For Reference
KOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM
WILD FRUITS OF THE PRAIRIES
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ANT) SOURCES,
PRO PAGAT ION, AND CYT OLOGY .
Percival Duncan Hargrave .
Department of Horticulture,
University of Alberta,
Edmont on , A Ibe rta *
April, 195 6 *
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
University of Alberta Libraries
https://archive.org/details/hargrave1936
WILD FRUITS OF THE PRAIRIES
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES,
PROPAGATION, AND CYTOLOGY*
Percival Duncan Hargrave,
De partment o f H ort I culture *
A THESIS
submitted to the University of Alberta
to fulfil approximately one -half of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Edmonton, Alberta
April, 1936*
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page .
GENERAL INTRODUCTION . . . . 1
PART I. CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES •
Factors that affect dis tributlon •••••••••«••«*«« 5
Area ,•*«. ««•«•«««»•»*»«««••»««••• ••.•«*•••« 4
Ele vat ion . . 4
Vegetation zones •••«•••••»#«*«'••« . * « « • 5
Rainfall « • ••••••• * * • , *«**«*«*«♦• • • » • • • • « * • •
Temperature 8
Lite nature review 18
Geological surveys «*9*****4»*, *»*««#**»***<>« 12
Reports of botanists *«*®«*****«****«a*«***® 15
Questions of classification and synonyms •«* 18.
Materials and methods «••••«•••«•««««««»*«•«••«•« 24
Amount and sources of collections **«»*«.*«*®®**** 27
Characteristics . . . • * 41
Corylus » .■•**.** a ** 3 ♦*.. ,•*.**,* *«»****«..* * 41
Arne lanchie r •»•«»«•««•««••••««««**««•»«««««• 42
Grossularia *«a®*0»o*o .***«****«**»•***«<,***« 44
Ribes •••••••»«««*«••• 46
• Fragaria ******* . 47
Rubus . . 47
Sorbus . 48
Crataegus 8«.» 48
[04
T • * *
Primus
Page .
48
Vitis . . .... 51
She phe rdia ....... . 52
Vacciniaceae ..•••••••••.••« . ........ 52
Sambucus •«..»•••» . 54
Viburnum 54
Lonicera 55
Summary • • . . . 56
PART IX* SEED GERMINATION •
Introduct ion . . 58
Literature review ••«•««•»•••••«• 59
Materials end methods 62
Work of 1934 . 64
Work of 1935 **>•««*«*»<>« 64
Pre 13m inary results 65
Results in Amelanchier, Prunus and Lonicera «ta 69
Discussion of seed germination. 5r 12 genera
Of Wild frUlt .«#**>». .«»*#. 7 1
Summary . . . 77
PART III. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE WILD FRUITS.
Int roduct Ion . . 78
Literature review
Materials and methods 82
Chromosome numbers »»*•»•• •••••«••• 83
R ibe s «•••«. o. «*..»•» »* ... ».»•«««. «« 84
Rubus ••«••••••••• •••»*.*•*.••. •«*«...•.•• 84
Ame lanchier 85
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Primus ........ . . 86
Shepherdia 87
Summary . . 88
GENERAL SUMMARY . 89
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . .... ............... . . . 90
LITERATURE CITED 91
WILD FRUITS OF THE PRAIRIES
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES,
PROPAGATION, AND CYTOLOGY.
Percival Duncan Hargrave.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
Wild fruits would seem to provide promising material
for selection and breeding work in horticultural development
in Alberta and other prairie provinces . Genera that are
available in wild form in the prairie provinces, include the
following: Gorylus, Grossularia, Ribes, Fragaria, Rubus,
Amelanchier, Sorbus, Crataegus, Prunus, Vitis, Shepherdia,
Vaccinium, Sambucus, and Viburnum.
An effort has been made in this investigation to locate
specimens with characteristics which appear to be of outstand¬
ing value and to propagate these plants at the University of
Alberta for comparison with other selected plants. Meanwhile,
it has been necessary to solve certain difficulties encountered
in gemination of seed. The considerable variation that has
been apparent in the plants of a given genus, or species,
collected from scattered points, has been studied from a tax¬
onomic standpoint, particularly with respect to identification
of the specimens. A cytological study, especially on chromosome
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PART I.
CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES •
Factors That Affect Distribution*
Distribution of wild fruits in the prairie provinces
of Canada has been determined by a number of factors* such as
the area involved, elevation* vegetation zones* temperature *
and rainfall* These are reviewed briefly to present a pre¬
liminary sketch of the scope of the work*
Area*-
The prairie provinces extend from the 49th parallel to
the 60th parallel and approximately 1*100 miles from eastern
Manitoba to the western border of Alberta* The area involved
is 753*497 square miles*
Elevation •-
“Each of the provinces provides a fairly distinct steppe
in elevation* The elevation varies, in Manitoba* from 500 to
1*000 feet; in Saskatchewan, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet; and, in
Alberta* from 2*000 to 5*000 feet. The first prairie steppe
Includes the Manitoba plain west of the elevated portion bounded
by the Pembina* Riding* Duck* Porcupine, and Pas Mountains* The
second prairie steppe extends from the first one westward to a
line from longitude 103° 30 ! and the 49th parallel in a north¬
westerly direction to Battle ford* The third prairie steppe in¬
cludes the western part of the prairie provinces to the foothills*
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Vegetation zones. -
~ There are three main vegetation zones. They run at
right angles to the three steppes and are closely allied with
soil types (Pig* 1) o
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The three main vegetation zones are: (a) northern
coniferous forest; (b) deciduous forest; and, (c) prairie.
The deciduous forest is not well defined. The northern
coniferous forest extends into the deciduous forest and this,
in turn, into the prairie, especially along rivers and stream
valleys .
There are two types of deciduous forest. The first, or
oak, divides the deciduous forest of the east from the true
prairie . The second, or poplar, stands between the northern
coniferous forest and the true prairie . The deciduous forest
area extends from the 49th parallel in Manitoba in a curved
line, first towards the northwest, through Saskatoon to
Stettler, and then south along the foothills. 4- -parkland-area-
or aspen consociation -be-tw-een prairie and deciduous force t
extends into the prairie- . The deciduous forest varies in width
from 25 to 150 miles and is generally considered as a climax
community. Moss (57) . Bird (8) has divided the poplar com™
munity into three parts: (a) prairie community; (b) willow
community; and (c) aspen community.
Wild fruits are found mostly in the* deciduous forest,
in the park very dark brown soil area; in the transition timber
and park soil area, and, to a more limited extent, in the
prairie plain dark brown soil area. Scattered clumps of
fruiting shrubs also are found in the draws and coulees of the
plains brown soil. The Cypress Hills, an unglaciated area,
and the Qu»Appelle Valley, located in the plains brown soil
area have numerous wild fruits. (Pig. 2*)
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Rainfall
Rainfall of the prairie provinces is discussed by
Stevens, Hurd and Grindley (75), as follows :
"in southeastern Alberta, a large part of western
Saskatchewan, and generally in the northern regions of the
three prairie provinces, the annual precipitation averages less
than 15 inches. In a portion of sotitheastern Alberta and
southwestern Saskatchewan, where the winters are fairly mild,
where spring comes early, fall late, and the heat of the summer
is often intense, the average annual amount is between 10 and
12 inches. In eastern Saskatchewan, from the Touchwood Hills
southeas terly to Moose Mountain creek, and generally throughout
southern Manitoba, the annual amount exceeds 15 inches, while
in a portion of the Red River Valley in Manitoba it exceeds
20 inches • In a narrow strip close to the Rocky Mountains in
southwestern Alberta, in the upper valleys of the Red Deer
River and its western tributaries, as well as in a large portion
of the basin of the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta, and in
the basin of the Athabasca river, 15 inches is also generally
exceeded. In the extreme southwestern portion of Alberta, the
annual amount averages 20 to 30 inches."
About 60 to 70 percent of the precipitation is from
April 1 to August 31. Approximately one -half of the total
occurs in June, July and August.
The northern and western portions of Alberta, the
northern part of Saskatchewan, and the greater part of Manitoba
are covered with snow during the winter months. They suffer
less from lack of moisture than the southern prairie portions
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which frequently are free from snow covering during the greater
part of the winter#
Temperature •-
Temperatures vary widely and suddenly in the prairie
provinces# This in itself is a serious problem in horticultural
development of hardy fruits. It is possibly equally as signifi¬
cant as low temperature readings#
Temperatures of -20° to -30° F# are common and -60°
to -70° Po have been recorded in the northern parts. In
Alberta, temperatures of 60° to 75° F. are possible in mid¬
winter. The marked fluctuations in winter are limiting factors
f IocVu&Uqqs
in the adaptability of fruit plants. The reactions in temper¬
ature, however, are less severe as one passes from west to east
and from south to north. The high temperatures in the south
are frequently accompanied by warn, dry, Chinook winds . Alberta
has, generally, the mildest winter of the prairie provinces
followed in order by Saskatchewan and Manitoba (Fig# 3**) .
Fig# 3
•-•Reprint from Stevens, Hurd and Grin die y (75) .
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April is considered the first spring month with an
average temperature of 55° F. at midday. Cold waves may occur
during this time to lower the temperature to -5° P. It is
during this period that the wood, fruit buds and leaf buds,
having completed their rest period, are the most susceptible
to injury. (Fig. 4*)
Pig. 4 *
* Reprint from Stevens, Hurd and Grindley (75.
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During summer, the western half of Alberta has almost
a similar temperature from north to south* The northern parts,
of the balance of the prairie provinces, are on the average the
same as western Alberta but the southern parts have higher
temperatures* The agricultural area of the Peace River averages
a 30 day shorter growing season than that of southeastern Alberta,
Saskatchewan and Manitoba,, (Pig* 5*-)
Under the above conditions it is considered practically
impossible to acclimatize cultivated varieties from regions with
a milder and more equable climate* Development of improved sorts
will undoubtedly require that at least one parent contribute
hardiness. It is hoped that this work will serve to provide
information and material of value for future work and breeding*
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Pig. 5.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Our know ledge of the prairie flora is based largely
on the work of the Geological Survey of Canada and of a few
botanical collectors • Some areas are well described, whereas
others have been treated only in a general way. A review of
the available literature, however, helps to give a picture of
the distribution of the wild fruits.
Geological Surveys. -
The ear lie s t information of technical nature on the
prairie flora is that given in the reports of the Canadian
Geological Survey, then directed by A. R. 0. Selwyn.
In 1875 and 1876 John Macoun (51) accompanied
Selwyn on a geological journey which covered the territory
from the Peace River across the northern part of the prairies
via Edmonton to east of Prince Albert* The fruits noted as
found in the district are listed in Table I, Column 15.
McConnell (54) reported a list of the raspberries found
in 1879-80 between Edmonton and the Peace River (Table I,
Column 4) «
Bell (7), in 1879-80, mentioned the fruits found in
the territory which he covered. This represented the country
north of Peace River, from Peace River to Edmonton and that
drained by the rivers to the west of Hudson Bay (Table I,
Column 5) • He gave the range of Primus americana Marshall
as the Rainy River, the Red River, the lower part of the
Assiniboine River and the southern end of lake Manitoba.
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Prunus pennsylvanica was described as being "widely distributed*
extending nearly to the edge of the timber" * In his (6) report
of 1881* he also included notes on the flora of the Lake of the
Woods and adjacent country (Table I, Column 6) •
Dawson (25), in 1887-88, described the country in the
northern part of Alberta, the Yukon* and Northwest Territories
and reported the northern range of Amelanchier alnifolla as
parallel 58 . His list includes the fruits (Table I* Column 7) •
Reports of Botanists. -
Ee wTs“7 "Downing , and Moss (46) ; Dowding (28) ; and Moss
(57), in 1928-32 studied the vegetation of central Alberta and
described a number of communities which occurred in the parkland.®
The fruits mentioned are tabulated in Table I, Columns 9* 10,
and 11 o
Raup* s (60,61) flora of the Peace River district, the
northern part of Alberta, the southern part of the North Wesfc-
territ cries and of Wood Buffalo Park describes and lists the
fruits of the territory (Table I* Columns 3 and 8) •
Rydberg (66,67) described many of the species which
occur in the west (Table I* Columns 1 and 2) .
Climate was found by Turresson (76, 77* 78) to influence
a species and divide it into ©cotypes® This conclusion was
drawn after working with transplanted material and from plants
raised from seed gathered In different climatic areas. He
found, that ear line ss increased and Might decreased from south
to north. The biotypes of the species in one region were shown
to be genetically different from. those in another®
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Table I* Fruit Species Mentioned In Reports On The Flora Of The
Prairie Provinces*.
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(17
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(18
Questions of Classif ication and Synonyms . -
A survey of the literature on the flora of the prairies
leads to the conclusion that many of the species are not
clearly defined or the variations known* Is Amelancbier
v. " '
alnifolia of all reports the same? Can we be certain that
Prunus melanocarpa, P, demissa, and P, virginiana are all present
in the same range or that Lon ice re villosa and Xylosteon caeru-
leum are not the same under different environments? The American
Cranberry bush (Viburnum opulus americanum Ait . or V* trllobum
Marsh and V» americanum as described by Da r row (19) is (or are)
wia^lv distributed on the prairie* Are these terms synonymous
with one another and with the V* opulus of Europe ? Da r row (19)
segregated them according to fruit characteristics - the latter
is described as bitter, and the former as clear and acid*
Rozanova (65) in an investigation into geographical
and ecological variation found that spinosity and glandulosity
varied* She believed this variation to be geographical and
ecological* This being the case, are Rubus strigosus and R*
me lanolas ius ecotypes rather than distinct species?
Another problem presents itself in, the Vaco ini ace ae *
(ktt) Pars
Oxycoccus palustris Pers • and 0* macrocarpus two
species which are easily set aside, have 0 * microcar pus Tarcz
as an intermediate type? The question is whether the latter is
a hybrid or a marked variation in one or the otherAdue to
varying combinations of characters. Sin ska la and Stchenkova
(73) working with Vaoclnium ug lino sum L* and V* myrtillus L*
as well as with V* vltis-idaea found that there was no sharp
difference between characters of ecotypes and concluded that
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(19
the wide variation must be due to genetic differences seg¬
regating and recombiiiiT# The difficulty encountered was that
their material was not grown under controlled conditions due
to the difficulties in propagation.
The late D# W. Buchanan (9), in 1907, wrote as follows:
"The European gooseberry and plum, both of which are
now represented by numerous varieties of unsurpassed excellence,
are said to be inferior in their original wild form to our
native species. With this knowledge before us, there would
seem to be no reason why some species at least of our wild
fruits should not form the basis from which many fine cultivated
varieties will in time be evo3,ved. To talk of our provinces as
a fruitless region in view of the existence of all these native
species, seems ridiculous*11
Buchanan realized the value of the native plum and made
reference to the selection work that had been done on it up to
that time and the introduction of seedlings of it from the
United States*
Since that time, the plum has received great attention,
as also have the sand cherries Prunus besseyi and P* pumila #
The late George P. Chipman (11) has done much to make these
and other fruits increasingly popular in western Canada# He
realized the lack of any literature pertaining to fruit growing
in the west# With his wide contacts he possibly had more
knov/ ledge of the horticultural work in the prairie provinces
than any other one person and with this experience he made the
following statement:
ei }
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(20
UI feel today that the delusion under which we have
always labored — that because of our climate we are forever
prohibited from growing worth-while fruit, is completely
dispelled*11
Discussing the native fruits of the west Chi man
points out that no work has been done with the native hazel¬
nut, the high -bush cranberry, or the wild pincherry, which
he felt had possibilities*
Rydberg’s (67) classification has been used throughout
the text, except as otherwise noted* A number of the species
reported in the literature have a number of synonyms.
These are listed in Table II*
. X
6V 6'-: .XX
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(21
Table II. Synonyms of Fruit Species
Corylus americana Walt . . .
C. comuta Marsh.. .
Grossularia cynosbatl
(L.) Mill . .
G. setosa ( Lindl) Cov.
and Britt . . .
G. inermis (Rydb.) Cov.&Britt .
G. oynosbati (L.) Mill .
G. setosa ( lindl) Cov.
and Britt • . .
G. inermis (Rydb.) Cov.
and Britt . . . • ,
G. hirte 11a (Michx*)
Spach • . . .
G. oxyacanthoides (L.)
Mill - ....................
Ribes americanum Mill ........
R* petiolare Dougl*
R. hudsonianum Richards
R. glandule sum Weber
R. triste Pall .....
C. calyculata Dipp.
C. rostrata Ait.
Ribes eynosbati L*
R. gracile Michx*
R. setosum Lindl.
R. saximontanun E. Nels.
R* eynosbati L.
R* gracile Michx.
R. setosum Lindl.
R. saximontanum E. Nels.
R. inerme Rydb.
R. vallicola Greene.
R. hirtellum Michx.
R. oxyacanthoides L.
R. floridum
R# prostratum L*Her
R. albinerviimi Michx,
R. rubrum A. Gray •
Chrysobotrya aur ^i
( Pursh) Rydb ....
Ribes aureum Pursh.
Chrysobotrya 1 indie yana Spach.
C 0 intermedia Spach.
Linanobotrya parvulu-*
L. lacustris (Pers) Rydb. ...... .Ribes lacustre (P@rs«) Poir
Fragaria americana
(Porter) Britton . . ..F* vesca americana Porter*
F* canadensis Michx.
F. pauciflora Rydb*
F* glauca (S. Wats) Rydb . F« virginiana glauca S. Wats*
F* virginiana Duchesne •••
Rubus articus L*
R* melanolasius Focke * . R* strigosus of western report.
Batidaea Xaetisshna .Green© .
B. dacotica Green© •
B* unicolor Green©.
B« sandbergii Green©*
*
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(22
Table IX continued*
R* pedatus Smith#
R. idaeus L* var strigosus
(Michx.) Max*
R* chamaemorus L*
R. pubescens Raf.... . . R* triflorus Richardson.
R. americanus (Pers.) Britt
R • acaulis Michx.
R. Idaeus acuteatissims*
R. grandif lorus*
Rubacer parviflorum (Nutt)
Rydb . . . . . .Rubus nutkanus Moc •
R* parviflorum Nutt*
Bossekia parviflora Greene*
Amelanchier canadensis (L.)
Medic . . .A . canadensis botryapium ( L.)
T « and G*
A* botryapium D. C*
A* humilis Wrig*
A o alnifolia Nutt*
A • f lorida Lindl v . ........ 0 ..... .A • elliptica A * Nels .
A* oblongifolia (T* and G.)
M • Roemer . .A *• spicata ( Lam*) D* C .
Sorbus americana Marsh «...
S* scopulina Greene .......
S • Subvest ita Greene .......
Crateagus succulinta Schrad
G . chrysocarpa Ashe ........
C • coccinea* . .
0 • Douglas ii Lindl .........
Pyrus americana D. G.
Pirus sambucifolia Porter*
S • s ambuc if o lia Br it t «
Pyrus sit chens is Robins and Fern
S. decora (Sargent) 0* K*
Schne ider •
S* scopulina Britton*
G • macracantha ( Lindl) Lodd
C* occidentalis Britton.
C* coloradensis A. Nels.
G. coloradoides Rama ley.
G. Colorado Ashe.
G. rotundifolia (Ehrh) Borckh.
G* doddsii Rama ley.
0* sheridana A* Nels*
possible C* coccinoides Ashe
(see Rydb. 445)
G • bre vis pina ( Dougl . ) Farwe 11 .
Prunus Nigra Ait
P. americana Marsh
P. pumila L*
P. Besseyi Bailey....... . . #P* prunella Daniels.
P. melanocarpa (A. Nels), . . . . .Cerasus demissa melanocapna
A. Nels.
P* demissa (Nutt) Walp. . Gerasus demissa Nutt*
P. pennsylvanica L«
O' CD
(23*
Table II continued®
Prunus Virginia L . Padus serotina Agardh.
P. serotina (Agardh) Ehrh.
Vitis vulpina L .
V* cordifolia Michx.
Shepherdia argent ea Nutt . . .Lepargyrea argentea (Nutt)
Greene .
S* canadensis (L.) Nutt . . ..*L* canadensis (L.) Greene.
Gaylussacia baccata
(Wangenh) C. Koch . . G* resinosa.
Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb. . . . . . .V* myrtillus Hook
V* uliginosum L*
V. caespitosum Michx*
V. scoparium Leiberg . . V. erythrococcum Rydb®
V. membranaceum Dougl. ....... . . .V. myrtilloides Hook*
Cyanococcus canadensis
( Richards) Rydb. ............. • Vaccinium canadensa Richards •
C • pennsylvanictun ( Lam) Rydb • * . *V . penns y Ivan ictmi Lam *
C. angustifolius (Ait) Rydb....*V. angustifolium Ait*
V* pennsulvanieum angustifolium
A® Gray.
V* f is sum Schrank®
Vitis -Idaea punctata Moench* . . . .Vaccinum Vitis -Idaea L*
Vitis -Idaea Vitis -Idaea (L.)
Britton.
Oxycoccus palustris pers . *
0 • microcarpus Turcz ......
0* macrocarpus (Ait) Pers*
Sambucus pubens Michx .
S. canadensis L*
S. Melanocarpa*
Viburnum e rad ia turn (Oakes)
House . . . .
V* trilobvan Marsh .........
Lonicera villosa-*
Xylosteon aeruleum (L.)
Dum • Cours . . . • • * *
Vaceinium oxycoccus L#
Oxycoccus oxycoccus MacMill*
Vaccinium microcarpum (Turez)
Hook*
S. racemosa Hook.
V* pauc if lorum Pylaie
V. opulus americanum Ait*
Lonicera caerulea L
2'0'10.
*
*
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(24
Material and Methods
In order to make the collection as wide in ±t3 repre¬
sentation as possible various means of securing specimens were
practised, such as: (a) correspondence with interested persons,
and (b) personal trips* So far as possible, the personal
knowledge of the type of country from which the material came
was desired* Funds available made this possible for certain
southern parts of Alberta where the author lacked personal
observation* The northern part of the province was not visited
because, although funds were available for this purpose, wet
conditions during the times of year suitable for collection
made a trip there impossible*
Many contacts were made by personal correspondence*
Without the aid of friends and parties interested in horti¬
cultural progress the collection would not have reached its
pre sent proport ions *
The specimens were collected during the spring and fall
of 1934 and the spring of 1935* The work did not start until
late in the spring of 1934* By that time the plants had leafed
out, so the material collected was planted immediately it was
received; hence, no attempt was made at that time to save
cytologioal material*
The fact should he home in mind that in collecting the
individuals of a species from a certain location, it is the
exceptional plant, in most cases, that has been taken.
or-
• ■ - - ■. . ■
rx'O.
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I • ■ iol :c ■ i.
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i . 'io 'ore ii ' id
,
• i. : irc ii i , ■ ii
-
nos
£ c o
rooei ev&£t do
*i; i" -i i ' -lie - •: di ::c o". i ; i;r idoimoo
ee i: : id • . i i :i ;,;/.<i. 0 iii edi d
--.ic : iio.r d oivdi; o odd ii
^ 'in d: d-:o o-i c?
niiri'r ' cio :>o oi cr nudoodo edi
* • ■ ' i. c i ,i ■ v r .
- 1 ' V * 0 " li • ; 1 "o Hi:
: ■ - ' - 9d : . C
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01
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'XO£ COCO j
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r '
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(25.
The plants received in the fall of 1934 were heeled-
in over winter and, along with the collections of the spring
of 1935, were potted. The pots were plunged to the rim in
soil and carefully watered. When the desired root material
had been gathered for cytological study the potted plants were
removed to the orchard and planted permanently.
In the fall of 1934 and the fall of 1935 seed collect¬
ions were also made. Owing to the greater ease of obtaining
these, the lower cost of transportation, and the possibilities
of selection, a large part of the collection was obtained in
this way.
As soon as the seed was received it was washed clean
and stored. Its further treatment will be discussed in the
section on propagation. After germination, the seedlings
were pricked -out into thumb pots, and then into 2§u pots in
which they were wintered in a root cellar. Early in January
1936 they were moved to the greenhouse so that cytological
material could be taken before planting out in the orchard
in the spring.
Both of these methods immediately limited, temporarily,
the scope of the intended work® The problems of vegetative
propagation and of seed germination had first to be dealt with
and solved. The working out of this has taken a great deal of
time and in turn has delayed identification. Successful
transplanting of the fruit trees necessitated severe pruning
and often cutting hack to ground level. The resultant growth
has not yet, in a large percentage of the cases, been sufficient
for identification. Seedlings obtained from seed gathered in
( ' I $1 °lo IXbI 1 /: g [
"c • r o ..Vo :., , , 3 . xV - . r; oxVrV ■ • rro r ±
* ■ O •- s . , ,
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(26.
the fall of 1934 do not yet average 3 inches in height, and
seed collected in the fall of 1935 is just commencing to
germinate .
As the material was gathered and planted it was system¬
atically labelled so that each plant could be readily identified
as to its genera, place of origin, and the group with which it
was gathered. The label numbers indicate the type of material,
number of collection, number of plant in collection. When there
are four numbers, the third number refers to a seed collection
and the fourth to a number originating from one of the seeds.
For example, 1-5-1 identifies a Saskatoon, the sixth collection
made, and the first plant in that collection® Furthermore,
2 -3-1 -3 identifies a seedling Choke cherry, the eighth collection,
the first group of seed in this collection, and the third seed¬
ling.
Where shading, as in the Vaecinlaceae ,was necessary,
special precautions were taken in this respect®
Each genus was planted in the horticultural area at the
University of Alberta in a section generously set aside for
this purpose by Mr. George Hareourt (who has since retired) .
The genera and species, where possible, were segregated and
planted in rows 6 feet apart and 2 feet apart in the row. This
spacing eventually will allow them to be care filly compared
one with another.
From time to time, as the plants have come into bloom,
material has been pressed and species of the flowers preserved
for identification purposes .
dl n
v- •
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x XlldneJbl X»d~I %eX
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■ ’ " Ol$*i . , Cl : , . .
-- ion . 1 do os ± / 1
; :• • • - * • . ■ • ; ; \ . - X x
% % . ' - non
’ : - • - X £ &VB' 8W 0*1 1 :
: • - - • - u rd . d ..
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(27
Amount and Sources of Collections*
The transplanting and seed collecting which was started
in the spring of 1934 is now represented by 580 specimens from
178 collections* The collections represent widely different
c 11-mat ic and ©daphic conditions. A large portion of Alberta
is represented. Material from the balance of the prairies is
representative but from widely scattered locations*
Province
Pra irie^dis trie ts from which collections have been obtained
are : Alberta - Cypress Hills, Medicine Hat, Coleman, McLeod,
Brooks, Carseland, Calgary, Midnapore, Banff, Windermere,
Irricana, Howie, Morrin, Laeombe, Rocky Mountain House, Provost,
Vegreville, Tofield, Hastings lake, Edmonton, Fa Ills, Drayton
Valley, Evansburg, MacKay, Edson, Obed, Clyde, Athabasca, Peace
River, and Slave Lake; S a skat chewan - North Battleford, Saskatoon,
and Maple Creek; Manitoba - Dropmor© and Brandon.
The details of each collection can be found in Table III*
The species name when known is given. No positive identification
has been made and all are thus in a temporary state. It will
be, on an average, two years before this can be accomplished.
The origin, collector, type of material collected, and the date
collected are also given. A few of the collections, due to
adverse conditions, did not survive.
« -V; xo ' ‘ ■- ox . x.ox X'-o,
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, ; . ■ . c , : i ; x ‘ . t,
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: ' ■ 5^o' XXc ■ i OH - i ; . -
* X... : - • COX >: ; &; . ••
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x V ' * ■ ox. X- ■ : x o';:: .iox • 3 ;• ‘:o;. o x
» o ' ■ * XX
<* -- . 1 ' ' x x./oFo o , o x: \ o ■ oo -;V '
i ' lo . t< ;
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* .x ; c : ; . • t ■. \c .. o - :o o . • c / . ■
(28
Table III. Record of Collections.
Plant
Humber
Soecies
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath-
... sred
Type
of
kiatl ,
, Remark s .
1-1-1
to
1-1-13
Amelanchier sp.
Provost
Farquharson
S.34
Rts.
1—2— 3-4-5 are in
hazel row. Flower¬
ed June 1st.
1-2-1
to
1-2-5
do
Fall is
Hargrave
S.34
Rts.
l-3-l
to
1-3-2
do
Morrin
Rocke
s.34
Rts.
1-4-1
to
1-4-3
do
Drayton
Valley
Wilson
S.34
Rts.
l-5-l
to
1-5-3
do
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
S.34
Rts.
l-6-l
to
1-6-26
do
Dropmore
Skinner
s.34
Rts.
Selected
seedlings.
1-7-1
to
1-7-3
do
Howie
Hanna f crd
S.34
Rts.
1-8-1
to
1-8-3 .
do
Lacombe
Bolten
S.34
Rts.
1-10-1*
to
l-lc-6
do
Brocks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
Exceptional
plant.
1-11-1*
to
1-11-6
do
Brooks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
White
1-12-1
1-13-1
do
do
Granada
Lacombe
Hargrave
Bolten
F.34
f.34
Sds,
Sds,
Failed to
germinate.
Failed to
germinate.
1-14-1
do
Evansburg Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
O. : . ' 0
qI-jb .'
■so
. v. . . . _ ..
‘i
. r 3 £
3 3 ’
^ G,! i©
"i .:
oi
0
c;L oa - it'/i'io-
o •.
fjouXX
C .
o i
c
' i! ...
0 V
oi-c- :
‘ - '■ aiwoH
8 is:
o a
o
o4“
o ;
G“
.
0 0
Ou
-
- „
0 ;
Table III continued
Plant
Nuiqbep
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl.
, Remark s
1-15-1
Amelanchier sp.
Edmonton
Hargrave
f.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
1-16-1
do
Irricana
McCune
F.34
Sds.
do.
1-17-1
do
Islay
McCoombe
F.34
Sds.
do. Seed
from white
plant.
1-18-1
do
Ha sting’s
Lake
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
1-19-1
to
1-19-4
do
McLeod
Sander
F.34
Rts.
1-20-1*
to
1-20-7
do
Gars eland
Moorhouse
F.34
Rts.
1-21-1
do
Brooks
S.35
Rts.
Originally from
Red Deer River
Valley, near
Red Deer.
Budded
stock
do
Brooks
Hargrave
Sum.
34.
Buds
Buds from
white Saska¬
toon.
Budded
stock
do
Lake
Saskatoon
Wilson
Sum.
35
Buds
Buds from best
stock in north.
Seedlings
do
Brooks
Hargrave
f.35
Seeds Seed from
parent of
1-10-1
2-1-1
to
2-1-11
P, Melanoearpa
Provost
Farquharson
S„34
Rts.
2-2-1
to
2-2-4
do
Fallis
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
2-3-1
to
do
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
s.34
Rts.
2-3-3
. * f ' : vo- XXX -1 ' :
a: ssui
r ’-o
10 •• jfler-j
. v, ..... . ... ... : .w:v
I-'l'
0
o. ;•
9 » 0 3
©d-JCffw
SOtfJOOvOS
- . 1
efi&r
c : a&c o *3 oil
9 auod'iooh bnsXda'LS C
.
XH ’i‘< S ■' -JO.-:
O A 0 4. ■
Ob
OD
> :
i—
o-t
b~v
■ £*»■' c« r
o j
v- s-x
r~ r
+n<.:0&'
bebbuG
:io o j'e
■ ( a ... a u » ■
;■ i i.x Il-oj-q
' . C o . , .
-0 d'iiS'iOCJ'
ad 8 IX ©ioJ
ns. . • ois.oo
e .-\.w :m ,rb o'i::
jj
l - -
: I.joe r;
• „
od-
XI-X-S
oi-
nobrisna
o
of
r „ "
Tab la III continued
(30
Plant
Number
.Species. . ,
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl.
. Remarks.
2-4-1
P. Melanocarpa
Howie
Hannaford
S.34
Rts.
2-5-1
do
Midnapore Ockley
F.34
Rts.
2-6-1*
do
Brooks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
2-7-1
do
Saskatoon
Patterson
F.34
Rts.
Yellow frui
2-8-1-1
to
2-8-1-10
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-9-1-1
to
2-9-1-9
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-10-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds,
2-11-1-1*
to
2-11-1-10
do
Evansburg Hargrave
f,34
Sds.
2-12-1-1
to
2-12-1-10
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-13-1-1
to
2-13-1-10
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-14-1
do
Galloway
Hargrave
F.34
Sds .
Failed to
germinate.
2-15-1
do
La comb e
Bolten
F.34
Sds.
2-16-1-1
to
2-16-1-2
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-17-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.3*
Sds,
Old orchard
2-18-1-1
to
2-18-1-9
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds »
2-19-1
do
Brooks
Hargrave
F.34
Sds,
Failed to
germinate.
, -vi co . ! i ' • ' '
©QUA;
- V'
- - - . .• .* : r £■ ■: .• .
„
••c J Hob -ax bo' '
"-3TT- -■ ■- * i * -• •- - •" - ' • • *
oxo: ••>nnjsH eiwob
Y i X • ' ' us x
ax*l Is ri'' irbocnb
a o ’.r. i; X •, n c c ti; . I .a £
. 0 Sfl IK
6 V - 0 V’I ; ' n O X-.i 0, , . u< .
- -
0 0
0 0
0 >
■[„
r*. r-Y' -i;
ob
0 OS „ .
e vjrig'tal nobnorubb
e vo-'r/o-o. " .‘i;o/ v «W.
c no o- V.
£ o • notnoiabb
o.o
0 0
£ OJ-I.oC 0 b
no Xo e ,oo:. . o .o
ev- o" /i;o! no no >. ob
&VZ1‘£'iZil xi O -O 'OO :0 ob
o • ■ n,eK no trio iXX o
: >i
0 \
ob
. . . x~.
r-
ob
0 i>I-> I-S
:-s
0 T
e o nr i 8:Iooi<
Table III continued
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl,
„ Remarks.
2-20-1-1
to
2-20-1-5
P. Melanocarpa Maple
Creek
Hillerud
F, 34
Sds ,
2-21-1
do
Tof ield
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
2-22-1
to
2-23-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
2-24-1*
to
2-24-5
do
Dropmore
Skinner
S.35
Rts.
2-25-1*
to
2-25-7
do
McLeod
Sander
F.34
Rts.
3-1-1
to
3-1-5
P. Pennsylvania
Fallis
Hargrave
S.34
Rts.
Specimen col¬
lected .
Flowered June 4.
3-2-1
do
Edraont on
Hargrave
s,34
Rts.
Specimen col¬
lected.
Flowered June 5«
3-3-1
to
3-3-3
do
Brand on
Exp. Stn,
s.34
Rts.
Specimen col¬
lected.
Flowered June 10
3-4-1
to
3-4-5
do
Dropmore
Skinner
s.34
Rts.
3-5-1
to
3-5-3
do
Lacoiabe
Boltsn
s.34
Rts.
3-6-1*
to
3-6-11
do
Brooks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
3-7-1-1
to
3-7-1-5
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
with
From tall plant
black fruit.
uni
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sqv
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• *
'cecfer.rl'
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•
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bine lim
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£~ - . -f
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0 0
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*
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*£f Ai-ir bI
ofiomqo,iI
0.0
o£
X~ .
fooeJoM
o.fe
I~X :■ "S:
o.t
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*
- A C
Vj8'*I
no^noaba.
o 5
X- >V-I
ot
Table III continued
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl.
, Remarks.
3-8-1 -1
to
3-8-1-2
P. Pennsylvanica
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
3-9-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
3-10-1
do
Svansburg Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
3-11-1
do
Edmonton
Tuf f ord
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate.
3-12-1-1*
to
3-12-1-5
do
Lacombe
Bolten
f.34
Sds.
3-13-1-1
do
Hasting’s
Laic e
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
3-14-1-1
to
3-14-1-5
do
Brooks
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
3-15-1
P. Pumila
The Pas
Collected
previously.
A sample of the
r furthest north
Sand Cherry.
4-1-1
to
4-1-3
V.Trilobum
Dropmore
Skinner
S.34
Rts,
Selected
seedlings.
4-2-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
S.34
Rts.
4-3-1
to
4-3-5
do
Lacombe
Bolten
S.34
Rts.
4-4-1
do
Midnapors
Ockley
F.34
Rts.
4-5-1
to
4-5-2
do
St er ill is
Brooks
Grif fin
F.34
Rts.
Snow Bali
4-6-1
V. Trilobum
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Rts.
e ':-;V
. agu'T
— b- -
* b- .-5 • :. o \
...
r- . 1 . ■
Si
be ie
- . • 3 .
•ic.r; lie * •; '
to." . r-' i - x. i> i. . *, v* V ;0- '■■ s «i- * *•- .* ? ;r ts:-r 5 r i
. -
* :!
*
eV.fc'JS'X.aH
ho bit on 6t-. b o J.3
»
' r *, _
o I
c ,v o'
, u
*
-*
e V£"’Igri@ H
no biioiii -.2
0 b
I~?-£
Ovt Lois//?
*
0 b
r~- ■ „
s tfinic no:.
» a b -
-• ,
«©b«oaibbI
o b
rm r ?
.ei jAiX} 'iv
.. *
H© blob
© OHIO OB J
Oh
'I-I-S >
ob
:
*
ev.o*> . ••ixjfi
: r .
fa
oh
.
;■ n
evjri'oi .ail
a :1c oi"
o b
> [— > ‘
ob
r«
■
bob::
* . -
©Hob - .
- • ' ■ .
3.8*1 ©fiT
l
„ r «. f
■: e bo o le 2.
o.jf: i. Jibes a
*
V
nsnilXXS
t.'iO.V', 0 ’1 ;
■
I-X-:-
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c-J—
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,
no trioo'bb.
0 0
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He b loci
e dmo o aa
0D
ob
# •_-> ;
.
U £
0 h
b“---“ •
v/onC
v
ni:l :.b:iO
eiooil
o b
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I~> •••
0 7
O _ „ •
i
ffijj :
C - : .
(33
Table III continued.
Time Type
Plant Gath- of
Number t | n ,_S_p_8^ci83__ , ^ t Ori^i^ mt | Collect or f ered t Matl,| Remarks
4-7-1
V. Trilobum
To field
4-8-1
do
Edmonton
4-9-1
do
Brooks
4-10-1
to
4-15-1
do
-
4-13-1-1
to
4-13-1-5
do
—
5-1-1
to
5-1-9
V. Erad latum
Fall is
5-2-1
do
Midnapore
5-4-1
do
Edmonton
5-5-1
do
Edmonton
5-6-1
do
Lacombe
5-7-1-1
to
5-7-1-6
do
Hasting *s
Lake
6-1-1
to
6-1-4
C, Cornuta
Fall is
6-2-1
to
6-2-7
do
Edmonton
6-3-1
to
6-3-8
Corylus sp.
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
Hargrave
F.34
Gutgs. Dead
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate,
Hargrave
f,34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate
Chipman
f.34
Sds.
Chipman
F.34
Sds,
Hargrave
S.34
Rts,
Ockley
F.34
Rts.
Hargrave
F.34
Sd s «
Failed to
germinate,
Hargrave
F.34
Sds,
Failed to
germinate,
Bolten
F.34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate,
Hargrave
F.34
Sds,
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
S.34
Rts,
.
' r ; t- ? - 1 l r r
^ .*r?. a> ;
. zoo
:: i i- : r ; i -• : > ; -
OO cb .JO,-
• •- . - -
, .r D'U'
*
blei'xo
,
O' •' * ;.b
.
•-
'flod'ito/ii.dci
o b
- - '
*
3?i00lS
■ Ob
_r~ — ...
.6 &i tnxe
r*
0 b
i. -
O'
Oj
.
_j> r_ . „
x ] ,f
. „v
0 f
r„
od*
r~j;~b
Y&lboO
aiobonoi: .
ob
ob i,e I.f: Y
, c '■ . . .
*
1 •' V ■' T 3 •:?
nobnoKbS.
ob
Lr*~'l
0 f beli-Y
- ■■■ •'• •' ■
»
Ov. TOn
IsO o. :• I*
oh
I~b~b.
ob be Lb rj ■
x
*
vv..
xre d'lcH
6
00
*
3 V ' : :
e :1s J
o fc
Ov'
. *
evja'igusH
aHIs^
I~.>b
0 LT
- ■ f-o.-.o ■ . o :>£>
of
ft c • :
■ ' . . ' 1 ■
of
(34
Table III continued.
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered.
Type
of
Matl,
, Remarks.
6-4-1
to
6-4-3
Corylus sp.
Dropmore
Skinner
s.34
Rts.
6-5-1
C. Cornuta
Lacombe
Bolten
S.34
Rts.
6-6-1*
to
6-6-13
C. Americana
Brooks
Griffin
s.35
Rts.
Originally from
Manitoba. Ex¬
ceptional plants
6-7-1-1
to
6- 7-1 -7
C. Cornuta
Winnipeg
Chipman
F.34
Rts.
A sample from a
collects on
gathered over
the west.
6-7-1*
to
6-7-2
C. Americana
Brooks
Griffin
S.35
Sds*
6-8-1*
to
6-8-4
do
Dropmore
Skinner
S.34
Rts.
7-1-1
to
7-1-5
R. Americanum
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Specimen col¬
lected c
Flowered June 8,
1935. Mildew,
7-2-1
to
7-2-2
do
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
S.34
Rts.
Sprawly,
7-3-1
to
7-3-3
do
Howie
Hannaf ord
s.34
Rts.
Strong, Healthy,
Best,
7-4-1
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
s.34
Rts „
Mildew,
7-5-1
Ribes sp.
Ft . Simp¬
son
Robin
S.34
Rts.
7-6-1
R, Americanum
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts,
Specimen col¬
lected.
Flowered June 10
7-7-1
to
7-7-3
R. Hudsonianum
Colint on
Clark
S.34
Rts.
Table III continued
(35.
Time Type
Plant Gath- of
Number 1 | |S pe cie^ imt . . . Origi^ > m | Collect otr . ^r^d t Iife.il ^ |Remarks|
7-9-1
to
7-9-3
R, americanum
Mirror
Rocke
S.34
Rts.
June 6,1935*
7-10-1
to
7-10-4
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
S.34
Ctgs,
. From culti¬
vated plant on
White Avenue.
7-11-1*
to
7-10-4
do
Edmonton
Hargrave
S.34
Rts.
7-12-1
Ribes sp.
Midnapore
Ockley
F.34
Rts.
7-13-1*
to
7-13-8
R. americanum
Brooks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
7-14-1-1
to
7-14-1-9
Ribes sp*
La combe
Bolten
F.34
Sds.
7-15-1-1*
to
7-15-1-10
R. americanum
Edmonton
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
From heavy pro¬
ducing upright
plants.
7-16-1*
do
Dropmore
Skinner
3.35
Rts.
7-17-1*
to
7-17-3
7-18-1
7-18-2
R* f actidium
R. americanum
do
Dropmore
Edmonton
Edmonton
Skinner
Har court
Hareouri
5.35
Rts.
Two plants pre¬
viously in
orchard. Of good
quality.
7-19-1
R. sp*
Cypress
Hills
Bolten
f.35
Sds.
R. sp.
Coutts
Rocke
f. 35
Ctgs. Exceptionally
well flavored
fruit of large
size.
8-1-1
to
Ribes
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Specimen col¬
lected.
8-1-3 Flowered May
28. Seems self
sterile.
Table III continued
Plant
Number
Species
Oriein
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
, Remark s .
8-2-1
to
8-2-2
Ribes
Lacorabe
Bolten
S.34
Rts.
8-3-1
Ribes
Midnapore Ockley
F.34
Rts.
8-4-1
Ribes
La combe
Bolt en
F. 34
Sds.
Failed to
germinate
8-5-1*
to
8-5-4
R. americanum
Dropraore
Skinner
s.35
Rts.
8-6-1*
do
McLeod
Sandon
F.34
Rts.
9-1-1
Sombus sp.
Obed
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
9-2-1
do
Brooks
Hargrave
f.34
Sds.
10-1-1
to
10-1-8
Rubus sp.
Carrot
Creek
Hargrave
f.34
Rts.
10-2-1
to
10-2-3
do
Fallia
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
10-3-1
to
10-3-2
do
Morrin
Rocke
s.34
Rts.
10-4-1
to
10-4-4
do
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
10-5-1
to
10-5-3
do
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
s.34
Rts.
10-6-1
to
10-6-2
do
Howie
Hannaford
s.34
Rts.
10-7-1
do
Fort
Simpson
Robin
s.34
Rts.
10-8-1
do
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
to
«
0 2
r„; •
"t o '
0;-
o>f
“ .
0 .t
Table III continued
(37.
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl
. Remarks.
10-9-1
Rubus sp.
Midnapore Ockley
F.34
Rts.
10-10-1-1
to
10-10-1-5
do
Lacombe
Bolton
f.34
Sds.
10-11-1-1 do
to
10-11-1-10
Svansburg Hargrave
f.34
Sds.
10-12-1
do
Harcourt
F.34
Sds.
lo-13-l*
to
10-13-7
do
Dropmore
Skinner
s.35
Rts.
13-1-1
to
13-1-3
R. pubescens
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
Dead
13-2-1*
to
13-2-11
do
Brooks
Griffin
s»34
Rts.
14-1-1
Limnabotrya
Lacustra
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
Flowered June 6.
Spec, collected.
14-1-2
do
Lac omb e
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
Flowered June 1.
Spec, collected.
14-2-1 Grossularia
oxycont holds
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
Flowered June 2.
Spec, collected.
14-2-2
do
Lacombe
Bolten
s.34
Rts.
Spec, collected.
14-3-1
do
Fort
Simpson
Robin
s.34
Rts.
Fruit set June 1
*
14-4-1
to
14-4-3
do
Sdmonton
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Spec, collected.
14-5-1
do
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Spec, collected.
Flowered June l/
14-5-2
do
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
Spec, collected.
14-5-3
do
Big Lake
Hargrave
s.34
Rts.
o ar-.u'.
,r S.
1 an/il-
-t u-j.i moo li i
— ■ ;• “•
b * b • bores -,c v .rib:
r • : ; i ; . : es i - r - e ; ; r i- *-• *• •• .* r -■
VC e’toq BftOl:.
■i& $ I o a 8 dmo OjTv-
E
-
0 &
r~.r~f - r
.
i
■ r c ' . f : .
.. e - ; > o .
* 3 '
nil ii'sO aiiootE
n s 1 1 o 8 e dmo s •. ■
nai'Io ft c t
no i'lo b ebyocsu
no o bob ©cfoo o •• I
'iidG/b d'lot
no'i :..b: -
m*K ao diio-.abE
09
.enemnso’
b . ■■
0
0“b>b.
0
ob-
r» f
air 'O-ia H a £«d ' i
. •_ - b . . i
6 V B n '£ .91 1 0 :l ml 55 i S
(38
Table III continued.
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Tima
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl,
, Remarks.
14-6-1
to
14-6-3
Grossularia
oxyconthoids
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
S.34
Rts.
specimen
collected.
14-6-4
L. lacustra
Brandon
Exp. Stn.
s.34
Rts.
specimen
collected.
14-7-1
Grossularia
oxyconthoids
Howie
Hannaf ord
s.34
Rts.
Specimen
collected.
14-8-1
to
14-8-3
Grossularia sp.
Morrin
Rocks
3.34
Rts.
Specimen
collected*
14-10-1*
do
Banff
Copemen
S.34
Rts.
14-11-1
to
14-12-1
do
Mid nap o re
Ockley
F. 34
Rts.
14-13-1*
to
14-13-3
G, oxyconthoids
Brooks
Grif fin
F.34
Rts.
14-14-1
Grossularia sp.
Obed
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
14-15-1
do
Brooks
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
14-16-1*
to
14-16-2
G. oxyconthoids
Dropraore
Skinner
s.35
Rts.
June 6th.
14-17-1*
Grossularia sp.
McLeod
Sanden
F.34
Rts.
14-18-1*
to
14-18-13
Go oxyconthoids
Gars el and
Moorehouse
F.34
Rts.
Plants 3 and 12
are L. lacustra
15-1-1
to
15-1-2
Vitis sp*
Dropmore
Skinner
s.35
Rts.
15~2*-1
do
Brocks
Griffin
f.35
Ctgs,
, Decayed.
15-3-1-1
V. vulpine
Brooks
Hargrave
f.35
Sds.
to
15-3-1-7
©qv;'-,s iMWF'i
-
. ' - i
- - ■ ■
.. vO'ic^ ::
}© uO©I £oo
sjk
* •
* ■-•
■
♦
i r ? v t r • •• r " ; • ■ « s. : - “ s- - " ' ^ -
no ^ aaa •• j
, . i ;. a k i: o d X a o c a a o
if nuts*
[SOiXi^ld
a i:\voH
a .
it j
a '• J:od raoovxo
X- -
ot
- -
o r
■
y i If
fl£3!930 0
i 1«bS
o b
- 1-
;
S'X oa;.«n bX- a
o a
>
ot
.■:-x
^ XV); aa
aXoo'i .:
: . : air ; aaaao « Q
J>.y
o X
• •
:
■ &©cfO
»aa .-a;: a .Xaa :aa
' _ a. .
ayoo'iu
OG
i ■
..a; O' O'i .
y. . *
i« > x
* „ - * X ■ X- , .> -
,3 « 1 - . » '• -
0 t
;r \ f
. . V. * . e\.o vn * . ' ' 1 I- - ... ‘
oi
rirjt.stl alootH
:XCTlM7
V
Table III continued
Plant
Number
Species
Origin
Collector
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Matl.
Remarks.
15-4-1-1
Mahonia aquifolia Winder-
mere
Hargrav e
f.35
Sds.
15-5-1*
to
15-5-3
Vitis sp •
Brooks
Griffin
S.35
Rts.
16-1-1
Vitis Idaea
punctata
Fall is
Hargrave
S.34
Plant
clump.
16-2-1
do
R.M. House Bf eigen
s.34
Pits.
16-3-1
do
Slave Lake Robert¬
son.
s.34
Rts.
16-4-1
do
MacKay
Hargrave
F.34
Sds,
16-5-1
Oxyccccus
palustice
Clyde
Hargrave
S.34
Sds.
16-6-1
0. macrocarpus Clyde
Hargrave
S.34
Sds »
16-7-1
Vitis Idaea
punctata
Clyde
Hargrave
S.34
Sds.
16-8-1
0. macrocarpus Clyde
Hargrave
S.34
Sds.
17-1-1
to
17-1-6
Gaylussacia
or
Vaccinum sp.
sp. Blue
River
Noble
S.34
Pits.
17-2-1
to
17-2-4
Gaylussacia
sp. Slave
Lake
Robertson
s.34
Pits,
17-3-1
to
17-3-3
do
R.M. House
Blefgen
S.34
Pits.
Dead.
17-4-1
do
Blue
River
Orchard
F.34
Sds.
Not planted
18-1-1
Cyanoeoccus
sp. Rocky
!ft n.
House
Blefgen
S.34
Pits.
19-1-1
Fragaria
Laccmbe
Bolten
s.35
Pits.
19-2-1
do
Lac cmb e
Bolten
s.35
Pits.
0
■-
0
O:
Table III continued
Plant
Number
Soecies
Origin
- Collector _ _
Time
Gath¬
ered
Type
of
Mat!
. Remarks.
19-3-1
Fragaria
La combe
Bolten
s.35
Pits,
i
20-1-1
tc
20-1-6
Shepherdia
Argent ia
North
Battle-
ford
Sevick
F.34
Rts.
20-1-1-1
to
20-1-1-3
do
do
Sevick
F.34
Sds .
Yellow
20 - 2 -
20 - 2 -
1
5
do
Brooks
Griffin
F.34
Rts.
20-3-1-1
20-3-1-6
do
Brooke
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
20-4-1
do
Brooks
Hargrave
F. 34
Sds ,
Label 24 should
be 20-4.
20-6-1-1
20-6-1-5
S. canadensis
Banff
Hargrave
F.34
Sds.
20-5-1
do
Tapen
B.C.
Partridge
F.34
Sds.
Label 25 should
be 20-5
20-7-1-1
20-7-1A-10
S. argent ia
Vegre-
ville
Salomandick
F.34
Sds.
20-8-1*
20-8-3
do
Brooks
Griffin
s.35
Rts.
20-9-1*
20-9-4
do
McLeod
Sanden
F.34
Rts.
20-10-1
do
Carse-
land
Moorhou.se
F.34
Rts.
25-1-1
25-1-5
do
20-7-1-1
to
do
Vegre-
ville
Salomandick
F.34
Sds •
20-7-1-10
* Cytological material
i. Or
VSiiiJ. - "
-r; hnO
• d-n.s .01
?u
. s
,, .
- -
m ~s loii
., yooz m
■ ~ • •
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-*
fcjtV&Z
diS •:• >1
- t
oiii'x-bqodb:
••• >' ;
ot
In o\
-
■ " ."...■
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.{ v r\r&p
_ _ _
00'
■ „
p -
(
nn\l:nO
'rA-o r(a
0 b
I - ?; - c-iv
+
ova'tpxeH
a ioo'jfl
c- -
. -
*
*
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(41
Characteristics *
Corylus • -
^Uhe northern parts and scattered southern parts of the
prairie provinces have distributed over them, from east to
west, one or other of the two forms of hazel nut* The species
are Corylus cornuta, the beaked hazel nut, and G_* americana ,
the lipped hazel nut. Chipman (10) said of the native hazel
nuts :
“Growing all over our western provinces we have a
valuable, but quite undeveloped, horticultural plant in our
native haze3. nuts. They grow wild in various places all the
way from the northerly limit of our agricultural settlement.
Many families gather them in the autumn and have a pleasant
pastime cracking hazel nuts for their tasty kernels during
the long wintery evenings. They ape also used for cake,
icing, candy, nut bread and other confections. Yet despite
their great possibilities of development I cannot find that
any one has ever cultivated them or that any selective breed-*
ing work has ever been done with them. We therefore have a
pioneer field in which to work*11
C . cornuta is the most widespread and shows the great -
e s t variation. It is found as a small shrub 1 or 2 feet
to 15 or 20 feet in height. Where it has a fair opportunity,
without too much competition, the bushes are prolific bearers
and vigorous growers. The nut of this type is covered with
a husk that extends to form a beak. The husk is covered with
, e l i s
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(42
fine, sharp bristles that make harvesting unpleasant,
C, americana, the lipped hazel nut, never becomes
more than a small shrub and is confiend to Manitoba, eastern
Saskatchewan, and the Cypress Hills, It is hardy where grown
in other parts of the prair5.es and lends itself well to culti¬
vation and ornamental planting. The leaves of this species
are brightly colored in the fall of the year whereas those of
C, comuta turn to a golden yellow. The nut when ripe is
exposed at the end, and the lip-like edges of the husk curl
back. This makes the nut easier to remove, C » americana
starts bearing younger than G, comuta,
Both species are self-sterilG , sucker freely, and are
attacked by the nut weevil. They can be propagated by suckers,
from hard wood cuttings that have been stored over 'winter and
rooted in a propagating bench with gentle bottom heat in the
spring, or by budding and grafting.
In selection work with the hazel nut, care should, be
taken to save the late blooming types and types with catkins
which are resistant to frost,
Amelanchier • -
This is commonly known in the west as Saskatoon, Else¬
where it is known as Shadbush, June berry, Sha&blow, and
Servieeberry, There are about 25 species of Amelanchier, most
of which grow in North America, Of these, five have been
reported on the prairie and are edible,
A, alnifolia is the most widely represented. Under
natural conditions and varying habitats it ranges from a small
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(43
shrub 3^- to 4 feet higji to a tree 20 feet high. It is on© of
the few fruits that ranges from the northern to the southern
limits of the prairies* It is even found in the coulees of
the driest regions. In the aspen community ^ Amelanchier forms
sfroicim
the middle strata, and here it attains its greatest height*
The racemes of white flowers are amongst the first to appear*
Pull bloom occurred at Edmonton on May 26 in. 1935, which is a
little later than usual due to the season. Earliness of bloom
makes it subject to frost damage; otherwise, it is a consistent
fruiter, and not siibject to periodic production* The fruit of
different plants varies widely in quality, size, sweetness, and
juice content* It resembles the Huckleberry in shape but lacks
the tartness of flavour* When fully rip© the fruit is deep
purple* There are exceptions to this as red and white fruit
are found* These lighter colors are found occasionally in
large clumps and likely have arisen by natural hybridization,
or by mutation* The white -berried form is high in pectin and
of sweeter flavor than the dark berried*
The most promising type so far collected is from Saska¬
toon lake in the Peace River district* The fruit of the plants
in this collection is superior both in size and quality* This
higher quality seems to be inherent rather than environmental, ,
Under ccjlnv&hon , the QuahtY <of frcx\\ from the? Lck<2 SasK^toon pitot's
a-g under cultivation the yield and -quality is -imDroved-*
continues, robe superior ro rhea of plenfs from other sources.
The collection from Bropmore is from stock selected and
re -selected by P* L* Skinner who is a very keen observer and
ex per ie nc e d nur s e ryman «
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Under cultivated conditions, the Saskatoon is best
grown in hedge row or clump and it makes an attractive
ornamental planting* The plants are not particularly sen¬
sitive as to soil requirements* Under natural conditions
they are found on both sour and sweet soils, and in partial
shade or exposed to the sun* Material transplanted from the
wild requires priming to the ground level* In fact, the best
success in transplanting is obtained by the use of roots alone*
Suckers may also be transplanted successfully if severely
pruned* Nursery stock, grown from seed, is successfully
transplanted without this severe pruning* Selected material
can be successfully budded on other Saskatoon stock where it
makes a good union and vigorous growth* The length of life of
a budded stock has not been tested* Pruning of the old wood
keeps down disease and increases productiveness* The wood
sometimes is attacked by a fungus disease which causes witches
brooms. The foliage is susceptible to a bacterial blight.
The fruit is widely used in the fresh state, in preserves, as
a beverage, and dried*
Grossularia *-
“Among the bush fruits the Gooseberry offers great pos¬
sibilities for the fruit breeder* The English type goose¬
berry is superior in size and quality but is not hardy and the
American type is only half-hardy in most regions. At least
six species occur in the prairies. G* mis sour lens is (Nutt)
Cov* and Britt*, although not reported as occurring on the
prairies of Canada, is common in Alberta south of a line
from Coutts to the Cypress Hills* The other five species.
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(45
?; occur m some pm*U of 'rhe Pro\rie Provmces .
(Table II) , are widas p re ado ve r the q n t ir o wo 3 They com¬
monly form the under-bush on hillsides, riverbottoms, and
poplar bluffs. There is a wide variation as to 3pines, habit
of growth, and flavour of fruit. The majority are very thorny.
in color
The fruit is acid to taste, black to yellov/. smooth, and low
in yield. The plant collected by W. S. Watson at Colinton is
possibly the exception in this regard. It Is completely spine¬
less, the fruit is sweet when ripe, and the plant is a vigorous
grower# The one objection is that it tends to be prostrate in
habit. This specimen has come from a moist, cool habitat#
The most promising material seen during my experience
is that commonly found northeast of Medicine Hat at a place
called Bull Springs and in scattered sheltered locations from
there to Maple Creek.
Some characteristics of the various prairie gooseberries
( in eluding Limnobotrya) are as follows:
mlssouriensis (Nutt) Cov. and Britt.
Strong upright grower, with few strong
spines. The fruit varies in color from
gold to dark purple and is well flavoured#
2. G. oxycanthoides (L) Mill. Low in yield.
Under natural c ondit ions , fruit small,
tasteless, black when ripe, and smooth.
Bush medium size 9 fairly compact, and very
bristly.
5. G. cynosbati ( L) Mill# Fruit tasteless,
re &d ish’^blacV , rounded and elliptical,
pubescent or prickly. Bush large with weak
spreading branches. The wood is usually
slightly bristled with thin spines at the
nodes .
4. G. setosa (Lindl) Cov. and Britt. Very
s fmTTar To G. oxycanthoides but not quite
so bristly.
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(46.
5. G« inermis (Rydb.) Cov. and Britt. The
spine's "at the nodes are few and the inter¬
nodes are not bristly. The fruit has a
glabrous skin.
6. Gr* hirtella (Michx) Spach. Somewhat similar
to &. oxycantholdes .
7. Limnobotrya lacustris (Pers) Rydb. This
s pe cTe s , although" natura 1 ly found in very
damp, even wet, locations, grows well under
cultivation. Both stems and fruit are densely
bristly.
Ribe s . -
The currants are most abundant in the Parkland area.
To the south and north of it they are found in scattered
locations in river bottoms, in coulees, or where deciduous
trees mingle with the conifers. Of the wild species, R.
americanum Mill and ChrysobQtrya aurea ( Pursh) Rydb. are of
greatest interest. The fruit of the former is highly variable
in quality, high yielding, larger than average, sweet and
black. The greatest drawback is their uneven habit of ripen¬
ing. The bush is a strong grower, high and compact, but
sus ce pt ible to mi Idew .
C . aurea is the tallest growing of our native currants
and is found in the dry regions to the south* It is hardy and
does exceptionally well under cultivation on the moist rich
soil farther north. The fruit is variable in size and is
larger than that of the commercial varieties but is very low
in yield. The flavor and quality of the black (or yellow)
fruits is superior in quality to that of the cultivated var¬
ieties and they seem to be resistant to the currant maggot.
Among Ribes petiolare, R. laxlflorum, R. hud.sonianum.
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R. glandulosm and R ♦ triste, the latter is the most important.,
This species is a trailer, is foimd in very moist locations
and is resistant to mildew. The fruit is red, has a pleasant
flavor, and is mild, sweet, and early.
The strongest and best fruited plants so far in the
collection are those specimens of R . amerleanum Mill, from
Howie, Alberta. The plants are upright growers and seem to
be free from mildew.
Fra gar ia . -
The strawberry, represented, by a number of species, is
common in the wooded areas of the prairies and the foothills.
Various forms are found in the shaded, woods and open grassy
meadows. The fruit is highly flavored. The plants make many
runners and are completely hardy, even with no snow covering*
Of the forms represented, F* americana, (Porter) Britt, and
F. glaunca (S.Watt) Rydb. are the most interesting, especially
the latter. F . glatmca is either closely related to or a
form of, F. chiloensis Duchesne which is one of the parents
of cultivated varieties.
The three groups in the collection show their marked
difference in growth characters under cultivation. Here they
will be much easier to identify than under natural conditions
where environmental factors are involved*
Rubus.-
This cgenus is divided into three classes (a) the
raspberry, (b) the dewberry, (c) the group into which fall
R. articus L. and R. chaemaemorus L.
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(48
The problem of Identification and classification with¬
in the first group of species is as complicated here as in the
eastern states® Rubus me lan o la s in. s Focke is the most widely
distributed. Species escaped from cultivation and hybrids be¬
tween them and wi3.d. species are common along highways and rail¬
road beds. Forms are found from the prairie community to the
rocky shores of Great Bear Lake on the Arctic Circ3-e. They
thrive equally well under both conditions » The flavor and hardi¬
ness exhibited make them of great value, although they seldom
grow more than 3^- to 4 feet tall. The canes ape densely bristly.
The plants collected from Fort Simpson are remarkably vigorous,
although they seem to have a dwarfed habit.
The dewberry is represented by R. pubescens Raf 3 This
is widely spread in the moist woods, is a strong grower under
c\iltivation, and is hardy, but is a poor bearer. Another
species is reported from Manitoba, with a heavier type of wood
and berries born singly.
R. articus L. and R. chaemaemorus L. are common in the
muskegs. The latter extends beyond the line of tree growth in
the north where the fruit is widely used.
Sorhus • -
It is not represented in the collection but is commonly
found in the foothills and Slave Lake regions.
Crataegus
" Crataegus occurs in scattered clumps throughout the
wooded areas.
Primus . -
The stone fruits comprise an important grotip on the
prairies. Cherries and plums are represented. The former are
most widespread from east to west and south to the far north.
^ .-;cd:X -odd a -a ada J a oh ' X X:d -■ '-.c a^Ido-a* e odd
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(49.
Pmnus nigra and P, amerioana are confined in the wild
to Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan . These two species
are now widely cultivated throughout the west* They are fre¬
quently found at the fords of rivers in an apparently natural
state, in groves which are possibly the result of pits dis¬
carded by early settlers and traders. Selected varieties in
cultivation vary widely in color, size, and flavor of fruit »
With protection from the wind, they are completely hardy over
the entire west and endure extremely low temperatures without
damage. The short growing season which prevents ripening of
the fruit, is a more significant winter factor than is win. ter
cold. Buchanan (9), in. tracing the history of plum improve¬
ment, pointed out that most of the improved varieties had
originated from plums grown in Minnesota and Iowa. If breed¬
ing and selection work was conducted with selections from the
farthest north points of their occurrence the season required
for maturing should be reduced.
Primus pumila L. and P. Besseyi Bailey are confined to
the same ranges as the plums . A specimen of P. Besseyi has
been obtained from The Pas district of Manitoba. During my
inquiries or personal experiences I have not found it in the
wild state in aiy part of Alberta. It has been reported in
northern Alberta. However, these species are widely cultivated
and selected varieties and hybrids between it and the plum
(the sandcherry hybrids) are becoming increasingly popular®
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(5o.
Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nels) Rydb* is a shrub or a
small tree that reaches 20 to 30 feet in height and 4 to 5
inches through the trunk* Like Amelancbier it is of wide¬
spread occtirrence, being found over practically the same
range* The fruit is borne in racemes and is usu.ally black, but
red and yellow fruited forms are present in the collection*
The cherries are well known for their exceedingly astringent
taste from which the species possibly derives its name* This
puckery flavor disappears as the season advances or if the
fruit is slightly frosted*
W. J* Roughen of Valley River, Manitoba, found a native
chokecherry with little, if any astringency* This variety has
been called nBoughen*s Chokeless Chokecherry”*
The habit of bearing the fruit in a raceme is variable •
Frequently the raceme is broken up into a number of small
racemes which hang in a cluster from the tree* This was very
marked in the tree from which collection number 2-23-1 was
gathered*
Under cultivation, it tends to sucker, but this is not
any more marked than with the Manitoba plum. Grafting or
budding on P* maackii or P* grayana overcomes this disadvantage.
Prunus penns ylvanica L. is a small tree which grows
15 feet tall in Alberta, with a maximum trunk diameter of 3 to
5 inches* It is most common in the parkland area, is very
seldom found in the prairie, hut ex tends north to the limits
Corymbs
of timber* The fruit is borne on short racemes and blooms
after the choke cherry* The cherry is dark red, thin skinned,
and varies in acidity and size . Most of the trees do not set
fruit well. Yeager and Berrigon (84) of South Dakota stated
• o ■■ /tv ' m<\ . { o£ e . , ) o • o-xo o ' OL r • 'r r.; : -".rl
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(51.
that selected strains are heavy bearers©
In discussing the improvement of the pincherry Chip-
man (12) made the following statement:
“in response to my request in the August isstie for the
largest pincherries, I received quite a number of packages
from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The largest one
calipered an even one -half inch, the largest pincherry I ever
saw, and came from 27 miles north of Brandon# The next largest
was between the Lakes in Manitoba and calipered seven -sixteen¬
ths of an inch in diameter. Three others were notable for their
extremely dark red flesh* All five of these had very firm
flesh and retained their firmness for a considerable time*
The very largest one was marked by an extremely small pit and
all five were exceptionally mild and in flavor*
,fI am of the opinion that we have been missing a bet in
not improving the pincherry by selective breeding to develop
large firm hardy cherries for jelly, jam, canning, pies and
dessert. We have improved our wi3,d plum and our wild sand-
cherry to a truly amazing degree by the simple method of grow¬
ing more seedlings, picking out the best and growing more
seedlings, I am sure we can do likewise with pincherries *u
Vitis .-
The wild river -bank grape, V* vulpina L., is found in
southern Manitoba. It is a vigorous vine when cultivated,
does well wherever transplanted on the prairies, but needs
careful protection* Mahonia aquifolium Nutt, the Oregon
grape, is found in the southwe stern corner of Alberta* Its main
value is for ornamental plantings, hut the fruit, which is a
small blueberry, is edible and good for wine*
' / • * 2 [X ■
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(52
Shepherdia . -
GT" 'the two forms, S« canadensis ( L) Nutt, and S .
ar gen tea Nutt, the fruit of the latter is the most widely-
used, either wild or cultivated*
S. canadensis is found in the deciduous and conifer¬
ous forest areas* It fonns a part of the lower shrub layer*
The fruit varies in flavor but is usually insipid* That of
the plants found growing in the sphagnum swamps is tart and
is frequently used in the preparation of a relish* These
latter plants tend to dwarfness in habit*
S* argentea, the Buffaloberry or Bullberry, is a
dioecious shrub with silvery grey foliage* It grows about
10 feet tall. The branches are thorny making the fruit,
which is bom on female plants, hard to gather* The fruit is
small -seeded, is borne on large clusters, and varies from
golden yellow to deep red when ripe* It is found most abund¬
antly in the prairie community and occasionally penetrates into
the parkland* This shrub is possibly the hardiest and most
drought resistant of our wild fruits* It is one of the first
to bloom* The fru.it is ripe in July* When dried the fruit
resembles currants in appearance and flavor*
The collection has two groups of particular Interest,
although the plants have not yet reached maturity* On© from
North Battle ford has exceptionally large fruits, the other
from Salomandick of Vegrevil3-e is the result of several years
of selection*
Vacciniaceae
The cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry are included
in the family Vacciniaceae * There are four species of cran¬
berry on the prairies. Three of these, Oxycoccus macrocarpus
- * ■; ;o; od<
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(53
(Ait) Pers., 0, miorocarpua Furez, and 0« palustrls Pers
grow on the sphagnum muskegs common throughout the northern
parts of the prairie provinces. 0. macrocarpus is the species
offered for sale on the markets and cultivated in the east.
It has the larger, sounder berries, borne on bigger plants; it
is hard to distinguish between 0, macrocarpus and 0 . microcar pus .
The berr5.es of 0. microcar pus and 0. pa Ins tr is are soft; and would
not lend themselves to packing. No attempt has been made at
cultivation in the northern districts and the wild product is
seldom seen on the market.
The fourth species, Vitis -Idaea punctata Moench, the
mountain cranberry, has entered into commercial horticulture •
In the fall of the year it finds a ready market and is gathered
in large quant it ies in the northern districts • The plants form
the ground cover, under open spruce and pine f oldest as well as
in the open moss covered glades « The foliage is evergreen and
the berries remain edible throughout the winter and into the
following spring. If carefully moved they have been found to
thrive under cultivation on the Edmonton soils.
The blueberr5.es and huckleberries ape widely represented
in the northern districts of the praii?ie provinces and the
foothilD.s of the rookies. The species vary in height from 2
inches to 1§ feet. Where the people have made a habit of
picking them for sale they frequently burn the large natural
patches, but they are not cultivated commercially. The fruit
is common on the markets in the fall and that of the huckleberry
demands a premium. These fruits are possibly the most widely
V "vo * e • - - ■. ’■ . , , . . ( : . )
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(54
commercialized type of wild fruit and as the natural sands dis¬
appear some attempt will be made to improve and cultivate them.
If young plants are moved from the wild, early in the growing
season, they will grow and fruit on the black soils.
Sambucus • -
The native elderberry is the least recognized of all
the shrubs. Forestry men report it as occurring in a wide
range through the forest reserves. The specimens in the col¬
lection were gathered at Obed at an elevation of 3,560 feet
on timber slashing# The parent specimen was hardy and had
reached a height of 10 to 12 feet, where the moose had not
browsed it down (as they often do with this and Sorbus) . The
berries found were a reddish purple in color and were borne in
large clusters. The foliage is not finely cut®
Viburnum «-
-V. trllobum, the Pembina Berry or High -bush cranberry,
is much more freq\iently eaten than V# e rad latum, the Sqimsh
Berry. The latter occurs more commonly throughout the woods
and river bottoms, but is not a heavy bearer and does not re¬
spond to cultivation. Three to four feet is the maximum height
attained and there is only one single upright shoot in the
majority of cases.
The Pembina Berry is a shrub, 12 to 15 feet tall. Under
cultivation, it will grow in direct sun or shade, thriving
under both but in the wild it is found in shady moist places in
lake and river valleys. There is wide variation in the shape
and size of the fruit and of the clusters# It is one of the
last fruiting shrubs to bloom, hence it is seldom damaged by
late spring frosts and bears crops consistently# The fruit is
g ' -V r :'i 'x'x C ii'-- o •- V,v
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(55
is ready for use as soon as it starts to color, when its
pectin content is the highest. However, the clusters hang on
the tree all winter and the fruit is fit for use at any time •
The one objection to this fruit is the peculiar odor during
cooking® This, however, is not usually carried over in the
preserved form*
Lonicera villosa or Xylosteon villosa are the edible
honeysuckles of northern Manitoba, This handsome ornamental
shrub grows to about 5 feet in height® The fruit is oval,
bluish black in color and pleasantly edible «
W. R, Leslie, in a weekly news letter late in 1935,
Experimental Farm Morden Manitoba, commented on Lonicera vil¬
losa as follows:
’‘Local experience is that this northern Manitoba
honeysuckle is more pleasing as desert and as a canned fruit than
the Asiatic species known as the Edible Honeysuckle* Should
the native not thrive here on its own roots, the Chinese proto¬
types may furnish satisfactory rootstock for it* The Sweet-
berry Honeysuckle is usually not over 2 or 3 feet high, with
branches and buds pointing upwards, and branchiate and leaves
densely covered with fine hairs® The b&rk is yellowish brown
and flaky. The edible fruit is blue, suggesting a gooseberry
in shape, and although a large specimen may be nearly a half
inch in length, many of the berries will be l/4 to l/3 inch
long® Flavour resembles a moderately tart blueberry *"
' • „ X O • , !K'’: , : X. • ' : 3 2 : $3
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(56
Summary.
An effort has been made to collect the various
wild fruits on the prairie provinces and describe certain
of their characteristics » The field explored has re¬
ceived little attention in the past in systematic fruit
breeding projects*
During the year and a half since the work was
started the collection has reached appreciable proport¬
ions. Its value should increase with time for future
classification, breeding, and genetic studies. At the
present time, certain of the collections seem to be par¬
ticularly useful. Among these should be noted; (a) the
plants of' Corylus americanum from Griffin and Skinner,
and the seedlings of 0 a cornnta from the seed collection
made by Chipman of the Country Guide; (b) in Amelanchier,
the budded stock from Wilson, which came originally from
Lake Saskatoon, the seedlints from Skinner, and the
plants in the collection 1-10-1 to 1-10-6 from Griffin;
(c) the gooseberry specimen from Watson; ( d) the currant
cuttings from Coutts, which are from exceptionally vigorous,
drought resistant plants with high quality fruit ranging
in color from yellow to purple; (e) the raspberry from
Port Simpson; ( f ) in Primus , the collections 3-1-1 to
3-1-5 were propagated from remarkably large trees; (g)
the specimens in Shepherdia which have been mentioned and
refer to 20-1-1 to 20-1-6, and 20-7-1-1 to 20-7-1-10
• ...n v -w..:.-.. . too ns/: on: oil 8 /no
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(57
Some Idea of the distribution has been obtained and
presented, and a further realization of the wide adaptability
in the native genera has been made clear. Whether the inter¬
mediate and exceptional types are due to environment, natural
hybridization, selection within the species, or mutation is a
matter of conjecture. That they occur is a significant feature*
With reasonable skill, the fruits can be cultivated, and with
the exception of the vaoclneaceae , have responded vigorously
to the treatment given them*
If the native fruits contribute nothing but hardiness,
a conservative assumption, this one good point is of great
value* The value of hardiness to horticulture in the prairie
provinces and its possibilities in organized breeding projects
have been realized, in the apple* The Siberian crab (Malus
baccata) has contributed only the one valuable character of
hardiness, but this has become associated with larger size of
fruit, higher quality, and a number of other characters. It
does not seem too much to a s sume that results comparable to
those in the apple can be accomplished with the wild fruits of
the prairie provinces*
1 0.o i: dbaa
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(58
PART IT
SEED GERMINATION.
Introduction.
A recent publication (72) from the Department of
Horticulture, University of Alberta^ with the present writer
as a junior author, discusses the propagation of trees and
shrubs from seed and was prepared in the course of this in¬
vestigation# That publication may be referred to for certain
details on the subject which it seems unnecessary to review
here .
Due to the ease of securing the material and the
lower transportation charges, a large number of the collect¬
ions, as mentioned previously, were comprised of seeds#
Many of the collections were small and necessitated careful
handling to obtain good germination#
Little information was available on germination of
many of the species collected when the study was begun#
With the preliminary methods used, seed of some of the col¬
lections did not germinate# The requirements of practically
all of the wild fruits have now been worked out reasonably
we 11
r;to
if
(3V)
(59
Literature Review
Crocker (12) maintained that dormancy in seeds is
associated with factors such as follows: (a) inhibition due
to one or more of the processes which accompany germination,
such as growth of the embryo or physical character of the seed
coat; (b) seed coat failing to enter into both primary and
secondary dormancy; (c) after-ripening processes which involve
growth of a rudimentary embryo, fundamental chemical changes
in a mature embryo, or chemical changes in the seed coat;
(d) a relationship between embryo, dormancy, and seed coat#
Eckerson (30) examined Crataegus seed each week dur¬
ing after -ripening at 5°c * She noted the following: (a)
higher water-holding capacity and increase in acidity at an
early stage; (b) increase in catalase and peroxidase activity;
(c) replacement by sugar of the food stored as fat and oils,
toward the end of the after -ripening period#
Sherman (71) corroborated the work of Eckerson in
relation to catalase activity, as did Davis (21) with Comus
florida and Sambucus cana den s is #
Pack (59) in experiments on after -ripening of
Juniper seed found that the phosphatides increased, whereas
the lipoids decreased. There was also an increase in acids
and sugars •
Flemion (31) found the same l^ees bion in S # auouparia
as did Eckerson (30) in Gratae gns » and also that emu Is in
or )
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(60
and amylase remained unchanged® Both the seed coat and the
dormancy of the emhryo were inhibiting factors in S« aucu-
paria .
Crocker and Barton (17), Davis and Rose (24), Flemion
and Giersback (31, 32), and Crocker (17), found that in most
seeds in Rosaceae the germination is retarded by the seed coat
and by doimancy of the embryo® These inhibiting factors can
be overcome in Prunus and Ma laces e , Sorbus (31), Tilia. (4),
Cotoneaster (38) , Pinus (5) , and Be tula (81), by after -ripening
at temperatures slightly above the freezing point*
Crocker (16) pointed out that stratification refers
to the old, method of placing seeds and sand in successive
layers and exposing them to cold or freezing conditions *
The present method is to place the seeds in a suitable medium
and hold them at a certain definite temperature* He further
stated that the function of the medium is to give an optimum
of moisture and air to the seeds while being held at the des¬
ired temperature* Sand, peat, or soil fulfill the requirements
if they are free from injurious substances* In general,
peat is best, as it holds a large percentage of water and still
supplies good aeration®
Crocker (15) stated that all work, up to that time,
established that rosaceous seeds did not require freezing to
complete the dormancy period. Freezing will not bring about
after -ripening.
Davis (23) found that oxygen was necessary for the
after -ripening of Ambrosia seeds.
.
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(61
Flemion (33) wag able to obtain seedlings of peach*
apple and hawthorn by removing the embryos and placing them
under germinating conditions without after-ripening* These
seedlings made very little growth for several months then they
began to grow normally.
De liber (26) found that ethylene chlorhydrin and
thiourea hastened germination of Norway maple* black oak* and
red oak seed* Flemion (31) was unable to get any beneficial
effect from these chemicals or many others in attempts to
hasten the germination of Sorbus auouparia seed* She noted
that seeds of Sorbus have a stronger dormancy than the seeds
used by Deuber*
Crocker (14) described a secondary dormancy in seeds.
Seeds that had been partially or completely after-ripened,* if
exposed to a high temperature* reverted back to their original
doi*nant condition and required a second period of low temper¬
ature treatment*
Crocker and Barton (17) found that Amelanchier
canadensis germinated best after four months after-ripening at
1°C* and £°C* After four months the seed started to germinate
at the low temperature.
Gier shack and Crocker (39), in experiments with 'wild
plum seed ( P runus ame r i c ana ) * obtained better germination with
a shorter period of after -ripening (less than four months)*
when the seed was stored at room temperature before stratific¬
ation
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( j
Davis (20) found that seed of Viburnum americanum
has two distinct developmental stages* The first is the
growth of a rudimentary embryo which takes place at tem¬
peratures above 68° F® in about 60 days* The second is an
elongation of the radical which requires about 60 days at
40°to 50° P* After this, normal growth takes place in a
greenhovise temperature of about 68° p#
Davis (20), in work with Sambucus , explained the
results of previous workers by showing that freshly harvested
elderberry seed contains viable and dormant embryos® The
former germinated, readily, whereas the latter required 100
days at a temperature between 32°F. and 41°F., and then
alternating temperatures, before germination took place.
Materials and Methods in Germination of Seed®
Work of 1934.-
A"s“” 'the collections were received, or made, in 1934,
the seed was washed from the pulp by soaking in water. It
was then dried, placed in paper envelopes, and stored dry,
at room temperature, until December 12. The seed was then
sown in flats containing soil* Each flat was divided into
sections to avoid the possibility of mixtures occurring be¬
tween the collections® After sowing, the flats were well
watered and taken to a root cellar where they remained for
a period of 120 days® The temperature of the root cellar
ranged between 1°G. and 4j-°0 ® On April 11, the flats of
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of all collections were removed to the greenhouse and watched
for germination* The dates of germination were recorded and
a note made as to whether it was poor, fair, or good*
All of the material received the same treatment,
with four notable exceptions: (a) in collections of Corylus
a part was stratified in sand for the same period and under
the same conditions as for the main portion of the collection
and a second part (100 nuts) was sown in a flat and exposed
to greenhouse conditions; (b) the collections of Sambuous
were divided evenly into two groups* One was treated, the same
as the 100 nuts of Corylus, the other was sown and placed in
a root cellar; (c) each of the Ox y coccus and Vitis -Idaea groups
were divided* One half was sown immediately on sphagnum, moss
in aquarium chambers which were kept moist with snow or rain
water* The balance of the seed, from these two groups, was
sown in flats* The soil was from the same type as that on
which the mother plants of Vltia -Tdaea were found growing*
The flats were placed in the root cellar where they remained,
until April 11; (d) the collections of Viburmim were sown the
same as the remainder of the collection* However, instead of
being placed in the root cellar they were exposed to a tem¬
perature above 68°f. for two months * On February 18 they
were removed to the root cellar for a further two months period
at the low temperatures. The flats were removed with the bal¬
ance of the material on April 11*
The flats of seed from these four special cases were
treated the same as the remainder of the collections from the
time they were removed to the greenhouse* The nuts of Corylus
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9 1
-v- • • ■ - v~ :,>t ; s r ad sty.'! . ' ■ • L yy
; ■ . .. tfO<3 8ld ■: ' SS. ' -
• 7 . ss . • ; ' c ic y: bo , .oo o/.xj ) \j.j. Iaac xx 7
« * .
o : ■ > ; -Y YO-YO • r i 0 30 0*t. Bd, XX . Y, .. y- . y; YC
, ( . b ' ♦ . ; 1 - - ' ' ' •
boJ; yyyyyy: y - 1 yyy;": y -bt ‘Yyj.;3o :tooy abb ob bevcm^t e*iev:
- * ’ ♦ ' .
* . , Y YY • . -
■>,. •; .;•> Y ri.'.OV'X y - 'Y'C V. 63 Odd • lOttO; j OdY 1.0 atoll 9flT
. ■ c‘\ . xc i , O 1- c - r 6 ‘1< • ' t 3 - a € d ■ .
s/p • - .bY- \ ^
r»,rr-fJ ; ■ ■■ 0 1 ‘.o /' 3 ; . -Y ■ 0,: rb Oo idOVO : / C” ’ Y TO.'lo AY YY
that had been stratified in sand were sown in flats and placed
in the greenhouse *
As the seedlings became large enough, they were potted
into thumb pots and gradually hardened off. Some of the seed¬
lings were shifted later to 2-J- inch pots. The material that
was not shifted was planted outdoors. The Oxycoccns and Vitis-
Tdaea seedlings were very small. Instead of potting them, they
were pricked out into flats of soil, and grown under shade dur¬
ing summer* The soil was similar to that in which they germin¬
ated*
Work of 1935 •-
~ " The results obtained with the 1934 collections of
Amelanchler and _P* renn s y 1 van lea were not satisfactory* In the
hope of learning more in respect to their gerimatior, it was
decided to test them farther during the winter of 1935-36*
Seeds of honice ra oae rule a we re tested at the same time as
Amelanchler and Prunus because this species had not been in¬
cluded in the work of the previous year*
Care was taken to see that the seed was fully mature
when gathered* The pulp was removed by washing and. care taken
not to soak the seed longer than necessary* The Amelanchler
seed was stratisfied on August 17* Sufficient for checks was
stored dry* The seed of b* oae rules- received the same treatment
as that of Amelanchler * The seed of P» pennsylvanioa was
divided into four groups* These were treated on August T3,
as follows; (a) the first group was after-ripened in the
regrigerator, (b) the second group was after-ripened in the
root cellar, (c) the third group was stored dry until November
r; . ... ■ . : . n , .ft ..ft ! ft -ft :; a t ; o ft ft . ■ ' ft; 'if
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ft: v .eft- ftfte ' v o ftftO.” c.ftd rift; .ft aft/.;, ft o
ft; ft ” ft ft;. 'ft: ::: ft ft- no ft o ft. ft. ft "ft c -.ft ft. ' . • . . ' ft ft,;." .’ft
*.
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ft : • ft, * - ^ , -
■'•eft' '• • • ~ * *• ft: ft
* ■ : - * .: ■ -ft-ft' . .ft. ' . ' ft: ft
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'
'ft ' ... : . . ft • ~ ■ ;ft: .' ' ft.- : . . ; : ft. ;; . . ft;: ' ' ; t - .: r ft •- ■ ' 8ft
ft. eve'; ."ft'ftft'ft ft . .' " ..ft' ..;ftftft"!ftft ft'-ftftftft eoicft {o} . ftft eo ..'ft ft.-;:
( 65
14, at which time it was stratified and after-ripened in the
refrigerator, (d) the last group was kept dry as checks.
The seeds were placed between layers of cheese cloth,
in granulated peat, in petri dishes, all previously autoclaved
for six hours. The peat tested pH 5.5, hence was slightly
acid in reaction. The peat and seeds were examined periodi¬
cally for mold and moisture content. Mold that did appear
was washed out carefully before returning the material to the
refrigerator.
The refrigerator was electrically cooled and regulated
to the desired temperature of 1*J°C . to 3°C . The temperature in
the root cellar varied from 2°G . to 4°C. but was constant at
3 i°G* during the greater part of the time.
At intervals of one month, the desired number of seeds,
of each group, were removed from stratification. These were
planted in flats, exposed to greenhouse conditions, and the
germination recorded,.
Preliminary Results *
In 1934, a wide variation in seed germination
resulted (Table IV and V) , due, possibly, to the varying
treatment of the seed before it was received. It should be
noted that fair to good success was obtained with all seeds
except those of Amelanohier, Prunus jpe nn sjl van ic a and
Viburnum » The first two mentioned were those tried again dur¬
ing the winter 1935-36. The seeds of Prunus me Iona car pa
had started to germinate when removed from stratification
* ■■ '
" . ■'• ' ; '■ X / { r-, } Z'V
'.o
'lo iwv. vj-'Tf - xxci b&oxlo $«t ow nfyasa ©rf-
lOOCkfO x^t
• ' ; » •
i
•• C r • - : y - . c - .-0t -r fae
od :■/
^ , ©•
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« • l: ■ x , :•■■ ;
' 7 . . H i . 0 7 V. '1 P, * X j t, ' . Q%. X. 0 ‘ >’
» ' j C • .;.C; ' X r_' . :X ; ' ' , X v; 0 O 0 ’ !
rt.ristfsnco
,w . , nO ... G n ,, ,
« * 0
* ■".'•■ .xx,' y;; x ■ ■ ■ , * - y - _ • / b o v
: < o; 7y - : -y
'• . j i.i- ? r>
■ vi- ' ■ ■ ■ ; : ■ ! : * x • ; . . - - v *;•: nx .o^dTXixJcr
*
XiSjxcrBfr
- ■ -X'. !' x ■■ x.- 7,y y - .. , ‘ y
T:
f- ' t * (’ ■ '• Vx: -:..X 7 :■■ ) ; :y .y/yxy
M 0Oif© ,t
* '■}T<r ' ' ' 1 -.x ' Xx ; /y y
s©8. IIbx i?|
' ' x. C 00 : • 1 ■ • ■
B y & m
V;y . 7 .. y . . ,y7. %/y:y: ' : : r ~.XX x'TXO'y . x -;);y
l
; r * X xx ;■ # a ' - ‘ '
■ ■ ■ . e i xxxvc .
XX . , .. ; ‘ ' X.. , X :x.v — ; y; y ; ;x ■ ;.;-
■( . \
■ --y- xu - ^ ...v-'.izt:: l: vX r£SU. 0 D£.cl
(66,
Table IV. Seed Collections Stratified on December 12, 1934,
and Held in Root Cellar Until April 11, 1935, at
1° to C.
1-12-1
1-13-1
1-14-1
1-15-1
l-16-i
1-71-1
1-18-1
Amelanchier sp,
Date of
Germination- Rating
April 23
April 14
Poor
None
None
None
Poor
Poor
Poor
2-8-1
to
2-10-1
2-11-1
2-12-1
to
2-13-1
2-14-1
2-15-1
2-16-1
2-17-1
2-18-1
2-19-1
2-20-1
2-21-1
2-22-1
2- 23-1
3- 7-1
3-8-1
3-9-1
3-10-1
3-H-l
3-12-1
3-13-1
3-14-1
6-7-1*
6- 7-1
7- 14-1
7-15-1
Prunus melanocarpa
Primus pennsylvanica
Corvlus cor nut a
Ribes
April 20 Good
April 21 Good
April 21 Good
April 18 Good
None
April 19 Poor
April 1 8 Fair
None
April 18 Good
None
April 21 Fair
None
April 22 Poor
April 20 Poor
April 19 Poor
April 19 Poor
None
None
None
April 18 Poor
None
April 18 Poor
Jan. 4 Poor (12 seedlings from
100 seeds* )
April 14 Fair
April 23 Good
April 23 Good
8-4-1
Ribes
None
t ' \X . ; : _X .. • . _ . . \ ...
< ft
: kll :xo a
Ufa m tti:.:
so fopH :?i X XT hrL a
.0 - ■ 0 L
To eXolf
, , , - «
oft v:.
■
^.-CO i :. ■
.
• r - . i : r t
.
O Xi'ivA
* ; : X .X; ■. .
©it oil
L. : > '
. ©HO 14
.
> ;x~x
'
•: ft 0 ft ft j >,
. x~ ;
TOOL
■ _ _ ■■
TOGO
> . o~
, :>oO
' ; L ? T O,
TB 0 © LS X © < 1 0 Ih i i rfl.
iftft
of
-
XX IXt , -
- -
0© O'j
XX
ft ft
0 t
booS
ol XX T _X
Oo;)T
t §
■ XX XXt'?X
■ikdi
1 X T
.
ft, X-2
O.. -X-
ono'n
'll. 3
XX iX'iq.r,
ftTX-X
aiiol
>Xo~.
too-
T : .
Cl XTT.ft,
r „ c • „ X
■ TOOT
VX XxT'-X
.
3 vXv O.r 1 1 CL
i ~ ,
^ TOOT
XX XXt-tC
©15© v! •
ooc";
ft- .ft .
e tioll
: b
,t. XXtct
■>x..~.
■ OitOT
T O OL
H X
I~ftft.:.
ST iliooc 1 I.
} TOO I
.*
, 1 TC
■ft i “ -
* ;],;S6Q 00 X
- -
COOT
xs X .
-JXX,
ft ..Lftft
ft ft- ,
®do..
oLdi/I
- -
Table IV continued.
Date of
Number _ ..-Name, . .... _ Germination Rating,
9-1-1*
Sambucus sp.
Jan, 7
Fair
9-1-1
April 18
Good
9-2-1
April 16
Good
9-2-1
Jan. 10
Fair
10-10-1
10-11-1
10-12-1
Rubus malanolasius
April 24
Fair
Good
None
14-14-1
Grossularia
April 18
Poor
14-15-1
April 17
Good
15-3-1
Vitis vulpina
April 26
Good
15-4-1
Mahonia aquifolium
April 23
Good
16-4-1
Vitis-Idaea punctata
April 14
to 20
16-4-1
do
Good
16-5-1
Oxycoccus palustris
April 16
Good
16-6-1
41 macro car pus
April 16
Good
16-7-1
Vitis-Xdaea punctata
April 16
Good
16-8-1
Oxycoccus microcarpus
April 16
Good
20-1-1
to
20-1-6
Shepherdia argent ea
April 25
Fair
20-3-1
April 25
Good
20-4-1
April 25
Fair
20-5-1
11 canadensis
April 29
Fair
20-6-1
April 25
Good
20-7-1
April 25
Good
20-7-1A
M argent ea
April 25
Good
* Two of three exceptional cases discussed in text.
Ov
* -
a a a •> o
lo 3-/.V *
(68.
Table V. Viburnum Seed*' Stratified on December 12, 1934,
and Held Until February 18, 1935, above 68°F.
and then until April 11 in the Root Cellar, at
34° to 40° F.
- Number Name
Date of
Gemination Rating
4-7-1 Viburnum trilobum
4-8-1
4-9-1
4-10-1
to
4-15-1
None
None
None
April 22 Fair
5-4-1
5-5-1
5-6-1
5-7-1
eradiatum
None
None
None
April 28 Fair
* The third exception discussed in text*
germ, ination occurred in
anti! after the sixth month#
d at the end of the seventh month it
nation had taken place in refrigeration
^een 1§0 and 3° C • at some time during
The root tips had just emerged a short
ie of discovery.
anok.
s
OCiO'-
x-r-k
> - -
~-Q-
'IX'
* X ..■: ' Ma.Lv -ar: Cc r;: kr '■
(6a
Pont* months (ISO days) of after-ripening gave satis¬
factory germination in all the cases treated similarly* The
four special cases gave the following results: (a) in Corylus
12 seedlings were obtained from the 100 nuts in the greenhouse*
The balance of the nuts gave fair germination after 120 days of
after -ripening* (b) in the two groups of elderberry seed,
results similar to those of Gory bus were obtained* Each group
of seed germinated but that group after-ripened for the four-
month period gave much higher percentage of seedlings, (c) the
seeds in the family Vaccineaoeae which were sown on sphagnum,
did not germinate* Those sown in soil and after-ripened gave
good hut slow germination* The seedlings did not grow quickly,
having reached the two-leaf stage at the time of pricking out,
and the four-leaf stage by the end of the growing season and
were too small to handle* (d) the results with Viburnum sp*
were not as high as expected. Only two seed samples gave any
germination. (Collections 4-10-1 to 4-15-1, received from
Chipman of the Country Guide, were the result of a contest
held for the best seed clusters of V* triXobum. gathered in
the prairie provinces .)
Re suits in Amelanchier, Prunus and Lon ice ra *
The results of germination tests conducted during
the period 1935-36 are summarized in Table 6*
With A* aLnlfolia. seed, no germination occurred in
either check or treated groups until after the sixth month*
When the seed was examined at the end of the seventh month it
had germinated* Germination had taken place in refrigeration
at a tempera fare between l|° and 3° C . at some time during
the seventh month* The root tips had just emerged a short
distance at the time of discovery.
}
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Tabl£ VI. Germination of Seeds Rested During the Winter of 1935-1936
(VO
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(71
The germination tests on Prunus pennsylvanicn
have not been completed. The results to date are interest¬
ing in that not one of the four groups showed any germination
up to the end of the fifth month. Furthermore, the checks,
and the two groups stratified immediately on being picked,
have not germinated to date. It is noteworthy that the group
stored dry until November 14, and then stratified and after-
ripened in the refrigerator, started to germinate after the
sixth month. The percentage germination increased after the
seventh month, and, at present, has reached 32 percent after
the eighth month of after -ripening. The kernels and embryos
to all appearances are still in good condition in all the re¬
maining groups. The seed in the check group, yet in a dry
state, has not shrunken visibly®
Lonioera coe rules, gave 74 percent germination after
the third month of after -ripening and a slightly higher per¬
centage after the next three months* The seed did not ger¬
minate at low temperatures, nor did the continued treatment
lower its viability.
Discussion of Seed Germination in 12 Genera of
Wild Fruits .
The data presented in Table VII are a summary
of the work done with various species
x ■ -''/.r xpc; o r . no xcfaox / v-.-;c Hn>>
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V ;x;^-:c;s •- xx-: XT! x-CxX’ rl rxxinxx xxx; &3&h QdZ
* r -:f;x : xoc. X. x oix eriox ,'ocxv too . o
.
Table VII « Seed Germination in 12 Genera of Wild Fruits
(72
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«LVl/rB A 1 1 con i: rime- a
(74
Crocker and Barton (17) working with seed of
Amelanchier canadensis ( L) Media found that it germinated
of
after three or four months/ after -ripening at temperatures
of 1° C. and 5° C. Then the seed started to germinate at
the lower temperature. In the present work. A, a In 1 folia
was found to require a much longer period of after -ripening
at l|r0 to 3° C., (200 days) which emphasizes the fact that
requirements vary with individual species. The checks, which
were not after -ripened, did not germinate. Furthermore, the
tests have indicated that care must he taken to watch and
remove the seed as soon as germination starts under the low
temperatures. The results offer a possible explanation of
the difficulty encountered by nurserymen in obtaining a
-stand from seed sown in the fall as soon as ripe, whereby
It is allowed to germinate whenever it is ready to do so.
The ground usually freezes soon after fall planting with a
resultant lowering of the temperature below which the seed
is best held, consequently the after -ripening process stops.
Between break up in the spring and the coming of warm days
there is not /sufficient period of time with temperatures
between 0° C. and 5°C . to complete the after -ripening
process. The result is that the seed lies in the ground for
another season and completes the process only when the soil
temperatures become suitable. This would possibly occur
the following spring. If the conditions are not suitable
for growth after germination the seedlings will perish.
An initial dry storage period, before stratification,
hastens the gemination of P <, pennsylvanioa . In this species
)
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germination started after 3 months of stratification with
seed that had been stored dry and has increased each month,
reaching 12 percent after the end of the fifth month, A
longer period of dry storage might further shorten the after¬
ripening period, G-iersback and Crocker (39) , found that the
seed of Primus americana stored dry for a period before strat¬
ifying at 5°C • improved in its ability to germinate over
that of seed stratified as soon as harvested*
Varying percentages of seed of Corylus cormvba
germinate when freshly harvested and after a period of after¬
ripening, This bears out the belief that the embryos of
Corylus enter dormancy at different times or have rest periods
that are easily broken*
Primus Beeseyi and P* grayana give high germination
with a 90 day period of after -ripening. After this period
they will germinate at a temperature very little above freez¬
ing, P, melanocarpa gives successful germination after a
120 day period of stratification at temperatures between 1°
and 8° G. A shorter or longer period is better if the seed
is carefully watched and removed when germination starts*
The seeds of Ribes and Rubus germinate successfully
after 120 days after-ripening. Both required, however, long
periods under greenhouse conditions. With Ribes, it would
possibly be a better policy to expose the seed to after¬
ripening until it started to germinate, at which time it
could be planted*
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(76
A percentage of Sambucus seed will germinate as
soon as gathered. If an early start is reqviired, sowing of
the seed at this time might be an advantage but a higher per¬
centage germination is obtained if the seed is after-
ripened.
Shepherdia, Vaccinirm, and V it Is gave good germin¬
ation after the ISO days stratification in the root cellar.
Germination in Viburnum seed was not sat is fact or?/ except with
the two collections mentioned in the results. The collections
from Chipman were possibly gathered while the fruit was
s light ly imma ture • The y we re ne ve r c omple t e ly dr ie d out,
being sown as soon as they were removed from the pulp. Col¬
lection 5-7-1, was gathered when fully mature but remained
In the pulp until shortly before so?/ing. This may be the
explanation for the results obtained.
(77
Summary
1. The optimum period for after -ripening has been determined
for certain species, and the requirements for fair to
good germination have been noted for others o
2 • A high percentage of germination results when seeds of
wild fruits are subjected to temperatures of 1° to 5° C.
3. When the period for after -ripening has been completed,
seed of Amelanchier alnifolia and Primus pennsylvanica
will germinate at the low temperature of 1-J-0 c. If not
removed from the stratification median soon after germin¬
ation the seedlings will perish.
4. Dry storage, at room temperature, shortens the period re¬
quired for after -ripening of Prunus pennsylvanica a
5. Germination in Lon ic era, after reaching its high point,
remains consistently high when the seed is held for an
extended period at the after -ripening temperature.
6. Seedlings of Oxycoccus microcappus , 0* macrocar ms,
0. palustris, and Vitis-Idaea punctata can be germinated
and grown for a year at least in soil, which is contrary
to a widely held belief.
7. Seed of V ibnrmvn t r 1 lob* vn and Viburnum e r a d ia turn should
not be allowed to dry during the period between washing
from the pulp and stratification,
8. Oorylus and Sambnous have irregular dormancy periods.
BffiC'rc/.'
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(78
PART III
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE WILD FRUITS
Introduct Ion
A knowledge of chromosome numbers of the native
fruit species in the prairie provinces would aid greatly
in breeding projects which 'aim to incorporate valuable
characters of these species. With this in mind, and with
the hope of clarifying the classification, this work was
undertaken* Chromosome numbers have been determined in six
species native to the Wes#-* proarie prov\Dces .
Literature Review
The haploid chromosome number in C o ry lus ame r icana
and C* cornuta has been given by Wetzel (79) and Jaretzky
(43) as 11* later work by Woodworth (82) showed that n= 14
in C a cornuta Marsh and C * ame r icana Walt * and that this
number was constant for all the species in Betulaceae* This
is interesting because of the close relationship to the
highly polyploid species of Be tula * He reported that in
C* amer icana, at metaphase, there were three large clumps
each composed of two gemini* Oytomyxis was frequent with
migration of the chromosomes across the plasma bridge* The
heterotypic divisions in Q .cornuta Marsh were irregular and
rtcJ: Sossbc-xtiaZ
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_ _ _ ^ i'y "-: ’ > :c o. ■•■'(,
?'n:rt (CV) rfjstfoV: / vv.: isscf
r : v - V .v r — ( ,' ' ) c- ;c cC -■;
, : ••/C «
O" <X0rfJBu
(-)
* ■ -'C - • • ' .. ‘ ; \ ..! j • ( .r -- .r. v;0- ^..rr
-■ • " ' .C , '1 i : . -CV'"; - • -,«• ;• rj- ; /;
- * '::: .c - 4 : 'i o •. .Looqc ZZoZ. ;lc;r ' ;
t % ; s .
: ' ; J > * /: '%•; ; , ;c ■<
* ' ■•" ‘ ■ -o :;io>ro ■ . • nrc -'.a c--: io \c r.olcU^ryl r
: • ' r-,;n /. oz: --iu-e,:
(79
showed lagging chromosomes. Various counts from 8 to 14
were explained by fusion of the chromosomes or their loss
during cytomyctic migration. There was a noticeable dif¬
ference in the size of pollen, 5 percent of which was defect¬
ive •
Meurman (55) found the somatic chromosome number
to be 16 in twenty-two species of Ribes and their hybrids.
The spec5.es investigated included R , aureurn Pursh, R, amerl-
canum Mill,, R, la oust re (Pers,) Poir, and R, rnbrurn A, Grey,
and R, oxycanthoides L,
Xchijima (42) discussed the cytology and genetics
of Fra gar la and included some of our native species. He
found the chromosome numbers to be as follows : F« americana
n = 28; F, virgin iana ns 28, He also reported F® ohi Teens is n
« 28, This species is not indigenous her© but is related to,
or is a form of, the native F, g lane a.
East (29) stated that the haploid chromosome number
of the F» yeses, type species is 7, that of F, elatior, 21,
and that of F» ohiloensis and cultivated varieties, 28, He
found that it was eas5.er to cross species with different
chrome some numbers when the female parent had the lower
number, except between F, elatior and F, chi 1 Persia types,
Longley (48) re rented that the dioecious Rubus
*
chamaemoras is hexaplbld with 28 haploid chromosomes , He
believed dioecism to be associated with polyploidy,
Longley and Par row (50) found that triploS.d and
tetraploid raspISerries constitute a small, but significant
Tms vJas an error , oc.tap\o'ci prob&tR foe\Q<^ \n Vended
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* ' ‘ '■ • • • ; - a.. ~ a ;• •. r -• c •;
« . *• '_/// * • a c/ai ;o r
« . , ; ' a'-' (> . ) . ai-aao
* . - ' ■: ■ ■■ ' „
’
- ■ - * • :;a. a ■ ' lo c • • -'ra . c,:a aa-aa /vi ■ ; o
_a • * ,
: , ■ • , •
it a "/ Cl
* t. O- o: :r .aaa racia ro.; •" era inr: cl
' if-ac „• ; Or.: • * il: -a: * . • -}2 » a
' ■ ' - V ' - ‘ : ' a - ./. , . a s
* /'/ ^ V,. ..a, . ’ - • ■■ />.o r;o‘:; o’ ■ ;c
7 ; : a :cr to- ale r; c.".c ■ : ■ \ ■ a . a -.a a ( h a. } ;f a aa
' V . . ; r . .0, _
- v' ' -’■■ ' • • ■ ■ - __;/■_ - ( V a # ■■
- ' ' a.ar-,-. r area-- oi -aha-o ala aa r a : - ;r faiaor
'■ .
’ - ■■-ec- a _ ;_:r _ __ _ -a---" a ;:,r" c , - . ;■ •
r:v„ ;jboxj a---:,; ;r,- M : a ac ^r,; (•>>- ) .^oX^noI
» -a— -;c. r, ;:=.r- ■-.-■o ro.. ’ a r; ' .•;• a . . a : aa.i-.a>
* ’ ” - - , it. /■ a1' a c : ' a . : a - c. a - ; a o ao a ; - ; ,r\ • ■■ j: a a '
-v-) /:■ a ; ; ;J ia-.aOr fOa } ■■ro-'c-jyi 5na a;ala;mr
V- •• . ' -a ' - ar ;oo ■. ■a'-rar- oar ":irrr o;j-
; ' •• { - .;,ato7.'C7 hrC:q^:.x a //071a ao
1V~3 <~t'W ciril
(80
group# R# strigosus has a haploid chromosome number of 7#
This count was determined from wild material and is the basic
number for the genus «
Amelanchier is not discussed cytologically in the
literature# Weigand (80) found wide natural hybridization
in the genus in the state of New York# A high percentage of
the material examined represented hybrids of six well-defined
species# Under natural conditions the species varied little
but on land that had been ,rcut overM or disturbed, the hybrids
were in the majority and in a state of flux# Rehder (63)
described Amelosorbns, which is a natural hybrid of Amelanchier
and So r bus # This provides an example of inter-generic hybrid¬
ization# Michurin (56) claimed hybrids of S or bus and Mespilus #
Langley (47) reported C ra tae pus rotundlf ol la (Ehrh)
Borckh as one of the few tetraploid species in the genus
having 32 gametic chromosomes#
Kobel (44) reported on various species of Prunus
and gave the follov^Ing haploid chromosome numbers : P# serotiha
Agardh n ~ 16; P# pumila n s 8; and P# nigra Ait# n = 8#
Dorsey (27) reported P. pennsylvanioa and. P » ame r i -
cana as having n ~ 10 a He showed that the majority of the
plums with which he worked were self-sterile# His work in¬
cluded P# Besseyi, P* american.a , and P# salj.cira#
Becker (5), in work preliminary to hybridization,
found that Pi pe nns y 1 van ic a had n =8 and P# virginiana had
n s 16# P# virginiana proved to be self -fertile, setting
0*267 fruits per raceme when selfed. and 3.230 - 0.470 fruits
when open -pollinated. Thus, fertility ’was reduced when the
flowers were selfed# P, penns y Ivan lea yielded 1.3 percent
oifoao^p’
lOiOi
.'TO ; • «L
O' /
00, 1
. o J 3 rs n
io
•:obo..
Vc ' /
: ' ' V
; ;'Q
(QEC
■ c
?;>co:.e~ ( : ' ) Xacfo;
'-TV
9V
[C j: ::
. \ ; ■ - ) .CA.
:o w erf xteinter
. /
t(e;
OJ
O - 0-
90&rC
•>r:<; r;;
-
s
.1 -Hr C
o nOtfv;
3 . Toll
(81.
fruit when self -pollinated and 2.8 percent when open-pollin¬
ated.
Okabe (58) reported that Prunus gray ana and P. pa flu a
both had n = 16 and that of P_. tomentosa had n = 8*
Darrow (18) stated that P. tomentosa could be crossed
to give fertile hybrids between it and triloba , P. Besseyi,
and the horticultural varieties Montmorency, Napoleon, and
Zumbra cherries •
Angelo and Becker (2) reported n = 38 in the Beta
grape, which agrees with the determination of Sax (69) for
Vitis vulpina.
No work has been done on Shepherdia, but Sobolervska
working in the family Sleagnaceae, found n = 6 for E. angusti-
folia a
Longley (49) reported the chromosome numbers for
some species in the family Vacciniacese* The haploid counts
were as follows : Gaylussaciabaccata n2 ? Va c c in i.um c ana de n s fe 12;
V # an gu stifo 1 ium 24* Hagemp (40) gave the haploid numbers
of Oxycoccus palustris Pers as 36 and of Va c o in 5mn v it is -
Idaea as 12.
Lagerberg (45) reported n » 8 in Sambucus racemes a .
Sax and Kribs (70) worked with Sambucus , Viburnum, and Lon ice ra.
They found gametic numbers as follows: S. canadensis 18:
V. trllobum 9| V. opulus 9; L. ceerulea 9-18. All of the
species of Sambucus with which they worked had n = 18 and of
Lon ice ra coerulea had n s 9 and n - 18#
*
e-ie as reporWA by caVtaor.
C -■ ; •; A, A . . A.
*
3iH
r b e-^ocf o-t
*
3 , r •' .
>--ao d /iwJ'
, - ' ...
:. : ■ cA s a;:
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aoaovco- xrf 8X
,
X a - (
81) -ro— -:a
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jio ovj-tfed' eb.t
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oa ‘A .'■■ oA
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a .V; ©i t r I.
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io n
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t
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~ A * > • .< s 'A , . ' x ■' . ... ,XA c Ax,
•s - ' A A c V.
' .xcA: xxAx v: x-r v-*o-'A -o * X ' (Ax) velsrroJ
■ ; A . A ; o A ' . - \A: r ‘,102
'■ : : :. ’ : v. - ;
XX: ' , ( C } , . /: ■ .. . .
■~A8X ; ■ • 8 ■’ x' A* -.7 '..'jcooo\:<--, loi'
* A/AX j - -A - ~ x " c X ■ ; •; XX ) ••• X;
a t.-: xx-yx'/x.. *. x’-vy" _ ■ (ov ) sdixs f>r*B
V.".,.: . ' _ • . : ■ ' -Xcx : :'.ivu ^r": - ;r - ; o.-:T :
* > ■ , \ ■ X ;X r- . < . --A X
c ~ ■ ' ' - ■ • -• . X X A a x,.- v-Aoe a
* - r ■ 53 !'i x X' xoXir: a< o ■■ aeA .■<*
.voiilafj ,/of iy&hoqsy e& $i-e
(82
Materials and Methods*
The root -tip material was obtained from plants
included in the collection referred to in Part I. It was
gathered during the summer of 1935 from potted plants which
had gained sufficient vigor of growth* Collections from
which root -tip material was gathered are marked with an
asterisk in Table III*
The root -tips were gathered between 10 A. M. and
midday and fixed in Karpechenko* s solution* A modification
of the methods of Navashin and of the University of California
was used* The modification consisted of substitution of N-
Butyi alcohol for ethyl alcohol during the final stages of
dehydration* N -Butyl alcohol proved to be superior* The
material was imbedded in paraffin*
Imbedded material was section 8u to lOu thick and
stained with Haidenhain* s Iron-haematoxylin* The sections
were studied with a 90 IT* A* 1*25 Zeiss apochromatic
objective and numbers 6X, 1QX* 15X and 20X compensating
oculars , The drawings were made with the aid of a camera
lucida using the above mentioned objective and a number
15X compensating ocular* The microscope was raised 6 inches
above the table level for all drawings* For photographs the
original drawings were enlarged to twice their size and these
enlargements reduced one -half on the negative from which the
prints were made* This procedure modified outline irregular¬
ities
ey.
* Y '■■■’ Y . aY B.exeraM
: . ' Y *o*r. . . Y: o.' " .... ' • d oo Y Y-; < • ;
; . Y *Y Y- o r-. .ooYY ooY Xoo ;; o:Y . . o Yv.Co Y
■ Y,Y r: -YY Yoddo,; . o- ;Y YYYX Yo -a e Yv yal-xro n^coY^Qx;
< ■ Y. toYd’s . * o • . J.C ■ ■ \ ; Y. i . . ±
• ’ ■ o Y : •/ '■ ■ . ; . . Y; Y . ■; Y . ~ ; ■ YoY ' ;
* . Y ' Y ' T Y Y Y: ■ ; o •
* , Y : d ,-Y ' ' ■ — ijqlct- G k £ . ■
y:Y, • yY Y: t , :oYc .'.Co : a * oyY ""'co < Y; £ ; Y Ln& ' , . : oJ:m
■■•.Y od.YY o' Yo .do. . . ' •/. ' :,Y Co Yoo /:Y/Y3ByoY 'Yo. c;:-odd om 9/0 Yo'
~ ' Yc, ( Y c : ; Y . ■ •: :c . ■ » ; • - •• :
Y. .. o. ' Y .C.Y Y ■ oY-:.o Yo YcYo .. ■ YC , • cY. c Yc. Y ... X' ;Y,vY
* • 'C • •: . Y . % ' " Y ;Y • Y * ' VY
♦ Y: . • Y ‘ ' •; - Y: c . Y Y o.;o
:5 : Y Y Y :<Y c d -"1 o >Y o 9 a a go Y •: ;
>' YCo . j * Y Y rY ■ . '-.ro-;-X ;Y;Y.oY- Y .. ; oYYY . -Y. o o
oY, : : ■ • •: ' : Y , A ♦ ,Y . Y Y i o.o oY: ■ ; :
•'-Y;.oo : ; o . o Y . . tY.oX f : ;• ;o >sr : Y o e'/YYo oVCG
a-o- ; • o Y : ■: oY t- . ■' t Y.j'00
- X*io ;< Y. ) - - Y l ' ■ Y
Y Y o .*r, ;• Y 'Y , Y oo ■ : rY Y. ooo: ■ o Y YY
' * ■ Y„ ■- . v .
^%oyY- V;o %rJ: oYsod'.ao Yv;'j oY Yo; -oaL' .3 90c ov/ a:\sil: *vr>>r.o ?
•■■■ Yr ■ Y ' . \oY; ,:; -o'-. o-:YJ o'C Y;.;Y:Y- o.;,o .ooo.;;:0 Y-t 3a ; oo;?o!i ^.Yoo
^ ■■ -YY ;'v • ^ Y'YYoj :*rov ;Y- o 00 30 ■; s o Y *0.00:0 aos'O 300000
Y Y
(83
Chromosome counts in Arne Ian chier were not the same.
In an attempt to find some explanation of the variation in
number, fruit ing -wood was gathered in February. This was
placed in water in the laboratory and sprayed twice daily.
Smear mounts were made every two days after the flowe^ buds
had started to grow, using the usual ace to -carmine solution.
When the buds were thought to have advanced sufficiently they
were fixed and imbedded as described previously. Before cut¬
ting, it was found advantageous to soak the imbedded flower-
bud- material in water at room temperature for several days.
This procedure tended to soften the tissues. The flower-bud
material was sectioned at 15u and stained as described for the
root sections.
Chromosome Numbers.
In this study the somatic chromosome number has
been determined in the following genera and species t Ribes
ame r ic anum Mill: Rubus pubesce ns Ra f . ; Arne le nch ie-pj?.p. ;
Pru.nn s penns y 1 van ic a ; P. melanocarpa: and Shepherdi.a argentea .
It is hoped that the information will be of value in future
breeding work*
IC r
toj.
J £
to a
H' ; so >;nr eo©
f£.9©fft3
c'
0TLOT'
»OJ3
0 j
B-'f
<xl
'> ?yr 9 '-•/
3T0O;: ..07^ --'rod
no o
O-'-.
C -
OBi
a ooi: doe;
(84
Fig* 6 Pig, v
Chromosomes of Rihes americanum Mill (Pip-. 6)
and Rubiis pnbe scens Ra.f n Wg * "V ) • The somatic
number cases „
Ribes americanum Mill • -
“ * tEIs he most w i de 1 y cu It iva te d of our na t ive
species of ciirrant* The somatic number of 16 agrees with
the number determined by Meurman (55)* No distinctive
features were noted, all of the chromosomes being about the
same size and shape* They average approximately 2u in.
length*
Ruhr s pube scens Raf«»
“—t This s pe c ie s represents a type of dewberry that
should be of value for breeding work because hardiness is
combined with trailing habit* The sections were made from
vigorous root -tips and the figures were very distinct in
a transparent cytoplasm. The chromosomes averaged 3.*5fu.
in length and were the largest noted throughout this study.
Only root-tip material was examined* The somatic chromo¬
some number was found to be 16*
)
V a * v ,;q
U * : '■■ ■ " 77 . 7- - .. -c •,■ u •••■ : .
■ '■ •. . ( .'T-V;'-'* f ".r.7 ■ '"j : .
^ 7 r ; 7: ' .7 V7; -j .0 .
r*-". .7
' '• 7- ■ .V _ -,o . ~/f 777 * > - ~ • • •
1 l t ,
' ) tl ■ ■ ( rm € -
' ■ 7 - 1 ~ , C 3 ,
f . ■ ,7 ' . ;•-■■■ ■ ; .• . ■ :■ - ; •••
♦ 77 7:77
77 ;;
: 7 c • • .• ' • 7 " / ~ -7'f ;~7~* .
’ ' ' - 3. ' ■ o' . r r
' ‘ r .. 1 * : ' . 7! .* 7 r
" ’• - ■’ ■ ■ ■ ><&w r ^ < , 1
7 ' 1 « ’ ; O ? 1 ’ ' , X ■' ' ' * ■ /
; ■' 1 ■ ■ : > ■
" ‘ ! : * t ' ~ ,
*7 1 Xf C PfU-oZ 3BW 7X7777 amOB
Fig. B
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Figs. 8, 9 and 10,
Amelanchier species
Chromosome numbers of
. The somatic numbers
33 , respect ive ly •
0.
om>r:
edT
(85
Amelanchier species *-
"fhe specimens given particular study were from col¬
lections 1-20-5, 1-20-7 and 1-10-2. In all cases the cyto¬
plasm was very dense, and for microscopic examination in¬
tense light was required* The somatic chromosome numbers
for these plants were 26, 33 and 64 respectively* The
count of the last collection is an estimated number* The
figures in material 1-10-5 were the only ones with any
morphological distinction, one pair of chromosomes having
satellites .
All the plants mentioned had been gathered as A.
alnifolia * Plants 1-20-5 and 1-20-7 came from the same
location and had been growing under similar wild conditions.
Specimen 1-10-2 was outstanding, having been selected by
Mr*A. Griffin and cultivated for a number of years at
Brooks, Alberta. This latter plant has large deep purple
fruit s, borne on uprigjit racemes* The fruit ripens about
two weeks before that of other Arne lanchier collections*
The plants have not attained sufficient size to be compared
under cultivation* Flower buds have not been produced
hence pol3.en-mother-cell material was not obtained from
these plants*
Root -tip material from other collections was
studied, notably that of the white saskatoon. It was felt
that there was not sxifficient material to make any state¬
ment as to the number of chromosomes*
V) j
- , - ' .
xx • X - vd-xr rC '-or d" q .xc-vXx • xx '"’o’ ' ’T * x * 'r ’
. d -■ . . , • - . ~ ~ X- ; • . . x
- ■ £ d ol : Jr to' r
■■;c x • •; ■ x ' ; . , • xx ' - ; d o xx
* xxx vO ■ ' x - : ;; % ' X : x x 1 . x1 ... x: ix <--o
, x x xd ■ ' /: = . xdox. . tx- r; xC x x: x . d xx' x,
; - - d *: oo'-o xdr; .d oof-x ...~.C d _*:t ; • xx • xrrvx 1
: ■ • \ . ■ ;i ' ■. : x. ? * x x x c : *' : x - : . - xcc % ' : o ! ; : • x c 4 r d: x . C - ■ • d ;• '• o X v < . {. . r •• ; o ■ • :
* x- ctJ; J' . o a a;
, a - ; 800.x wft ; . .
8 A X •• x . - - *.~x ; . «, xidxxdx ...' •
>c X j XI X
•" ; : o-:i:v/o
cte&d db . ' bsm
xoxdBooX
.0 e d 0 of. 0 n - a; 6 • - nJ: 7 x rf
q ,:x’: x, ij.«
■ ~ X«.
ne?'U a oy :
da o-ioeyy do xa' x:
xol XXX /X.
IX.ro ,f)o<:.o am
* ■ * ■ x
a.Ux"f.;xx qoad- 030 Bl 8£.d-
X
X • „ .rdrxx::
t ' .X.XX .
it >jC :
■ • .'.x--- ■> • »
;;.Xx x xo :>.• • ;c-
4 ‘ ■■ :X
: xtoX c: n of .Co 0 toX i 'v cisf m n.
rA --onto 10
dond otol so
•X>(300 oxd
' •" ' a • • * d x V. ' xxr d x : c , xJxX' x
- xf- xx:' -v x - : ;-r: ■' cx t. * x.i,d. .;xxx ;; . ;xc XX. xixr
r •: ■ xxxtx >; ttc r; '
* x\ ‘ • j 'J
‘ ' -::vX-.:0:x ■■■■.. \ a.';-.; a;j .x: c'.^o:
\ f .o, ' a cclx a; . ;• ; ;j _icf a'c-" j
- X: : .. :x y .V;: od' ABdtedBui d::exoxTt;;a to. a c-te/fer jBrit
* ' o'xc . : c x - ; x i -• . : x •. x x:x
(86.
In an attempt to chock the ahove varying counts^
study of pollen mother cells was made. The anthers of
these flower buds were so small that permanent smears could
not he made. The anther material was imbedded for future
study • During the examination of temporary smears a large
percentage of the pollen grains In the tetrad stage was
seen to be aborted#
Pig. 11 Pig. 12
Chromosomes of Primus pennsylvanica (pig. 31)
and Prunu s me lance arfpa~XP '12 ) V “"The s omat ic
number^are" 16 and 32. « respectively.
P minus . -
A study of P . nenn s y Ivan lea showed 16 somatic
chromosomes. Morphologically, one pair of chromosomes
differed from the rest in being distinctly larger. These
chromosomes were the smallest of all the chromosome mater¬
ial examined and averaged lu in length#
P# me lan oc a r pa bel-ongs to the subgenus Padus ,
several, species of which have a somatic chromosome number
of 32. Counts for the material studied agreed, with this
-.-a ;.v av a a da :ioo?:io cd li'O'ytoti d-a iUA ::Z
, 33- ' >t ' 3 • ' H \SOO daduO HT fl&dlO'd M O \JsM.a d
ad •
1 ^ . ■ : - - • -
- ■ ;; ■ a - ■ /- :v( ■ 3rd' ;aa a d a '3*33 a *dd3'3 3
a -ad: a a-; 3 a ad. -d 3aad333 /ddd-oa; ada J.C: ya ad a: a XKC vv
* d'ddC ' 0 3
• d ! * ;. ) - daa a-* ■•••. 30 . 3 ~ d ';:c : .orto C CdGddO
' V 'V d d; d> ' d', '■•••••:' 30
* V ■ r ’ ~7d " V.” ’ ■dr:‘ ■ r ■
- * - -od
a d - - ' d . ' _ _ d d :
1 ,1 3 ' ' . >d; ■ t d d. a - , '■ o
V‘"' ,••.,• ••• addd aad od a aoadd d da 3- sod odad; ddadddd
a : ; ao- aaacoa- 'a odd dad: do d ^ -■■rd daaxa 9; d 09 oo aoroodddCddo
* - dd- a d a’-. ■ d ■' a a ■; a . a. ad; ad a - a : dad
a a . xd. a' -
• a- , - a j.d ‘ a/d: d.add-V' d;o a ad a aa; a d ; CjV OB
ad , 'd;*: .... ‘ . dda.a dddodo : dd odd 'aarafoO , dd- ‘ac
(87
number. One chromosome was peculiar in that it was long
and frequently folded back on itself. This made it diffi¬
cult to decide whether there were one or two chromosomes.
Individual plants of these two species, when culti¬
vated, seldom set fruit. In order to determine their
fertility, racemes of both on several trees were enclosed
in transparent envelopes similar to those used for cereal
crossing. The branches were shaken every day until such
time as the flowers wilted. Only one fruit set, and that
on Prunu s me lano c a r pa . This one fruit did not reach maturity
but withered and died while still on the tree.
Pig. 13. Chromosomes of Shepherdia
appentea. The somatic number is 86.
Shepherdia . -
- ~ - mTTe genus Shepherdia has two species common to
the pra ir ie s . She phe rdia ar gentea only, was st udie d .
The somatic chromosome number was formd to be 86. The
species is dioecious and it was not known if the root-
tips were taken from a male or female plant. No hetero-
'
.ort
o
-
chromosomes were found, hut the chromosome 9 were -remark¬
ably well paired and averaged 3u 5n length.
(88
Summary
In the seven species studied, the somatic chromo¬
some numbers were found to be as follows:
Ribes americanum Mill.
_
16
Rubus pubes cens Raf.
-
16
Amelanchier species.
26
-
33
-
64 aporox
Prunu s pe nn s y 1 van ica L .
-
16
Primus melanocarpa (A.
Ne Is ) Rydb .
-
32
Shepherdia argentea Nutt
-
26
Evidence indicated that Primus penr sylvan ica and
Primus melanocarpa materials studied are either self-
sterile or nearly so.
An explanation of the results with Ame lanchier
may be that the five species mentioned in the literature
have a wider range of distribution than previously realized
and that natural hybridization has taken place.
■ . ■ ■
£.X:TO a O-vi0 +£ . f O O TiCi 'te'jf
/ r:-,r-‘ i a'ro
J0 3C •,OrrbQ
* b •'•••-. *' x-f > • cr ■-.»>.£ bn--' -• /: ^ - .-Io'k
: ■> ° - ‘ : -■ c.‘C t. o'b : --o . ,*t ■>:ir::r/n mce
* . C * ; • b w. : ■ a ? . ■
- b ■ ;> ‘fT '
, : V:' '• . '\b 7 * “
- “ ■ ' i : C- -;r.
’ r* jr:: : * ~~ * ,~™ ■
Cf ■ rv 3 fro v£ f ;•
llb.b'. * ij r* 0 J bo.’: bn£ o.oc;aMvvL
: • ' * - • : • • - |X
• o ’;.r ••:••„ - ;c aC .* • . 3 .
v i£t „• ’ .1. • ; r • • : - '>...13 bo nc .1,
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• . • J . .. ; v . ‘ :
- : - ■' v . nc f ; . n , '■■■ / .:i
:or.t ■ b
01
d
(89
GENERAL SUMMARY .
Each of the three parts of this study has been
summarized at the end of its respective section* Certain
features which appear to be outstanding are mentioned
here* For every problem that has been investigated many
related ones have been suggested which impresses the writer
with a realization of the opportunities for research in
this field*
i
The study has shown that wild fru.it s with desir¬
able characteristics are available in the prairie provinces*
The collections made during the progress of the problem
represent outstanding plants* Use of the selections in
hybridization work should mark a forward step in hardy
fruit development®
Propagation of these native fruits from seed has
been shown to be practical* This is a prime fundamental
in a fruit improvement project®
Chromosome numbers for certain species have been
determined® An unexpected problem has arisen in Amelanchier *
It seems possible that the five wild species represented
have a wider range of distribution than previously realized
and that natural hybridization has taken place®
.
1
X ilvl
viO
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u • • ■ 1 .
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♦ C.-ieitl slitt
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acknowledgments .
Grateful a c 1m ow le dgmen t is made to: Dr* S.
Shoemaker for helpful advice and constructive criticism
during the investigation and preparation of the manuscript
Dr. T. R. Fryer who kindly acted as advisor until Dr.
Shoemaker* a arrival,, and who continued to direct the c y-
tologioal work; Mr. George Hare curt, retired head of the
Department of Horticulture , and to Dr. 0. S. Aamodt, past
head of the Department of Field Crops, for advice in early
stages of the investigation; Dr. E. H. Moss for suggest¬
ions from the botanic a 1 standpoint; the many persons
mentioned in the text who so generously assisted in making
the collections; and the Carnegie Corporation Research
Fund for financial assistance which made the project
possible «
(91
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. ;/• • v; B /f^-ldOfuf rj&(yr A lO^^OlOO© 3 -'2 Oct
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*
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