom
244, 249
Peruvian Hark 176
Nap;ea 7o, 72
Orniiliiiiralum
340,346
PKTALOIDEOUS DIVI-
Nanissus 330
OR011AM HACE.E
22s
SION 319
Nasturtium 51,53,81
Orpine
I"-,
Petalostemon 95, loa
.Nasi'lssurt 257
OKPIXE FAMILY
137
Petilium 34>|
Nccksveed 2-S4
Oryza
353
Pi-trnseiinuin 1,'t',
Nectarine IIS
(>-ai;e-0 range
P«-tunia 266, 2- ,:•
.N'-mnlo 89,92
Osier
307
Phncelia 258. 259
Neiiimliium 46
'•-inauthus
PlI.KNOCAMOfS PLANT.-
Nelunilm 46
Osmorrhiza
1-;:; TI;I
oa
iNemastylis 333,33.5
362, 371
t>j
Phalaris 354
Neuiopanthes 218
' >SM l.'XDACE^l
362
p olus 97, 108
Nenioj.hila 258,259
Ostrich-Fern
Pheasant's-i.\e r..",
Nepeta 245, 251
Nephrodium 368
Nerium 274,275
Oswego Tea
Oxalis
302, 3t'*5
2.-,' i
77, 7S
Pheasaiif's-esi- Adonjs 37
Phegopteris 360, 367
Phila.|eli,hns 1.-J2, 13i
Nesses 150
Oxeye
2o 1
Phleliodium
Nettle •_':,;!
NETTLE FAMILY 296. 2: 1 7
Ox-eye-Daisy
in:*
283
Phleum
Plilomis 246,2".::
Nettle-Tree 298
New-Jersey Tea 87
Oxyilendrum
Oyster-Plant
212. 216
206
Phlox 260
Phoradendron 292
New Zealand Flax 341
Phormium 341
New Zealand Spinach 157
Pachysandra
293, 296
Photinia 117, 129
Nieandra 266, 2' is
Pasonia
34,41
Plira^inites 354
Nicotiana 266,269
Pasony
41
Pliryma 241
Nierembergia 21 i'1., 2i,:i
Painted-Cup
2:?.*
Phylloeactus I:",:!. l.Vl
Nigella 34, 40
Palm
316
I'hysalis
Night-Blooming Ccreus 1.", t
Palma-Christi
295
Physostegia 245, 251
Nightshade 267
Palmetto
316
PllVtiilaeea 284
MCHTSHADE FAMILY 2i;:,
Pampas Crass
:;:,s
PHTTOLACCACKS 2si
Nine-Hark 120
Pancratium
330,331
Picea 312
Mphoholus 363
Panicum
857
Pickcrel-«eeil ;;-'2
Nolana 266, 267
Pansy
59
PICKEREL-WEED F. 322
NOLANA FAMILY 2»i6
Papavc-r
48
Pii'-plant 2s'.»
N". ii-such 101
PAPAYERACE2B
48
I'i.u'sveed 285,286
Nothnlrena 361, -'^l
Papaw
44
Pimpernel 225
N'uphar 46, 47
Paper-Mulberry
Pinckneya 174, 176
N in -Crass 352
Pardanthus
333, :T:'i
Pine ;;n
NnhncL'-llosver 40
Parnassia
]:12. Li-'. Pi"e-A].ple 329
NYCTAC1NACE.E 283
Parsley
165
PINE-APPLE FAMILY 329
Nsinpli.-i-a 4(5 47
PARSLEY FAMILY
162
PINK FAMILY .>'.*
NYMP1LEACE/E 46
Parsley Piert
125
Pine-sap 218
Nyssa 107, 168
Parsnip
hit;
Pinsruicula 225, 226
Partridge-berry
176
Pink 64
Oak 302
Pai-tviilp' Pea
II:;
PINK FAMILY 63
OAK FAMILY 301
Pa.si|ni,-llosver
36
Pink-Root 273
Oat 355
Passiflora
157
Pinus 309, 311
o.it-Crass :;.-,:,
PA8SIFLOBAOE2B
Pine- weed iil 1,2
Oca 79
P:i--ion F'losscr
157
Pinxter Flower 217
Oeimum 243, 247
PASSION-FLO WEB
Pipe-Vine 2S2
(Enothera 144, 1 1::
FAMILY
167
PIPE \VOKT FAMILY ar/2
Ou'eechoe Lime |i;:i
Pastinaca
Pipse.-seNVH '_' H
Oil-nut 292
Palllowilia
280^2$
I'i'ineria 1S2. 1'.'3
Okra 74
Pea
110
Pi-urn ;*s 11(1
oiea 279,280
Peach
118
I'lTCIIKR-PLAXT F. 47
oLF.Ai'K.E 271 • Peanut
106
PITTOSPORACK2E 57
l»l,.ai,,ler 274,275 Pear
12'.'
PITTOSl'dKI'M FAMILY 57
01, i:\STF.I! FAMILY 2!'2 PKAK FAMILY
117
Planera 2'."
l>lis-,- -_>o IVarlsvort
67
Plan.-r-Tree 2'.'^
<»I,I\ i: FAMILY 279
Pea-tree
Plane-tree 300
Ompl, :,],„!,.. 254,2;"
Pecan-nut
801
PI.\\E TI'.KF. FAMILY 300
ONACKAi'K.E 141
Pedicularis
23'2, 2:;;i
I'LAXTACINACi: . 221
Onion 347
Pelargonium
7s, 7'.'
PLANTAIN FAMILY 221
Onpplpi-srliis 95, lo:j
361. 3' v5
PLATAN ACL.K 300
Onoclca :XI,370
Peltandra
317,318
platanus 3(JO
Onopordon Iso. Is7
Pencil-Flower
Platycerinm 360, 363
nimsnindiiim 254, 2;V,
Pennyroyal
248
Platycod.m L .i,210
OPIIIOOL033ACE.E 363
Peiltus carneii
173
Pleurt.iy-Root 277
INDKX.
Plum 118
Pteris
861,866 Rork-r,
M
PLUMBAGINACE.E 21TJ
Puccoon
Rocket
Plumbago 222
Pulsatilla
36
KITK-KII-I-; K\MII.Y •"
PLUM FAMILY 1! ;
IT LSD FAMILY
'.'I
Riiinan \\'<iru:».
188
Poa 354
Pumpkin
159
KM- \i |. 1
Llfi
Podocarpus 311
Punica
1 !.'. 150
llose)
117, 1-j.;
Podophylluni 4">. 46
Purslane
i ! pie
li.
Pogonia 324, 326
PI KM.ANE FAMILY
Rose-bay
Poinciana 113
Putty-Root
327
KiiSK FAMILY
116
Poinsettia 294
P.venanthcniuni
21 1, 2 1 •> l!'i-e-Mallo\T
71
Poison-Dogwood 84
Pyrethrum
1-:;, !:<:» Rosemary
Poison-Elder 84
Pyrola
218,217 Rose of China
7^
Poison Hemlock 165
PYKOLA FAMILY
212
Rosin-Plant
Poison-Ivy 84
Pyrrhopappus
186,207
Riismaritius
Poison-Oak 84
Pyrularia
•J:'J KoUan-Tlve
Poke or Pokeweed 2*4
P\ rus
117, 12'J Royal-Fern
873
POKEWEED FAMILY 284
Rubia
17.-;. 174
p,i! ani.-ia 57
Quaking Grass
355
Kl IMAi'E.E
178
POLEMONIACEiE 260
Quamash
347
Rubus
1 1 ' ' 12 I
Poleinoniuin 260, 262
Quamoclit
262, 263
Rudbei-ki.i
185, 205
POLEMONIUM FAMILY 260
QCASSIA FAMILY
83
Rue
82
Poliauthes 330, 332
Queen-of-t he- Prairie
121, 12')
Rue-Anemone
86
Polyanthus 223 ! Queen's Delight
295
RUE FAMILY
-1
Polvgala 92
Quercus
802
Ruellia
POLYGALACE.E 92
Quilhvort
374
Rumez
POLYGALA FAMILY 92
Quince
130
i: :-eus
POLYGONACE.E 287
Quitch-Grass
356
•
Polygonatum 339, 344
in HI FAMILY
Polygouum 287
Radish
56
Ku--
221. -JL.
Polyumia 184, 201
Ragged-lady
40
Rutaba
-,.
POLYPETALOUS
Ragged-Robin
65
Ruta
"2
DIVISION
Ragweed
188
RUTACE&
81
POLYPODIACE.K 3'iO
Ragwort
194
Rye
867
Polypody
Ramie
299
a-ass
Polypremum 273
Ramsted
235
Polypodium 330, 363
RANUNCULACEJE
33
Salial
816
Polypodium Phegopteris
Ranunculus
34,37
Sabbatia
270,271
Polystichum 3 >9
R ipe
52
i ii-uni
353
Pomegranate 15'.'
Raphanus
52,56
1 P.. Mil
17
Pomme Blanche 103
Raspberry
124
Safflower
1-7
Pond-Lily
Rattlebox
100
Sage
Pond Spice 291
Rattlesnake Grass
355
Sagina
64.67
Pondweed 316
Rattlesnake Plantain
326
Saeittaria
820
PONDWEED FAMILY :;!'.
Rattlesnake-Root
2' '7 j Sago Palm
309
Pontederia 322
Rattlesnake-Weed
207 Sainfoin
108
PONTEDERIACE.E 322
Ra\ Grass
St. Andrew's Cross
81
Poor-Man's- Weatherglass 225
Red Bay
•_,'!
St. .lame- Lily
331
Poplar 42, 308
Red-bud
113
St. .lohn's-Wort
6]
POPPY FAMILY, Poppv 48
Red Cedar
315
ST. JOHN S-WORT
F. (H
Populus "' '7, 308
Red Pepper
268
St. Peti-r's-Wort
• 1
Portulaca 69
Red-root
87
St. Peter's Wreath
iao
PORTULACACE/E 69
Red-top
353
SALIC AC E.K
Potamogeton 316
Redwood
314
Salicornia
884
Potato '-!'>*-
Reed
354
Salisburia
'•'> \ 1 M ,'i
Potentilla 116, 122
l;> e,|-Mace
319
Salix
Poterium 117, 125
RKSEDACEJB, Reseda 57
Salpigl"--!-
Prairie Clover 102
Resurrection-Plant
3,4
Salsify
806
Prairie Dock 201
Retinospora
314
Salsola
284
Prickly Ash
KIIAMNACEJE
86
Saltwort
884
Prickly-Pear Cactus 153
Rhamnus
St'. S" Sal via
•jr.. -ji •
Prickly Poppy
Rheum
287,288 Sambucus
17". 17:i
Pride-of-India 84
Itbeiimatisin-root
1 Sainnlns
Prim £80
Rhexia
; Sand-Myrtle
-17
Primrose 223
Rhodanthe
1R1, I'."'
SAM'ALWOOn 1 VMM *i
PRIMROSE FAMILY
Rhododendron
212. 2l'j BandSpurrej
Primrose Peerless 330
Rhodora
212,211 S:ini|.
67
Primula 222, 223
Rhubarb
2s'1 Saii'.'uinaria
4*. 1:1
PRIMULACE.E 222
Rhns
v' - ngiusorba
Princes' Feather 286, 288
Rhynchosia
'•'' .11" >• ,nii ula (Sanicle)
Princes-Pine
Ribes
-\M AI.M'KV.
Prinos -I1'
Ribgrass
221 SAP1MM.I.1
Privet, 2*"
Rice
i IllS
Pro.-artes 339, "l:;
Richardia
- ,p,.naria
Proserpinaca
Ricinus
: r.
Primus 116,11-
Kipplegrass
'--' SM'PilHILI.A KVMII.\
Psidium
Robinia
9f>. 10< Sarmeenin
47
Psoralea '.'•">. 1":',
Robin's Plantain
S \UR\CKMAi-l 1
47
Ptele* v'-. I-:';
Rochea
138, 139 SarsaparilU, Wild
884
INDl.X.
Sassafras 290, 291
Satin-Flower 55
Satureia 244, 249
8AURURAORS 293
Saururus '-•<•',
Savin 315
Savory 249
Saw-Grass '•'-'•-
Saxifraga (Saxifrage) 132, 136
SAXIFKAUACEJE 131
S \\1KKA(1K FAMILY 131
Seal>ici-a (Scabious) 178
Schallott :;47
gcheuchzeria 319, '•"-<>
Schizandra 42 43
Schizsea 362, 371
SCHIZ.EACE^E 362
Schizanthus 229 232
Schizostylis 333
Schollera 322
Schrankia 99, 114
Scilla 340, 347
Scirpus 352
SCITAMINEJE 328
Sclerauthus 64, 68
Soolopeudrium 361, 367
Scoke 284
Scorpion-grass 256
Scotch Broom 100
Scotch Thistle 187
Scou ring-Rush 359
Scrophularia 231, 238
SCROPHULARIACEiE 229
Scutch Grass 350
Scutellaria 245, 252
Scurvy-Grass 54
Sea Elite 2S4
Sea-Lavender 222
Sea-Rocket 56
Sea Sand-Reed •'.-'•',
Secale 357
SEDGE FAMILY :!52
Sedum 138
Selaginella 372, 373
Self-Heal 252
Srmpervivum 137, i:is
Si-niva (Jniss :!."ii;
Seneca Snakeroot 93
Senecio 182, 193
Senna 113
Sensitive-brier 114
Sensitive-Fern 370
Sensitive Joint-Vetch 105
Sensitive-plant 1 1 1
Sequoia 310, 314
Service-Berry 1 -' i
Sesame Grass
Sesrmimii (Sesame) 227
sKSAMUM FAMILY 227
Seshania 96, 106
Setaria -'>:n
Seymeria 231,2:;7
Shadbush
Shcrp-licrry 172
Shell-Flower
Shephenlia 2! 12
Shepherd's-pune ;V.
.Shield-Fern 3tiS
Sliin-leaf 218
Shooting-star '-!'•':
Shrul. Yellow-root 38
Sirklepod 64
S icy OB 159, 1(JO
Si, la 70,73
Sidesaddle-Flower 47
Silene >U, (If.
Silk-Flower 114
Silk-tree 114
Silkweed 277
Silphium 184. -"1
Silver-Bell-Tree 221
Silver-Berry '-•'-
Silver-Fern
Silybum 181', 1>7
BIMARUBACEJE
Siphocampylus 209
Sisymbrium ">!,.>•)
Sisyrinchium 333, 335
Slum lt>o, \i~Si
Skullcap 252
Skimmia 82, 83
Skunk Cabbage -Is
Sloe 118
Smartweed 288
SMILACE^l 366
Sniilacina 339, 344
Sniilax 334-336
SMI LAX FAMILY 336
Smoke-tree 84
Snake-Cucumber 158
Snake-head -j:;s
Snakeroot 192, 2*2
Snapdragon 235
Snowball-tree 172
Snowberry 170, 214
Snowdrop 331
Snowdrop-Tree
Bnowflake
Sneezeweed
Sneezewort
Soapberry
SOAPBERRY FAMILY
Soapwort
SOLANACEJ3
Solanum
Solidago
Solomon's Seal
S(1phora
Sorrel
Sorrel-tree
Sour Gum-tree
Simr-wood
Suv. bread
Southernwood
Sow Thistle
Spadiceous Division
Spanish-liaydiiet
Spanish Broom
Spanish Trcfuil
sparaxis
gparganinm
Spartium Junceum
Spatter-Dock
Spearmint
Spi'i-ularia
Spi-eilwell
sprit
Spergula
S|"-r;.'u]aria
Spiccbush
.vi2
'J1 « '
l!|C.i
90
88
66
265
26fi, 267
182, 195
'.'A 1
186,208
98, 112
357
289
216
l'i>
216
224
189
208
348
1' m
101
333
31S, ::i'.i
100
247
288
867
64, 88
64, 68
351
Sl'IDKRU'ORT FAMILY :;.M|
Spigelia 273
Spikenard I1'1''
Spin.-ich -*'•
Spiimciii 284, L's;)
Spindle-tree
llfl, I'Jn
21'i
lo'i
ti'J
Spleentrort
Spoon-woml
Spotted Cowbane
Sprint; Bi-autj
Spruce
BP1 KtlE FAMILY 293
Spurge-Nettle 296
Spurred Butterfly-Pea 109
Spurred Valerian 177
Spurrey 68
Sqii:i-li 159
Squaw-root 229
Squaw-weed 194
Squill 347
Squirrel-Corn 50
Squirting Cucumber 158
Stachys 246, 253
Staff-tree 88
STAFF-TREE FAMILY 87
Stagger-bush 215
Stag-horn Fern
Stapelia 276, 279
Staphylea fcJ, 90
Star-Anise 43
Star-Cucumber 160
Star-Flower 224
Star-'irass 322,330
Star of Bethlehem 346
Star-Thi>tle 187
Starry Campion 66
Starwort 196
Starwort duckweed 67
Statice 222
Steeplcbush 120
Stellaria >'(.r,7
Stenanthium 338, 342
Stephanoti, 276,278
STKR(.TLlACE.ffi 75
STKKCl .1.1 A FAMILY 75
Stiekseed 257
Stillingia 293. •.:<:.
Stitchwort 67
Stock 53
Stone-Crop 138
Storax 221
ST()U\X FAMILY 220
Storksbill 79
Stramonium 269
Strawberry 123
Strawberry-bush
Strawberry Blite 2>r.
Strawberry (ieranium 136
Strawherrv Tomato 2oX
Strelitzia " 329
Streptopus 339,343
Stuartia 76
Stviophnrum 48, 49
Stylosanthes 95,103
StNptie-NV.'e.l 113
BTYRACACEA 220
Styrax 220, 221
Succory 206
Sugar Cane 358
Sumach 84
SUNDEW FAMILY 59
Siinllower 2n3
Suwda --I
Supple-Jack 87
Suthcrlandia 96
Struthiopteris 361, 370
Swainsona 96
S«,-rt Basil 247
Sweet Bay 43
Sweet-Brier 126
Sw.M't Cicely 164
Sw.-et Clover 101
Sweet-Fern •'((•!
Sweet Flag 318
Sweet Gale 306
SWEET GALE FAMILY 305
Tree 140
221
INDKX.
«weet-Potato 263
Tooth wort 55
Vcrbpsinfi 1S4 2* ii
Sweet-scented-Shrub 131
Torenia 231
'in i •* i , i'."i
Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass
Torreya 311,316
Veronica
865
Touch-me-not 81
\ >T\ .I'D
Sweet Sultana 188
Sweet-Verbena 212
Trarheliuni 'jnn
, Tradusoantia
\I.IL\A1.\ FAMILY
1 In
Sweet-William 64
Trailing Arbutus 211
Vim; 1 In
Swietenia Mahogani S4
Tragopogon 185,2-";
i num 17o, 172
Sycamore :',n'i
Treacle-Mustard 54
Vk-ia '.)•. lin
Symplocarpus 317, 318
Treat 1 softly 296
\ ietoria regia }•;
Symplocos 22'i, '_2l
Tree Clover in I
\ in. -a 'J7 •
SvmDlioricurDus It 11 ' 1TO
Tr< 'i* Kt ' n i *i •-****>
Symphytum 255, 257
Tree of lleavea 83
VINK KAM1I.V
Syringa 134, 279, 280
Trefoil in I
Triehomaiies 362, :;71
Viola (Vi.. .
\ I()L M 1. 1.
Tacamahac 309
Trichosanthes i:,s
\ lnl.l.r FAMILY 58
Tacsonia 157
Tagetes 185, 206
Triehostema 21::. 216
Trieutalis ^_;;, 221
Viper's lingloss 2V,
Virgin's-Bower
Talinum 69
Trifolium :r,,' [oi
Tallow-tree 295
Triglochin 31:1
Virginia Creeper 86
Tamarack 314
Trigonella :ti. La
Virginia Snakeroot 2-2
Tauiarix 63
Trillium 337,:: 11
\ 'iririnia Stock
TAMAItrSCIXE.E 63
TRILLICM FAMILY :J37
vrj'Ai i. i. 85
TAMARISK FAMILY 63
Triosteum 169, 17n
Vitex 241,213
Tamus &36
Tripsacum .;,-
Tauaretum 180, 188
Triteleia :;il
\\ :ike Robin 341
Tansy 188
Triticum :',', ;
Waldsteinia 116, 121
Tansy-Mustard
Tritoma 340, :;is
Walking-leaf
Tape-Grass 322
Tritonia 333
Wallflower :,i
Taraxacum 186, 207
Trollius 34, 39
Wall-1'epper I'.SJ
Tare 110
Tropaeolum 78, 81
Wall-Rue
Tarragon l"'.i
True Ferns 360
Walnut 300
Tartary Wheat 289
True Thistle LSI;
WALM T FAMILY
Tassel- Flower 194
Trumpet-Creeper 227
Water Arum 318
Taxodium 310, 314
Trumpet-Flower 227
\\ater l!i>i>eh
Taxus 310, 315
Trumpet-Leaf 48
\\ ati-r Chiii'jiiepin 47
TEA FAMILY 75
Tsuga 313
WatiT-i'n -- ,V3
Tea Plant 76
Tuberose 332
Waier-Ilemlock ],,.-
Tear-Thumb 289
Tulipa (Tulip 340, 346
Water-llorehound 217
Teasel 178
Tulip-tree 42
Waterl.'af ' S
TEASEL FAMILY 178
Tupelo 168
WATKKLEAF FAMILY
Tecoma 226, 227
Turnip 52
WatiT-Lilv 47
Ten-O'clock 346
Turtle-head 2 ;s
WATKK-LILY FAMILY
Tephrosia 96, 106
Tussilago 182, 1H3
\\"atennelon ]t>l
Testudinaria 336
Twin-Flower 170
W;ifer-Milf,,il 111
Tetragonia 156, 157
Twin-lea*' (•;
»\An;i; MILFOIL F. Mil
Tetranthera 291
Twisted-stalK 343
Water OatB
Teucrium 243, 246
Typha 318, 319
Water-parsnip
Thalia 328
TYPHACE.E Sis
Water-pennywort I'.l
Thalictrum 34, 36
Water Pepper 289
Thea 76
Uhmis 296, 297
Water-Plantain
Thermopsis 98, 112
UMBELLIFER.E L',2
WATKK-I'I.ANTAIN F. 819
Thirnbleberry 124
Umbrella-tree 12
Water-pimpernel
Thistle Is.;
Unicorn-Plant 228
Water-.-hie;,| !•;
Thorn-Apple 269
Urtioa 297, 2'.i'.i
\\ atn- Star-'
Thoroughwort 192
URTICACE.E 296
v\ ater \ Miet
Three-leaved Nightshade 341
Utricularia 225
Wati-r-wec.l : .2
Thrift 222
Uvularia 338, 343
WATKIl-WORT FAMILY
Thuja 310, 315
Watsonia
Thnjopsis 315
Vaccaria 64, 66
Wax-Myrtle
Thunbergia 240
Vaeeinium 211,213
Wax-Plant 278
Thyme 249
THYMELEACEJE 291
Valeriana (Valerian) 177
VALKKIANACE.E 177
Wax-work
Wavfarimr-tr.-.- 172
Thymus 244. 249
Valerianella 1 1 s
Weld :.7
Tiarella 133, 137
VALKRIAN FAMILY 177
\\'. !:i;t^'tiriiia 314
Tickseed 201
Vallisneria 321.: 122
Whahoo
Tick-trefoil 104
Vallota 883
Wheat
Tiger-Flower 335
Vanilla-plant I'.'l
Whin 1"0
Tigridia 333, 335
Vegetable Serpent 158 i
White AMer 217
Tilia 75
Velvet-Grass 355
White Hont Grass
TILIACE.E 75
Velvet-Leaf ','•',
Whilf Ce'lar M5
Tillaea las, 139
Venus's Fly Trap W
White I^'ttuoe 2n7
Tillandsia 329
Venus-hair ot'.t
White Thorn 128
Timothy 356
Venus's Looking-Glass 209
Whiteweed
Toad-Flax 235
Veratruin 338, 343
White- 12
Tobacco 269
Verbascum 230, 233
Whitlavia 258, 260
Tomato 267
Verbena 211
Whitlow-(}rass
Toothache-tree 82
VERBENACE^E 241
Wliortli'liurry 213
25
386
INDKX.
WHORTLEBERRY
F. 211 Woad
66 Yarrow
1%
Wigundis
258 Woad-Waxen
100
Yellow Bachelor's-Button 92
i\ i. 1 Allspice
291 Wolfsbane
•11
'1 ••!!.. w-KM-d lii 351
Wild K:tl.s;tm-Aii]ile
IMI Woini-lietony
239
yELLOW-KYED
GRASS
Wild Lean
1^> \\-liodl.ilK-
170
FAMILY
aji
Wild Berjpmiot
250 Wood-Nettle
299
Yellow .liv.>:iiiiini!
278
Wild I'nnilri'y
•j:,7 \Vnod-llush
350
l'"iid-l.ily
47
IVild (iiirj:i-r
282
Woodsia
861,870
Vrllow ]ill(TOOU
38
Wild Hvarintli
347
Wood-Sorrel
78
\ ,-l...',v-Kocki-t
54
Wild Li'iuorire
175 WdoilH:irdia
361,366
Yellow- Wood
112
Wild-Potato-Vine
2U4 Wumi-di
273
Yi-\v
315
Willow
807
Wormaeed
•2*r,
YKW FAMILY
310
WILLOW FAMILY
:;u7 Wormseed-Moatard
54
Yucca
340,348
Willow-herb
] i:j \\'onn\vood
188
Yulan
43
Wind-flower
35
Windsor lir.-m
111
Xanthiuni
180, 188
Zainia
30&
Winterberry
219
Xerophvllum
338,342
Zanthorhiza
34,38
Winter-cress
54 Ximinesia
184, 203 Zauthoxylum
82
Wintergreen
214, 218
XYRIDACE^;
351 Zauschneria.
142, 143
Wire-Grass
354-350
Xyris
351
Zea
358
Wistaria
97, 108
Ziunia
185, 206
Witch Grass
&57
Yam
336
Zizania
353
Witch-Hazel
140
YAM FAMILY
335
Zostera
316
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 140
Yard-Grass
356
Zygadenus
338,343
THE
BOTANIST'S MICROSCOPE,
This Convenient Instrument, dc-i'lscd and manu-
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
has given so great satisfaction there, and else-
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// is attacJicd to a box, one and a half inches
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too small to be otherwise handled for analysis.
The lenses magnify about fifteen diameters; or
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A thousand things about forest, field or garden,
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Prof. ASA GRA Y, of Harvard University,
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Price of Microscope, with two Lenses, - $1 50
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