Full text of "Halteres"

See other formats

VOL. 2, 2010 | 7 ISSN 0973-1555

- —Alalteres

A PEER REVIEWED
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL

HALTERES ISSN 0973 -1555

(Web: http://antdiversityindia.com/halteresentomology_research_journal)
Editorial Board
Chief Editor: Dr. Himender Bharti (India)

Email: himenderbharti mail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com

BOARD OF EDITORS

Dr. K. Eguchi (Japan) Dr. Seike Yamane (Japan)

Dr. V. V. Ramamurthy(India) Dr. Sudhir Singh (India)

Dr. John R. Fellowes (UK) Dr. Sriyani Dias (Sri Lanka)

Dr. A. S. Sohi (India) Dr. Simon Robson(Australia)

Dr. Florian M. Steiner(Austria) Dr. Joachim Offenberg (Denmark)
Dr. Bergert Steiner(Austria) Dr. Meenakshi Bharti (India)

Dr. P_D. Rajan (India)

JUNIOR REVIEWERS/EDITORS

Mr. Yash Paul Sharma
Mr. Irfan Gul
Mr. Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo
Mr. Rakesh Kumar

Published by Organisation for Conservation and Study of Biodiversity (CSBD) in collaboration
with ANeT - India {regional concern of ANeT - International Network for Study of Ants, Head Office:
Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation University Malaysia, Sabah Locked Bag 2073, 88999
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia} Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India-147002

Email: csbdngo mail.com/himenderbharti@antdiversityindia.com

http://www. antdiversityindia.com/anet-india
(http://antdiversityindia.com/csbdan_ngo)

Cover Design: Mr. Amandeep Singh (Copyright: CSBD & ANeT - India)

CONTENTS

Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology
Shazia Raja, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad
S 1d iques MUMaWaAl cree cree: cercscccc ces octets secctccenscconcsscoscha sascrevvscesersaacecsvsnscectvaasens secccesszdacerassadeessvsacetcasscaccrsaenacrastacceresTicacaert sytceetsaantet 1

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in
Kashmir Himalayas
M. Nayyar Azim, Shabir Anmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rathel...............::ccccsesssccceseseeeeesseeseeceeeseeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeaaeeeeaeeeseenne A

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta;
Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)
M.S: Sainiiand! Es Kaul ccsts ccc cs secccee cs secede c cea ceed etceen ie cevcececce nec cces sede ccetacssuatesteessousavevees setessesdetsvesg tacdervgdeveusosedsestpacseesats scetearesedeveusces 24

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record from India (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a revised key to Indian species
Meenakshi Bharti :& Hiromui Kurahashi..2c...ccccccccccscccccccesceccsaxscccsessscsteatsccoassadececesstescesssesssssccessdcoousasscesuaicecoassstesessessasscecassencoeurs ts 29

Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Muhammad Shakeel, Ahmed Zia, Abid Farid and Zakir HuUSSA@iIN..................ccccceccsscceecccneceeccueeseeeceeeceeccaeeceeecaeccseceueeceeceeeeseeeeees 31

Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson
JS -TaralGsiPooja Shanini ae. 22cck sissccceccscessctageseccocsecdasasssessaeseccccuasacuscacacwdccsaesecsagestesicesves saeaccsscasoussteteeiaes Ccddvarseicacecossantatececasiwasssssvens 35

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied
Ahmed Zia, Soaib Ali Hassan, Anjum Shehzad and Falak NaZ.............ccccccceceeccccccceeseeeeeececceeeueceeeeceeeeeeuaeeeeeeeeeeeuaaeeeeeeeeeueauaeeeeeres 38

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia;
Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae)
MESS S alma Wau rieoo2ec cc cesssscscccctccess fevevevassstccessaeccutacessessaucasecsedss costs cetceses sac canettaees tueeccnnrs vee vasteassactsaeevuve fase coheed cag teste stecnunsiaverse? 44

Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson
JS alaratandiRoojais hartniatysiiiccchscecccessuscccctvscccetesecessvscecsavnsastauecs eset ditteccocdendesvsszccaeesseeuvcseseeerastescstanausasceritissiesseveconstaceuadezesicetiees 49

SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae:
Hymenoptera)
Deepak D. Barsagade, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu........ccccccccccccessssssssseeceesessscssnesceceeecessssessaeseeeeeeesssaes 53

A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera
Dolly Kumar ‘and! (Bhumika Natduesccsc..secccccccesesceetieccestsssecceevececcasessessscctssosaccesscasonedesaieececctssssusnsetsunensss¢ssobscsdeceassssansacciaddsstesssaecei« 58

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops
in Kashmir (India)
Deen MohammadiiBhatvand. Re Cx Blhag ates ci sccccccceccetssscoscssseascesesvscnsenssossisicastesssetuvasesasvacsestssnerssssueevessceveessscasnetssvesteixscvatetestsies: 64

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
ReMeAtinwarcandiMiP: Gu ptasvecececcvrcscssacecsceesscezssoes ccs suena vevvies suecsetuarcaissssetsa: seeessishanesoeussesut cua set desceevete race essotiessviadsectetetsceetitresiees 70

Mm (hannah

£ Soasbuaah

| ae me
ae

5 baw qe
- a

7 hes a Oihe «

ous “na -
= somal wi

a =

cen

“S spieaml x

vhs “

Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology

Shazia Raja*, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar,

Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad Sidddique Munawar

Honeybee Research Intstitute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(#e-mail: shazia_raja2002@ yahoo.com)

Abstract

A newly designed pollen trap for beehives is disclosed. The trap includes a single wooden frame,
mounted in the frame are two screens having two meshes (0.5mm in size with 0.7mm distance
between them) that are fine enough to dislodge granules of pollen from the bees as they crawl
through it. The pollen drops down through the screens into pollen tray. This construction permits
the pollen trap to virtually occupy all the area of hive to promote good ventilation for dry pollen. The
frame fits in the bottom of the hive by inserting it from back side and can be removed easily when
not needed. After designing the new trap a trial was laid down on 11/02/2009 in the premises of
HBRI on eight colonies. All the colonies selected were alike with respect to number of frames and
bees present in them. The colonies were divided into two groups. On the first group the entrance
trap was clipped while on the second group the newly devised bottom trap was fitted. The weight
of pollen collected was compared and it was found to be significantly different from each other.
The total yield of pollen from entrance trap and the fixed bottom trap in gm were found to be 12.55
+ 1.66 (Mean + SE) and 22.5 + 1.25 (Mean + SE) respectively. The honey extracted from hives fitted

with both types of traps was also compared and no difference was observed in their weight.

Keywords: Pollen, Trap, Bees, Colonies.

Introduction

Pollen, sometimes incorrectly called as
flower sperm is a fine to coarse powder consisting
of micro gametophyte or pollen grain which
produces the male gamete of seed plant. It is
bee’s major source of protein, fatty substances,
minerals and vitamins (Gary, 1975).

Bee pollen is the flower pollen collected by
alll honeybees for the purpose of feeding their larvae
in the early stages of development. Collected
flower pollen is accumulated as a pellet in pouches
(pollen baskets) on the rear legs of the bees and it
is the mixture of these pellets that comprises bee
pollen (Campos et a/., 2005). The bees mix the
pollen grains with a sticky substance that is
secreted from their stomach, which allows the
pollen to adhere to their legs in pollen baskets in
order to safely transport to their hives. Bee pollen
is one of the richest and purest natural foods ever
discovered, and the incredible nutritional and

medicinal value of pollen has been known for
centuries.

The pollen collected by bees is superior to
the pollen collected directly from plants as the bees
are extremely discriminate about selecting the best
pollen from the millions of grains that are present,
bees only select those grains that are rich in all
the nutrients, especially nitrogenous materials.
Traps for collecting pollen pellets from legs of
honey bees have been designed to trap pollen
reserves. These traps vary greatly in size,
appearance, and method of installation on the hive.
Incoming pollen can be sampled for studies of
foraging activities of bees and for identifying and
classifying pollen sources. Stored pollen is a basic
ingredient of pollen supplement for feeding bees.
This pollen supplement provided by the beekeeper
stimulates brood rearing when the natural pollen
stored in comb is unavailable or inadequate in the

hive.

Pollen traps called pollen guards were first
used by Farrar (1934) to prevent bees from
bringing pollen into the hive. Todd and Bishop
(1940) improved these guards by changing the grid
from perforated metal to 5-mesh hardware cloth.
For pollen identification studies Nye (1959),
constructed a trap that fits underneath the hive
and had an opening on the side for removing the
tray filled with pollen. A trap that was inserted in
the front entrance for obtaining small samples of
pollen in short time was developed by Stewart and
Shimanuki (19771).

Pollen traps vary greatly in design and
positioning on the hive, but the basic principle is
same i.e. a grid to remove the pollen from the bees
and a tray to collect them.

Moisture in the pollen may be a serious
problem in areas where humidity is high, so the
traps should be weather proof and installed
carefully to keep out moisture. Pollen should only
be collected from disease free colonies and
trapping should be done only during pollen flow of
one quarter pound per day. During major nectar
flows, pollen trapping is unprofitable as grids slow
down bee activity which ultimately reduces honey
production.

Freshly trapped pollen is perishable and it
may be dried, frozen, or mixed with other materials
and stored. For drying, the pollen should be spread
On porous surface at a depth of one-half inch in an
enclosed ventilated room and allow it to air dry.
More rapid drying can be achieved in oven at 100
degrees F maximum. It can also be stored by
putting it in paper bags in deep freezers below
freezing temperatures.

Materials and Methods

The present work has been carried out in
Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural
Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan during
February-March 2009. We went under a series of
steps before designing a new type of trap for
collection of pollen from standard deep bottom
hives. Initially, a double screen grid with a distance
of 1.7mm was made (design no.1) but it did not

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

proved to be effective as it disturbed the movement
of bees from one screen to other and ultimately
we did not collect any pollen. Then it was improved
by removing one mesh from it (design no. 2). When
this trap was checked the objections from the first
designed pollen trap were removed but another
serious problem arouse i.e. time consumption in
the installation, as every time we have to remove
the top covers of hive while inserting the pollen
trap, which is not economical in terms of time spent
by beekeeper on other management practices
especially in spring season.

The design and location of the pollen trap
on the hive may be changed to meet the prevailing
needs and climatic conditions. Ease of installation,
colony manipulation, minimum disturbance,
cleanliness of pollen and size of tray should be
given special attention while designing any trap.
Thus keeping in view the above mentioned facts a
further change was made in the trap (design no.
2) by making the grid which fits permanently in the
hive and to collect pollen, just insert the single
mesh (metal/plastic as both proved effective)
which fits into that grid and when not needed can
be removed easily.

The design of no. 2 trap was further
modified by using double mesh screen and
keeping the distance of 0.7mm between them.
Finally, the structure of pollen trap was made
strong by using fine wood of Pinus walluchiana
and inserting it from the back side so that it will not
cause any hindrance to the incoming bees. Thus,
the bees enter the hive through an opening at the
front of hive and while passing through the mesh
grid, most of the pollen pellets dislodged from the
hind legs of the returning bees, fall into a tray
covered by screen that allows the pollen pellets
but not the bees to pass. The size of holes is also
a crucial factor as it must not damage bees or
restrict their normal flight activity. It is hoped that
this new design of pollen trap produces reliable,
consistent results and overcomes some of the
problems encountered with other designs of traps.

Pollen Collection
After designing the new trap a trial was laid

Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology 3

down on 11/02/2009 in the premises of HBRI on
eight colonies. All the colonies selected were alike
with respect to number of frames and bees
present in them. The colonies were divided into
two groups. One group of four colonies had the
entrance trap fitted at the entrance and on other
four the newly devised bottom trap was fixed.

Each trap was fixed on the hives at 10am
and removed at 2pm. The experiment was
continued for three weeks and data was taken
twice a week. The pollen collected each day was
stored in plastic bottles and weighed.

A total of 40 samples of pollen were
collected from the hives by using pollen trap in
front of the hive for 4hrs interval throughout the
experiment. These pollen samples were removed
from the hind legs of honeybees on a rack fitted in
a tray inside the trap, as bees pass through the
trap, the loads on their legs fell down. After 4hrs
interval traps were removed and pollen loads were
collected, weighed and spread on the clean white
paper for sorting. The pollen of different colour
was stored in small glass bottles.

A field survey was conducted and bees
with pollen loads on their legs were collected from
different plants. The pollen loads were then pushed
off the hind legs into individual specimen of poly-
thene bag. The bees were released unharmed or
sometimes killed by using the killer bottle. These
colours were matched with those pollen pellet
trapped by pollen traps, which helped in identify-
ing the source of pollen.

Results and Discussion

To analyze our data we used SPSS
statistical programme version fourteen in which
the approach is rather different as the statistics
are not displayed on the spread sheet but in
separate windows. Comparisons between means
were made using the least significant difference
(LSD) at 0.05 probabilities (SPSS). For statistical
data, standard descriptive statistics were
performed for each of the quantitative parameters.

The dependence of honeybees on pollen
in several ways is well documented (Stanley and
Linskens, 1974, Wille et a/., 1985). Pollen is used
primarily as a source of essential aminoacids

required by honeybees (De Groot, 1953) in protein
synthesis. In our study we worked on the newly
devised pollen trap fitted on Apis mellifera colonies.
The brood rearing capacity of Apis mellifera is
known to be improved by the addition of pollen ash
to a chemically defined diet (Herbert and
Shimanuki, 1978). The nutritional status and
biochemical composition of the royal jelly as
influenced to a large extent by the type of pollen
nutrition (Stanley and Linskens, 1974), may affect
the composition of food fed to honeybee larvae.

The use of pollen trap in pollen studies is
not a new phenomenon. Wille et a/., (1985)
reported that the weight of pollen collected by a
colony, calculated from amounts collected in pollen
traps, varies from 10 to 25kg/year. The mean
weight of pollen collected from the entrance clipped
pollen trap ranged from 0.5 to 49.0 gm and for the
newly devised fixed bottom trap the range was 6
to 45gm respectively. The Lavene’s Test for
equality of variance showed the P value greater
than 0.05 so the weight of pollen collected was
compared by using non parametric Mann-Whitney
U Test and it was found that they were significantly
different from each other (Mann-Whitney U = 512.5,
P <0.00). The total mean yield of pollen (gm) from
entrance trap and the fixed bottom trap were found
to be 12.55 + 1.66 (Mean + SE) and 22.5 + 1.25
(Mean + SE) respectively (Fig. 1).

The pollen brought in by the bees at
Rothamsted during 1945 and 1946 has been
collected daily by using a newly designed pollen
trap and it was found that legumes, rosaceae trees/
shrubs and forest trees share 54, 15 and 11 % of
the total collected pollen (Synge, 1947). Cundill
(1986) tested a simple trap at three locations in
Scotland and collected data at monthly intervals
for three years which showed a clear link between
pollen and the dominant plant species of the area.
In our study after matching the colour of pollen
colleted from trapped bees while foraging plants
with that of pollen collected in pollen traps also
showed a positive relationship between the
pollen and prominent botanical sources of the
area around the experimental trial. The results
obtained also show some important pollen
colours as follows;

Lallemantia royleana

Linum usitatissimum

The colour of pollen can help in identifying
the plants present in the area (Kirk, 1994). This
method is usually accurate and can often identify
the pollen to genus and species level but it is time
consuming and requires expertise.

In order to evaluate the use of three
different types of traps referred as entrance, bottom
and board, an investigation carried out in Poland
(Bobrzecki and Wilde, 1987) showed that total
pollen collected in 1986 was 2.47, 0.69 and 0.70
kg respectively for bottom, entrance and board
traps. In 1987 the corresponding figures were 1.58,
0.50 and 0.41kg. They also found that amount of
pollen did not lower the amount of honey produced
which is in agreement with our results as we also
did not find any difference in the amount of honey
harvested from hives fitted with different traps

Sillipum sp

Callestemon citrinus Yellowish green

Euphorbia sp. Reddish yellow

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Sea green
Green

Yellowish green

(One Way ANOVA, F |, ,. = 16.59, P > 0.001). The
mean weights of honey (kgs) produced from
colonies fitted with front and fixed bottom trap were
10.43 + 2.51 (Mean + SE) and 8.51 + 1.39 (Mean
+ SE) respectively (Fig. 2).

Pollen traps have been used extensively
by the various beekeepers during the summer
months to collect surplus pollen brought in by the
bees which can be used in the following spring to
stimulate brood rearing at a time when pollen is in
short supply.

Stephen and Robert (2001) indicated that
honeybees respond to deficiencies in the quantity
or quality of their pollen reserves by increasing the
gross amount of pollen returned to the colony,
rather than by specializing in collecting pollen with
greater pollen content.

Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology 5

They also suggested that colonies may
respond to changes in their pollen stores by
adjusting the numbers of inexperienced to
experienced foragers within their foraging
populations.

The newly designed trap used in our
study does not fit at the existing entrance but
is placed at the bottom of the hive which
allows the bees to have easy free access
without getting crowded or aggressive. This
ensures that they can replenish or collect
their own pollen stores in good quantity. This
trap is designed for beekeepers to allow them

Weight of honey in Kgs

Front Trap Bottom Trap

Fig. 1: The weight of pollen collected from the entrance fitted
pollen trap (T1) and newly devised fixed bottom trap (T2).

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Mr. Maqbool and Mr.
Qurban, Senior Scientific Assistants, Honey Bee
Research Institute for designing and testing the
new pollen trap at various stages of fabrication.
We are also thankful to Mr. Qurban, Mr. Riaz, Mr.
Umar Daraz and Mr. Zafar for collecting pollen from
traps and foraging bees on plants.

References

Bobrzecki, J. and Wilde, J. 1987. The influence of pollen
trapping by 3 types of pollen traps on the
development and productivity of honeybee

to keep the trap on the hive throughout the
summer and collect the pollen on alternate
weeks or after every 2-3 days of week without
disturbing bees and avoiding labour of putting
and removing traps every time. The surplus
pollen should be collected every other day and
stored properly as a byproduct for feeding
colonies when required.

However, this requires more critical
evaluation by future experiments involving
collection of pollen over several months from
single and mixed plant populations.

Weight of honey in Kgs

Front Trap Bottom Trap

Fig. 2: The weight of honey harvested from hives fitted
with front and newly devised fixed bottom pollen trap.

colonies. CABI Abstracts. Poland: Akademia
Rolniczo-Techniczna, Olsztyn.

Campos, M. G. R., Stephen, B. A. M., Teresa, S. and
Yannia, M. 2005. International Beekeeping
Congress, Nov. 13-18. Banglore, India.

Cundill, P. R. 1986. A new design of pollen trap for
modern studies. Journal of Biogeography 13:
83-89.

De Groot, A. P. 1953. Protein and amino acids
requirements of the honeybee (Apis
mellifera). Journal of Comparative Physiology
and Ecology 3: 197-285.

Farrar, C. L. 1934. Bees must have pollen. Gleanings
Bee Culture 62: 276-278.

Gary, N. E. 1975. Activities and behaviour of honeybees.
In: Dedant, C. and Dedant, C.P. (eds.). The Hive
and the Honeybee. Illinois: Dedant and Sons,
Carthage 185-262.

Herbert, A. W. and Shimanuki, B. 1978. Mineral
requirements for brood-rearing by honey bees
fed a synthetic diet. Journal of Apicultural
Research 17: 118-122.

Kirk, W. D. J. 1994. Recording the color of pollen loads.
Bee World 75: 169-180.

Nye, W.P. 1959. A modified pollen trap for honeybee hives.
Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 1024-1025.

Stanley, R. G. and Linskens, H. F. 1974. Pollen. Biology,
bio-chemistry, management. NewYork: Springer-
Verlag 100-109.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Stephen, E. and Robert, W. 2001. The influence of
pollen quality on foraging behaviour in
honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Behavioral
Ecology and Sociobiology 51: 53-68.

Stewart, J. D. and Shimanuki, H. 1971. Rapid-sample
pollen trap for honey bees. Journal of
Economic Entomology 63: 1350.

Synge, A. D. 1947. Pollen collection by Honeybees
(Apis mellifera). Journal of Animal Ecology 16:
122-138.

Todd, F .E. and Bishop, R. K. 1940. Trapping
honeybees gathered pollen and factors
affecting yields. Economic Entomology 33:
866-870.

Wille, H., Imdrof, A. Buhlmann, G. Kilchenmann, V.
and Will, M. 1985. Pollen gathering and
population dynamics of three liebfled bee
colonies. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 92: 897-914.

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini
(Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas

M. Nayyar Azim*, Shabir Ahmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rather

Section of Entomology; PG Department of Zoology; University of Kashmir,
Srinagar-190006 (J & kK).
(#email: mnayyarazim@yahoo.com)

Abstract

Tribe Oedipodini is redefined. Key to genera of Oedipodini found in Kashmir and diagnostic characters
of each genus are given. Key to species wherever necessary along with their habitats are also given.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Oedipodini, Kashmir.

Tribe Oedipodini Scudder, 1875

The tribe Oedipodini can be characterized
as follows:-

Body somewhat sturdy; antennae always
filiform; fastigial foveolae present or absent, if
present they are never contiguous in front, often
they are small or triangular, more rarely oblong
trapezoidal, but not quadrangular; frons vertical;
pronotum usually without lateral carinae, if present,
they are weak and less developed, median carina
in some species high; tegmina and wings well
developed, tegmina with spurious median vein
strong, in some species absent or weak; wings
often brightly marked with different shades of blue,
dark blue, red or yellow, quite often with a black
band; arolium small.

Key to genera of the tribe Oedipodini
Scudder found in Kashmir

1. Dorsum of pronotum without x-shaped

Dalton tier eastanaacanenelsaenetahcagraa apheareeaats Z
----Dorsum of pronotum with x-shaped
DAMEN hy rncuaeet etches Serceaag chen Oedaleus Fieber

2. Median carina of pronotum intersected by two

trANSVEFSE SUICI. «2226.52.25. dorsee eecteecse verse cau ovens enn 3
---Median carina of pronotum entire or intersected
by only one transverse SUICUS ...................:::06008 5

3. Body small to medium size; median carina of
pronotum not forming teeth like projection

See eae tetas tak te casey Satie aaeeg (ieee ate teem ened eee 4
---Body small; median carina of pronotum forming
teeth like projections................... Trilophidia Stal

4. Frontal ridge flat or with a depression near
median ocellus; pronotum longer than its
width, with angular posterior margin............ 9
----Frontal ridge with a groove throughout its
length; pronotum as long as or shorter than
its width, with widely rounded posterior
MAC CIN geet ian ar eserswonses Cr OlLVIUis 1 IEDEr

5. Pronotum with well developed median
AMIN etree ee ce dee ee )
----Pronotum with weak median carina..............
she Resta weapreptiaesip a sat puteDIO HIE AAAI ON Aiolopus Fieber

6. Median carina of pronotum not excised at
BOSICHION SUICUS 5 ..c.ceeo5ccs dies setseceletse coneeectetrs ¢

----Median carina of pronotum slightly excised at
DOSTONION SUICUS 2. ve, Gasscgumisdertansarcsemcescest del 8

7. Antennae longer than head and pronotum
together; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate; pronotum
not crest like, angulated behind with the tip rounded
(0) epee eaten Peer ne tet cree nt Dittopternis Saussure
----Antennae shorter than head and pronotum
together; frontal ridge flat; pronotum crest like,
acutely angulated behind.......................:::08
Rebpeslearteesece nanan eae et Gastrimargus Saussure

8. Antennae about as long as head and pronotum
together; frontal ridge flat; median carina of
pronotum equally raised in prozona and metazoan,
slightly excised by posterior transverse sulcus;
wings without a dark transverse band; thorax
ventrally with dense hairs...................
eh se catesteaive Savaaunadgseueesensceee veer Locusta Linnaeus
----Antennae slightly longer than head and
pronotum together; frontal ridge sulcate; median
carina of pronotum strongly raised in prozona and
moderately in metazoan, deeply excised by only
one transverse sulcus; wings with a dark
transverse band or the band may be weak or
absent; thorax ventrally without dense
PG EO Se cee cn cceencs recede Oedipoda Latreille

9. Tegmina with spurious median vein strongly
approaching M apically; wings usually with a dark
DAG inseutiase utdecutetsesns Sphingonotus Fieber
----Tegmina with spurious vein at equidistant from
M and CuA; wings without a dark band
AE RAEN Ror tet tr rcor Leptopternis Saussure

10. Pronotum with small sparse tubercles, lower
margin of hind femur with long dense hairs
Sasa che ece nas caey auentn mens Pternoscirta Saussure
----- Pronotum without small sparse tubercles,
lower margin of hind femur without long dense
(are: aici an aue nian ire Epacromius Uvarov

Genus Oedipoda Latreille

Oedipoda Latreille, 1829. In Cuvier, R. Anim. Ed.,
2,0. 180,

Type-species: Gryllus caerulescens Linnaeus (=
Gryllus caerulescens caerulescens)

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Ctypohippus Fieber, 1852. Kelch. Orth.

Oberschl.,pp 2.
Distribution: Asia, Europe, N. Africa.

Diagnosis: Small to medium sized insects:
antennae filiform, slightly longer than head
pronotum together; fastigium of vertex concave,
with raised lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae
present; frontal ridge sulcate; pronotum with
median carina sharp, distinctly raised, sharply
intersected by posterior transverse sulcus; lateral
carinae often present, strongly interrupted by
transverse sulci and obliterated in metazoan,
dorsum rugose and tuberculate, metazoan longer
than prozona, its posterior margin angular;
mesosternal interspace longer than wide; tegmina
and wings fully developed, wings with dark band,
base of wing brightly coloured; arolium small; male
with supra-anal plate elongate, angular, cercus
conical, subgenital plate conical with obtuse apex,
epiphallus with narrow bridge and bilobate lophi;
female with ovipositor valves short, tips recurved,
ventral valve with external lateral projection.

The genus can easily be distinguished
in having pronotum with median carina deeply
excised at posterior transverse sulcus and
dark band of the wing usually sends off a
branch towards the base of the wing.The
genus is represented by two species in
Kashmir.

Key to species of Oedipoda Latr. Found in
Kashmir

1. Tegmina with apical half hyaline; wings with dark
band narrow reaching upto the posterior wing
MALIN. sons cee Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov
----Tegmina with only apex hyaline; wings with dark
band wide, reaching upto the mid of posterior wing
margin ............. Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas)

Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov

Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov, 1925. Mission
Babaull Inde, Acrididae, 22. Oedipoda
himalayana Uvarov; Bei-Bienko And
Mischenko, 1951. Acad. Nauk.SSR,235.

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 9

Distribution:Kashmir,Afghanistan, Uzbekistan.

This species has been recorded from
Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951), but
the present authors could not collect any specimen
of this species.

Material examined: IARI,New Delhi collection,
India: Kashmir, Rising Gorg,6000ft, 2F, 04.x.1923
(Fletcher).

Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas) (Fig. 1)
Gryllus miniatus Pallas, 1771. Reise. Russ.
Reiches., 1: 467.

Oedipoda miniatus (Pallas), Chopard. 1922. Fauna
de France. 3: 134,163.

Distribution: Southern Europe, Kazakistan, West
Siberia, Asia, North Africa. The general
morphological characters are same as described
under genus. The genitalic characters are as
follows:-

Males having supra-anal plate with wavy
apical margins, tip nearly rounded, cercus
elongate, broader at base, narrow apically;
epiphallus with bridge narrow, undivided medially,
ancorae broad in the middle with pointed tips, lophi
bilobate; female with supra-anal plate broad,
subtriangular, slightly truncated on sides near apex,
covered with setae; subgenital plate with posterior
margin wavy, setae present , egg guide short about
one and a half times longer than wide; ovipositor
valves shorter than lateral apodeme, with blunt
tips; spermatheca with apical diverticulum short,
pre-apical diverticulum long, much broad, sac like
with a tubercle like projection facing towards the
tip of apical diverticulum.

Material examined: 5 F, 2 M, Kashmir: Kupwara,
Karnah, Gundi Gujran on grass, 9.ix. 2005 (Shabir
A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have been
collected from stony soil with sparse grassy
vegetation.

Remarks: This subspecies has been recorded for
the first time from Kashmir.

Genus Sphingonotus Fieber

Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852. Kelch.Orth.
Overschles, 2; Fieber, 1853. Lotos, 3: 124.
Type-species: Gryllus locusta caerulans Linne.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae
filiform, slightly longer than or about as long as
head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex
concave, with lateral and sometimes with median
carinulae; fastigial foveolae present, sometimes
indistinct; frontal ridge shallowly sulcate; pronotum
saddle shaped, narrowed and constricted in
prozona, median carina low, thin sometimes
indistinct and intersected by three transverse sulci,
lateral carinae absent, metazoan longer than
prozona, its posterior margin obtusely angular, with
almost rounded apex; mesosternal interspace
longer than wide; tegmina and wings fully
developed, spurious median vein of tegmina more
convex than the adjacent sector R and M and
apically comes closer to M than CuA, wings with
coloured base, often with a dark Band of varied
length; spurs of hind tibia not specialized; arolium
small; male epiphallus with moderately narrow
bridge, large ancorae and with bilobate lophi.

The genus can easily be identified on
the basis of median carina of pronotum never
raised in prozona; female with subgenital plate
having acute posterior margin; ovipositor
short, with moderately robust valves, ventral
valve with externo-lateral projections. In
Kashmir the specimens of this species are
found in stony soil and wings are usually with
a dark band. The genus is represented by four
species in Kashmir.

Key to species of Sphingonotus found in
Kashmir

1: Mesosternal interspace narrow, less than
twice as wide as long; wings with dark transverse
band well developed and broad ..................... Z
-------- Mesosternal interspace wide, twice or
more as wide as long; wings with dark band
diffused...... Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov

2 Wings sky blue near the base ............. 3
--------- Wings colourless near the base.......
hee een Saree Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure

oe Smaller species; wings with dark
transverse band distinctly wide, hardly attenuating
LOWArGS DOSIGTION CNG icc sccsdccciass steededeohesats
.. Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus Uvarov
-------- Larger species; wings with dark
transverse band never wide, conspicuously
attenuating beyond middle and towards its
posterior end........... S. longipennis Saussure

Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov
Sphingonotus kashmirensis Uvarov, 1925.
Mission Babault Inde, Acrididae, 18pp.

Distribution: Kashmir, Eastern Afghanistan.

The species has been described and
recorded by Uvarov (1925) and Bie-Bienko and
Mischenko (1951) from Kashmir. However the
present authors could not collect any specimen
of this species from the region.

Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure (Fig. 2)
Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure, 1884.Mem.
Soc. Geneve, xxviii (9):198,208.

Distribution: India, Pakistan, North Africa,
Arabia, Palestine.

The characteristic features of this
species same as described under genus and
in the key to species.

Material examined: 5 F, 4 M, Kashmir:
Kupwara, Karnah, Gundi Gujran on grass,
9.ix.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi); 1 F, 2M, Baramulla,
Gurez, Dawar on grass,16.ix.2006 (Shabir A.
Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from stony soil having patches
of grassy vegetation.

Remarks: This species has earlier been
recorded from Kashmir by Bie-Bienko and
Mischenko (1951).

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus Uvarov
Oedipoda balteata Serville, 1839. /ns. Orth.734.
Oedipoda latifasciata Walker, 1870. Zoologist, 28:
2299.

Sphingonotus amaranthinus Saussure,
1884.Mem. Soc.Phys.Hist.Nat. Geneve, 28(9):
205.

Sphingonotus bifasciatus Innes Bey, 1919.
Bull.Soc.Ent.Egypte, 11: 45,48.

Sphingonotus balteatus himalayanus
Uvarov, 1923./.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 646.

Distribution: India (Kashmir), Pakistan, Arabia,
Egypt.

The species has already been described
by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951).

Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded
by Kirby (1914) from Kashmir. The present authors
however could not collect any specimen of this
species from the region.

Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure (Fig. 3)

Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure, 1884.
Mem.Soc.Phys.Hist.nat. Geneve,28(9):197-203
Sphingonotus Indus Saussure, 1884. /bid.204.

Distribution: India, Pakistan, Africa, Europe.

The charateristic features of the species
are same as described under genus and in the
key to the species except in the followings:-

Male with supra-anal plate subtriangular,
lateral margins curved medially, cercus elongate,
more than twice as long as wide, with rounded
apex; subgenital plate wide, flattened, wider than
long, apex obtusely rounded, epiphallus with bridge
narrow and undivided medially, ancorae broad in
the middle, lophi bilobate; female with supra-anal
plate subtriangular, covered with setae apically,
subgenital plate with wavy posterior margin, setae
absent, Jannone’s organ present, ovipositor with
dorsal valve much shorter than lateral apodemes,
spermatheca with apical diverticulum short, tubular
and narrow, pre-apical diverticulum long and sac
like.

Material examined: 15 F, 8 M, Kashmir: Kupwara,

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 11

Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 6.1x.2005
(Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 9 M, Kupwara, Handwara,
Shatgund Payeen on grass, 11.ix.2006 (Shabir A.
Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have been
collected from the stony soil having sparse
vegetation along the river bank.

Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded
from Kashmir by Bie-Bienko and Mischenko
(1951). But the material collected by the authors
slightly differs from the description given by Bie-
Bienko and Mischenko in having hind tibia without
dark band, instead it is having white band. It also
differs from the description given by Kirby (1914)
in having median carina present on pronotum.

Genus Oedaleus Fieber

Oedaleus Fieber, 1853. Lotos., 3: 126 (as
subgenus of Oedipoda Serville). Oedal/eus Stal,
1873. Recens. Orth., 1:123 (as subgenus of
Pachytylus Fieber). Type-species: Acrydium
nigrofasciatum Degeer.

Distribution: Africa, Arabia, S. Europe, Middle
East, erstwhile USSR, China, Oriental region,
Australia.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae
filiform, longer than head and pronotum together;
fastigium of vertex flat or slightly concave with
obtuse lateral carinulae, with or without median
longitudinal carinula; frontal ridge flat or shallowly
sulcate with marginal carinulae diverging ventrally,
reaching or nearly reaching upto clypeus;
pronotum with obtuse median carina, often
intersected by posterior transverse sulcus,
lateral carinae absent, dorsum with x-shaped
pattern, metazoan equal to or little longer than
prozona, posterior margin rounded or angular;
mesosternal interspace wider than long,
widening posteriorly; tegmina and wings fully
developed, spurious median vein approximately
equidistant between M and CuA, sometimes
closer to CuA than M at base, wings usually with
a dark band; hind femur with external ventral

knee lobe acutely rounded; arolium of medium
size or small; male with supra-anal plate
angular, cercus conical with obtuse apex,
subgenital plate conical with obtuse apex:
females with ovipositor valves robust, curved,
ventral valve with elongate external lateral
projection, spermatheca with sac like apical
diverticulum with or without a short pre apical
diverticulum.

The genus can easily be distinguished
from other genera on the basis of having a light
x-shaped marking on the dorsum of pronotum.

The genus is represented by three
species in Kashmir.

Key to species of the genus Oedaleus
Fieber found in Kashmir

1. Dark band of the hind wing reaches anteriorly
to the anterior margin; spermatheca with small
apical diverticulum ............0...jccccceec eee ce cee eens 2
----Dark band of the hind wing not reaching to the
anterior margin; spermatheca without apical
diverticulum......... Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg)

2. Pronotum with posterior transverse sulcus
placed behind the middle; hind wing pale pink at
base ...... ee Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov
----Pronotum with posterior transverse sulcus
placed at the middle; hind wing pale yellow at base
Fas ita tearelecitaacet Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss)

Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg) (Fig. 4)

Gryllus abruptus Thunberg,1815. Mem. Acad.
Sci. St. Petersb.,5:233.

Pachytylus (Oedaleus) abruptus Stal, 1873.Recens.
Orth.,1:127. Oedaleus (Oedaleus) abruptus
Saussure,1884.Mem. Soc.Phys. Hist.Nat.Geneve,
28(1): 117.

Oedaleus abruptus
1910.Syn.Cat. Orth. 3: 226.

(Thunberg), Kirby,

Distribution: Afghanistan,India,China, Myanmar,
Nepal, Srilanka, Thailand.

The distinguishing characters of this species
are same as described under genus and in the key
to species.

Material examined: 3 F, 1 M, Kashmir: Kupwara,
Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 27.ix.2006
(Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 5 M, locality same as above,
03.x.2006 (ShabirA Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have been
collected from the cultivated field having mixed
vegetation of maize, sorghum and grasses along
the river bank.

Remarks: This species has been recorded for the
first time from Kashmir (India). Earlier, Perwin et al.
(1985) recorded it from Muzaffarabad (POK).

Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov
Oedaleus rosescens Uvarov, 1942. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 9(11): 589.

Distribution:
Pakistan.

India (Rajasthan, Punjab), N.E.

Material examined: 4 F, 3 M,Kashmir: Kupwara,
Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass, 27.ix.2006
(Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have also
been collected from the cultivated field having mixed
vegetation of maize, sorghum-= and
grasses along the river bank.

Remarks: This species has also been recorded
for the first time from Kashmir.

Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) (Fig. 5)
Pachytylus senegalensis Krauss, 1877. Sber.
Acad. Wiss. Wien.,76(1): 56.

Ctypohippus arenivolans Butler, 1881. Proc.
Zool.Soc.Lond.85.

Pachytylus mlokoziewizteki
1884.Annl.Soc.Ent.Belg., 28:105.

Bolivar,

Distribution: NorthAfrica, erstwhile USSR, Middle
East, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India.

Material examined: 4 F, 2 M, Kashmir: Kupwara,
Handwara, Shatgund Payeen on grass,27.ix.2006
(Shabir A. Reshi).

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Habitat: Same as in above mentioned two
species.

Remarks: This species has also been recorded
for the first time from Kashmir.

Genus Trilophidia Stal
Trilophidia Stal,1873. Recens. Orth., 1:131.
Type-species: Trilophidia cristella Stal

Distribution: Ethiopian region, Oriental region and
some parts of Palaearctic region

Diagnosis: Smaller sized insects; antennae short,
slightly or distinctly widened apically, usually longer
than head and pronotum together; fastigium of
vertex concave with truncate apex and undulated
lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae irregularly
triangular or oval, sometimes indistinct; frontal
ridge sulcate; pronotum with median carina distinct
in prozona with two teeth like projections due to
deeply incised anterior sulci and it seems to be
bidentate in profile, lateral carinae irregular, forming
small teeth like lateral tubercles in front of first
sulcus, strongly diverging or sometimes weak in
metazoan, metazoan longer than prozona, slightly
inflated, posterior margin rectangular with obtuse
apex; mesosternal interspace wider than long;
tegmina and wings fully developed, tegmina with
spurious median vein come closer to M than CuA
apically, hind wings without band, slightly coloured
or colourless at base; female with spermatheca
having short apical and large sac like pre-apical
diverticula; ovipositor valves short, with robust
curved valves, ventral valve with small rounded
externo-lateral projection.

This genus can easily be distingmiened
from other genera on the basis of having two teeth
like projections on prozona of pronotum.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg) (Fig. 6)
Gryllus annulatus Thunberg,1815.

Mem.Acad. Sci.St.Petersb., 5: 234.

Oedipoda cristella Stal, 1860. Engenic’s Resa.
Orth.Stockholm, 3: 344.

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 13

Epacromia aspera Walker, 1870. Cat.Derm. Salt.
Br. Mus., 4: 775.

Distribution: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Srilanka, Myanmar, China, South East Asia.

Material examined: 1 F, 3 M, Kashmir:
Baramulla,Uri,Uranbuha on maize, 13.ix.2005
(Shabir A. Reshi); 4 F, 5 M,Kupwara,Karnah, Gundi
Gujran on grass, 24.ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 3
F, 3 M, Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on
grass, 12.x.2006 (Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have been
collected from the fields having mixed vegetation
of maize, sorghum and grasses and from the fields
having short grasses and thorny vegetation.

Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded
by Hollis (1965) from Kashmir, later Bhat & Qadri
(1999) recorded it from Dachigam National Park.

Genus Acrotylus Fieber
Acrotylus Fieber,1853. Lotos, 3: 125.
Type-species: Gryllus insubricus Scopoli.

Distribution: Asia, Australia, Africa, South Europe.

Diagnosis: Small or medium sized insects; body
covered with hairs; antennae filiform, longer than
head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex
concave with margins raised; fastigial foveolae
usually present , triangular in shape, sometimes
indistinct; frontal ridge wide, sulcated, narrowing
upwards, pronotum constricted just before middle,
with well developed median and irregular
tuberculate lateral carinae, which are sometimes
absent in metazoan, median carina intersected
by two transverse sulci, metazoan longer than
prozona, its posterior margin broadly rounded;
tegmina and wings fully developed; spurious
median vein of tegmina close to CuA at base but
at apex it is close to M; wings coloured at base
with or without a dark band: hind tibia with inner
pair of spur longer than outer pair.

The genus can easily be distinguished from
other genera on the basis of having pronotum with

indistinct median carina on prozona intersected
by two transverse sulci, posterior margin broadly
rounded.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure (Fig. 7)
Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure,1884.Mem.
Soc. Phys.Hist.Nat.Geneve, 28(9): 189.

Distribution: India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Afghanistan.

Material examined: 4 F,6 M, Kashmir: Baramulla,
Gurez, Dawar on grass,16.ix.2006 (Shabir A.
Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have been
collected from rocky soil having sparse vegetation.

Remarks: This species has earlier been recorded
by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko(1951) from Kashmir.

Genus Aiolopus Fieber

Aiolopus Fieber, 1853.Lotos.,3:100.

Epacromia Fischer, 1853.Orth.Eur., 296,360.
Aeolopus (Sic) Kirby, 1910. Syn. Cat. Orth.,3: 120
Aeoloptilus Bei-Bienko, 1966. Zool. Zh.,45: 1793.
Type-species: Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius

Distribution: India, Australia, Europe and Africa.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae filiform as
long as or longer than head and pronotum together;
fastigium of vertex elongated, slightly concave with well
developed lateral carinulae; fastigial foveolae present,
elongate trapezoidal anteriorily reaching the fastigium of
vertex; frontal ridge flat, more rarely with a groove:
pronotum with median carina thin, low intersected by
one transverse sulcus in front of the middle, lateral cannae
absent, metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior
margin obtuse angular, with rounded or obtuse apex;
mesostemal interspace slightly wider than long; tegmina
and wings fully developed; spurious median vein of
tegmina sharp, strongly approaching M on the apex or
nearly touching it; wings without dark band near the base
colourless or slightly tinted; male with supra-anal plate
elongate angular, cercus narrow conical with obtuse

apex; subgenital plate subconical with obtuse
apex.

The genus can easily be separated
from other genera on the basis of having
pronotum with prozona constricted and
without lateral carinae.

The genus is represented by single
species in Kashmir.

Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius) (Fig. 8)
Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius, 1781. Species
Insectorum, 1:367.

Distribution: Ethopian region, North-West
India, Palaearctic region.

Material examined: 4 F, 5 M, Kashmir:
Kupwara, Handwara, Nowgam on grass,
28.vili.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 8 F, 6M,
Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on grass,
11.ix.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 2 F, 7 M,
Baramulla, Palhalan on maize, 28.x.2005
(Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from the grassy fields.

Remarks: This species has been recorded
from Kashmir for the first time.

Genus Dittopternis Saussure
Dittopternis Saussure, 1884. Mem.Soc.
Phys.Nat. Hist. Geneve, 28(9): 52,125.
Type-species: Dittopternis ceylonica
Saussure

Distribution: India, Srilanka, Australia, South
Africa.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; head
broad; antennae longer than head and
pronotum together; fastigium of vertex
concave, longer than broad; frontal ridge
sulcated; pronotum with median carina
intersected by the principal sulcus before the
middle, front border truncated, hind border
rectangular with tips rounded; tegmina and

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

wings fully developed, tegmina long, narrow
densely reticulated, opaque beyond the
middle, wings with base coloured followed by
a curved black band, wings reaching beyond
the abdomen; hind tibia with external apical
spine absent, spines yellow with tips black,
inner pair of spurs at the apex comparatively
longer than the outer pair, upper carina of hind
femur with spinules; male epiphallus with
bridge broad , ancorae with tips pointed, lophi
bilobate; female with ovipositor valves having
blunt tips.

The genus Is represented by a single
species from Kashmir.

Dittopternis venusta (Walker) (Fig. 9)
Oedipoda venusta Walker, 1870. Cat.
Derm. Salt.Br.Mus., 4: 740.

Distribution: India.

Material examined: 5 F, 5 M, Kashmir:
Baramulla,Uri,Chandanwari on maize,
8.ix.2004, (Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from Maize fields adjacent to
forest.

Remarks: This species has been recorded
for the first time from Kashmir. Earlier Sharma
and Gupta (1977) have recorded it from
Jammu region of J & K state.

Genus Gastrimargus Saussure
Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884.

Mem. Soc.Phys. Nat. Hist. Geneve, 28(9):
109,110.

Type-species: Gryllus verescens Thunberg

Distribution: Asia, Australia, Africa.

Diagnosis: Medium to large sized insects;
antennae filiform, about as long as or shorter
than head and pronotum together; fastigium
of vertex with truncate apex and well
developed lateral and weakly developed

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 15

median carinulae; fastigial foveolae if visible
elongate and triangular; frontal ridge flat, wide
with obtuse lateral carinulae; pronotum longer
with sharply raised median carina which is
sometimes entire and sometimes cut by only
weak posterior sulcus, lateral carinae absent,
x-shaped marking absent, rarely present,
metazoan longer than prozona, its posterior
margin acutely angular; mesosternal
interspace wider than long; tegmina and
wings fully developed, reaching beyond the
apex of abdomen; spurious median vein
closer to M than CuA throughout its length,
dark band of the wings variable, basal area of
the wing pale blue, pale greenish, yellow, pale
yellow or bright sulphur yellow.

The genus can easily be separated
from other genera on the basis of having
pronotum with median carina raised, crest
like, entire or intersected by one transverse
sulcus, posterior margin acutely angular.

The genus is represented by two
species in Kashmir.

Key to species of Gastrimargus
Saussure found in Kashmir

1. Median carina of pronotum distinctly
intersected by posterior transverse sulcus:
inner margins of hind femur blue black in
GONOUM catia ctee nhc aagnies G. africanus Saussure
----Median carina of pronotum not distinctly
intersected by posterior transverse sulcus;
inner margins of hind femur dirty yellow in
COMO sta au eeerd eee G. marmoratus Thunberb

Gastrimargus africanus Saussure (Fig. 10)
Oedaleus (Gastrimargus) marmoratus var.
africana Saussure, 1888.Mem. Soc. Phys. Nat.
Hist. Geneve, 30(1): 39.

Distribution: India: Kashmir, H.P.,Bihar,Goa,
Pakistan, Africa, South of Sahara, S.W.Africa.

Diagnosis: The characteristic features of the
species are same as described under genus
and in the key to species.Some additional

characters are as follows:

Hind tibia reddish apically, the inner pair
of spurs longer than outer pair; male
epiphallus with large bridge, lophi bilobate;
female with supra-anal plate subtriangular,
sugenital plate with posterior margin wavy,
egg guide long, dorsal ovipositor valve with
incurved blunt tip, as long as lateral apodeme,
ventral valve with concave depression.

Material examined: 6F,3M, Kashmir:
Kupwara, Handwara,, Nowgam on grass,
28.vili.2004 (Shabir A. Reshi); 6F, 3 M,
Baramulla, Uri, Chandanwari on grass,
13.ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi); 2F,11M,
Srinagar, Dachigam National Park on grass,
22. ix.2005 (Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from the grassy range land
surrounded by forest and from fields having
mixed vegetation of grasses and bushes.

Remarks: This species has earlier been
recorded from Kashmir by Bhat & Qadri
(1999). Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) also
recorded it from POK.

Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg)
Gryllus marmoratus Thunberg, 1815. Mem.
Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.,5: 232.

Distribution: India: Kashmir, Assam; Japan.
The collected specimens fully agree

with the description given by Bei-Bienko and

Mischenko (1951) and Ritchie (1982).

Material examined: 3 F, 4 M, Kashmir:
Baramulla, Uri, Chandanwari on grass,01.ix.
2007 (Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from range land surrounded

by forest.

Remarks: This species has earlier been

recorded from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and
Mischenko (1951).

Genus Locusta Linnaeus

Locusta Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat.,1: 431.
Oedipus Berthold, 1827.Weimar, /Indistr.
Compt.,402.

Pachytylus Fieber, 1853.Lotos, 3: 121.
Type-species: Gryllus (Locusta) migratorius
Linne.

Distribution: All over the world.

Diagnosis: Large sized insects; antennae
filiform, about as long as head and pronotum
together; fastigium of vertex slightly concave,
not delimited anteriorly from the frontal ridge
and extending roundly over into it; frontal ridge
wide, flat, slightly constricted and depressed
at the median ocellus; median carina of
pronotum slightly concave or arcuate,
intersected by posterior transverse sulcus,
metazoan slightly longer than prozona, its
posterior margin almost rounded or obtusely
angular; mesosternal interspace about as
long as wide or slightly longer; thorax ventrally
with dense hairs making tomentum; tegmina
and wings fully developed; spurious median
vein of tegmina closer to CuA than to M, wings
without dark band; male with supra-anal plate
angular, cercus with obtuse apex, subgenital
plate conical with subacute apex; female
ovipositor short, robust with curved valves,
ventral valve with angular, external, lateral
projections. The genus can easily be
separated from other genera on the basis of
having thorax on the ventral side covered with
dense hairs; wings without dark band; body
robust.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Locusta migratoria Linnaeus (Fig. 11)
Gryllus (Locusta) migratoria Linnaeus,1758.
Syst.Nat. 1(10): 432.

Distribution: India, Pakistan, Kazakistan,

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Africa, Southwestern Pacific.

Material examined: 3 F, 2 M, Kashmir:
Baramulla,Gurez, Dawar on maize,18.ix.2004
(Shabir A. Reshi).

Habitat: The specimens of this species have
been collected from maize fields along the
river bank (Kishan Ganga) at an altitude of
8000ft.

Remarks: This species has been recorded
for the first time from Kashmir (India). Earlier,
Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) recorded it from
POK.

Genus Leptopternis Saussure
Shingonotus (Leptopternis) Saussure, 1884.
Memoires de la Societe de Physique et
D’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 28(9): 193.
Type-species: Oedipoda gracilis Eversmann

Distribution: From Northwestern Mongolia
and Dzungaria to Sahara.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; antennae
filiform, longer than head and pronotum
together; fastigium of vertex concave, lateral
carinulae present; fastigial foveolae present,
triangular; frontal ridge shallowly concave;
pronotum with linear median carina, lateral
Carinae absent, dorsum crossed by three
sulci, metazoan longer than prozona, its
posterior margin obtusely angular;
mesosternal interspace wider than long;
tegmina and wings fully developed, wings
without dark band; male with supra-anal plate
elongate and angular, cercus narrow, conical
with obtuse apex, epiphallus with a narrow
bridge, ancorae large, lophi bilobate; females
with acutely produced ovipositor valves.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Leptopternis gracilis (Evermann)
Oedipoda gracilis Evermann, 1848. Addit.
Fisch.Waldh. Orth.Ross.,10.

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 17

The species has been recorded from
Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko (1951).
Later, Mahmood and Yousuf (1999) recorded
it from POK. However, the present authors
could not collect any specimen of this
species.

Genus Pternoscirta Saussure
Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884. Mem.Soc.
Geneve, 28(9): 52,127.

Type-species: Pternoscirta cinctifemur
(Walker)

Distribution: Oriental region.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; ventral part
of body and legs with long dense hairs; head
short, somewhat rugose; vertex short, wide,
flat; fastigial foveolae not reaching to the
anterior margin of fastigium; pronotum slightly
roughened with small sparse tubercles,
median carina distinct, moderately raised:
opening of tympanal organ widely uncovered;
spurious median vein of tegmina comes
closer to M than CuA apically, wings coloured
basally, dusky on the apex and along the
anterior margin, dark band absent; hind tibia
with inner pair of spurs longer than the outer
pair; arolium nearly equal to half the length of
claw.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Pternoscirta caliginosa (DeHaan)
Acridium (Oedipoda) caliginosum De Haan,
1842. Temm. Verh. Orth. 161.

Distribution: India (Kashmir, Sikkim), South
China, Malacca.

Remarks: The species has been recorded
from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko
(1951). However, the present authors could
not collect any specimen of this species.

Genus Epacromius Uvarov

Epacromius Uvarov, 1942. (1941). Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., 67: 337,338.
Type-species: Epacromius tergestinus
Charpentier

Distribution: Palaearctic & Oriental regions.

Diagnosis: Medium sized insects; body
slender; fastigium of vertex with apex rounded;
fastigial foveolae well developed, elongated;
frontal ridge flat or shallowly sulcate at least
in males; pronotum with median carina thin,
low, lateral carinae absent; mesosternal
interspace open; tegmina and wings fully
developed, spurious median vein of tegmina
often irregular, extending along the middle
field or runs moderately close to M apically;
male subgenital plate flattened.

The genus is represented by a single
species in Kashmir.

Epacromius coerulipes (lvano)
Epacromius coerulipes |lvano, 1887. Trudy
obshchestva Ispytatelei prirody Khar’
Kovskogo Universiteta, XX\|: 348.

Distribution: Europe, Kazakistan, Australia,
Hungary, Mongolia, Korea, China.

Remarks: The species has been reported
from Kashmir by Bei-Bienko and Mischenko
(1951). However, the present authors could
not collect any specimen of the species.

Acknowledgements

The authors are greatly indebted to Prof.
R. C. Bhagat, Head, P.G. Department of Zoology,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar. Thanks are also
due to Chief Wildlife Warden, Kashmir, for granting
permission to visit Dachigam National Park. We
are also thankful to the government authorities for
their help and co-operation in carrying out the
survey in far flung and disturbed areas of the state.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

eS 1 mm 7 mm
Spermatheca, 0 Subgenital plate, o Hind wing, fe)

3 mm

lmm
Supra anal plate, Q Pronotum, Q

ca TA

2 mm
Supra anal plate, Oo Meso and Metasternum, 0) Epiphallus, of
Fig. 1: Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas)
5
1 mm
Spermatheca, 0)

1 mm

Subgenital plate, Q Epiphallus, O”

Fig. 2: Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas

ers Fi) a ; i
es ; ~ aes hag fet § fhe tay
Fi —, °. er
3 \ {| \ wn a Vogl \ f iby
3 | } ; ‘ ee ae wat, ‘ Fi Tes
if | } ae waar: Wilson. OMe kt OG
4 i eects Tre “ i
a ocean ee
“, mannan 1 “mm Imm
Supra anal plate, 0

Spermatheca, 0)

rol a a
ci a eas :
f "3 "eh agement
z
Poa ad en nas :
te “ a ee “i, ou
Cs ‘s ‘ f
(7 MSN
ty a SFY
1 mm 7 if wf
Ventral valve, Q =. le
a
i H
we iy Or cs asseaaranaasatammenale oe U
: ha il i 1 mm
a ey ol Subgenital plate, ?
a TTI sr, wa ee
Ny PP ny we
" 1 mm

Dorsal valve, 0

Fig. 3: Sphingonotus longipennis Saussure

2mm

wut |

1 mm

Subgenital

Spermatheca, 0)

Epiphallus, Co

Fig. 4: Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg)

| mm

plate, Q

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

wut |

1 mm

Epiphallus, O°

1mm
Subgenital plate, 9

Spermatheca, 2)

2mm
Ovipositor valves, Q

Fig. 5: Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss)

Wu |

\., e [ ~ \

ppemmallces, 2 Subgenital plate, Q

4 mm

1 mm
Meso and Metasternum, 0)

Pronotum, 0)

Epiphallus, ©”

i ig
ieee ccs, \inneaasnanan - sone
ee bag
wate %
ip rs ee
2 mm ie ee

Ovipositor valves, 0)

Fig. 6: Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg)

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas

“a
2 |

1mm
Ovipositor valves, Q

wu |

1 mm
Subgenital plate, ?

Spermatheca, Q Epiphallus, 0

Fig. 7: Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure

1 mm 1 mm 2 mm
Subgenital plate, ? Ovipositor valves, 0

Epiphallus, (a

Spermatheca, QO

Fig. 8: Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius)

2 mm
Supra anal plate, Q

5 mm

Ventral ovipositor valve, 0)

Dorsal ovipositor valve, 0)

Fig. 9: Dittopternis venusta (Walker)

22 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

1.5 mm 2mm

Supra anal plate, 0 Supra anal plate, O

ae wn 1 mm

4 mm ————=
Epiphallus, ©

Ovipositor valves, 0)

Fig. 10: Gastrimargus africanus Saussure

wut |

1 mm
2 mm

Spermatheca, O ee
+ Subgenital plate,

Epiphallus, O

5 mm
Ovipositor valves, 0)

Fig. 11: Locusta migratoria Linn.

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in Kashmir Himalayas 23

References
Bei-Bienko, G.Y. and Mischenko, L.L. 1951. Locusts and
Grasshoppers of USSR and_ adjacent

countries.Vols. 1, 2. Jarusalem: Israel Program
for Scientific Translations.

Bhat, G. Aand Qadri, M. Y. 1999. Fideletic status and micro
distribution of orthopteran populations in
grassland of Dachigam National Park, Kashmir.
Oriental Science 4(1): 8-23.

Bhowmik, H.K. 1985. Outline of distribution with an index
catalogue of Indian grasshoppers (Orthoptera:
Acridoidea). Records of Zoological Survey of India
78:1-51.

Hollis, D. 1965. A revision of the genus Trilophidia Stal
(Orthoptera:Acridoidea), Transactions of Royal
Entomological Society London 117(8): 245-262.

Kirby, W.F. 1914. The fauna of British India including Ceylon
and Burma Orthoptera (Acrididae). New Delhi:
Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.

Mahmood, K. and Yousuf, M. 1999. New records of
Oedipodinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera) From Azad

Kashmir with the description of new species.
Journal of Orthoptera Research 8: 271-275.

Mischenko, L.L. 1936. Revision of Palaearctic species of
the genus Sphingonotus Fieber (Orthoptera:
Acrididae). Eos Madrid 12(1-2): 65-192.

Perwin, R., Ahmad, H. and Ahmad, M. 1985. Host and food
plants of some acridid Grasshoppers in Pakistan,
Records Zoological Surveyof Pakistan 10(1-2):
101-109.

Ritchie, J.M. 1982. A taxonomic revision of the genus
Gastrimargus Saussure (Orthoptera: Acrididae).
Bulletin of British Musuem Natural History 44(4):
239-329.

Sharma, B. and Gupta, N. 1997. Identification key to the
short horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera:
Acrididae) from sub-shivalik plains of Jammu.
Journal of insect Science 10(1): 5-7.

Uvarov, B. 1925. Records and descriptions of Indian
Acrididae (Orthoptera). Annals and Magazine of
Natural History 7(9): 480-509.

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya
Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)

M.S. Saini’ and L. Kaur?

Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
(‘email: saini20@hotmail.com)
(?email: lakhwinderkaur.kaur@gmail.com)

Abstract

Phylogenetic analysis was performed for 14 species of the genus Macrophya (Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae) using the phylogenetic analysis package PAUP, based on 15 of the morphological
characters most commonly used for Macrophya species identification. Species descriptions
were derived primarily from “Indian Sawflies Biodiversity” vol. II (Saini 2007). Parsimony analysis,
using equally weighted characters, produced 48 trees. The results are discussed in terms of
evolutionary trends or biological maxim that “nature prefer to modify the already existing structures

so as to cope with new needs.”

Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, Macrophya, Evolutionary trends.

Introduction

The genus Macrophya (Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae) is widely distributed genus with
its representatives available in almost all main
regions of the globe. With regard to its affinities, it
shares most of its characters with Pachyprotasis
Hartig. Even within Macrophya the range of
characters is so wide that time to time many of its
subgenera were proposed (Malaise, 1945) and
because of no distinct boundaries they all got
merged (Ross, 1937 ; Gibson, 1980). Today none
of its subgenus is considered to be valid (Abe &
Smith,1991). The genus Macrophya was first
described by Dahlbom (1835) as a subgenus of
Tenthredo Linnaeus, on the basis of body shape,
length and form of antenna. He divided this
subgenus into two subsections “A” and “B”. Hartig
(1837) applied names to these two subsections
using 7. (Macrophya) for subsection “B” and T.(M.)
(Pachyprotasis) for subsection “A”. Both of these
were later recognised as valid genera by
Westwood (1840).

The genus is characterized by venation as
in Pachyprotasis, but the anal cell may have a
cross vein. Malar space mostly shorter than the

diameter of an ocellus. The hind legs are strongly
built, and the knees reaching and mostly exceeding
the apex of the abdomen (Saini, 2007). The larval
stages feed on variety of wild herbs, shrubs &
trees. Generally adults feed on pollen, flower nectar
or leaf juice exuding from wounds caused by strong
mandibles. However, many robust species indulge
in zoophagy (Cameron,1882; Rohwer, 1913;
Benson,1938: Malaise,1945:; Naito,1988 and
Goulet, 1996).

The purpose of present study is to trace
the long evolutionary history which modified
generalizations into specializations of extreme
form to suit the circumstances in which
subsequently insects dwelled. Parsimony analysis
is used to investigate phylogenetic relationships
among Macrophya species, using data based on
morphological characters most commonly used
for Macrophya identification.

Materials and Methods

Species descriptions were derived
primarily from “Indian Sawflies Biodiversity” vol. II
(Saini, 2007) and the characters used in the

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) 25

analysis were those given comparably for all, or 6) Median fovea (0 = broad and shallow, 1 =

almost all, species. Tenthredo Linnaeus was also indistinct , 2 = absent).

included in the analysis as the outgroup. 7) Circumocellar furrow (0 = fine, 1 = distinct,
Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 2 = indistinct).

the package PAUP version 3.1.1. (Swofford,1993). 8) Postocellar furrow (0 = indistinct, 1 = absent,

In total 15 morphological characters were used in 2 = distinct, 3 = fine).

the phylogenetic analysis. These were :- 9) Postocellar area (0 = flat, 1 = subconvex, 2

= raised).

1) Clypeus incision (0 = subsquarely incised, 110) Antenna length (0 = two times or more than
= circularly incised, 2 = incised with irregular two times of head width, 1 = antenna length
anterior margin, 3 = incised with truncate less than two times of head width).
bottom, 4 = clypeus triangulary incised). 11) Mesoscutellum (0 = raised, 1 = sub

2) Anterior margin of labrum (0 = rounded, 1 = convex, 2 = prismatic, 3 = flat, 4 =
truncate, 2 = slightly emarginated). pulvinate).

3) Malar space (0 = shorter than diameter ofan 12) Mesepisternum (0 = roundly raised, 1 =
ocellus, 1 = longer than diamater of an obtusely raised).
ocellus, 2 = linear, 3 = inconspicuous). 13) Subapical tooth of claw (0 = subapical tooth

4) Frontal area (0 = below level of eyes , 1 = at of claw longer than apical one, 1 = subapical
level of eyes). tooth of claw is shorter than apical one,

5) Supraantennal tubercles (0 = raised, 1 = 2 = subapical tooth is subequal to apical

indistinct).

one).

Table-1: Presence or absence data for fifteen characters for 14 species of the genus Macrophya as
used in the phylogenetic analysis; Tenthredo Linnaeus is included as an outgroup.

Character number

+ falafel st elz fof olsols {zl slaelas
[mM andreasiSaniandvasu [+ [o[2|a[+[ ofo[o[ [+ fo [+ [o [t

Ea oreo Tan ac a Loe
Cu naga Saniandvesu_| 1 [0[1[1]1] 11 ]2[ 1]0 [4 [1+ 10 [a
[ut planeta ocsay [2 Tololof of fa to[tfo lz [1 Pot [2
[i pompinentsase To folifof of ifofi {fo fr fo fof fo
[iu psewenonat senietal sfolofol rf ofr fatale fs fx fo fr fs
roo [+ fo

M. verticalis Konow

26 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

14) Metabasitarsus (0 = as long as following 15) Wing appearance (0 = clear, 1 = hyaline,
joints combined, 1 = longer than following 2 = yellowish hyaline, 3 = dusky hyaline,
joints combined). 4 = smoky hyaline).

M. pompilina
M. maculicornis

M. pseudoplanata

Tenthredo = 5 1289

M. khasiana

36894

0>1 0>1 Q>1 Q>/ 0)

M. planata

SYEDIDYED)| M. verticalis

M. rufipodus
A>} fot) Start

M. andreasi

569%

235678

M. manganensis

129 fi

IQ o7Qol PoE tito) (|

[>f} 94 Po) 27

M. formosana

1 D1 Qo} pf

M. naga

35679 ff

M. brancuccii

DL gt!) |

Fig. 1: Strict consensus tree for 14 species of Macrophya derived from the 48 most parsimonious trees
calculated from the data in Table 1 ; outgroup = Tenthredo Linnaeus. Character of the ingroup have
been optimized by fast transformation as implemented in PAUP. Character numbers are above the
hashmarks; state changes are shown below with the respective primitive and derived conditions reported
by a ‘>’. Apomorphy shown by filled hashmarks and pleisomorphy by open hashmarks.

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) 27

Results

Parsimony analysis, using equally
weighted characters, produced 48 most
parsimonious trees (MPTs). Exact analysis by
implicit enumeration (the ‘i.e.’ command of PAUP,
which finds almost — parsimonious solutions) of
the data in Table 1 resulted in formation of many
cladograms which differed only at some places
due to presence of more evolutionary events.
Successive weighting was applied as a check of
the reliability of the results. The main objective of
phylogenetics is to correctly reconstruct the
evolutionary history based on the observed
character divergence between organisms. For
estimating phylogenetic trees the most widely used
PARSIMONY method (which hold the shortest tree
to be the best estimate of the phylogeny) was used.
Parsimony method is also called “Occam’s Razor”
after William of Occam, a 14th Century English
philosopher who advocated this minimalist
problem solving approach of “shaving away”
unnecessary complications. The principle of
maximum parsimony is to search for a tree that
requires the smallest number of evolutionary
changes to explain the differences observed
among the OTU under study. As discussed by
Goloboff (1991) the term parsimony is still regarded
in two different ways by cladists:
1) as the principle of seeking the cladogram
with the greatest explanatory power, given the
weights the character deserve.
2) as the principle of seeking the cladogram
with minimum length under equal weights.

Discussion

In Fig.1 M. maculicornis is separated from
Tenthredo by character five and there occurs
formation of derived or apomorphic character.
Similarly, all characters shown in cladogram by
which taxa are separated from one another and if
there occurs formation of apomorphy then that
character is shown by filled hashmarks and
pleisomorphy by open hashmarks in the
cladogram.

Tenthredo got separated from all other taxa
by characters 3, 6, 8, 9 and 11 and there occurs
formation of derived character and M. pompilina

got separated from the latter by character 1 and
character 5. Character 1 and character 5 both
show apomorphy. So, sign 0>3 or 0>1 shows that
there is formation of a derived character from the
ancestral character. M. pseudoplanata and M.
khasiana got separated from M. pompilina by
characters 1, 2, 8 and 9. Similarly, M.
pseudoplanata got evolved by character 5 and 8
and M. khasiana by character 1. M. gopeshwari
and M. regia got separated by characters 1, 9, 10
and 14 and M. regia evolved due to characters 1,
5, 6 and 9. M. planata, M. verticalis, M. rufipodus,
M. andreasi, M. manganensis, M. formosana, M.
naga and M. brancuccii got separated from all
above taxa by characters 1,5, 7 and 9. M. planata
and WM. verticalis again separated from another by
characters 1, 2, 7, 10, 13 and 15. The both taxa
also got separated by some characters. M. planata
by character 1 and M. verticalis by characters 10
and 15. M. rufipodus, M. andreasi, M.
manganensis, M. formosana, M. naga and M.
brancuccii got separated from M. planata and M.
verticalis by characters 4 and 6. M. rufipodus got
evolved due to character 8, 9, 11 and 15 and
similarly, all other taxa got separated from other
taxa due to presence of new characters present
in them. So, extremely specialized forms
descended by gradual changes leads to
accumulation of certain appropriate features which
represents body organization acquired to become
complex so as to meet requirements which also
underlies the biological maxim.

References

Abe, M. & Smith, D.R. 1991. The genus — group names of
Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and their type species.
Esakia, Fukuoka 31: 1-115.

Benson, R.B. 1938. On the classification of sawflies
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta). The Entomologist's
monthly Magazine, 75: 110-113.

Cameron, P. 1882. A monograph of the British phytophagous
Hymenoptera vol. |. London: The Ray Society.

Dahlbom, A.1835. Conspectus Tenthredinidum, Siricidum,
Oryssinorum, Scandinaviae, quas Hymenopterum
familias. Hafiniae: Kong! Swenska Wetenskaps,
Academiens Handlingar 1-16.

Gibson, A.P. 1980. A revision of the genus Macrophya
Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta:
Tenthredinidae) of North America. Memois of the
Entomological Society of Canada 114: 166.

Goloboff, P.A. 1991. Homoplasy and the choice among
cladograms. Cladistics, 7: 215-232.

Goulet, H. 1996. Revision of the Nearctic species of the
arcuata group of the genus Jenthredo with notes
on the higher classification of the Tenthredinini
(Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae).
Contributions of the American Entomological
Institute, Gainesville 29(2): 1-135.

Hartig 1837. Die Familien der Blattwespen und
Holzwespen. Berlin: Haude und Spener.

Malaise, R. 1945. Tenthredinoidea of South-Eastern Asia
with a general zoogeographical review. Opuscula
Entomologica, Lund supplement 4: 1-288.

Naito, T. 1988. Systematic position of the genus Rocalia
(Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) feeding on fern
spores, with description of a new species from

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Japan, Kontyd, 56(4): 798-804.

Rohwer, S.A. 1913. Notes on the feeding habits of
adult sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta).
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Washington, 15: 148-149.

Ross, H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the
Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta).
IIlinois Biological Monographs, 34: 173.

Saini, M.S. 2007. Indian Sawflies Biodiversity (Keys,
Catalogue & Illustrations) vol. Il. Subfamily
Tenthredininae Sans Genus Tenthredo L.
Dehradun: Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal
Singh Publishers.

Swofford, D.L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis
using parsimony version 3.1.1. Illinois: Illinois
Natural History Survey, Chamapaign.

Westwood, J.O. 1840. Synopsis of the Genera of
British Insecta. In: Westwood, J.O. (ed.). An
Introduction to Modern Classification of
Insects, 2: 158.

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record f

om India (Diptera: Calliphoridae),

with a revised key to Indian species

Meenakshi Bharti" & Hiromu Kurahashi?

1. Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, (Pb.) 147002 India.
(email: adubharti@yahoo.co.in)
2. International Department of Dipterology, Hikawadai 1-2-21, Higashikurume City, Tokyo 203-0004, Japan.
(email: MLB15110@nifty.com)

Abstract

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi is newly recorded from India, a revised key is provided with all

the Indian species.

Keywords: Lucilia calviceps, New record, India, Revised key.

Introduction

Flies of genus Lucilia are generally called the
green bottles. According to Kurahashi (1966) the
genus Lucilia has been divided into three groups
based on its evolutionary trends; i.e. richardsi
group, cluvia group and fumicosta group. Out of
these, the richardsi group is the most primitive (with
maximum plesiomorph characters) and the
fumicosta group being the most advanced one.
The Indian fauna comprises of all the three groups
but is dominated by Oriental elements (62.5%)
followed by Palaearctic (25%) and Neotropical
Nearctic (12.5%).

In Fauna of British India Diptera vi
(Calliphoridae) by Senior White et. a/., (1940) genus
Lucilia was represented by six species from India.
At present this genus Is represented by 8 species,
Lucilia bazini seguy (Nandi, 2004) and Lucilia
calviceps Bezzi being the new records from this
region. The previous key (Senior White et. a/.,
1940) is modified in order to incorporate the newly
recorded species from India.

Key to the Indian species of Lucilia

fe Basicostal Scale Yellow, post sutural
acrostichial 3 - - - ---------------------- (2)
---------- Basicostal Scale brown or black: post
sutural acrostichial 2 - - ------ ----------- (3)

Z. Abdomen arched in profile; sternites with
tuft of long hairs; hypopygium prominent;
parafrontalia bare or almost bare except for frontals
and fronts-orbitals in female - - -------------
~------------ ---- Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)

------------ Abdomen not arched in profile, sternites
without tuft of long hairs, hypopygium
inconspicuous; parafrontalia in female with short
decumbent bristles among frontals and
parafrontals - --------------------------

3. Alar squama always white or creamish in
colour (never infuscated); lower squama may be
white or infuscated - - ------------------- (4)

<= Alar squama and thoracic squama
infuscated -------------------------- (5)

4. Alar squama creamish with a tuft of
yellowish white hairs at inner lower margin;
thoracic squama pale, brownish on disc - - - - - -
wren eee -- ---- Lucilia bazini seguy

ao-n----- Alar and thoracic squama predominantly
white -------------- Lucilia illustris (Meigen)

aa-------, Alar squama white; lower infuscated Lucilia
oon ees enero wen aeoceces ampullacea Villeneuve

5. Anterior pair of post sutural acrostichial
more advanced than 2" pair of Post sutural
dorsocentral- - - - - -- Lucilia porphyrina (Walker)

--------- Anterior pair of Post sutural acrostichial on
the level or slightly posterior than 2" pair of post
sutural dorsocentral -- ------------------ (6)

6. Male frons broader than the distance
between two posterior ocelli; female parafacialia
broader than the width of 3 antennal segment - -
----------------- Lucilia papuensis Macquart

--------- Male frons smaller than the distance
between two posterior ocelli; parafacialia as broad
as or narrower than the width of 3° antennal
segment in female - - ------------------- (7)

7. Eyes in male separated at narrowest point
by less than the width of anterior ocellus;
parafacialia yellow — grey dusted, narrower than
the width of 3 antennal segment in female. - - - -
ween eee eee ---- Lucilia hainanensis Fan

---------- Eyes in male separated at narrowest point
more than the width of anterior ocellus; parafacialia
silver-grey dusted; as broad as width of 3”
antennal segment in female. - --------------
----------------- --- Lucilia calviceps Bezzi

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, 1927:238. Type localites:
Espiritu Santo and Epilsland, New Hebrides
[Vanuatu] Length: 8.0-9.0 mm

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Material Examined

India: 1 female, Gugga, UNA, Himachal
Pradesh, 600.mts, 6.X.2009; 3 males Dharampur,
Himachal Pradesh, 450mts, 14.X.2009; 1 male, Bari,
Himachal Pradesh, 450mts, 15.x.2009; 1 male, Kotla,
Himachal Pradesh, 470mts, 7.x.2009: 1 female,
Kotla, Himachal Pradesh, 470mts, 7.x.09.

Distribution

India (Himachal Pradesh), Philippines
(Luzon), Malaysia (Malaya, Borneo), Papua New
Guinea, (New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland,
Bougainville |.), Vanuatu Loyalty Islands and New
Caledonia.

References

Kurahashi, H. 1998. Lucilia bazini Seguy, newly recorded from
Peninsular Malaysia (Diptera: Calliphoridae).
Medical Entomology and Zoology, 49(3) : 231-232.

Kurahashi, H. 2001. The blowflies recorded from Srilanka,
with descriptions of two new species (Diptera:
Calliphoridae). Japanese Journal of Systematic
Entomology, 7(2): 241-254.

Kurahashi, H. and Afzal, M. 2002. The blow flies recorded
from Pakistan with the description of one new
species (Diptera Calliphoridae). Medical
Entomology & Zoology, 53(2) : 231-230

Kurahashi, H. and Thapa, V.K. 1994. Notes on Nepalese
Calliphorid flies (Insecta: Diptera). Japanese Journal
of Sanitary Zoology, 45: 179-252.

Nandi, B.C. 2004. Checklist of Calliphoridae (Diptera) of India.
Record of Zoological Survey of India, Occassional
Paper No. 231: 1-47.

Senior White, R., Aubertin, D. and Smart, J.1940. The Fauna
of British India, including remainder of the Oriental
region. Diptera vi, Family Calliphoridae. London:
Taylor and Francis.

Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis
(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Muhammad Shakeel’, Ahmed Zia’, Abid Farid? and Zakir Hussain‘

1. University of Agriculture, Peshawer.
(email: shakeelkhanmarwat@yahoo.com)
2. National Insect Museum-NARC, Islamabad.
(email: sailyedahmed@yahoo.com)
3. Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA).
(email: abidfarid@nifa.org.pk)
4. IPDM Laboratories Directorate of Agriculture Northern Areas-Gilgit.
(email: zakirentomologist@yahoo.com)

Abstract

In the present study effect of egg retention on walking behavior of females of Trichogramma
chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was investigated under laboratory conditions by using
a computer based, Abid’s trackmove software. Results revealed that 3 days old wasps showed
significant increase in their walking activity for searching host eggs as compared to 1 day and 2
days old wasps respectively.

Keywords: Trichogramma, Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae, Walking behaviour, Egg retention.

Introduction

Egg parasitiods of genus Trichogramma
are employed worldwide for biological control of
insect pests (Smith, 1996). Searching for their
host under natural conditions, long-range dispersal
and delayed oviposition is often noticed in
Trichogramma females (Wright et a/., 2001; Kuske
et al., 2003). In many field and laboratory studies
recorded range of dispersal is even several meters
(Brar et al., 2000; McGregor et a/., 2000; Mehetre
and Salunkhe, 2000; Wang et a/., 2000). For host
oriented search, dispersal is mainly achieved by
walking (Noldus et a/., 1991).

Egg retention or delayed oviposition is
demonstrated as refusal to oviposit (Monje et a/.,
1999: Silva and Stouthamer, 1999: Carriere and
Boivin, 2001; Hoffmann et a/., 2001; Hansen and
Jensen, 2002). Dissections and behavioral
observations have showed that such females had
a lot of mature ovarial eggs but parasitization was
blocked at the stage of arrestment and host
recognition (Pavlik, 1993; Reznik et al., 1997,

1998). Earlier studies suggest that percentage of
time spent in movement by Trichogramma
females, delaying oviposition due to unavailability
of suitable host eggs was slightly higher, than
those for ovipositing females with readily available
host eggs (Reznik and Umaraova, 1991).

In all previous studies movement activity
was only recorded in the presence of host eggs.
Thus the increase in time spent during movement
could be assessed by time expenditure for
parasitization. Besides host, stimuli also had a
strong direct influence on the female’s behavior
(Gardner and Lenteren, 1986; Nordlund, 1994;
Schmidt, 1994). Reznik et al/., (2001)
demonstrated that oviposition by a group of
simultaneously emerged Trichogramma females
was observed to be uniformly distributed in time
because of egg retention. Egg retention is thus
accompanied with intensive movement activity and
this mechanism seems to be even more adaptive
when hosts are unavailable.

Relationships between walking behaviour
and reproduction has never been investigated in
the past. According to Dingle and Winchell (1997)
spontaneous movement activity is better option
for measure of dispersal. In view of this, present
study has been designed to study walking behavior
in females of Trichogramma chilonis during egg
retention without providing host eggs.

Materials and Methods

Females of Trichogramma chilonis of age
1, 2 and 3 days were set to walk separately over
specially designed grids made on an arena in order
to observe their search for hosts (no host eggs
were provided). Accuracy of the result depends
upon size of grids. Smaller the grid size, accurate
will be the results. Grids were numbered in a
specific pattern on which computer operates the
software (Abid’s Trackmove). Grids on which data
could be taken easily were selected and a
transparent cover slip of 6.6 x 6.7cm with thin
boundaries was used to avoid escape of wasps
out of the grids. Each day 10 wasps were released
singly and observation time for every replication
was kept constant i.e. 3 minutes. As the wasps
start moving over the grids, software was started
and numbers of grids traveled were entered. The
whole experiment was carried out under controlled
laboratory conditions for temperature, humidity and
uniform diet etc.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows that all the ten replications
for 1 day old wasps have significantly less waking
activity than those of 2 and 3 days old wasps

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

respectively. The total distance covered and
velocity attained by 2 days old wasps was higher
than those of 1 day old ones and they even stayed
for less time in the grids and their velocity without
stay points was also greater. Same is the case
with 3 days old wasps; they showed more higher
velocity and covered more distance than those of
2 days old wasps. Their stay inside the gird was
least and the velocity without stay points was
maximum as compared to 1 day and 2 days old
wasps.

Increased walking’ activity of
Trichogramma_ chilonis wasps on each
successive day was observed as to be a reaction
for host search for parasitization and it increased
with the passage of time due to egg retention
resulting pressure build up in ovaries. Therefore,
3 days old wasps showed greater walking activity
over 2 days and 1 day old wasps respectively.

Present study clarifies and confirms some
queries of the previous studies, e.g. a study on
the walking behaviour of Trichogramma females
suggests that walking behavior of Trichogramma
species (average speed, percentage of time spent
moving etc.) and their movement only depends
on environmental conditions, primarily on
temperature (Fournier and Boivin 2000;
Suverkropp et a/., 2001). However in the current
study it was observed that physiological state of
female can also be important. As all observations
were collected under controlled conditions
(temperature, humidity, diet, etc.) so difference in
velocity and distance covered was observed as
direct effect of egg retention. In another study with
provision of non preferred hosts among preferred

Table-1: Walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis females observed in relation to egg retention.

Replications
(Wasps
Released/Day)

Velocity
Without Stay

3.216 cm/sec
3.531 cm/sec

Total Stay
Time

43.29 sec

39.67 sec

Impact of egg retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) 33

ones, it was observed that increase in movement
and dispersal in parasitizing Trichogramma
females was a direct consequence of their search
for appropriate host. In accordance to it, present
study without provision of any host eggs suggests
that increased movement was due to the direct
effect of pressure build up in ovaries of female
wasps due to egg retention and in result of this,
females accelerate their search for host eggs.
Each next day this search was increased because
the eggs get mature in the ovaries and were
needed to oviposit at the earliest.

References
Abid’s Trackmove, Accessed online at http:// www. nifa.
org. pk/software.html.

Brar, K.S., Khosa, S.S., Sekhon, B.S. 2000. Host searching
capacity of laboratory reared and field collected
populations of Trichogramma chilonis \shii.
Journal of Biological Control 14: 29-33.

Carriere, Y. and Boivin, G. 2001. Constraints on the evolution
of thermal sensitivity of foraging in Trichogramma:
genetic trade-offs and plasticity in maternal
selection. American Naturalist 157: 570-581.

Dingle, H. and Winchell, R. 1997. Juvenile hormone as a
mediator of plasticity in insect life histories.
Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology
35: 359-373.

Fournier, F. and Boivin, G. 2000. Comparative dispersal of
Trichogramma evanescens and Trichogramma
pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in
relation to environmental conditions.
Environmental Entomology 29: 55-63.

Gardner, S.M. and Lenteren, J.C. 1986. Characterization of
the arrestment responses of Trichogramma
evanescens. Oecologia 68: 265-270.

Hansen, L.S. and Jensen, K.M.V. 2002. Effect of temperature
on parasitism and host-feeding of Trichogramma
turkestanika (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
on Ephesia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 50-56.

Hoffmann, M.P., Ode, P.R., Walker, D.L., Gardner, J., van
Nouhuys, S. and Shelton, A.M. 2001. Performance
of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) reared on factitious hosts,
including the target host, Ostriniua nubilalis

(Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Biological Control 21:
1-10.

Kuske, S., Widmer, F., Edwards, P.J., Turlings, T.C.J.,
Babendreier, D. and Bigler, F. 2003. Dispersal
and persistence of mass released Trichogramma
brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in
non-target habitats. Biological Control 27: 181-
193.

McGregor, R., Caddick, G. and Henderson, D. 2000. Egg
loads and egg masses: parasitism of
Choristoneura rosaceana eggs by Trichogramma
minutum after inundative release in a commercial
blueberry field. BioControl 45: 257-268.

Mehetre, S.T. and Salunkhe, G.N. 2000. Studies on host
searching capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum
Riley, an egg parasitoid of tomato fruit borer.
Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities
25: 102-103.

Monje, J.C., Zebitz, C.P.W. and Ohnesorge, B. 1999. Host
and host age preference of Trichogramma galloi
and T. pretiosum (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) reared on different hosts.
Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 97-103.

Noldus, L.P.J.J., van Lenteren, J.C. and Lewis, W.J. 1991.
How Trichogramma parasitoids use moth sex
pheromones as_ kairomones: orientation
behaviour in a wind tunnel. Physiological
Entomology 16: 313-327.

Nordlund, D.A. 1994. Habitat location by Trichogramma. In:
Wajnberg, E. Hassan, S.A., (eds.). Biological
control with egg parasitoids. Wallingford, UK; CAB
International: 155-163.

Pavlik, J. 1993. Variability in the host acceptance of
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubialis Hbn.
(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in strains of the egg
parasitoid Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera,
Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied
Entomology 115: 77-84.

Reznik, S.Ya. and Umarova, T.Ya. 1991. Host population
density influence on host acceptance in
Trichogramma.. Entomologia Experimentalis et
Applicata 58: 49-54.

Reznik, S.Ya., Umarova, T.Ya. and Voinovich, N.D. 1997.
The influence of previous host age on current host
acceptance in Trichogramma. Entomologia
Experimentalis et Applicata 82: 153-157.

Reznik, S.Ya., Umarova, T.Ya. and Voinovich, N.D. 1998.
Egg retention in the presence of a host in
Trichogramma females. Journal of Applied
Entomology 122: 555-559.

Reznik, S.Ya., Voinovich, N.D. and Umarova, T.Ya. 2001.
Long-term egg retention and parasitization in
Trichogramma_ principium (Hymenoptera,
Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied
Entomology 125: 169-175.

Schmidt, J.M. 1994. Host recognition and acceptance by
Trichogramma. In: Wajnberg, E. and Hassan, S.A.,
(eds.). Biological control with egg parasitoids.
Wallingford, UK; CAB International: 165-200.

Silva, |.M.M.S. and Stouthamer, R. 1999. Do sympatric
Trichogramma species parasitize the pest insect
Helicoverpa armigera and the beneficial insect
Chrysoperla carnea in different proportions?
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92: 101-107.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Smith, S.M. 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma:
advances, successes, and potential of their use.
Annual Review of Entomology 41: 375-406.

Suverkropp, B.P., Bigler, F. and van Lenteren, J.C. 2001.
Temperature influences walking speed and
walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae
(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of
Applied Entomology 125: 303-307.

Wang, Z.Y., Zhou, D.R. and Hassan, S.A. 2000. The
dispersal distance and activity rhythm of
Trichogramma ostriniae in greenhouse. Acta
Phytophylacica Sinica 27: 17-22.

Wright M.G., Hoffmann, M.P., Chenus, S.A. and Gardner, J.
2001. Dispersal behavior of Trichogramma
ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in
sweet corn fields: Implications for augmentative
releases against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera:
Crambidae). Biological Control 22: 29-37.

Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of
Brassica campestris var. sarson

J.S.Tara & Pooja Sharma*

Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) 180006, J&K, India.
(#email: puja80_sharma@yahoo.co.in)

Abstract

Qualitative and quantitative effects of pollination on fruit set; number of seeds per siliqua and
mean weight of 100 seeds were compared in controlled and open pollinated plants of sarson.
Percent fruit set, number of seeds per siliqua and mean seed weight of 100 seeds were significantly
(P<0.01) higher in open pollinated viz., 8.09, 9.37 and 141.86 than in controlled ones. Moreover,
seeds of open pollinated plants were larger in size and viable than controlled ones. The crop was
visited by many insect pollinators but Apis dorsata followed by Apis mellifera and Apis cerana
were observed to be the most common pollinating species.

Keywords: Pollination, Brassica campestris var. sarson, Apis dorsata, A. mellifera, A. cerana.

Introduction

Rapeseed mustard is the second most
important edible oilseed crop in India after
groundnut. Among rapeseed, Brassica campestris
var. sarson is a self compatible crop and is
generally considered to require insect pollination
for better seed production (Mc Gregor, 1976; Free,
1970). These insects belong to orders viz.,
Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
and Thysanoptera (Michener, 1974). Of these,
Hymenopterans are the most important agents
because of their high energy requirements and
tendency for collecting provisions for their brood
in the form of pollen and nectar. It is considered
that services rendered by bees in pollination of
fruits, vegetables, legume and other seed crops
are worth many times the return, which bee
keepers receive in the form of honey and bee wax
(Mattu et a/., 1994). Bees provide the most
suitable conditions for pollen selectivity, thereby,
increasing the viability, weight and germination of
the seeds (Kozin, 1972). Alderman and Angelo
1933, also suggested the role of pollinating insects
in getting good quality crops.

Materials and Methods

Studies were conducted at Hiranagar in
district Kathua, Jammu division to know the
qualitative and quantitative effects of pollination on
sarson flowers in terms of fruit set, number of
seeds per siliqua and seed weight (Verma and
Partap, 1993).

Flowering started in the second week of
January 2006.One colony each of Apis cerana F.
and Apis mellifera L. were placed in the field when
15-20% of the flowering had already occurred.
Plants with unopened floral buds were enclosed
in insect mesh nets for self and wind pollination
and open flower buds left for self pollination,
pollination by wind and insects. Two sites were
randomly selected in the field area having 10-12
plants, for each of the experimental designs as
under:-

1) Affect of pollination on fruit set;
2) Affect of pollination on number of
seeds per siliqua;

Number of fruits (Siliqua_)

Number of buds

X 100

The number of seeds per siliqua was
counted before harvesting period.

3) Affect of honeybees and other insect
on fruit quality;

Qualitative effect of honeybees and other
insect pollinators on fruit quality was studied by
collecting the ripe seeds. It was assessed in terms
of increase in weight of seeds, measured with the
help of micro electric balance. For this, 100 seeds
were collected from each experimental design and
mean weight of 10 samples with 100 seeds was
found. The data so obtained was analyzed
Statistically.

Results and Discussion

Seed yield data so obtained is presented
in the Table 1, which reveals that fruit set was
79.96% in controlled experiment, while it was
88.05% in open pollinated flowers. This shows an
increase of 8.09% in open pollinated flowers as
compared to controlled ones. Similarly, mean

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

number of seeds/siliqua was 10.24 and 11.20,
while mean weight of 100 seeds was 0.172 and
0.416 gm in controlled and open pollinated
experimental designs respectively. These figures
show an increase of 9.37% of seeds/siliqua and
141.86% of mean weight of 100 seeds in open
pollinated flowers than controlled ones.

These results are in conformity with the
already recorded observations of Chand and Singh
(1995) on Brassica juncea and Mishra et al. (1988)
on Brassica campestris var. sarson.

Further, Khan and Chaudhary (1988)
emphasized upon the view that insect pollination
led to the formation of well shaped larger grains
and more viable seeds than self pollinated plants.
The present investigator, also reconfirms these
observations of the op. cit. workers, where the
seeds of open pollinated plants are larger and
viable than net caged ones. Some similar
observations were reported by Singh (1997) on
Brassica juncea and Singh et al., (2004) on var.
toria.

Table-1: Qualitative and quantitative effect of open pollination upon control pollination of plants of
Brassica campestris var. sarson*

79.96 88.05

10.24
0.172 0.416 141.86

*= Open pollinated > control (P< 0.01)

Weight (g)

Conclusion

Qualitative and quantitative data reveals
significant (P<0.01) increase in percent of fruit set,
number of seeds/siliqua and mean weight of 100
seeds in open pollinated flowers than in controlled
flowers, covered with muslin cloths. Thus insects,
especially the bees are the cheapest source for

8.09

11.2 9.37

increasing the yield of oilseed crops.

References

Alderman, W.H. andAngelo. E. 1933. Self and cross sterility
in plum hybrids. Proceedings of Society of
Horticultural Sciences 29: 118-121.

Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson 37

Chand, H. and Singh, R. 1995. Effect of pollination by
Apis cerana Fabr. on yield of mustard,
Brassica juncea Linn. Indian Bee Journal
57(4): 173-174.

Free, J.B. 1970. Insect Pollination of Crops. London:
Academic Press.

Khan, B.M. and Chaudhary, M.!. 1988. Comparative
assessment of honey bees and other insects
with self pollination of sarson in Peshawar.
Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 38(4): 231-237.

Kozin, R.B. 1972. Pollination of Entomophilous

Agricultural Crops by Bees. New Delhi:

Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Mattu, V.K., Devi, M. and Mattu, N. 1994. Pollen
spectrum of some honeys of Kashmir (India)
as determinant of honeybee forage. Indian
Bee Journal 56(3-4): 132-141.

McGregor, S.F. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated
crop plants. USA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture.

Michener, C.D. 1974. The Social Behaviour of Bees.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press.

Mishra, R.C., Kumar, J. and Gupta, J.K. 1988. The

effect of mode of pollination on yield and oil

potential of Brassica campestris L. var. sarson
with observations on insect pollinators.

Journal of Apiculture Research 27(3): 186-189.

Singh, Y. 1997. Role of honey bees in farm production,
agricultural growth and rural reconstruction
in India. Indian Bee Journal 59(1): 24-30.

Singh, B., Kumar, M., Sharma, A.K. and Yadav, L.P.
2004. Effect of bee pollination on yield
attributes and seed yield of toria (Brassica
campestris var. toria). Environment and
Ecology, 23(3): 571-573.

Verma, L.R. and Partap, U. 1993. The Asian Hive Bee
Apis cerana, as a Pollinator in Vegetable Seed
Production (An Awareness Handbook). Nepal:
Internatinal Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD) Kathmandu.

(Sa,,}

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan,
with a list of host plant studied

Ahmed Zia’, Soaib Ali Hassan”, Anjum Shehzad? and Falak Naz?

1. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, |slamabad — Pakistan.
(email: saiyedahmed@yahoo.com)
2. Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi — Pakistan.
(email: sohaib_hassan50@yahoo.com)
3. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad — Pakistan.
(email: nim.anjum@gmail.com)
4.National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, |slamabad — Pakistan.
(email: falakO5@yahoo.com)

Abstract

Aphids were collected from different hosts in four districts of Rawalpindi Division (Punjab), Pakistan.
A total of 700 specimens were collected, yielding eight species under eight genera. Details
regarding valid names, body size, distribution and general body characters of collected specimens
alongwith their host plants are discussed in this paper. Richness and abundance of species was
also studied. Further surveys are needed to unhide the existing fauna of Aphidoidea from the area.

Keywords: Diversity, Aphidoidea, Pakistan, Punjab, Rawalpindi.

Introduction

Aphidoidea includes small soft bodied
insects, commonly called aphids, blackflies, plant
lice or greenflies. They are serious pests of crops,
vegetables, ornamental plants and fruits. They
suck cell sap and inject toxic saliva into plant
tissues which may result in curling of leaves,
appearance of discoloured spots on the foliage,
blighting of buds and dimpling of fruits (Hashmi,
1994). Honey dew is released on plant leaves
which results in development of sooty mould which
hinders its photosynthesis (Blackman and Eastop,
2000).

In Pakistan, lot of work has been done on
the biology and population dynamics of aphids but
only fewer taxonomic studies were carried out uptill
now. Taxonomy of Aphidoidea in Pakistan was
studied by Das (1918), Munir (1953), Khaliq (1965),
Awan (1973) and Nasir (1989). A need for
comprehensive survey was felt and present study
was under taken to make an authentic and updated
record of Aphidoidea inhabiting Rawalpindi division
of Punjab province, Pakistan.

Materials and Methods

Extensive sampling was done during
the years (2007-2008) to collect adults of
Aphidoidea. All the four districts i.e
Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jehlum and Attock with
twenty localities (five from each district) were
visited (Fig. 1). Details of collection sites is
as follows:-

Rawalpindi Division (Punjab):

1) District Rawalpindi: Kahuta (L1), Mandra (L2),
Gujar Khan (L3) Taxila (L4), Islamabad {NARC
Research Farms (L5)}.

2) District Chakwal: Talagang (L6), Choa Syedan
Shah (L7), Kallar Kahar (L8), Tman (L9), Mogla
(L10).

3) District Jehlum: Dina (L11), Sohawa (L12),
Mangla (L13), Pind Dadan Khan (L14), Khewra
(E15):

4) District Attock: Hazro (L16), Hassan Abdal
(L17), Fateh Jang (L18), Pindi Gheb (L19), Jand
(L20).

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied 39

Aphids were collected from cereal crops,
grasses, vegetables, weeds and fruit trees with
an ordinary camel hair brush, by jerking the plants
on white paper sheet and by netting in some cases.
Their search was followed by deep observation of
symptoms on plants such as presence of
coccinellids and other aphid predators, ant
associations, rolling and yellowing of infested
leaves and development of black sooty mold. They
were brought to the laboratory of National Insect
Museum and were preserved in 80% alcohol. After
making their slides, specimens were identified
following Eastop (1961), Stroyan (1977), Martin
(1983), Blackman and Eastop (1994); and
Blackman and Eastop (2000). Voucher specimens
were deposited in National Insect Museum,
NARC- Islamabad.

Results and Discussion

Thirteen different hosts grown in twenty five
different localities of four districts of Rawalpindi
division were sampled to collect adults of
Aphidoidea. A total of 700 adult aphids were
collected that provides a record of eight aphid
species identified under eight genera. Details
regarding valid names, body size, distribution,
general appearance and host plants for collected
species are presented (Table 1).

Richness of species was observed (Fig. 2),
which shows presence of all the eight species in
Rawalpindi district. However minimum number of
species i.e five species were recorded from district
Jehlum. Abundance of species was also studied
(Table 2) showing Lipaphis erysimi, Brevicoryne
brassicae and Rhopalosiphum padi as dominant
and abundant species of Rawalpindi district and
Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum as
common species of Jehlum district. However
Brevicoryne brassicae also appeared to be a
prevalent species of district Attock. Prociphilus oleae
appears to be very rare and was recorded only from
a single locality of Rawalpindi district. Due to huge
diversity in topography and flora of the area, further
surveys can add more species of Aphidoidea.

To study the diversity of Aphidoidea in each
area, diversity index following Menhinick (1964) was
calcultaed (Fig. 3) which shows highest aphid
diversity in district Chakwal however minimum was
calculated for Attock. District Chakwal is rich in flora
and almost all the major crops and a wide variety of
vegetables and grasses are grown here, which may
be a possible reason for higher aphid diversity in this
area. In contrast to this Jhelum is less fertile and
more mountainous as compared to Chakwal, which
favours less development of Aphidoidea due to host
unavailability.

Hazro @

Bassa Abdal C17 gout imme
oe g Ls
b e |
“ @ ISLAMABAD
ATTOCK “ Vaxila LA ell
é é Kahuta ¢
paces sa, Miicvis ¢ RAWALPINDL
€ A oe oe
Fateh Jang , Mandra 1. 2%.
Pindi Gheb t.19 @ Fa p
oN Gujar Khan 1.3@ :
“ Sohawe 9
CHAKWAL : Betis
os vale e tas Lo Mangia
“ny Taman LO @ eMogla Lio Dina Lt Rh
MR ray x Kallar Kahar L8@ AS

IRAN

ARABIAN SEA

Le Ae
Choa Syedan Shah x NNO
esd *e. an
ee a <yoe® a

tones wh vent

“ Khewra LS eon?

Fig.1 : Map of Pakistan showing Rawalpindi Division with its four districts along with sites of
collection for Aphidoidea.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

‘(asuedyay winybios) neg
‘(sisuauepns winbios ) sses6
uepns ‘(WwNAysee WNDU] )
JESU ‘SUONUeUe|d BsOoY

‘(sAew ea7Z) aziel\

‘(WNAI]S9e WNDU) JEaUn
‘(sujsadweo esisseig) pieysni\

‘(sujsadweo eolsseig)
pueysny ‘(Snajes snueydey)
usipey ‘(eade/a/O eoIsseig)
Jamoyjiyneg pue abeqqes

‘(wnsoseqgn] WiNnuejOS) oje}Od

‘(enelen6 winipisq) eaens

‘(WNAHES WNSIq) Sjue|d ead

paipnyg ued JSOH

071 811
‘OLT ‘SLT E11
‘61:91°S1 71

027
‘6L1 SLT LT
‘LL1‘0L1'61°91
Glvi Sic)

‘021 811211
‘OLT ‘vL187
‘G1 71 €1 (17

LET SLT St

‘LZL1 911
‘O11 “S177

uonnquysig

pedeys ajpuids pe}ebuoja
si Apog ‘sedijs jesiop
piu jeulpnyibuo; uae6 yybuq
Ulm ‘uaa6 YsIMmo}|ah JO UBAIH)

“‘Ajyesaye] usuuopge
uo juaseid saj}lsajOS sno
-noidsuod = yJeq ‘SUO!}IPUDD
pluuny Japun xem UM pe}eog
ynojoo ~=ul uaed6 Aei6 Jo uaas6
Aaysnp 0} uaai6h ysimoj|a,

“xem Ajeaw
a}yIUM UsiXes6 YIM pasaAoo
pezis winipew si Apog veyep
uawopqe pue xeJoyu} uo
sBulmsew jesiop pue peasy YIM
useJ6 pyiw inp 0} uaas6 ysiAqigy

‘aoueseadde ul ajed epneo
YIM JayJep linouNYdIS “saluojoo
DEPMOIO JBPUN YSIYM O} MO}|aA
ajed JaAemoy ‘Sudawidads pjo ul
ysiyoe|q ySowje 0} udai6H yeGg

‘saBepuedde jeoupuals UyIM
‘INOJOD yuUId O} ySIUBaIH

aouesvaddy jesauay

WWE 7-9" | -SE}E|V
WW6'Z-9'| :ajela}dy

WW 7-p | Seley
WWp Zp | ajelaydy

WWE 7-9} -SEJE|V

(6781

VyIEMA) WNpoUIp

winiydojodojay

(€pSL yoequayjey)

iwisfua siydediq

(@GZ| ‘sneeuuly)

WWW9'Z7-9'| ‘ajelaydy}] PeI/SSEIG BUAIODIAZIG

WWQ°}—-?'| -Se}EV
WWUg'|-0'| :ajelaydy

WWp'p-S'Z ‘Seley
WUE p—-e'Z :a}elaldy

yUDWIINSeO|AJ

(SZ6L JEAo|9)
udAssob siydy

(QZZ1 ‘SuJeH)

winsid uoydisoyj/Aloy

SOWPN IJIUSIIS

‘ueysiyed ‘(qefund) uoIsiAig Ipuldjemey jo eaplopiydy pa}9a]}09 Hulpseba, sjiejyaq :1-a1qe1

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied

“(eAeS
ezZAIC) edly ‘(WINASee WIND, )
yeayuN ‘(SuIsedweo eolsse/g)
pieysny ‘(sepioyds}] gq pue
wnonej/6 WNjasiuUdad) S}ealjllN
‘(shew ea7) azie|| ‘(asuadiay
wnybiosg) nieg ‘(sisuauepns
wnbsos ) ssesb uepns

‘(quebejna
wnybios) wnybsos ‘(skew
ea7Z) azie|\| ‘(WNAHsae Wd] )
yeauM ‘(Sujsedweo eoisse/g)
pseysnyy ‘(uojAjoep uopoudy)
sseiB jeqeyy ‘(esuadisay
wnybios) nieg ‘(sisuauepns
wnbsos) sselb uepns

‘(eadaina eajQ) suoijejue|d dAl|O

palpnys jue}d JSOH

‘Gh Chl ch
“EET “OW 61
21°91 +1 19

‘021 611
‘BLT PLT LET
‘OL1 ‘61 ‘97
‘G1 ‘¥1 €1 21

uonnqijsiq

‘UBWOPGeE JO apis |eSJOp
UO JUuasald SayajOS WuosluN
‘UMOJG YSIppes Aulys 0} UMOJG
usippes Ayip ‘uae6 ysimojjad

‘Apoq pedeys |eao
Ajpeosg UYM pPeZis WNIPSW Oo}
Jews ‘yoejq ysiuees6 ‘uae6
AO ‘uaeJ6 YsIMO]|ah payo|

"QUOD pajUsUBid Je]} Se JuaSaud
nounudis ‘ayeHuoje Ajyeasb
Isse} PUY YIM ‘payeHhuojs
‘INO|OD Ul Jayep O} Ysiusalg

aoueieaddy jeiauag | quowoinseaw [Swen dIJIJUSINS

*panuljuod :1-a1qeL

WWE 7-9" | SEE
lug €-€' | ‘a}elaydy

WW’ Z-9'| -Se}e|
WW] 'Z-G'| :ajeuaydy

WLWUGC—-L*| SEE
WLUQ'€-9"| ‘a}ela}dy

(GZZ| ‘sniouge4)
QEUDAB UOIGOJIS

(8SZL
‘Sneeuuly) jped

winydisojedoyy

(9781
‘ossiy x8 yoed7)

aea/o SnjlydioOdd

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

(SJL ‘snioiuqe4)
BEUBAB UOIGOJIS

(8SZ, ‘sneeuuly)

Iped winydisojedoyy
(9781 ‘OSsly x9 yee 7)
aeajo SNIIYAloOld
(6781 JOXIEM)
winpouip Winiydojodojayy
(€8L ‘yoequayjey)
lwisfua siydediq

(8GZ1 ‘sneeuuly)
aealsselg auAIODIAaIG
(SZ6] JOAO|9)

udAssob siydy

(QZZL ‘SWeH)
winsid uoydisoyj/Aloy

Eada a a Ga a a Ca soa

‘ueysiyed ‘(qefung) uoIsIAig Ipuldjemey ul eaplopiydy jo aduepungy :Z-a/qeL

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied 43

Rawalpindi Chakwal

Districts of Rawalpindi Division

Jehlum Attock

Fig. 2: Richness of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi
Division (Punjab), Pakistan.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to National Insect
Museum, NARC-Islamabad, Pakistan for providing
funds for the collection surveys and services for
exact identification of Aphidoidea.

References
Awan, K. B. 1973. Aphidoidea of Lyallpur. M.sc. thesis,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Blackman, R. L. and Eastop. V. F. 1994. Aphids on the
world’s trees: An identification and information
guide. Wallingford: CAB International.

Blackman, R. L. and Eastop. V. F. 2000. Aphids on the
world’s crops: An identification and information
guide. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Das, B. 1918. Aphididae of Lahore. Memoirs of Indian
Musuem 6: 135-274.

Eastop, V. F. 1961. A study of the Aphididae (Homoptera) of
West Africa. London: British Museum of Natural
History.

0.34
0.33
0.32

ey 0.29

Chakwal Jehlum Attock

Districts Visited

Rawalpindi

Fig. 3: Diversity Index Calculated

Hashmi, A. A. 1994. Insect pest management. Pakistan:
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad
1: 200-201.

Khaliq, A. 1965. A study of the Aphididae (Suborder, Homoptera;
Order Hemiptera) of Peshwar District. Ph.D. thesis
Department of Entomology University College of
Agriculture, Peshwar.

Martin, J. H. 1983. The identification of common aphid pests
of tropical agriculture. Tropical Pest Management
29: 395-411.

Menhinick, E.F.1964. A comparison of some species
individuals diversity indices applied to samples of
field insects. Ecology 45: 859-861.

Munir, A. H. 1953. Aphididae of Lyallpur. M.sc. thesis, Punjab
University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Nasir, A. 1989. Aphidoidea of Punjab. M.sc. thesis, University
of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Stroyan, H. L. G. 1977. Hand book for the identification of British
insects, Homoptera, Aphidoidea, Chaitophoridae and
Callaphididae. London: Royal Entomological Society.

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche
Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae)

M.S. Saini’ and L. Kaur?

Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
(‘email: saini20@hotmail.com)
(?email: lakhwinderkaur.kaur@gmail.com)

Abstract

Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for 19 species of the genus Himalopsyche (Trichoptera:
Rhyacophilidae) using the phylogenetic analysis package PAUP, based on 12 of the morphological
characters most commonly used for Himalopsyche species identification. Species descriptions
were primarily taken from literature contributed by Morton (1900), Martynov (1930, 1935, 1936),
Kimmins (1952) and Schmid (1963,1966). Parsimony analysis, using equally weighted characters,
produced 27 trees and the strict consensus tree derived from these identified two groupings are
to be present in all 27 trees. The results are discussed in terms of evolutionary trends or remarkable

diversity of genitalic types in the males.

Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, Trichoptera, Himalopsyche, Genitalic types.

Introduction

The small genus Himalopsyche originated
in the Oriental region and was first described by
Banks (1940). All the species occur in Oriental
region with exception of H. phryganea
(Schmid,1989) which is distributed in North
America. So all species except H. phryganea are
thought to have been designated as endemic
Oriental species. From the Oriental region this
genus is represented by 38 species out of which
19 are from India alone. Indian species are mainly
contributed by Morton (1900), Martynov
(1930,1935,1936), Kimmins (1952) and Schmid
(1963,1966) to the tune of 1,3,2 and 13 species
respectively. On the basis of so many
morphological affinities this genus Is closely related
to Rhyacophila, of which it seems to be a
specialized off shoot.

When viewed from the economic point of
view, larvae of this group are important and
beneficial components of the trophic dynamics and
energy flow in the lakes, rivers and streams they
inhabit (Resh and Rosenberg, 1984). This group
is considered the most useful and important
aquatic organisms for monitoring climatic

changes and are widely used in bio monitoring
surveys. Parsimony analysis is used to investigate
phylogenetic relationships among Himalopsyche
species, using data based on morphological
characters most commonly used _ for
Himalopsyche identification.

Materials and Methods

Species descriptions were derived
primarily from literature contributed by Morton
(1900), Martynov (1930,1935,1936), Kimmins
(1952) and Schmid (1963,1966) and the
characters used in the analysis were those given
comparably for all, or almost all, species.
Rhyacophila Pictet was also included in the
analysis as the outgroup.

Phylogenetic analysis was performed
using the package PAUP version 3.1.1. (Swofford,
1993). In total 12 morphological characters were
used in the phylogenetic analysis. These were:-

1) Inferior appendage (0= uniarticulated, 1=
biarticulated).
2) Preanal appendage (O=completely fused

with segment X, 1= free from segment X).

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) 45

3) Anterior Claw (0 = symmetrical, 1 = 6) Anal Sclerite (O= apically bifid, 1= apically
asymmetrical). not bifid).

4) Preanal appendage (O= present, 1= absent). 7) Median lobes of segment X (0= partly fused,

5) Anal Sclerite (O= pointed and narrowing
towards apical end, 1= rounded and blunt 1 = completely fused at
towards apical end).

of their length).

ww] do

Table 1: Presence or absence data for twelve characters for 19 species of the genus Himalopsyche
Banks as used in the phylogenetic analysis; Rhyacophila Pictet is included as an outgroup.

Character number
Species
+] ols 4| 5] 6 fe 9/10} 11] 12

imacosrreaniawrosermarees Le [ofel aaa [e[o [3
a
a a
Er
raooore aoinaneinontes [eft Sa Ph fo Le
Finapere donecnpascmmaress [| 6[@] af 9| a] °

Himalopsyche gyamo Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche hierophylax Schmid 1966

Himalopsyche horai Martynov 1936

Himalopsyche lanceolata Morton 1900
Himalopsyche lepcha Schmid 1963

Himalopsyche lungma Schmid 1963

Himalopsyche maitreya Schmid 1963
Himalopsyche malenanda Schmid 1963

Himalopsyche phedongensis Kimmins 1952

Himalopsyche tibetana Martynov 1930

Himalopsyche todma Schmid 1963

Himalopsyche yongma Schmid 1963

Rhyacophila Pictet 1834 (Outgroup)

46 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

8) Anal sclerite (0=Anal sclerite with long 9) Segment IX (O= quite prominent forms a
root invaginated upto half of segment roof over segment X, 1 = reduced does
IX, 1 =Anal sclerite with short root not not form a roof over segment X).
invaginated into segment |X). 10) Paramere (0= absent, 1= present).

H. dolmasampa

Rhyacophila

H. gyamo

H. bhagirathi

H. malenanda

H. angnorbui

H. yongma

H. amitabha

H. yatrawalla
3 4 ff 44 7]
H. hierophlyax

H. lephca,

H nhedanoencic

H. biansata,

H. digitata, H. horai,

H. lanceolata

Fig. 1: Strict consensus tree for 19 species of Himalopsyche derived from the 27 most parsimonious trees
calculated from the data in Table 1; outgroup = Rhyacophila Pictet. Character of the ingroup have been
optimized by fast transformation as implemented in PAUP. Character numbers are above the hashmarks;
state changes are shown below with the respective primitive and derived conditions reported by a ‘>’.
Apomorphy shown by filled hashmarks and pleisomorphy by open hashmarks.

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia; Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae) 47

11) Scape to pedicel ratio (O= If scape length
is less than half of pedicel length, 1= If
scape length is more than half of pedicel
length).

IATS : MB: OATS’ (0= If MB ratio greater
than IATS but smaller than OATS, 1= If MB
ratio smaller than IATS but greater than

OATS).
* I[ATS-Inner Apical Tibial spur, MB-Meta basitarsus, OATS—
Outer Apical Tibial Spur

12)

Results

Parsimony analysis, using equally
weighted characters, produced 27 most
parsimonious trees (MPTs). Successive weighting
was applied as a check of the reliability of the
results. The main objective of phylogenetics is to
correctly reconstruct the evolutionary history based
on the observed character divergence between
organisms.

For estimating phylogenetic trees the most
widely used PARSIMONY and MAXIMUM
LIKELIHOOD methods were used. Parsimony
method also known as “ Occam’s Razor” after
William of Occam, a 14" century English
Philosopher who advocated this minimalist
problem solving approach of “shaving away”
unnecessary complications and the principle of
maximum likelihood, is a tree with the highest
likelihood and is the best estimate of the true
phylogeny. The species Himalopsyche todma
differs from all other species of Himalopsyche by
the single character of apically bifidation of anal
sclerite (character 6). To further investigate the
MPTs the majority rule consensus method was
used.

Discussion

In Fig.1 H. todma got separated from
Rhyacophila by character 12 and H. todma
differed from all other species of Himalopsyche
due to apically bifidation of anal sclerite. Similarly,
all characters are shown in cladogram by which
taxa got separated from one another. The derived
consensus tree identified two groupings to be
present in the cladogram. The first group was

composed of two unique species H. gyamo and
H. bhagirathi. They grouped on the basis of shape
of anal sclerite. The second group contained nine
species H. hierophylax, H. lepcha, H.
phedongensis, H. biansata, H. digitata, H. horai,
H. maitreya, H. tibetana and H. lanceolata. They
clustered together due to biarticulation of inferior
appendage. H. do/masampa got separated from
H. todma by characters 6, 9 and 10. All characters
showed apomorphy. So sign 0>1 showed that
there was formation of derived character from
ancestral character. H. gyamo and H. bhagirathi
got separated from H. dolmasampa by character
5. H. gyamo got evolved by characters 9 and 10
and H. bhagirathi by character 11. H. /ungma and
H. malenanda got separated by characters 9 and
10. Character 9 showed apomorphy and character
10 showed pleisomorphy. H. malenanda got
evolved due to characters 5 and 12. Character 12
showed maximum evolution. H. angnorbui and H.
yongma got separated from H. malenanda by
characters 4, 5 and 12. H. yongma got evolved by
characters 4 and 10. H. amitabha got separated
from latter by characters 4, 10 and 12. Similarly,
H. yatrawalla got separated from H. amitabha by
characters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11. All the characters
showed pleisomorphy. H. hierophylax got
separated from H. yatrawalla due to presence of
characters 1 and 12 and got evolved by characters
3, 4, 10, 11 and 12. Only the characters 3 and 4
showed apomorphy. H. /epcha and H.
phedongensis got separated from H. hierophylax
but they both shared the same characters. H.
biansata, H. digitata, H. horal, H. maitreya and H.
tibetana got separated from H. phedongensis by
character 12 and they all shared the same
characters but H. /Janceolata developed new
character 10 and got separated from H. biansata,
H. digitata, H. horai, H. maitreya and H. tibetana.
To conclude, this can be said that species of
genus Himalopsyche Banks exhibit a remarkable
diversity of genitalic types in the males.

References

Banks, N. 1940. Report on certain Neuropteroid insects
from Szechwan, China. Proceedings of the United
States National Museum 88: 173-220.

Kimmins, D.E. 1952. Indian Caddisflies VI. New species
and a new genus of the family Rhyacophilinae.
Annals & Magazine of Natural History 5(12): 347-
361.

Martynov, A.V. 1930. On the Trichopterous fauna of South
China and Tibet. Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London 2: 65-112.

Martynov, A.V. 1935. On a collection of Trichoptera from the
Indian Museum |. Records of the Indian Museum
37: 93-209.

Martynov, A.V. 1936. On a collection of Trichoptera from the
Indian Museum II. Records of the Indian Museum
38: 239-306.

Morton, K.J. 1900. Description of new species of Oriental
Rhyacophilidae. Transactions of Entomological
Society of London Part |: 1-9.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Resh, V.H. and Rosenberg, D.M. 1984. The ecology of
aquatic insects. NewYork: Praeger Publishers.

Schmid, F. 1963. Quelques Himalopsyche indiennes
(Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Bonner
Zoologische Beitrage 14: 206-223.

Schmid, F. 1966. Le genre Himalopsyche Banks
(Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Annales de la
Sociztz Entomologique de Quebec 11(2): 123-
176.

Schmid, F. 1989. Les Hydrobiosides (Trichoptera:
Annulipalpia). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique supplement
Entomologie 59: 1-154.

Swofford, D.L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using
parsimony version 3.1.1. Illinois: Illinois Natural
History Survey, Chamapaign.

Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera)
on Brassica campestris var. sarson

J.S.Tara and Pooja Sharma*

Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) 180006, J&K, India.
(#email: puja80_sharma@yahoo.co. in)

Abstract

Foraging rate and speed of three species of Apis cerana, A. mellifera and A. dorsata were studied in the
fields of sarson at Pallimore and Hiranagar at three different hours of the day viz., 0900, 1200 and 1500
hours in order to determine the number of flowers visited per bee at a particular time. At both Pallimore
and Hiranagar, A. dorsata spent significantly more time than A. cerana and A. mellifera at 0900hours,
whereas no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed between the three Apis species at 1200
and 1500 hours of the day. However number of flowers visited/bee/minute by A. mellifera were significantly
(P<0.05) more than A. dorsata and A. cerana at 0900 and 1200 hours at Pallimore but no such significant
differences (P>0.05) were observed at 1500 hours of the day. Similarly at Hiranagar, A. mellifera visits
significant (P<0.05) number of flowers/ minute at 1200hours than A. dorsata and A.cerana, whereas at
0900 and 1500 hours no such significant differences were observed (P>0.05).

Keywords: Apis cerana, Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Brassica campestris, Foraging.

Introduction

Insects are of prime significance in
pollination of agricultural and horticultural
crops. These insects belong to order Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and
Thysanoptera (Michener, 1974). Among
hymenoptera, honeybees are considered as the
most efficient pollinators of cultivated crops
because of their floral fidelity (Wells and
Wells, 1983 and Waser, 1986), potential for long
working hours (Sihag, 1990), presence of pollen
baskets, maintainability of high population,
micromanipulation of flowers and adaptability to
different climatic conditions (Verma and
Partap, 1993).

Materials and Methods

Time spent per flower and number of
flowers visited per minute were taken as the
indicators of foraging rate and speed respectively.
Time spent by a worker bee of A.cerana and A.
mellifera on sarson flower and number of flowers
visited per minute was recorded with the help of a
stop watch having an accuracy of one tenth (1/

10") of asecond. These observations were taken
thrice a day at 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours and
were repeated for a week in each field under good
climatic conditions.

Results and Discussion

Three species of Apis were monitored for
their foraging rate and speed at three different hours
of the day i.e. 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours at both
the fields as shown in Table 1 and Figures 1, 2, 3
& 4. It reveals that Apis cerana and A. mellifera
coincide in their foraging rate and speed at 0900,
1200 and 1500 hours i.e. there is no difference in
their foraging rate and speed. For A. dorsata the
foraging rate and speed remains the same at 1200
and 1500 hours but at 0900 hours A. dorsata spent
more time than A. cerana and A. mellifera. This
may be due to large body size of A. dorsata and
also due to partial opening of the flowers in the
morning hours.

These results are in agreement with Verma
and Partap (1993) who noted no significant
differences in the time spent and number of flowers

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

‘(G0'0<d) SuNoU OOSL PUE ODEO }e JUeDIYIUBISU! ‘seaiaymM ‘(L0'O>d) SINOY OOTZ) Je EueIAD ‘W<ejesuOp y<esasjaw ‘y ‘IeBeuUeIIH IV
‘(G0'0<d) SINOY ODEO Je JUeDWIUBIsu! ‘seasayM ‘(GO'O>d) SIU OOZL PUB ODEO Ie eJeSIOp y<eUeIED Y<eJOZIIJOW ‘yy ‘AJOWIIIEd WW (q)
‘(G0'0<d) Sunoy QOS) pue OOTI 3e

JUeDIUBISUI BIOM SEdUaJAYIP ‘seasayM (L0'O>d) SINOY QOGO }e EUueIAD Y<elayjaW V<ejyessop'y ‘JeBeuediyH pue siownjed py (e)

‘UOIJEUEA JO JUBIDIJSOD ="\'D ‘SuOHeAIasqo Q/ JO UE@aW Jnoge Joe psepue}s F UBAY\| = 4'SFX

‘e]eSIOP ‘yy = p'y {esajiyjaw “= Wy ‘euelao “yy =9'V

aynulw
Os'e Oc'e N /99q/PS}ISIA
SJOMO|}

€Z OFOP'ZL GE OFEO ZL |9L OF9O ZL | Hl OFOP' LL [67 OF6O'E! [60 OFOH IL jZ} OF VE OL |ZL OFLG IL vl OFL6 OL JO°ON(q)

£912 68°02 NN (998S)JOMO]}
/eeqnueds Legeueny
yZOFES'Z| 60: 0FZ9'Z] 60 OFI8'L| 8L OF98'2 | CC OFSOC | LO OFBE C OZ OF8S'E | OZ OFEL'E | C2 OFZE 2 Suu] (e)

G9 ; N aynulw
/89q/PAyISIA

€9 OF LL ZL | LE OFBO'EL| EP OFOO'E! [Ze OF LE LL EE OFLEEL | Py OFBP ZL |9Z OFOZ OL |P8OFLE ZL jee OFLS Ih SJOMOI}
JO'ON (q)

GS Sz N (9as)Jamoly

ee ae ae a ee ee ee

"enuyey JOYSIp WeBeuesiH pue sowed
ye WOO] UOSIES UO a}NUIW/aaq Jad Pa}ISIA SIBMO}J JO JaQUINU PUe (SPpUDIAS) aaq Jad 4aMO]J 49d JUSdS OWI] :}- BIGeL

aJOWIIIEed

Influence of foraging rate and speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson 51

Time spent/bee/flower(sec)
[a
NO. of flowers visited/bee/min

| a

Fig.1: Variations in time spent/bee/flower(sec) by Apis Fig.2: Variations in number of flowers visited/bee/min. by
cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours of Apis cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours

the day on sarson crop at Pallimore, Kathua. of the day on sarson crop at Pallimore,Kathua.
4 4
‘ 14
3
ae “
le
= Cc
sf! i=
- be oO ~
(2) o ] ;
g - $s _
g £.0 2
Fa =
= = 24-3
3 2 D
$ 3 &
o - = 5,
¢ 1.5 a
a Zz
= 4
lia 1 od
x“ = ~
iS fa
et 8 me
- =
1 a
PSDr* Vo 12006 oo ba Rie 1520

A.m

Alm A.d

Fig.3: Variations in time spent/bee/flower(sec) by Apis Fig.4: Variations in number of flowers visited/bee/min.by
cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours of Apis cerana, A.mellifera and A.dorsata at different hours
the day on sarson crop at Hiranagar, Kathua. of the day on sarson crop at Hiranagar,Kathua.

visited by A. cerana and A. mellifera on mustard
bloom. Murrell and Nash (1981) also reported that
A. cerana spent less time per floret than A. florea,
whereas Apis dorsata was intermediate in its
foraging speed (mean 4.5 sec/floret). Time spent
and number of flowers visited by A. cerana indica
was reported as 4.61+0.13 sec/flower and 13.3
flowers/min by Adlakha & Dhaliwal (1979).

The variations in foraging rate and speed
of A. cerana, A. mellifera, A. dorsata and A. florea
may be due to different amounts of nectar and
pollen present in various flowers as time spent
per flower depends upon the amount of nectar
present and morphology of flower (Pyke et al.,
1977).

Conclusion

It has been concluded that by placing both
the colonies of bees (A. cerana and A. mellifera)
and nesting of A. dorsata near by the fields of
Brassica campestris increases the number of
flowers visited per bee at a particular time, hence
increases the pollination and enhances the yield.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Dr. V.K.Mattu,
Department of Biosciences, H.P. University, Shimla
and Dr. V.V.Ramamurty, Principal Scientist,
Entomology Division, IARI, New Delhi for their
immense support.

References

Adlakha, R.L. and Dhaliwal, H.S. 1979. Insect pollination
of seed cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
with particular reference to the role of honey bees.
Indian Bee Journal 41: 13-16.

Kakar, K.L. 1981. Foraging behaviour of insect pollinators
of cauliflower bloom. Indian Journal of Ecology
8(1): 126-130.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Kumar, L. 1998. Foraging ecology and behaviour of Apis
cerana F. and A. mellifera L. in pollinating apple
and cherry flowers. Ph.D. thesis. Himachal
Pradesh University, Shimla, India.

Michener, C.D. 1974. The Social Behaviour of Bees.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University,
Press.

Mohr, N.A. and Jay, S.C. 1988. Nectar and pollen collecting
behaviour of honeybees on canola (Brassica
campestris L. and Brassica. napus L.). Journal
of Apiculture Research 27(2): 131-136.

Murrell, D.C. and Nash, W.T. 1981. Nectar secretion by
toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) and
foraging behaviour of three Apis species on toria
in Bangladesh. Journal of Apiculture Research
20(1): 34-38.

Pyke, G.H., Pulliam, H.R.and Charnov, E.L. 1977. Optimal
foraging a selective review of theory and tests.
The Quarterly Review of Biology 52: 137-154.

Sharma, S.K. and Singh, J.R. 1999. Pollinating efficiency
of Apis dorsata F. and Apis florea F. on carrot
(Daucus carota L.). Indian Bee Journal 61(1-4):
75-78.

Sihag, R.C.1990. Seasonal management of honeybee
(Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Haryana (India).
Indian Bee Journal 52 (1-4): 51-56.

Verma, L.R. and Partap ,U. 1993. The Asian Hive Bee,
Apis cerana, as a Pollinator in Vegetable Seed
Production (An Awareness Handbook). Nepal:
International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu.

Waser, N.M. 1986. Flower constancy: definition, cause
and measurement. American Naturalist 127(5):
593-603.

Wells, H. and Wells, P.H. 1983. Honeybee foraging:
optimal diet, minimal uncertainty or individual
constancy behaviour. Journal of Animal Ecology
52: 829-836.

SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant,
Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)

Deepak D. Barsagade*, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu

Department of Zoology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur India-440033.
(#email: dr_ddbars @ rediffmail. com)

Abstract

The moutparts in all polymorphic forms of carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius)
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are adapted for grasping and feeding the prey. The mandibles are
unsegmented, strongly sclerotized, large, shovel like, cuticular and powerful structures. The
mandibles consist of dorsal sensilla trichoidea DT-I, DT -Il and DT-III and on the ventral side VT-I, VT-
Il and the Sensilla basiconica VB in female and workers, while similar type of sensilla are found in
male except sensilla basiconica. Each mandible consists of four incisor and three molar teeth in
female and workers while only two incisor teeth are present in male.

Keywords: Camponotus compressus, SEM, Mandible, Sensilla.

Introduction

In most of the ant species, the mouthparts
are adapted for grasping and feeding the prey
(Snodgrass, 1935; Dumpert, 1972; Richard and
Davies, 1987; Chapman, 1982,1998 ). Paul et al.
(2002) reported that the receptors of taste are
situated in the lower pair of jaws in the ants which
distinguish different flavors of sweets and aromatic
liquids. Galewski (1971) reported small peg-like
sensilla on the dorsal surface of mandible in water
beetle, Dytiscus arew. Mayhe-Nunes and Lanziotti
(1995, 2002) reported the presence of seven teeth
in female and workers while only two in male on
the mandibles of ant, Mycetarotes carinatus
suggesting sexual dimorphism. In the adult ants
the mouth parts are equipped with mechano and
chemoreceptors (Gotwald, 1969; Wheeler and
Wheeler, 1970; Paul, 2001; Paul et a/., 2002). The
present work therefore,has been undertaken to
explore the surface ultrastruture of mandibles and
different types of sensillae present on it in all
polymorphic form of the carpenter ant,
Componotus compressus.

Materials and Methods

The carpenter ant, Camponotus
compressus colony was excavated from the
semidried soil and the mandibles were removed
carefully from polymorphs and fixed in 70% alcohol
for 12 hours. The dehydrated mandibles were
transferred to cold acetone, dried at room
temperature, mounted on the carbon coated
metallic stubs at different angles and proceeded
for platinum coating in the Poloron gold coating
automatic unit separately. Finally, the manibles
were scanned under Jeol (JSM 6380A) scanning
electron microscope (SEM) at desirable
magnification at the Instrumentation Centre of
Vishveshvaraya National Institute of Technology
(VNIT) Nagpur, India.

Results

In the carpenter ant, Camponotus
compressus the mandibles are unsegmented,
strongly sclerotized, large and shovel like cuticular
mouth parts bearing strong basal three molar and

four distal incisor teeth in the female and workers
while there are only two incisors in the male (Fig.
1,4). They differ in size among queen, male and
workers (Table 1). They are indeed larger in worker,
medium sized in female and small in male ants.

1. Sensilla in the Female Ants

On the dorsal as well as ventral surface of
mandibles of female, two types of sensilla are
observed viz., trichoid and basiconic sensilla.
Trichoid sensilla (ST) are classified into five types
as the dorsal sensilla trichoidea DT- |, DT- Il, DT-
Ill and ventral sensilla trichoidea VT- |, VT- II while
the basiconic sensilla (VB) are located on the
ventral side only.

In female the dorsal surface of dentition
bears sensilla trichoidea (DT-l) (Fig. 1,2) while
sensilla DT-II| are long arising from a broad base
and narrow towards the tip. The sensilla DT-III are
short, pointed and curved towards the tip. The DT-
| and DT-II scattered through out the dorsal surface
(Table 2).

All over the ventral surface of mandibles,
two types of trichoid sensilla are observed the VT-
| and VT-II towards the dentition. The VT-I are long,
slightly curved with pointed end. The VT-II sensilla
are also long and pointed towards the tip lying on
the marginal ventral surface. The postero ventral
surface shows the basiconic type of sensilla, VB.
The basiconic type of sensilla project from a slightly
raised bulbous circular base and bears a pointed
curved terminal end (Table 2).

2. Sensilla in the Male Ants

The dorsal surface of mandibles shows
trichoid type of sensilla (Table 2) differentiated into
three dorsal trichoid sensilla DT-I, DT-II and DT-III.
The DT- | are lying on anterodistal margin of
dentition while DT-II| and DT-lIIl are scattered
throughout the dorsal surface of the mandibles
(Table 2).

Similarly, the ventral surface of mandibles
shows trichoid sensilla differentiated into VT- | and
VT- Il types and are located towards the marginal
ventral surface similar to that of female except in
size (Fig. 3,4). The basiconic sensilla are totally
lacking (Table 2).

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

3. Sensilla in the Worker Ants

On the dorsal and ventral surfaces of
mandibles, the trichoid and basiconic sensilla are
observed. The trichoid sensilla on the dorsal surface
are differentiated into DT-I, DT-II and DT-III and on
the ventral surface into VT-I and VT-II types (Table 2).
The sensilla DT-I are present on marginal area of
the dorsal region of mandibles. The sensilla DT-II
are long, slightly curved, pointed and DT-III are short,
scattered throughout the dorsal surface (Fig. 5,6).

The ventral surface of mandibles shows
trichoid sensilla differentiated into VT-I and VT-II types
on the anteroventral margin and the basiconic
sensilla (VB) on the posteroventral surface. The
morphology of sensilla is similar to that of female
except for difference in size (Table 2).

Discussion

In the carpenter ant, Camponotus
compressus, the mandibles are large and powerful
tools for prey catching, fighting, digging, seed
crushing, wood-scraping, grooming, brood care and
trophallaxis (Hdlldobler and Wilson, 1990;
Gronenberg et al/., 1998; Paul, 2001). In the
Camponotus compressus, the mandibles are similar
in structure to that in the ant Mycetarotes carinatus
(Mayheée-Nunes and Lanziotti, 1995; 2002). In
Camponotus compressus, dorsal side of mandibles
possesses tnichoid sensilla, DT- 1, DT- Il and DT- II which
are densely distributed while VT-I and VT-II predominate
ventral side and the sensilla basiconica, VB are found
only in female and worker mandibles. The trichoid sensilla
and small peglike sensilla basiconica, on the dorsal and
ventral surface of mandibles in Dragon fly were reported
as the mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors
respectively (Corbiere Tichane, 1971; Petryszak, 1977;
Zacharuk, 1980; Kapoor, 1989; Wazalwar and
Tembhare, 1999). The similar type of sensilla basiconica
are also present on the mandible of carpenter ants,
Camponotus compressus. The presence of seven
teeth, four incisors and three molars in female and
workers while two incisor teeth in male carpenter ants,
Camponotus compressus suggest the species specific
modifications of the mandibles in accordance with
feeding habit and sexual dimorphism as found in ant,
Mycetarotes carnatus (Mayhé Nunes and Lanziotti,
1995, 2002).

SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) 55

Table-1: Morphological observation on mandibles of adult polymorphic forms of Camponotus compressus

aie Width (mm)
ae Total engin (mn) Anterior region | Posterior region
| Female | 1.315 + 0.086 0.7 + 0.0056 0.5 + 0.004
Zz Male 0.405 + 0.0076 0.172 + 0.003 0.0778 + 0.006
3; Worker | 1.925 +0.071 i 1.016 + 0.008 0.889 + 0.021

Table-2: Morphological observations on the sensilla of mandibles of adult polymorphic forms of
Camponotus compressus

DT-III
Sensilla

VI A8E

VB
Sensilla

Female | Sensilla 133.34+| 8.574 | Sensilla 243.48+

Trichoidea |24.5 5.43 Trichoidea | 25.43

DT-I VT-I

Sensilla 83.344 | 8.35+ Sensilla 60.86+

Trichoidea_ | 14.5 1.56 Trichoidea 12.4

DT-II VT-II

Senaila | 41.674 | 4.082% | Sensilla 10.424 |

Trichoidea | 8.2 0.56 Basiconica 1.56

DT-I

VI-I

Sensilla 137.94+
Trichoidea 18.4 1.82 Trichoidea 15.31 2.02
DT-II VT-I

Sensilla 74.074 | 6.75+ Sensilla 13.314 | 0.394
Trichoidea [52 0.95 Basiconica 2.76 0.035
DT-ILI VB

Figure:

Figure:
Figure:

Figure:

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

X43 SGxm Gea 2

X126 166m G66 3

XZ7GB SBxm B86 34 5a

SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing four incisors (IC) and three
molars (MO) teeth types of sensilla trichoidea DT-I, DT-Il and DT-IIl in female.
Magnified view of fig. 1 showing sensilla DT-| and DT-II on middorsal region in female.
SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing two IC and three types of
sensilla DT-l, DT-Il and DT-Illon middorsal region in male.

SEM photomicrograph of ventral surface of mandible showing sensilla trichoidea VT-I
and VT-Il in male.

SEM photomicrograph of dorsal surface of mandible showing IC and DT-I, DT-Il and DT-
lil in worker.

Magnified views of fig. 5 showing sensilla DT-I arise from circular basal ring in worker.

SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) 57

References

Chapman, R. F. 1982. Chemoreception: The significance
of receptor number, Advances in Insect Physiology
16: 247-356.

Chapman, R. F. 1998. The insect structure and function
(4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Corbiere Tichane, G. 1971. Ultrastructure de |’ equipment
sensorial de la mandibule chez la larvae du
Spephyes lucidus Delar (Coleoptera, cavernicule
de la sous-famille des Bathyscinae). Zeitschrift
fuer Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie
112: 129-138.

Dumpert, K. 1972. Alarm stoffrezeptorem auf der Antenne
von Lasius_ fluliginosus (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae). Zeitschrift fuer Verglei chende
Physiologie 76: 403-425.

Galewski, K 1971. A study on morphobiotic adaptation of
European species of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera).
Bulletin entomologique de Pologne 61: 487-702.

Gotwald, W. H. Jr. 1969. Comparative morphological
studies of ants with particular reference to the
mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs
of Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station Ithaca New York 408: 1-150.

Grogenberg, W., Hdlldobler, B., Alpert, GD 1998. Jaws that
snap: The mandible mechanism of the Mystrium.
Journal of Insect Physiology 44: 241- 253.

H6lldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Cambridge:
Belknap Press.

Kapoor, N. N. 1989. Distribution and innervations of sensilla
on the mouthparts of the Carnivorous stonefly nymph,
Paragnetina media (walker) (Plecoptera: Perlidae).
Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(4): 831- 38.

Mahye Nunés, A. J. and Lanziotti, A. M. 1995. Sinopse do genero
Mycetarotes Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), com
a descricao de duas especies novas. Boletin de
Entomologia Venezolana 10: 197-205.

Mahye Nunés, A. J. and Lanziotti, A. M. 2002. Description of the
female and male of Mycetarotes carinatus
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Seropedica
Comparative Biology 26-171.

Paul, J. 2001. Mandible movements in ants. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology 13(1): 7-20.

Paul, J. P., Flavio, R., Hdélldobler, B. 2002. How do ants stick
out their tongues? Journal of Morphology and
Embryology 254: 39-52.

Petryszak, A. 1977. The sense organs of the mouthparts in
Libellula depressa L. and Libellula quadnimaculata
L. (Odonata). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia series
Zoologia 20: 80-100.

Richarads, O. W. and Davies, R. G. 1987. Imm’s General
Textbook of Entomolgy Tenth Edition Vol. 2
Classification and Biology. London: Chapmann and
Hall.

Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. New
York: Mc Graw Hill.

Wazalwar S.V. and Tembhare, D.B. 1999. Mouthparts sensilla
in Dragon fly, Brachjythemes contaminata (Fabricius)
(Anosoptera: Libelllidae). Odonatologia 28(3): 257-
271.

Wheeler, G. C. and Wheeler, J. N. 1970. The larva of Apomymma
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 77: 276-279.

Zacharuk, R.Y. 1980. Ultrastructure and function of insect
chemosensilla. Annual Review of Entomology 25:
27-47.

nett

A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat
(India): The Order Hemiptera

Dolly Kumar* and Bhumika Naidu

Department of Zoology,Faculty of Science,
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002.
(#email:dollymsu@gmail.com)

Abstract

Present study was undertaken to assess the diversity of the Order Hemiptera as well as its extent
of changes in species composition from one habitat to another. Both agricultural fields and urban
ecosystems were studied as there are 62 gardens and agricultural fields all around Vadodara. The
results show that this city sustains a good diversity of 58 species, 51 genera and 22 families of
hemipterans. Agricultural fields and urban areas had higher abundance and diversity of the families
viz, Pentatomidae, Coriedae, Reduviidae and Aphididae, whereas families Lophopidae, Cicadidae,
Dinidoridae and Acanthosomatidae were less in number. Turnover diversity along habitats was

found to be same.

Keywords: Pentatomidae, Agro and urban ecosystem, Species diversity, Percentage population.

Introduction

According to recent estimate about 80,000
Hemipteran species are present worldwide. In
India 77 families having 6500 species are found.
Out of these, 2421 species are endemic to India
(Alfred, 2003). Over 200 species belonging to 14
families are aquatic and semi aquatic, while
remaining are terrestrial consisting of 6,300
species from 63 families (Ghosh, 1998). Keeping
in view the importance of this group
comprehensive survey was made on Hemipterans
of Vadodara District (eastern part of the state of
Gujarat in western India, located at 22°11’ N latitude
and 73°07’ E longitude). The present study was
undertaken with the purpose; to record the
biodiversity of the Order Hemiptera in and around
Vadodara, to find the extent of species composition
changes in different habitats and to record the food
plants of these insects and their conservation for
the sustainability of these insects.

Materials and Methods

Survey sites were chosen based on
accessibility and location within an eco region. Four
different types of habitats were selected on the

basis of ecological factors, flora, type of soil,
surrounding environment and anthropogenic
activities, to get an insight of the best possible
insect diversity. Study was conducted during the

period from 2005 to 2007.

a) Study sites

17 Agricultural fields: all around Vadodara (AF).

2. Community gardens: Sayaji Baug and Lal
Baug (CG).

a: Fragmented habitat: University campus and
Laxmivilas Palace compound (FH).

4. Residential areas: New and old city area
(RA).

b) Collection method

Insects were collected throughout the year.
Each study area was visited twice every month (7
am to 9am and 5 pm to 7 pm) on the same day. At
all the sites excepting agriculture fields, quadrats
of 10m x10m were laid, while quadrats of 10m x
5m were laid in agricultural fields to decrease the
sampling error. In Sweep net method each quadrat
was covered/swept several times. Every sweep

A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 59

was repeated after a gap of 10 minutes and 10
sweeps were performed each time. Hand
collection was also carried in grass, shrubs,
flowers, leaf litter, bare ground, tree bases, under
stones, in field margins and tree trunks.

c) Identification

Insects collected were identified using
keys available in Richard and Davies (1997),
Borror et a/. (1992), Leffroy (1909) and
Ananthkrishnan and David (2004) and standard
manuals. The identified material was confirmed
from Entomology Division of Indian Agriculture
Research Institute (IARI), PUSA , New Delhi.

d) Data analysis

The raw data of all the sampled sites from
the field diaries of three consecutive years was
transferred on to an electronic format in
spreadsheet layout (Microsoft excel). The data was
finally analyzed to calculate important value indices
from all the sampling sites. The diversity indices
were calculated by Species diversity and richness
version 2.65 (Handerson, 2003). The richness of
species within habitats was calculated using
Shannon Weiner index (H) of alpha diversity index
( H=" P.log.P). For measuring extent of change in
species, from one habitat to another Whitaker’s,
and Wilson’s index were calculated:-
Whittaker index a, = S/a—1
Wilson index a,= g (H) + I(H)/2 a

Results and Discussion
(Pertaining to Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and Figure 1)
Insects recorded during present study
belong to 22 families, 51 genera and 58 species.
Out of these 7 families, 11 genera and 13 species
belong to Homoptera while 15 families, 40 genera
and 45 species belong to Heteroptera. It has been
found that in Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae was
maximum (17%), followed by Coriedae (15%),
Reduviidae (10%), Aphididae (8%), Lygaeidae (7%)
and the remaining 17 families were less abundant
with the percentage of 2 to 5. Pentatomid bugs
like Halys dentatus, Eusarcocoris montivagus,
Nezara graminea, Piezodorus rubrofasciatus,
Plautia fimbriata, Eucanthecona furcellata were

found in all the habitats, due to availability of their
food plants viz., Morus alba (white mulberry),
Trifolium species (Clovers), Casuarina equsetifolia
and graminaceous plants. Eysarcocoris
montivagous was found on Morus alba, mimics
the face of human beings; Halys dentatus
camouflages with the trunk of trees like Casuarina,
Mangifera indica (Mango), Moringa oleifera
(Drumsticks) etc. to escape from predators like
Sparrows, crows, woodpeckers, drongo etc.
Insects like cicada, white flies, negro bugs were
found in and around agricultural fields. Overall
percentage composition of such insects has been
found to be less. Fragmented habitat represented
the maximum species richness (57 species)
followed by community gardens (53), agricultural
fields (52) and minimum in residential areas (46)
(Table 3). Value of Shannon Weiner index was less
(3.85) for fragmented habitat as compared to that
of Community gardens (3.86). Evenness index
value of fragmented habitats is also less (0.94) as
compared to gardens (0.95). Berger Parker
dominance index for community gardens is
minimum (0.03) showing that all the species in
community gardens were evenly distributed. The
Whittaker’s and Wilson index (Beta diversity) of
all the selected sites is almost identical, suggesting
that the species turnover in Vadodara is same in
different habitats.

The results of this study point towards the
threat to biodiversity due to growing anthropogenic
activities. Species diversity and richness varied
all along the four study sites. It was found that
fragmented habitats could support maximum
number of bug species presumably due to
heterogeneity of habitat as well as a wide range of
hosts (vegetation). Residential areas of city were
found to sustain a least number of species, due to
lack of vegetation cover and intense anthropogenic
activities. Main food plants of Hemipterans in
agriculture fields are wheat, paddy, sugarcane,
pigeon pea, gram etc., though vegetables of family
Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are preferred.

During the 3 year study period, pest
species (aphids, tree and leaf hoppers, white flies,
red cotton bugs, leaf footed bugs etc.) in agricultural
fields were found to increase every year. The

increase in pest population could be attributed to
excessive use of Dimethoate and Carbofuran to
control aphids and jassids; Fenvelarate and
Deltamethrin for Helicoverpa armigera and
Spodoptera litura in the agricultural fields of
Vadodara rendering the pests resistant to
pesticides. An immediate plan to advocate
selective use of pesticides and looking for
alternative pest control methods must be
employed at the earliest.

Decline in the number of species of
Belostomatidae, has also been recorded.
Belostoma indica and Sphaerodema annulatum,
the two aquatic bugs, predaceous on frogs and
snails in the water bodies are decreasing in
numbers. With heavy discharge from industrial and
domestic sector plus constant spilling of polluted

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

water from chemical factories into river
Vishwamitri, deteriorates its water quality,
causing death of frogs and snails. Ohba and
Nakasuji, (2006) in Japan suggested that the
conservation of frog populations is very
important for the preservation of Lethocerus
deyrollei, and for the maintenance of biodiversity
within rice field ecosystems, frogs and other
aquatic animals are major foods of these giant
water bugs. Therefore, shrinkage of wetland
Hemiptera should be prevented by treating
industrial effluents properly instead of draining
them into river. Habitat destruction due to
urbanization and conversion of forest land into
agricultural fields should be restricted to prevent
the biodiversity loss.

Table- 1: Total No. of Families, Genera and Species.

Heteroptera

[s[retuniee [8
2
E
6
18 [Dindordae | 1 «dt +s
Pa Peters
20 {| Genidas.. <i ee a
21 [ Belostomataas | 2 «| 2 +
z_[Nevdee ot 1 i 1 —s

—/]Ph }/—4]] -9=] =

A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 61

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to ODr.V.V._ identification. The authors are indebted to late
Ramamurthy of Indian Agriculture Research Professor. N. Radhakrishnan for his teachings of
Institute, Delhi for confirmation of insect insect identification.

Table-2: Checklist of Hemiptera within different habitats of Vadodara.

ee LTS pe CP a
Platypleura octoguttata Fabricius, 1798 f= f- fd

Membracidae Oxyrachis tarandus Fabricius 1798

Leptocentrus taurus Fabricius 1803

Cicadellidae Idioscopus neviosparsus Linnaeus ae
Nephotettix nigropictus Stal 1870 Hp

Aphididae Aphis gossypie Glover pe
oa a cc co
ee ee
[Anns re Boyer de Fonscoonbe eer > | + | + | +
[ tiaus porscos Sueer76 | *# f * | | |

Pyrilla perpusilla Walker P+ [ + [ + | +

ee
eee oe cen
[ Aconaspis sve Osten tooe | | + (| | ‘tl
ee Oe Ee oe es

ae ee

Prostemma flavomaculatum Leth

Onchocephalus annulipes Stal, 1855

Cimicidae Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758

oe eas
Seer ee ;
[Bevares wneutous Tunbew > | +

Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius,1775

Pyrrhocoridae

Antilochus coqueberti Fabricius, 1803

Coriedae Riptortus linearis Fabricius, 1775 ee
Cletus bipunctatus Westw ae ely

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Table-2: Continued

[onisonsse | Aspongopus anus Famrens, ws [+ | + | > |_|
;
[ contosoma tstcea Waner 187» | = | = [=
Coptosoma siamicum Walker nee Se a
ea
[Pecos nwosens remnant [oT [=
[rans denis Faeus 78 =P ep
tr nse Le
Placosternum Taurus Fabricius, 1781 | Placosternum Taurus Fabricius, 1781 = | + | + [| + | + |
Crna pa Ferenn vee [=f >] >
FT
[Pow imorteFabrews rer | | |
ees wa OPP
[esansse | Gysnus nacus Weswooa vea7_ <> | + > | =|
Pryenann | Aronia wow sa. en | » |] >
a EL a I

| Belostomatidae | Belostoma indicum Lep.et serv

Sphaerodema annulatum Fabricius SS
Nepidae Laccotrephes maculates Fabricius ot there eas

Plataspididae

Table-3: Species diversity and evenness in all the study sites.

Diversity Agricultural Community Fragmented Residential
measure Fields Gardens Habitats Sites

Hirao sid ets 8
feo fom ose ome

A contribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera 63

Percentage composition of families of Hemiptera in Vadodara

2%
2%
3% 2% 3%
9
a 5%

@ Cicadidae
Membracidae
Cicadellidae
0 Aphididae
Aleyrodidae
0 Fulgoridae

f{ Lophopidae
OO Reduviidae
@ Cimicidae
Lygaeidae

0 Pyrrhocoridae

£3 Dinidoridae
Acanthosomatidae
Scutelleridae |
@ Plataspitidae
Pentatomidae
Cydnidae

O Hydrometridae

& Nepidae

0 Belostomatidae

10%

Fig.1: Overall percentage composition of Hemipteran families.

Table-4: Beta diversity index between all study sites.

RA-AF

0036

References

Alfred, J.R.B. 2003. Diversity, dimension and significance
of insects: an overview in the Indian context. India:
Proceedings of the National Symposium on
Frontier Areas of Entomological Research Nov. 5-
7, IARI, New Delhi.

Ananthkrishnan, T.N. and David, B. V. 2004. General and
Applied Entomology, Second edition. New Delhi:
Tata McGraw Hill publishing company limited.

Borror, D.J., Triplehorn, C.A. and Johnson, N.F. 1992. An
introduction to study of insects. U.S.A: Sixth edition.
Saunders College publishing.

Environmental information system central pollution control
board, annual report 2000-2001. Accessed online

at http://www.cpcbenvis. nic.in/upload/ Annual
Reports/ Annual Report 5 annual report.

Ghosh L.K. 1998. Faunal diversity of India: Hemiptera. Envis
center, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta 234-235.

Handerson, P. 2003. Practical methods in ecology. First
edition. U.K: Blackwell publishing company Oxford.

Leffroy, H.M. 1909. Indian insect life. Calcutta: Thacker
Spink and Co.

Ohba, S. and Nakasuji, F. 2006. Dietary items of
predaceous aquatic bugs (Nepoidea:
Heteroptera) in Japanese wetlands. Limnology
7(1): 71-73

Richards, O.W and Davies, R. G. 1997. Imms’ General
Textbook of Entomology, Tenth edition, Volume 2.
New Delhi: B. |. Publication Pvt Ltd.

Sabnis, S. 1967. A Study of the flora & vegetation of Baroda
and environ including account of the Cyperaceae
of Gujarat, Ph.D thesis submitted to The M.S.
University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Thirumalai, G., Radhakrishnan, C. and Suresh Kumar, R.
2003. A synoptic list of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera:
Insecta) known from Kerala,. In: Rajiv K. Gupta
(ed.), Advancements in Insect Biodiversity,
Agrobios (India), Jodhpur 299-312.

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau)
(Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)

Deen Mohammad Bhat* and R. C. Bhagat

Entomology Research Lab., P G Deptt. of Zoology, University of Kashmir,
Hazratbal Srinagar, J&K India-190006.
(“email: din_ento@yahoo.co.in)

Abstract

The present paper reports the occurrence of 7 hymenopteran parasitoids of Agromyzid leaf miner,
Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for the first time from Kashmir (India).
The various parasitoids recorded are 5 eulophids (Chrysocharis horticola Mani, Diglyphus horticola
Khan, Diglyphus sp., Pediobius indicus Khan and Euderus agromyzae) and 2 braconids (Opius sp.
and Dacnusasp.). Dacnusa sp. is also a new parasitoid record of C. horticola for India. Some field
observation have been made on the seasonal occurrence, distribution and percentage of
parasitoids of C. horticola recorded in various vegetable crop fields in different areas and regions

of Kashmir.

Keywords: Hymenoptera, Parasitoids, Chromatomyia horticola, Eulophidae, Kashmir.

Introduction

Agromyzid leaf miner, Chromatomyia
horticola (Goureau) (=Phytomyza horticola) is a
pest of economic importance on several
vegetables in both the temperate and tropical
regions (Spencer, 1973). It is more common in
the Mediterranean area and occurs widely
throughout Asia (Gencer, 2005). The larvae of this
species feed within the leaves of the host plant
and this feeding can severely reduce yield and/or
kill the plant at high fly density. In Kashmir Valley
(India), C. horticola was earlier reported infesting
some vegetable crops like, pea, kale, mustard,
rape, turnip, radish and some ornamental flowering
plants (Zaka-ur-rab, 1981 and Bhagat et a/., 1989).
Many parasitoids are known to attack C. horticola
in vegetable ecosystem in other parts of the world
and some previous reports in this connection have
been given by Mani (1971), Khan (1985), Chen et
al. (2003) Gencer (2004 & 2005) and Purwar et al.
(2003). However, no published record has been
found on the parasitoid complex of C. horticola on
vegetable ecosystem in Kashmir. Thus the

objective of this study was to determine
parasitoids of C. horticola occurring in Kashmir
(India).

Materials and Methods

Field study was carried out during the year
2005-2006, in 5 districts of Kashmir Valley viz.,
Baramullua, Badgam, Ganderbal, Srinagar and
Pulwama, selecting two sites from each district.
The sites visited for sample collection were:
Sumbal & Sopore (Baramulla); Bugam & Narkarah
(Budgam); Nunar & Kangan (Ganderbal); Idgah &
Danderkah (Srinagar) and Hispora & Pampore
(Pulwama). The miner fly infested leaves of
vegetable plants; Brassica campestris, B.
oleracea acephala, B. o. gongylodes, B. rapa,
Pisum sativum, Alium cepa and Malva sylvestris
were collected. The sampling was repeated weekly
from May to August, which is the period when the
infestation of C. horticola occurs on vegetable
crops in Kashmir (Zaka-ur-rab, 1981 and Bhagat
et al., 1989). In each sample, 100 infested leaves

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India) 65

were randomly collected from each study site. The
leaf samples were brought to the laboratory and
kept in plastic culture container/rearing jars,
covered with muslin cloth, till the emergence of
adult flies or their parasitoids. The laboratory
temperature was maintained at about 25-30 °C
with relative humidity of 60-70%. The emerged flies
or parasitoids were collected from the containers
and preserved in 70 % ethanol or as dry material.
The identification of parasitoid specimens was
carried by using work of Mani (1971), Hyat (1985),
Khan (1985) and Wharton et al. (1997). Number
of specimens for each species was counted and
percentage of each parasitoid was estimated.

Results and Discussion

Frequent visits to vegetable growing areas
were conducted over the 2 years period of the
survey, providing ample opportunity to make
general field observations. C. horticola was
recorded infesting 7 vegetable crops viz., mustard
(Brassica campestris), kale (B. oleracea var.
acephala), knoll-khol (B. o. var. gongylodes), turnip
(B. rapa), pea (Pisum sativum), onion (Alium
cepa) and malva (Malva sylvestris). Among these
crops, malva and onion are 2 new host crop
records of Chromatomyia horticola for Kashmir
(India). In 2005, the survey of these vegetable crop
plants from May-August yielded 1004 adult
specimens of C. horticola. Like wise in 2006, 999
adults of Chromatomyia horticola were recovered.
Higher numbers of leaf miner adults emerged from
leaves collected from B. campestris and P.
sativum. During the two years of this investigation
in the Valley, the infestations of Chromatomyia
horticola were observed more serious during the
month of May when limited control was exerted by
parasitoids. As shown in table 1, the monthly mean
number of Chromatomyia horticola recovered in
the months of May was much higher than that of
total parasitoids. Tsumou et al. (2008) have also
reported C. horticola as a serious pest in slightly
cooler season (May) in Japan.

Also the figures 1 & 2 show that the mean
number of adult Chromatomyia horticola emerged
during the months of June and July were less as
compared to the total monthly mean number of

parasitoids recovered. However, the monthly mean
of Chromatomyia horticola in the months of May
was much higher than that of total parasitoids.

During the course of this investigation, a
total of 7 hymenopteran parasitoid species were
recorded on the leaf miner, C. hortcola. These
included 5 eulophids, Chrysocharis horticola Mani,
Diglyphus horticola Khan, Diglyphus sp.,
Pediobius indicus Khan, Euderus agromyzae and
two braconids, Opius sp. and Dacnusa sp. The
parasitism of C. horticola by the afore mentioned
parasitoids is the first report from Kashmir.
Dacnusa sp. is also a new record of parasitoid of
C. horticola for India. The summary of parasitoids
of Chromatomyia horticola recovered from various
vegetable crops is provided in table 1. As seen in
table 1 & 2, a total of 645 parasitoids were
recovered in 2005, out of which D. horticola and
Diglyphus sp. together were 407 (230+177)
forming 63.10 % (35.66 % + 27.44 %) of the total
parasitoids. Likewise in 2006, a total of 607
parasitoids were recovered out of which, these
two parasitoids together were 387 (225+162)
forming 63.77% (37.06 %+ 26.68%) of the total
parasitoid collection. So, D. horticola and
Diglyphus sp. were recorded as the most common
parasitoids of C. horticola in Kashmir (India) and
hence considered to be the most important natural
enemies of the Chromatomyia horticola in this
region. Purwar et a/. (2003) have also reported D.
horticola as the dominant parasitoid of C. horticola
on P. sativum in Himachal Pradesh (India).

As depicted from the table 2, Opius sp.
and DacnuSsa sp. were recorded to be the least
common parasitoids of C. horticola in both the
years of study in Kashmir. Also the table 1 and
figures 1 & 2 show that the mean number of adult
Chromatomyia horticola emerged during the
months of June and July in both years, 2005 and
2006 were less as compared to the total monthly
mean number parasitoids recovered. The
parasitoids of C. horticola remained active in the
field mostly from May to July but the highest activity
of these parasitoids was witnessed during the
month of June when most number of the
parasitoids were recorded; 329 out of 645 (51%)
in June 2005 and 305 out of 607 (50%) in June

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

June and July as the period of highest activity of the
parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola on pea in Japan.

2006. This study is in agreement with Tsumou et

al. (2008) who have also witnessed the months of

GC9L |Se LL j SZOL |S2°02

OL
6
LL

s00z {9002

ejoonioy
splonseseg je}o, | aezAwosbe ‘Z snoipul q = |sueysos/uyD

cl
82
st
Gc

9002 | S002

‘ds snyd/jbig

9002 | S002

ejoamioy ‘Gq

9002 |S002 |9002 | S00z

‘ds snido

‘ds esnuseq

saaea| paysajul Ajj soulw yo Hulseas Aq pabsowa spionsesed jo ‘ON

(eipuy) stmysey ul Aaains 990Z-S00Z Bulunp sdoud ajqeyaban
UO papsodea/ Sployisesed uesa}douaw AP} Ss}! pue eyoapoy eiAwojeWOosYZ ‘Aly JQUIW JO ‘ON A[YOOAA = L-91GeL

49OM ||
yaom |
Aew
9002; S002

(ejoamsoy *D) Ay| yaam
JaUIW JO “ON | /UJUOIW

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)

9002 |s002 (9002 9002 | S002

ejoooy
spionseied jej}o, | aezAwosbe “J sueysosfuy)|'ds snydA;big | ejoonjsoy ‘q

pebiewea
(ejoomsoy “D) Aly) OOM
soaea] paysajul Ayy sourw yo Bulseas Aq pabsawa spionsesed jo ‘ON saulwW JO ‘ON|/YJUOW

panuiuog :}-a1qe)

68 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Table-2: Percentage emergence of parasitoids from Chromatomyia horticola during 2005-2006 survey
in Kashmir

Number of % age of
Individuals || Parasitoids

2005 2006 | 2005 2006
24 15 3.72 2.47
26 24 4.03 3.95
35.66 37.06
27.44 26.69
13.95 13.18
8.68 11.20
6.51 5.44

Parasitoid species

Opius sp.

Dacnusa sp.

Diglyphus horticola
Diglyphus sp.

| Chrysocharis. horticola

56
42

68
33

Pediobius indicus

Euderus agromyzae

Total parasitoids

Table-3: Host-Crop Complex of hymenopteran parasitoids of Chromatomyia horticola recorded during
2005-2006 survey in Kashmir (India)

Hymenopteran Parasitoid Host Plants of C. horticola

Family 1. Braconidae

Opius sp. B. campestris

Dacnusa sp. B. campestris, P. sativum

Family 2. Eulophidae

Diglyphus horticola A. cepa, B. campestns, B. 0. acephala, B. o. gongylodes,

B. rapa, M. sylvestns, P sativum

Diglyphus sp. A. cepa, B. campestns, B. 0. acephala, B. o. gongylodes,
B. rapa, M. sylvestns, P sativum

Chrysochanis horticola A. cepa, B. o. Acephala, B. o. gongylodes, P. sativum

Pediobius indicus Khan A. cepa, P. sativum, B. o. acephala

Euderus agromyzae A. cepa, B. campestris, B. 0. acephala, P. sativum

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Kashmir (India)

M 160
0)
140
n
t 120
1 100
y ve Chyomatomyia
80 a horticola
M60 Fea oN «Total parasitoids
e& 40 .
a
2 "
n os RW

May June July August

YEAR 2005

Fig. 1: Seasonal abundance of the leaf miner,
Chromatomyia horticola and its parasitoids collected on
various vegetable crops in Kashmir Valley from May to
August 2005.

<-oFeerersaso8g
e
=
Qo

80 “ Chromatomy:a

horucola

Total parasitoids

as ou om 38

May June July August

YEAR 2006

Fig. 2: Seasonal abundance of the leaf miner,
Chromatomyia horticola and its parasitoids collected
on various vegetable crops in Kashmir Valley from
May to August 2006.

References
Bhagat, K. C., Masoodi, M. A., Bhat, O. K. and Koul, V. K.
' 1989. Kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC,
a new host plant of Chromatomyia horticola
Goureau from Kashmir. Journal of Insect Science
2 (2): 173-174.

Chen, X., Lang, F., Xu, Z., He, J. and Ma, Y. 2003. The
occurrences of leaf miners and their parasitoids
on vegetables and weed in Hangzhou Area,
Southeast China. Biological Control 48:515—-527.

Gencer, L. 2004: A Study on the Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea) Parasitoids of Leaf miners
(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Ankara Province. Turkish
Journal of Zoology 28:119-122.

Gencer, L. 2005. Chalcidoid parasitoids of Chromatomyia
horticola (Gour.) (Dip. Agromyzidae) in Sivas
Province, Turkey, Journal of pest Science 78:41-43.

Hyat, M. 1985. Family Eulophidae, In: Subba Rao, B.R. and
Hyat, M. (eds.). The Chalcidoidea (Insecta:
Hymenoptera) of India and adjacent countries
part-1 Review of families and keys to families and
genera. Oriental Insects 20: 1-430.

Khan, M. A. 1985. New descriptions of eulophid parasites
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of agraomyaidae in
India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society
82(1): 149-159.

Mani, M.S. (1971): Some chalcidoid parasites (Hymenoptera) of
leaf-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera) from India. Journal
of Natural History 5:591-598.

Purwar, J. P., Mall, P. and Mittal, V. 2003. Hymenopterous
parasitoids associated with the pea leafminer,
Chromatomyia horticola Goureau, on pea. Pest
Management and Economic Zoology 11 (1):89-91.

Spencer, K.A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic
importance. UK: The Pitman Press.

Tsutomu, S., Makoto, D., Haruki, K., Shuji, K., Yohsuke, T.
and Keitaro, S. 2008.Seasonal abundance of
hymenopteran parasitoids of the leafminer
Chromatomyia horticola (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
and the impact of insecticide applications on
parasitoids in garden pea field. Applied
Entomology and Zoology 43 (4): 617-624.

Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P. M. & Sharkey, M. J. 1997. Manual
of the new world genera of the family Braconidae
(Hymenoptera). Washington, D. C: Special
Publication. of the International. Society of
Hymeneopteretists 1: 1-439.

Zaka-ur-Rab, M. 1981. Studies on Agromyzidae (Diptera) of
Kashmir, India, some interesting palaearctic
species. Bulletino del Laboratorio di Entomologia
agania, (Filippo Silvestri), 38: 133-137.

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood

R.M. Ahirwar* and M.P. Gupta

Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Department of Entomology,
College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh-472 001 M.-P, India.
(*e-mail: an. manoher@yahoo.com)

Abstract

The bioecology of til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood was studied on Sesamum indicum
(Linn.) variety TKG-22 under field and lab. condition during 2004-06. The eggs were globular in
shape, yellow in colour with 0.70-0.95 mm in size. The incubation period of the eggs was 2-4 days
with the neonate period of 10-15 minutes. There were five larval instars and length of the completely
developed larva was 68-79 mm with larval period of 20-21 days. The maximum larvae were obtained
during late August to September. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 3-4 and 14-23 days
respectively, with pupae conical in shape. The mating was always at morning (0.07-0.10 minutes)
followed by oviposition (24 to 36 hours) with fecundity of 5-8. Life span of the adult was 3-5 days,
total life cycle was completed in 39-52 days. Mean adult emergence (%), sex ratio and growth index
were 95 to 100%, 1:1 and 2.64 to 2.27 respectively. There are only three generations in a year. The
plants were infested to the extent of 31.6% by this insect. Maximum damage is caused during
September-October.

Keywords: Bioecology, Acherontia styx Westwood.

Introduction

Sesame Sesamum indicum Linn. is the
oldest indigenous oilseed crop of the world and
also a major oilseed crop of India. This crop is
attacked by 29 species of insect pests in different
stages of its growth (Biswas et a/., 2001).

Til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
is a Sporadic pest but voracious feeder of sesame
crop at larval stage. The larvae feed voraciously
on leaves and defoliate the plants; and is capable
of inflicting heavy damage at times. Only one larva
is enough to denude the whole plant.

The present work is a novel approach in
Bundelkhand Zone of Madhya Pradesh, which has
not been studied before or explored elaborately.
But, some work done on its bionomics has been
reported by Mehta and Verma (1968), Lefroy
(1990), Rai et a/. (2001), Sharma and Choudhary
(2005) and Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005). The present
investigations conducted on different aspects of
the bioecology of this insect are reported in this
research paper.

Materials and Methods

Studies on the bionomics of til hawk moth,
Acherontia styx Westwood were undertaken in the
field in ambient conditions during July to December
of 2004,2005 and 2006. For laboratory
experiments, the cultivated sesame variety, TKG-
22 and JI-7 were grown in glass jars. Full fed
caterpillars were collected from the field of
sesame crop and reared in glass jars and Petri
dishes (7.5 cm diameter) on sesame leaves and
fruiting bodies. The leaves/flowers were changed
daily up to the second instar larval stage.
Thereafter, buds, flowers, capsules and leaves
were provided as food for the later larval stages.
The matured larvae transform into pupae inside
the bud and sometimes in deep dry soil available
in fields, placed in glass jars/Petri dishes in the
lab. Moths emerging from pupae were released in
lantern globes containing cotton swabs dipped in
20% glucose solution. Sexes were examined by
different morphological characters and moths were

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood

kept under constant watch for studying mating,
oviposition behaviour and egg laying.

Freshly laid eggs were counted and
placed on fresh sesame leaves with the help of
moist soft camel hairbrush. Observations were
recorded on their colour, size, shape and
incubation period. Duration of each larval instar,
body segments and legs were recorded.
Measurements of various stages were taken under
the binocular with the help of ocular micrometer.
However, advanced larval stages and pupae were
measured with the help of Vernier callipers.

For adults, emerging from the above (the
group being reared from freshly laid eggs), mating
period, oviposition period, fecundity per female, pre
pupal, pupal period of larvae and longevity of male
and females were recorded.

Results and Discussion

The eggs (Fig.1a) are generally laid singly
on the upper as well as lower surface of leaves.
An adult female lives 3-5 days and lays only 3 to 8
eggs at different intervals, sometimes up to two
days. Freshly laid eggs are greenish white in colour
and measure 00.70 to 00.80 mm but they turn
yellow during the incubation period when they grow
to 00.90 to 00.95 mm (Table 3).

The incubation period varies from 02.00 to
04.00 days with subsequent hatching of eggs. The
eggs are oval (1.2 x 1.5mm), shiny, smooth and
pale green, changing to yellowish green just before
hatching. Laid singly on the under and upper
surface of leaves on peripheral twigs, usually
hatching three to five days later (http://
www.styx.htm). The pale-yellow larvae emerge
in 2-5 days reported by Rai et a/. (2001); Sharma
and Choudhary (2005); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005).
Year wise observation and the mean range is given
in Table 3.

There are five larval instars in addition to
the neonate larva, which is the newly hatched
instar from the egg after completion of incubation.
The neonate larva is a cylindrical white coloured
instar with a conspicuous projection at the hind
end of abdomen, referred as ‘dunk’. This stage
feeds on its own egg case in the beginning and

after 10-15 minutes on the leaves. The nascent
larva measures 03.50 to 04.00 mm x 00.35 to 00.50
mm whereas fully fed larva before moulting to the
1stinstar grows to 04.50-05.00 mm x 00.60-00.70
mm. The dunk is white and measures 02.50-03.00
mm in full grown nascent larva, Table 3. After about
20 minutes the larva moults to 1° instar (Fig.1 b).

The first instar larva (Fig. 1c) is yellowish
green in colour with black dunk and measures
09.00-12.00 x 01.00-01.50 mm. This larval instar
persists for 115.00-130.00 hrs and when fully fed
it measurers 18.00-22.00 x 02.00-02.40 mm with
yellow green head and thorax; and dark green
abdomen. Three pairs of thoracic legs on 1‘-34
thoracic segment and four pairs of prolegs on 6"-
9" abdominal segments are observed. A fifth pair
of prolegs is seen on the 13" abdominal segment.
All legs are shiny brown in colour. The dunk, in
this instar, is black and measures 02.90 to 03.00
mm. The larva feeds voraciously by scrapping on
leaves but stops feeding some time before
moulting to the next instar. Feeding and moulting
period is shown in Table 2 and 3.

The second instar larva (Fig.1d) is also
green in colour just as the first instar but the dunk
changes to dark reddish black measuring 25.00-
35.00 x 03.40-04.20 mm. This instar persists for
73.00-77.00 hrs and moults to the third instar.
Before moulting, the fully fed larva measures
36.20-45.00 x 04.50-06.00 mm. The hook like dunk
in this stage is dark reddish black and measures
05.50-06.00 mm long and has a width of 00.35-
00.40 mm (Table 2 and 3). The legs develop minute
black spots and this instar feeds on soft parts of
branches in addition to leaves.

The third instar larva (Fig. 1e) is quite big in
size, 50.00-55.00 mm x 06.30-06.50 mm when
newly moulted and 57.00-60.00 mm x 06.60-07.00
mm when fully fed. The dunk also grows
accordingly and measures 06.50-07.00 mm x
00.45-00.50 mm (Table 3). The body colour is
green with light yellow ‘V’ shaped marks on the
abdomen and minute tubercles laterally on the
terga. Thus this instar looks plump, decorated with
a pleasant mixture of soft colours. It voraciously
feeds on the leaves and branches and almost

entire plant is denuded within 24 hrs. (Fig.10,p). It
also feeds on pods. The third instar lasts for 74.40
to 77.30 hrs including the feeding (66.40 to 70.00
hrs) and moulting (06.40 to 07.30 hrs) periods
(Table 5).

The fourth instar larva (Fig.1f) has the
same body colour as the previous instar and
measures 61.20-64.40 mm x 07.10-07.40 mm
having a cylindrical shape. The dunk changes its
colour to yellow and measures 08.00 mm x 00.52
to 00.60 mm in size (Table 2). The head looks like
that of a grasshopper with blackish yellowgreen
colour. One pair of spiracles is situated laterally
on the thorax and seven pairs on abdomen (4" to
10" segments). The last pair of spiracles is seen
on the 11° segment. There are seven sharply
defined yellow oblique lateral stripes on segments
5 to 11, each stripe edged above with dark blue
region, sharply defined at the common edge but
diffuse dorsad. Dunk is canary yellow, true legs
black, prolegs and claspers green and anal flap
green edged with yellow. Spiracles are oval,
yellowish white with a central black slit, the whole
bordered with brownish-green. The fourth larval
instar lasts for 44.40-48.00 hrs including the
feeding period of 34.40-40.00 hrs and moulting
period of 08.00-10.00 hrs (Table 5). The fully fed
larva before moulting is of 65.00-73.00 mm x
07.60-8.00 mm size (Table 2). This instar is a
voracious feeder of leaves and only one larva is
enough to denude the whole plant.

The fifth instar larva (Fig.1g) is again a
colourful plump cylindrical creature as the earlier
stage and measures 74.20-75.50 x 08.20-08.70
mm. Full fed caterpillar measures 77.20-82.00 x
09.00-10.00 mm with dark yellow dunk of 08.00-
08.50 x 00.70-00.80 mm. The 5" instar larval
duration is 68.00-78.30 hrs including the feeding
and pre pupation period (Table 3 and 5).

Mehta and Verma (1968); Lefroy (1990):
Rai et al. (2001); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); and
Sharma and Choudhary (2005) observed that the
full grown caterpillar is bright green in colour with
light oblique yellow strips on each side and a horn
like process on hind end of the body, which
measures about 90-100mm in length and 1cm in
width, coinciding with the present study.

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Cannibalism has been observed when the
moth is reared in the laboratory and is quite
frequent in the fifth instar, when more than one
larva is reared in a Petri dish, one attacks the other
(Fig.1h). The attack is made by the older larva.
After some resistance the younger one is injured
and fluid oozing out of the injured terga of thoracic
region is sucked by the winner. Thereafter, the
injured is completely consumed leaving only the
head capsule along with the prothorax. Also, during
moulting process, the exuviae are completely
consumed by the moulted caterpillars.

The mean larval period varies from 19.75
to 19.99 days in field conditions. The larval period
of first generations during 2004, 05, and 06 were
19.83+0.66, 19.99+0.51 and 19.75+0.19 days
respectively (Table 4).

Larval period is usually long and may last
two months or more reported by Mehta and Verma
(1968); Lefroy (1990); Rai et a/, (2001); Atwal and
Dhaliwal (2005) but Sharma and Choudhary (2005)
reported it to be of 14-21 days, which is in
agreement with the present study.

Pre pupa (Fig. 11), full-grown last/fifth instar
larva stops feeding and burrows in 04.00-6.00 cm
deep funnel in soil with head forwards. It forms an
oral cell for pupation, shrinks in size and curves to
a semilunar shape. Then abdominal and thoracic
legs are lost and finally the head capsule is casted
out and a pre pupa is formed. It is conical, dark
yellowish green coloured measuring 40.00-41.00
x 05.00-05.30 mm (Table 3). The pre pupal duration
varied in the three years of study and is found to
be 78.00, 86.00 and 79.30 hrs for 2004, 05, and
06 respectively (Table 5).

At the end of this period a conical, soft,
shining blood red coloured pupa is formed
with two black eyes on the anterior end, which
is the head region (Fig. 6j,k). Abdomen is
distinctly marked in 9 segments, the terminal
segment ending into a spine like structure.
Sexual dimorphism can be seen in the pupa
by the presence of genital and anal pores in
the 8" and 9'" segments respectively in male
and on 7" and 9" segments in the female.
The pupal duration ranges from 14.00 to 23.00
days (Table 3). According to Lefroy (1990); Rai

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood

al., (2001); Atwal and Dhaliwal (2005); Sharma and
Choudhary (2005), the full grown larvae burrow
about 15cm deep in the soil and form an oval cell
for pupation. The pupal period lasts for 15-21days
in summer, coinciding with the present study.
Larval and pupal developmental period (A) is
recorded to be 32.85-43.65 days (mean
38.12+1.89 days) (Table 3).

The Adult moths are large, robust thick set
with a wing span of 34.90 to 39.90 mm. These
moths are commonly known as hawk moth, sphinx
moth or death’s head moth based on structural
and behavioral characteristics. Adult hawk moths
are also, called “robbers of honey” because they
rob honey from honeycomb. The moths are swift
fliers and often make hawk like darts to a source
of light at dusk. The forewing of moth is decorated
with a mixture of dark mottled brown and grey
patterns with dark or black wavy markings and a
prominent yellow spot on each wing. The abdomen
is yellow in colour, hind wings are yellow greyish
with black marks and large vertical line. The pro
thorax carries a characteristic whitish and reddish
brown mark, which appears like a human skull.

A pair of large, black and transparent eyes
and a pair of spring like thin antennae are present
on the lateral sides of head of both sexes. Male
adults measure 30.00 to 30.02 mm (mean
30.00+0.0047 mm) in length and 34.00 to 35.02
mm (mean 34.90+0.21 mm) in width with an
expanded wing (both wing span about 7 cm).
Females are longer, being 37.05 to 38.00 mm
(mean 37.72+0.24 mm) in length and 39.00 to
40.02 mm (mean 39.90+0.21 mm) in width with
an expanded wing (both wing span about 8 cm)
(Table 3). Males are smaller than the females. The
sexes are identified by the presence of shiny
greyish tuft on thorax with one pair of black dots in
males. Females are larger in width and have
shining reddish grey tuft like a human skull on the
thorax (Fig.1m,n). Mehta and Verma (1968); Atwal
and Dhaliwal (2005); Sharma and Choudhary
(2005) have also recorded similar features in
adults.

The adult emergence (B) percentage was
95 to 100, 98 to 100 and 92 to 100 (mean range
95 to 100 + 0.87 percent) during the 3 consecutive

years of study respectively. Moths emerged from
pupae during night with male and female sex ratio
of 1:1.

Male and female moths after emergence,
rest for a while on branches and soil and then
undertake short flights in search of food. Next night
again, the male moths undertake flight, first in
search of food for 2.00-4.00 hrs and then engage
in characteristic high speed directed flights in
search of pheromone plumes. During this time
females are inactive, releasing pheromones only.
Pre mating period has been recorded as 21.00 to
24.00 hrs (mean 22.70+1.13 hrs). The mating is
complete within 00.07 to 00.10 minutes (mean
0.087+0.0057 minutes) as shown in Table 3.

After mating, the pre oviposition period is
11.00 to 15.00 hrs (mean 12.45+1.53 hrs).
Oviposition period (egg laying time) ranges
between 24.00 to 36.00 hrs (mean 27.60+4.73
hrs.) with post oviposition period of 01.50 to 03.00
days (mean 02.12+0.46 days). During oviposition
period the female moth lays eggs singly on the
leaves. Eggs are laid in early mornings only.
Fecundity per females has been found to be 05.00
to 08.00 eggs (mean 06.49+0.72) during all three
seasons of study (Table 3).

Longevity of males and females ranged
from 02.00 to 03.00 days (mean 02.56+0.16 days)
and 03.00 to 05.00 days (mean 3.76+0.39 days)
respectively (Table 3).

Growth index (B/A) was found to be 02.79
to 02.38, 02.27 to 02.65 and 02.49 to 02.17 in three
consecutive years respectively (Mean range 02.27
to 02.64+0.078).

Total Life span of adult from egg laying to
adult stage was completed in 38.92 to 39.14 days
during all three seasons of study (Table 4). One
generation was completed during August to
October each year of study. Similar, results were
reported by Mehta and Verma (1968): Atwal and
Dhaliwal (2005); and Sharma and Choudhary
(2005).

Nature and extent of damage: Maximum
percent damage to flowers caused by larvae of
Acherontia was 31.6% during late September (38"
standard meteorological week) and minimum
(3.8%) at begining of September (34 S.M.W.) (Fig. 2).

74 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

The percent damage of flower is positively negatively correlated with the minimum
correlated with the maximum temperature but temperature, relative humidity and rainfall (Table1).

_
| |

(e) (f)
Fig. 1: (a) Eggs of Acherontia styx Westwood (b) Neonate larva (c) First instar larva
(d) Second instar larva (e) Third instar larva (f) Fourth instar larva

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood 75

Eee Saag po pres Ree fasLsaALsASsAsssLsAncLSsAASAAUAAAcoAsMASAAASLALAASAAALAALIAASALAAAUASSIAALAAAAAASSARAAMAAALASIAASAUGAAASGAAASAIALASARAAAGAAARSIAAALMAALLASIAALIAAALAMAAAAALIAAMUGIAASINAONLNAAA
i i
3 3
i 3

cPPFEEE STOTT eTCE PPE E PETE VETTE YES PETE ETT PPP TESTE EPP TEEPE TEEPE EE TEEPE PPT,

Fig. 1: (g) Fifth instar larva (h) Cannibalism (i) Fifth instar larva enterning in soil for pupation (j) Pupa
in the earthen cell (k) Male and female pupae (I) Male and female adult emerging from pupae

LANAI ISSIR LN EMSRS

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Jonesy on udensnisnusyiNsseNeUSEUSOUPLEILHUORIEPU POPLUcRCERUERUHCELENtOHROLLNA TRE MINSHNMANMMRI Hush

Fig. 1: (m) Male adult (n) Female adult (o) Larva of Acherontia styx devouring leaves
(p) Plant damaged by larva of Acherontia styx

Sa Plant
damage

Per cent plant damage

—
D
<<
=
@
—
oe
D
oP)

ey)
~

Standard Meteorological
VWieek

Fig. 2: Mean per cent damage of flowers caused by Acherontia styx

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood 77

Table-1: Correlation coefficient between per cent damage of plant and weather parameters

‘Weather Parameters. a | : Acherontia larvae.
MaximumTemperature (°C) | 0.840957*
MinimumTemperature (CC) a ee 0.43453 at
RelativeHumidity (%) | -0.85999

| Rainfall (mm) | 055669 |

*Significant@ 0.05 probability

Table-2: Mean*(+SEM) size of egg to larval stage of Acherontia styx Westwood during 2004-06

Matured

Young
Neonate larva Full fed

Dunk

Young
1* instar larva Full fed
Dunk

Young
2™ instar larva Full fed

Dunk

Young

3” instar larva Full fed
Dunk
Young

4" instar larva Full fed

Dunk

5" instar larva

Dunk

*Mean of 10 individuals

Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

Sea}NUIW : W SS4NOH : H ‘sAeq: g ‘ueds Buim jo UPI : x« ‘SJENPIAIPU! OF JO UeaW,

(G) LL etry vy 00'ZS-00'°6€
G) 97 0FZL'

ueds aj!7 |e}0)

ee ee: (a) 9r'0FZL'Z0| 00°€0-08'L0 UOI}ISOdIAO }SOd
Pee ae (H)€Z'pF09'2ZZ} 00°9€-00'rz UONISOdIAQ

(H) €9° L¥Sp ZL 00°SL-00'LL UOISOdIAO-31q
(WW) $00°0Z80'00} 01 '00-20'00 Po Bune]

xxlLZ 0F06 6E ZO Ov-00 6E v7 OF7L LE 00 8€-SO'ZE G) 6€ 0F9Z'€0 00°S0-00'€0 Sie eto eee

«xb Z OF06 VE ZO'SE-00 v€ | 2700000 0E ZO 0€-00 O€ (d) 9L 0F9S'°ZO 00°€0-00°Z0 oe tt eee te

a ee ere Sa

gr0'0rr0'60 | oz6-0060] LZ 00'rr-00 Or (a)9S1F19ZL} 00°€2-00'rL pede |
970°0F0'S0 o¢'s-00's0 | 9z0F0z0r | 001-000r (H)O6 LFer'18} 00°98-00'8Z Po ednd 2
O€ OFPL'80 | O0'0L-0z'80 €5°7F6S'8Z | 0028-02 PZ (H)O€ OFer'EZ| O€8Z-00'89 eee |

Y-(edng 9 enle7)

poued

je}uaWdojaneq

‘0+00 LV

| 9E'0FSS'LO | — OF Z-0010 | everse st | 0072-0060

(H) 9S'°€#Z9'SZL| OO'OEL-OE SLL ee eT
8Z0 0F0S'00 02'0-SE'00 8€'0F0Z vO 00°S-0S°€0 (IN) €Z0°0F8L'00} 0200-2100 | BANE] S}EUORN

00' 70-0020

abuey ay

680°0#z8'00 | $6'0-02'00 ho eee
INAS F .uean | pM WS F, ues yy6ue7

(ww) abuey azis

(uonegqnou}) 665

(G) €€ OFSL'EO
INAS F .UeOW

aHuey poiad

yoweled

90-700z HBulunp suoljeAJasqo Wo paAlap
sabes jeyuaudojanap JuaJajsip JO (INAS F,UeaW) azZIS pue poomysapA XA}s B1]JUOIBUSY JO (INAS F,Uesw) Ueds ajI7 :¢-a/qeL

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood

Je}SUI JO SuNoY |eJOL : | ‘powad jedndaig : dq ‘uOHesnp Bunjnow : |W ‘uoHeinp Bulpaey : 4 ‘syenpiAipul OF jo ueay,

L6 OF
Oe Lcl

ce OF | OO LF ; 060+ | 280+
00°80 | 00 0v i ; OOOL JOO ZILL

Cour , , OO'lL+ | S6 0+
Ov ve ; , OL6 |OL OCL
| |
uoljesauay

Jeysul ynog Je}SU! P4JIYL Je}Sul puosas Je}Sul Sui |Apnys
jo sea)

90-r00z HBulunp (Ajuo uol}e19Ua6b }s114)
POOMISIAA XAJS ENUOIAYIY JO Sieysul jeAse] U! (|)) HuNjnow pue(4) Huipass jo W4SF,(Sinoy) uoleinp ued :g-ajqe]

SJENPIAIPU! O} JO Ue.

ueds pollad OL wold
OI] [EVOL sINpPY ednd eAIE) uoneqnou| Apnjs jo polled

90-700z Bulunp (Aju0 uol}es9U96 ySu14)
Ppoomjsap XA}S ENJUDIBYIY Jo uedS aJI| |e}0} 94} pue SaHe}s jeE}JUDWIdOJaAap Jo IWASF,(SAep) UONeINp UBD :p-a/qeL

80 Halteres, Vol.2, 2010

References
Atwal,A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.S. 2005. Pests of Oilseed Crops. Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Food &
Agricultural Pests of South Asia and Their Agriculture, India.

Management. 229-231.
Rai, H.S., Gupta, M.P. and Verma, M.L. 2001. Insect pests
Biswas, G.C., Kabir, S.M.H. and Das, G.P. 2001. Insect pest of sesame and their integrated management.
of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.) in Indian farming 30-32.
Bangladesh, their succession and natural
enemies. Indian Journal of Entomology 63: 117- Sharma, S. and Choudhary, A. 2005. Introductory Agriculture
124. Entomology. New Delhi: Mahamaya Publishing
House.
Lefroy, H.M. 1990. Indian Insect Pest. New Delhi: Today &
Tomorrows Printers and Publishers. Shingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic-Acherontia styx
(Westwood, 1847). Accessed online at http://
Mehta, P.R. and Verma, B.K. 1968. Plant Protection. www.styx.htm (04/06/2007).

HALTERES—a peer reviewed journal (published by Organisation on Conservation and
Biodiversity-CSBD) focuses on entomological research with the thrust areas: insect
taxonomy/bio-diversity, biology, evolution, biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics,
physiology and conservation etc.

Only those manuscripts are considered for publication, which provide the following
declaration duly signed by all authors:

“That the findings/interpretations presented in the manuscript are original in nature
except where stated otherwise and no part of work has been submitted for
publication elsewhere, and that all authors have agreed to submission, hold ethical
and moral responsibility regarding authenticity of work”.

Review Policy: The Editors will initially evaluate the manuscript. If the manuscript is
considered relevant, then it is subject to a peer review by two independent experts preferably
from the same area/specialization. On the basis of assessment, scope of work and
subsequent recommendations by reviewers, the final decision is taken.

For Guidelines and other relevant information visit:
http://www.antdiversityindia.com/halteresentomology_research_journal

Halteres
CONTENTS

Comparative study on improvement in Pollen Collection Technology
Shazia Raja, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure, Rashid Mahmood, Ghulam Sarwar, Farida Iftikhar and Muhammad Sidddique
INR iM ere eee cee ceo a as x a nme nah pay nec en svar sccsncirbcnssndesnanasueatsasauassesasararseussasaeseeceserasseasacs 1

Biodiversity of the short horned grasshoppers of the tribe Oedipodini (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acridinae) in
Kashmir Himalayas
M. Nayyar Azim, Shabir Ahmad Reshi and Ajaz Hassan Rathet...........c:cssssssccsesscsnseceseneeseseeensnsessnsneeeeneneseneenssaeeessaeseessaeaeeenesaseesecssasseeasasasaeeesatanaees t

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta;
Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)
Ua en Pei CU RAIN Vee ce ec CEE cc ence ves okcal Siw guiKaairsndeivanesinnaaneuneynecaes4guacuanecuassussaanusavedessansessens 24

Lucilia calviceps Bezzi, new record from India (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with a revised key to Indian
species
Meenakshi Bharti & Hiromu Kurahashi...............s.sscscscsssesesessssssssssesssssesnescscsnenensscacscensseneneesansneneaeaesusnenenedseneneseneasaesessaeeuacsaeusesacacessueecaseneseseesenens 29

Impact of egg _ retention on walking behavior of Trichogramma_ chilonis (Hymenoptera :
Trichogrammatidae)
Muhammad Shakeel, Ahmed Zia, Abid Farid and Zakir HUSSAIN............c:cccssessssssessssssesesssesessnssssscscasedsecssansesessssseesasaeeeesesaeenacacaseeeneaseeeaeataeesees 31

Role of honeybees and other insects in enhancing the yield of Brassica campestris var. sarson
Apa R Rex Eh RE MIEN FM RU ENON CSE eo eee ae a ee eo eases ens eo SKM nase svakeaitacvovenensvarsenseccessesestessneeseeaeseroreas 35

Diversity of Aphidoidea in Rawalpindi Division (Punjab) Pakistan, with a list of host plant studied
Ahmed Zia, Soaib Ali Hassan, Anjum Shehzadand Falak Naz...........:cccsssssssssssscsecseneneesseseesensessnsesceaenesassaenecssaassseetaesecseeaeaeeaeesseeaeensaeeas Fceeeee 38

Phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Himalopsyche Banks (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia;
Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophilinae)
IS te SAN RT RR Nc oe nau ee aed =e Cac aoe hss tah wah eaisi eno vetscsnsvobseNnoneeeneenensnenseneersonsracataess Sp eickwnareit’ 44

Influence of foraging rateand speed of Apis species (Hymenoptera) on Brassica campestris var. sarson
pI en Ni Iced NNR TE CONN AIEN AUN Rc ec sons aS GH Nero cw See i cereus wasn ones eo Ta nnsoenoengennaaecnvaanescanracscuaneratsasasacoesssasossetoresers 49

SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant, Camponotus compressus (Fabricius)
(Formicidae: Hymenoptera)
Deepak D. Barsagade, Dnyaneshwar B. Tembhare and Seema G. Kadu...............c:csscescecesssseeseneesessseeeseneeesseesseseaeeeesesaeeasseeateeseeesaeeaseasaeeataeees 53

Acontribution towards the insect fauna of Vadodara, Gujarat (India): The Order Hemiptera
un POS MOAN nA MUON CAFR MN ODT eA) PN AA osc eae at eat co siya eb mee cece eu semea nico neste wv oen cadence saxGeeencesensneaeseranseeereenaennenscarenncensvaseaeaseaears 58

Natural parasitism of leaf miner, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable
crops in Kashmir (India)
PEAESea Wa Pate AcANPAN Tica CHIEN ned ANVER FR. C= EX AG At on sccm ec ecnscxcaesonsannsnaxanunensesnsscnnconsneasensnnscorecncuanncncnaensesnsnaneeasensneasacesnueceaseaserasssensaseceesecacaesssesacecsssscacees 64

Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood
Bean TOE TION ITO ea RATT PMN a RUNES eds Nt er eG aR aceon val nish ence dca an ctdenevnciamanienesupoanestiinnsaeanessetésneacaneaesarsenseess 70

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Halteres"

See other formats