388
IJ
O
DAVIS
ALASKA
VOLUME XII
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
HARRIMAN ALASKA SERIES
VOLUME XII
ENCHYTR^EIDS n
BY
GUSTAV EISEN
TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS
BY
KATHERINE J. BUSH
(PUBLICATION 1999)
CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1910
KRAUS REPRINT CO.
New York
1972
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA^
ADVERTISEMENT.
The publication of the series of volumes on the
Harriman Alaska Expedition of 1899, heretofore pri-
vately printed, has been transferred to the Smithsonian
Institution by Mrs. Edward H. Harriman, and the
work will hereafter be known as the Harriman Alaska
Series of the Smithsonian Institution.
The remainder of the edition of Volumes I to V,
and VIII to XIII, as also Volumes VI and VII in
preparation, together with any additional volumes that
may hereafter appear, will bear special Smithsonian
title pages.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
WASHINGTON, D. C., JULY, 1910
Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher
KRAUS REPRINT CO.
A U.S. Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited
Printed in U.S.A.
HARRIMAN ALASKA EXPEDITION
WITH COOPERATION OF WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ALASKA
VOLUME XII
ENCHYTR^EIDS
BY GUSTAV EISEN
TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS
BY KATHARINE J. BUSH
NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1904
COPYRIGHT, 1904
BY
EDWARD H. HARRIMAN
PREFACE
THE present volume comprises two papers : The Enchytrae-
idse of the West Coast of North America, by Dr. Gustav Eisen ;
and the Tubicolous Annelids of the tribes Sabellides and Ser-
pulides from the Pacific Ocean, by Miss Katharine J. Bush.
The manuscript on the Enchytraeidae was placed in my hands
about three years ago. Owing to unavoidable delays in the
preparation of the volumes which precede it in the series, earlier
publication has been impracticable. This is greatly to be re-
gretted, particularly since some of the species then described as
new by Dr. Eisen have been since published by others.
The manuscript on the Tubicolous Annelids reached me in
January, 1904, when Dr. Eisen's paper was already in page
proof, and just in time to be included in the volume.
Both papers represent an enormous amount of patient pains-
taking original work on little known groups, our knowledge of
which is correspondingly advanced. The number of new spe-
cies and subspecies described is 100, of which 52 are Enchy-
traeids, 48 Tubicolous Annelids. Besides the new species,
Miss Bush proposes 15 new genera.
C. HART MERRIAM,
Editor.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
April 10, 1904.
CONTENTS
MM
PREFACE v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
ENCHYTR^EID^E, BY GUSTAV EISEN.
Introduction I
Explanation of Terms 3
Importance of Penial Bulb in Classification 6
Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera n
Systematic Discussion of Genera and Species 13
Bibliography 121
Abbreviations used in the Text Figures 124
Abbreviations used in the Plates 125
Index to Genera and Species 126
TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS, BY KATHARINE J. BUSH.
Introduction 169
Species previously recorded from the Pacific 172
New Genera 178
Species new to the Region 179
Systematic Discussion 183
Notes on Genus Spirorbis 252
Bibliography ; 269
Addendum 287
Index to Genera and Species 292
VOLUME INDEX 341
(vii)
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
PLATB FACING PAGE
I. Mesenchytrceus harrimani, M. unalaskce, M. grandis,
M. setchelli, M. eastivoodt, M. pedatus, M. fonti-
nalis, M. kincaidi, M. fuscus inermis, Enchytrceus
alaskce 128
II. Mesenchytrceus harrimani 1 30
III. Mesenchytrceus vegce 132
IV . Mesenchytrceus setchelli, M. franciscanus 1 34
V. Mesenchytrceus maculatus 136
VI. Mesenchytrceus obscurus, M. eastivoodi 138
VII. Mesenchytrceus grandis, M. kincaidi, M. solifugus ... 140
VIII. Mesenchytrceus solifugus, M. fuscus 142
IX. Mesenchytrceus penicillus, M. pedatus 144
X. Mesenchytrceus beringensis 146
XI. Mesenchytrceus orcce, M. fontinalis , M. asiaticus 148
XII. Bryodrilus udei, Lumbricillus merriami, L. merriami
elongatus 150
XIII. Lumbricillus franciscanus, L. santceclarce, L. ritteri.. 152
XIV. Marionina americana, M. alaskce 154
XV. Henlea calif ornica, H. ehrhorni, H. guatemalce, Frid-
ericia californica 156
XVI. Fridericia sonorce, F. santcerosce, F. johnsoni 158
XVII . Fridericia fuchsi, F. macgregori 1 60
XVIII. Lumbricillus annulatus, Enchytrceus kincaidi, E. met-
lakatlensis, E. saxicola 162
XIX. Enchytrceus metlakatlensis , E. modestus, E. alaskce .. 164
XX. Enchytrceus alaskce, Fridericia harrimani 166
XXI. Eudistylia gigantea, E. plumosa 300
XXII. Myxicola glacialis, Eudistylia tenella, E. gigantea,
E. plumosa 302
XXIII. Eudistylia gigantea, E. tenella, Schizobranchia con-
cinna 304
(ix)
X ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE FACING PAGE
XXIV. Schizobranchia insignis, S. nobilis, Eudistylia ab-
breviata 306
XXV. Myxicola glacialis, Aspeira modesta, Eudistylia
gigantea, Crucigera irregularis 308
XXVI. Myxicola conjuncta, M. glacialis, Sabella elegans,
Serpula splendens 310
XXVII. Schizobranchia insignis, Sabella humilis, S. leptalea,
S.formosa, S. elegans, Parasabella media, Spiror-
bis semidentatus, S. spirillum lucidus, Eupomatus
gracilis 312
XXVIII. Schizobranchia dubia, S. concinna, S. insignis, S.
nobilis, Crucigera formosa, Parasabella maculata,
Spirorbis asperatus 314
XXIX. Schizobranchia dubia, Serpula splendens, Spirorbis
variabilis, S. rugatus, S. similis, Crucigera ir-
regularis, C. zygophora, Eudistylia polymorpha.. 316
XXX. Chone teres, Serpula splendens, Spirorbis asperatus. 318
XXXI. Crucigera formosa, C. zygophora 320
XXXII-XLIV. Details of Annelid Setae, etc 322~339
TEXT FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
i. Mesenchytrceus unalaska 21
2, 3. Mesenchytrceus asiaticus 22, 23
4-6. Mesenchytrceus harrimani 24, 25
7-9. Mesenchytrceus setchelli 27, 28
10, ii. Mesenchytrceus franciscanus 30, 31
12, 13. Mesenchytrceus obscurus 33, 34
14. Mesenchytrceus maculatus 36
15. Mesenchytrceus vegce 38
16. Mesenchytrceus orcce 39
17. Mesenchytrceus kincaidi 42
18, 19. Mesenchytrceus penicillus 43, 44
20. Mesenchytrceus grandis 45
21-23. Mesenchytrceus fuscus 47, 48
24. Mesenchytrceus fuscus inermis 49
25. Mesenchytrceus east-woodi 51
26. Mesenchytrceus nanus 52
27. Mesenchytrceus fontinalis 53
28. Mesenchytrceus fontinalis gracilis 54
ILLUSTRATIONS XI
FIGURE PAGB
29, 30. Mesenchytrceus pedatus 55, 56
31. Mesenchytrceus beringensis 58
32. Mesenchytrceus solifugus 60
33. Enchytrceus modestus 63
34-36. Enchytrceus metlakatlensis 65, 66
37, 38. Enchytrceus kincaidi 67, 68
39, 40. Enchytrceus alaskce 69, 70
41. Enchytrceus saxicola 70
42. Enchytrceus citrinus 72
43. Michaelsena paucispina 74
44-46. Lumbricillus santceclarce 77' 7^
47, 48. Lumbricillus merriami 80
49. Lumbricillus merriami elongatus 81
50-52. Lumbricillus annulatus 82, 83, 84
53, 54. Lumbricillus ritteri. 85
55-57. Lumbricillus franciscanus 86, 87
58. Lumbricillus franciscanus borealis 89
59. Lumbricillus franciscanus unalaskce 90
60. Marionina alaskce 92
61, 62. Marionina americana 93
63. JSryodrilus udei 95
64. Henlea californica 100
65. Henlea californica monticola 101
66. Henlea californica helence 101
67, 68. Henlea guatemalce 102, 103
69. Henlea ehrhorni 104
70, 71- Fridericia harrimani no
72. Fridericia johnsoni 112
73, 74. Fridericia fuchsi 113
75. Fridericia sonorce 114
76. Fridericia santcerosce 116
77. Fridericia santcebarbarce 117
78,79. Fridericia popoftana 117? n8
80. Fridericia macgregori. 119
81. Fridericia californica 120
ENCHYTR^ID^E OF THE WEST
COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
ENCHYTR^ID^E OF THE WEST COAST
OF NORTH AMERICA
BY GUSTAV EISEN
CONTENTS
Introduction I
Synopsis of subfamilies and genera II
Systematic discussion of genera and species 13
Bibliography 121
Abbreviations used In text figures 124
Abbreviations used in plates 125
Index 126
INTRODUCTION
THE following paper is based principally on the Enchy-
traeidae collected by the Harriman Expedition to Alaska in
1899. The specimens were placed at my disposal for study by
Prof. W. E. Ritter, of the University of California, and by
Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of the University of Washington. At
the time these specimens were sent me, I was already working
up a collection of Enchytraeidas previously obtained in Alaska
by Prof. Trevor Kincaid and Prof. W. A. Setchell, the latter
principally on the island of Unalaska. Other specimens had
been received from Dr. Richard C. McGregor, of San Fran-
cisco, and still others had been collected by myself. Another
small collection had long been in my possession, having been
brought together by Dr. Anton Stuxberg during the Vega
Expedition under Baron A. E. Nordenskiold in 1877. Of the
(0
2 EISEN
latter only those species collected in Alaska are described
in this paper. With the permission of Mr. E. H. Harriman
I have included descriptions of all the above collections in the
present paper, which thus becomes much more valuable and
exhaustive.
The number of species found within a really limited territory
will probably prove a surprise to students of this group of
animals ; and it must be remembered that none of those who
contributed the collections made a specialty of this group. A
few specimens were collected here and others there, every col-
lector having some other special branch to look after. Still
the result is most gratifying, as the forty six new species
increase the total from 128 to 174. While the specimens
from Alaska have all been carefully gone over and all the
species described, the same cannot be said of other specimens
in my collection. Owing to unforeseen circumstances this
paper had to be brought to a speedy close and many species
had to be left out which undoubtedly would have proved to be
new. I have yet in my possession some fifty or more new
species collected on the Pacific Coasts by myself, and by Dr.
Stuxberg during the Vega Expedition, but time does not allow
me to describe them now. My object in mentioning this fact is
merely to show the great number of species en the Pacific coast
and in the arctic and subarctic zones generally. Nearly every
new locality is found to possess new and distinct species, which
seem to be much more restricted in their habitat than is the case
in Europe. The isolation of species in California is undoubt-
edly due to the lesser rainfall on this part of the coast, which has
prevented the species from rapidly spreading. In the north,
along the Alaska coast, Enchytrasidas seem to occur in count-
less numbers, favorable localities being found everywhere. But
the further south we go the scarcer become the species and the
higher must we go in the mountains in order to find any at all.
Compared with the north, Enchytraeidse in California are ex-
ceedingly scarce, and even during the rainy season we may
hunt for several days in apparently favorable localities without
finding any. Even in the Sierra Nevada species of this family
are comparatively rare. As we go further south, into Mexico,
ENCHYTR^EID^E 3
the species become still more scarce, and those of Mesenchy-
tr&ns seem to disappear altogether.
SAN FRANCISCO,
March 31, 1900.
NOTE. — This paper was finished and forwarded to the editor
a month or so before the publication of the < Oligochaeta ' by Dr.
W. Michaelsen. Being unable to use the admirable work of
Dr. Michaelsen in the preparation of my paper, I was obliged
to postpone until proof-reading some important and necessary
changes in the nomenclature of genera, species and organs.
These changes I have now made. Thus I have followed Dr.
Michaelsen in changing Pachydrilus to Lumbricillus, and I
have also adopted such terms as * ampulla,' ' peptonephridia '
and others in order to make the terminology more uniform.
Since Dr. Michaelsen's Oligochaeta was published a few minor
publications by other investigators have appeared, containing
descriptions of species of Enchytraeidse, especially from the
southern part of Europe and the Alps. These species I have
as a rule left without consideration, the time being too limited
to enable me to make further additions and comparisons.
The types of all or nearly all the species described in this
paper have been sectioned up and are now in the form of micro-
scopical slides in the collection of the California Academy of
Sciences at San Francisco, Calif. The types of the Vega Ex-
pedition will be forwarded to the Royal Academy of Sciences
in Stockholm. Cotypes of the species collected by the Har-
riman Expedition have been deposited with Prof. Trevor Kin-
caid in the University of Washington, at Seattle, and with
Prof. W. E. Ritter in the University of California, at Berkeley.
GUSTAV EISEN.
August 15, 1903.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
The following terms used in this paper require some explanation in
order to be fully understood.
Accessory glands. — All glands which open around the base of
the sperm-ducts, but which do not originate inside the penial bulb.
The accessory glands do not stand in any direct connection with the
4 EISEN
sperm-ducts. Typical accessory glands are found in Mesenchytrceus
franciscanus, M. pedatus, and M. solifugus.
Ampulla. — The distal, generally inflated part of the spermatheca.
The ampullar part is often furnished with diverticles at its base, these
diverticles resembling the ampulla in structure, but differing from the
duct of the spermatheca.
Atrium. — That enlargement of the sperm-duct situated in the
coelomic cavity immediately adjoining the penial bulb. Sometimes
there are two more or less similar enlargements. In such cases the
upper enlargement is named atrium, while the lower one, closer to
the pore, and which is generally situated inside the penial bulb, is
designated ' penial chamber.'
Atrial glands. — Glands which are situated free in the coelomic
cavity and which open into the atrium. The ducts of these glands
may open between the inner epithelial cells in the atrium, or they may
run down in the atrium and open at the base of the sperm-ducts. The
atrial glands are also known as prostates.
Cardiac gland. — The inner glandular structures in the dorsal ves-
sel (Herzkorper of Michaelsen) .
Chylus cells. — Large intestinal cells perforated longitudinally by a
canal. These cells are found only in a few genera, and generally
alternate with common epithelial cells in the intestine. Their form
and location are characteristic of the species. Generally located in
the vicinity of the clitellar somites.
Copulatory papillae. — The exterior penial papillae situated close
to or surrounding the spermi ducal pores. Protuberances serving as
exterior copulatory organs.
Cyanophil lymphocytes. — Lymphocytes which when double-stained
take the blue anilin stains.
Eosinophil lymphocytes. — Lymphocytes which when double-
stained take the red eosin stain.
Intra-penial glands. — Glands which are situated inside the penial
part of the sperm-duct. These glands are enclosed by the penial
envelope and open at the lower apex of the penis, but always inside,
never outside the penis. Typical in Mesenchytrceus harrimani.
Penial bulb. — The bulbous muscular and glandular structure situated
at the base of the sperm-duct in Mesenchy 'trainee an&jLumbrictllince.
The structure of the bulb is of importance in characterizing the species.
Penial papillce . — Smaller or larger papillae consisting of unicellu-
lar glands situated inside the body in the vicinity of the spermiducal
pores. Found only, so far as known, in Enchytrceince. Possibly
ENCHYTR^EID^E £
also in Anachcetince the cells of the penial papillae never enter the
sperm-ducts.
Penial chamber. — The lowest enlargement of the sperm-duct situ-
ated below the enlargement designated as atrium. So far as known
no glands open into the penial chamber.
Peptonephridia. — Glands resembling nephridial structures, open-
ing into the pharynx. The name ' peptonephridia ' was first introduced
by Benham and later adopted by Michaelsen and others for structures
formerly designated as salivary glands. As these structures greatly
resemble the nephridial ducts, and differ characteristically from such
glandular structures as the segmental and sexual glands, a distinct
name for them is appropriate.
Salivary glands. — See peptonephridia.
Sexual papillae. — Glandular papillae projecting exteriorly from
the body -wall, in the vicinity of the penial pore. The interior
glandular structures are designated ' penial bulb ' or * penial papillae,'
the latter in Enchytrceus, the former in Mesenchytrceus and other
genera.
Spermiducal apparatus. — The sperm-funnels, sperm-duct, penial
bulb and accessory, atrial and penial glands.
Spermatheca. — Sperm-pockets (Samentaschen) . The pore gener-
ally in £. The lower narrow part is the duct, the upper thin-walled
part is the ampulla, which is often furnished with diverticles at its base.
Septal glands. — Unicellular glands, grouped in fascicles, opening
in the palate, but often projecting several somites backwards. Septal
glands may be both dorsal and ventral.
Sperm-sacs. — Sacs covered with integument and attached to the
testes. In these sacs the spermatozoa reach their final development.
The sperm -sacs are either single, paired, or a separate sperm-sac —
testicle-sac — may cap each separate lobe of the plurilobed testes, as in
the genus Lumbricillus \
Ventral glands . — Peculiar coelomic glands of unknown quality,
but probably of sexual nature, found in the vicinity of the ventral
ganglion in certain genera. In some instances these glands are inti-
mately connected with the ventral nerve trunk, in other instances they
are merely in exterior contact with the ventral nerve trunk. They
always penetrate the body -wall and open through it immediately under
the ventral nerve trunk. The inner, or distal, ends are free in the coelo-
mic cavity, or may be united with the ventral nerve trunk. (' Kopu-
lationsdriisen ' of Ude and Michaelsen ; * Copulatory glands ' and
* Outgrowths of nerve cords ' of Beddard.)
EISEN
IMPORTANCE OF THE PENIAL BULB IN CLASSIFICATION.
The present arrangement of the various genera is partly tentative.
Until now the structure of the penial bulb has not been critically
examined, except in a few species besides those described in this
paper, and it is in reality only a supposition that the structure of the
penial bulb is uniform in the respective species of a genus. I think,
however, this assumption will prove to be correct. The species within
each of the genera which have been examined have proved to corre-
spond in all particulars to such an extent that it may be safely assumed
that the other species also will agree.
Of the genera of the family, I have not had any opportunity to
examine Bucholzia and Achceta. Of Bucholzia I have not been able
to find any description referring to the structure of the penial bulb,
and this genus is simply inserted in the subfamily Lumbricillinae on
account of its undoubted relationship to the genus Henlea. Chiro-
drilus, which has not been seen by any recent investigator of this
family, is appended for convenience sake. Of its interior structure
we know nothing.
Structure of the penial bulb. — The copulatory cushion or penial
bulb is of considerable importance in the classification of Enchytra-
ida;, and I have as far as it has been possible investigated its structure
in all the species described in this paper. In some instances the pres-
ervation of the specimens has not been sufficiently perfect to allow a
minute microscopical study of these complicated structures, but these
instances have been comparatively few, and it seems almost certain
that a great uniformity of structure exists in the different species of
the same genus, or in the same genera of the various subfamilies.
The structure of the penial bulb or corresponding organs can therefore
be said to be highly characteristic of both species, genera and sub-
families. As previous investigators have paid little or no attention to
the finer structure of these sexual organs I will here refer to them
more in detail in order that the following classification may be better
comprehended.
In nearly all species of this family there exist one or several pecu-
liar cushions in the vicinity of the spermiducal pore — the pore in
which opens the sperm-duct leading from the funnel. This cushion or
bulb is either intimately connected with the lower part of sperm-duct
in such a way that the lower part of the duct is enclosed by the bulb,
the spermiducal pore then being situated nearly in the center of the
outer surface of the bulb. Or the pore of the sperm-duct may be sit-
ENCHYTR^IDvE 7
uated entirely exterior to the penial bulb and in no way connected
with the many glands which generally are found in the bulb. This
latter seems to be characteristic of the subfamily of Enchytraeinae,
while the former is the case in the other subfamilies so far as is known.
As regards the structure of the penial bulb there are also some
great and very interesting differences. For instance, the bulb may be
traversed by numerous trabecula or muscular strands, in two or
more directions, longitudinal or fan-shaped, and circular. The for-
mer strands run from the body surface to the periphery of the bulb,
while the latter form a circular layer in the bulb. These strands sepa-
rate the glands found in the bulb from each other. In another type
of bulb there are no such strands of muscles to be found separating the
glands, the latter being closely packed without any intermediary muscles
or even connective tissue. The muscular bulb is found in Mesen-
chytraeinae, while the non-muscular bulb is found in Lumbricillinae.
In several species the bulb is either insufficiently developed or of a
degenerated type, but even in such species there are generally some
characteristic features left, enabling us to assign it to its proper type.
In Lumbricillus the bulb is surrounded by a thick muscular layer,
being a continuation of the body wall. This is also the character of
the bulb in Bryodrilus, and is probably found in all the other species
in the subfamily. In Enchytraeinae the muscles of the bulb are more
numerous, forming often a thick padding over the glands of the bulb,
and even penetrating between them. But there are no bands of
muscles connecting the body wall with the periphery of the bulb as in
Mesenchytraeinae. Instead of one single bulb we find in Enchytraeinae
a number of smaller and as regards size varying glandular cushions,
succeeding one another both in the longitudinal and the transverse
diameter of the worm.
If we thus summarize the above facts we find that in this family
there exist three distinct kinds of penial bulbs, differing as regards
their finer structure.
The Mesenchytraeid bulb is a single muscular structure, containing
circular muscles as well as fan-shaped muscular bands' connecting the
body wall with the periphery of the bulb. Between the muscular
bands are generally found numerous penial glands which open on the
surface of the bulb around the penial pore. The sperm-duct penetrates
the bulb, opening on the center of its outer surface.
The Enchytraeid bulb is multiple, consisting of several separate
cushions grouped around the penial pore. In these cushions we find
several sets or fascicles of glands, each fascicle opening by itself on the
8 EISEN
surface of the body. There are no muscular bands connecting the
base of the cushions with its periphery. The sperm-duct never pene-
trates the bulbs or cushions but opens close to and independently of
them. Exterior to the cushions there are numerous muscles connecting
the body wall immediately surrounding the pore with other parts of
the same somite.
The Lumbricillid bulb is always single and covered with a strong
muscular layer, which however never penetrates down between the
cells of the bulb. There are generally two or three distinct sets of
glandular cells in the bulb. Some of these open in the lower part of
the sperm-duct, or rather in a narrow groove in the elongation of the
sperm-duct. Others open on the free surface of the bulb, either irregu-
larly or in narrow circular fields, bunched into fascicles. The sperm-
duct penetrates one side of the bulb. In Bryodrilus the gland which
opens in the extension of the sperm-duct is covered with a thin cushion
of muscular strands, forming a bulb within a bulb.
Structure of the atrium and its glands. — The structure of the
enlargement of the sperm-duct which I have designated as atrium is a
complicated one, especially in Mesenchytrceus \ In the subfamilies of
Lumbricillinae and Enchytraeinae the sperm-duct continues to the pore,
even through its passage through penial bulb, without any enlargement,
and without being joined by any atrial or accessory glands. Any ref-
erence to the finer structure of the sperm-duct proper in these two sub-
families is therefore not necessary. But in Mesenchytrceus the struc-
ture is often so complicated and so varied that it generally furnishes im-
portant characteristics of the species. In many species there exists an
atrial enlargement just outside of the penial bulb, while many species
possess also another enlargement inside the penial bulb, close to the
penial pore. For the former I have retained the name ' atrium,' for the
latter ' penial chamber.' Both these enlargements may be connected
with various kinds of glandular cells. These cells are either single or,
more frequently, grouped in fascicles in the same manner as the septal
glands. All the various glands in the family resemble one another in
that the respective cells open independently of each other through a
long and narrow duct. In no instance is there a common lumen for
the various cells, though they may be grouped together in fascicles, in
which the long and exceedingly narrow ducts run parallel to each other
for some considerable distance. This is especially the case with the
atrial glands. These glands occur generally in fascicles, which lie
free in the coelomic cavity, but send their fine, thread-like ducts into
the atrium of the sperm-duct. In many species the ducts of the fasci-
ENCHYTR^EID^E p
cles are surrounded by circular muscles in the immediate vicinity of
the sperm-duct. In other species these circular muscles are wanting.
If we follow these fine hair-ducts of the cells we find that some of
them after having penetrated the muscular coat of the sperm-duct,
enter between the inner epithelial cells of the atrium, and empty their
contents into the atrial lumen. Other ducts again do not open into the
lumen at once, but run either up or down between the epithelium of
the atrium and its muscular layers, and only enter the atrial lumen a
considerable distance from the place where they penetrated the atrial
covering. In many species the glandular ducts form a thick layer of
fine thread-like ducts, which layer is thicker than any of the atrial layers
proper. While some of the ducts from the glands enter the atrial
lumen without being enlarged or widened out, others first widen out,
forming a small pocket in which their granular contents are stored.
The number and location of the atrial glandular fascicles vary in dif-
ferent species. In some instances they penetrate the atrium in the
same equatorial plane, while in other species they cover the atrium in
an irregular manner. In some species these fine ducts of the cells
continue downward in the atrium but open only at the penial pore on
the surface of the body-wall. In some species the atrial glands are
wanting, while in others they seem to be replaced by minute glands
situated entirely inside the atrium near the penial pore.
Another set of glands connected with the spermiducal organ consist
of accessory glands, which open near the penial pore, but which stand
in no connection with either the sperm-duct or the penial bulb. In
some species there are many accessory glands arranged in a ring in the
coelomic cavity around the bulb and opening along a circular band
around the penial pore. But in other species there may be only two
or even one single fascicle of accessory glands opening in a pore by
itself, but in the immediate vicinity of the penial pore. In structure
these glands resemble the atrial and penial glands (figs. 10, 32). The
exterior pore of these accessory glands is often very large, reminding
us of the tubercula pubertatis in the higher Oligochaeta.
At the lower end of the sperm-duct we find in many species, both of
Mesenchytrceus and Lumbricittus , etc. , a set of very small glands which
appear to open directly in the sperm-duct. These glands are often
enclosed within the muscles of the sperm-duct, and appear as an en-
largement of the duct. But it is to be noted that the surface on which
these glands open is destitute of any epithelial cells, those of the
sperm-duct always ending where the glands commence. I have, there-
fore, referred to these glands as opening in the prolongation of the
IQ EISEN
sperm-duct instead of in the duct itself. In the genus Mesenchytrceus
these glands are found only in few species, while in Lumbricillinse
they are found in all species examined by me.
The various glands of the spermiducal apparatus . — In the fore-
going as well as in the following paragraphs the various glands of the
spermiducal apparatus have often been referred to in their respec-
tive places. As their number is considerable and as their structure is
somewhat complicated I will here summarize their most important
characteristics and endeavor to classify them according to their nature
and location. There are at least five different kinds of glands opening
into or in the proximity of the sperm-duct.
The first group of glands are those which open in the sperm-duct
exterior to the penial bulb. These are the atrial glands which, as we
have seen, may directly penetrate between the atrial inner epithelium
and open into the atrial chamber and pour their secretions there. Or
they may follow between the atrial epithelium and the atrial muscular
layers and empty their contents around the penial pore. An illustration
of the former is seen in Mesenchytrceus maculatus (pi. v, fig. 5).
The latter is illustrated in Mesenchytrceus grandis (pi. vn, fig. 2) .
Another group of glands in the lowest part of the sperm-duct, or
more particularly in the short extension of the sperm-duct, is found in
many species of Lumbricillinae and in some species of Mesenchytrceus
for which see pi. xi, fig. 4 {Mesenchytrceus asiaticus), and pi. xv,
fig. 7 {Henlea guatemalce) . Such glands I have referred to as ' intra-
penial glands.'
Another group of glands are designated ' copulatory glands.' These
glands are found inside the penial bulb, but do not open into the sperm-
duct, but around the spermiducal pore, on the body surface of the
penial bulb. Such glands are seen in pi. xi, fig. 4 {Mesenchytrceus
asiaticus), and in pi. xvm, fig. i {Lumbricillus annulatus*).
The copulatory glands may open separately, as in pi. xiv, fig. i
{Marionina americana), or they may open in fascicles in separate
pores, as in pi. xv, fig. 6 {Henlea ehrhorni}. The two kinds of
glands may be found in the same penial bulb, and their arrangement
and occurrence are probably characteristic of the species.
The fourth class of glands is the accessory glands which open out-
side of the penial bulb, as illustrated in pi. ix, figs. 5, 6 {Mesenchy-
trceus pedatus) .
Anc her set of glands are those found in Enchytrceus, which open
in grouj. outside of the penial pore (pi. xix, figs, i and 6).
OF NORTHWEST COAST
OF NORTH AMERICA
SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA
I. Subfamily
The penial bulb consists of a muscular cushion containing muscular
strands mostly radiating from the base of the bulb, but also running in
a peripheral manner. Among these muscular strands are often found
numerous glandular cells arranged in sets, which open onto the basal
surface of the penial bulb. The sperm-ducts penetrate the bulb but
the glands in the bulb do not open into the ducts. Setae sigmoid in
four fascicles on each somite. No dorsal pores.
An atrium and atrial glands generally present. Dorsal vessel rises
posterior to clitellum and is furnished with cardiac gland. One
pair of sperm-sacs and a single median ovisac. Head-pore generally
at the apex of the prostomium. Nephridia pluri-lobed, with wide
closely wound canals ........................... i. Mesenchytrceus Eisen.
II. Subfamily ENCHTTR^EIN^E.
No large compact penial bulb, only one or more smaller or larger
papillae, consisting of a number of unicellular glands arranged in sets,
in which the individual cells radiate in a feathery or fan-shaped man-
ner from a common point on the base of the papillae. A few muscular
strands penetrate between the glandular sets, radiating from the base
of the papillae to the parietes or body-wall situated laterally to the ven-
tral ganglion. Sperm-ducts open independently of the penial papillae,
though in their immediate vicinity. Never any atrium. Setae always
straight when present. Nephridia not pluri-lobed. No intestinal di-
verticles. Peptonephridia glands present or absent. No dorsal pores.
Four fascicles of setae in each somite and more than one seta in each
fascicle ............................................. 2 . Enchytrceus ( Henle) .
No fascicles of setae. Setae single or even entirely absent in many
somites .................................................. 3. Michaelsena Ude.
12 EISEN
III. Subfamily
No setae, only glandular sacs, projecting from the body- wall into the
coelomie cavity. The penial bulb consists of numerous glandular cells
arranged in a fan-shaped manner (the finer details of this structure
are not known) .
Dorsal vessel rises anterior to clitellum. Unpaired peptonephridia.
Head-pore at the apex of the prostomium. Nephridia with a very
large anteseptal, not pluri-lobed. No dorsal pores. Blood color-
less. Chylus cells in the intestine .................... 4. Achceta Vejd.
IV. Subfamily LUMBRICILLIN^®.
The single penial bulb contains as a rule no muscular strands, but
is covered by a strong investment of muscles, which, however, never
penetrate into the bulb. The bulb contains a great number of unicellular
glands, which open either on the basal surface of the bulb or into the
extension of the duct. The sperm-ducts penetrate the bulb and open
in conjunction with the glands. No atrium. No accessory glands.
Setae in fascicles of four. Nephridia not pluri-lobed. Head-pore
between prostomium and somite I.
A. Setae always sigmoid and arranged in a fan-shaped manner in the
fascicle. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. No dorsal
pores. No cardiac gland. Blood red. Esophagus gradually
merging into the intestine. Sperm-sac caps each testis-lobe. No
peptonephridia .
Testes pluri-lobed ................................... 5. Lumbricillus Clap.
Testes massive and undivided .............. 6. Marionina Michaelsen.
B. Setae sigmoid or straight. Dorsal vessel rises anterior to cli-
tellum. No dorsal pores. Blood colorless. Intestine with or
without pouches.
Dorsal vessel without cardiac gland, rises from an anterior dorsal
diverticle of the intestine. Esophagus merges suddenly into the
intestine. Rudimentary salivary glands. Setae sigmoid.
7. Bucholzia Michaelsen.
Dorsal vessel rises anterior to clitellum, but not from a dorsal diver-
ticle of the intestine. A cardiac gland. No diverticles of the in-
testine. Esophagus gradually merging into the intestine. No
peptonephridia. Setae sigmoid ........... 8. Stercutus Michaelsen.
Dorsal vessel rises in the clitellar somites. Intestine with four
diverticles in VIII. No sperm-sacs. No dorsal pores. Nephridia
ENCHYTR^EID^E 13
with minute anteseptal. Setae sigmoid or straight. Rudimentary
peptonephridia 9. Bryodrilus Ude.
Dorsal vessel rises from a sinus in VIII, formed by the junction of
esophagus and intestine, which suddenly merge into each other.
Intestine with two to four intestinal pouches or with none. Large
peptonephridia. Setae sigmoid or straight.
10. Henlea Michaelsen.
C. Setae straight, the inner ones always shorter than the outer ones.
Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. Blood colorless. In-
testine without pouches. Two kinds of lymphocytes. Dorsal
pores in the dorsal median line half way between the septa.
Four fascicles of setae. Dorsal pores begin with VI or VII.
Chylus cells in some somites in the vicinity of clitellum. No
cardiac gland. Peptonephridia simple or branched.
ii. Fridericia Michaelsen.
Only the ventral fascicles of setae present, anteriorly 4 setae, posteriorly
rarely more than one seta in each fascicle. A cardiac gland.
Dorsal vessel post-clitellial. Some of the anterior septa are
thickened 12. Distichopus Leidy.
JD. Six fan-shaped fascicles of setae in each somite. Two fascicles
are ventral, two lateral and two subdorsal. The setae in the ven-
tral and lateral fascicles four to nine, simple, acute, curved like
an italic f\ those of the dorsal fascicles stouter and less curved,
three to six in each fascicle. Blood colorless.
13. Chirodrilus Verrill.
SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Subfamily MESENCHTTRsEINJE.
This subfamily includes for the present only the single genus, after
which the subfamily takes its name. In his arrangement of the family
Michaelsen places Stercutus close to Mesenchytrtzus on account of
the sigmoid setae. It seems to me, however, more probable that this
genus is more closely related to Pachydrilinae on account of the form
of its nephridia. The structure of the penial bulb of Stercutus is not
known to me.
The penial bulb is in some species of Mesenchytrceus rather reduced
in size as well as variable in structure, but all the species agree in hav-
ing the lower part of the sperm-duct invested by muscles, which in
some instances are of most powerful nature, reminding us of the mus-
14 EISEN
cular arrangement of the penial duct in certain species of Limnodrilus,
where these muscles are spirally twisted around the duct. The ducts
enter the penial bulb always from the top, never from the side or from
the bottom, as, for instance, in Fridericia. Throughout their course
in the bulb the ducts are separated by strong muscles from the muscles
of the bulb, a character not found in the other subfamilies. The
structure of the bulb will be described more in detail under the genus
Mesenchytrceus. For a definition of the family we refer to the syn-
optic table of the genera.
Genus Mesenchytraeus Eisen.
Definition. — Setae sigmoid, generally more numerous in the ventral
fascicles. Head-pore generally near the apex of prostomium. No
dorsal pores. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum, with cardiac
gland. Blood colorless or red. Brain generally truncate posteriorly,
generally broader than long. Nephridia with anteseptal, consisting of
the nephrostome, and with a deeply and irregularly pluri-lobed post-
septal, in which the ducts are wide and situated close together. No
salivary glands. Septal glands present. An atrium generally present.
Atrial and accessory penial glands present in many species. A single
median ovisac. One pair of sperm-sacs generally of large size.
Sperm-duct generally broad and short. Spermatophores present in
several species. Penial bulb when present contains muscular strands
which radiate from the base towards the periphery of the bulb.
The above definition is slightly modified from the one given by
Michaelsen and Beddard. The points in question refer to the color of
the blood, to the presence of spermatophores in some species, and to
the nature of the penial bulb. An atrium or enlargement of the
sperm-duct is found in most species and may be said to be fairly char-
acteristic of the genus ; its absence is certainly the exception. In the
following we will consider in detail only such characters as are less
known.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain. — The form of this organ is less characteristic of the genus
than was supposed when the genus was established. The posterior
margin, while generally truncate posteriorly, is in many species con-
vex, while in a few it is even concave. But this convexity or con-
cavity is never as large as in the other genera, and coupled with some
other characteristics, is frequently a guide to the genus. These sup-
plementary peculiarities of the Mesenchytraeid brain are that it is
ENCHYTR^EID^E 15
generally deltoid, tapers posteriorly, and is broader than long. It is
also frequently deeply emarginated in front. Whenever we find
several of these characteristics together we may be reasonably sure that
the species belongs to the genus Mesenchytrceus.
Spermathecce. — These organs show a great variation in form and in
the number of diverticles. The latter offer a most convenient character
upon which to base a systematic arrangement of the species. In the
following I have adopted the number of diverticles of the spermatheca
as a most convenient characteristic for the different groups. There are
also points in the structure of the spermatheca which are of great
interest. In a large block of species, which also otherwise seem to
be related, the terminal ampulla of the spermatheca is greatly enlarged
and extends backward through a number of somites. As might be
expected, nearly all such spermathecae are closed and do not connect
with the intestine. The exception is found in M. vegce in which the
spermatheca is connected with the intestine by a narrow duct, which,
however, springs out laterally from the ampulla instead of from its inner
apex. There is some little reason to suspect that this enlargement of
the spermathecae in this genus may have been overlooked in some
species, and that some spermatheca? which have been described as
short and as immediately connecting with the intestine, in reality are
greatly prolonged posteriorly. The part adjoining the diverticles is
always narrow and closely approaches the intestine. This peculiarity
causes it to tear readily and I am satisfied that some such torn sperma-
theca? have been considered as entire. A similar enlargement of the
spermatheca? is not known to exist in any of the other genera of this
family.
Spermiducal apparatus . — The spermiducal apparatus in Mesen-
chytrceus is as a rule most characteristic. This refers especially to
the sperm-duct and to the various glands connected with it. In nearly
all species of this genus there exists an enlargement of the sperm-duct
just before it enters the penial bulb. I have retained for this enlarge-
ment the name ' atrium.' In this atrium there open in many species
glands, in form, size, and structure resembling the atrial glands of
Limnodrilus. In some species there are only a few glands, in others
there are as many as fifteen or more. The atrial glands consist of fas-
cicles of unicellular glands, each cell opening independently of the
adjoining cells. The glands open in various places. As a rule they
penetrate the atrial wall in a fascicle surrounded by circular muscles,
though these latter may be absent. After having penetrated the atrial
wall, the ducts of the glands may open into pockets between the epi-
l6 EISEN
thelial cells lining the atrium, or the ducts may enter directly between
the cells of the atrium. In other species, again, these ducts run all
the way down to the pore of the penis and open there between the
epithelial cells, or they may continue to the very pore, opening onto
the free surface around the pore, still remaining inside the sheath of
the sperm-duct. In some instances the ducts of these glands spread
out between the epithelium and the muscular layers of the atrium and
form a thick layer of irregularly running threads. Some of these
narrow ducts run upwards in the atrium, while others run downwards
to the pore some little distance before they finally penetrate the epi-
thelium of the atrium in order to empty their contents in the atrial
lumen. Through this arrangement nearly the whole anterior surface
of the atrial lumen is evenly lubricated by the secretions of the glands
and clogging at any given point is most effectually prevented. The
individual ducts of the glands are so minute that they may be readily
mistaken for fibers. The lumen of the duct is not demonstrable by
present microscopical means and the nature of the duct can only be
judged by following some of the ducts until they empty their content
in the atrial chamber. The great variety of arrangement of these
glands is illustrated in the various figures.
Accessory glands, — As ' accessory glands ' I have referred to glands
which open around the penial bulb and which do not enter this bulb.
In structure the accessory glands resemble the atrial glands, and like
them are composed of fascicles of unicellular glands, the ducts of which
never fuse. Accessory glands are comparatively rare. So far they are
found in only a few species, such as M. pedatus, M* solifugus, M.
fontinalis, and M. franciscanus. In the latter species there is
only one accessory gland, but this one is of enormous size (pi. iv,
%• 4)-
Penial glands . — As ' penial glands * I refer to all glands which are
confined to the penial bulb. They are of at least three distinct kinds,
according as they open into the sperm-duct, into the penis, or simply
around the penial pore. The majority of the penial glands open
around the pore outside of the sperm-duct. Other smaller glands
penetrate the sperm-duct from the exterior, while other glands are
entirely confined to the interior of the sperm-duct. Of the latter we
have examples in M. asiaticus, M. maculatus, M. grandis, and M*
beringensis.
Any of the above-mentioned glands may be present or absent. Very
few species possess all the various kinds, and in but one species, so
far as now known, are they all absent. The presence or absence of
ENCHYTR^EID^E 17
the various kinds of glands constitutes most excellent species char-
acteristics.
Penial bulb. — As * penial bulb' I designate the large muscular
cushion which in the vast majority of species, surrounds the lower
part of the sperm-ducts. This penial bulb differs in structure from
the corresponding organ in all the other genera of this family, so far
as they are known to me. In Mesenchytrceus the penial bulb is made
up of a large number of muscular strands, both longitudinal and
transverse. Between these strands are situated the penial glands. In
the penial bulbs of the other genera there exist no such muscular
strands, the bulb consisting simply of a large number of unicellular
glands situated close together and surrounded by a thin muscular
covering, there being no muscles inside the bulb. This structure of
the penial bulb is so characteristic that I have added it to the defini-
tion of the genus. In no single instance is a penial bulb of the
construction so common in Mesenchytrceus found in any other
genus, and similarly in Mesenchytrceus no bulb of a structure sim-
ilar to that of Lumbricillus and Fridericia, etc., has ever been
observed.
On the other hand, it is true that in some species of Mesen-
chytrceus we meet with a greatly degenerated penial bulb. Thus,
for instance, in M. fontinalis and in M. pedatus the penial
bulb is so diminished that it may be said to be virtually absent,
its place having been taken by a few penial glands surrounding the
pore.
In M. orcce and M. kincaidi the bulbs are small and not furnished
with any glands, but their muscular structure is distinct.
Spermatophores. — In my original definition of the genus Mesen-
chytrceus (Eisen '79) I mentioned the presence of sperm-balls. Since
that time no similar structures have been observed in any Enchytraeid
species until now. As will be described more in detail, sperm atophores
are actually present in several species and are especially prominent in
M. franciscanus. The spermatophores are found free in the coelomic
cavity after having been fully developed in the sperm-sacs. In the
species described in this paper the spermatophores are never found in
the sperm-funnels or in the spermathecse. This, however, does not
exclude the possibility that in other species they may be found to occur
in such organs.
l8 EISEN
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF MESENCHYTR^EUS.
In order to facilitate the examination of the various species of this
genus, I have compiled the following table, based on a reexamination
of the old descriptions of such species as were previously known. It
need hardly be stated that in none of the older descriptions was the
structure of the atrium and its tributary glands referred to in detail.
This makes it necessary to base the arrangement of the species on some
other characters, as, for instance, on the presence or absence of di-
verticles of the spermatheca and upon their number. The largest
number of species belongs to the group with two diverticles. This
group may be further subdivided according to the nature and size of
the spermathecae. Other subdivisions are based on the presence or
absence of the glands accompanying the sperm-ducts. In the follow-
ing table I have enumerated several species which are insufficiently
described, but which are sufficiently well defined to be identified.
This refers to all species which have been described from dissections
only, the finer histology not having been studied.
I. SPERMATHECA WITHOUT DIVERTICLES.
1. Sperm-ducts thick and short. Penial bulb long and tapering. Small pe-
nial glands confined to the bulb. No atrial and no accessory glands. Sper-
matheca twisted at the pore. Brain posteriorly strongly emarginated.
I. M. unalaskce sp. nov.
2. Sperm-ducts short and narrow. Spermatheca straight and of even thick-
ness. Head-pore between prostomium and somite I. Body transparent.
Brain posteriorly slightly convex. Sperm-sac confined to XII.
2. M. fenestratus (Eisen, '79).
3. Sperm-ducts short and narrow. Penial bulb short and ellipsoidal. Sper-
matheca straight and of even thickness. Brain posteriorly slightly emar-
ginated. Narrow part of sperm-funnel helix-like.
3. M. falciformis Eisen, '79.
4. Sperm-ducts short and broad, three or four times as long as the funnel.
Spermatheca with an apical ampulla at the junction with the intestine.
Brain slightly emarginated posteriorly 4. M. flavidus Michaelsen, '87.
5. Spermathecal pore not conspicuous. Spermathecae club-shaped. Body
dark, pigmented, but not quite black. Brain posteriorly concave. Ice
•worm from Malaspina Glacier 5. M. niveus Moore, '89.
6. Setae, dorsal : 3 to 5 ; ventral : 6 to 9. Head-pore at apex. Brain square,
posteriorly emarginated. Sperm-funnel about square, small. Sperm-
duct short. Spermatheca sac-like, folded, without diverticle ; connected
with intestine ; duct half as long as the ampulla.
6. M. montanus Bretscher, '99.
7. Sperm-duct short and thin. Spermatheca large, sac-like, not connected with
intestine. Brain posteriorly deeply emarginated. Setae 3 to 6. Lympho-
cytes pointed oval, dark with large granules 7. M. tigrina Bretscher.
II. SPERMATHECA WITH ONE DIVERTICLE.
I. Spermatheca with a pear-shaped diverticle at the center. No enlarged
lateral setae. Sperm-sacs confined to XII. Head-pore at the apex of
prostomium. Setae : laterals 3, ventrals 5. Funnel short, and sperm-
ducts short and hardly convoluted 8. M. flavus Lev., '84.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 19
2. Spermatheca with an olive-shaped diverticle near the intestinal end. En-
larged lateral setae in V to VII. Head-pore close to anterior margin of
prostomium. Brain slightly emarginated posteriorly. Sperm-sac short,
confined to XII. Clitellum £ XI to J XIV. Glands around the penial
bulb 9. M. setosus Michaelsen, '88.
3. Dorsal setae in IV to VI twice as long as the others (i or 2 in each somite).
Spermatheca? 10. M. armatus Lev, '84.
4. Spermatheca with a small pear-shaped diverticle at the center. No enlarged
setae. Sperm-sacs large, extending back many somites. Head-pore half
way between somite I and apex of prostomium. Lateral setae 2, ven-
trals mostly 4. Sperm-ducts long. Funnels long.
n. M. asiaticus sp. nov.
5. Sperm-ducts short and thick, about five times longer than funnel. Setae,
ventral : 5 to 12, dorsal : 2 to 3, those in V, VI, VII, in dorsal fascicles
larger. Spermatheca with one (?) diverticle. Brain posteriorly emargi-
nated 12. M. megachcetus Bretscher.
III. SPERMATHECA WITH TWO DIVERTICLES.
A. Spermathecae unusually enlarged, extending through several somites pos-
terior to V.
1. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. Penial glands, about 12
long atrial glands ; no accessory glands. Brain square or broader than
long 13. M. harrimani sp. nov.
2. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. About five atrial glands ;
penial glands ; no accessory glands. Brain rounded.
14. M, setchelli sp. nov.
3. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. About ten atrial glands;
penial glands ; one large accessory gland. Brain almost square.
15. M. franciscanus sp. nov.
4. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. About fourteen atrial
glands opening into the atrium in different planes ; penial glands ; no
accessory glands. Brain broader than long, slightly emarginated pos-
teriorly 16. M. obscurus sp. nov.
5. Spermathecae connected with the intestine. About twelve atrial glands;
penial glands ; no accessory glands. Brain broader than long, pos-
teriorly emarginated 17. M. vegce sp. nov.
6. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. Several atrial glands ;
no penial glands and no accessory glands. Brain longer than broad
with a slight emargination 18. M. orcce sp. nov.
7. Spermathecae not connected with the intestine. At least 12 atrial glands
opening in pockets between the epithelial cells ; many penial glands ;
no accessory glands. Brain deltoid, with slight posterior emargination.
19. M. maculatus sp. nov.
B. Spermathecae not enlarged and not extending posteriorly beyond somite V.
a. No atrial, penial, and accessory glands connected -with lower end of
sperm-ducts.
Brain posteriorly convex. Diverticles as long as the ampulla of the sper-
matheca, and much longer than the duct leading to the pore.
2O. M. kincaidie,^. nov.
b. Atrial and penial glands present in connection -with the sperm-ducts but no
accessory glands at the male-pores.
1. Spermatheca short and thick ; diverticles have the form of shallow out-
bulgings of the spermathecal wall. Four atrial glands.
21. M. penicillus sp. nov.
2. Diverticles longer than the ampulla of Spermatheca. Brain poste-
riorly slightly emarginated. About 8 long atrial glands. Lympho-
cytes round. Length about 17.9 mm 22. M. grandis sp. nov
2O EISEN
3. Diverticles shorter than the ampulla of spermatheca. Brain broad,
posteriorly emarginated. About 6 globular atrial glands. Lympho-
cytes ellipsoidal, fringed. Length about 15 mm.
23. M.fuscus sp. nov.
4. Diverticles about equal in length to the stalk as well as to the am-
pulla of spermatheca. Brain square, truncate posteriorly. Two atrial
glands. Lymphocytes ellipsoidal, without fringes.
24. M. east-woodi sp. nov.
5. Diverticles simple, slightly shorter than the ampulla of spermatheca.
Sperm-duct about equal in length to the funnel. Brain broad,
slightly emarginated posteriorly 25. M. primcevus Eisen, '79.
6. Diverticles broader than the ampulla but about as long ; shorter
than the stalk. Brain posteriorly narrower than anteriorly, slightly
emarginated. Head-pore anterior to the center of prostomium.
Sperm-duct about 8 times as long as funnel. Lymphocytes ellip-
soidal, almost circular 26. M. oeumerz'Michaelsen, '86.
7. Diverticles form merely a central chamber between the duct and the am-
pulla, in which the paired nature of the diverticles is barely percep-
tible. No specialized sperm-duct, the narrow part of the funnel serv-
ing for duct and opening directly into the pore. Brain posteriorly
deeply emarginated 27. M. nanus sp. nov.
c. No atrial glands but accessory glands present in connection -with lower
apex of the penial bulb; penial glands in penial bulb.
Brain posteriorly slightly emarginated. Two small club-shaped diver-
ticles at the center of the spermatheca 28. M. fontinalis sp. nov.
d. No atrial and no penial glands, but many accessory glands at the lower
apex of sperm-ducts,
Brain truncate. Large penial projection of the body-wall.
29. M. pedatus sp. nov.
*. No atrial glands. No accessory glands at the male-pore, but many large
penial glands inside the bulb.
Brain slightly rounded, tapering posteriorly. Spermathecae with enlarged
pouch opening into the intestine 30. M. beriiigensis sp. nov.
IV. SPERMATHECA WITH THREE DIVERTICLES.
Brain truncate posteriorly. Atrial glands 6 or more. Numerous accessory
glands opening exterior to penial bulb. Penial glands in the bulb trefoil-
like 31. M. solifugus (Emery, '98).
V. SPERMATHECA WITH 4 OR 5 GLOBULAR DIVERTICLES AT THE BASE OF THE
AMPULLA.
Spermatheca turret-like. Sperm-ducts very short and broad. Body intensely
blackish brown .- 32. M. mirabilus Eisen, '79.
MESENCHYTIL^US UNALASK/E sp. nov.
pi. i, fig. 7; and text-fig, i.
Definition. — Length 5 mm., width .4 mm. Somites about 40.
Anterior four somites thicker than those following. Somites I to III
rugose and warty. Setae : lateral, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2 (XII), 2, 3,
4» 3> 4» 4» 3> etc-> 3> 2 5 ventral, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, etc., o (XII), 6, 5, 5,
4, 5, 4, etc. Setae in ventral fascicles diminish in size toward ventral
interval ; setae in lateral fascicles of about equal size. Prostomium
prominent but not pointed. Clitellum unknown. Sexual papillae not
projecting. Septal glands large, in IV to VI. Brain posteriorly
deeply emarginated. Dorsal vessel rises about XVIII. Intestine
ENCHYTR/EID^E
21
posterior to clitellum, with chloragogen glands. Spermathecse without
diverticles, opening into the intestine. Sperm-ducts three or four
times as long as the funnels, which are sigmoid. No atrial and no
accessory glands. One set of penial glands confined to penial bulb.
A pair of long sperm sacs
and an ovisac. Neph-
ridia large, plurilobed.
Lymphocytes of medium
size, eosinophile ellipso-
idal. Color of formalin
specimen white.
Locality. — Unalaska,
Aug. 10, 1899. Collected
by Prof. W. A. Setchell.
Found under moss.
Characteristics . — One
of the smallest species
investigated. Specimens
found in August not fully
developed, clitellum want-
ing. No atrial glands
could be seen, and no ac-
cessory glands. Lymph-
ocytes extremely charac-
teristic, being strongly
eosinophilous, with red
granules surrounded by a
pellucid, uncolored zone.
Cells in the tissue too
small to allow of a more
detailed description.
FIG. i. Mesenchytrcevs unalaskce.
MESENCHYTR^EUS ASIATICUS sp. nov.
pi. xi, fig. 4; and text-figs. 2 and 3.
Definition. — Length about 14 mm., width i mm. or .9 mm.
(contracted specimens). Somites 54. Setae: laterals, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2» 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, etc. ; ventrals, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5,
o, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, etc. Prostomium not much pointed, with head-pore
half way between apex and somite I. Clitellum prominent, IX to
XIII. Sexual papillae quite prominent. Brain posteriorly more or
less deeply emarginated. Dorsal vessel rises behind clitellum. Sper-
22
EISEN
mathecae with long narrow duct and a long narrow ampulla, at the junc-
tion of the two a diverticle, variable in size, but always very minute.
Sperm-ducts about eight times as long as the cylindrical and slightly
curved funnel ; atrium with five medium-size atrial glands opening in
one plane near the upper end of the atrium. No accessory glands, but
numerous penial
glands inside the
penial bulb. Two
long sperm -sacs ex-
tending far back-
ward. One ovisac.
Nephridia with un-
usually large neph-
rostome. Lympho-
cytes small, ellip-
soidal, pointed.
Color pale yellow
(alcoholic speci-
mens) .
Distribution, —
Chuckches' Land,
to west of Bering
Strait, Asia. Col-
lected during the
Vega Expedition
under Baron A. E.
Nordenskiold, by
Dr. Anton Stux-
berg, at 'Jinretlen/
June 15, 1879.
Characteristics .
— The shape of the
spermathecae, with their single diverticle and the posterior emargina-
tion of the brain, are the leading characteristics of this well-defined
species. The large nephrostome distinguishes the species from M.
JIavus Lev, which is said by Michaelsen to possess a small narrow
anteseptal. The sperm-duct is much longer than in M. JIavus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Setae . — All of equal length; at least no large specialized setae;
average number in ventral fascicles 4.
FIG. 2. Mesenchytrtzus asiaticus.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 23
Clitellum. — In fully adult specimens the clitellum is white and
stands out prominently. This is also the case with the sexual papillae,
which project about one fourth the diameter of the body.
Brain (figs. 26 and 2c) . — This organ varies considerably, but in
the majority of specimens dissected the form was about square, more
or less deeply emarginated posteriorly and very deeply emarginated
FIG. 3. Mesenchytrceus asiaticus.
anteriorly. This species is thus one of the very few in this genus
possessing a brain posteriorly emarginated. One of the specimens
possessed a much more elongated brain than the others, but the emar-
gination was even more deep.
Spermathecce (figs. 30 and 3*:). — These organs do not connect
with the intestine. They extend into somite VI and are thus slightly
enlarged. Diverticle varies in size. In the majority of specimens the
size is as figured, but in one specimen the diverticle constituted a mere
warty swelling. The width of the ampulla varies considerably, the two
extremes found in the dissected specimens having been figured.
Spermiducal apparatus (pi. xi, fig. 4). — Funnels rather long
and slightly curved. Sperm-ducts probably six to seven times (or
more) as long as funnels. They are twined and extend back
several somites. In this respect they differ from those of M. jlavus,
which species has short sperm-ducts. The number of atrial glands
seems to be always five. Penial bulb is broad, and contains a number
of penial glands situated close together. At the base of the sperm-
ducts and in the ducts are a number of narrow unicellular glands open-
ing inside the sheath.
EISEN
Nephridia (fig. 3, <5). — A larger and especially a broader nephro-
stome than any other species examined by me. Nephridia of the
somites anterior to clitellum much larger than those in the posterior
somites. But the ducts leading to the pores of these anterior nephridia
are much shorter than the ducts of the posterior nephridia. In the
latter the duct is twice or three times as long as in the anterior ones.
MESENCHYTR^EUS HARRIMANI sp. nov.
pi. i, figs. 1-6; pi. ii, figs. 1-7; and text-figs. 4-6.
Definition. — Length 60 mm. or more; width 2.5 mm. or over.
Somites about 100, deeply set. The few anterior somites strongly
pigmented on dorsal side; the somites following less and less pig-
mented, the posterior ones
not at all. Setae strongly
curved; laterals, 3, 3, 2, 3,
3> 3> 3» 3> 3^ 2 (XI)> o
(xn), 3> 4> 3> 3>4>3>35
ventrals, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6,
6, 6, 5 (XI), o (XII), 6,
1, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, etc. Cli-
tellum XI, XII, and | XIII.
Sexual papillae not project-
ing. Septal glands in IV
to VI. Brain square, an-
teriorly strongly emargi-
nated, posteriorly almost
straight and slightly emar-
ginated. Spermathecae un-
usually elongated, with two
strong diverticles near the
base ; the apical ampulla
several times longer than
the basal part, extending to
somite X or XI. Sperm-
duct about three times as
long as the atrium and
bulb, and about three times
FIG. 4. Mesenchytrceus karrimani. as l°ng as tne funnel.
Funnel long, narrow, and
cylindrical, extending forward through three somites ; about six
times as wide as the sperm-duct. Bulb large, globular. Atrium
medium size, with about sixteen large gland-fascicles opening at the
entrance of the atrium into the bulb. One set of penial glands
inside the bulb. Sperm-sacs extending back
some thirty somites. Nephridia with two
principal lobes and with a small urinary
bladder at the pore. From this bladder down-
ward the duct is repeatedly twisted, and at
least once branched. Color yellowish, with
brownish flush on the dorsal side owing to
pigment.
Locality. — This, the most gigantic of all
the Enchytraeids, so far as now known, seems
to have an extensive distribution in Alaska,
and may possibly reach even as far south as
California. Years ago I found a gigantic
Mesenchytrceus at Horse Corral Meadow in
the Sierra Nevada of Fresno County, Cali-
fornia. The specimen was unfortunately
lost before I could describe it, but the sim-
ilarity to M. harri-
mani is so great
that it is not impos-
sible that the two
are identical. The
elevation of Horse
Corral Meadow is
maybe about 7,000
feet, so that the al-
titude would make
up for the latitude. Of course it is impos-
sible to know whether or not the specimen
was identical with M. harrimani, but the
outward appearance, so far as I can remem-
ber, certainly was the same. The Alaska
specimens were collected by members of
the Harriman Expedition, principally as fol-
lows : By Prof .W. E. Ritter, Kadiak, Alaska,
August, 1899; by Prof. Trevor Kincaid,
Orca, Alaska, June, 1899; Metlakatla, June
4 ; Sitka, June ; Lowe Inlet, British Columbia, June ; Yakutat, Alaska.
I possess also several adult specimens collected by Prof. W. A.
FIG. 5. Mesenchytrceus
Jtarrimani.
FIG. 6. Mesenchytrceus
harrimani.
26 EISEN
Setchell, August 10, 1899, on the island of Unalaska. From notes
made by the collectors it appears that the specimens occur both under
stones and in sphagnum moss. The specimens from Metlakatla and
Lowe Inlet are not quite adult, so there will always remain some slight
doubt regarding their identity. Outwardly they resemble the type
specimens from the other localities.
Characteristics. — With one exception, the largest Enchytrceus
which has come under my notice resembles in size a veritable Allo-
lobophora, but possesses the general color of an Enchytraeid. Form
and size of spermathecae and sperm-funnels the most characteristic
features.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain (fig. 4^) . — Retractor muscles in three pairs ; the two pos-
terior ones cover the whole posterior margin of the brain.
Nepkridia (fig. 40). — Nephridia large, the ducts are not very dis-
tinct in the specimens, probably the effect of the formalin preservative.
In the posterior lobe the duct seems to form a wide sinus (fig. 40, s).
At the base of the duct and close to the pore there is a widening of the
duct, forming a kind of urinary bladder, from which the duct is
branched and repeatedly coiled. No similar structure has come under
my observation in any other species. The form of the nephrostome is
illustrated by pi. n, figs. 2 and 3, and requires no further description.
The nuclei of the nephridia in all my formalin material are so com-
pletely unstainable that they cannot be satisfactorily located.
Atrium (pi. n, fig. 4). — The structure of the atrium offers several
points of interest. The cells lining the lower part of the sperm-duct
are unusually narrow (pi. n, figs, i, 5 and 6). Between them may
be seen the very thin ducts of the unicellular atrial glands (pi. n, fig.
6) . These tips penetrate the lumen and hang down into it like cilia.
This protrusion of the glandular ducts is more evident on the surface
outside of, but close to, the spermiducal pore. Here the epithelial
cells are larger and, as they are not ciliated, the protruding ducts are
more readily observed. It is probable that a similar arrangement is
found in many species with atrial glands, and that only the smallness
of the specimens has prevented a correct observation. The tips of the
cells are readily mistaken for cilia or loose spermatozoa. In many
instances the epithelial cells lie so close together that the tips of the
ducts cannot be seen, except with the highest magnifications. In dif-
ferent parts of the lower portion of the sperm-ducts the epithelial cells
are of a somewhat different structure. Thus at a point marked ' xx '
ENCHYTR^IDjE
the cells are longer and closer together (pi. n, fig. i). The unicellular
glands open partly inside the atrium, all along the surface marked * xx '
and ' xxx.' Partly also on the free, exterior surface marked ' x' in pi.
n, fig. 5. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in question is striated,
making it still more difficult to distinguish the free cell-tips, especially
in indifferently fixed material.
Spermathecce (figs. 40? and 5) . — Spermathecae unusually elongated,
extending as far back as somites X or XI. In each somite there is a
bulging out of the ampulla, each such sac-like part being separated
from the one in the adjoining somite by the constriction caused by the
septum. The last two swellings of the ampulla are larger than the
others, as wide as the funnels of the sperm-ducts. No connection with
the intestine. The spermathecae resemble greatly those of M.francis-
canus, except as regards
the diverticles, which in
M. harrimani are heavier
and not as long.
MESENCHYTR^US
SETCHELLI sp. nov.
pi. I, fig. ii ; pi. iv, figs. 1-3;
and text-figs. 7-9.
Definition. — Length
12 mm, width .8 mm.
Somites, 70. Prostomium
pointed. Seta? : laterals,
4» 4> 4> 3i 4> 5» 3> 5» 4>
4, o (XII), 2 (XIII), 4,
4> 3> 3> 4> 4, 4> 4> etc.,
3, 2, 3, 2 ; ventrals, 4, 5,
6, 7> 7, 7» 6> 5, 5i 5, o
(XII), 5 (XIII), 5, 5, 4,
5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4.
Setae facing the lateral
interval smaller; increase
gradually in size toward
the ventral and dorsal in-
tervals. Clitellum | XI
to XIII, with deep inter-
FIG. 7. Mesenchytrceus setchelli.
segmental grooves. Sexual papillae small. Septal glands large, in
IV to VI. Brain anteriorly deeply concave, posteriorly convex;
28 EISEN
very thick and swollen. Dorsal vessel rises in XVIII. Intestine
very gradually increases in size. Spermathecae strongly bent, at
the lower one-fourth furnished with two ovoid diverticles with
thick epithelium. The ampulla very long and the apex swollen and
9
^^. x/^7T0M'iVV\>
3
FIGS. 8 AND 9. Mesenchytrceus setchelli.
globular ; not connected with the intestine. Sperm-ducts about eight
times as long as the funnels, which latter are contracted at the middle.
Atrium with five atrial glands. Penial bulb with one set of glands,
confined to the interior of the bulb. Two long sperm -sacs extending
at least as far as XVIII. One ovisac. Nephridia with three large
lobes ; the anteseptal narrow and tubular. Lymphocytes ellipsoidal
and pointed. Color white.
Locality. — Unalaska Island, August 10, 1899, Prof. W. A. Set-
chell. Eight specimens.
Characteristics. — The most prominent character is the unusually
long spermathecae which extend through several somites, ending in VII
or VIII ; and which do not connect with the intestine. The ampulla
contains numerous spermatozoa and is so large that it fills the whole
available space in the somite.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION (figs. 7> ^ an<^ 8).
Spermathecce. — To the above description of these organs only a
few points need be added. The part connecting the diverticles and the
ampulla bulges out in places and shows several smaller pouches, in
which also balls of spermatozoa were found. The presence of these
smaller pouches is however not constant, as they were not found in
two of the spermathecae. The wall of the spermatheca is thick in the
ENCHYTR^EID^E 29
lower part, that is, from the ampulla to the pore, but the ampulla itself
is very thin-walled. In two specimens the ampullae rest in VIII, in
another specimen they are situated in VII.
Atrial glands (pi. iv, fig. 3). — There are five atrial glands open-
ing into the atrium. All possess long ducts, which in some of them
run far down into the penial part of the atrium, while others open
more directly. There are no circular muscles outside of the main
muscular bulb, but inside the bulb such muscles are seen to surround
e'ach group of ducts.
Penial bulb (pi. iv, fig. i). — The bulb contains two kinds of
glands distinguished by stronger or weaker staining reaction. In the
figure the more strongly stained glands are dotted. There are no
accessory glands. The inner glands are all narrow, only one or two
cells wide.
MESENCHYTRyEUS FRANCISCANUS sp. nov.
pi. iv, figs. 4, 5#, 5c, 5<f, 5c, and 5/5 and text-figs. 10 and n.
Definition. — Length 20 to 30 mm., width i mm. or over. Somites
about 78. Body strongly tapering toward both ends. Setae : laterals,
2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, o, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3 ; ventrals, 5, 5, 5, 5,
4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, o, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5. The most ventral setae in the ven-
tral fascicles the largest. Clitellum prominent, £XI, XII, \ XIII.
Sexual papillae small, a large projectible penis, containing the pore of
a single large accessory gland. Septal glands IV to VI. Brain pos-
teriorly straight ; posteriorly much narrower than anteriorly. Dorsal
vessel rises in XVI. Intestine with chloragogen glands. Spermato-
phores present in the coelom. Spermatheca unusually enlarged, ex-
tending to X or XII ; not connected with the intestine, but terminating
in a closed ampulla ; the lower part of the spermatheca with two nar-
row diverticles . Sperm-funnels large ; sperm -ducts short, but very nar-
row; some eight small globular atrial glands opening into the atrium.
A single large accessory gland penetrating the penial bulb and open-
ing on a penial projection. Penial bulb contains several small globu-
lar glands opening near the pore. Nephridia with two large lobes.
Lymphocytes small, pointed, or oval. Color pale lemon yellow.
Blood deep orange yellow.
Locality. — Under decayed leaves and decaying bark of large
lupins, in the wash of the creek entering Laguna Puerca, in San
Francisco, California. Adult only in November to January.
In February the sexual organs have completely degenerated.
3O EISEN
Characteristics. — One of the best defined species. Not only is it
strongly characterized by its enormous spermathecae, but also by the
large accessory gland-complex opening through the penial bulb onto
an external penis, independent of the sperm-ducts. The blood is deep
orange. This is also the color of the blood of M. fontinalis and M.
grandis, these three species being the only ones of this genus which I
have examined alive.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermathecce (fig. n</). — The large sac-like part of the ampulla,
which extends through many somites, is bent at a right angle against
the lower part, which carries the diverticles. For the sake of clear-
f*.
FIG. 10. Mesenckytrceus franciscanus.
ness this is not shown on the figure. In four specimens sectioned and
in two dissected the spermathecae agreed as regards form. In length
they varied, some ending into XI, others in XII.
Spermiducal apparatus (pi. iv, fig. 4, and test-fig. 10 a). — Fun-
nels large, extending either backward or forward through two somites,
nearly straight, and about 12 times as wide as sperm-duct. Sperm-
duct not much more than i£ times as long as the funnel ; much twisted
and difficult to measure. Atrium has the usual form. The part inside
the bulb about equal in thickness to the part outside the bulb. In the
latter open some eight or more small globular atrial glands. These
do not penetrate the penial bulb, but open in a circle all around
ENCHYTR^EID^E
the equatorial of the atrium. The most characteristic part of the
efferent apparatus is the large accessory gland already described.
This gland, which consists as usual of a complex system of unicellular
glands, opens by a large and prominent duct into a special penis,
which projects far outside the spermiducal pore. In pi. iv, fig. 4, the
section of the body passes through the two accessory glands. The
atria and spermducts would be cut by sections posterior to this one.
The inner lumen of the at-
rium and the lower part of
the sperm-duct or penis
proper are lined by large
cubical cells, between which
the narrow ducts of the
atrial glands open. The
penial bulb contains a num-
ber of the usual glands, sep-
arated by muscular fibers and
connective tissue. In diam-
eter these glandular masses
are about equal to the diam-
eter of the atrium.
Nephridia. — These or-
gans are thick and the ducts
could not be properly fol-
lowed. Figure lib repre-
sents the average form.
Spermatophores (figures
in text). — In my earliest
paper on Enchytrseidae (Ei-
sen, 13) I gave it as a char-
acteristic of Mesenchytrceus /
that the spermatozoa were
. , * ., j FIG. n. Mesenchytrceus franciscanus.
encysted when they entered
the sperm-funnels. This was found to be the case in all the three species
described at that time. In the majority of species of this genus no
similar structures have been seen, though Michaelsen has mentioned
them (Michaelsen, 4, p. 32) as existing in M. beumeri. In some ten
or more species of this genus so far investigated by myself, no encysted
spermatozoa have been found, but in M. franciscanus we find them
present in large numbers. As Michaelsen has stated, the testes seem
to break up in smaller parts. These smaller parts consist, in M.fran-
32 EISEN
ciscanus, of large nurse-cells, upon which are arranged the minute
spermatids in the shape of small globules scattered over the surface.
In the earliest stage there is no sign of tails. The nurse-cells (with
their charges) to the number of twelve or less are crowded together
into a little ball, which is surrounded by a distinct membrane. These
cysts or spermatophores begin to develop before they enter the sperm-
sacs, but the finishing stages of the spermatozoa are brought about in
the sperm -sacs. The cysts are found in the somites anterior to the
funnels, but no cysts were found either in the funnels or in the sper-
mathecae. In M. mirabilis, as well as in M. falciformis, the cysts
were found in the funnels. While thus spermatophores are in no wise
characteristic of the genus, still they actually occur in several species.
MESENCHYTRyEUS OBSCURUS sp. nov.
pi. vi, figs, i and 2; and text-figs. 12 and 13.
Definition. — Length 22 mm., width 1.75 mm. Somites 78 to 91.
Setae sigmoid : laterals, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, XII, 3, XIII, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4 (3, 2) ; ventrals, 10, 10, 10, 10, XIII, 7, 9, 8, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6,
(4, 2). Head-pore at apex. Prostomium small, pointed. Clitellum
XII and XIII. Copulative papilla small. Septal glands IV to VI.
Dorsal vessel rises in XV. Intestine surrounded by chloragogen cells.
Spermathecae very large, with two diverticles near the base. The am-
pulla long and several times folded on itself ; walls very thin. Sperm-
ducts long, extending backward as far as XVII, about 8 times as long
as the funnels. Sperm-funnels slender, with a long recurved rim.
Atrial glands from 16 to 20, grafted on the atrium. Large penial
glands inside the penial bulb, opening close to the penis. Smaller
glandular cells inside the penis. Sperm-sacs large, extend backward
beyond IX, X, filling the coelom. Lymphocytes minute, ovoid. Ne-
phridia with three deep lobes. Color dark brown to yellowish brown.
Locality. — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, also Popof Island,
Alaska, July, 1899, Prof. Trevor Kincaid.
Characteristics. — This species is closely related to the California
species M.fuscus, but differs in its larger size, in its very dark color
due to masses of pigment, and in a larger number of atrial glands
opening into the atrium and through its very large but thin sperma-
theca, which fills the whole available space in the coelom. The num-
ber of setae is greater in M. obscurus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Body-wall. — The layers of the body-wall thick, the general color
so dark that no interior organs can be made out except by dissecting.
ENCHYTR^ID^S
33
The color due to thick layers of pigment found principally in the
longitudinal muscular layer as well as in the membrane lining the
ccelomic cavity. Color varies with the specimens, some a deep choco-
late brown, others yellowish or reddish brown. All have a lighter
clitellum. (Alcoholic specimens.)
Brain (fig. 126). — The brain is anteriorly deeply emarginated; it
is broad and short.
Dorsal vessel. — Like the intestine, covered by a thick layer of
chloragogen glands of a dark brown color.
FIG. 12. Mesenckytraus obscurus.
Spermathecce (figs. \ia and i2c). — The spermathecae, on account
of their great length and twisted nature, were not dissected out entire,
and the figures are composed from two or three broken pieces and are
accordingly not quite so satisfactory as could be desired. But from a
comparison with the sectioned specimen it seems that the form is fairly
correct as given. The unusually elongated ampulla extends back to
somites IX or X. It is more or less folded, and does not seem to
connect with the intestine. The spermathecae are so large that they
do not lie abreast, but one is pushed much farther ahead than the other.
Thus while one spermatheca had its ampulla strongly folded in somites
VI and VII, the other extended to somite X.
Atrial glands (fig. 13^). — I counted variously 16 to 20 atrial
glands. They are grafted on the atrium, surrounding it on all sides,
but are more numerous on one side than on the other. They enter
the atrium as in M.fuscus, but are not surrounded by the circularly
twisted muscles found in that species. These atrial glands are free in
the ccelom. Enclosed in the penial bulb we find a number of penial
34
EISEN
glands similar to those found in M.fuscus, but more numerous. The
lower part of the penis contains a few long glands enclosed within
the penial sheath.
The sperm-sacs seem unusually large and extend beyond somite
XVIII.
The lymphocytes were poorly preserved and their exact shape could
not be made out, but they appeared oval and very small.
Nephridia (fig. 130). — More deeply lobed than in any other spe-
cies, the ducts unusually large, even for a Mesenchytrceus. The
FIG. 13. Mesenckytrceus obscurus.
nuclei all round. The inner lumen irregular and wide with a large
number of wide chambers. The windings shown in the figure are
only approximately correct. Not all the nuclei are figured, as many
would not stain.
MESENCHYTR^US MACULATUS sp. nov.
pi. v, figs. 1-5; and text-fig. 14.
Definition. — Length 45 to 60 mm., width 1.3 mm. Somites 93.
Head-pore far forward. Setae : laterals, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 3, 2, 3 ; ventrals, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 6, 7, 7, o, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
etc., diminishing in size towards lateral interval. Clitellum IX, XII
and XIII. Sexual papillae small, white. Brain deltoid, posteriorly
slightly emarginated. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. In-
testine with a thick layer of brown chloragogen cells. Spermathecae
unusually enlarged, with two tubular diverticles at the center of the
duct ; the ampulla at first wide, doubled on itself, then narrower, ex-
ENCHYTR^EID^E
35
tending to VII or VIII; does not connect with the intestine. The
spermathecal pore surrounded by a large circular white field, exceed-
ingly prominent. Sperm-ducts narrow. Sperm -funnels of medium
size. Atrium with several atrial glands opening into the lumen outside
the penial bulb. The penial bulb with many large penial glands (com-
plex) opening around the penial pore ; also numerous single glandular
cells. A set of smaller glands, confined to the inner and lower part of
penis, open in the penial lumen at the pore. Sperm-sacs large,
double, extending far back. Spermatophores present in the sperm-
sacs, but not in the spermathecae . One ovisac. Nephridia large, two-
lobed, with some inner ciliated ducts. Lymphocytes small, ovoid
or ellipsoidal ; cyanophil with erythrophil nucleus. Color dying
yellow, with the anterior somites deep brown dorsally, due to
pigment.
Locality. — Popof Island, July 13, 1899, Prof. Trevor Kincaid.
Characteristics. — This species resembles greatly Mesenchytrceus
obscurus, but differs in the following particulars : In M. maculatus
nearly all the atrial glands open in the same plane, and the terminals
of the ducts open in pockets between the epithelial cells. The brain
is deltoid. In M. obscurus the atrial glands open, each one, almost,
in a different plane, and the terminals do not open in pockets. The
brain is broader than long. In M. obscurus the diverticles of the
spermathecae are much longer in proportion to the balance of the
organ than in M. maculatus. In M. obscurus the large shield around
the spermathecal pores is wanting. The two species are undoubtedly
distinct, though closely related.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Body (pi. v, fig. 4; and text-fig. 14 a). — The upper parts of
the anterior somites strongly brownish, much more than appears from
pi. v, fig. 4, the manner of illustration not permitting of sufficiently
heavy shading. The head-pore an oblong, narrow, transverse slit,
situated near the apex of the prostomium. The body strongly taper-
ing posteriorly. Besides the general pigmentation of the anterior
somites, several parallel brown lines reach from head to tail. Four of
these lines run along and surround the fascicles of setae, the two other
lines passing throngh the spermathecal pores. All through the body
there is much pigment deposited in the peritoneum.
Brain (fig. 14 c). — Only two posterior retractor muscles, but
anteriorly two muscles extend toward the apex of the prosto-
mium.
EISEN
Clitellum. — The clitellar cells small, narrow, and not prominent;
extend all around the body. The clitellar cells and the transverse
layer of muscles together equal in thickness the longitudinal layer of
muscles. All through the body the longitudinal layer is unusually
developed. Outside of the clitellum the epithelium and the transverse
layer measure one unit each, while
the longitudinal layer alone measures
thirteen units.
Spermathccce (fig. 14^). — Only
one specimen dissected. Both sper-
matheca found to be of the same
size and form, and there is every
reason to believe the form constant,
and that the folding of the thick
part of the ampulla against the nar-
row part is characteristic of the spe-
cies. In one of the spermathecae
the apex of the ampulla is narrow
and cylindrical, while in the other
spermatheca the apex (from the place
marked with a -f) is thicker and ir-
regular. The folded parts of the
spermathecae were alike in both or-
gans. The ampulla extended back-
FIG. 14. Mesenchytrczus maculatus. ward to somite VI. I could not find
any connection with the intestine.
The diverticles equal in length the narrowest part of the duct. In
one specimen the narrow apical part of the ampulla was much longer
than in the other specimens, equalling in length the remainder of the
spermatheca. This is indicated by a dotted line in the figure (14 3) .
Efferent apparatus. — As only transverse sectioning was made the
relative proportions of the various organs could not be ascertained.
Funnels folded on themselves have a flaring lip. Diameter of the
sperm-duct equal to one unit, diameter of the atrium equal to three
units. Ducts relatively very narrow, confined to the clitellar somites,
in which they are considerably coiled.
Atrial glands (pi. v, fig. 5). — At least 12 atrial glands opening
into the atrium in the same horizontal plane, immediately outside of
the penial bulb ; all large, about three times the diameter of the atrium.
There may be a few more glands opening into the atrium at a lower
plane, immediately below the first one. The individual cells of these
ENCHYTR^EID^E 37
glands are large and contain large eosinophil granules (in the figure
black). Their ducts are, as usual, long and narrow. They penetrate
the atrial wall, surrounded by circular muscles. After entering, a few
of them seem to spread out, but the majority remain bunched together,
and enter in this manner between the epithelial cells of the atrial
lumen. Here the ducts open their contents of eosinophil granules into
pockets of large size. These pockets may readily be mistaken for
cells, but favorable cuts show that they are entirely independent of the
cells, that they do not contain nuclei, and that they stand in direct con-
nection with the ducts from the glands, pi. v, fig. 5, which represents
a cross-section of the atrium just above the penial bulb, is slightly
diagrammatic. There should be a great many more of the large
black granules in the chambers, but, in order not to obscure the draw-
ing too much, comparatively few have been shown. The granules are
all perfectly globular, but vary somewhat in size, the majority being
large. In many places they are seen to be ejected into the atrial
lumen.
Penial chamber (pi. v, fig. 2). — Inside the penial bulb the lower
part of the sperm-duct is enlarged, forming a penial chamber. This
chamber is lined by cubical epithelial cells, between which some ducts
from atrial glands seem to open. The lower part of the penial cham-
ber is lined by narrow glandular cells with very fine granulation and
with rather large oblong nuclei. The outermost of these cells are dif-
ferent from the rest, having longer and narrower nuclei. They also
stain a little deeper.
Penial glands (pi. v, fig. 2). — The glands properly designated
penial glands, and confined to the interior of the penial bulb, are of
two kinds. The regular penial glands, collected in large bunches,
open as usual on the surface surrounding the pore. There are, besides
these glands, also a large number of single glandular cells opening
into the walls of the penial chamber. They can be clearly seen to
penetrate between the muscles of the wall.
Nephridia (pi. v, figs, i and 3). — The nephridia are unusually
interesting, not so much on account of their form, but because of
their similarity to the nephridia of the higher terrestrial Oligochaeta.
This similarity consists in a network of interlacing ducts, situated im-
mediately below the nephrostome. The network of ducts, consider-
ably finer than figured, soon collects into the outermost canal of the
nephridium, the lumen of which duct is quite narrow. Another
characteristic of the nephridium is the presence of ciliated ducts. The
exact location of these ducts it is not possible to determine at present,
38 EISEN
but they are certainly situated in the center of the windings, and do
not connect either immediately with the nephrostome, nor with the
posterior duct. There are at least 19 nuclei in a nephridium, not
counting the row situated transversely in the nephrostome.
MESENCHYTR^EUS VEG^E sp. nov.
pi. in, figs, i and 2 ; text-fig. 15.
Definition. — Length 20 mm., width about i mm. Somites 85.
Prostomium pointed. Seta3 sigmoid ; ventrals : 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 7, 7, 7,
8, 7, o, 6, 6, 6 5, 5, 4, 4, 3 ; laterals : 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4,
O, 4, 3, 3. Sexual papillae not prominent. Brain broader than long,
anteriorly and posteriorly emarginated. Intestine with chloragogen
cells. Spermatheca very large, extending through several somites,
connecting with the intestine by a very narrow duct in VII or VIII ;
two diverticles ; the ampulla inflated, sig-
r ^VN_<X/-N>V moid, tapering to the apex. Sperm-ducts
narrow and comparatively long. Atrium
and penis, which are wide, connected by a
narrow part. About 12 to 14 atrial glands
opening in the atrium in the same horizontal
plane. Penial bulb with one kind of gland,
FIG. 15. Mesenckytraus about four or five in the same plane. No
veS(K- accessory glands. A thin but dense layer of
pigment in the peritoneal membrane. No other pigment. Color of
the single specimen dark yellow.
Locality. — Port Clarence, Alaska. Collected by Dr. Anton Stux-
berg, July 27, 1878, Vega Expedition. Owing to the fact that the
collection contains only a single specimen of this species, the descrip-
tion is necessarily meager. The characteristics, however, are so
prominent that the species cannot be confounded with any others so
far known.
Spermathecce (pi. in, fig. 2). — The most characteristic feature con-
cerns the spermathecae. As the accompanying figure fully illustrates
the structure of these organs no further description is necessary.
Their structure places this species in the same group as M. harrimani
and M. setchelh, in which species the spermathecse are unusually
large, connecting with the intestine in a somite posterior to V. These
species are all characterized by the inflated distal part of the sperma-
thecal ampulla.
Spermiducal apparatus (pi. in, fig. i). — Penial structure and
atrium characterized by the narrow part connecting them; narrow
ENCHYTR^EID^E
39
part about one-half the diameter of the atrium. Atrial glands sur-
rounded by circular muscles at their entrance into the atrium ; all in
the same, or in almost the same plane, so that a single horizontal sec-
tion will cut them all at the same relative point. The narrow ducts
of the atrial glands do not seem to enter the lumen of the atrium and
penis, but continue down to the penial pore. Glands in the penial
bulb large, and rarely more than four visible in the same section.
MESENCHYTR/EUS ORC^E sp. nov.
pi. xi, figs, i and 2; text-fig. 16.
Definition. — Length 6 mm., width .5 mm. Somites 33. Pros-
tomium large, round. Head-pore near apex. Intersegmental grooves
deep on ventral side. Clitellum £ XI-XIII ; clitellar cells unusually
large. Body entirely transparent. Setae : laterals, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4,
4> 4> 4> 3» 3> 3> 3> 4» 4> 3> 4> 4> 3> 3» 3 J ventrals, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5,
5> 5> 5» °» 4> 4» 4> 4> 5> 4? 4» 4> 4» 5> 3> 4» 5> 4- Sexual papillae
small. Septal glands in IV to
VI. Brain longer than broad,
posteriorly truncate, anteriorly
deeply cleft. Dorsal vessel rises
in XV. Intestine with a few
chloragogen cells. Spermathecae
unusually enlarged, consisting of
an exceedingly long and slender
duct with two minute globular FlG. l6. Mesenchytraus ore*.
diverticles at the center, and a
long and thick terminal ampulla extending as far back as X ; no con-
nection with the intestine. Funnels not above average size. Sperm-
ducts about twice as long as the funnels. Penial bulb narrow, with-
out any penial glands. A set of several large glands pierce the penial
bulb and enter the lower part of the sperm -duct just above the pore.
No accessory glands. Nephridia with several deep lobes. Lympho-
cytes disc-like, not large. Color white, no pigment.
Locality. — Orca, Alaska, June 25, 1899. Collected by Prof.
Trevor Kincaid. Two specimens found under rocks on the seashore,
above high tide. Also a few specimens from Yakutat, Alaska.
Characteristics. — Not only is the shape of the spermatheca? char-
acteristic of the species, but the large atrial glands, which enter the
sperm-ducts at the pore inside the penial bulb, distinguish this species
from all others in the group with enlarged spermathecse.
40 EISEN
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Body-watt. — The body-wall thin and entirely transparent, without
any pigment in any of the layers. The goblet cells in the clitellum
large and square and very prominent, giving the clitellum, when viewed
exteriorly, a strongly mottled or marbled appearance.
Testes. — Consist of a number of narrow lobes, as in M. mirabilis.
Sperm -sacs extend as far back as XIV and ovisacs as far as XVII.
Spermathecce (pi. xi, fig. i). — Some variation in the size of the
various parts. The duct with its small globular diverticles was in one
specimen equal in length to the ampulla. In the other specimen the
ampulla is much longer and more strongly nipped by the septa. In
one specimen the ampulla extended as far back as VIII, but in the
other they reached IX.
Spermiducal apparatus (pi. xi, fig. 2) . — The penial bulb hardly
encloses any more of the sperm-duct than the pore, at any rate it does
not ascend along the duct as in most species. Immediately adjoining
the bulb, or in the upper part of the bulb, the atrium is joined by a
set of five or more atrial glands. Penial bulb with no glands of any
kind ; large glands outside of the bulb extend in all directions around
the bulb a distance equalling the diameter of the bulb. Atrium itself
only a little wider than the sperm-duct. The length of the sperm-duct
could not be ascertained, as there was no specimen to dissect, but judg-
ing from sections in which it is seen that the ducts do not extend farther
back than XIII, it can be concluded that the ducts are not over twice
as long as the funnels.
MESENCHYTR^SUS KINCAIDI sp. nov.
pi. i, figs. 16 and 17; pi. vn, fig. 7; text-fig. 17.
Definition. — Length 21 mm., width .85 mm. Somites 67. Setae
sigmoid: ventrals, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 6, 7, (XIII) 3, 6; laterals, 3, 4, 5,
4, 3, 4 (XII), 13, 4, (2, 2). Prostomium small, somewhat pointed,
somite I short. Clitellum XI, XII, XIII, prominent. Copulatory
papilla exteriorly not prominent. Septal glands in IV to VI deeply
lobed and consisting of several folds. Brain anteriorly very deeply
emarginated, posteriorly convex, broader than long. Dorsal vessel
rises posterior to somite XV. Intestine covered with a layer of short
thin chloragogen cells. Spermathecae stout, with two diverticles
almost as long as the whole spermatheca. Sperm-ducts extend as far
back as XVII, thin, but at least seven times as long as the funnels.
No atrial glands, no accessory and no penial glands of any kind. The
ENCHYTR^EIDJE ^1
penial bulb consists exclusively of muscular tissue, and contains no
glands. Sperm-funnels are thin and long, and doubled on themselves.
Both testes and ovaries are lobed. The testes are connected with each
other ventrally. Sperm-sacs are thin, entirely confined to the ventral
side of the coelom. Lymphocytes are small, elongated ovoid, numer-
ous. Nephridia possess one lobe considerably larger than the other.
Color gray. Whole body pigmented.
Locality. — Ice-House Lake, St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, Alaska.
Collected by Prof. Trevor Kincaid, for whom I have the pleasure of
naming the species.
Characteristics. — The most prominent character of this species is
the complete absence of glands connected with the efferent apparatus.
Even inside the penial bulb there is nothing but connective tissue and
muscular strands surrounding the lower part of the sperm-duct.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Septal glands. — In transverse sections of the body it is seen that
the septal glands are much lobed and consist of two or three folds of
unequal sizes. Each lobe is made up of a row of glandular cells along
each margin.
Dorsal vessel. — So far as I can judge from a series of cross-sec-
tions, the dorsal vessel appears to rise in XV. It is thinly covered with
very short chloragogen glands. A single row of similar short glands
covers also the intestine. The epithelial cells of the intestine of about
the same length as the chloragogen cells. A continuous blood-sinus
in the intestine, at least in the clitellar somites.
Spermathecce (fig. 17, a). — The junction of the spermathecae and
the intestine on the dorsal median line of the intestine. Muscular duct
of the spermatheca short. The club-shaped diverticles are of the
same length as the ampulla.
Sperm-ducts (pi. vn, fig. 7). — As in many Mesenchytrseids, the
sperm-ducts extend posteriorly through several somites, in this species
as far back as XV. This would make the sperm-ducts about seven
times as long as the funnel. They end at the place where the sperm-
sacs suddenly widen out. Sperm-duct widens slightly as it enters the
penial bulb ; no atrium, as in some species, nor can I detect any glands
connected with the penial chamber. The penial bulb consists of a
thickening of the longitudinal muscular layer of the body and contains
principally connective tissue interwoven with muscle fibers. When
retracted it projects to or slightly' beyond the center of the crelomic
cavity.
42 EISEN
The sperm-sacs are at first very narrow — about as thick as the
dorsal vessel. They widen out in XIV, but even posteriorly do not
become wider than the intestine, or even as wide, and remain con-
fined to the ventral part of the coelom. They originate from the tips
of the testes.
Body-wall. — Integument thick, especially the longitudinal muscular
layer. The pigment not continuously distributed, but found in small
patches, which latter are evenly distributed throughout the whole
length of the body.
Nephridia (fig. 17^). — Not only is the outside form of the ne-
phridia characterized by a long anterior lobe, but the canals differ also
from those of Mesenchytraeids generally. Instead of being of even
FIG. 17. Mesenchytrceus kincaidi.
thickness throughout and closely wound, the canals are most irregular,
and furnished with a lumen which in places is very wide, and in other
places very narrow. In places even the lumen widens out to form
regular chambers. There is also a great deal of cellular matrix not
belonging to the ducts, and this matrix contains larger and smaller
vacuoles which probably stand in connection with the ducts. Near
the posterior lobe, where the returning duct connects with the narrow
duct leading to the pore, the return duct widens out more than any-
where else and its lumen forms a succession of chambers. These
chambers and widenings of the lumen are not exactly similar in the
various nephridia, but are subject to such variations that no two nephridia
are entirely alike.
MESENCHYTRCEUS PENICILLUS sp. nov.
pi. ix, figs, i and 2 ; text-figs. 18 and 19.
Definition. — Length 15 mm., width i mm. Somites 85. Pros-
tomium .nail and pointed. Setae : laterals, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, (XII)
ENCHYTR^EID^E
43
3, (XIII) 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, (5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2) ; ventrals, 6, 7, 7,
7, 7, 7, o, (XIII) 4, 7, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. Head-pore far for-
ward. Clitellum XII-XIII. Copulative papilla insignificant. Septal
glands in IV to VI. Brain broader than long, posteriorly truncate.
Spermatheca short and broad, lopsided, with two short diverticles at
the center. Sperm-ducts short, as long as the funnels. Funnels long
and narrow. Penial atrium long and rather narrow. Three or four
long atrial glands enter this atrium outside of the penial bulb. Some
five or six penial glands inside of the bulb opening near the penial
orifice. Ovaries and testes in XII and XI. Two large and very long
sperm-sacs connecting with the funnels extend backward some fifteen
or more somites. Nephridia rounded, with shallow lobes. Nuclei
slightly oval. Lymphocytes unknown. Color of alcoholic specimens
pale yellowish.
Locality. — Port Clarence, Alaska. A single specimen, collected
by Prof. Trevor Kincaid, August, 1897.
Characteristics. — This species is readily distinguished by the short
spermathecae, which are peculiarly lopsided, one diverticle being
thicker than the other. The short sperm-ducts are also characteristic.
Owing to want of specimens the detailed description given below is
naturally meager. Part of the single specimen was dissected, part
sectioned transversely. As
will be seen, the species be-
longs to the group of Mes-
enchytraeids with atrial
glands. These glands are
larger than in M. fuscus.
They are also less numerous
than in that species, its
nearest relative.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermathecce (fig. 18,
a and b). — Both sperma-
thecae showed a peculiar
lopsidedness.
Sperm-ducts (pi. ix, fig.
2). — These are less than
one-eighth as long as the
funnel. The penial bulb extends nearly to the end of the atrial en-
largement in the dissected specimen. In the sectioned half it appears
to extend to the middle of the atrium.
FIG. 1 8. Mesenchytrceus penicillus.
44
EISEN
The atrial glands push through the bulb, but their larger part lies
free in the coelom. There are five or six penial glands inside the bulb,
opening around the penial
pore. The funnels are (in
the single specimen) en-
gaged in the sperm -sacs.
They are turned backward
and lie in somites XII and
XIII , instead of in IX, as is
usually the case. The atrial
glands seem to open mainly
,, ,, , , . .„ on the concave side of the
FIG. 19. Mesenchytraus femctllus.
atrium, pi. ix, figs, i and
2, are somewhat diagrammatic, but represent correctly, in a general
way, the spermiducal apparatus.
Nephridia (fig. 19). — The outlines are rounded and the lobes
quite shallow. The nuclei are nearly round and of different sizes.
The lymphocytes are not known.
MESENCHYTR^US GRANDIS sp. nov.
pi. i, figs. 8-10; pi. vn, figs. 1-6; text-fig. 20.
Definition. — Length 170 mm., width behind clitellum 1.75 mm.,
clitellum 2.25 mm. Body strongly tapering, especially toward the tail.
Somites 105. Setae : ventrals, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, o, XIII, i,
5> 6» 6> 5> 5 5 laterals, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, o, XIII, i, 4, 4, 4, 5,
4, 5. Clitellum very prominent. Prostomium rounded, with a large
head-pore far forward. Sexual papillae distinct, but not large ; ovi-
pores prominent. Septal glands in IV to VI. Brain posteriorly
slightly emarginated, a little longer than broad. Spermathecae thick,
with two long club-shaped diverticles, as long as the duct, ampullar
part short. Intestine and dorsal vessel covered with short but dense
chloragogen cells. The dorsal vessel rises posterior to XX. Sperm-
ducts about three times as long as the funnels, which latter are un-
usually long, extending through some six somites backward. The
lower part of the sperm-duct with a long and narrow atrium and a
large penial bulb. In the atrium open some seven or eight long glands.
Some twenty or more penial glands open around the base in the penial
bulb. Ovaries and testes absent in the single specimen. Ovisac be-
gins in XVII. Nephridia thick ; broad anteseptal ; postseptal with
three folds ; posterior duct thin, nuclei very small, ovoid. Lympho-
ENCHYTR^EID^E
45
cytes of medium size, globular, with some six or more large and
densely staining granules. Color pale citron yellow.
Locality. — In plants brought from Alaska (probably Sitka or
Juneau). Presented by Mr. Alexander Craw. A single specimen
which was carefully narcotized and fixed in sublimate.
Note. — The specimen having been received late in the year (Sept.,
1897), the testes and ovaries had degenerated, as careful search failed
to reveal any trace of them whatever. The sperm -sacs, on the con-
trary, are in a fully developed stage, and full of spermatozoa. The
spermathecae and the sperm-ducts are also in a highly developed con-
dition, and show no sign of degeneration.
Characteristics. — Characterized by its spermatheca?, the diverticles
of which are as long or longer than the duct, while the ampullar part
is short. The sperm-ducts widen out to an atrium, the glands of which
are comparatively long. The long ducts of the glandular cells are
carried far down the sperm-ducts, opening into the duct all along its
course down to the very pore. This species resembles greatly M.
harrimani, and may be said to be M. harrimani with short sperma-
thecal ampulla.
FIG. 20. Mesenchytrceus grandis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain (fig. 20, c) . — The posterior margin of the brain is so indis-
tinct that it is impossible to say whether it is strongly concave or only
slightly so. I have therefore dotted the line indicating the margin.
This indistinctness is not due to any tearing in dissecting, but from the
46 BISEN
fact that the brain-cells are carried out on the powerful retractor mus-
cles connecting the brain with the body-wall.
Spermathecce are strong and rather contracted. They are of large
size, even for a worm of the unusual size of our present species.
Sperm-ducts. — The funnels long and thin, and in the specimen
turned backward. The ducts extend backward some six or seven
somites, but on account of the length of the funnels are not over three
times as long as the former. The most interesting part of the organ
is, of course, the atrial part with its glands. There is a long and
narrow atrium outside the bulb and a wider penial chamber within.
The openings of the atrial glands are close to the penial bulb and
close to each other. As has already been stated, the ducts of the indi-
vidual cells, after entering the atrium, penetrate its inner layer all
along down to the penial pore. The shape of the glands is also some-
what characteristic, being long and even and much less pear-shaped
than those of the other species which have so far come under my ob-
servation.
Sperm-sacs. — The two usual sperm-sacs are present. They begin
as far forward as somite VII, where they appear to spring from the
septum VI/VII. They gradually increase in size posteriorly, except
in the somites of the clitellum, where they are thin, even and tubular.
The walls of the sperm-sacs are thick, a cross-section resembling a
cross-section of a spefmatheca.
Lymphocytes (pi. vn, figs. 3-6). — There are in reality two kinds
of lymphocytes, one with cyanophil and one with eosinophil granula-
tion. The cells may also be void of any granules, in which case one
kind cannot be distinguished from the other. The cells are globular,
rounded and mulberry-shaped, as regards outline. The cytoplasm is
coarsely reticulate, the nucleus small. In cells with cyanophil granules,
the latter are of even size and uniform shape, rather squarish and with
blunt ends. There are from six to ten or more of these granules in
each cell. The granules are quite separate one from the other. In
the other kind of cell the granules are of all sizes, some very minute,
others several times larger than the cyanophil granules. Of these
eosinophil granules there are many more in each cell, sometimes as
many as twenty or thirty. They are frequently thrown out in the
coelom, and are here found in all sizes, entirely free from the lympho-
cytes themselves. The eosinophils are by far the smallest of these two
kinds of lymphocytes ; the difference in size is however not great. As
will be seen, even the lymphocytes resemble those of M. harrimani to
such an extent that a close relationship exists between the two species.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
47
For want of specimens of M. grandis this relationship cannot now
be cleared up. It may be possible that M. grandis is identical with
M. harrimani, the spermathecae having become accidentally reduced.
MESENCHYTR^EUS FUSCUS sp. nov.
pi. viii, figs. 3-5; text-figs. 21-23.
Definition. — Length 15 mm., width i mm. Somites 58. Setae
sigmoid : laterals, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4 ; postclitellars 3, 3, 4, 4, 4 ; ventrals, 6,
6, 7, 7, 7, 6 ; postclitellars, 6, 6, 6, 5 (5, 3, 2). Head-pore large, near
the apex. Clitellum, dorsally XI-XIII, ventrally | XI-XIII. Copula-
tory papilla of medium size. Intestine in II and III much narrower than
in the following somites. Septal glands in somites III- VI. Brain
posteriorly truncate, anteriorly deeply incised. Dorsal vessel rises in
somite XX
and at once
is very thick.
Spermatheca
with two saus-
age-shaped di-
verticles nearer
the pore than
the intestine.
The diverticles
are about one-
third as long
as the whole
spermatheca.
Sperm-ducts
about twelve
times as long
as the funnel,
extending back
some nine so-
Mesenchytraus fuscus.
mites, or to XXI. Funnels very large, helix-shaped. An atrial
chamber into which open independently of each other six to eight glands.
Penial glands opening at the base of the sperm-ducts. Sperm -sacs very
large, one pair extending as far back as somite XXVII or further. One
ovisac. Nephridia with two almost circular lobes. Lymphocytes
few, flat and circular.
Locality. — In moss in Pit River (below the falls), California.
Also from several other localities in northern California. Collected
by Dr. Richard C. McGregor.
EISEN
FIG. 22. Mesenchytrceus fuscus.
Characteristics. — Externally this species is readily recognized by
the tawny color of its anterior somites, especially their dorsal part,
which color is caused by scattered granules of pigment. Internally the
^ species is character-
ized by its six to eight
comparatively large at-
rial glands, which open
directly into the atrium
(fig. 22, a).
DETAILED DESCRIP-
TION.
Pigment. — The
granules of pigment
are found in both the
epithelial cells and in
the circular muscular
layer, but they are es-
pecially numerous in
the outer part of the
epithelial cells of the body-wall. Posterior to clitellum they are absent.
Head-pore is situated about half way between the apex and somite I.
Copulatory organ. — As in many species of Afesenchytrceus, the
part of the sperm-duct nearest the male pore possesses two chambers
joining each other, the outer one being more properly a penis, while the
inner one is of a more glandular nature (fig. 22, #). In this inner
chamber and on the side nearest the intestine open the prostates. In the
specimens dissected and sectioned
there are some six to eight bunches
of these atrial glands, each opening
independently in the atrium. The
distal end of each glandular fascicle
is globulai or pear-shaped, while the
tubular end duct is narrow. This duct
is composed of a mass of tubes, which
jointly penetrate the atrium, forming a
thick layer of tubes between the mus- FlG. 33. Mesenchytraus fuscus.
cular and the glandular layers of the
atrium (pi. vm, fig. 5). The ducts of each fascicle surrounded by spi-
rally wound muscles, which seem to be mere outcroppings of the outer
muscular layer of the atrium. None of these glands open at the base
of the penis. The penial bulb consists of muscular strands arranged
ENCHYTR^EID^E
49
as the spokes in a wheel, and between the strands are a number of small
unicellular glands opening near the pore. Besides these very small
glands, there are also a dozen or more larger glands which rise
high above the muscular strands (pi. vm, fig. 5), and which seem
to open near to the apex of the penis. There are thus three sets
of glands opening in connection with the sperm-ducts : atrial glands
and two kinds of penial glands, the smaller of which do not rise
above the muscular strand mentioned above. The funnels are thick
and helix-like (fig. 22, 3), and taper very gradually into the sperm-
ducts. The sperm -sacs are long and thick, extending from the ventral
to the dorsal side of the ccelom.
Nephridia (fig. 23) are round with two principal folds with rounded
outlines. The duct leading to the pore is thick and helix-like.
Lymphocytes few in number, of disc-like form, and quite small.
Intestine. — The intestine, both posterior and anterior to clitellum,
is covered with a thick coating of brown chloragogen cells.
MESENCHYTRyEUS FUSCUS INERMIS var. nov.
pi. I, fig. 18 ; text-fig. 24.
Definition. — Length about 20 mm., width about I mm. Somites
75. Setae sigmoid : laterals ; 3, 4, 3, o, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5 (4, 3, 2) ;
ventrals; 4, 5, 6, 5, o, 6, 6, 4, 6, 7, 6, 5 (5, 4). Head-pore halfway
between apex and the first groove. Clitellum ventrally and dorsally ^
XI-XIII. Sexual papilla? not large. Sep-
tal glands in IV to VI. Brain as in the
species, but less emarginated anteriorly.
Dorsal vessel rises in somite XXI. Intes-
tine narrower in II and III. Spermatheca
with two diverticles near the base, each
being two-elevenths as long as the whole
spermatheca. Sperm-ducts about twelve
times as long as the length of the funnel.
Funnel more slender than in the species.
An atrium present, in which open four to
six glands near its junction with the penis.
Penial glands open near the penis. Sperm-
sacs very large, extending as far back as
XXII. Egg-sac extends at least to XXVIII.
Testes and ovaries normal. Nephridia
less round than in the species. Lymphocytes small and ovoid.
fare
FIG. 24. Mesenchytroeus fuscus
var. inermis.
5O EISEN
Locality. — West Fork of Feather River and Goose Lake, northern
Modoc County, northern California, Dr. R. C. McGregor. Several
specimens.
Characteristics. — This variety differs from the species in the shape
of the spermatheca, and in the absence of pigment granules in the
body-wall. There is also a difference in the form of the sperm-funnel
and in the shape of the prostates, as will be shown below.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
I will only dwell upon points in which the variety differs from the
species.
Body-wall. — There are no pigment granules in any of the somites.
The specimens are white, those of the species being anteriorly strongly
tawny.
Spermatheca. — The diverticles of the spermatheca (fig. 24, a) are
much smaller than in the species, as a comparison of the figures will
show. In the species the diverticles are about one-third as long as the
whole spermatheca, while in the variety they are two-elevenths as long.
Spermiducal apparatus . — The atrial glands enter the atrium nearer
the penial chamber than in the species. There is also a difference in
the form of the glands, which in the variety are more oblong. In the
species they are more rounded.
MESENCHYTR^US EASTWOODI sp. nov.
pi. I, fig. 12 ; pi. vi, fig. 3; text-fig. 25.
Definition. — Length 6 to 8 mm., width .6 mm. Somites 65.
Seta? : ventrals, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6 (XII), 4 (XIII), 4, 4;
laterals, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 (XII), 2 (XIII), 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2.
The most lateral setae in the ventral fascicles and the most ventral in
the lateral fascicles are smaller. Head-pore on the upper side of pro-
stomium, which is short, blunt, and rounded. Brain anteriorly deeply
emarginated, posteriorly straight ; longer than wide. Dorsal vessel rises
posterior to XV. Intestine with small flat chloragogen cells. Sper-
mathecae with a pair of cylindrical diverticles at the center, each diverti-
cle being a little shorter than half the spermatheca. Sperm-ducts about
eight times as long as the funnels. Funnels small, almost globular, with
twisted basal part. A comparatively narrow atrium exterior to the
penial bulb. Two long and irregular atrial glands open in the atrium.
Six or eight penial glands inside the bulb open at the penial apex.
Two pairs of sperm-sacs well developed. Lymphocytes oval, with
pointed ends, about one-fifth as long as the narrow diameter of the brain.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
Locality. — Hoods Peak, Sonoma Co., California, April, 1893, *n
soil near a creek. Collected by Miss Alice Eastwood. Of some
twenty specimens only a few are adult.
FIG. 25. Mesenchytrceus eastivoodi.
In size this species resembles M. fontinalis. From this species
M. eastivoodi is well distinguished by its atrial glands, its small lym-
phocytes, and the arrangement of its setae, which gradually diminish
in size toward the lateral interval.
MESENCHYTRCEUS NANUS sp. nov.
Text-fig. 26.
Definition. — Length 8 mm., width .6 mm. Somites 56, well de-
fined. Setae : laterals, uniformly 2, 2, etc., i ; ventrals, 3, 4, 4, 5,
5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, o, 2, 3, 2, etc. Head-pore near apex. Sexual
papillae distinct. Septal glands IV to VII. Brain almost square,
posteriorly deeply emarginated. Dorsal vessel rises in XVI. Intes-
tine covered with thick chloragogen cells. Spermathecae large, con-
fined to one somite, with a large central chamber representing two
primitive, opposite, diverticles ; apex of spermathecal ampulla appears
to be connected with the intestine by a pore. No sperm-ducts; the
sperm-funnels (fig. 26, d) club-shaped, open directly in the penial pore
without any intermediary ducts. There is no penial bulb, and no
glands of any kind in connection with the efferent apparatus. Testes
and ovaries normal. A single ovisac and two sperm-sacs extending
backward through several somites. Nephridia with very long duct
and many-lobed central part. Lymphocytes small, ovoid, not fringed.
52 EISEN
Locality. — Popof Island, Alaska, Prof. Trevor Kincaid.
Characteristics. — Only a few specimens were collected, and of
these only one was partially adult. The specimen sectioned did not
possess any part of the efferent apparatus and no spermathecae. The
adult specimen was dissected. The form of the spermathecae and the
FIG. 26. Mesenckytreeits nanus.
sperm-funnels opening into the pores without ducts, are so very
characteristic that the species cannot very well be confounded with
any other species known. The nearest related species is M. primcevus
Eisen, which however possesses a slightly different spermatheca, the
difference being in the diverticles and in the length of the organ. The
duct leading to the pore in the nephriclium is much longer in M. nanus
than in M. primcevus.
MESENCHYTR^US FONTINALIS sp. nov.
pi. i, fig. 15; pi. xi, fig. 3; text-fig. 27.
Definition. — Length 8 mm., width .75 mm. Somites 60. Setae
sigmoid; laterals anterior to clitellum 3, posterior to clitellum 4, 5,6;
ventrals anterior to clitellum 6, posterior to clitellum 7, 6. Head-
pore large, situated a little posterior to the apex. Clitellum dorsally
fXI-XIII, ventrally £ XI-XIII. Sexual papillae not prominent.
Brain posteriorly truncate or very slightly concave. Septal glands large
ENCHYTR^ID^E
S3
in IV to VI. Spermatheca cylindrical, with two opposite diverticles
on the quarter nearest the intestine. Sperm-ducts about ten times as
long as the funnel, furnished with a bottle-shaped enlargement near
the pore. No atrial glands. The funnel is very large, three- or four-
lobed. Dorsal vessel rises in somite XIX. Sperm-sacs in XII to
XVI. Ovisac extends to XVIII. Nephridia with three principal
lobes, the general shape deltoid. Lymphocytes very large, oval.
Blood orange red.
Locality. — Pine Ridge above the toll-house road near the lumber
mills, Sierra Nevada, Fresno County, California. Found among
decaying leaves and in the mud in the running water of a small tribu-
tary to Rush Creek, the latter being a tributary to Kings River. A
truly aquatic species. July and August. Altitude about 7000 feet.
Characteristics. — Readily dis-
tinguished by its large lympho-
cytes, the shape of the lower end
of the sperm-ducts and the sperm-
atheca. The diverticles of the
latter are situated much nearer
the intestine than in M. pedatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermiducal apparatus. — At-
rium does not appear to possess
any atrial glands. There are nu-
merous large glands which sur-
round the atrium but which open exteriorly to the bulb, around the
latter's base. Numerous oblong and very thin penial glands inside the
bulb. The bulb is small and possesses fewer muscles than most other
species of the genus. On account of the insufficient fixation of the
specimens the finer details of the penial bulb could not be made out as
well as might be desired. The atrium is large and furnished interiorly
with an epithelium consisting of large cubical cells (pi. xi, fig. 3). The
funnel is large, occupying more than half of the somite when viewed in
a longitudinal section of the body. When dissected it is seen that the
funnel consists of three or four clefts, like those of an orange partly
split open. The sperm-duct, which runs first upward, then back-
ward, through about four somites in a more or less twisted manner,
must be at least ten times as long as the funnel. The exterior papilla
is quite low.
Septal glands. — These are large and of the same shape as in M.
pedatus. Part of the glands adhere closely to the posterior septum
FlG. 27. Mesenchytraeus fontinalis.
54
EISEN
while other parts are attached to the lateral ducts leading to the
pharynx.
Esophagus and tubular intestine throughout of very even thickness.
Nephridia vary considerably as regards the form of the lobes.
Generally three lobes, and the whole nephridium is more or less
deltoid.
Lymphocytes. — Unusually large (fig. 15), ovoid or even circular.
In all the specimens sectioned, confined to the first thirteen somites.
The diameter of an average lymphocyte equals in thickness the epithe-
lium of the body-wall together with half the diameter of the transverse
muscular layer. They are strongly granular.
MESENCHYTR^US FONTINALIS GRACILIS var. nov.
Text-fig. 28.
Definition. — Length 5 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 50.
Spermatheca with a pair of club-shaped diverticles situated about one-
third the distance from the intestine. In other respects similar to the
species.
Locality. — In mud of springs near Dinkey Creek, in the Sierra
Nevada, Fresno County, California. Altitude about 6000 feet.
Characteristics. — I can find no distinct
characteristics other than a greater slender-
ness of the spermatheca and a greater equality
of the two limbs. In the species the ampulla
between the intestine and the junction with
the diverticles is very short, much shorter than
the diverticle. In the variety, the ampulla
between the intestine and the junction of the
diverticles is about one and one-half times
as long as the diverticles, and the part be-
tween the pore and the junction of the di-
verticles is about two and one-half times
as long as the diverticles. The diverticles
also are longer in the variety than in the
species. These differences may be slight,
but the fact that they were found to be
constant in four specimens of the variety in
the six specimens of the species which I dis-
sected shows that they are of considerable importance and worthy
of being recorded.
FIG. 28. Mesenchytrceus
fontinalis gracilis.
55
MESENCHYTR^US PEDATUS sp. nov.
(pi. i, figs. 13 and 14 ; pi. ix, figs. 3-6 ; text-figs. 29 and 30.)
Definition. — Length 10 mm., width .75 mm. Somites 48. Setae
sigmoid ; laterals 3-4, ventrals 5-6. Head-pore small, opening half-
way between apex of prostomium and peristomium. Clitellum, dorsally
£ XI— XIII, ventrally XII, XIII. A very large exterior copulatory
organ, almost as long as the diameter of the body. Brain anteriorly
a.
FIG. 29. Mesenchytrceus pedatus.
slightly concave, posteriorly with straight margin, a trifle longer than
broad. Septal glands in IV, V and VI. Spermathecae each with two
club-shaped diverticles situated halfway up the organ. Sperm-funnels
two-thirds as long and broad as a somite. Sperm-ducts at least eight
times as long as the sperm -funnel. Sperm -ducts with an atrial chamber
before the penial pore. A ring of very large accessory glands open in
the immediate vicinity of the sperm-ducts. Dorsal vessel originates in
XIV. Nephridia with three somewhat indistinct lobes and a helix-
like posterior spur. Lymphocytes of two forms, oblong and round.
EISEN
Locality. — Found at Goose Lake, Alturas and other localities in
Modoc County, California. Collected by Dr. Richard C. McGregor.
Probably common in the mud of creeks and lakes in the Sierra Nevada
region of northern California.
Characteristics. — Readily distinguished exteriorly by very large
copulatory papillae in XII, especially in specimens where they are fully
extended, the papillae then being as long as the diameter of the body.
Interiorly it is prominently characterized by the enormously large
accessory glands, which open in the immediate vicinity of the sperm-
ducts (pi. ix, fig. 5).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Seta. — In the first few somites the number of setae varies between
three and four in the lateral fascicles, while in the ventral fascicles we
find six setae in
the three anterior
fascicles and five
in the following.
Posterior to cli-
tellum the setae in
the ventral rows
are unif o r m 1 y
five, while in the
lateral rows they
are only four. All
the setae in the
same fascicle are
of about the same
size.
Head- pore. —
This pore is situ-
FIG. 30. Mesenchytr&us pedatus.
ated (fig. 29, a} a little in front of the shallow groove which separates
prostomium from somite I.
Spermiducal apparatus (pi. ix, figs. 4 and 5). — As stated, the
large sexual papilla is most conspicuous. When fully extended its
long diameter is equal to the diameter of the body at somite XII
(pi. ix, fig. 5). The sperm-ducts open at the apex, and this latter is
surrounded by the elevated margin of the body-wall, here consisting of
large broad cells. Surrounding the opening of the sperm-ducts is a
small bulb, into which opens a ring of very large accessory glands.
These glands extend inward to the center of the body-cavity. Their
structure seems to resemble that of the septal glands. The sperm-
ENCHYTR^EID^E 57
ducts are at least eight times as long as the funnels. The duct runs at
first back for three somites, turning in XV and then paralleling itself.
In XII it is coiled several times, and then, entering in XI, joins the fun-
nel. It is, however, quite narrow, about one-sixth the width of the
funnel. In longitudinal section of the body the funnel is seen to be in
length two-thirds the transverse diameter of the body and about two-
thirds as wide. The sperm-duct possesses an atrial chamber some
little distance from the male-pore (pi. ix, fig. 5).
Dorsal vessel rises from the intestine in somite XIV, but does not
always separate itself at once. Thus, in one specimen it was fully
separated in XIV, in another in XV.
Testes small, solid, in XI; ovaries long, in XII. Two sperm-sacs,
tubular in form, extending from XII to XV. Ovisac extends as far
back as XVII.
Spermathecce large, each with two large club-shaped diverticles
projecting from the center (fig. 29, e). Ampulla of the spermatheca
twisted, and sigmoid where it connects with the intestine from the
ventral side.
Nephridia (fig. 30, a and b) consist each of three more or less
indistinct lobes. To these must be added a posterior helix-like spur,
probably analogous with the spur in the Megadrilid genera (Eisen 16).
The tubules wide and closely wound, as in other species of Mesen-
ckytrceus. It is apparent that the nephridium is built somewhat as in
the higher Oligochaeta, and there is possibly a ' bridge ' starting out
from the helix-like spur. The ducts of the spur are much thicker
than those in other parts of the nephridium.
Lymphocytes (pi. ix, fig. 3). — Of at least three different shapes
and of various sizes — round, oval, or crescent -shaped. The structure
appears to be the same in all and I am unable to say whether we have
three distinct forms or only variations of one and the same variety.
MESENCHYTR^EUS BERINGENSIS sp. nov.
pi. x, figs. 1-3; text-fig. 31.
Definition. — Length 15 mm., width .75 mm. Somites about 70.
Setae sigmoid : laterals, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, o, o, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, etc., 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, etc. ; ventrals, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6,
o, o, 4, 5, 5, etc., 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, etc. Prostomium pointed. Head-
pore near apex. Clitellum, XI, XII and XIII. Sexual papillae large.
Septal glands in IV to VI. Brain tapering posteriorly ; posterior
margin almost straight. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum.
EISEN
Intestine with very minute chloragogen cells. Spermathecae join the
intestine in V ; diverticles as long as the ampullar part, club-shaped ;
ampulla inflated and sac-like ; duct strongly muscular. Sperm-ducts
narrow and probably short. No atrium exterior to the bulb. But
inside the latter we find an enlargement of the sperm-duct, of similar
form and structure as an ordinary atrium, but without the atrial glands.
Below this enlargement there is a swelling of the walls of the duct
containing a large number of thin and slender penial glands opening
in the very apex of the sperm-duct. Penial bulb with numerous
large glands opening around the penial pore. No accessory
glands. Sperm-sacs apparently small. Lymphocytes small, ovoid,
with pointed ends. Color of alcoholic specimen deep yellow, no
pigment.
Locality. — Bering Island, Bering Strait, Alaska. Collected by
Dr. Anton Stuxberg, Vega Expedition under Baron Nordenskiold,
August 15, 1879. A single specimen.
Characteristics. — Although the want of specimens prevents a
thorough examination and leaves many points undetermined, yet the
few characters known are so
prominently characteristic that
the species cannot be con-
founded with any other thus
far described. The absence of
both atrial and accessory
glands at the same time is a
rare occurrence. In many
respects the structure of the
efferent apparatus reminds us
of M. pedatus. The differ-
ence between the two species
is however great enough. In
M. pedatus the large glands
at the base of the sperm-duct
are free and not enclosed in
,, the bulb. In our present spe-
FIG. 31. Mesenchytrceus leringensis.
cies these glands are entirely
enclosed in the penial bulb. Neither species possesses atrial glands.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain (fig. 31, e). — Posterior margin almost straight, the general
form of the brain rounded, as in fig. 31, e. In the specimen ex-
amined the two sides of the brain are somewhat unequal.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 59
Setae. — The setae diminish slightly in size towards the dorsal and
the lateral intervals respectively. No setae in somites XI and XII.
Spermathecce (fig. 31, #). — The ampulla connects with the intes-
tine in V and is considerably swollen, furnished with thin walls. The
duct muscular, exterior surface striped longitudinally.
Sperm-ducts. — As the specimen was sectioned transversely the size
of the funnels is not known. The sperm-ducts narrow, apparently
not very long, repeatedly folded. The atrium and the penial chamber
of nearly equal size, the atrium slightly the larger. The absence of
atrial glands a distinct feature. In the penial chamber some few glands
opening independently of each other around the pore of the duct,
enclosed by the muscular coat of the lower part of the sperm-duct.
The penial glands are powerfully developed and crowd the bulb to the
utmost. Between the glands are muscles and connective tissue.
The nephridia were too macerated to be described satisfactorily.
MESENCHYTR^EUS SOLIFUGUS Emery.
pi. vn, fig. 8; pi. vni, figs, i and 2; text-fig. 32.
1898. Melanenchytraus solifugus EMERY, '98.
1899. MesenchytrcEus solifugus MOORE, '99.
Definition. — Length 12 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 50.
Setae : anteriors about 4, 5, 3 ; posteriors, 2, 3, etc. Prostomium
rounded, blunt and small. Clitellum probably confined to XII. Sex-
ual papillae prominent. Septal glands small. Spermathecae straight,
with three diverticles in the same plane at the center of the organ.
Sperm-ducts comparatively broad, extending at least as far back as
XV and probably farther. Funnels cylindrical, folded on themselves,
contracted at the center. A large atrium in which opens about eight
atrial glands of large size. Many large accessory glands open along
the base outside of the penial bulb. About fifteen penial glands inside
the penial bulb. Nephridia with three large lobes and a long ante-
septal. Lymphocytes small, pointed, ovoid. Color intensely brown-
ish-black owing to pigment which permeates most of the inner organs
as well as the body- wall.
Locality. — Occurs on the ice of many of the glaciers of Alaska.
Collected by Prof. Trevor Kincaid and Prof. W. E. Ritter on the
following glaciers : Muir Glacier, June n ; La Perouse Glacier, June
18. Specimens have also been described by Prof. J. Percy Moore
from the Malaspina Glacier.
Note. — Professor Moore partly describes another ice worm, M.
niveus Moore, from the Malaspina Glacier, said to differ in hav ng
6c
EISEN
posteriorly emarginated brain and in not possessing any diverticles of
the spermathecae. This species is not among those collected by the
Harriman Expedition, at least none of those examined by me possessed
these characters.
The above definition had already been made out when I received
the admirable description of the species by Professor Moore (Proc.
Philadelphia Acad. Sci., 1899). This description is so full that few
details need be added.
FIG. 32. Mesenchytrceus solifugus.
Color. — The object of the deep color is probably not alone to
absorb heat, but also to exclude light. The worm breeds under the
exposure to constant daylight, and the pigment must admirably serve
the purpose of modifying this light. All other Enchytraeidae can hide
themselves under opaque substances, but this ice worm has no place
to hide, as the snow and ice are comparatively transparent. The pig-
ment is distributed not only in the body -wall, but in most of the in-
terior organs, even in the ganglia and the brain.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 6l
Spermiducal apparatus. — The accessory glands, which are char-
acteristic, open along the base of the penis outside of the bulb. They
are long and of trefoil shape, with enormous long narrow ducts.
It is not impossible that the various glaciers of Alaska contain sev-
eral species of black ice worms, and it would be of the greatest inter-
est to have these worms carefully collected and fixed so that they could
be readily investigated. Most of the specimens in the collection were
in a state of decomposition, and it is evident that these worms are
extremely sensitive to heat and should be fixed on the spot where
collected without first being brought to the laboratory.
Subfamily ENCHTTR^EIN^E.
This subfamily contains only two genera, both of which are certainly
closely related. In this family the penial glandular structures are not
confined within a single bulb as in Lumbricillinae, but are broken up in
two or more masses of papillae, often of unequal size. In a cross-sec-
tion of the body these papillae may be seen to extend from the median
line to the other side of the spermiducal pore, and even in the long
diameter of the body the glands have a more or less considerable ex-
tension. In some species these glands are situated close to each other,
in others again they are separated by the common tissue of the body-
wall.
Genus Enchytraeus Henle.
Definition. — Setae of equal length and straight. Head-pore be-
tween prostomium and somite I, always small. No dorsal pores an-
terior to clitellum. Intestine and esophagus gradually merging into each
other. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum from a vascular sinus
of the intestine. One pair of sperm-sacs, surrounded by peritoneal
membrane, project from the testes forward. No single penial bulb,
but one or more isolated glandular papillae situated in the vicinity of
the spermiducal pores, generally and principally ventral to the pores.
Numerous transverse muscles connect the ventral and lateral parietes
surrounding the spermiducal pores. Peptonephridia glands present
or absent. One kind of lymphocytes. Intestine generally with chylus
cells.
As will be seen from the above definition, I have added some
characteristics not mentioned by Michaelsen and Beddard. One of
these concerns the presence of sperm-sacs. There can be no doubt
about the presence of sperm-sacs, just as perfectly developed, though
not as large, as those in Mesenchytrceus. In all the species examined
62 EISEN
by me such sperm-sacs are present, but vary greatly in size. In
Enchytrceus saxicola they are enormously large, extending as far for-
ward as the spermathecae . There are, however, no trabecula, at least
not in the species which were sectioned. Michael sen mentions the
presence of sperm-sacs in Enchytrceus mcebii (4), but does not use
their presence as a generic characteristic.
Another characteristic relates to the transformation of the penial bulb
into separate papilla? surrounding the lower part of the sperm-duct.
Such papilla? are found in all other Enchytraeid genera which I have
investigated, or which I have seen illustrated. In Enchytrceus the
spermducts open independently of any glands. There are however
glandular complex in the vicinity of the spermiducal pores in several
of the species, and perhaps in all, but they are situated some little
distance from the lower part of the sperm-duct, or if close, are still
distinctly separated from them. At any rate the sperm-ducts are never
directly connected with any glands or ducts of glands, but open inde-
pendently of any accessory structures through the body-wall.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain. — The brain in Enchytrceus is characterized by the circular
mass of fibers in the posterior part of the fiber belt in the brain. As
this structure has not been studied in detail its nature is not understood.
Nephridia. — Characterized by the small anteseptal which consists
merely of the nephrostome. A similar arrangement is found in
Lumbricillus . In no instance is there an anteseptal resembling that
found in Eridericia.
Penial papillce and structures. — No penial bulb similar to the
one found in Eridericia, Lumbricillus, etc. The sperm-ducts always
open separately from the glandular masses, which are found in the
vicinity of the ducts. These glands are never surrounded by a special
muscular covering, but seem to be more intimately connected with the
epidermis, and as such covered by the general muscular layers of the
body. In some species we meet with a great number of slightly sepa-
rated glandular cushions, each consisting of many glandular cells
arranged in a pinnate or feathery manner, but all these cells open some
little distance from the sperm-ducts. In other species there are only a
very few such cell agglomerations. Now and then a muscular strand
may be seen to penetrate between the cells down to the body-wall.
The muscular penial bulb in other genera is in Enchytrceus separated
by a number of isolated muscular strands, which connect the body-wall
in the vicinity of the penial pore with the parietes higher up along the
sides of the body.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF ENCHYTR^EUS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER.
I. SPERMATHECA WITHOUT DIVERTICLES.
Spermatheca more or less covered with small glandular cells. No distinct
and enlarged pouch ............................................. i. E. modestus sp. nov.
Spermatheca short and thick, with a large collar of glands at the base.
Spermathecal connection with the intestine is situated on the side of the
Spermatheca. Two large glandular penial papillae at the penial pore.
2. E. metlakatlensis sp. nov.
II. SPERMATHECA WITH A SINGLE DIVERTICLE.
Spermatheca short and thick. The connection with intestine is situated on
one side of the Spermatheca. Two separate penial papillae near the spermi-
ducal pore. A few small glands around the base of the spermatheca.
3. E. kincaidi sp. nov.
III. SPERMATHECA WITH TWO DIVERTICLES.
Spermathecal diverticles distinct, both of the same size. Stalk of spermatheca
longer than the ampulla. A large number of penial papillae near the sper-
miducal pore covered by the regular muscular layer of the body.
4. E. alaskce sp. nov.
Spermathecal diverticles of unequal size. Brain deeply emarginated pos-
teriorly. Sperm-funnels very long and narrow. Penial papillae two, and
very minute, situated close to the spermiducal pore.. ..5. E. saxicola sp. nov.
Spermathecal diverticles unequal in size. Brain posteriorly convex. Sperm-
funnels short and twisted. Two small penial papillae near the pore.
6. E. citrinus sp. nov.
ENCHYTR^US MODESTUS sp. nov.
pi. xix, figs. 2 and 3 ; text-fig. 33.
Definition. — Length 6 to 7 mm., width .4 mm. Somites 57,
pluri-ringed. Prostomium pointed, about one-third shorter than somite
I. Intersegmental grooves deep. Setae straight and of equal length,
three in each fascicle, dorsal as well as ventral. Brain posteriorly
almost straight, the posterior retractor muscles much narrower than
the lateral
ones. Dorsal
vessel rises
posterior to
clitellum (un-
developed in
' d
the speci-
mens) . Sper-
mathecse with-
out diverticles,
straight and
more or less
warty, not
connecting with the intestine. Nephridia with exceedingly narrow
inner duct rilling only a small part of the nephridium ; the anteseptal
Enchytrceus modestus.
64 EISEN
consists of little more than the nephrostome. Lymphocytes narrow,
long, and rather irregular. Color white.
Locality. — Orca, Prince William Sound, Alaska, June 25, 1899,
Prof. Wm. E. Ritter. Only three immature or degenerating speci-
mens, so much twisted and curled that no successful sectioning could
be made.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Few additional points can be given. The species seems well char-
acterized by its nephridia, the inner duct in which is narrower than in
any other species examined by me.
Sexual papillce. — The male pores sunk in the specimens ; no ex-
ternal penial papillae. The inner penial papillae constructed on the
same principle as in the other species described in this paper ; that
is, there is a set of glands grouped in bunches arranged like feathers,
between which opens independently the sperm-duct. The particular
arrangement could not be made out.
Spermiducal apparatus. — The ducts seem to be short and rather
thick.
Intestine is covered by a thick layer of closely set, but transparent
and non-staining chloragogen cells.
Lymphocytes. — There is a cyanophil stroma in the meshes, in
which there are a few, or comparatively few, eosinophil granules.
The nucleus is small but distinct, staining pale blue.
ENCHYTRyEUS METLAKATLENSIS sp. nov.
pi. xvin, fig. 5 ; pi. xix, fig. I ; text-figs. 34-36.
Definition. — Length 1 2 mm., width .65 mm. Somites 60. Setae :
laterals 3 and 2 ; ventrals 3 and 4 in each fascicle. Prostomium
rounded, blunt. Clitellum XII and XIII. Sexual exterior papillae small
and not prominent. Septal glands in IV, V and VI. Brain oblong,
posteriorly slightly emarginated. Dorsal vessel rises in XV. Intes-
tine gradually emerging in the esophagus. Spermathecae with short
and thick duct and with a short apical sac opening into the intestine
by a pore ; a collar of glands at the base surrounds the exterior pore.
Sperm-ducts long and narrow, closely coiled, confined to XII. Sperm-
funnels short and thick, bent on themselves. Penial papillae two, be-
tween which open the sperm-ducts. Penial papillae consist of about 6
lobes in each papilla, the anterior and posterior papillae being of about
equal size. Ovaries in XII, testes in XI. Testes each connected with
a sperm-sac which, penetrating the septum, projects into X, filling a
large part of the somite. The sperm -sacs are surrounded by a
coelomic membrane. Lymphocytes long and narrow, shuttle-like or
ENCHYTR^EID^E
elongated ovoid, with the apices sharply pointed. Nephridia with a
small anteseptal consisting of nephrostome ; the duct is strong, with a
lumen much wider
than that of the main
body of the nephrid-
ium ; the duct in the
main body tightly and
apparently irregularly
folded.
Color gray.
Locality. — Metla-
katla, Alaska, June 4,
1899. Found under
sea-weeds, by Prof.
W. E. Ritter.
Characteristics. —
The contracted sper-
mathecse are charac-
teristic of this species.
Another point of dis- _,
FIG. 34. Enchytrceus metlakatlensis.
tinction between this
species and Enchytrceus alaska is seen in the two penial papillae,
which are of equal size and further apart than in the present species.
Brain. — The structure of the brain offers some points of interest.
The fibers, which in other genera form a solid convex band, are in
this, as well as in E. alas-
kce, broken up into two
groups, one forming a glob-
ular projection extending
further back toward the pos-
terior margin (fig. 34, 3).
It is not improbable that
this peculiarity is of generic
importance.
Intestine. — There is a
thin coating of broad chlor-
agogen cells in somites VI
to IX ; in the other somites
no such cells can be seen.
Spermathecce (fig. 36) . — The pore connecting with the intestine is
not at the apex of the pouch, but situated on one side, as shown in fig. 36.
FIG. 35. Enckytrceus metlakatlensis.
66
EISEN
Penial glands . — In a longitudinal section two separated bunches of
glands forming two separate papillae, one situated in front of the
other. Both bunches of equal size, but not strictly in the same plane.
As there were no specimens to spare for cross-sectioning, it was not
possible to ascertain
the whole extent of the
glandular structure.
The sperm-duct pene-
trates the body -wall be-
tween the two glandu-
lar papillae, but there
are no glands entering
the ducts.
Nephridia . — These
organs show great sim-
ilarity to those of JE.
mcebii Mich., as well
as to those of
FIG. 36. Enchy trans metlakatlensis.
kce. The duct connecting with the nephropore wide, becomes narrow
only when it joins the main body of the nephridium. The inner duct
is coiled in such a manner that it is impossible to follow its windings
for any distance.
Lymphocytes (fig. 34, a) . — These long and unusually narrow bodies
are present in considerable numbers. They attach themselves every-
where by means of their pointed ends.
Sperm-sacs. — There is no doubt about the presence of a coelomic
membrane surrounding the developing spermatozoa, thus constituting
a regular sperm-sac. Where the sac penetrates the septum X/XI a
few trabeculae are seen to extend forward through the mass of develop-
ing spermatogonia.
ENCHYTIL^US KINCAIDI sp. nov.
pL xvni, figs. 2-4; text-figs. 37 and 38.
Definition. — Length 20 to 25 mm., width .75 mm. Somites
about 67. Seta? : anterior ones slightly more slender than the pos-
terior ones ; laterals, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, etc. ;
ventrals, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, o, 2, 2, 2, etc. Other specimen :
laterals, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, etc. ; ventrals, 3, 3,
4> 4> 4> 3> 3> 3> 3> °t °» 3> 2> 2> 2> etc- Body-wall transparent.
Prostomium blunt, rounded, intersegmental grooves shallow. Cli-
ENCHYTR^ID^E
tellum with thin walls XII and XIII. Sexual papillae not present.
Septal glands in IV, V and VI ; those in IV the smallest, and those
in VI the largest. Peptonephridia consist of one or two short and
broad twisted lobes. Brain longer than broad, posteriorly distinctly
convex. Dorsal vessel rises in XVI. Intestine without chloragogen
cells. Spermathecae
short and thick, with
one diverticle at the
inner apex; the
main body connects
at its center with the
intestine. Sperm-
ducts narrow,coiled,
confined to XII.
Funnels large, three"
times as long as
FIG. 37. Enchytrceus kincaidi.
broad. Penial inner papillae two, the posterior one the largest ; the
cells with a feathery and radiating arrangement. Sperm-sacs : one
pair connected with the testes, projecting forward into somite X ;
no trabecula present. No ovisacs. Nephridia with anteseptal consist-
ing only of nephrostome ; duct thin and much coiled. Lymphocytes
broad, irregularly ovoid, not large, cyanophil, without eosinophil
granules. Color white, body entirely transparent.
Locality. — Popof Island, Alaska, Prof. Trevor Kincaid. Under
rocks on the shore. Several specimens in very fine condition.
Characteristics. — As usual the form of the spermathecae is the
most characteristic feature.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Setae. — The setae straight with the basal part considerably curved.
All in the same fascicle of the same or nearly the same length ; no one
decidedly longer than the rest.
Clitellum. — The wall of the clitellum not more than twice as thick
as the general body- wall. Even the body-wall unusually thin.
Brain (fig. 37, £)• — Brain as in the other species of this genus
described in this paper. A circular mass of fibers at the apex of the
inner fiber curve.
Spermathecce . — Several specimens dissected ; spermathecae found
to vary but little in form. The lower end furnished with a set of
glands near the pore, the glands opening into the duct. The connec-
tion with the intestine at the center of the whole organ. A short and
thick diverticle points upward and forms the inner apex of the organ.
68
EISEN
Sexual glands, — The penial papillae on each side consist of two
distinct and separate masses of glandular cells arranged in the usual
feathery manner characteristic of this genus. There are two agglom-
erations of such glands, one anterior to the other, the anterior one
being the smallest. In the specimen sectioned longitudinally the
former gland-complex is seen to consist of eight agglomerations, while
FIG. 38. Enckytrceus kincaidi.
the latter or anterior one contains only three or four. There is, how-
ever, some variation, as in one dissected specimen the anterior complex
is only one-third smaller than the posterior one. The sperm-funnels
are somewhat curved and about three times as long as wide. Sperm-
ducts open independently of the penial papilla? and a little more
ventrally than either.
Nephridia. — The inner duct narrow, running in a zigzag manner.
Sections show that the lumen is connected with innumerable minute
and probably branching ducts, too small to be indicated on the figure
(pi. xvni, fig. 3) .
ENCHYTRyEUS ALASKA sp. nov.
pi. i, fig. 19; pi. xix, figs. 4-6; pi. xx, figs. 1-2 ; text-figs. 39 and 40.
Definition. — Length 15 mm. or less, width .75 mm. Somites 65,
strongly tapering toward the tail end. Prostomium rounded ; somite
I smaller than II or III. Head-pore between prostomium and
somite I. Seta? straight : anterior laterals 3, posterior 2 ; anterior ven-
trals 3, posterior 2 and 3. Sexual papilla? not prominent. Clitellum
ENCHYTR^EID^E
distinct, XI to XIII, saddle-shaped. Septal glands in IV, V and VI.
Peptonephridia short and undivided. Brain posteriorly slightly con-
cave, oblong. Dorsal vessel rises in XV, but separates only in XII.
Esophagus gradually emerging in the sacculated
intestine. Spermathecae with long stalk and a
lopsided ampulla connecting with the intestine.
Sperm-funnels short, bent. Sperm-ducts nar-
row, coiled, in XII and XI, opening on the side
of small penial papillae. A pair of large inte-
rior penial papillae near the male pores. Neph-
ridia large, rounded, with granular neck and
greatly coiled duct. Anteseptal consists merely
of the nephrostome. Lymphocytes of two
forms, rounded-oval and tapering. Both are
erythrophil. Color white.
Locality. — Garforth Island, Muir Inlet, Gla-
cier Bay, Alaska, June 9, 1899, Prof. W. E.
Ritter.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Penial interior papittce. — The most interest-
ing features of the species of this genus are
the structure of these organs. The penial in-
terior papilla is in itself very small, and con-
sists of two unequal papillae, between which
the sperm-ducts open. The smaller is situated
close to the body-wall (pi. xix, fig. 4), while
the larger is situated nearer the ventral gang-
lion. The sperm-ducts open between these two
papillae. There are numerous muscles between
the two papillae as well as between the sperm -duct and the papillae.
The papillae contain only one kind of glands, which do not open into
any lumen, but onto the exterior surface of the body. No glands open
into the sperm-duct. Besides these comparatively small penial papillae
we find located more centrally two larger penial papillae close to the ven-
tral ganglion (pi. xix, fig. 6) . In a transverse section of the body of the
worm these penial papillae are not cut at the same time as the other
penial papillae, the latter being situated a little anterior to the former.
The penial papillae are all of the same general structure and contain a
number of unicellular glands arranged in many isolated bunches, each
bunch opening separately from the other. Between these papillae are
FIG. 39. Enchytrceus
alaskce.
EISEN
seen a number of smaller glandular papillae in a continuous row across
the somite. Somewhat similar structures have been figured by
Michaelsen for E. mcebit, and I contend that they are characteristic of
this genus.
FIG. 40. Enchytrceus alaskce.
ENCHYTRyEUS SAXICOLA sp. nov.
pi. xvni, fig. 6; text-fig. 41.
Definition. — Length 15 to 20 mm., width .65 mm. Somites 63.
Body transparent, -with thin walls. Prostomium blunt and rounded.
Head-pore between prostomium and somite I. Setae straight : laterals 5
3» 3> 3» 3> 3> 3» 35 3> 3> 3» 2> 2 (J5 somites), 3, 3, 3, 3, etc. ; ventrals,
3» 3» 3i 3» 3^ 3» 3» 3> 3> 4> °» 2 (I2 somites), 3, 3, 3, etc. Clitellum
FIG. 41. Enchytrceus saxicola.
XII and XIII, prominent. No external sexual papillae. Brain pos-
teriorly deeply emarginated, longer than broad. Dorsal vessel rises
posteriorly. Intestine much narrower in somites VII to X. Sperma-
thecse short and thick, each with a single diverticle ; connects centrally
ENCHYTR^EIDJE 7 1
with the intestine in V ; duct short and narrow. Sperm-ducts narrow,
a few times longer than the funnel, which is long and narrow, with the
basal part sigmoid. A minute penial papilla situated ventrally and
close to the spermiducal pore. The sperm-ducts open independently
of these glands. One pair of long cylindrical sperm -sacs extend from
the testes forward through somites X to VII. No ovisacs. Nephridial
anteseptal consists of only the nephrostome. Lymphocytes of medium
size, thicker at one end, strongly granular. Color transparent white.
Locality. — Lowe Inlet, British Columbia, June 3, 1899, Prof.
Trevor Kincaid. u Under rocks at high tide."
Characteristics. — This species undoubtedly stands near JS. kin-
caidi, but differs not only in the form of the spermathecae, but also in
the emarginated brain, and in the presence of only one small penial
papilla near the pore of the sperm-duct.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain. — The longitudinal diameter is about twice as long as the
transverse one. There is a central circular and somewhat globular
mass of fibers in the fibrous band.
Spermathecce . — The diverticle is wide, in one spermatheca entire,
in the other indistinctly lobed, forming chambers containing balls of
spermatozoa. The duct resembles that of E. kincaidi; the diverticle
wider than in that species. The connection with the intestine at the
center and at one side of the organ.
Sperm-funnels. — One of the funnels somewhat shorter than the
other. The longest funnel is represented by the figure (41, a).
Spermiducal pores . — As in other species of this genus described
in this paper, no trace of any penial bulb. The sperm-ducts open in-
dependently of any glands. A small penial papilla close to the pore,
situated more ventrally. It contains two minor gland agglomerations
situated side by side, and two or three smaller ones situated nearer the
ganglion. As a substitute for a penial bulb there are numerous muscle
fibers connecting the ventral and dorsal parietes around the spermi-
ducal pore, just as in the higher Oligochaeta, as for instance in Ponto-
drilus.
Sperm-sacs. — They consist of two very large bodies surrounded by
a peritoneal membrane of great toughness. They fill entirely somites
VIII to X, and encroach upon VII. The intestine is quite narrow in
the somites occupied by the sperm-sacs. The sperm-sacs are slightly
contracted by the septa. Compared with the sperm-sacs of E. kin-
caidi, those of the present species are two or three times as long, but
not quite so wide. They are readily dissected out without breaking.
EISEN
ENCHYTR^EUS CITRINUS sp. nov.
Text-fig. 42.
Definition. — Length 17 mm., width .5 mm. Somites 50. Pro-
stomium blunt. Seta : laterals, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2 (for n
somites), 3, 3, etc. ; ventrals, the same as the laterals, except o in XII.
Clitellum XII-XIII. No sexual papillae exteriorly. Brain slightly
longer than broad, posteriorly convex. Dorsal vessel rises posteriorly
(probably in XVI) . Blood deep lemon-yellow. Intestine narrower
in somites VIII to X. Spermathecae with large and thick apical
ampulla and a
distinct and
strong duct.
Sperm -ducts
about three
times as long as
the funnel. The
funnels rather
short, sigmoid.
Two very min-
ute internal pe-
nial papillae
close to and a
little ventral to
the spermiducal
pore. Lymphocytes of medium size, ovoid, tapering toward one end.
Nephridia similar to those of E. saxicola. Color deep lemon-yellow.
Locality. — Lowe Inlet, British Columbia, Prof. Trevor Kincaid,
June 3, 1899.
Characteristics. — There is considerable doubt whether this form
should be arranged as a distinct species or considered a variety under
E. saxicola. While it is true that the spermathecae are somewhat larger
and slightly different in shape, the main distinction between the two
species lies in the shape of the brain and in the color of the blood.
The specimens of both E. saxicola and E. citrinus were transmitted
to me in the same bottle and had been collected at the same place and
preserved in formalin in the same manner. Still in E. citrinus the
blood was deep yellow, while in E. saxicola it was white or uncolored.
The brain in the two species is distinct in shape.
Spermiducal apparatus. — Funnels smaller than in E. saxicola, the
two small inner papillae close to the spermiducal pore more minute
FIG. 42. Enchytrceus citrinus.
ENCHYTR^EID^E ^3
than in that species. Two large sperm-sacs extending through several
somites anterior to XI. In shape these sacs resemble those of E.
saxicola.
Genus Michaelsena Ude (part).
Definition. — Setae straight, more or less absent in majority of the
somites. Head-pore between prostomium and somite I. No dorsal
pores. Esophagus gradually merging into the intestine. Dorsal ves-
sel rises posterior to clitellum, and is without cardiac gland. No pep-
tonephridia. Testes solid. Nephridia as in Enchytrceus. Penial
papillae without interior muscular strands. No penial bulbs.
To the definition given originally by Ude I have added the charac-
teristics of the penial bulb, and modified that referring to the setae. It
is to my mind evident that if we are to recognize the genus Michael-
Sena we must make the definition wide enough to include both Mich-
aelsen's species, Enchytrceus monochcetus , and my new species,
Michaelsena paucispina. These species differ but slightly from M.
subtilis Ude, the differences referring only to the number of missing
setae. In M. paucispina the setae are entirely absent on the anterior
three somites, and in all the other anterior somites only two ventral
setae are found in each somite. In some of the posterior somites there
are four setae in each somite. In Enchytrceus monochcetus a further
reduction has taken place, as there are no setae in the anterior five so-
mites. Then follow other somites with only ventral setae, while the
majority of somites seem to possess four rows of single setae. In M.
subtilis another step in the reduction has been taken, and we find in
this species only ventral setae in somite IV, V and VI. In all the other
somites the setae are absent. I cannot see how we could very well in-
clude one of the above species in the genus and exclude the others.
So far as known there are no characteristics of sufficient importance to
separate these three species in different genera.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
1. Michaelsena subtilis Ude. Setae found only in somites IV, V and VT, and
here only two pairs corresponding to the ventral fascicles. Size 5 to 6 mm.
2. M, monochceta (Michaelsen). The anterior four or five somites without any
setae. The following few somites possess only single ventral setae, while
all the other somites possess four single seta, each setae corresponding to
single fascicle. Length 7 mm., width .25 mm.
3. M. paucispina sp. nov. Somites I, II and III without setae. All other
anterior somites with two ventral setae, each seta corresponding to a fasci-
cle. The posterior somites with four setae each, each seta corresponding to
a fascicle. Length 7 mm., width .2 mm.
It may be noted that all the three species seem to be marine forms,
occurring along the seashore among seaweeds.
74
EISEN
MICHAELSENA PAUCISPINA sp. nov.
Text-fig. 43.
Definition. — Length 7 mm., width .2 mm. Somites 45. Setae
absent in somites I to III; in somites IV to XIII no lateral setae
present, but each of these somites, except VIII and XII, possesses two
ventrally located setae, each corresponding to the ventral fascicles.
Commencing with somite XIV, all the posterior somites contain 4
setae each, each seta corresponding to a ventral or lateral fascicle. In
the last quarter of the body the setae
gradually increase in size in such a
manner that the setae in the last ten
somites are twice as thick and a trifle
longer than the anterior setae. Setae
are straight, pointed with a swelling
at the center. Prostomium large,
rounded. Head-pore small, between
prostomium and I. Septal glands
in IV to VII. Dorsal vessel seems
to rise in XV. Clitellum distinct,
in XII and XIII . No sexual papillae .
Color pale yellow.
Locality. — Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia (seashore), Prof. H. P. John-
son of the University of California.
A single specimen, preserved on a
microscopical slide.
Characteristics. — The nature of the single specimen did not
allow any dissection, and it was thought best not to attempt sectioning.
This explains the want of knowledge of any of the interior structures.
The species differs from M. monochceta Michaelsen by its lighter color
and by the absence of lateral setae in the somites anterior to clitellum.
The two species are, however, most closely related.
Spermathecce . — Judging alone from optical view of the body, the
spermatheca appears to possess a long narrow duct, at the base of
which are a few glands. The ampulla seems to be very large and
deltoid, projecting downward somewhat in the manner represented in
the figure. No other details can be added.
Subfamily L UMBRICILLIN^E.
With the exception of Stercutus and Bucholzia the structure of the
penial bulb is rather uniform and varies but little in the various genera.
FlG. 43. Mickaelsena faucispina.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 75
In the two genera mentioned the structure is not known, and these
genera are only placed in this subfamily on account of their similarity
in other respects to the better known genera. The variability of the
structure of the setae is best known in Bryodrilus and Henlca, where
some species possess straight setae while in others they are curved.
The genus Henlea is particularly variable, containing species in which
the setae resemble all the three forms — Lumbricillide, Enchytraeide and
Fridericia.
Genus Lumbricillus Oerst.
Definition. — Setae sigmoid, arranged in fan-shaped fascicles.
Head-pore small, situated between prostomium and peristomium.
Brain generally deeply emarginated posteriorly. Ventral sexual glands
around the ventral ganglion generally present. Blood red or yellow.
Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. No cardiac gland. No
peptonephridia. Testes multi-lobed, each lobe capped by a small
sperm-sac. Sperm-ducts comparatively narrow. Penial bulb without
inner muscular strands, containing only numerous glands of various
kinds, some of which may open into the basal part of the sperm-duct.
No atrium and no glands outside of the penial bulb. Nephridia with
entire postseptal and with an anteseptal which consists merely of the
nephrostome.
To the definition of this genus by Michaelsen I have added the
points concerning the testes and the nephridia. The fact that the
testes are capped by small sperm-sacs has, I believe, not been previ-
ously noted. The small anteseptal, consisting of only a nephrostome,
is probably characteristic of this genus, though it is also found in
some other genera.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Nephridia. — The nephridia in Lumbricillus are quite distinct as
regards the anteseptal part. In all the species which I have investi-
gated, as well as in all which I have seen figured, the anteseptal part
consists of merely the nephrostome. The postseptal is divided into
two parts, the lobe and the duct. The lobe is generally, if not always,
broad and disc-like and the duct is short. The postseptal lobe is fre-
quently furnished with granules or with bladder-like elevations near
the anteseptal. In the majority of species of Marionina the anteseptal
is large, resembling the Fridericia and Henlea type, while the Lum-
bricillus type is also seen in Enchytrceus. Even the postseptal part
of the Eumbricillide nephridium is characterized by its flatness and by
its more or less circular outline.
y6 EISEN
Penial bulb. — The penial bulb in Lumbricillus differs in structure
from that of Mesenchytrceus and Enchytrceus, but resembles that
found in the other genera so far as known. The bulb consists of an
exterior capsule of muscle strands. Inside the capsule we find one
or more kinds of glands, which radiate from the base of the bulb
towards the periphery. These glands are all single cells, each one of
which is separate from those nearest, each one opening separately
around the penial pore. Some species possess glands which open
in the lower part of the sperm-duct, inside the bulb and close to
the pore (pi. xin, fig. i). It is probable that this latter structure
may be found in all the species, and that it is characteristic of the
genus.
Sperm-sacs and testes. — As has been already stated in a previous
paper (Eisen 1900), each separate lobe of the testes is capped by a
small sperm-sac. This arrangement is also found in Ocnerodrilus
occidentalis^ but not in the other species of Ocnerodrilus, which
led me to separate O. occidentalis as a special subgenus. The testes
in the various species differ from each other to some extent, but not
sufficiently to furnish species characteristics of any practical use.
The spermatogonia of the testes separate and fall into the small
sperm-sacs and there undergo their further development into sperma-
tozoa. Spermatophores are not known in this genus.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF LUMBRICILLUS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER.
I. SPERMATHKCA WITH A SINGLE ROSETTE OF GLANDULAR CELLS AT BASE.
These cells do not extend upward on the stalk or on the main part of the
spermatheca, but enter the lower part of the spermatheca about ten to fifteen
cells high.
The lower half of the spermatheca enlarged and pouch-shaped. Ventral glands
in XIV and XV, ventral and slightly lateral i. L. santceclarce sp. nov.
II. SPERMATHECA COVERED WITH GLANDS ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE
DUCT, BESIDES POSSESSING A ROSETTE OF GLANDS AT THE BASE.
Brain distinctly emarginate posteriorly. Spermatheca with a distinct narrow
duct uniting the ampulla with the pore. Glands covering the duct increas-
ing in length toward the base. Ventral glands in XIV, XV, XVI, and XVII,
the glands of equal size 2. L. merriamisp. nov.
Brain truncate posteriorly. Spermathecal duct long, but the ampulla very
small and hardly differentiated exteriorly. Ventral glands of large size in
XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX 3. L. annulatus sp. nov.
Brain emarginated posteriorly. Spermathecal ampulla large, with a distinct
duct leading to the pore. Glands covering the duct of even size, not broader
toward the base. Ventral glands in XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, and XVII.
Nephridia with glandular zone near the nephrostome...4. L. ritteri sp. nov.
III. SPERMATHECA WITHOUT DISTINCT GLANDULAR COLLAR AT BASE, but with
a continuous covering of glands from top of duct to base, the glands gradu-
ally increasing in size toward the base.
Spermathecal ampulla globular. Ventral glands in XIV, XV, and XVI, in-
creasing in size posteriorly ; ventral, lateral, and dorsal.
5. L. franciscanus sp. nov.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
77
£
LUMBRICILLUS SANT^CLAR^E sp. nov.
pi. xin, figs. 3 and 4 ; text-figs. 44-46.
Definition. — Length 8 to 12 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about
50. Setae slightly sigmoid, averaging one more in the ventral than in
the lateral fascicles. Ventrals 6, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 ; laterals 6, 7, 6, 6,
4, 3, 3. Head-pore large, between prostomium and somite I. Head
blunt and rounded. Clitellum not prominent, XII and XIII. Copu-
lative papilla? small. Septal glands thick and compact, septal part
about equal to interseptal part. Brain about
30 units long and 1 2 units broad (at center) ,
and strongly emarginated posteriorly. Dor-
sal vessel rises in XIV. Intestine gradual-
ly widening. Spermathecae with a thick duct
distinct from the ampulla. A thin ring of
glands at the base of the duct. Sperm-ducts
thin, confined to somite XII. Sperm-funnels
slightly more than three times as long as
wide, curved. Penial bulb round, small.
Testes multi-lobed. Ovisac not extending
posterior to clitellum. Ventral glands in
XIV and XV. Nephridia thick, with a min-
ute anteseptal and a thick postseptal from the
posterior end of which the thick duct projects.
Locality. — Banks of Santa Clara Creek, San Mateo County, Cali-
fornia.
Characteristics. — The prominent feature in this species is the
shape of the spermatheca and the very thin disc of glands at its
base.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Three specimens were dissected and three sectioned, one of them
transversely. As none of the specimens had been properly fixed, no
attempt is made to describe the finer structure.
Length. — The specimens at my disposal varied somewhat as re-
gards length, some being not over 8 mm., while others were 12 mm.
The somites varied between 45 and 55, the most mature specimens
being the largest.
Setce vary to the extent that in some specimens the anterior ventral
bundles possess one more seta than in other specimens. Thus I have
once counted as high as nine seize in one or two of the bundles. The
setae are of rather uniform size in each bundle.
FIG. 44. Lumbricillus
santceclarce.
78
EISEN
Prostomium and front of the head are blunt or rounded and much
bent downward. The mouth is well down on the ventral side. The
body-wall is thin and transparent in glycerin specimens, and the inner
organs can be fairly well seen. There is but a slight depression be-
tween the somites, and the body is smooth and glossy.
Serial glands . — There
are septal glands in IV,
V and VI. The septal
part attached to the pos-
terior septum is thick and
not lobed, with even out-
line, and, seen in a longi-
tudinal section of the
body, this septal part is as
wide and of the same
^ jflfflffiHIWS?
FIG. 45. Lumbricillus saniceclarce.
general shape as the in-
terseptal lobe which lies
free in the middle of the
somite. There are no salivary glands.
The brain (fig. 44) is remarkable for its length. In the most elon-
gated the length is about thirty units, while the width at the center is
only twelve units. The posterior margin is deeply emarginated and the
two lobes show some slight
secondary lobing(fig. 44).
There are two lateral mus-
cles, and each central lobe
is attached by two muscu-
lar strands.
Spermathecce. — A con-
traction at the middle di-
vides the ampulla proper
from the more muscular
duct. Both parts of about
equal size and bent to-
ward each other in a knee-
like manner. The glands
FIG. 46. Lumbrtctllus santcedarce.
at the base in the shape of
a thin even disc, saucer-shaped, with the concavity toward the
intestine. The connection with the intestine wide and reflexed.
The form of the spermathecae varies but slightly in the specimens
dissected.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
79
Sperm-ducts thin and very much coiled, confined to the anterior
part of somite XII. The funnels slender and the ciliated mouth turned
dorsally. In the upper part of the penial bulb the sperm-duct is thick
and muscular, but at the center or below the center the duct becomes
thin and loses its muscularity. The glandular cells ot the bulb are
of two kinds. One kind is confined to a thin lining of the sperm-duct
proper (pi. xui, fig. 3) . The other kind consists of the regular penial
glands which open on the surface of the penial papilla.
Testes. — The lobes of the testes are oblong pear-shaped, and 8 to
10 in number. In the sectioned specimens the testes were in degen-
eration and only one or two lobes were seen.
Intestine is covered with a thin layer of chloragogen glands.
Ventral glands (pi. xin, fig. 4). — There are two cellular accumu-
lations on the ventral ganglion, one in XIV and the other in XV.
They are both of the same size. Seen in cross-section they are found
to be many times wider than the ganglion, but do not rise much above
its general level.
Nephridia. — There are at least three rows of nuclei. The inner
duct is more densely wound at the neck near the anteseptal than in the
posterior part of the lobe. The figure (fig. 46) gives a general idea
of the windings ; the boundaries of the cells could, however, not be
made out.
Lymphocytes. — None of the specimens contained any lymphatic
cells in the anterior part of the body, the only part which was sec-
tioned. Nor could I find any in the dissected specimens.
LUMBRICILLUS MERRIAMI sp. nov.
pi. xn, fig. 5 ; text-figs. 47 and 48.
Definition. — Length about 12 mm., width .6 mm. Somites 55 to
62. Body transparent, the anterior somites dorsally hardly distinguish-
able. Prostomium blunt and rounded. Setae : laterals, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4> 3> 3* 3» 3^ 3> 4> 3> 2> 2i 2> 2 ? ventrals, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4,
°> 4> 3 > 3» 3> 3» 3' 3- Head-pore between prostomium and I. Sexual
papillae small, but distinct. Clitellum XI £ XIV, not prominent.
Septal glands in IV to VII. Brain almost square or a little longer
than broad, posteriorly deeply emarginated, anteriorly slightly convex.
Spermathecae with large basal gland rosette and with the stalk pyram-
idally covered with glands. Apical ampulla small and conical, about
one-third of the whole spermatheca. Sperm-ducts only about twice
as long as the funnel, narrow. Funnel about three times as long as
wide, with small recurved collar. Penial bulb comparatively large,
EISEN
about one-half to one-third shorter than the funnel. Testes large, fill-
ing the whole somite, and consisting of from 12 to 15 lobes, each lobe
consisting of about three secondary lobes, each of which terminates in
a sperm-cap. Ovaries pluri-lobed, smaller than the testes. Ventral
glands all of the same size, about six times as wide as the ventral
ganglion, situated in XIV to XVII. Nephridia with small anteseptal
consisting alone of the nephrostome. The anterior part of the post-
septal is cov-
./ ) ered by wart-
like eleva-
tions, under
whichtheduct
is much twist-
ed ; no warty
elevations in
the posterior
part of the
postseptal ;
stalk short
and thick ;
duct narrow
and difficult
to follow.
Lymphocytes
FIGS. 47 AND 48. Lumbrtcilltis mern'ami.
variable, ovoid, more or less pointed. Color of formalin specimens
decidedly gray. The body is smooth and rather glossy.
Locality. — Metlakatla, Alaska, June 4, 1899, Prof. W. E. Ritter.
Under decaying seaweeds. A single specimen from Popof Island, col-
lected by Prof. Trevor Kincaid. The species is named for Dr. C. Hart
Merriam.
Characteristics. — The specimens which apparently had been placed
directly in the formalin solution had not contracted sufficiently to show
any deep intersegmental grooves. This characteristic made it easy to
pick out the species from others collected at the same time and in
the same locality. The intersegmental grooves between the first few
anterior somites are dorsally so shallow that it is with difficulty that
the somites can be distinguished one from the other.
Setce. — In the majority of fascicles the setae diminish toward one
side, but while in some the diminution is toward the ventral interval,
in others it is toward the lateral interval, following apparently no con-
stant rule.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 8l
Spermathecce (pi. xn, fig. 5). — The apical ampulla small and
tapers toward the intestine ; the entrance to the intestine not at the
apex, but nearer the base of the ampulla.
LUMBRICILLUS MERRIAMI ELONGATUS var. nov.
pi. xn, fig. 6 ; test-fig. 49.
Definition. — Brain less emarginated posteriorly, slightly longer and
narrower than the species. The ampulla of the spermatheca is about
equal to the glandular duct. There is about
one more seta in the majority of the fasci- ^ — \ V__— -/ — \
cles than in the species. Testes with about
ten lobes. Sperm-funnel shorter and more
globular than in the species.
Locality. — Metlakatla, June 4, 1899.
Found under seaweed together with the spe-
cies.
LUMBRICILLUS ANNULATUS sp. nov.
FIG. 49. Lumbricillus mer-
pl. xviii, fig. i ; text-fiers. ?o-?2. . . ,
rtamt elongatus.
Definition. — Length about 12 mm., width
about .75 mm. at clitellum, from which point the body strongly tapers
toward each extremity. Somites about 56. Setae : laterals, 5, 5, 6,
6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, etc. ; ventrals, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 7, 9,
8, 7? 7? o, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, etc. Prostomium slightly poted. Except
for the first few somites the intersegmental grooves are very deep.
Clitellum £ XI £ XIV. Sexual papillae not large, but still quite prom-
inent. Septal glands in IV to VII. Brain with a slight emargination
posteriorly ; the lateral retractor muscles are unusually broad at their
attachment to the brain. Dorsal vessel rises in from XVI to XIV. In-
testine covered with a thin layer of chloragogen cells ; in XII this layer
consists of very few and very small cells. Spermathecae with basal
collar of glands and with a thick layer of glandular cells extending to
the apex of the ampulla ; the latter is hardly differentiated. Sperm-
ducts short and narrow. Sperm-funnels about twice as long as broad,
and about one-third longer than the penial bulb. The penial bulb con-
tains three different kinds of long, narrow cells. Ovaries in XII much
lobed. Testes in XI penetrate the septum into X, partly filling that so-
mite. Ventral glands of large size in XIV to XIX, small ones not pro-
jecting beyond the ganglion and only perceptible in sections, in III to X.
Nephridia with anteseptal consisting only of the nephrostome ; rounded,
82
EISEN
thick and rugose postseptal body and short postseptal duct. Lym-
phocytes variable, irregularly ovoid, with filamentous ends. Color
deep gray.
Locality. — Metlakatla, Alaska, June 4, 1899 (under seaweed);
also Orca, Prince William Sound.
Characteristics. — This species and L. merriami were contained in
the same bottle and must have come from the same locality and lived
a
FIG. 50. Lumbricillus annulatus.
under the same conditions. From L. merriami this species could be
readily distinguished by its deep intersegmental grooves, which give
the body a decidedly annulated appearance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Sexual papillce. — They are prominently projecting in all the speci-
mens in the collection. The structure of the penial bulb differs little
or not at all from that found in other species, except in so far as the
bulb seems to be capable of being greatly protruded.
Septal glands. — These glands, which are of large size, are clus-
tered around the septa separating somites IV/V, V/VI and VI/VII.
Brain. — This organ varies considerably as regards width. Two
figures are given of the extremes found by dissection.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
Nephridia. — These organs are covered thickly with small bladder-
like elevations to the extent that the inner ducts cannot be followed.
There are no special granulations on the main body near the nephro-
stome. The inner duct seems to be wide.
Setae. — In the
majority of the
fascicles, both
the ventral and
the lateral ones,
the setae next to
the lateral inter-
val are the
smallest. In
each fascicle the
majority of the
setae are of
about the same
length.
Spermathecce
(fig. 50, a). —
The whole duct,
up to the very
connection with
the intestine, is
covered with
glandular cells
grouped in pap-
illae-like bunch-
es, giving to the
spermatheca an
uneven and
warty outline.
The basal glan-
dular collar has, however, a perfectly even outline, and the outline
of the various cell-groups do not in the least project exterior to the
general margin of the collar. The cells in the collar are somewhat
narrower than those in the envelope of the duct. The chamber of the
ampulla, which is full of spermatozoa, is entirely confined to the lumen
of the duct and does not cause a bulging out as in some other species.
Ventral glands. — As has been stated in the definition, large ventral
glands are found in XIV to XIX. These posterior glands are of about
FlG. 51. Lumbricillus annulatus.
EISEN
the same size — about one and a half to two and a half times as wide
as the diameter of the ventral nerve cord. They are wing-like and do
not bend over the ganglion but stand out laterally. In the anterior
somites from XI to II, cross -sections show that the large dark stain-
ing cells, which form an integral part of the ganglion, and which do
not project outside of the ganglionic lining, send down ducts through
the body -wall and through the epidermis in exactly the same manner as
do the ventral glands posterior to the clitellum. The only difference
seems to be that the anterior cells in question are smaller and fewer in
number and confined to a much smaller space. Posterior to the cli-
tellum the area perforated by the ducts is equal to about one-half the
length of the somite, while in the anterior somites the area is perhaps
only one-fifth of the
length of the somite.
There is probably no
great functional differ-
ence between the two
sets of cells.
Lumbricillus annu-
latus from Orca. —
The specimens from
Orca differ in a few
slight particulars from
those from Metlakatla.
FIG. 52. Lumbricillus annulatus.
The spermathecae are slightly longer and without any trace of an inner
chamber for the reception of the spermatozoa. The color is pure
milky white. The prostomium is more rugose and somewhat more
pointed than in the specimens from Metlakatla. In other respects
the specimens from the two localities resemble each other.
The size and shape of the glands lining the duct of the spermathecse
vary almost indefinitely. In some specimens the agglomerations are
small and far from each other, in other specimens they are large and
crowd one another.
LUMBRICILLUS RITTERI sp. nov.
pi. xin, figs. 5-9; text-figs. 53 and 54.
Definition. — Length 25 mm. or less, width 2.5 mm. or less.
Somites about 60. Prostomium rounded and short. Somite II
narrow. Setae typical : ventral, 9, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, o (XII) ,
5> 5» 5» 5» 5> 7» 5i 5» etc- J other specimen : ventral, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5,
6, 7, o (XII), 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, etc. ; lateral, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6,
ENCHYTR^EID^E 85
5, 6, 5, o (XII), 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, etc. ; second specimen : lateral,
3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, o (XII), 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, etc. Clitellum
well marked. \ XI, XII, and XIII. Sexual papillae small. Septal
glands typical. Brain almost square or slightly oblong, posteriorly
almost straight with a shallow emargination, the anterior arms thick.
Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. Spermathecae with a thick
apical ampulla and with a narrow duct, which is covered both at its
base and all along its sides with accessory glands ; the ampulla connects
with the intestine. Sperm-ducts narrow, coiled in XL Sperm-funnels
thick and curved. Penial bulb oblong. Testes large, with many lobes
capped by comparatively large sperm-sacs. Ovaries multilobed, large.
FlGS. 53 AND 54. Lumbricillus ritleri.
Ventral glands in XIII to XVII, the individual glands being compara-
tively small, about four or five times as wide as the ganglion. Ne-
phridia with short anteseptal, posterior to which is the thick, opaque,
granulated neck of the main nephridial body. Color of formalin
specimens white, clitellum pink.
Locality. — Farragut Bay, Alaska, June 5, 1889, Prof. W. E.
Ritter.
Characteristics. — The spermathecae, the brain, and the ventral
glands are all characteristic of the species. The spermathecae possess
glands not only at the base, but also along the muscular duct.
Testes. — Testes large and completely fill the somites in which they
are situated. Consist of some twenty to twenty-five lobes each, each
86
EISEN
lobe being narrow, of rather even thickness, and at the apex capped
by the usual sperm-sac.
Ovaries multi-lobed, large, occupying all the available space in
somite XII.
Ventral glands (fig. 53, c). — The glands in the respective somites
of nearly equal size ; the most anterior one the smallest and the fourth
in order the largest. The individual glands smaller than in L. fran-
ciscanus and in L. santceclarce .
Setae. — The number of setae in the fascicles seems to be variable.
Of the two counts given the higher number is the most common.
LUMBRICILLUS FRANCISCANUS sp. nov.
pi. xin, figs, i and 2 ; text-figs. 55-57.
Definition. — Length 10 to 12 mm., width .75 mm. Somites 39
to 58. Setae : ventrals, 6, 5, 4, 3 ; laterals, 4, 3, 3, 2. The lateral
interval about double the width of the ventral interval. The setae in
each bundle of nearly equal size. Head-pore large, between prosto-
mium and somite I. Prostomium round, blunt. Clitellum XII and
XIII. Copulative papilla small.
Septal glands in IV to VI. Brain
strongly emarginated posteriorly,
about thirty units long by fifteen
wide at center. Dorsal vessel rises
in XIV or XV. Intestine with a
thin layer of chloragogen cells.
Spermatheca with an oval ampulla
and a thin straight duct, the latter
surrounded along its whole length
by a conical shaped agglomeration
of glands. Sperm-ducts thin and
long. Sperm-funnels about twice as
FIG. 55. Lumbrictllus franciscanus. long as thick. Ventral glands in
somites XIV, XV and XVI, in-
creasing in size posteriorly. Ovaries in XII, testes in XI. The testes
lobes are short, rounded, pear-shaped. Nephridia are longer than
broad. Lymphocytes oval, varying considerably as regards size.
Locality. — Santa Clara River, California, in the moist soil of the
banks.
Characteristics. — The species is distinguished principally by the
form of the spermatheca and the glands at the base. In P. santa-
ENCHYTR^EID^E
87
clarce these glands are in the form of a thin disk and confined to the
very base of the spermatheca, while in this species the glands extend
all the way up to the pouch. The species is also characterized by its
many ventral glands, these being present in three somites.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Somites. — There is a great variation in the number of somites, the
smallest adult worms possessing only 39, while the largest one had as
many as 58. As I did not possess a sufficient number of the smaller
size I must leave it to the future to ascertain whether perchance there
are other differences between the larger and the smaller specimens.
FIGS. 56 AND 57. Lumbricillus franciscanus.
Septal glands . — These are thick and rounded, and the septal part is
about equal to the interseptal part.
Dorsal vessel has already risen in XVI. How much further it ex-
tends posteriorly I do not know, as I did not section further. In that
somite it is large and covered with long chloragogen glands. Similar
glands also surround the intestine throughout its length.
Spermathecce (fig. 56). — The ampulla is rounded, oval, or sometimes
a little pointed. The opening connecting with the intestine is not at
the apex but a little below it. The walls of the ampulla are thin. The
duct is straight, cylindrical, and of even thickness. It is covered along
its whole length with glands which are much longer at the base of the
spermatheca than at the junction with the ampulla. The duct and
ampulla are of about the same length.
88 EISEN
Sperm-ducts are thin, long, and much coiled, and confined to so-
mite XII. The funnels are thicker than in L. santceclarce, and also
shorter. The penial bulb is globular. The sperm-duct enters on the
outer side and remains free inside the bulb for a considerable distance.
Only the lower fourth is covered with long and thin glands (pi. xm,
fig. i). There are also two sets of penial glands opening close to the
sperm-duct, but enclosed in the penial bulb. In L. santczclarce the
glands cover the sperm-ducts along three-fourths of their entire length
inside the penial bulb.
Testes are strongly racemose and the lobes are rounded and pear-
shaped. The lobes are more rounded and less pointed than in L.
santceclarce. Each lobe is covered with its own sperm-sac.
Ventral glands. — This species possesses ventral glands attached to
the ventral ganglion in each one of somites XIV to XVI. The glands
are larger, increasing posteriorly, and extend far out into the coelom
(pi. xm, fig. 2), being four to five times as long as the ganglion is
wide. In the posterior one of these somites the glands enclose the
ganglion almost completely.
Lymphocytes. — These do not exist in all specimens. Thus the
specimen sectioned did not contain any lymphocytes, while in a dis-
sected one there were many.
Nephridia. — The duct very thick and comparatively short, varies
considerably in the respective nephridia. There may be segregated
two types, one with thick duct, and one in which the duct is narrower
and also a little longer.
LUMBRICILLUS FRANCISCANUS BOREALIS var. nov.
Text-fig. 58.
Definition. — Length 15 mm., width 1.25 mm., all contracted speci-
mens. Somites 62. Seta? sigmoid, the outer one in the ventral fascicles
and the inner one in the lateral fascicles much smaller than the other :
laterals, 4, 5, 5, 5, XIII, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3 ; ventrals, 6, 7, 7, 7, XIII, 4,
4, 4, 4, 3. Head-pore between prostomium and somite I. Clitellum
XII and XIII. Copulative papilla small. Salivary glands large, IV
to VI. Brain almost square, broader anteriorly; anteriorly slightly
emarginated, posteriorly considerably emarginated. Spermatheca with
a duct and an ovoid ampulla, the former surrounded along its whole
length with glands, broadening toward the base. Sperm-ducts nar-
row, confined to somite XII. Sperm-funnels broad and slightly
curved. Penial papilla more oblong than in the species. The lobes
of the testes are oblong, pear-shaped, with rounded sperm-sacs. Ven-
ENCHYTR^EID^E 89
tral glands in XIII, XIV and XV, those in the last two much larger
than the one in XIII. The glands are larger than in the species.
Nephridia with a thick duct. The middle lobe with slightly lobed
margin. Color pale yellowish white (alcoholic specimens) .
Locality. — Two mature and three immature specimens from St.
Paul Island, Pribilof group, Alaska, Prof. Trevor Kincaid (August).
FIG. 58. Lumbricillus franciscanus borealis.
Characteristics. — The principal differences between this variety
and the species are as follows : The ventral glands are considerably
larger in the variety. The setae in the species are of about equal size
in the same fascicle. In the variety L. borealis the inner setae in the
lateral fascicles and the outer seta in the ventral fascicles are markedly
smaller than the other setae in the same fascicle. The width of the vari-
ety is about twice that of the species. The ventral anterior fascicles
contain one more seta in the variety.
LUMBRICILLUS FRANCISCANUS UNALASK^ var. nov.
Text-fig. 59.
Definition. — Length 17 mm., width 1.2 mm. Somites 72. Setae
sigmoid, all of the same size in fascicle : ventrals, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
6, 6, 6, o (XIII), 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3 ; laterals, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3,
3, 3 (XIII), 2, 3, 3, 3, 3. Brain square, posteriorly truncate, ante-
90 EISEN
riorly slightly emarginate. Color bright ochraceous yellow (alcoholic
specimens). Ventral glands very large (but not as large as in L.
franciscanus var. borealis}, in XIII and XIV. Lymphocytes large,
oval, pointed, numerous. In other respects sim-
ilar to the species.
Distribution. — Unalaska, Prof. Trevor Kin-
caid (September).
Characteristics. — The squareness of the brain
and the fact that all the setas are of the same
<r ' size in each fascicle distinguishes this variety
FIG. 59. Lumbridllus from L.f. borealis. From the species it differs
franciscanus un- principally in size and in the form of the brain.
As regards the number of setae, this variety stands
between the species and L. f. borealis.
Genus Marionina Michaelsen.
Definition. — Setae sigmoid, as in Lumbridllus. Head-pore small,
between prostomium and somite I. No dorsal pores. Blood red or
yellow. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. No cardiac gland.
No peptonephridia. Sperm-ducts comparatively long and narrow.
Penial bulb without interior muscular strands. Testes undivided, each
covered by a small sperm-sac. Ventral glands present or absent.
Nephridia with entire postseptal and with comparatively large head-
like anteseptal.
To the original definition of this genus I have added the char-
acters concerning the testes and their sperm-caps and the structure of
the penial bulb. The principal difference between Marionina and
Lumbridllus concerns the testes, as is now well known. But I think
that another difference may be derived from the nephridia, which in
Marionina seem to be characterized by a large head-like anteseptal,
while in Lumbridllus the anteseptal consists of merely the nephro-
stome.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Penial bulb. — The penial bulb resembles that of Lumbridllus in
general structure. There are two sets of glandular cells opening in
the bulb. One set opens into the lower part of the sperm-duct, while
the other opens onto the base around the pore.
Nephridia. — These organs have not been described in all species
and general conclusions cannot therefore be made for the present.
There seem, however, to be two types, one with a short anteseptal
consisting of a mere nephrostome, while the other type possesses a
ENCHYTR^EID^E pi
large anteseptal, almost equalling in size the postseptal lobe. So far
as I know, the latter type of nephridia has not been described in
Lumbricillus.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF MARIONINA DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER.
I. SPERMATHECA WITHOUT DIVERTICLES.
Spermatheca with long duct and with an ampulla which is contracted at several
points. Interior of spermathecal duct ciliated. Ventral glands in X and
XI. Nephridia with large anteseptal i. M. alaskce sp. nov.
II. SPERMATHECA WITH TWO DIVERTICLES:
Spermatheca with a long duct at the base of which are a few small glands.
Head-pore immediately in front of the groove between prostomium and
somite I. No ventral glands 2: M. americana sp. nov.
MARIONINA ALASKA sp. nov.
pi. xiv, figs. 2-6 ; text-fig. 60.
Definition. — Length 12 mm., width .85 mm. Somites 53. Pros-
tomium blunt and rounded. Seta3 sigmoid : ventrals, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6,
6, 5> 6> 4» °> 5> 4> 5> 4» 3> 4» 5» etc- 5 laterals, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
4, o, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, etc. Head-pore small between prostomium
and somite I. Dorsal pores ( ?) in II, III and IV. Clitellum dorsally
XII and XIII, ventrally XII, £ XIII. Sexual papilla? distinct. Septal
glands in IV to VI. Dorsal vessel rises in XII. Intestine gradually
increasing in size ; no diverticles. Spermathecai large, with narrow,
strongly muscular duct and a wider ampulla, which is continued as a
narrow thin- walled duct until its junction with the intestine in VT/VII.
Sperm-ducts narrow and long. Sperm-funnels about three times as
long as wide. Penial bulb with two kinds of glandular cells opening
into the sperm-duct and around the pore. No ovisacs. Ventral glands
in X (and perhaps in XI). Nephridia with large anteseptal in which
the duct is coiled. Lymphocytes large, circular and disc-shaped.
Color of alcoholic specimen yellow. No pigment.
Locality. — Port Clarence, Alaska, Dr. Anton Stuxberg, Vega
Expedition (July 26, 1878). A single specimen.
Characteristics. — The form of the spermatheca, with its narrow
duct connecting with the intestine, and with its three basal glands,
seems fully to characterize this species.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
On account of the want of specimens for dissection, the form of the
brain remains unknown.
Body-wall. — The circular muscular layer consists of cells arranged
on the nematode plan as described by Hesse ( i ) . The plates are set
at a rather wide angle (pi. xiv, fig. 2).
92
EISEN
Spermathecce (pi. xiv, figs. 3 and 4) . — The long muscular duct is
covered exteriorly by parallel muscular strands. Viewed in cross,
section it is seen that the strands are separated one from the other.
The narrow duct of the ampulla is continued parallel to the intestine
as far as the septum VII / VIII, where it enters the intestine. There
are three large basal glands which enter the somewhat enlarged duct.
Sperm-funnel and duct. — The funnel is about twelve times as
wide as the duct. The latter is confined to somite XII.
FIG. 60. Marionina alaskce.
Nephridia (fig. 60) . — The anteseptal is very broad and almost as
long as the main body of the postseptal. The duct is either strongly
coiled in the anteseptal or forms a network of anastomosing ductules.
The nephridia are somewhat variable in shape. The figures are all
from nephridia posterior to clitellum.
Dorsal pores. — There is considerable doubt as to the presence of
the dorsal pores. Close in front of the septa of the four anterior
somites there is a structure closely resembling the cells which gener-
ally surround dorsal pores, but I have been unable to see the respective
openings. Hence the question mark in the definition.
Papillae. — There are two exterior papillae anterior to the male pores,
one ventral and situated somewhat to one side of the median line in
XI, the other in somite VI also slightly on one side of the median
ventral line. My longitudinal sections did not show their structure.
Setae. — The setae are slightly sigmoid. The ventral setae diminish
in size toward the ventral interval, while the lateral setae diminish in
size toward the dorsal interval.
ENCHYTR^ID^E
93
MARIONINA AMERICANA sp. nov.
pi. xiv, fig. i ; text-figs. 61 and 62.
Definition. — Length 10 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 50.
Prostomium blunt. Setae : ventrals, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, o, 2,
4, 4, 4, etc. ; laterals, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, etc. Head-pore immediately
in front of the groove between prostomium and somite I. Clitellum
small, XII and XIII. Sexual papillae small, cylindrical, truncate.
Brain posteriorly slightly emar-
ginate ; posteriorly much broader
than anteriorly. Dorsal vessel
rises posterior to clitellum. In-
testine with few and thin chlo-
ragogen cells. Spermathecae
consist of a narrow and com-
paratively long duct, and a short
and wide ampulla furnished with
two short diverticles ; the am-
pulla does not seem to connect
with the intestine. The penial
bulb contains two kinds of gland-
ular cells, one kind being more
granular and staining more
deeply than the other. Sperm-
duct narrow and coiled, confined to XII and XI. Testes entire, but
covered by a cap-like sperm-sac confined within XI. No ovisac. No
ventral glands. Lymphocytes large, round-
e^' disk-like. Color pale, without pig-
ment.
Locality. — Port Clarence, Alaska, Dr.
Anton Stuxberg, Vega Expedition (July
23 to 27, 1879). A single specimen.
Characteristics. — The single specimen
FIG. 62. Marioninaamericana. being in a P°°r state of Preservation pre-
vented any detailed investigation. The
anterior part of the worm was sectioned transversely. The nephridia
are not in a sufficient state of preservation to allow their finer struc-
ture to be satisfactorily studied. The spermatheca is distinctly char-
acteristic of the species.
Setce. — The setae of the ventral fascicles diminish in size toward
the ventral interval, while those of the lateral fascicles diminish toward
Marionina americana.
94 EISEN
the dorsal interval. The setae are slightly sigmoid. An immature
specimen, found in the same vial and possibly belonging to the same
species, possessed an average of one more seta in each fascicle.
Genus Bryodrilus Ude.
Definition. — Setae sigmoid. Head-pore between prostomium and
somite I. No dorsal pores. Esophagus gradually emerging into the
intestine. Blood colorless. Dorsal vessel rises in the clitellum ; with
or without cardiac gland. Peptonephridia rudimental. Testes solid.
No sexual ventral glands. Spermathecae connected with the intestine.
Penial bulb without interior muscular strands. Intestine with four
diverticles in somite VIII. Nephridia with branched inner duct.
Penial bulb. — The penial bulb in the present species of Bryodrilus
is built on the same principle as in Fridericia and Lumbricillus
though it is somewhat more complicated, as will be described more in
detail under the species. Here it is sufficient to point out that there
are two sets of glands, one opening into the sperm-duct, the other in
small depressions on the base of the bulb.
Nephridia. — They are of the Enchytraus type but the ducts are
more complicated, being much branched (at least in one species) . The
anteseptal consists of a mere nephrostome.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF BRYODRILUS.
Setae distinctly sigmoid, 3-5 in each fascicle. Brain posteriorly convex.
i. B. e/ilersiUde.
Setae indistinctly sigmoid, 2 in each fascicle. Brain posteriorly emarginate.
2. B. udei sp. nov.
BRYODRILUS UDEI sp. nov.
pi. xii, figs. 1-4; text-fig. 63.
Definition. — Length 25 mm., width 1.25 mm., somites 56, or
length 25 mm., width .75 mm., somites 75. Seta almost straight and
short ; in couples ; eight in each somite. Head-pore between somite I
and prostomium. Clitellum dorsally and ventrally XI, XII and XIII.
Copulatory papilla distinct, and rounded or truncate, with a longi-
tudinal slit at apex. Ovipores elevated. Septa not thickened. Septal
glands in IV to VI. Salivary glands (?) rudimentary. Brain slightly
longer than wide, emarginated both anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal
vessel originates in XII and is furnished with a cardiac gland. In-
testine with a thin layer of chloragogen cells. Four intestinal diverti-
cles in VIII connecting with the intestine at the posterior septum.
Spermathecae without diverticles, grown together at apex and opening
through a common duct into the intestine. Sperm-ducts very narrow,
ENCHYTR^EID^E
95
confined to somite XII. Funnels large, longer than wide, in XI. No
sperm-sacs and no ovisacs. No prostates, but small and numerous
penial glands confined by the peritoneum and the penial bulb. No
ventral glands. Ovaries in XII and testes in XI. Nephridia with
a short anteseptal, a rectangular central lobe, and a long duct. Lym-
phocytes round, flat, about one-third the width of the short diameter
of the nephridium.
Locality. — Port Clarence, Alaska, July 23-26, 1878. Dr. Anton
Stuxberg, Vega Expedition.
Characteristics. — This species is readily distinguished from the
type species, B . ehlersi, by its large intestinal diverticles, its brain,
which is emarginated both posteriorly and anteriorly, and by its setae,
which are so short that they cannot be studied on undissected speci-
mens. Their number is also characteristic, there being only two in
each bundle.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Size. — It is remarkable that the relative length and width should
vary to such extent that with the same length some specimens are but
half as wide as others. I suspected at first that I had before me two
distinct species, but I am unable to distin-
guish any characteristics that would ac-
company the difference in size. There
are in all eight specimens in the collection,
two of which are thick, the others thin.
One of the thick specimens was sectioned
longitudinally, while of the thin ones one
was sectioned transversely and one was
dissected.
Somites. — The body is of an even thick-
ness and the somites though distinct are
hardly set off from each other, the inter-
segmental grooves being exceedingly shal-
low. This gives the body a smooth, even,
and glossy appearance. It is to be remarked that the thin speci-
mens possess the largest number of somites.
Setae. — The setae are not distinctly sigmoid but almost straight.
They are also very short (pi. xn, fig. 30) . They begin with somite
II, and are arranged in couples, there being thus eight in each somite,
except in the last, where there are only four.
Copulative organs. — The exterior papilla short, broad and truncate,
with a longitudinal slit at the apex into which open the sperm-duct
FIG. 63. Bryodrilus udei.
p6 EISEN
and the penial glands. Behind the papilla lies the penial bulb, en-
closed and confined by the peritoneum. It is thus sharply defined
toward the coelom, into which it slightly projects. The center of the
bulb is occupied by the penial part of the sperm-duct, while on each
side of the latter there are two groups of penial glands opening respec-
tively by two pores, one in front of and one posterior to the spermi-
ducal pore proper. The glands which open in the lower part of the
sperm-duct inside the bulb are covered by thin strands of muscles,
thus giving the appearance of a bulb within a bulb. This arrange-
ment resembles that in Mesenchytrceus, but is not found in any other
species of the subfamily of Lumbricillinae. But the arrangement of
the glands which open in the lower part of the sperm-duct is in other
respects similar to that found in the genera Henlea and Fridericia*
as well as in Marionina. In Mesenchytrceus only few species pos-
sess similar glands which open in the lower part of the sperm -duct,
while in Lumbricillinae such glands are found in all the species exam-
ined by me. No atrium and no atrial glands. The sperm-duct very
narrow and repeatedly convoluted, but owing to the fact that it is con-
fined to somite XII, it cannot be more than three or four times as long
as the sperm-funnel. The latter is longer than broad and points for-
ward, being confined to somite XI. This latter is full of spermatozoa
and the septum X/XI is pushed far forward against the intestinal
glands in VII.
Testes solid and quite large.
Spermathecce. — These organs appear to resemble those of B. ehlersi
described by Ude. The duct is long, narrow and even as to thick-
ness. It opens into a thin-walled sac which lies principally in VI.
The two sacs are grown together and continued as a narrow duct,
which at first runs parallel to the intestine and then penetrates it
somewhere in somite VII, probably in the posterior part of the somite
close to the septum VII/VIII. The spermathecae open exteriorly, as
usual, at the opposite ends of the transverse diameter of the body.
They are not accompanied by any glands.
Septal glands. — These offer no particular characteristics. They
are of large size and are partly attached to the septa and partly lie free
in the ccelom. They open into the intestine just behind and on each
side of the pharynx (pi. xn, fig. \,glri).
Salivary glands. — In this species I find structures corresponding
to those described by Ude in B. ehlersi as strongly rudimentary sali-
vary glands. It seems to me more probable that these small compact
bodies are of a ganglionic nature and not glandular. There is no duct
ENCHYTR^EID^E yj
and no indication of any secretion. Moreover, a part of their mass
lies wholly in the septal gland and resembles greatly the structure
which Michaelsen (3) has described as ganglionic in the septal glands
of Mesenchytraus setosus. In B. udei these ganglia are oblong or
pear-shaped and lie close together on the dorsal median line just be-
hind the pharynx. Posteriorly they extend into the septal glands,
while anteriorly they continue forward into two fibrillar bands,
which I take to stand in connection with the main nervous system.
These structures do not resemble the peptonephridia of the other
genera.
Brain very different from that of B. ehlerst. The posterior margin
is emarginated and the brain is slightly longer than broad.
Dorsal vessel, just as in B. ehlersi, rises in somite XII from
a fold in the intestine, and does not in any way connect with the
intestinal diverticles. There is a heavy blood sinus in the gut in
somite V.
Intestine. — The most interesting part of the intestine is the four
diverticles situated in VII. In Ude's original paper ('93) the diver-
ticles of the species are described by him as being situated in VII, but
in a later ('95 ) and more elaborate paper this is corrected to VI. In my
specimens of B. udei it is not easy to decide upon the somite contain-
ing the diverticles, as the tender septa are somewhat ruffled on account
of sand in the intestine, but I am certain that they cannot be referred to
VI. They are either in VII or in VIII, more probably in VIII. The
diverticles are larger than in Ude's species and differ also from it in
originating in the posterior part of the somite near the posterior sep-
tum. They project forward, being parallel with the intestine and are
grown together with the gut in VI, but do not open into it. The
diverticles are wider than the intestine between them and of the same
structure. They are arranged latero-dorsally and latero-ventrally.
Their inner epithelium is in places much thicker, and is everywhere
ciliated.
Lymphocytes. — These are large, flat, circular or slightly oval, and
about one-third as wide as the nephridia.
Nephridia. — There are two forms, one with a kind of posterior fold
almost separated from the rest, and one with only one rectangular fold.
The duct is long, while the anteseptal is very short, consisting merely
of the nephrostome. Postseptal duct projects from posterior end.
Habits. — The label contains no notes as regards the habits of this
worm, but the intestine contained fragments of moss and much sand,
and there is every reason to suppose that the habits are terrestrial.
98 EISEN
Genus Henlea Michaelsen.
Definition. — Setae variable (like Fridericia or Lumbricillus} .
Head-pore small, situated between prostomium and somite I. No
dorsal pores. Esophagus narrow and suddenly merges into the
intestine. Intestinal diverticles generally present. Dorsal vessel rises
anterior to the clitellum. Blood colorless. Lymphocytes large, disc
shaped. Brain posteriorly emarginated. Nephridia generally with
large anteseptal. Spermathecae generally without diverticles. Sperm-
ducts comparatively narrow and long. Penial bulb without interior
muscular strands {Lumbricillus bulb). Chylus cells in the intestine
in the vicinity of clitellum.
Affinities. — The genus Henlea as now established is undoubtedly
nearest related to Bryodrilus. Both genera agree in the most remark-
able variation in the various organs. The only real distinction be-
tween the two genera lies in the origin of the dorsal vessel. In both
genera we find a variation in the form and comparative length of the
setae. These may be either sigmoid (Z,umZ>ricz7lus-shaped) , straight
(J5ncfiytr<zus-shaped), or straight and of uneven size {Fridericia-
shaped) . The nephridia of the new species are characterized by large
anteseptal, probably characteristic of the genus. Salivary glands may
be absent, rudimentary, or much enlarged. Even the structure of
the penial bulb seems similar in the two genera. The structure is
characterized by its two sets of glands, some of which open into the
sperm-ducts, while others open into small pore-like depressions on
the surface around the base of the penial pore. The presence of intes-
tinal pouches seems to be the rule, there being only a single exception.
I have followed Michaelsen in referring H. dicksoni to this genus,
but I am doubtful as to its correctness. The absence of intestinal
pouches, and a small anteseptal distinguishes that species from all
others in this genus. These two characteristics are of so great impor-
tance that we may well doubt the systematic place of that species.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF HENLEA.
I. TWO PAIRS OF SPERMATHEC^E, IN IV AND V.
Spermatheca without distinctly differentiated ampulla and without diverticles.
Setae in ventral fascicles 8 to 10, in lateral fascicles 5 to 7, arranged in a fan-
shaped manner I. H. futeana Vejd.
II. ONE PAIR OF SPERMATHECA ONLY, IN V.
I. Spermathecae without diverticles.
Spermatheca slender, with the ampulla hardly wider than the duct. The
inner setae in each fascicle smaller. Brain posteriorly concave. Two large
intestinal pouches in VIII. Anteseptal comparatively small. Large pep-
tonephridia 2. H. calif ornica sp. nov.
99
Spermathecae with distinctly differentiated ampulla. Large peptonephridia.
The setae of nearly equal length or slightly Pridericia-sha.ped. Anteseptal
narrow and comparatively small. Brain posteriorly emarginated. Two
large intestinal pouches in VIII/IX 3. H. leftodera Vejd.
Spermatheca with distinctly differentiated ampulla and with a duct nearly
three times as long as the pouch. Peptonephridia present. Set* 6 to 8,
the inner ones shorter. Anteseptal narrow and small, brain posteriorly
emarginated. No intestinal pouches 4. If. dic&soui JLisen.
Spermatheca with distinct ampulla tapering toward the Intestine. No pepto-
nephridia. Setae variable, generally straight, of equal size, or the inner ones
shorter. Anteseptal rather long and narrow, cylindrical. Brain posteri-
orly deeply notched. Four large intestinal pouches in VIII/IX.
5. H. ventriculosa d'Udek.
Spermatheca with a distinct ampulla gradually tapering toward the intestine.
Peptonephridia large. Setae about six in a fascicle, the inner ones shorter.
Anteseptal broad and large. Brain posteriorly emarginated. Two intes-
tinal pouches in VII/VIII 6. H. guatemalce sp. nov.
Spermatheca with pear-shaped ampulla, and twice as long as duct. Pepto-
nephridia present. Setae 4-7, rarely 2-3, straight, of equal length or the
inner shorter. Postseptal long and with long duct projecting from its
anterior end. Brain posteriorly emarginated. Two intestinal pouches
in VliyVIII 7. H. nasuta Eisen.
Spermatheca with central ampulla three times wider than duct. Peptone-
phridia short, undivided. Setae straight, of equal length, ventrally 7-8, dor-
sally 5. Postseptal broad, flat, posteriorly emerging into the duct. Brain
posteriorly truncate. No intestinal pouches 8. H. rosai Bretsch.
n. Spermathecae with two distinct diverticles.
Setae 4 in the fascicle, the inner ones much shorter. Large peptonephridia.
Anteseptal very large and broad. Brain posteriorly convex. Intestine
with two large pouches in VIII/IX, extending into VII.
9. H. ehrhorni sp. nov.
HENLEA CALIFORNICA sp. nov.
pi. xv, fig. i ; text-fig. 64.
Definition. — Length 8 mm., width .75 mm. Somites about 60.
Setae of unequal length in the fascicle, from 4 to 6. No dorsal pores.
Prostomium narrow and pointed. Clitellum prominent, XII and XIII.
Sexual papillae small but distinct. Supra-pharyngeal glands small.
Septal glands prominent, in V, VI and VII. Peptonephridia begin
in IV, closely adhering to the tubular intestine. Brain wider than
long, posteriorly as well as anteriorly concave. Dorsal vessel rises in
VIII. No chloragogen glands on either blood vessels or intestine.
Tubular intestine nipped by the septa ; sacculated intestine begins in
VIII. Two large intestinal pouches in VIII. Spermathecae tubular,
slightly bent, opening into the intestine, at the base furnished with
about two accessory glands, no diverticles. Sperm-ducts narrow.
Penial bulb with two kinds of glands, one opening into the sperm-
duct, the other opening next to the sperm-duct, but all confined to the
bulb. Nephridia with small, narrow anteseptal and without glandular
100
EISEN
collar. Lymphocytes large, disc-like, in cross-section shuttle-shaped.
Color yellowish white.
Locality. — Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California. Under oak
trees near the city. May, 1893. All the specimens are adult.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Characteristics. — This species seems to be well distinguished from
nearly all other species by its broad brain and its unequal setae.
The spermathecae, though tubular without any perceptibly enlarged
terminal ampulla, are apparently fully developed. The species differs
from Henlea nasuta Eisen by its more tubular spermathecae.
Peptonephridia. — Judging from a
series of longitudinal sections,these glands
resemble the figure given by Vejdovsky
of H. leptodera ('79, Taf. X, fig. 2).
The basal part, however, is much larger
and more irregularly folded, and the ter-
minal tubules are fewer in number. The
glands run close to the intestine and inte-
rior to the blood sinus in VII.
The intestinal pouches in VII are sim-
ilar to those figured by Michaelsen from
H. nasuta ('88, fig. i). The villi are
fully as intricately folded.
Spermathecae are more cylindrical than
those of H. nasuta Eisen ('79), to
which species our present form seems
closely related. Even as regards the setae
of the two species, H. nasuta and H.
FIG. 64. Henlea californica. californica resemble each other greatly.
HENLEA CALIFORNICA MONTICOLA var. nov.
Text-fig. 65.
Definition. — Length 6 mm., width .65 mm. Somites 54. Brain
about one-third wider than long. Setae in fascicles of four, five and
six. The setae bordering the lateral interval are slightly longer. The
spermathecae, which are sharply bent, are furnished with four or more
basal accessory glands. Color of formalin specimens white. In
other respects similar to the species.
Locality. — West Fork of Feather River near Morgan Spring,
Dr. Richard C. McGregor (Sept., 1898). The locality is in the
Sierra Nevada at an altitude of several thousand feet.
ENCHYTR^ID^E
IOI
FIG. 65. Henlea californica monticola.
HENLEA CALIFORNICA HELENA var. nov.
Text-fig. 66.
Definition. — Setae straight, in fascicles of four, five and six; the
most ventral seta in the ventral fascicles and the one facing the lateral
interval in the lateral fascicles are slightly larger than the others.
Brain almost square with the posterior margin concave. Spermathecae
long and narrow with a central chamber for the spermatozoa and a long
Fro. 66. Henlea californica helena.
narrow duct communicating with the intestine ; the inner lumen in this
duct is narrow and tortuous. At the base of the spermathecae are two
long accessory glands. In other respects resembling the species.
IO2
EISEN
Locality. — In the moist ground at a spring near St. Helena, Napa
County, California, Dr. Richard C. McGregor. A single specimen.
Characteristics. — The most important characteristic concerns the
long narrow duct of the spermathecse and their inner tortuous duct.
The nephridium is also characteristic, with its large anteseptal and very
large nephrostome. As there was only a single specimen no attempt
was made to section, and the above description is based on dissection
only. The form appears so different that it will probably be found to
be a distinct species.
HENLEA GUATEMALA sp. nov.
pi. xv, fig. 7 ; text-figs. 67 and 68.
Definition. — Length 6 to 10 mm., width .75 mm. Somites 67,
deeply set and everywhere distinct, prostomium pointed. Seta? straight
and arranged fan-like ; the most ventral seta of the ventral fascicles
FIG. 67. Henlea guatemalce.
and the most dorsal setae of the lateral fascicles are generally a little
larger; otherwise the central setae in each fascicle are the smallest.
Clitellum thin and contracted. Sexual papillae small and truncate-
cylindrical. Septal glands in IV, V and VI. Peptonephridia large,
with a thick and free basal part in III, and a thinner repeatedly folded
part in IV to VII, the latter closely adhering to the intestine. Brain
almost twice as long as wide, posteriorly emarginate. Dorsal vessel
rises in VII in front of the diverticles of the intestine. Intestinal
pouches in VII; epithelium with comparatively few folds. Sper-
mathecae consist of a slender duct about twice as long as the oval
ENCHYTR^EID^E
103
ampulla, the distal end of which is narrow, tubular, and curved, open-
ing into the intestine. Sperm-ducts are narrow, confined to one or two
somites. Penial bulb with two sets of glands, all confined to the
bulb. No chylus cells. Nephridia with large anteseptal in which
the ducts are meandering. Color white.
Locality. — In garden soil in the City of Guatemala, Central
America.
The occurrence of this genus in a tropical locality like Guatemala,
even at an altitude of about 5000 feet would indicate that the species is
introduced. So far as we know, all Enchytrseids are of arctic or sub-
arctic origin, none having been found endemic to the tropics.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermathecce (figs. 67, a and h). — An interesting feature is the
large blood-vessel which is situated inside the spermatheca, lining the
inner cavity. It is found only on one side of the cavity (fig. 67, a).
Even the stalk
of the sperma-
theca is filled
with capilla-
ries between
the cells. The
connection be-
tweenthe sper-
matheca and
the intestine is
narrow and
twisted (fig. 67,
is somewhat variable.
Penial bulb. — In the penial bulb the coarsely granulated cells are
situated exteriorly, opening on the surface around the pore. The
narrower and more finely granulated cells open in the extension of the
sperm-duct.
Somites. — The majority of the specimens measured 6 to 8 mm.
These specimens possessed deep intersegmental grooves even posterior
to the clitellum. Two specimens were longer, or about 10 mm.
These were posteriorly smooth and showed no distinct intersegmental
grooves posterior to the clitellum, except near the tail end. In these
latter specimens the spermathecae were slightly different in form but not
sufficiently so to warrant the making of a distinct variety. The figure
representing two spermathecae crossing each other in situ is from these
larger specimens (fig. 68, ar).
FIG. 68. Henlea guatemalce.
It is possible that the length of the distal end
104
EISEN
HENLEA EHRHORNI sp. nov.
pi. xv, figs. 2-6 ; text-fig. 69.
Definition. — Length 12 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 67.
The anterior few somites deeply pluri-ringed ; the posterior ones, com-
mencing with about VII, are smooth and indistinct. Setae generally
four in each fascicle, the inner setae much smaller. The most ventral seta
in the ventral fascicles and the most dorsal seta in the lateral fascicles
are larger than the others. No dorsal pores. Head-pore large, be-
tween prostomium and somite I. Prostomium short, blunt, and
rounded. Clitellum XII and XIII. Sexual papillae small and square.
Septal glands in IV to VI. Peptonephridia extending into VI.
Brain oblong, posteriorly truncated, anteriorly convex. Dorsal vessel
rises in VIII. Intestine tubular until VIII, in which somite it is fur-
FlG. 69. Henlea ehrhorni.
nished with two lateral diverticles. Sacculated intestine commences
in IX. Spermathecae with pyramidal ampulla and furnished with three
knob-like diverticles. Penial glands of four kinds, confined to the
bulb. Nephridia large, with large anteseptal ; inner ducts of varying
thickness. Lymphocytes large, as wide as the body-wall is thick,
rounded-oval. Color yellowish-white.
Locality. — Mountain View, San Mateo County, California. Col-
lected by Prof. Edward M. Ehrhorn, the well-known entomologist, for
whom the species is named.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Setts. — The setae are more curved in the anterior somites than in
the posterior ones. The most ventral setae are very much larger and
especially thicker than the other setae in the ventral fascicles. In If.
ENCHYTR^EID^E IO5
californica the setae are of a more uniform size. The figures of the
setae of the two species are not drawn to the same scale, as their re-
spective size is not particularly characteristic. The most ventral setae
in the ventral fascicles are more blunt than the other seta?.
Peptonephridia. — The specimen which was sectioned showed the
typical arrangement of the peptonephridia, that is, the glands were
closely adhering to the intestine. In somite III the glands show sev-
eral short lobes projecting free out into the coelom. In somite IV the
gland is thin and shows no free lobes. But in V short lobes begin to
appear, and in VI they are more numerous, their free projections
being about as long as the intestine is wide. In the specimen that was
dissected the two salivary glands (pi. xv, figs. 2, 3) were folded on
themselves, projecting forward and not in any way adhering to the
intestine. Their shape, however, so far as can be judged from a com-
parison with the sectioned glands, resembles the latter in all particulars
except location.
Intestine. — The tubular part is furnished in VIII with a pair of
diverticles which not only fill the largest part of VIII but also project
into VII. The inner lobes of the diverticles are much coarser than in
H. californica, the villi being less numerous and more of the nature
of those of the diverticles of Benhamia. At the posterior end of the
diverticles there is a large valve opening into the sacculated intestine.
The epithelium of the tubular intestine is twice as thick as that of the
sacculated intestine.
The sperm-funnels are short and ovoid. The sperm-ducts are nar-
row and apparently confined to the clitellar somites.
Penial papilla. — There are four kinds of glandular cells. Two
kinds open into the sperm-duct, while two open into a small pore im-
mediately in front of the spermiducal pore but on the same papilla.
There are, however, only three very distinct kinds of glands, as the
large glands of the sperm-duct and the large glands of the anterior
pore resemble each other so much that they can hardly be distin-
guished one from the other. The smaller cells of the sperm-duct have
oval nuclei. These glands open immediately above the pore, while
the larger glands open at the pore but still into the sperm-duct. The
small glandular cells of the anterior pore stain darkly and appear to be
of a very distinct nature from the others (pi. xv, fig. 6) .
Genus Fridericia Michaelsen.
Definition. — Setae straight; each fascicle contains setae of different
sizes, the larger ones situated outside of the smaller ones. Head-pore
IO6 EISEN
small, between prostomium and somite I. Large dorsal pores in the
center of each somite, beginning with VII. Two kinds of lympho-
cytes. Peptonephridia present. Esophagus gradually merging into
the intestine. Dorsal vessel rising posterior to clitellum. Blood col-
orless. Spermatheca generally with globular diverticles at the base of
the ampulla. Sperm-ducts comparatively narrow and long. Penial
bulb without interior muscular strands (Lumbricillus bulb) . Nephri-
dia with large anteseptal. Brain posteriorly and anteriorly convex.
The intestine in the vicinity of clitellum contains specialized chylus
cells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Chylus cells. — The most interesting feature in the anatomy of
Fridericia is undoubtedly the presence of chylus cells. These were
first discovered and described by Michaelsen ('86). Michaelsen states
that he could not find that the ducts passed from one cell to another.
He further states that the cell walls were always indistinct and could
not be made out. Even in my own sections I find that the cell walls
are generally not very distinct, still I have succeeded in most instances
in making them out. I have also, satisfactorily to myself, demon-
strated that the canals are indeed entirely confined to a single cell.
They never pass from one cell to another. The chylus cells occupy
constant somites in the same species, and good species characters may
be had from their location, form and size.
The intestine in these somites is lined by a layer of epithelial cells,
which are of different size and form in the respective species. Be-
tween these epithelials open the chylus cells into the intestine. The
chylus cells are generally long and narrow, broader at the bottom than
at the apex. They are perforated by a single canal which opens at
the apex of the cell and from there continues to the base of the cell,
then generally bending or even branching out. The nucleus of the
cell is generally situated not far from the base of the cell, in an angle
of, but outside of, the canal, where it is bent on itself. The canal is
somewhat different in different species. In most species the inner
surface of the canal is lined only by a thick layer of cytoplasmic
granules. But in some species there is a real lining membrane con-
tinued from the mouth of the cell to the base. In others this lining
membrane can only be traced a little way down. But the most inter-
esting part is that this inner membrane is actually covered with cilia.
At first I concluded that these cilia were accidental ones which had
been carried into the canal of the cell with the chylus from the intes-
tine, being digested in the cell together with the chylus. But later I
ENCHYTR^EID^E 107
satisfied myself that this is not the case. In several instances I could
plainly see that the cilia were attached to the inner membrane.
This can only be explained by supposing that the chylus canal is
simply an invagination of the ciliated surface of the cell, and that the
object of the cilia is to conduct the chylus as close as possible to the
blood sinus at the base of the chylus cell. By means of the canal a
much greater surface is exposed to the action of the intestinal juices,
and these juices can be quickly and surely brought to a close contact
with the blood. In this manner no diminution and weakening of the
intestinal wall is necessary, and the same object — that of rapid
absorption of the intestinal digested matter — is accomplished with a
thick and strongly built intestine. The bottom of the chylus cell rests
always on a basement membrane directly in contact with the blood
sinus. In order further to increase the contact surface the canal is
always bent, and part of it thus runs parallel with the blood sinus. In
some species the canal is not only bent, but it is branched and exhibits
the form of a bunch of canals, which form must still more facilitate the
absorption of the nutritive juice in the intestine. It is probable that
these cilia are present in all chylus cells, but it is also certain that they
do not extend to the bottom of the canals, but cease a certain distance
from the open mouth, generally extending only about half way down
the duct. When the canal is bent this bend projects toward the head
of the worm, which arrangement would facilitate the driving of the
chylus into the canal.
For the various forms of the chylus cells of the respective species I
must refer to the description of these species. Here I will only state
that the form of the cells is quite varied and characteristic of the species.
The inner lining of the cell is generally bounded on either side by a
more or less thick layer of granular cytoplasm. This layer reminds
me in many respects of the thick granular layer of the common epithe-
lial cells, which as is well known serves to shut out bacteria and pre-
vents other microbes from entering the cells. This granular layer in
the chylus cells probably serves the same purpose, though it may be-
sides have other properties, as for instance, those of a digestive nature.
In many species there is no distinct membrane lining the bottom or
lower part of the canal, and the granular layer seems to line the
lumen. But in some species there is a distinct lining which could not
readily be explained except by the theory of invagination. Where the
lining is not present we may suppose that an absorption has taken
place in that part of the canal. Most of the chylus cells, as first
observed by Michaelsen ('86), lean slightly toward the head of the
IOS EISEN
worm in order to facilitate the absorption of the chylus. On this ac-
count a good view of these cells can only be had in longitudinal sec-
tions. In transverse sections only part of each cell is cut and exposed,
and the nature of the structure cannot be made out.
Penial bulb. — The penial bulb of Fridericia is quite characteristic
and seems to be of similar structure in all the species investigated by
the author. There is only one kind of cells filling the bulb. These
cells all open in the extension of the sperm-duct and along the surface
of the bulb ; the duct connects with the bulb at the base of the latter
and cannot strictly be said to enter the bulb. The bulb in this species
is the simplest of any in this group with distinct bulb.
Nephridia. — In all species described here the nephridia are charac-
terized by a large anteseptal, which in size approaches the postseptal
part. In not a single instance does the anteseptal consist of only the
nephrostome, as, for instance, in the genus Lumbricillus.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES OF FRIDERICIA DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER.
I. Spermathecae without diverticles.
Brain posteriorly truncate or slightly convex, deltoid. Spermathecal stalk
more than twice as long as the ampulla. Peptonephridia with only two
branches. Sperm-funnels short, almost globular. Chylus cells in XI, XII
and XIII. Duct of chylus cells with a spur pointing forward. Duct lined
by a membrane. Very large anteseptal i. F. harrimani sp. nov.
Brain posteriorly slightly emarginated. Spermathecal stalk about twice as
long as the ampulla which connects with the intestine. Peptonephridia large,
conical, with numerous short branches. Chylus cells in X, XI and XII.
Duct of chylus with sigmoid, indistinct spur and without a membrane except
at its upper end. Anteseptal large 2. F.johnsoni sp. nov.
Brain almost circular, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal duct less then twice
as long as the ampulla which is connected with the intestine. Peptonephridia
with many branches starting from a common base-palmate. Chylus cells in
XIV, XV and XVI. The duct is digitate at the lower end, without distinct
lining membrane except at the top. Nephridia with long and narrow ante-
septal 3. F. fuchsi sp. nov.
Brain ovoid, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal duct about four times as long
as the ampulla which is not connected with the intestine. Chylus cells in
XIV, XV and XVI, cells very broad and shallow. Chylus duct sigmoid and
much twisted, with a distinct membrane all along its course. Large ante-
septal 4. F. sonorce sp. nov.
II. Spermathecse with two diverticles.
Brain circular, posteriorly convex. Diverticles of spermatheca pendent.
Chylus cells in XIV, XV and XVI ; duct branched, without distinct lining
membrane. Nephridial anteseptal thin and comparatively short.
5. F. santaerosce sp. nov.
Brain longer than broad, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal diverticles not
pendent. Nephridial anteseptal globular and strongly granulated ; unusu-
ally thick canal 6. F. santcebarbarce sp. nov.
Brain longer than broad, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal diverticles nar-
row, short, and pendent. Nephridial anteseptal large, deltoid, with few
coarse granules 7. F. popojiana sp. nov.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
III. Spermathecae with many diverticles around the ampulla.
Brain ovoid, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal diverticles of unequal size.
Chylus cells in XIV, XV and XVI ; ducts twisted; lower part without dis-
tinct lining membrane. Nephridial anteseptal very large, ovoid, without
granulation at the nephropore 8. F. macgregori sp. nov.
Brain deltoid, posteriorly convex. Spermathecal diverticles of unequal size.
Chylus cells in XIV, XV and XVI with a short spur. Nephridial anteseptal
large, contracted at the center 9. F. californica sp. nov.
FRIDERICIA HARRIMANI sp. nov.
pi. xx, figs. 3-5; text-figs. 70 and 71.
Definition. — Length 6 mm., width .5 mm. Somites 35 to 40,
with deep intersegmental grooves. Prostomium blunt. Setae : ventrals
about 6 in each ventral fascicle and about 5 in the lateral ones anterior
to clitellum. The inner setae much thinner than the outer ones.
Dorsal pores normal. Head pore between prostomium and somite
I. Clitellum XII and XIII, not prominent. Sexual papillae small.
Septal glands normal. Peptonephridia short, each with at least two
branches starting from the base of the gland Brain deltoid, posteri-
orly broader than anteriorly ; posterior margin almost straight ; the
anterior margin conical. Dorsal vessel rises in XIV. Blood strongly
crystallizable. Intestine with numerous and thick chloragogen cells
containing large granules. Chylus cells in XI, XII and XIII. Sper-
matheca with long narrow duct and deltoid pouch opening into the
intestine. No diverticles. Sperm-funnels short, cubical, four times
as long as funnels. Nephridia with an enormous anteseptal about as
large as the postseptal middle lobe. Lymphocytes not known. Color
of body white.
Locality. — In decaying timber at Mountain View, California, Prof.
E. M. Ehrhorn.
Characteristics. — This interesting species belongs to the group of
Fridericia sonorce and F. fuchsi, characterized by absence of sper-
mathecal diverticles. From both these species it is distinguished by
the unusually large anteseptal of the nephridia.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Brain. — This organ varies somewhat. In the majority of the
specimens opened it was distinctly deltoid, being broader posteriorly
than anteriorly. One specimen, however, possessed a brain with sides
nearly parallel. The posterior margin is more or less truncate, never
strongly convex.
Blood. — The blood in all the specimens (fixed with the bichro-
mate acetic) was so highly crystallized that no good and perfect sections
no
EISEN
could be had. The crystals were unequally distributed, in some places
filling the whole vessel, while in other parts none were to be seen.
They were so hard that the edge of the section knife would break at
once. Similarly crystallized hemoglobin has not been observed in any
FIG. 70. Fridericia harrimant.
other Enchytraeid. It is always present in Sparganophilus , as com-
mented on by both Benham and myself. The crystals in the present
species are found in all the vessels, capillaries, dorsals, and ventrals.
Chylus cells. — In several longitudinally sectioned specimens these
cells were found in somites XI to XIII. The intestine in these somites
is differentiated into a crop
consisting of a layer of
chylus cells separated in
the usual manner by epi-
thelial cells and interstitial
cells. The arrangement
is a most regular one.
Seen in a thin median
section passing between
the dorsal vessel and the
ventral ganglion, and in
FIG. 71. Fridericia fiarritnatii.
the longitudinal diameter of the body, we find that the chylus cells are
cut through perpendicularly and that each such cell is separated by about
two epithelial cells and by one or two interstitial cells. In other words,
the chylus cells are placed at regular intervals, the same distance being
kept between each two of them in all the three somites. The canal in
this species is lined by a distinct membrane which is ciliated along its
ENCHYTR^EID^E III
upper course near the mouth. The immediate vicinity of the membrane
is crowded with granules which stain deeply with eosin, the deeper the
nearer the membrane. The lower part of the canal is bent at a right
angle to the upper part, and the spur thus formed is in all the cells
invariably pointing toward the head of the worm.
Penial bulb. — This organ contains only one kind of cell, though
some cells open in the extension of the sperm-duct and others along
the free surface of the bulb. The duct enters the bulb near the base,
pi. xx, fig. 4, represents the bulb as seen in a section transverse to the
body. In a longitudinal section it would probably appear just as in
pi. xv, fig. 8, representing the bulb of F. calif ornica.
Nephridia. — The anteseptal is probably the largest of any observed
sfc far. In some nephridia this part was fully as large as the post-
septal lobe. The ciliated part of the nephrostome is quite small. A
tortuous, uneven duct runs down from this ciliated chamber to the
^postseptal.
FRIDERICIA JOHNSONI sp. nov.
pi. xvi, fig. 6; text-fig. 72.
Definition. — Length 8 mm., width .5 mm. Somites 45 to 48.
Prostomium blunt. Dorsal pores begin in VII. Seta of unequal
length, the inner ones much shorter ; five and four setae in the anterior
and central fascicles. Head-pore between prostomium and somite I.
Clitellum not prominent in XII and XIII. Sexual papillae small.
Anterior septa slightly thicker than those posterior to clitellum. Septal
glands in IV, V and VI. Supra-pharyngeal glands small. Peptone-
phridia thick and compact, with the free end frayed. Brain longer
than wide, with the posterior margin slightly concave. The anterior
retractor muscles of the brain are situated far forward. Dorsal vessel
rises in XIII. Intestine narrow, widening in XIII. Intestine com-
mencing with XIII is covered with a thick layer of very tall chlo-
ragogen cells. In the anterior somites these cells are very low and
few. Chylus cells in X, XI and XII, none posterior to clitellum.
Spermathecse with a club-shaped apical ampulla connecting with the
intestine; no diverticles. Penial bulb with two kinds of glandular
cells; those opening at the base of the sperm-duct are the largest.
Nephridia with large non-glandular anteseptal in which the duct is
spirally wound. The large lymphocytes are disc-like and almost
circular. Color white.
Locality. — Garden of Ell wood Cooper, at Ell wood, near Santa
Barbara, California, May, 1898. Named for Prof. Herbert P. John-
112
EISEN
son, the well-known zoologist, to whom I am indebted for several
interesting Oligochaeta.
Characteristics. — This species is characterized by its spermathecae
without diverticles and by the position of its chylus cells in somites X,
XI and XII. In most other species the chylus cells are found in
somites posterior to clitellum.
FIG. 72. Fridericia johnsont.
Chylus cells. — The unusual position of these cells has just been
mentioned. The cells are long and narrow, with somewhat warty
surface. The nucleus is oval, situated below the center of the cell.
The chylus cells are separated by rows of single epithelial cells. The
latter with round nuclei.
FRIDERICIA FUCHSI sp. nov.
pi. xvu, figs. 1-3 ; text-figs. 73 and 74.
Definition. — Length 18 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 65.
Setae slightly curved, more so in the anterior somites than in the pos-
terior ones, in fascicles of four and five, the inner setae being much
shorter. Dorsal pores commence with VII. Head-pore between
prostomium and somite I. Prostomium prominent. Sexual papillae
small. Septal glands large, IV to VI. Peptonephridia with from
four to six branches projecting from a common base. Brain almost
circular, convex posteriorly and anteriorly. Dorsal vessel rises pos-
terior to clitellum. Intestine with a thin layer of chloragogen cells.
Chylus cells in XIV to XVI, long and narrow, separated by very
ENCHYTR^EID^E
FIG. 73. Fridericiafuchsi.
six somites are deeply multi-ringed,
fectly smooth, so smooth
that no distinction is seen
between the respective so-
mites. The last few so-
mites of the tail are, how-
ever, separated by distinct
grooves. The nearest re-
lated species is F. sonorce,
but this latter species has
free spermathecae, while
in F. fuchsi the sperma-
thecae open into the intes-
tine.
Chylus cells (pi. xvn,
fig. 2) .—These cells, which
occur in three somites
posterior to clitellum, are
long and narrow. The
inner duct is digitate at
the base. Thechylus cells
broad and shallow epithelial
cells. Spermatheca with a sac-
like apical pouch, without di-
verticles ; connects with the in-
testine, the stem of the sperma-
theca much twisted. Penial
bulb small, with cells opening
both into the sperm-duct and
at the base of the papilla.
Lymphocytes round, disc-like.
Nephridia with a long and nar-
row anteseptal. Color yellow-
ish-white.
Locality. — Santa Cruz
Mountains near Boulder Creek,
on ranch of Mr. Koester, Prof.
Charles Fuchs.
Characteristics. — Exteriorly
the species is readily distin-
guished. The anterior four to
while all those posterior are per-
FIG. 74. Fridericiafuchsi.
u4
EISEN
are separated by epithelial cells which greatly resemble those of JP.
sonorce. Below the epithelial cells are seen broad interstitial cells
with large meshes of cytoplasm. It is to be noted that F. fuchsi and
F. sonorce also resemble each other in the form of the spermathecae
and in the absence of spermathecal diverticles. These two species
differ from all others so far examined by me, by the long and flat epi-
thelial cells of the intestine. In F. sonorce the chylus cells are not as
high.
Muscular layer. — The outer muscular layer of the body- wall is
quite characteristic. It rises at certain short intervals into the epithe-
lium, almost completely separating these cells. In cross-section these
strands are triangular, with the apex pointing toward the cuticle.
FRIDERICIA SONORCE sp. nov.
pi. xvi, figs. 1-3 ; lext-fig. 75.
Definition. — Length 12 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about 40.
Setae in bunches, anteriorly of 6, posteriorly of 5, 4 and 3. The
outer ones are much larger than the inner ones. Prostomium small
and pointed. Clitellum XII and XIII. Sexual papillae small. Brain
ovoid. Dorsal vessel rises posterior to clitellum. Intestine with
chylus cells in the two or three somites next posterior to clitellum.
Spermathecae with a large globular ampulla which does not connect with
the intestine. Penial bulb small, with a single row of glands opening
into the lower part
of the sperm-duct,
which latter is not
dilated. Lympho-
cytes of two kinds,
the large ones
small, oval, of a
diameter equaling
that of two or three
muscular strands.
The microcytes are
from one diameter
FIG. 75- Fridericia sonorce.
to half the diameter of a muscular strand. Color pale yellowish-white
without pigment. Nephridia with a very large anteseptal.
Locality. — San Miguel de Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico, in soft
banks of irrigation ditches, May, 1893. Four small specimens, all
containing sand, causing the loss of many sections. The salivary
ENCHYTR^EIDvE
glands, which appear to be simple, could not be made out distinctly
enough to be described.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermathecce are small and closely pressed to the body-wall.
They do not connect with the intestine. There are no diverticles.
The ampulla is thin- walled, with a single row of cells.
Penial bulb is small and contains about one tier of cells. The
sperm-duct enters on the lateral side of the bulb, next to the lateral
body- wall.
Chylus cells. — The intestine next posterior to the clitellum contains
a continuous row of chylus cells containing chylus ducts. The cells
containing the ducts are very large and with a large nucleus. The
part of the cell opening into the intestinal cavity is drawn out like the
neck of a bottle. The ducts are different from those of any other
species. Each duct is surrounded by a thick wall, outside of which
is a thick body of granular cytoplasm. The duct twists around
in the cell but does not connect with ducts of other cells. These
chylus cells do not directly line the intestine but are overlapped by
an inner epithelial layer of cells which are strongly ciliated and be-
tween which the necks of the chylus cells open in the intestine.
FRIDERICIA SANTy£ROSyE sp. nov.
pi. xvi, figs. 4 and 5 ; text-fig. 76.
Definition. — Length 14 to 20 mm., width .75 mm. Somites
about 60 to 64. Setae of unequal length, the interior ones much
smaller. Prostomium small, but pointed and prominent. Clitellum
not prominent, XII and XIII. Male papillae small, cube-shaped.
Peptonephridia with four to six narrow tubules from a thick, elongated
base. Brain posteriorly rounded, or with a very slight emargination.
Dorsal vessel rises in XV. Intestine and dorsal vessel covered with a
thick layer of tall chloragogen glands. Chylus cells in XIV, XV and
XVI. Spermathecae with two diverticles each, and with long cylin-
drical duct ; distal part connected with the intestine. Sperm-funnels
longer than broad, with a lobate base. Penial bulb small, containing
a single row of glandular cells opening along the base of the bulb.
Nephridia with a long narrow postseptal and a shorter narrow ante-
septal. Lymphocytes large, elliptical. Color of alcoholic specimens
yellowish. No pigment.
Locality. — Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California. Common
under oak trees near the city. Many adult specimens in May, 1893.
n6
EISEN
Chylus cells in the somites posterior to clitellum are long and nar-
row, and open between larger ciliated epithelial cells.
Set<z are in fascicles of from four to six. The inner ones are
shorter. Sometimes there are three setae in one-half of the fascicle
and only two in the other.
FIG. 76. Fridericia santcerosce.
Spermatheca contains as a rule only two large diverticles, but in one
specimen I found the large diverticle of one side replaced by three
smaller ones.
FRIDERICIA SANIVEBARBAR^ sp. nov.
Text-fig. 77.
Definition. — Length 10 to 12 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about
55. Setae of unequal length, 4, 5, and 6 in a fascicle, the inner ones
much shorter and narrower. Dorsal pores present. Head-pore be-
tween prostomium and somite I. Clitellum XII and XIII. Sexual
papillae small. Peptonephridia with several irregular tubes. Brain
from one and a half to two times as long as wide, and posteriorly and
anteriorly convex. Intestine with a thin layer of shallow chloragogen
cells. Spermathecae, with two large diverticles, connect with the
intestine. The penial bulb with two sets of glands opens respec-
tively into the base of the sperm-duct and along the base of the bulb.
No accessory penial glands and no prostate glands. Nephridia large.
Anteseptal large and swollen and filled with opaque granules ; ante-
septal with a winding duct. Lymphocytes of two kinds, the larger
kind ellipsoidal, with or without pointed ends. Color white.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
117
W
FIG. 77. Fridericia santcebarbarce.
Locality. — Two specimens from Santa Barbara, California, May,
1898. In garden soil. The specimens being in poor state of preser-
vation made it impossible to ascertain the structure of the chylus cells.
FRIDERICIA POPOFIANA sp. nov.
Text-figs. 78 and 79.
Definition. — Length about 18 mm., width .5 mm. Somites over
45. Setae four in a fascicle, the inner ones smaller. Prostomium
blunt, rounded, slightly rugose. Clitellum small, not prominent,
XII and XIII. Copulatory papillae small. Peptonephridia with
thick and rather short
body, at the apex of
which are found four
or five branches of
smaller lobes. Brain
longer than broad,
anteriorly straight,
posteriorly convex.
Spermatheca with a
cylindrical thick am-
pulla which connects
with the intestine by FlGa 7g. Fridericia popofiana.
a broad opening. The
narrow duct is about one-half longer than the pouch, and from one-
half to one-third as thick. There are two diverticles at the base of the
n8
EISEX
pouch. These are about one-half as long as the pouch and slightly
wider than the duct. Nephridia oblong with a very long and broad
anteseptal, almost equal in size to the postseptal less the duct. The
duct leaves the
nephridium at
the center. Color
white, very trans-
parent. Integu-
ment thin.
Locality. — Po-
pof Island, Shu-
magin group, Al-
aska, Prof. Tre-
vor Kincaid. A
single specimen.
Several of the
posterior somites
missing. No at-
FIG. 79. FHdericia popofiana. ^empt at section-
ing was made.
Characteristics. — The spermathecae are the most characteristic
parts and must suffice to distinguish the species until more material
will allow of sectioning and show the nature of the chylus cells, now
unknown.
FRIDERICIA MACGREGORI sp. nov.
pi. xvii, figs. 4, 5 ; text-fig. So.
Definition. — Length about 8 mm., width .5 mm. Somites about
45. Setae in fascicles: laterals, 4, 4, 5, 5, o, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4; ventrals,
5, 6, 7, 7, o, 7, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4. The largest setae in each bundle are
found bordering the dorsal and ventral intervals. Head-pore between
prostomium and somite I. Prostomium slightly pointed. Clitellum
not prominent. Sexual papillae small. Septal glands large, in IV,
V, and VI. Peptonephridia with six or seven simple branches pro-
jecting from a common base. Brain anteriorly much convex, pos-
teriorly slightly so. Dorsal vessel rises in XV. Intestine with large
chloragogen cells ; in XIV to XVI furnished with numerous long and
narrow chylus cells. Spermathecae with a long tapering muscular
duct, and a globular ampulla furnished with about eight diverticles, two
of the latter being larger than the others ; opens into the intestine.
Sperm-ducts narrow, closely wound and confined to the clitellum.
ENCHYTR^EID^E
Two sets of glands in the penial bulb. Nephridia with large ante-
septal, not strongly granulated- Lymphocytes large, ovoid Color
pale, transparent white.
Locality. — In rotten logs at Saint Helena, Napa County, California.
Collected by Dr. Richard C. McGregor in 1899.
Characteristics. — The most characteristic feature is the arrange-
ment of the setae. These are large, and those facing the ventral and dor-
sal intervals are markedly larger than the others. The spermathecae re-
semble those of f. calif ornica, but the proportion of stem to ampulla
is different ; the shape of the stem is also different in the two species.
FIG. 80. Fridericia macgregori.
From F. californica our present species also differs in the form of the
nephridia and in the shape of the salivary glands.
The chylus cells in the intestine are long, narrow, and are charac-
terized by the lower part of the inner duct being spirally twisted or at
least strongly sigmoid. The duct is lined with a regular and even
layer of thin cytoplasm, exterior to which is a thicker layer of denser
cytoplasm, capable of very dense staining.
FRIDERICIA CALIFORNICA sp. nov.
pi. xv, figs. 8, 9; text-fig. 81.
Definition. — Length 22 mm., width .5 mm. Somites 70. Setae
anteriorly 5 and 6 in each bundle, posteriorly 6 and 4 of three different
sizes. Head-pore large, between prostomium and somite I. Pro-
120
EISEN
stomium short, rounded. Clitellum not prominent, XII and XIII.
Sexual papillae small. Septal glands large, in IV to VI. Peptone-
phridia open in IV, end in V, narrow, slightly and irregularly branched.
Brain anteriorly and posteriorly convex, ovoid. Dorsal vessel rises in
XVI. Intestine narrow and tubular, changing into sacculated intestine
in XIV. Spermathecae with a row of six or seven bladder-like diver-
ticles around the ampulla ; two small accessory glands at the base of
the muscular duct. Sperm-ducts long, narrow, with a small penial
bulb, in which is found a set of small glands. No other penial glands.
Sperm-funnels cylindrical, straight, about twice as long as broad.
FIG. 81. Fridericia californica.
Nephridia with a large anteseptal, frequently contracted at center, and
with a straight duct. Lymphocytes of two kinds ; the larger cyanophil,
the smaller with erythrophil nucleus. Color pale yellowish white.
Locality. — In moist soil around Laguna Puerca, near San Fran-
cisco, California.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Spermatheccz. — The diverticles are large and with irregular out-
lines. Generally one or two diverticles are larger than the others.
The duct is even, slightly bent, and somewhat longer than the ampulla.
The latter opens into the intestine. The two small glands at the base
of the duct are about as wide as the duct.
Penial bulb. — There is only one kind of gland composing the
penial bulb. The sperm-ducts enter the bulb near the base, splitting
the bulb into two unequal parts.
, ENCHYTR^EID^E 121
Ovaries extend as far back as XV and XVI.
The nephridia are long and the anteseptal part is nearly equal in
length to the postseptal part. The anteseptal is divided transversely
into two nearly equal, globular parts. The nephrostome is small.
The postseptal part is long and rectangular, with crenate edge. The
duct in the anteseptal is spirally wound. Only the part nearest the
nephrostome is ciliated.
Lymphocytes. — The larger kind is round, transparent, and its
nucleus stains blue. The smaller kind is also round and transparent,
but its nucleus stains reddish with eosin-thionin.
Seta. — The setae in each bundle are frequently of odd numbers.
Thus one bundle may have on one side three seta? and on the other
only one, or there may be three on one side and only two on the
other. The central setae are always the smallest. When setae are
wanting on one side it is always the small setae which are missing.
Chylus cells. — In the three somites next posterior to the clitellum,
the intestine possesses numerous chylus cells, separated by common
ciliated epithelial cells. These chylus cells are long and comparatively
narrow, each containing a single duct. The duct is perpendicular to
the base of the cell, except at the very base, where the duct is bent,
running parallel with the basal membrane. The duct is surrounded
by a thin layer of granular dense cytoplasm. The interior of the
duct is ciliated along its upper course.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Beddard, F. E.
1895 A Monograph of the Order Oligochaeta, pp. 769, 5 pis. London. 1895.
Bretscher, K.
1899 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Oligochaetenfauna der Schweitz. Aus dem
zoologischen und vergleichend-anatomischen Laboratorium beider
Hochschulen in Zurich. Inaugural-Dissertation. Geneve, W. Kiindig
Fils.
1900 Mitteilungen iiber die Oligochatenfauna der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de
Zool., vm, pp. 1-44. 1900.
1900 Siidschweizerische Oligochaten. Revue Suisse de Zool., vm, pp. 435-
458. 1900.
1901 Beobachtungen iiber Oligochaten der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zool.,
ix, pp. 189-223. 1901.
Eisen, Gustav.
1879 On the Oligochaeta collected during the Swedish Expeditions to the
Arctic Regions in the years 1870, 1875, 1876. Kong. Sv. Vet. Akad.
Handl., Bd. 15, No. 7, 1879.
122 EISEN
xgoo Researches in American Oligochaeta, with especial reference to those of
the Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3d Ser.,
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Emery, Carlo.
1898 Diagnosi di un nuovo genere e nuova specie di Annelidi della famiglia
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1898 Sur un Oligochete noir des glacier de PAlaska. Bull, de la Socie'te'
Zool. Suiss. Geneve, Assemble general de Bern. 1898.
Claparede, Ed.
1861 Recherches Anatomiques sur les Anndlides, Turbellarie's, Opalines et
Gre*garines observes dans les Hebrides, pp. 1-96, pis. 1-7. Geneve (H.
Georg). 1861.
Friend, Hilderic.
1898 Researches among Annelids. Pp. 81-83. March, 1898. Irish Naturalist.
Hesse, R.
1893 Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Baues der Enchytraeiden. Zeit. wiss. Zool.,
Bd. LVII, i, pp. 17, Taf. i. 1893.
Leidy, L.
1850 Descriptions of some American Annelida abranchia. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. u, 2d Ser., pp. 43-50, pi. n. 1850.
Leidy, J.
1882 On Enchytraeus, Distichopus and their Parasites. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1882, p. 145.
Levinsen, 6. M. R.
1884 Systematisk-Geografisk Oversigt over de Nordiske Annulater, Gephy-
rea, Chaetognathi and Balanoglossi. Vidensk. Meddel. f. d. Naturh.
Foren. i Kjobenhavn, 1883. Publ. 1884.
Michaelsen, W.
1886 Ueber Enchytraeus Moebii Mich und andere Enchytraeiden. Pp. 1-52,
Taf. 1-3. Kiel. 1886.
1886 Ueber Chylusgefassysteme bei Enchytraeiden. Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,
Bd. xxvni, pp. 292-304, Taf. xxi. 1886.
1887 Enchytraeiden-Studien. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd.xxx, pp. 366-378, Taf.
xxi. 1887.
1888 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der deutschen Enchytrseiden-Fauna. Arch. f.
mikr. Anat., Bd. xxxi, pp. 483-498, Taf. xxm. 1888.
1888 Die Oligochaeten v. Siid-Georgien n. d. Ausbeute d. deutschen Station
v. 1882-1883. Jahrb. wiss. Anst. Hamburg, Bd. v, pp. 53-73. 1888.
1889 Synopsis der Enchytraeiden. Abhandl. d. Naturw. Ver. in Hamburg.
Bd. xi, 60 pp., one plate. 1889.
i88g« Oligochaeten des Naturhistorischen Museums in Hamburg. I. Jahrb.
d. Hamburgischen wiss. Anstalten. Bd. vi, pp. 12-17, Taf., figs. 4-7.
1889.
1900 Oligochaeta. Das Thierreich. 10 Lief. Berlin (R. Friedlander und
Sohn).
ENCHYTR^EID^E 123
Moore, J. Percy.
1895 The Characters of the Enchytraeid Genus Distichopus. American
Naturalist, August i, 1895.
1895 Notes on American Enchytraeidae. I. New Species of Fridericia from
the Vicinity of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1895, p.
34'-
1899 A Snow-Inhabiting Enchytraeid (Mesenchytrasus solifugus Emery).
Collected by Mr. Henry G. Bryant on the Malaspina Glacier of Alaska.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1899, p. 125.
Smith, Frank.
1895 Notes on Species of North American Oligochasta. Bull. Illinois State
Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. iv, Article vin, pp. 289-292, 1895.
Smith, S. I., and Verrill, A. E.
1871 Notice on the Invertebrata dredged in Lake Superior in 1871, by the U.
S. Lake Survey. Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), vol. n, p. 448, 1871.
Ude, H.
1892 Wiirmer der Provinz Hannover. I. Jahr. Nat. Ges. Hann., pp. 63-98,
i Taf., 1892.
1893 Beitrage zur Kenntnis auslandischer Regenwurmer. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool.,
Bd. LVII, 1893, pp. 57-75.
1895 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Enchytraeiden und Lumbriciden. Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool., Bd. LXI, 1895, pp. 111-141, Taf. vi, figs. 1-9.
1896 Enchytraeiden. Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise. pp. 1-43, I
Taf. Hamburg (L. Friedrichsen & Co.), 1896.
Vejdovsky, F.
1879 Beitrage z. Vergleichende Morphologic der Anneliden. I. Mono-
graphic der Enchytraeiden. 61 pp., 14 Taf. Prag, 1879. (Verl. E.
Tempsky. )
1884 System und Morphologic der Oligochaeten. 166 pp., 16 Taf. Prag,
1884. (Verl. Franz Runac.)
Verrill, A. E.
1873 Report upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the
Adjacent Waters with an Account of the Physical Characters of the Re-
gion. Report U. S. Comm. Fish. 1873, pp. 332, 323, 324.
124 EISEN
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT FIGURES.
The following abbreviations are used in connection with the text
illustrations :
ac. gl., accessory glands opening exterior to the penial bulb near the spermi-
ducal pore.
atr., atrium of the sperm-duct.
at. gl., atrial glands or prostate opening into the atrium of the sperm-duct.
b. -w., body-wall or integument.
d. int., dorsal interval, the interval between the dorsal fascicles of setae.
gl. c., glandular cells opening into the spermatheca.
gl. ep., glandular epithelium.
int., intestine, or in some instances the place where the spermatheca opens
into the intestine.
/. m., longitudinal muscular layer of the body-wall.
lat. int., lateral interval ; the interval between the ventral and lateral fascicles
of setae.
or. ac. gl., orifice of the accessory glands opening outside of the penial bulb
near the spermiducal pore.
p. bib., penial bulb, the glandular and muscular cushion which surrounds the
penial pore, and which projects inward in the coelomic cavity.
/. gl., penial glands, glands which are situated inside the penial bulb and
which generally open on the surface of the body around the penial pore.
pr., prostate or accessory glands opening into atrium of the sperm-duct.
pore, the penial pore, the exterior pore of the sperm-duct. Also pore of
spermatheca.
spd., sperm-duct, the duct between the sperm-funnel and the atrium.
spd. p., spermiducal pore ; the exterior pore of the sperm-duct.
sp.f., sperm-funnel.
spth., spermatheca.
sps., sperm-sacs capping the testes in Lumbricillus.
/., testes.
/. c., tactile cells.
tr. m., transverse muscular layer.
v. int., ventral interval, the interval between the ventral fascicles of sets.
ENCHYTR^EID^E 12$
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE PLATES.
ac.gl., accessory glands of the spermiducal apparatus.
at.gl., atrial glands.
air., atrium.
br.% brain.
c.m., circular muscles surrounding the ducts of the atrial glands.
cr.m., circular muscles.
chyl., chylus cells in the intestine.
cutic., cuticle.
d.at.gl., ducts of the atrial glands.
d.v.t dorsal vessel.
div., diverticle of spermatheca or intestine.
ducts, ducts of atrial glands.
ep., epithelial cells.
epitk., epithelium.
gig., ganglion.
gin.) ganglion inclosed in septal glands.
gl.c., glandular cells.
gl.d., ducts of atrial glands.
i.p.gl., intra-penial glands.
int., intestine.
l.ck., lower chamber or penial chamber of the sperm-duct.
m., muscles.
p. bib., penial bulb.
p.gl., penial glands.
p. pap., penial papillae in Enchytrceus.
p.ch., penial chamber in the lower part of the sperm-duct.
p.pore, penial pore.
s., septum.
sp.d., sperm-duct.
spth., spermatheca.
spth.p., spermathecal pore.
sp.s., sperm-sacs at the ends of the testes.
sep.gl., septal glands.
/., testes.
. — The finer details of all the preparations were studied with Zeiss Apo.
3 mm., Apt. 1 : 40. Ocs. 8 and 12. Sections cut in paraffin and mounted in
Thus. Xylol. Staining with eosin in alcohol and methylen blue *o' or with
thionin.
126
EISEN
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Achaeta 6, 12
Bryodrilus 7, 13, 94
ehlersi 94, 95. 96. 97
udei 94-97, 15°
Bucholzia 6, 12
Chirodrilus 6, 13
Distichopus 13
Enchytraeus 5, 10, II, 61-63
alaskae 63, 68-70, 128, 164, 166
citrinus 63, 72
kincaidi 63, 66-68, 162
metlakatlensis 63, 64-66, 162, 164
modestus 63-64, 164
saxicola 63, 70-71, 162
Fridericia 13, 14, 105-109
calif ornica 109, 119-121, 156
fuchsi 108, 112-114, 160
harrimani 108, 109-111, 166
johnsoni 108, 111-112, 158
macgregori 109, 118-119, 160
popofiuna 108, 117-118
santaebarbarae 108, 116-117
santaerosae 108, 115-116, 158
sonorae 108, 114-115, 158
Henlea 13, 75, 98-99
californica 98, 99-100, 156
Helenas 101
monticola 100-101 •
dipksoni 98, 99
ehrhorni 10, 99, 104, 156
guatemalae 10, 99, 102-103, 156
leptodera 99, 100
nasuta 99, 100
puteana 98
rosai 99
ventriculosa 99
Lumbricillus 5, 7, 9, 75-76
annulatus 76, 81-84, J62
franciscanus 76, 86-88, 152
borealis 88-89
un alaskae 89-90
merriami 76, 79-81, 82, 150
elongatus 81, 150
ritteri 76, 84-86, 152
santaeclarae 76, 77-79, 152
Marionina 12, 90-91
alaskae 91-92, 154
americana 91, 93-94, 154
Mesenchytraeus 3, 8, 9, n, 13,
14-20
armatus 19
asiaticus 19, 21-24, T48
beringensis 20, 57-59, 146
beumeri 20
eastwoodi 20, 50-51, 128, 138
falciformis 18
fenestratus 18
flavidus 18
flavus 18
fontinalis 20, 52-54, 128, 148
gracilis 54
franciscanus 19, 29-32, 134
fuscus 20, 47-49, 142
inermis 49-50, 128
grandis 19, 44-47, 128, 140
harrimani 19, 24-27, 128, 130
kincaidi 19, 40-42, 128, 140
maculatus 19, 34-38, 136
megachaetus 19
mirabilis 20
montanus 18
nanus 20, 51-52
niveus 18
obscurus 19, 32-34, 138
orcae 19, 39-40, 148
pedatus 20, 55-57, 128, 144
penicillus 19, 42-44, 144
primsevus 20
setchelli 19, 27-29, 128, 134
setosus 19
solifugus 20, 59-61, 140, 142
tigrina 18
unalaskas 18, 20-21, 128
vegae 19, 38-39, 132
Michaelsena n, 73
monochaeta 73
paucispina 73, 74
subtilis 73
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis 76
Stercutus 12, 74
PLATE I.
Mesenchytrceus harrimani sp. nov.
FIG. i. Cyanophil lymphocyte, with granules surrounded by a narrow
zone of eosinophil cytoplasm.
2. Cyanophil lymphocyte of the same nature as the foregoing, but
of a broader form.
3. Cyanophil lymphocytes in which eosinophil granules are being
formed in the zone surrounding the Cyanophil granules.
4. Eosinophil lymphocyte with foamy cytoplasm. In some of these
minute chambers eosinophil granules are being formed.
5. Eosinophil lymphocytes in which the formation of granules has
progressed farther than in the cell represented in the last figure.
6. Eosinophil lymphocyte in which the eosinophil granules have
reached their final size. In this stage the granules are thrown out
into the cytoplasm.
Mesenchytrceus unalaskce sp. nov.
7. Eosinophil lymphocyte with foamy cytoplasm and eosinophil
granules.
Mesenchytrceus grandis sp. nov.
8. Cyanophil lymphocytes with the granules surrounded by a narrow
zone of eosinophil secretion.
9. 10. Eosinophil lymphocytes.
Mesenchytrczus setchelli sp. nov.
11. Cyanophil lymphocyte.
Mesenchytrceus eastwoodi sp. nov.
12. Cyanophil lymphocyte.
Mesenchytrceus pedatus sp. nov.
13. 14. Cyanophil lymphocytes.
Mesenchytrceus fontinalis sp. nov.
15. Cyanophil lymphocyte.
Mesenchytrceus kincaidi sp. nov.
16, 17. Lymphocytes with foamy cytoplasm and without granulations.
The margin shows cytoplasmic projections.
Mesenchytrceus fuscus inermis subsp. nov.
18. Cyanophil lymphocyte with radiate margin.
Enchytrceus alaskce sp. nov.
19. Eosinophil lymphocyte with numerous globular granulations.
(128)
H.AE. VOL XI!
PLATE I
li
14
at
15
.£&3&WlV«.
S?h&f&
iwfc
•*
"***
*. . v:**'
19
BUSTAV EiaEN.DEL
18
ENCHYTRXEIDXE
MESENCHYTFtfEUS HARRIMANI 1 TO 6 MESENCHYTEVEUS UNALASK^ 7
MESENCHYTFUEUS GRANDIS 8, 9. 10 MESENCHYTFMEUS SETCHELLI 11
MESENCHYTFJ^US EASTWOODI 12 MESENCHYTF!^EUS PEDATUS 13,14
MESENCHYTFtfEUS FOKTINALTS 15 MESENCHYTFyEUS KINCAIDI 16, 17
MESENCHYTFlffiUS FUSCUS INERMIS 18 MESENCHYTFUEUS ALASK/E 19
PLATE II.
Mesenchytrceus harrimani sp. nov.
FIG. i. Section through some epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the
sperm-duct at a point marked xx, near the opening of the pore.
2. Nephrostome, viewed from the flat or ventral side.
3. Nephrostome, side view.
4. Diagrammatic view of the lower part of the male apparatus, from
dissection. The atrial glands are seen to be confined to one side of
sperm-duct. The arrangement of the glands in the bulb is merely
indicated. The bulb is thick and globular and quite opaque.
5. Section through part of the epithelium near the male-pore from a
point marked x. The epithelial cells are separated by the narrow
ducts of the unicellular glands composing the atrial gland. These
ducts open between the epithelial cells. Other ducts open in the
lumen of the sperm-duct.
6. Section through the epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the
sperm-duct at a point marked xxx. The epithelial cells are here thin
and long and not situated close together. They are furnished with
long cilia. The narrow ducts from the atrial glands are seen to open
between the epithelial cells.
7. Section through the male-pore. Low magnification.
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE II.
BUSTAVEI5EN.DEL.
UTH MUTTON f,KCf. B
ENCHYTR/EID/E
MESENCHYTFUEUS HAHRIMANI, 1. TO 7.
PLATE III.
Mesenchytrceus veg<z sp. nov.
FIG. I. The spermathecal apparatus. A part of one of the spermathecse is
not figured. The spermathecse are connected with the intestine by
a narrow duct.
2. A transverse section of the body passing through the penial bulb,
atrium, atrial glands, and sperm-duct. One atrial gland is seen to
enter the atrium. There are twelve to fourteen ducts of atrial glands
leading into the atrium, each duct being surrounded by circular
muscles.
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE III
BUSTAV EISEH.DEL
ENCHYTRXEIDXE
MESENCKYTR/EUS VEG^E, 1, 2.
PLATE IV.
Mesenchytrceus setchelli sp. nov.
FIG. I. Section through the penial bulb and pore, showing the long ducts
of the atrial glands opening near the pore. A band of circular mus-
cles surround the atrium inside the penial bulb. This figure is
held somewhat diagrammatic.
2. Section through the upper part of the atrium, showing the entrance
of one atrial gland and the ducts of four other atrial glands.
3. Atrium of sperm-duct with five atrial glands. Somewhat diagram-
matic.
Mesenchytrceus franciscanus sp. nov.
4. Section through the body in somite xn, passing through the large
accessory glands. The pores of the sperm-ducts, and the atrium,
etc. are cut by several sections posterior to this one.
5*> »5c, 5d, $e and tsf. Spermatophores in various stages of develop-
ment.
(134)
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE IV.
alyL
QUSTAV EISEH.DEL
ENCHYTRXEID/E
MESENCHYTRffiUS SETCHELLI, 1, 2, 3.
MESENCHYTFUEUS FRANCISCANUS. 4. 5.
PLATE V.
Mesenchytrcsus maculatus sp. nov.
FIG. I. Nephridium.
2. Penial bulb and chamber, from a transverse section of the body.
3. Nephrostome, side view.
4. Anterior somites, side view. The large white shield is an unpig-
mented field surrounding the spermathecal pore.
5 Atrium, just outside of the penial bulb, from a cross-section of the
body. Only two of the atrial gland fascicles are partly delineated.
Their ducts are seen to open into chambers situated between the
epithelial cells. These pockets are filled with eosinophil granula-
tions from the glands.
(136)
H.AE. VOLXII.
PLATE V.
BUSTAVE1SEH.DEL
LITH BRITTON
ENCHYTR/EID/E
MESENCHYTRSUS MACULATUS. 1, 2. 3. 4, 5.
PLATE VI.
Mesenchytrceus obscurus sp. nov.
FIG. I. Section through the spermathecal somite, illustrating the relative
size of the spermathecae. Section passes through only one of the
spermathecae.
2. Section through the body-wall of the male-pore, at.gl., atrial glands
scattered irregularly all around the atrium and opening into its
inner chamber; atr., atrium and sperm-ducts; p.blb., penial bulb;
f.gl., penial glands inside the penial bulb, opening at the pore ;
sfd., sperm-duct connecting ultimately with the funnel.
Mesenchytrceus eastivoodi sp. nov.
3. The male spermiducal apparatus. There are two atrial glands
opening into the atrium close to its base and adjoining the penial
bulb, atr., atrium; d. at.gl., ducts of atrial glands; at.gl., atrial
glands ; f.gl., penial glands opening in the penial bulb.
(138)
H.AE. VOLXII.
PLATE VI.
SUSTAV EI3EN.DEI,
ENCHYTR/tlDXE
MESENCHYTR/EUS OBSCURUS, 1, 2.
MESENCHYTRflSUS EASTWOODI, 3.
PLATE VII.
Mesenchytrceus grandis sp. nov.
FIG. i. Section through the sperm-sac, ferit., peritoneum ; m., muscular
layer; ef., epithelium.
2. Section through the lower part of the sperm-duct and the penial
bulb, at.gl., prostates opening into the atrium (the ducts of the
atrial glands are seen to pass down into the lower part of the sperm-
duct); d.at.gl., ducts of the prostates ; fb., penial bulb ; p.gl-, penal
glands (all are inside the bulb).
3, 4. Common lymphocytes.
5. Eosinophil lymphocyte.
6. Cyanophil lymphocyte.
Mesenchytrceus kincaidi sp. nov.
7. Section through the body, somite xn, passing through male-pores.
There is only a small penial chamber inside the bulb, but no atrium
in the same sense as in some other species of this genus. There
are no penial glands inside the bulb, nor are there any atrial glands
opening into the sperm-ducts.
Mesenchytrceus solifugus Emery.
8. Section through the penial pores and bulbs, atr., atrium of the
sperm-ducts ; ac.gl., accessory glands opening at the apex of the
penial papillae ; these glands do not enter the penial bulb. The
black part of this figure represents the body-wall strongly charged
with pigment granules.
(140)
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE VII.
ptrit •
DUSTAV E15EN.DEL
BFUTTDN * HEY: s r
ENCHYTR/EID/E
MESENCHYTFUCUS GRANDIS, 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
MESENCHYTFUEUS KINCAIDI. 7,
MESENCHYTFUEUS SOLIFUGUS, 8.
PLATE VIII.
Mesenchytrceus solifugus Emery.
FIG. I. Cross-section of the atrium, showing the entrance of three of the
atrial glands, at.gl., atrial glands; cr.m., circular muscles sur-
rounding the ducts of the atrial glands at their entrance into the
atrium; d.at.gl., ducts of the atrial glands continuing into the
atrium ; ep., a thick epithelial layer of cells surrounding the muscular
part of the atrium. The inner large cells are strongly charged
with eosinophilous granules. Similar granules are found in the
atrial glands in large quantities.
2. A detail of the point of entrance of a prostate in the atrium ; longi-
tudinal section.
Mesenchytrceus fuscus sp. nov.
3. Anterior somites.
4. Section through the male-pore, atr., atrium; at.gl., atrial gland;
spd., sperm-duct; p.gl., penial glands inside the bulb; m., muscles
separating the penial glands; c.m., circular muscles surrounding
the ducts of the atrial glands.
5. Cross-section of the atrium showing the entrance of one of the
atrial glands and circular muscles surrounding the ducts of four
other atrial glands, atr., atrium ; at.gl., atrial gland ; spd., sperm-
duct ; p.gl., penial glands inside the bulb; m., muscles separating
the penial glands; d.at.gl., ducts of the prostate cells. The fine
ducts, or prolongations of the unicellular atrial glands, are seen as a
mass surrounding the clear glandular epithelium inside the atrium.
(142)
PLATE VIII
BUSTAV EISEM.DEL
LITH .BRITTDH * HIV B
ENCHYTRXEID/E
MESENCHYTFWEUS SOLIFUGUS. 1, 2.
MESENCHYTFUEUS FUSCUS, 3, 4, 5.
PLATE IX.
Mesenchytrczus penicillus sp. nov.
FlG. I. Section through the somite containing the male-pore, pb., penial
bulb, sagittal section; at.gl., prostates opening through the bulb
into the atrium ; atr., atrium ; p.gL, penial glands inside the bulb ;
sp.s., sperm-sacs; os., ovisacs.
2. The lower part of the sperm-duct with the four atrial glands opening
into the atrium. Letters indicate the same as in fig. i.
Mesenckytrceus pedatus sp. nov.
3. Lymphocytes. These are of very large size and in this respect dif-
ferent from most other species of the genus Mesenckytrceus.
4. Section through the atrium, showing the inner epithelium, the
muscles, and the outer epithelium. There are no prostates in the
species.
5. Longitudinal section through somite xn passing through male-
pores, atr. , atrium; l.ch., lower chamber of the sperm-duct, a
secondary atrium ; p.blb., penial bulb containing unicellular glands ;
ac.gl., accessory glands opening at the apex of the penial papilla;
sp.d., sperm-ducts; s#.s., sperm-sacs; int., intestine (the dark lines
are blood vessels).
6. Cross-section through male-pores more highly magnified than in
the last figure.
(144)
• p. part
QUSTAVEISEH.DEL
LITH BRrrnra * BEV: B r
ENCHYTR/EID/E
MESENCHYTIVEUS PENICILLUS, 1, 2,
MESENCHYTR/EUS PEDATUS, 3, 4, 5, 6.
PLATE X.
Mesenchytrceus beringensis sp. nov.
FIG. x. Spermatheca. Side view. One spermatheca is seen entire. Of the
other only the junction with the intestine is shown.
2. Transverse section of the body in somite xn, passing through the
sperm-ducts and the male-pores. The penial bulb is seen to con-
tain large penial glands, while the absence of accessory and atrial
glands is prominently characteristic, p.ck., penial chamber; f.,
funnels; P-gl-> penial glands; sp.d., sperm-ducts.
3. Section passing through the male-pore and papilla ; from a trans-
verse section of the body, p.b., penial bulb; p.ck., penial chamber
or lower part of sperm-duct; p.gl., penial glands, opening around
the pores and entirely confined inside the penial bulb; atr., atrium
of the sperm-duct. The penial chamber is enclosed in a sheath of
circular muscles. A few intra-penial glands open around the pore.
(146)
H A.E. VOL XII
PLATE X.
BUSTAVEISEN.DEL.
ENCHYTR/EIDXE
MESENCHYTR<!EUS BERINGENSIS, 1. 2, 3.
PLATE XI.
Mesenchytrceus orcce sp. nov.
FIG. i. Spermatheca. One of average size ; in other specimens the ampulla
was considerably larger in proportion to the duct.
2. Section passing through the penial pore. The penial bulb is seen
to be unusually small, consisting only of muscle fibers and connec-
tive tissue. There are only atrial glands opening into the atrium at
or not far from the pore. The atrium is about twice as thick as the
sperm-duct. Two sections of the latter are seen in the figure. Only
the basal part of the atrium is engaged in the muscles of the penial
bulb.
Mesenchytrceus fontinalis sp. nov.
3. Part of the spermiducal apparatus ; only part of the duct is shown.
There are no prostates, only accessory glands opening at the apex of
the penial papilla. The funnel is shown to the left, gl.c., glandular
cells composing the bulb; atr., atrium; ac.gl., accessory glands
opening at apex outside of the bulb.
Mesenchytrceus asiaticus sp. nov.
4. Section through the penial bulb and part of the atrium. The atrial
glands and their entrance into the atrium are not shown in the
figure, but the ducts of the glands are indicated.
(148)
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE XI.
LITH BRITTtm «HEV:8F
ENCHYTR/€IDXE
MESENCHYTRffiUS ORCffi, 1, 2.
MESENCHYTR/EUS FONTINALIS, 3.
MESENCHYTfVEUS ASlATlCrUS. 4.
PLATE XII.
Bryodrilus udei sp. nov.
FIG. I. Section through the anterior somites, br., brain; pkx., pharynx ;
ffln., ganglion enclosed in the anterior septal gland ; sep.gl., anterior
septal gland; dv., dorsal vessel; dfv., diverticle of the intestine
(there are four of these diverticles, only two appearing in the sec-
tion).
2. One of the nephridia. The ducts are much ramified.
3. Section through somite v, showing the spermathecae and their
junction with the intestine.
3<z. A seta.
4. Section through the penial bulb. The lower part of the sperm-duct
is furnished with small glands opening in the duct. Another set of
glands open on the exterior of the bulb.
Lumbricillus merriami sp. nov.
5. Spermatheca.
Lumbricillus merriami elongatus var. nov.
6. Spermatheca.
H AE VOL XII
PLATE XII.
BUBTAVEISEH.DEL
LITH BRTTTaX * HE*. S 1
ENCHYTR/EID/E
BHYODRILUS UDZI, 1, 2. 3, 4,
LUMBRICrLLUS MERRIAMI, 5,
LUMB-RICILLUS MERR1AMI VAR. ELONOATUS. 6.
PLATE XIII.
Lumbricillus franciscanus sp. nov.
FIG. i. Section through the penial bulb. There are two sets of glands, one
set opening into the sperm-ducts, the other on the surface of the
bulb.
2. Section of one of the ventral glands.
Lumbricillus santceclarce sp. nov.
3. Section through penial bulb. At the top is seen the sperm-duct in
section ; surrounding the lower part of the duct are a set of unicel-
lular glands.
4. Section through one of the ventral glands.
Lumbricillus ritteri sp. nov.
5. Spermatheca. There are two sets of glands, one set around the
base, and another along the duct. The apical part connects with
the intestine.
6. Another spermatheca.
7. One of the testes.
8. a, b. Two lobes of the testis. The apical globular sacs are the sperm-
sacs.
9. Nephridium. The neck of the central part is strongly glandular.
H A.E. VOL XII
PLATE XIII.
BUSTAV EISEH.DEL
ENCHYTRXEIDXE
LUMBBICILLUS FRANCISCANUS, 1, 2,
LUMBPICrLLUS SANTiECLARff:, 3, 4,
RITTERI, 5. 6, 7, 8. 9.
PLATE XIV.
Marionina americana sp. nov.
FIG. i. Penial bulb. The section passes rather obliquely through one side,
and accordingly does not give a correct idea of the exterior shape of
the bulb. The heavy glandular cells probably open onto the exterior
in the same manner as in Marionina alaskce.
Marionina alaskce sp. nov.
2. Longitudinal section of the body-wall. There are two kinds of cells
in the epithelium, the narrower ones being touch-cells. The circu-
lar muscular layer is constructed on the nematode plan.
3. Section of spermatheca taken near the junction of the duct and the
ampulla. The cells of the lumen are ciliated. They show a clear
zone just back of the cilia, but owing to improper fixation more
details cannot be given. The outer dark zone represents the longi-
tudinal muscles.
4. Spermatheca. The figure is constructed from sections, and is accord-
ingly only approximately correct as regards the relative size of the
parts. The duct is covered with a strong layer of longitudinal
muscles.
5. Lymphocyte.
6. The penial bulb in longitudinal section. There are two kinds of
cells composing the glandular structure, one kind opening in the
sperm-duct, the other around the pore.
(154)
PLATE XIV
BUSTAVEISEN.DEL
ENCHYTRXEID/E
MARIONIA AMERICANA, 1,
MARIONIA ALASKA, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6.
PLATE XV.
Henlea californica sp. nov.
FIG. I. Penial bulb. The narrower glands open close to the sperm-duct,
while the wider and generally larger glands open along the base of
the papilla outside of the sperm-duct. The relative difference of
structure in the two sets of glands is diagrammatic. The narrower
glands possess by far the finest granulation.
Henlea ehrhorni sp. nov.
2. One of the salivary glands, dissected.
3. One of the salivary glands, dissected. The salivary glands in the
specimen that was sectioned are typical, and not folded on them-
selves as in the dissected specimen.
4. One of the salivary glands, dissected.
5. A nephridium.
6. Penial papilla and bulb. There are four sets of glands, two sets
opening into the sperm-duct, and two sets opening in or around a
small pore anterior to the spermiducal pore.
Henlea guatemalce sp. nov.
7. Penial bulb, showing the arrangement of the different glandular
cells.
Fridericia californica sp. nov.
8. Section through the penial bulb. There is only one kind of unicel-
lular glands, spd., sperm-duct ; p. bib,, penial bulb.
9. Chylus cells from the intestine, showing the interior chylus duct.
H.AE VOL XII.
PLATE XV.
BUSTAVErSEN.DEL
LITH BRITTOK * HE* B F.
ENCHYTRXEIDXE
HENLEA CALIFORNICA, 1,
HKNI.EA KHRHORNI, 2, 3. 4. 5, 6.
HENL>;A QOATEMAUE, 7,
FRIDERICIA CALIFORNJCA, 8. 9.
PLATE XVI.
Fridericia sonorce sp. nov.
FIG. i. Penial bulb and sperm-duct.
2. Section of the intestine in one of the somites posterior to clitellum,
showing three chylus cells separated by blood vessels. They are
lined by an inner ciliated epithelium. On the opposite side is a row
of muscular strands covered by chloragogen cells.
3. A chylus cell, showing interior canal and outer layer of ciliated epi-
thelium. The blood is represented as black. Diagrammatic.
Fridericia santcerosce sp. nov.
4. Penial bulb, in a transverse section of the body. The bulb contains
a row of unicellular glands, p.blb., penial bulb ; sp.d., sperm-duct ;
gl.c,, unicellular glands inside of the bulb, which constitute the
main part of the bulb.
5. Chylus cells from the intestine.
Fridericia johnsoni sp. nov.
6. A chylus cell from somite xn ; surrounded by two epithelial cells.
ep., epithelial cells; cAy., chylus cells; 61., blood vessel; chlor.,
chloragogen cells.
PLATE XVI.
BUSTAV EISEN.DEL
LITH HRITTtlN *HE<.BF
ENCHYTRXEID/E
FRIDERICIA SONOFUE, 1. 2. 3,
FRIDERICIA SANTXEROS^E 4, 5,
FRIDERICIA JOHNSONI, 6
PLATE XVII.
Fridericia fuchsi sp. nov.
FIG. I. Longitudinal section of the body-wall, showing the deltoid arrange-
ment of the circular muscular layer. The striated cytoplasm of the
large epithelial cells is only indicated.
2. Section through the intestine, showing chylus cells and flat and long
epithelial cells. Also interstitial cells with large round nuclei.
3. A chylus cell and epithelial cells, from the intestine, more highly mag-
nified than in the last figure.
Fridericia macgregori sp. nov.
4. Set of chylus cells from the intestine.
5. One of the chylus cells more magnified.
(160)
H.AE. VOLXII
PL ATt. XVI!.
BUHTAV BISEN.EEL
ENCHYTR/EIDXE
FRIDFJRICIA FUCHSI. 1. 2. 3,
E'RIDERICIA MACGREGOR1. 4. 5.
PLATE XVIII.
Lumbricillus annulatus sp. nov.
FIG. I. Section through the penial bulb.
Enchytrceus kincaidi sp. nov.
2. Testis and sperm-sac, the latter projecting into somite x.
3. Nephridium. It is composed of at least 30 cells.
4. Sexual bulbs with their papillae, from longitudinal section of the body.
The smaller complex is the anterior one.
Enchytrceus metlakatlensis sp. nov.
5. Nephridium.
Enchytrceus saxicola sp. nov.
6. Nephridium.
(162)
H AE. VOL XII
PLATE XVIII.
CUJ5TAV Elb^M.DEL.
LITH BRrrrnn
ENCHYTR/EIDXE
LUMBPUCILLUS ANNULATUS, 1.
ENCHYTIVEUS KINCAIDI, 2. 3, 4,
ENCHYTRiZEUS METLAHKATLENSIS, 5,
ENCHYTR/EUS SAXICOLA, 6
PLATE XIX.
Enchytrceus metlakatlensis sp. nov.
FIG. i. Longitudinal section of penial glands and papillae. The sperm-ducts
open between the two glandular accumulations.
Enchytrceus modes tus sp. nov.
2. Nephrostome of a nephridium, higher magnification than fig. 3.
3. Nephridium.
Enchytrceus alaskce sp. nov.
4. Cross-section of body just behind the male-pores, showing the
sexual papillae on both sides of the ventral ganglion. In sections
more forward the male-pores would lie in line with the points
marked x. The dorsal vessel although rising in xv has not yet
separated itself from the intestine.
5. Nephridium. The anterior part of the main body is strongly
granular.
6. Longitudinal section of the ventral part of the body wall passing
through the penial papillae. There are eight or nine bunches of
glands opening on the surface of the body. The penial papilla lies
to the right of this papilla.
(164)
H.A.E. VOL XII
PLATE XIX
GUSTAV EISEN.DEL
LFTH BtttTTDN
ENCHYTRXEID/E
ENCHYTR^EUS METI^AHKATLENSIS, 1,
ENCH\TR«US MODESTUS, 2. 3,
ENCHYTR^US ALASKA, 4-, 5, 6.
PLATE XX.
Enchytrceus alaskce sp. nov.
FIG. I. Transverse section of the body-wall passing through the male-pore
and the penial papillae. As will be seen, there are no glands open-
ing into the sperm-duct.
2. Spermiducal pore, sperm-duct, and two penial papillae.
Fridericia harrimani sp. nov.
3. Setae fascicle from rentral side.
4. Section of penial bulb, from a transverse section of the body.
Showing that the sperm-duct enters the bulb on one side and
nearer the base than in most other varieties. There are two kinds
of cells, some of which open into the lower part of the sperm-duct,
while others open on the free outer surface of the bulb.
5. Section of the intestine in somite xm, showing the chylus cell sur-
rounded by two epithelial cells and an interstitial cell. The chylus
canal is lined by a distinct membrane, the upper part of which is
ciliated. At the base of the chylus cell is a blood sinus.
(166)
H A.E. VOL XII.
PLATE XX.
f,Mh
BUSTAVEISEH.DEL
ENCHYTR/EID/E
ENCHYTR/EUS AIASK«, 1.2.
FRIDERICIA HARRIMANI, 3,4,5.
TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS OF TRIBES
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN
(167)
TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS OF THE TRIBES
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES FROM
THE PACIFIC OCEAN
BY KATHARINE JEANNETTE BUSH, PH.D.
CONTENTS
Introduction 169
Species previously recorded from the Pacific 172
New genera 178
Species new to the region 179
Systematic discussion 183
Bibliography] 269
Index 292
INTRODUCTION
PRACTICALLY nothing was known of the annelids of the
North Pacific coast before Johnson's valuable reports of 1897 and
1901 — the first entitled ' A Preliminary Account of the Marine
Annelids of the Pacific Coast,' the other ' The Polychseta of the
Puget Sound Region.' This is especially true of Alaska, a few
species only having been recorded north of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia ; therefore the collections made by Dr. William
E. Ritter, of the University of California, and Dr. Wesley R.
Coe, of Yale University, as members of the Harriman Alaska
Expedition of 1899, are of great interest.
(169)
170 BUSH
Of the 35 species from Alaska described as new to the North
Pacific fauna (p. 179), only 4 — Spirorbis spirillum (Linne)
and variety lucidus Montagu, Spirorbis morchi Levinsen,
Spirorbis quadrangular is Stimpson, and Spirorbis violaceus
Levinsen — appear to be circumpolar ; of these but one — Spir-
orbis spirillum (Linne), with its variety lucidus Montagu — ex-
tends southward along the California coast. Schizobranchia in-
signis sp. nov. appears at Vancouver Island, where also Eudis-
tylia tenella sp. nov. is found.
Of the remaining species, 9, as far as known, occur only
on the coast of California (at Pacific Grove), i on the coast of
Mexico, and i on the coast of Honolulu.
The 148 species given in the list (p. 172) as previously re-
corded from the Pacific were about equally distributed north and
south of the equator, there being but 9 more above than below
it before Moore (1904) added 13 from the coast of Japan; but
in the North Pacific those forming the more or less flexible
tubes are numerous, while in the South Pacific those building
firm calcareous ones predominate. Only 8, however, have thus
far been found from Puget Sound northward along the coast
of Alaska.
As will be seen by the following list, most of the forms, the
larger number of which are of unusual size, are representatives
of well-known genera.
Among the Polynoidae and closely related families, as well as
among the Sabellidae and Serpulidae, are to be found most of
the unique forms, although there are two very interesting sexual
individuals, one similar to that figured by Orsted (1843) as
PolybostrichuS) now placed with the Syllidae, and another, of
unknown relationship, which has the ventral surface covered
by large clusters of eggs attached to each segment in pairs.
LIST OF FAMILIES AND KNOWN GENERA REPRESENTED
IN THE COLLECTION.
APHRODITAC^E Harmothoe, 8 sp.
Iphione ? Lcenilla ?
POLYNOIDAE Polynoe, 2 sp.
Lepidonotus, 3 sp. Lepidametria f
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
171
SlGALIONID^E
Phloe
PHYLLODOCID^E
Phyllodoce, 4 sp.
Enlalidy 2 sp.
Etconc, 4 sp.
NEPHTHYD^E
NephthyS) 9 sp.
GLYCERID^E
Glycera, 4 sp.
STAUROCEPHALID^E
Staurocephalus
LUMBRINEREID^E
LumbrineretS) etc., 4 sp.
EUNICID^E
Leo dice
LYCORID^E
Nereis, 7 sp.
Autolytus (Polybostrichus)
Syllis
GnathosylliS) etc.
SPIONID^E
Scolecolepis
Polydora
Spio, etc.
CH^ETOPTERID^E
Chtztopterus
ClRRATULID^E
Cirratulus
ARICIID^E
Aricia
OPHELIID^E
Ammotry-pane
Ophelia
Trophonia, 3 sp.
Flabelligera^ 5 sp.
Brada, 4 sp.
EUPHROSYNID^E
Spinthcr ?
AMPHINOMID^E
Notopygus?
SCALIBREGMID^E
Eumenia
Scalibregma
TELETHUS^E
Arenicola, 2 sp.
CAPITELLID^E
Notomastus
MALDANID^E
Nicomache
Axiothella
AMMOCHARID^E
Ammochares, 2 sp.
AMPHICTENID^E
Pectinaria, 3 sp.
HERMELLID^E
Sabellaria
TEREBELLID^E
Amphitrite, 2 sp.
Terebella
Nicolea
Polycirrus
SABELLID^E
Sabella, 4 sp.
Parasabella, 2 sp.
Aspeira
Schizobranchia, 5 sp.
Eudistylia, 4 sp.
Chone
ERIOGRAPHIDID^E
Myxicola, 2 sp.
SERPULID^E
Serpula
Crucigera, 3 sp.
Hyalopomatopsis
SpirorbtS) 10 sp.
As an aid to students interested in the many much misunder-
stood forms found among the Sabellides and Serpulides, and
also because so little is known of those from the Pacific, descrip-
tions and figures of a few species collected in 1901 at Pacific
172 BUSH
Grove, California, by Dr. Coe, are added, and also some facts
regarding the few known species obtained farther south.
The Spirorbis group, recently found of so much interest
(p. 252), has been thoroughly studied as a whole ; the results are
here given in as condensed a form as seems possible without
interfering with a clear understanding of the many species.
The three following lists, although not properly a part of the
introduction, are placed here for convenience.
SPECIES PREVIOUSLY RECORDED FROM THE PACIFIC
ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
North Pacific.
Bering Sea :
1. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Leuckart, 1849, as Sabella?
figures, + Malmgren 1867, as Potamilla, figures, +
Marenzeller 1890). Also North Atlantic.
2. Euchone analis (Kroyer) Malmgren 1865, figures,
4- Marenzeller 1890. Also North Atlantic.
Puget Sound Region:
3- -?2 vancouveri (Kinberg 1866, as Sabella). See
p. 197.
4. Eudistylia polymorpha (Johnson 1901, as Bispira,
figures). South to Pacific Grove, California.
5. Mcgachone aurantiaca Johnson 1901, figures.
6. Myxicola pacifica Johnson 1901, figures.
7. Serpula columbiana Johnson 1901, figures. South to
San Francisco, California.
8. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson 1901, as Serpula, fig-
ures).
Central America to United States of Colombia :
9. Hydroides crtictgera (Morch 1863, as Eucarphus, fig-
ures). Central America, 14 fms.
10. Pomatostegus kroyeri Morch 1863, figures. Central
America.
1 When the generic name has been changed by subsequent writers, the original
one is also given after the name of the author.
* An interrogation mark in the place of the generic name indicates that the
description of the species is not sufficiently clear to determine its position.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 173
11. Spirobranchus incrassalus (Kroyer) Morch 1863, fig-
ures, + Ehlers 1887, figures.
12. Spirorbis marioni Caullery and Mesnil 1897, figures.
Panama.
13. Spirorbis langerhansi Caullery and Mesnil 1897, fig-
ures. Panama.
Honolulu :
14. Dasychone havaica (Kinberg 1866, as Sabella').
15. Demonax kruscnsterni Kinberg 1866.
16. Demonax cooki Kinberg 1866.
Japan :
17. Sabellafullo Grube 1877.
18. Sabella tricolor Grube 1877.
19. Sabella atilaconota Marenzeller 1884, figures.
20. Sabella japonica Moore 1904, figures. 63-75 frns.
21. Potamilla acuminata Moore 1904, figures. 153 fms.
22. Aspeira sp. ? (Marenzeller 1884, as Potamilla torelli
Malmgren, figures).
23. Pseudopotamilla suavis (Grube 1877, as Potamilla).
24. Pseudopotamilla myriops (Marenzeller 1884, as Pota-
milla, figures).
25. Paralaonome japonica (Marenzeller 1884, as Laonome,
figures).
26. Laonome tridentata Moore 1904, figures. 63-75 ^ms<
27. Dasychone japonica Mclntosh 1885, figures, + Moore
1904. 50 fms.
28. Demonax picta (Mclntosh 1885, as Dasychone, figures).
50 fms.
29. Hypsico mus phceotania (Schmarda 1861, as Sabella, fig-
ures) Marenzeller 1884, figures. Also Ceylon.
30. Hypsicomus lyra Moore 1904, figures. 63-75 fms.
31. Euchone alicaudata Moore 1904, figures. 153 fms.
32. Myxicola platychata Marenzeller 1884, figures.
33. Protula geniculata Moore 1904, figures. 63-75 fms*
34. Apomatus enosima Marenzeller 1884, figures.
35. ? ctenophora (Moore 1904, as Vermilia, figures).
36. ? pluriannulata (Moore 1904,33 Vermilia, fig-
ures). 45 fms.
37. Hydroides multispinosa Marenzeller 1884, figures, +
Mclntosh 1885, figures, non Fischli 1900, figures.
8-50 fms.
38. Eupomatus fusicola Morch 1863.
39. Eupomatus exaltatus Marenzeller 1884, figures.
174 BUSH
40. f diplochone (Grube 1877, as If ydr aides).1
41. Serpula jukesit Rand 1865 (?), figures, -f Grube2 1877.
42. Serpula granulosa Marenzeller 1884, figures.
43. Omphalopomopsis langerhansii (Marenzeller 1884, as
Omphahpoma^ figures) Saint-Joseph 1894, as type.
44. Pomatostcgus latiscapus Marenzeller 1884, figures, +
Moore 1904.
45. Pomatoccros helicoides Marenzeller 1884, figures.
46. Pomatoceros auritubis Moore 1904, figures. 45 fms.
47. Spirorbis argutus Bush 1904, figures. 34 fms.
48. Spirorbis bellulus Bush 1904, figures. 63-75 fms.
49. Spirorbis dorsatus Bush 1904. 63-75 ^ms'
50. Spirorbis foraminosus Bush3 1904, figures. 34 fms.
Hong Kong:
51. Dasychone orientalis Mclntosh 1885, figures. 10 fms.
Philippine Islands :
52. Sabella acrophthalmos Grube 1878.
53. Dasychone cingulata Grube 1878, figures.
54. Dasychone boholensis Grube 1878.
55. Dasychone serratibranchis Grube 1878, figures.
56. Eurato pyrrhogaster (Grube 1878, as Sabella, figures)
Saint-Joseph 1894, first species as type.
57. Eurato porifera (Grube 1878, as Sabella, figures) Saint-
Joseph 1894.
58. Eurato manicata (Grube 1878, as Sabella, figures) Saint-
Joseph 1894.
59. Eurato notata (Grube 1878, as Sabella) Saint-Joseph
1894.
60. r spectabtlis (Grube 1878, as Sabella, figures, +
Marenzeller 1884, as Laonome, figures, -f- Saint-
Joseph 1894, as Sabellastarte).
61. f zebuensis (Mclntosh 1885, as Sabella, figures).
95 fms.
62. f tenuitorquus (Grube 1878, as Potamilla, figures).
JThe operculum is described as two complete funnels bordered with deep ser-
rations, one above the other and may prove to be a Eupomatus.
8Grube's description of this species does not appear to agree very closely with
that of Baird.
3The description and figures of these four species (47-50) of Spirorbis were
prepared for insertion in Mr. J. Percy Moore's report on the Sabellas and Serpulas
collected off the coast of Japan by the U. S. steamer Albatross in 1900. This is
now passing through the press, with every probability of early publication. Mr.
Moore has very kindly furnished a list of species included in this paper.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
175
63. Pseudopotamilla polyophthalmos (Grube 1878, as Pota-
milla, figures).
64. Pseudopotamilla oligophthalmos (Grube 1878, as Pota-
milla, figures).
65. Myxicola ommatophora Grube 1878, figures.
66. Eucarphus cumingii Morch 1863.
67. Schizocraspedon furcifera (Grube 1878, as Hydroides^
figures). See p. 225.
68. Glossopsis minax (Grube 1878, as Hydroides, figures).
See p. 225.
69. ? philippensis (Mclntosh 1885, as Serpula, figures).
1050 fms.
70. Dasynema chrysogyrus (Grube 1878, as Serpula, fig-
ures) Saint-Joseph 1894, as type.
71. Pomatostegus actinocerus Morch 1863, figures, -f Grube
1878, as Serpula.
72. Spirobranchus semperi Morch 1863.
73. Spirobranchus tricornigerus (Grube 1878, as Serpula,
figures).
74. Spirobranchus quadricornis (Grube 1878, as Serpula,
figures).
75. Pomatoceros Bucephalus Morch 1863.
76. Placostegus porosus (Daudin 1800, as Vermetus, figure)
Morch 1863.
77. Placostegus ornatus (Sowerby, as Serpula, figure) Morch
1863.
78. Omphalopoma umbilicata (Morch 1863, as Placostegus).
79. Galeolaria hystrix Morch 1863.
80. Galeolaria tetracera (Schmarda 1861, as Pomatoceros^
figure).
81. Ditrypa gracillima Grube 1878.
Ternate Island :
82. Dasychonopsis maculata (Fischli 1900, as Dasychone,
figures).
83. Protulopsis nigra-nucha Fischli 1900, figures.
84. Eucarphus ternatensis (Fischli 1900, as Hydroides mul-
tispinosa Marenzeller, variety, figures).
South Pacific.
Peru and Chili :
85. f tilosaulus (Schmarda 1861, as Sabella, figures,
+ Kinberg 1866, as Demonax, + Ehlers 1901, as
Sabella).
86. f leucaspis (Kinberg 1866, as Demonax, + Ehlers
1901).
176 BUSH
87. f incertus (Kinberg 1866, as Demonax, + Ehlers
1901).
88. Zopyrus? sp. (Mclntosh 1885, as Vermilia, figures).
1450 fms.
89. Placostegus sp. ? Ehlers 1900, + 1901.
90. Spirorbis chilensis Gray 1849, + Ehlers 1901.
Straits of Magellan and vicinity:
91. Sabella sp. Ehlers 1901. 8-50 fms.
92. Sabella magelhtensts Kinberg 1866, + Ehlers 1901.
93. Paralaonome ? antarctica (Kinberg 1866, as Laonome,
+ Ehlers 1897, 1900, 1901). 2-12 fms.
94. Dasychonopsis curta (Ehlers 1901, as Dasychone, fig-
ures). 20 fms.
95. Fabricia alata Ehlers 1897, figures, -f 1901. 1-2 fms.
96. Oria limbata Ehlers 1897, figures, + 1901. 5 fms.
97. Serpula narconensis Baird * 1864, figures, variety ma-
gellanica Mclntosh 1885, figures. 15-175 fms.
98. Zopyrus loveni Kinberg 1866, + Ehlers 1901.
99. Metavermilia nigropileata (Ehlers 1900, + 1901, as Ver-
milia, figures).
100. Spirorbis nordenskjoldi Ehlers 1900, +1901.
101. Spirorbis perrieri Caullery and Mesnil 1897, + Ehlers
1900, + 1901. 20 fms.
1 02. Spirorbis lebruni Caullery and Mesnil 1897, + Ehlers
1900, + 1901. 20-25 fms.
103. Spirorbis levinseni Caullery and Mesnil 1897, -f Ehlers
1901.
104. Spirorbis patagonicus Caullery and Mesnil 1897, +
Ehlers 1901.
105. Spirorbis claparedei Caullery and Mesnil 1897} +
Ehlers 1901.
106. Spirorbis aggregatus Caullery and Mesnil 1897, +
Ehlers 1901.
Figi Islands and vicinity:
107. Sabella samoensis Grube 18.70.
108. Dasychone cingulata Grube 1870.
Mid Ocean :
109. ? ornatus* (Mclntosh 1885, as Placostegus, fig-
ures). 2375 to 3125 fms.
1 Ehlers 1901 refers this species to Serpula vermicularis Linne* 1767.
8This species is not a Placostegus as the uncini have but few coarse teeth sim-
ilar to Serpula. The operculum is protected by a calcareous plate. It is not prob-
able that this is identical with P. ornatus Sowerby from the Philippine Islands.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 177
no. ? benthalianus (Mclntosh 1885, as Placostegus, fig-
ures). 3125 fms.
in. Protoplacostegus mdrchii (Mclntosh 1885, as Placoste-
gus, figures). 2375 fms. See p. 226
New Zealand :
112. ? ceratodaula (Schmarda 1861, as Sabella, figures).
113. ? armata (Quatrefages 1865, as Sabella, figures).
114. ? grandis (Baird 1865, as Sabella).
115. Apomatus elisabethce Mclntosh 1885, figures.
116. Galeolaria hystrix Morch 1863, figures.
117. Galeolaria bottom' (Baird 1865, as Eupomatus, figures).
1 1 8. Eucarph us cumingii Morch 1863, variety navalis Morch
1863.
119. Sclerostyla zelandica (Baird 1865, as Serpula, figures).
1 20. Placostegus cariniferus (Gray 1843) Baird 1865.
121. Placostegus cceruleus Schmarda 1861, figures, + Morch
1863.
122. Spirorbis zelandicus Gray 1843, -f Morch 1863.
Australia :
123. Spirogr aphis australiensis Haswell 1884.
124. ? • velaia (Haswell 1884, as Sabella, figures).
125. ? punctulata (Haswell 1884, as Sabella, figures).
126. ? sulcata (Ehlers 1897, as Sabella) (Sabella fusca
Mclntosh 1885, figures, non Grube). 2-10 fms.
127. Filograna divaricata Morch 1863 (Serpula filigrana
Lamarck 1818).
128. Salmacina australis Haswell 1884, figures.
129. Galeolaria caspitosa Lamarck 1818, + Morch 1863, fig-
ures, -f Haswell 1884, as Vermilia.
130. Galeolaria elongata Lamarck 1818, + Morch 1863.
131. Galeolaria decumbens Sowerby, figures, -f Morch 1863.
132. Galeolaria rosea (Qjiatrefages 1865, as Vermilia, fig-
ures, + Haswell 1884, figures).
133. Galeolaria ? tetracera (Schmarda 1861, as Pomato-
ceros, figures) Morch 1863.
134. Hydroides elegans (Haswell 1884, as Eupomatus, fig-
ures).
135. Serpula jukesii Baird 1865, figures, + Haswell 1884.
136. Serpula vast/era Haswell 1884, figures.
137. Zopyrus kcempferi Kinberg 1866.
138. Pomatostegus strigiceps (Morch 1863, as Pomatoceros,
+ Mclntosh 1885, figures, + Haswell 1884, as Ver-
milia). 150 fms. Also New Zealand.
178 BUSH
139. Pomatostegus bowerbanki Baird 1865, figures, + Has-
well 1884.
140. Spirobranchus rostratus (Lamarck 1818, as Vermilid]
Morch 1863.
141. Spirobranchus morchi (Quatrefages 1865, as Cymo-
spira, -f Haswell 1884).
142. Spirobranchus brachycera (Baird 1865, as Cymospira,
figures, -f Haswell 1884).
143. Pomatoceros elephus Schmarda 1861, figures, + Has-
well 1884, figures.
144. Placostegus tceniatus (Lamarck 1818, as Vermilid]
Morch 1863.
145. Ditrypa strangulata Deshayes, figure, -f Morch 1863.
146. Spirorbis tricostalis Lamarck 1818, -f Morch 1863.
147. Spirorbis lamellosus Lamarck 1818, -f Morch 1863.
148. Spirorbis incisus Morch 1863.
NEW GENERA.
The following genera, fifteen in number, are here proposed :
Paralaonome.
Type, P. japonica (Marenzeller 1884, as Laonome, figures).
Metalaonome.
Type, M. marite (Lo Bianco 1893, as Bispira, figures).
Dasychonopsis.
Type, D. pattidus sp. nov.
Parasabella.
Type, P. media sp. nov.
Aspeira.
Type, A. modesta sp. nov.
Pseudopotamilla.
Type, P. reniformis (Leuckart 1849, Malmgren 1867, as
illay figures).
Schizobranchia.
Type, S. insignis sp. nov.
Eudistylia.
Type, E. gigantea sp. nov.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 179
Metachone.
Type, M. mollis sp. nov.
Protoplacostegus .
Type, P. morchii (Mclntosh 1885, as Placostegus, figures).
Rhodopsis.
Type, 7?. pusillus sp.* nov. (See Addendum.)
Metavermilia.
Type, M. multicristata (Philippi 1844, -f Marenzeller 1893,
as VermiHa^ figures).
Paravermilia.
Type, P. bermudensis sp. nov.
Schizocraspedon.
Type, S. furcifera (Grube 1878, as Hydr aides > figures).
Glossopsis.
Type, G. minax (Grube 1878, as Hydroides, figures).
SPECIES NEW TO THE REGION.
North Pacific.
Bering Sea :
1. Spirorbis spirillum Linne, variety lucidus Montagu.
South to Pacific Grove, California ; also Atlantic.
Alaska :
2. Sabella elegans sp. nov. Kadiak.
3. Sabella humilis sp. nov. Popof Islana.
4. Sabella leptalea sp. nov. Kadiak.
5. Sabella formosa sp. nov. Berg or Glacier Bay.
6. Parasabella media sp. nov. Kadiak.
7. Parasabella maculata sp. nov. Kadiak.
8. As-peira modesta sp. nov. Kadiak.
9. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov. Yakutat south to Vic-
toria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
10. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov. Unalaska Island to
Prince William Sound.
1 1 . Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
12. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
13. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov. Popof Island.
14. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov. Prince William Sound to
Yakutat.
15. Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov. Sitka.
ISO BUSH
1 6. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov. Yakutat to Sitka.
17. Chone teres sp. nov. Unalaska Island.
18. Myxicola conjuncta sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
19. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov. Unalaska Island.
20. Serpula splendens sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
21. Crucigera formosa sp. nov. Unalaska Island to Wrangel.
22. Crucigera irregularis sp. nov. Juneau.
23. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov. Prince William
Sound.
24. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov. Unalaska Island to
Sitka.
25. Spirorbis variabilis sp. nov. Sitka.
26. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen. Prince William Sound to
Sitka ; also North Atlantic.
27. Spirorbis incongruus sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
28. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson. Prince William
Sound ; also North Atlantic.
29. Spirorbis lineatus sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
30. Spirorbis similis sp. nov. Prince William Sound.
31. Spirorbis -violaceus Levinsen. Prince William Sound
to Sitka ; also North Atlantic.
32. Spirorbis spirillum Linne". Loc. ? to Santa Barbara,
California ; also North Atlantic.
33. Spirorbis rugatus sp. nov. Sitka.
34. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov. Prince William Sound to
Pacific Grove, California.
35. Spirorbis abnormis sp. nov. Sitka.
Puget Sound Region :
36. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov. Vancouver Island, British
Columbia.
California, Pacific Grove :
37. Parasabella sp.
38. Pseudopotamilla debilis sp. nov.
39. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov.
40. Metachone mollis sp. nov.
41. Myxicola ajfinis sp. nov.
42. Protula atypha sp. nov.
43. Eupomatus gracilis sp. nov.
44. Spirorbis eximius sp. nov.
45. Spirorbis comptus sp. nov.
Mexico :
46. Eupomatus humilis sp. nov.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES l8l
Honolulu :
47. Dasychonopsis •pallidus sp. nov.
South Pacific.
Australia :
48. Sptrorbts inversus sp. nov.
49. Spirorbis tridentatus sp. nov.
The accompanying heliotype plates are from photographs of
the annelids lying under water, that they might appear as life-
like as possible, a process developed by Mr. A. H. Verrill, who
has also prepared for reproduction most of the camera-lucida
drawings of the setae and opercula.
I am especially indebted to Professor A. E. Verrill and Dr.
W. R. Coe, of Yale University, for valuable advice and criti-
cism, and to Mr. J. Percy Moore, of the University of Penn-
sylvania, for many courtesies, especially the great privilege of
studying some of his North Greenland and Japanese forms.
YALE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM,
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT,
January, 1904.
ANNELIDS OF THE TRIBES SABELLIDES
AND SERPULIDES.
SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION.
Tribe SABELLIDES.
Family SABELLDXE.
Attempts have been made by several authors to arrange the many
and varied forms belonging to this group in analytical tables conven-
ient for interpretation.
Grube (1851) placed them all in Sabella, dividing and subdividing
the genus according to the form of the branchial lobes. Kroyer (1856)
separated the northern forms into various known genera, proposing
the name Bispira for those having the branchial lobes equal and
coiled spirally : " Foruden disse fzem Grupper mener jeg, at de Sabel-
ler, hos hvilke begge Gjasllebuskene danne Spiraler, m£ udgjore en
sjaette Slaegt, hvilken man maske kunde Kaldc Bispira"* He also
described many new species which he referred to the genus Sabella.
As no definite species was mentioned as type, and also as many of the
species referred by him and others to the genus Sabella have been
found to have their branchial lobes spiral or involute in retraction, it is
1This name Bis fir a, suggested by Kroyer (1856 — nomen nudum], without
adequate description or reference to any species, as cited above, was first used by
Claparede (1870) for Bispira -volutacornis (Rathke, 1843), supposing this to be
the same as Amphitrite volutacornis Montagu (1804) given by Quatrefages (1865)
as the first species under his genus Distylia, ignoring the fact that Kroyer had
called attention to their being distinct. Saint-Joseph ( 1894), notwithstanding he
mentions these facts, combines the two genera, making volutacornis Montagu
the type of the genus Bispira, eliminating the volutacornis Rathke as it is
synonymous with the rubropunctata Grube and referable to the genus Jasmineira
Langerhans (1880), type,/, caudata Langerhans. Other authors — Langerhans
(1880), Lo Bianco (1893), and Johnson (1901) — have added to the confusion by
applying Bispira to still other forms, which should be referred to as many dis-
tinct genera. It is therefore deemed desirable to restore Distylia for the volu-
tacornis Montagu, and if Bispira is to be considered, it apparently should be
studied in connection with its relation to Jasmineira.
(183)
184 BUSH
not surprising that this name (Bisp£ra)has, been applied by subsequent
writers to various distinct forms. Quatrefages (1865) made a careful
study of all the then known genera and species, giving descriptions and
some figures, also a good analytical table. He, however, ignored the
name Bispira of Kroyer, and proposed the new genus Distylia for
forms having the branchial lobes equal and coiled spirally, describing
and figuring the {Amphitrite) Sabella volutacornis Montagu (1804)
as the first species. Malmgren (1865-7) made the greatest advance
toward a possible correct interpretation of the northern forms by
introducing many new genera, giving excellent figures of the species,
especially of the setae, and referring most of Kroyer's new species to
those already described by Sars and others. Langerhans (1884) was
the first to attempt an analytical table based on the arrangement and
form of the seta. His knowledge of the genera, however, being de-
rived largely from published descriptions and figures, which often
proved inadequate, he cannot be followed with certainty. He makes
no mention of Distylia, and places Bispira in his second grand divi-
sion, far removed from the related genus Spirographis , which differs in
having the branchial lobes unequal and but one spirally coiled. His
conception of Bispira was probably suggested by Claparede, and is evi-
dently not that of Saint- Joseph (1894). The latter author has, by
studying the animals themselves, been able to correct many of the errors
hitherto overlooked. He follows Langerhans in making the arrange-
ment and form of the setas of great importance, but finds it necessary
to introduce several new genera for the reception of the various species.
In his analytical table there are some misconceptions which it seems
desirable to note. Under his second division the presence and position
of the eyes are made a distinguishing character, whereas it often happens
that species referable to the same genus may or may not possess them.
The genus Fabricia Blainville (1828), being said to have no collar,
is separated from Oria Quatrefages (1865), although Bourne (1883)
gives a good figure showing it to possess one. The two genera
Demonax and Parachonia of Kinberg are not mentioned.
A special division was necessary for the genus Protulides, as it was
described by Webster (1884) as having avicular uncini and pennoned
seta? in all the tori of the body. Numerous specimens from Bermuda,
recently studied, agree perfectly with Webster's description and figures
of the type species (P. elegans) with the exception that they have avic-
ular uncini only in the abdominal tori. Webster states that his descrip-
tion is based largely on notes made on specimens from Beaufort, North
Carolina. Andrews in 1891, however, in studying specimens from
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 185
Beaufort, found that they differed from Webster's description in this
same character (avicular uncini only in the abdominal tori) . As it is
hardly possible that two species would be found in the same two locali-
ties, which differ only in the same character, it is safe to assume that
the author's notes were at fault. It is therefore necessary to change this
character in the descriptions of both the genus and the species. This
change reveals the strong similarity between this genus and Hypsi-
comus Grube (1870) and Marenzeller (1884), non Ehlers (1887),
the two differing but little in form and arrangement of the setae, but
the collars are distinctly unlike. In Protulides it is of uniform depth,
like that of Chone and Euchone, and complete save the dorsal opening,
while in Hypsicomus it has a somewhat undulating edge and ends in
a ventral lobe on each side of the ventral fissure or cleft. Mclntosh in
his Challenger Report (1885) figures a seta and uncinus from a speci-
men {Laonome h&ckelii} from St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, of
which only the tail was found. The uncinus is given in a three-quarter
view, so that it is foreshortened. The same result was noticed in
mountings of the Bermuda species {Protulides elegans}, but pres-
sure turned the uncini, showing them in profile to have a posteriorly
elongated base. Ehlers (1887) and Saint-Joseph (1894) referred
Mclntosh's species to Hypsicomus; it is, however, identical with
Protulides elegans Webster. Notwithstanding the extended study
given by Saint-Joseph and the excellent results obtained, it has been
found impossible to place some of the new forms within the prescribed
limits of his analytical table. This is also true of several previously
described species. The genus Eudistylia, having equal spirally
coiled branchial lobes and two kinds of dorsal thoracic setae, should
combine with Distylia {Bispira) in his division I-A-3, but there no
eyes are mentioned, and the dorsal seta? in the type (D. volutacornis)
are superior ' limbate,' inferior * cimeter ' shaped, the latter com-
mencing on the fifth segment, while in the present form the inferior
ones are spatulate back of the collar fascicle, similar to those found in
Pseudopotamilla reniformis, as figured by Malmgren (1867). This
species has, however, simple branchial lobes, and is placed in his
second division under Potamilla.
In my studies it has appeared impractical to place too much impor-
tance on the kinds of setae alone, as the same forms are repeated in so
many different genera. It has seemed desirable to give more consid-
eration to the form of the branchial lobes and the branchiae themselves.
In all the typical Sabellas studied the rachises of the branchiae are dis-
tinctly four-sided, connected along their posterior portions by a deli-
i86 BUSH
cate membrane or web ; in the Parasabellas these change to less dis-
tinguishable four-sided ones, and the web is but slightly developed
or disappears, while in the Eudistylias they become distinctly three-
sided, rounded outwardly. They may also be simple, or many times
divided or split, as in the Schizobranchias.
It has also been found that, although so many valuable facts have
been so comprehensively presented by Saint -Joseph, there are still some
genera of which little is known, owing principally to the too broad
application by their authors, as evinced by the variety of forms referred
to them. This confusion has been greatly increased by subsequent
writers, none having restricted the genera to any one of the species
as a type, nor published figures as an aid toward a possible correct
interpretation. This is especially true of the genera Sabellastarte and
Demonax.
Sabellastarte was proposed by Savigny ( 1 809) as a group or divi-
sional name for Sabella-like forms having the branchiae arranged in a
double series. It was adopted as such by Grube and Quatrefages, but
Saint -Joseph, following Kroyer, used it as a generic name, without
presenting any additional facts in regard to the branchial lobes, form
of the collar, or form and arrangement of the setae. The two species
— Sabella indica Savigny and Sabella magnifica Shaw — apparently
agree only in having very long and numerous branchiae arranged in a
double series. The numerous figures given by Shaw show an interest-
ing and easily noted character, i. e., the absence of pinnae on the slen-
der banded rachises. Neither Quatrefages (1865) nor Marenzeller
(1884) mentions such a peculiarity as belonging to S. indica, thus
giving emphasis to the small importance of the arrangement of the
branchiae as the only generic character.
Marenzeller describes S. indica as having from 60 to 84 (in differ-
ent individuals) very long branchiae arranged in a double series, and
equal to about half the entire length of the body, which consists of
from 196 to 227 segments and measures from 80 to 135 mm. in length.
Quatrefages gives the setae as lanceolate in form, avicular uncini only
in the tori and the collar as four-lobed. It is proposed to restrict the
genus to this species as type. The genus Eurato Saint-Joseph (1894)
differs in not having the branchiae arranged in a double series. Seven
species are included in this 'without mentioning any special one for a
type.
Kinberg (1866) placed five species in his genus Demonax, the
first (D. krusensterni} and the last (Z>. cooki} being the only two
that from the descriptions appear to be at all alike. Therefore the
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 187
genus is restricted to these two species, with the first taken as type.
But, as no figures have been given, we can form no definite conception
of the form and arrangement of the seta? or of other important features,
showing the great need of a more careful study of these species.
In constructing the following analytical table for the genera which
are related to the genus Sabella, an attempt has been made to base it
on characters which can be readily seen with the aid of a good pocket
lens, the tables hitherto published being so complicated as to require
much careful microscopic work before one can arrive at the generic
relation of any species.
In studying the various forms representing the numerous genera,
certain details in structure are found to be repeated a certain number
of times, forming a definite sequence or continuous evolution, as in the
development of the collar.
Taking the form without a collar as the primitive type, the anterior
edge of the first segment becomes more or less elongated in front, form-
ing one or two more or less conspicuous lobes. When a collar begins
to develop, the entire anterior edge may be produced into a free mar-
gin without any openings ; or one incision or cleft may occur, forming
an opening on the back, the ends being in contact or meeting ; or only
a portion along the sides and in front may be produced, forming a
collar open on the back with widely separated ends. The same
process of development taking place in the anterior margin of the first
segment of the two-lobed type will produce a two-lobed collar, either
with ends in contact or separated on the back. When additional
incisions or clefts develop on the sides of either of these two-lobed
forms, two corresponding four-lobed collars are formed, those with
separated ends usually having the lateral incisions toward the front
(ventro-lateral), while in those where the ends are in contact the
incisions are toward the back (dorso-lateral). It therefore seems
desirable to use the collar as an important character in grouping the
genera. Other characters also of these primitive forms are found to
be repeated ; the setae and uncini especially, or variations of them,
being repeated many times in various combinations which can be ar-
ranged in definite groups.
It will be found that the concise facts in regard to many of the
36 genera cited are much too meager to render it possible for one to
place each genus in its exact or correct relative position. There is
still much work to be accomplished before a perfect analytical table
can be formulated.
l88 BUSH
ANALYTICAL TABLE FOR SABELLA AND RELATED GENERA.
i. Collar absent 2.
i'. Collar present 3.
a. Anterior edge of first segment produced in front, forming a small angular ven-
tral lobe.
Uncini in tori on abdomen ; beaked setae in tori on thorax.
(1) MYXICOLA (Koch 1846) Grube 1855 + Malmgren 1865, including Lepto-
chone Claparede 1870, teste Marenzeller 1893.
Type, M. infundibulum (Montagu 1808, figures) Koch 1846 -(- Saint-
Joseph 1898, figures. Greenland.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, lanceolate in form, /. e., tapered, more or less elongated,
widest near lower end of blade. Uncini similar in form to those of Lcu-
cariste Malmgren 1865 (Terebellacea). Ventral setae on thorax with
broadened curved (beaked) end, more or less serrate on top, on a long,
nearly straight shaft or manubrium, similar to those of Tercbellides.
2'. Anterior edge of first segment produced in front, forming two long, pointed,
ventral lobes.
Uncini in tori on abdomen ; uncini and pennoned setae in tori on thorax.
(2) AMPHIGLENA Claparede 1864.
Type, A. armandi Claparede 1864, figures, = A. medtterranea (Ley-
dig 1851) Claparede 1864+ Langerhans 1880, figures, -f Bourne 1883,
figures, + Saint-Joseph 1894, figures. Gulf of Naples.
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lance-
olate in form. Uncini avicular in form, those on the thorax the larger.
3. Collar entire, without incisions or clefts.
Pectinate setae in tori on abdomen ; beaked setae in tori on thorax.
(3) HAPLOBRANCHUS Bourne 1883.
Type, H. aestuarius Bourne 1883, figures. Coast of Isle of Sheppey,
England, and mouth of Liffey, Ireland.
Branchial lobes small, bearing few ciliated (without pinnae) branchiae;
one eye on ventral surface of each lobe, beneath collar. Inferior setae on
thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate in form. Setae in thoracic tori
approaching the form found in TrichobrancJuis Malmgren 1865 (Tere-
bellacea); setae in abdominal tori with laterally serrate broadened end,
on long shaft or manubrium, approaching that in Lagis Malmgren 1867
(Amphictenea) with the elongated base of that form turned downward
as a shaft or manubrium.
(4) MANAYUNKIA Leidy 1858 and 1884.
Type, M. speciosa Leidy 1858 and 1884, figures. Schuylkill River at
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Egg Harbor River, New Jersey.
Branchial lobes laterally elongated, bearing numerous ciliated (without
pinnae) branchiae ; 7 eye-spots on each lobe. Young resembling Hap-
lobranchtis. Setae somewhat resembling those of Haplobranchus.
3'. Collar open on back, either with or without incisions or clefts 4.
4. Collar open on back, without incisions or clefts (one-lobed) 5.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 189
4'. Collar open on back, with one or more incisions or clefts 6.
5. Collar with ends separated on back.
Pectinate setae in tori on abdomen ; beaked setae in tori on thorax.
(5) FABRICIA Blainville 1828. >
Type, F. fabricii (Muller) Fabricius 1780, figure. Greenland.
Branchial lobes small, bearing few branchiae with unequal, more or
less alternating, pinnae. Setae similar to those of Manayunkia.
Uncini in tori on abdomen ; beaked setae in tori on thorax.
(6) ORIA Quatrefages 1865 + Claparede 1870.
Type, O. armandi( Claparede 1874, figures) Quatrefages iS65-f-Clapa-
rede 1870 + Langerhans 1880, figures, + Saint-Joseph 1894, figures.
Gulf of Naples.
Branchial lobes with branchiae similar to those otFabricia. Setae also
similar to those of Fabricia. Uncini somewhat similar in form to those
of Ampharete or Amphicteis Malmgren 1865 (Ampharetea).
(7) ORIOPSIS Caullery and Mesnil 1896.*
Type, O. metchnikoivi Caullery and Mesnil 1896, figures. St. Vaast-
la-Hougue, northern coast of France.
Branchial lobes small, bearing few branchiae. Inferior setae on
thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate in form. Beaked setae some-
what similar in form to those in Jasmineira. Uncini somewhat similar
in form to those of Artacama Malmgren 1865 (Terebellacea), with more
numerous teeth.
Uncini only in tori on both abdomen and thorax.
(8) EURATO Saint-Joseph 1894 (restricted).
Type, E. pyrrhogaster (Grube 1878,' figures) Saint-Joseph 1894, as
first species. Philippine Islands.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax,
below collar fascicle, ' suboval ' in form. Uncini avicular in form.
5'. Collar with ends meeting, or in contact on back.
Uncini in tori on abdomen ; beaked setae in tori on thorax.
(9) CHONE Kroyer 1856.
Type, C. infundibuliformis Kroyer 1856 -f- Malmgren 1865, figures,
and 1867, figure. Spitzbergen.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax,
below collar fascicle, spatulate in form, i. «., short, rounded, widest in
middle or near upper end.
(10) MKGACHONE Johnson 1901.
Type, M. aurantiaca Johnson 1901, figures. Puget Sound.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, lanceolate in form. Uncini similar to, or approaching
1 Good figures are given by Bourne 1883 and Leidy 1884.
8 Although the collar is described as rudimentary or wanting, and no figures
are given, this genus is placed here conditionally, as it is said to possess some
characters similar to those in Oria.
•The collar is neither described nor figured with sufficient exactness for one to
determine its true character.
IpO BUSH
the form of those in Chone. Intermediate between those of Chone and
Euchone.
(n) EUCHONE Malmgren 1865.
Type, E. analis (Kroyer 1856) Malmgren 1865, figures, as first species.
Spitzbergen.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax,
below collar fascicle, subspatulate in form, i. e., short, tapered, widest
in middle. With caudal sucker.
(12) METACHONK gen. nov. (See p. 216.)
Type, M. mollis sp. nov., figures. Pacific Grove, California.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, clavate in form, /. e., long, rounded, widest near upper
end. Uncini similar in form to those of Euckone. Without caudal
sucker.
(13) PARACHONIA Kinberg 1866. *
Type, P. letterstedti Kinberg 1866. Cape of Good Hope.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, clavate in form. Uncini unknown.
(14) JASMINEIRA Langerhans 1880.
Type, J. caudata Langerhans 1880, figures. Madeira.
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, sub-
spatulate in form. Uncini avicular in form.
(.15) DIALYCHONE Claparede 1870.
Type, D. acustica Claparede 1870, figures. Gulf of Naples-
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, clavate
in form. Uncini somewhat similar in form to those of Sabellides Malm-
gren 1865 (Ampharetea), with smaller and more numerous teeth, the
lowest one larger than the others.
Avicular uncini in tori on abdomen ; avicular uncini and pennoned setae in
tori on thorax.
(16) PROTULIDES Webster 1884.
Type, P. elegans Webster 1884, figures. Beaufort, North Carolina,
and Bermuda. See p. 184.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Set* on collar in a dorsal,
oblique, linear series on each side. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar
fascicle, suborbicular in form.
6. Collar with only one incision or cleft (two-lobed) 7.
6'. Collar with three incisions or clefts (four-lobed) , 8.
7. Collar with ends separated on back.
Uncini only in tori on both thorax and abdomen.
,(17) LAONOME Malmgren 1865, non Kinberg 1866 nee Marenzeller 1884.
Type, L. kroyeri Malmgren 1865, figures. Spitzbergen.
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, orbic-
ular in form. Uncini similar in form to those of Euchone.
1 A thorough knowledge of this genus may render it necessary to combine it
with the preceding (Metachone).
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
(18) DEMONAX Kinberg 1866 (restricted).1 (See p. 186.)
Type, D. kruscnsterni Kinberg 1866. Honolulu.
Branchiae free, without outer appendages. Inferior setae on thorax,
below collar fascicle, lanceolate in form.
(19) DASYCHONOPSIS gen. nov. (See p. 198.)
Type, D.pallidus sp. nov., figures. Honolulu.
Branchial lobes small, not spiral ; branchiae free, with outer append-
ages. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate in form.
Avicular uncini in tori on abdomen ; avicular uncini and pennoned setae in
tori on thorax.
(20) BRANCHIOMMA (Kolliker 1858) Claparede 1870.
Type, B. vesiculosum (Montagu 1815, figures) Claparede 1870, figures,
-f- Langerhans 1884, figures + Saint-Joseph 1894, figures. Kingsbridge,
south coast of Devonshire, England.
Branchiae free; eyes subterminal. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, oblanceolate in form, *'. e., tapered, widest in middle, dif-
fering in length.
(21) PARASABELLA gen. nov. (Potamilla Malmgren 1865, in part, -f Maren-
zeller 1884, in part). (See p. 199.)
Type, P. media sp. nov., figures. Alaska.
Branchiae joined by a small membranous web ; eyes, when present, on
outer surface of the rachises. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fas-
cicle, oblanceolate in form.
7'. Collar with ends meeting or in contact on back.
Avicular uncini only in tori on both thorax and abdomen.
(22) PARALAONOME gen. nov. (Laonome Kinberg 1866 and Marenzeller
1884.) (Seep. 197.)
Type, P.japonica (Marenzeller 1884, figures). Japan.
Branchial lobes forming equal spirals. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, lanceolate in form.
(23) NOTAULAX Tauber 1879+ Levinsen 1883 (revised).
Type, Notaulax sp. Tauber 1879 = JV. rectangulatus Levinsen 1883,
figures.
Branchiae free. Setae on collar in dorsal, angular, linear series on each
side. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, spatulate in form.
Avicular uncini in tori on abdomen ; avicular uncini and pennoned setae in
tori on thorax.
(24) HYPSICOMUS Grube 1870 + Marenzeller 1884, non Ehlers 1887.
Type, H. stichophthalmos Grube 1863, figure, as first species. Adriatic
Sea.
Branchiae joined by membranous web. Setae on collar in dorsal, ob-
lique, linear series on each side. Inferior seta? on thorax, below collar
fascicle, ' broad oval ' in form.
1 At the present time very little is definitely known of this genus.
192
BUSH
(25) POTAMILLA Malmgren 1865 (restricted).
Type, P. neglecta (Sars 1861) Malmgren 1865, figures, as first species.
Off Finmark, in 20-40 fms.
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, sub-
spatulate in form, i. e., short, tapered, widest in middle.
(26) ASPEIRA gen. nov. (Potamilla Malmgren 1865, in part). (See p. 202.)
Type, A. modesta sp. nov., figures. Alaska.
Branchiae free. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, sub-
spatulate to oblanceolate in form, *. e., tapered, widest in middle, vary-
ing in length.
8. Collar with ends separated on back.
Incisions or clefts ventro-lateral and ventral.
Avicular uncini only in tori on both abdomen and thorax.
(27) SABELLASTARTE Savigny 1809+ Saint-Joseph 1894. (See p. 186.)
Type, 5. indica Savigny 1809, as first species, + Quatrefages 1865.
Indian Ocean.
Branchial lobes comparatively small, spiral only in retraction. In-
ferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate in form. Uncini
similar to those of Pseudopotamilla.
(28) METALAONOME gen. nov.
Type, M. marice (Lo Bianco 1893, as Bispira, figures). Gulf of Na-
ples. Branchial lobes spiral only in retraction. Inferior setae on thorax,
below collar fascicle, oblanceolate in form.
(29) DASYCHONE Sars 1861 -f- Malmgren 1865 (restricted).
Type, D. decora Sars 1861, as first species, = ? D. infarcta (Kroyer
1856) Malmgren 1865, figures. Coast of Norway.
Branchial lobes forming equal spirals ; branchiae with outer append-
ages. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate in
form.
Avicular uncini in tori on abdomen ; avicular uncini and pennoned setae in
tori on thorax.
(30) SABELLA (Linne*) Malmgren 1865.
Type, 5. pavonina Savigny 1809-}- Malmgren 1865, figures, as first
species. Coast of Norway, in 30-100 fms.
Branchial lobes spiral only in retraction ; branchiae joined by mem-
branous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate
in form.
(31) DISTYLIA Quatrefages 1865 {Bispira Saint-Joseph 1894). (See p. 183.)
Type, D. volutacornis (Montagu 1804, figures) Quatrefages 1865, fig-
ures. South coast of Devonshire, England.
Branchial lobes forming equal spirals. Inferior setae on thorax, below
collar fascicle, lanceolate in form.
(32) SPIROGRAPHIS Viviani 1805.
Type, 5. spallanzanii Viviani 1805, figures,-}- Claparede 1870, figures,
-f Saint-Joseph 1898. Gulf of Naples.
Branchial lobes forming unequal spirals ; branchiae joined by mem-
branous web. Inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, lanceolate
in form.
SABELLIDES AND SERPtfLIDES 193
8'. Collar with ends meeting or in contact on back.
Incisions or clefts dorso-lateral and ventral.
Avicular uncini in tori on abdomen ; avicular uncini and pennoned setae in tori
on thorax.
(33) POTAMIS Ehlers 1887.
Type, P. spathiferus Ehlers 1887, figures. Off the coast of Florida,
in 275 fms.
Branchial lobes small ; branchiae free, unequal. Inferior setae on
thorax, below collar fascicle, orbicular in form. Avicular uncini on
thorax in form intermediate between those of Jasmineira (as in J.
oculata Langerhans 1884) and those of Pseudopotamilla (as in /'. oculif-
era Leidy 1855).
(34) PSEUDOPOTAMILLA gen. nov. (Potamilla Malmgren 1865, in part).
(See p. 203.)
Type, P. reniformis (Leuckart 1849, figures, + Malmgren 1867, fig-
ures). Iceland.
Branchial lobes small ; branchi ae simple, free, equal. Inferior seta
on thorax, below collar fascicle, spatulate in form.
(35) SCHIZOBRANCHIA gen. nov. (See p. 205.)
Type, 5. insignis sp. nov., figures. Alaska.
Branchial lobes small ; branchiae free, divided. Setae similar in form
to those of Pseudopotamilla,
(36) EUDISTYLIA gen. nov. (See p. 209.)
Type, E. gigantea sp. nov., figures. Alaska.
Branchial lobes produced ventrally, forming equal spirals ; branchiae
in nearly uniform double series. Setae similar to those of Pseudopota-
milla, i. «., inferior setae on thorax, below collar fascicle, spatulate in
form.
Genus Sabella Malmgren 1865.
Type, Sabella pavonina Savigny.
In this genus the branchial lobes are small at base, free and more or
less prolonged ventrally, spirally coiled or involute in retraction, more
or less flaring when fully expanded.
The branchiae are nearly equal in length, arranged in a single series,
their rachises four-sided, being flattened on the back, the two outer
angles furnished with thin membranous edges, most developed and
sometimes ruffled along their anterior or distal portions, where they
frequently fold outward, toward each other, forming a conspicuous
groove. The two inner edges bear slender, more or less crowded pin-
nae which do not extend to the end, leaving a thin, flattened, more or
less bluntly rounded tip. They are connected along their posterior or
proximal portions by a more or less developed, thin, interbranchial
membrane or web. Eyes usually present, arranged in pairs on the
back, often concealed by color spots.
194 BUSH
Collar four-lobed, circular, with a slightly undulating rolling edge,
the lateral slits in front of the fascicles of seta?, or ventro-lateral, often
marked by a spot of color ; ventral lobes small ; dorsal lobes wanting,
the ends widely separated on the back, showing the cephalic region
with a deep median furrow defined by a conspicuous ridge on each
side. Inside the collar, opposite the ventral fissure, is a small, trian-
gular, median, somewhat bilobed cephalic swelling, often with two
conspicuous spots of color, bordered by a thin, often ruffled membrane.
Extending inward from this, along the base of each branchial lobe, is a
thin, moderately developed, often much ruffled membrane, which,
folding on itself, terminates at the ventral end of the lobe. Mouth
protected on each side by a moderately developed membranous lobe
supporting a very long, conspicuous, regularly tapered dorsal tentacle.
Fascicles of setae forming oblique series on the thorax, of two forms,
the superior ones linear, the inferior round and protected by an auri-
form membrane ; those on the abdomen comma-shaped.
All the setae limbate, of one form, long, regularly tapered, lanceo-
late, the two equal sides, seen only in a direct front or back view, ap-
pearing as a single border, as given by Malmgren in a direct profile
view ; varying in width, the superior ones much narrower than the
inferior and fewer in number ; on the abdomen they are less regularly
tapered. Along the tori on the thorax are two forms, avicular hooks
and pennant-bearing or pennoned * setae ; on the abdomen avicular
hooks only.
Atypical example of the type (Sa6el/a pavonina Savigny 1809)
has not been seen. The above description refers to forms like Sabetta
crassicornis Sars (1851).
Salella melanostigma Schmarda (1861), given by Ehlers (1887) as
a typical example of his interpretation of this genus, Saint- Joseph
(1894) placed in his new genus Eurato, under the second group in
his analytical table, for genera having avicular hooks only in the tho-
racic tori. Treadwell (1901) recorded this species from Porto Rico.
SABELLA ELEGANS sp. nov.
pi. xxvi, fig. 2; pi. xxvii, fig. 6c; pi. xxxni, figs. 20, 21 ; pi. xxxrv, figs. I, 4,
5, 10 ; pi. xxxvii, figs. 12, 33.
Type locality. — Kadiak.
1 These setae of the tori have the exposed end of the long shaft or manubrium
expanded into a short, more or less cordate-shaped, usually striated portion, bear-
ing a long transparent, flexible, pennant-like terminal portion. 'Cucullate,'
' mucronate,' ' en pioche,' and other terms have been used as descriptive of them.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
Color white, with the branchiae tinged with pink and conspicuously
spotted with dark purple, forming bands.
Number of segments about 80, of which 8 belong to the thorax.
The branchiae number about 22 in each lobe, not counting the 3 or
4 small ones at the lower or ventral end. They are about 16 mm.
long, broad and flat on the back, with the membranous edges ruffled
and very conspicuously developed along their distal portions.
Eyes in pairs, situated in the color spots, so that they are not readily
found.
Length of figured specimen 2.25 inches; breadth at base of collar
about 7.5 mm. ; length of thorax along seta? 7 mm.
Kadiak, July 3, four specimens.
This species closely resembles Sabella crassicornis Sars, as figured
by Malmgren (1865), but has more numerous branchiae and color
spots. It is easily distinguished from the other species of this region
by the regular arrangement of the color spots on the rachises and the
extending of the color onto the pinnae, which is unusual.
SABELLA HUMILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxvu, fig. 2 ; pi. xxxvi, figs. 4-11.
Type locality. — Popof Island.
Compared with the smallest specimen of S. elegans, which has
about 50 segments (7 on the thorax) in a length of 15 mm. and a
breadth of about 2.5 mm., this species is shorter, having 55 segments
(8 on the thorax) in a length of 1 1 mm. and breadth of 2 mm.
The branchiae, though of similar form, length, and number (12
pairs), have the basal membrane more developed and but three series of
unequal-sized spots of color, on most of which a pair of eyes is situ-
ated, while the former has six series of color spots of about equal size,
and regular in arrangement. There is also a noticeable contrast be-
tween the prevailing colors — deep crimson in the present species, and
pale yellowish white in S. elegans.
The tube is thin, horn-color, with a coating of very fine grey sand.
Popof Island, July 8, one specimen, dredged.
SABELLA LEPTALEA sp. nov.
pi. xxvu, fig. 6a ; pi. xxxni, figs. 5, 14, 27, 29 ; pi. xxxiv, figs. 6-9, 22.
Type locality. — Kadiak.
In form and coloring this species closely resembles S.formosa and
S. elegans, but differs in having the pinnae of the branchiae fewer,
shorter, and exceedingly delicate.
Ip6 BUSH
There are about 90 segments in the largest specimen, of which 8
belong to the thoracic region.
Branchial lobes small, considerably developed ventrally, each bearing
about 22 rather long branchiae, which are connected by a basal mem-
brane ; the rachises taper gradually toward the extremity, which often
bears a short, very delicate terminal filament; their two thin outer
edges are considerably developed and turn outward, especially near the
tip ; their pinnae are moderately long, exceedingly slender, and gradu-
ally decrease in length.
Eyes single or in pairs on nearly all of the brown color spots, which
number from 5 to 8 on different branchiae.
Length 75 mm. ; breadth at base of thorax 10 mm. ; length of
thorax along setae about n mm. ; length of branchiae about 19 mm.
Kadiak, July 3, three 9 specimens.
One specimen was taken from its tube, which is very thin and flex-
ible, of a dark purplish brown color, with a coating of very fine gray
sand.
SABELLA FORMOSA sp. nov.
pi. xxvn, fig. 66; pi. xxxin, fig. 32; pi. xxxiv, figs. 14, 21 ; pi. xxxv, figs. 7, 25,
30; pi. xxxvi, figs. 25, 32.
Type locality. — Berg or Glacier Bay.
A large species, similar in size and form to S. leptalea, of a beauti-
ful pink color, the branchiae of a deeper shade, with large brown
spots varying in number from 3 to 7 and not evenly spaced, as in S.
elegans.
In the largest specimen, which is distended with eggs and not very
well preserved, there are about 70 segments, of which 8 belong to the
thorax.
The branchial lobes arch well forward ventrally, the free portion
forming noticeable spirals when unexpanded. The branchiae, about
29 in each lobe, not counting 4 or 5 undeveloped ventral ones, are
comparatively long and slender, with closely crowded, very long and
slender pinnae, which decrease abruptly, leaving relatively short thin
ends. Eyes of good size, arranged in pairs on some but not all of the
brown spots.
Collar simply rounded at the ventral fissure, without angular lobes,
often with spots of brown at the bases of the noticeable lateral clefts.
Length of largest specimen about 100 mm. ; branchiae 23 mm. ;
breadth at base of thorax about 10 mm. Length of smallest specimen
about 47 mm. ; breadth about 7 mm.
Berg or Glacier Bay, June 10, four specimens, dredged.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
Tubes thin and flexible ; brown, with a tinge of pink ; joined to
each other, covered with exceedingly fine gray sand, to which delicate
hydroids are attached.
This is readily distinguished from the other allied forms by the more
numerous branchiae, with their very long crowded pinnae and irregu-
larly arranged brown spots.
SABELLA ( ?) VANCOUVERI Kinberg.
Sabella vancouveri KINBERG, Annulata nova, p. 353, 1866.
Type locality. — Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Nothing corresponding to this species occurs in the present collection.
It was described by Kinberg (1866) as having a stout body ; 8 or 9?
thoracic segments ; 182 branchiae on both sides, 18-23 mm- l°ng» with
5 purple bands ; setae limbate, hastate ; uncini ; length of the 36 an-
terior segments, 60 mm.
No mention is made of the form of the branchial lobes, yet the large
number of branchiae make it improbable that the species can be a typ-
ical Sabella. No species of Eudistylia, however, has more than 3
bands of color on the branchiae, and those of Schizobranchia are not
banded.
Genus Paralaonome nov.
Type, Laonome japonica Marenzeller.
The above species was erroneously referred by Marenzeller to the
genus Laonome of Malmgren (1865) , agreeing with L. kroyeri Malm-
gren, the type, only in having a single series of avicular uncini in all
the tori ; these differ greatly in form, however, being distinctly pro-
longed posteriorly, not truncated as in Malmgren's species.
The branchial lobes are large, prolonged ventrally, spirally coiled
in retraction, as in Sabella, and bear numerous branchiae arranged
in a double series.
The narrow four-lobed collar differs, also, from the much more con-
spicuous two-lobed one on L. kroyeri.
Paralaonome is therefore proposed for the reception of the Japan-
ese species, notwithstanding the fact that Saint- Joseph (1894) sug-
gested that it should be referred to the genus Sabellastarte Savigny
(1809), type S. indica Savigny (1809), although it does not appear to
agree very closely with the other species placed there.
Laonome antarctica Kinberg (1866) from the Straits of Magellan
may prove to be a related species.
190 BUSH
PARALAONOME JAPONICA (Marenzeller) .
Laonome japonica MARENZELLER, Siidjapanische Anneliden, p. 212, pi. in,
figs. 4(A-c), 1884.
Sabcllastarte japonica SAINT- JOSEPH, Ann61ides de Dinard, p. 249, 1894.
Type locality. — Japan.
Branchial lobes much prolonged ventrally, and spirally coiled in re-
traction, possibly unrolled in expansion, bearing 100 to no or more
moderately long branchiae arranged in two series, their wine-colored
rachises slender, four-sided, the two inner edges with closely crowded
yellowish pinnae. Eyes, if present, not discernible.
Collar inconspicuous, four-lobed, the dorso-lateral incisions forming
small dorsal lobes separated by a deep furrow ; at the ventral fissure
simply rounded without angular ends.
Number of segments about 200, of which 8 belong to the thorax, on
which the fascicles of setae, which are circular in form as in Sabella,
form very oblique series.
Setae on all of the segments long, regularly tapered, of two forms,
narrow and broad. Avicular uncini only in all the tori.
Length, without the branchiae, of a much contracted specimen 70
mm. ; breadth 10 mm.
The above characters are taken from a specimen in the Yale Uni-
versity Museum, and agree well with those given by Marenzeller,
differing only in size and number of branchiae, stated by him to be 144.
Genus Dasychone Sars 1861.
Type, Dasychone decora Sars = ? Dasychone infarcta (Kroyer
1856) Malmgren 1865.
The various species which have been referred to this genus vary so
greatly in the size and form of the branchial lobes, the size and arrange-
ment of the outer branchial processes, also the form of the collar, that
they need much careful study and separation, probably resulting in the
further division of the genus (see p. 192).
Genus Dasychonopsis nov.
Dasychone MALMGREN 1865, in part.
Type, Dasychonopsis pallidus sp. nov.
The type (Z>. pallidus), in its small (not spiral) branchial lobes and
bilobed collar, agrees with Dasychone argus Sars, as figured by Malm-
gren (1865). Both are unlike D. infarcta (Kroyer), supposed to be
identical with D. decora, given by Sars in 1861 as his first species and
therefore taken as the type of the genus Dasychone. This has the
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
199
branchial lobes much prolonged ventrally, and spirally coiled, and the
collar distinctly four-lobed, with conspicuous ventro-lateral and ventral
incisions. The name Dasychonopsis is therefore proposed for D. pal-
lidus sp. nov., as type. D. compressa Ehlers (1887) and D. curta
Ehlers (1901) are related species.
DASYCHONOPSIS PALLIDUS sp. nov.
Type locality. — Honolulu.
A small nearly colorless species, with long slender branchiae about
one half as long as body, a little rust color on the branchial lobes and
minute darker dots at the outer end of each torus.
Branchial lobes small, not prolonged ventrally, neither spiral nor
involute, bearing 9 pairs (18) of branchiae having slender four-sided
rachises, with moderately long, delicate, tapered tips, often curled in-
ward, connected posteriorly by a shallow inconspicuous membrane ;
slender, well-separated pinnae along their two inner edges, and com-
paratively stout tapered processes, forming 5 to 8 pairs, situated at
regular intervals along the two outer ones ; between the processes a
pair of yellowish brown eyes often occur ; at the edge of the inter-
branchial membrane a single long, slender process, turning outward,
arises from the dorsal outer edge of each rachis.
Collar two-lobed, without lateral incisions, of nearly uniform depth,
arising abruptly just above the dorsal setae, widely separated, ending in
angular ventral flaps.
Number of segments 18, of which 5 belong to the thorax, on which
the small circular fascicles of setae form oblique series.
Collar setae long, regularly tapered, of two forms, narrow and
broad ; on the other thoracic segments broad ones only ; on the abdo-
men they are of two forms, similar to those on the collar but much
longer ; uncini only in all the tori, those on the abdomen with more
numerous apical teeth.
Entire length 7.5 mm. ; branchiae about 4 mm.
Kinberg (1866) described Sabella havaica from Honolulu as hav-
ing the outer processes on the branchiae, characteristic of Dasychone.
Although similar in size (8 mm.) to the present species, it has 13
branchiae and 44 segments.
Genus Parasabella nov.
Type, Parasabella media sp. nov.
This generic name is proposed for species which, though resembling
typical Sabellas in form, have the branchial lobes small, but slightly
2OO BUSH
prolonged ventrally, with the branchiae not so distinctly four-sided, and
connected by a very slightly developed, posterior, interbranchial, mem-
branous web. The collar bilobed, without lateral incisions, widely
separated on the back, ending in more or less angular ventral ends.
All the fascicles of setae laterally elongated.
Setae on the thorax of two forms ; superior ones long, regularly
tapered ; inferior ones shorter, broader, and oblanceolate. Tori with
avicular uncini and pennoned setae.
Sabella microphthalma Verrill (1874) from the southern coast of
New England is a Parasabella.
PARASABELLA MEDIA sp. nov.
pi. xxvn, figs. 3-5; pi. xxxni, figs. 34-36; pi. xxxiv, fig. 3; pi. xxxvi, figs.
13, 14; pi. xxxvn, fig. 30.
Type locality. — Kadiak.
This small species is short and stout, abruptly tapered near the broad
posterior end, light brown in color, tinged with crimson, with the
branchiae variously spotted with dark brown.
Segments about 100 in the largest example, of which 8 belong to the
thorax, on which the fascicles of setae form oblique series.
Branchial lobes but slightly prolonged ventrally, bearing about 18
pairs of long, rather slender, much curled and twisted branchiae ; their
rachises not so distinctly four-sided as in Sabella, and not connected
by a noticeable basal membrane or web ; pinnae short, but little devel-
oped, leaving long tapered ends. The irregular development of the
pinna; and the curling of the branchiae are largely, if not entirely, due
to the presence of a curious parasite which attaches itself to, and
develops in masses along, the thin inner membranous edges of the
rachises. These masses are protected by a thin transparent wall.
Eyes none ; not discernible in preserved specimens.
Collar well developed, without lateral incisions, open on the back,
arising abruptly midway between the broad dorsal furrow and the first
fascicle of setae, ending in small, angular, ventral lobes.
Setae characteristic of the genus, with the exception of the pennoned
ones of the thoracic tori, which have one side larger than the other, and
developed into a long, slender, terminal filament, which is separated
or split at its base, from the pointed end of the shaft or manubrium.
Length of largest specimen about 35 mm. ; breadth at base of thorax
about 5 mm. ; at base of collar 4 mm. ; length of thorax along setae
about 5.5 mm. Length of smallest specimens 19 mm. ; breadth at
base of thorax about 4 mm.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 2OI
Kadiak, July 3, several specimens. Their tubes, which are semi-
transparent, horn color, with more or less foreign matter adhering in
patches, are attached in clusters or colonies.
PARASABELLA MACULATA sp. nov.
pi. xxvin, figs. 8, 9; pi. xxxm, figs. 8, 12, 33 ; pi. xxxiv, fig. 2 ; pi. xxxvi,
figs. 12, 15, l6, 21, 22.
Type locality. — Kadiak.
A rather long, slender species, yellowish white, with the branchiae
irregularly spotted with brown, each rachis having its two outer edges
marked by dashes and spots of dark chocolate brown, and the pinnae
banded with a lighter shade.
Segments rather long and well defined, about 70 in number, of
which 8 belong to the thorax, where the fascicles of setae are in nearly
straight series.
Branchiae about 14 pairs ; not joined by a basal web, narrow, with-
out noticeably thinner edges ; the pinnae of moderate length, gradually
decreasing toward the end, leaving a comparatively long, rounded,
tapered, naked terminal portion.
Eyes not discernible.
Collar well developed, round, of nearly uniform depth, arising
abruptly a little above the dorsal fascicles of setae, and ending in two
small ventral lobes.
Oral membrane conspicuous, tentacles long, broad at base, with an
opaque, rib-like median portion tapering into the long slender end.
Dorsal furrow conspicuous on the first three segments.
Length about 35 mm. ; branchiae about 10 mm. ; breadth at base of
thorax 3.5 mm.
Kadiak, July 3, one specimen.
Although so very dissimilar in general appearance, this species is
very much like the preceding in the coloring of the branchiae and form
of most of the setae, but those of the tori do not appear to have the
conspicuous split seen in that species (pi. xxxvn, fig. 30).
PARASABELLA sp.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
A very small colorless specimen, destitute of branchial lobes, has
the round bilobed collar and form of setae characteristic of this genus.
It has 8 thoracic and 50 abdominal segments.
Length 1 2 mm. ; of thorax 3 mm. ; breadth 2 mm.
2O2 BUSKt
Genus Aspeira nov.
Type, Aspeira modesta sp. nov.
Branchial lobes with small basal attachment, not spiral, without
ventral prolongation, and united dorsally, bearing a single series of
moderately long, simple plumose branchiae of about equal length, their
rachises rounded on the back and, along the two inner edges, having
a conspicuous ruffled membrane, most developed posteriorly, outside
of which the long, rather coarse, well-separated (especially posteriorly)
pinnas arise ; these extend nearly to the end of the rachis, leaving but
a very small tapered tip. Eyes none.
Collar bilobed, as in Potamilla, arising from the dorsal furrow and
continuing in an unbroken curve to the ventral fissure, where it ab-
ruptly expands into long, narrow, triangular processes, twisted strongly
backward. Inside the collar are two well-marked dorsal cephalic
swellings.
A conspicuous ruffled membrane extends inward from the ventral
fissure of the collar, inside each branchial lobe, folds on itself, and
terminates at the ventral end. On each side of the mouth is a very
large, irregular, leaf -like membranous lobe supporting a long, slender,
dorsal tentacle, which is attached near its base to the inside of the
branchial lobe.
Fascicles of setae laterally elongated as in Pseudopotamilla and
Eudistylia.
Setae of the collar fascicle and superior ones of the other thoracic
fascicles, with regularly tapered, lanceolate blades ; inferior setae,
back of the collar, vary from oblanceolate (the longer) to subspatulate
(the shorter) forms ; abdominal setae bent at the base of the long,
abruptly tapered blade. Thoracic tori with avicular hooks and pen-
noned setae ; abdominal tori with avicular hooks only.
This genus forms a connecting link between the genera Parasabella
and Potamilla.
ASPEIRA MODESTA sp. nov.
pi. xxv, fig. 3 ; pi. xxxvi, figs. 27-31, 33-35.
Type locality. — Kadiak.
Color in formalin yellowish, with the branchiae broadly and irreg-
ularly banded with light chestnut.
Number of segments about 90, with 6 on one side of the thorax and
7 on the other; the fascicles of setae in slightly oblique series.
Branchiae about n mm. in length, arranged in a single series of 13
equal pairs, besides 2 small undeveloped ventral ones.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 203
Length about 46 mm., or 1.6 inches; breadth 5 mm.; length of
thorax along setae about 5 mm.
Kadiak, July 3, one specimen.
Genus Potamilla Malmgren 1865.
Type, Potamilla neglecta (Sars).
The genus Potamilla of Malmgren appears to have been rather
vaguely used by subsequent writers. It was proposed in 1865 for the
species Sabella neglecta Sars (1851), redescribed and figured as the
first species, and Potamilla torelli Malmgren, which are readily dis-
tinguished, especially from species of Sabella, by the bilobed collar
meeting at the dorsal furrow and by shorter, broader, subspatulatc,
inferior thoracic setae ; their borders, however, being equal, not
unequal as given by Malmgren.
It was also suggested that Sabella reniformis (Miiller) Leuckart
might be referable to the same genus, but the excellent figures given in
1867 show a marked difference in the four-lobed collar with deep
dorso-lateral incisions or notches, as well as in the shorter, spatulate
inferior thoracic seta?. The new name Pseudo^otamilla is therefore
proposed for such forms.
All species hitherto referred to Potamilla need much careful study
before their correct relationship can be determined. Potamilla
malmgreni Hansen (1882) from N. L. 63-65° -f , W. L. 5-7° +, in
1163-1215 fathoms, should be referred to the genus Potamis Ehlers
(I887).1 The avicular thoracic hooks are somewhat analogous in
form to those in Euchone*
Genus Pseudopotamilla nov.
Type, Potamilla reniformis (Miiller -f Leuckart) Malmgren.
This generic name is proposed for species similar to P. reniformis
which have hitherto been referred to the genus Potamilla.
The branchial lobes are simple, and not prolonged ventrally, but
differ from those in Potamilla in having the dorsal ends protected by
a stiff, sharp or thin edge, often turning outward. Malmgren's figure
77A, pi. xni, 1867, is not sufficiently clear to show this.
The collar is four-lobed, meeting on the back, with small, angular,
dorsal lobes formed by conspicuous dorso-lateral incisions or notches,
and more or less developed, usually pointed, ventral ends.
'Type, Potamis sfatkiferus Ehlers, from off the coast of Florida, In 275
fathoms.
204 BUSH
Oral membranes as in Potamilla and related genera ; one extending
inward from each side of the ventral fissure, along the base of each
branchial lobe, folding on itself to the ventral end of the lobe ; the
other, inside this, more or less irregular, leaf-like in form, supporting
long, slender, tapered, dorsal ends.
Fascicles of the seta small, laterally elongated, in straight series ;
thoracic tori comparatively short, of about uniform length. Inferior
thoracic setae, back of the collar fascicle, spatulate in form.
Miiller 1771, as Amphitrite, Leuckart 1849, as Sabella, Quatre-
fages 1865 and Mclntosh 1868, as Sabella saxicava, Malmgren 1867
-f- Marion and Bobretzky 1875 -f- Marion 1878 -j- Langerhans 1884
-f- Andrews 1891 and Saint -Joseph 1894, as Potamilla, have published
figures of this species, but as there appears to be considerable variation
in the form of the setae, especially the uncini, it is probable that the
name has been sometimes erroneously applied.
In this genus can be placed Potamilla ocultfera Leidy (1855),
which has long been considered synonymous with P. reniformts.
Figures of the characteristic seta? of specimens (NO. 885 Yale Mu-
seum), collected at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, are given on pi. xxxiu,
figs. 6, 30; pi. xxxiv, fig. ii ; pi. xxxvn, figs, n, 13, 14, 29. Pota-
milla tortuosa Webster (1878), from the Virginia coast, has similai
inferior thoracic setae, and may possibly belong here. Mclntosh
(1885) thought this identical with the species from Torquay identified
by him as Sabella saxicava. Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Miiller)
was recorded from Bering Sea by Marenzeller (1890).
PSEUDOPOTAMILLA DEBILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxvi, figs. 23, 24, 26.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
A long, slender, delicate, nearly colorless specimen, has only faint
indications of brown along the distal portion of the branchiae, which
number about 16 in each lobe and are very long (about 7.5 mm.) and
very slender, with long, delicate, well-separated pinnae and a few
scattered eyes.
The collar has very wide dorso-lateral notches and long, narrow,
pointed, ventral ends.
There are 8 thoracic and over 50 abdominal segments (extremity
mutilated) .
Length of thorax along setae about 4 mm. ; breadth about 2.5
mm.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 205
Genus Schizobranchia nov.
Type, Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov.
The three most typical species (insignis, nobilis, and concinna)
of this genus are remarkable for their large size and beautiful deep
wine-colored, much-divided branchiae.
The small, nearly semicircular branchial lobes are simple, not
spiral, and bear long branchiae, stout at base, often irregularly arranged
in two series and usually regularly dichotomously divided from i to
6 times, so that the tips number several hundred. The ends of the
lobes are stiffened and protected by conspicuous, usually white, carti-
laginous edges.
The two much smaller species (dubia and ajfinis), however, and
the young of these large forms, do not have all the branchiae forked,
but some are simple, thus showing a connecting link with species of
typical Pseudopotamilla, in which all the branchiae are simple.
Eyes numerous, varying in size and arrangement along the back of
most of the rachises of the branchiae.
Mouth protected on each side by three deep membranous frills or
folds. The two outer ones form a single membrane, which is attached
at one end to the inner surface of the ventral edge of the branchial
lobe, extends inward along the base of the lobe to about the middle,
then, folding on itself, terminates at the collar fastened to the side of
the ventral fissure. The inner one, next the mouth, is large, irregular,
somewhat leaf-like in form, deepest ventrally and abruptly tapered into
a long narrow end ; dorsally bearing a delicate filamentose tentacle,
which arises from the inner surface of the dorsal edge of the branchial
lobe.
Collar four-lobed, as in Eudistylia and Pseudopotamilla ; deepest
along the sides beyond the small, angular, dorsal lobes, curving more
or less broadly and abruptly forward from the dorso-lateral notches,
ending in small angular processes on each side of the shallow ventral
fissure.
Body long and usually slender, more or less compressed dorso-ven-
trally, very gradually tapered to the pointed posterior end. Dorsal
groove most conspicuous on the first segments. Fascicles of setae
similar in form to those of Eudistylia and Pseudopotamilla, usually
in a nearly straight series on the sides of the thorax, often oblique in
much contracted specimens.
Setae similar in form to those of Pseudopotamilla.
Chitinous tubes usually solitary when fully developed, twisted about
one another in colonies or groups when immature ; thick along their
2O6 BUSH
lower embedded portions, of a rusty brown color, much thinner above,
of a light horn color, sometimes tinged with wine color, covered with
a thin layer of fine gray sand, to which small hydroids, ascidians, and
seaweeds adhere ; within, sometimes beautifully iridescent or silvery.
SCHIZOBRANCHIA INSIGNIS sp. nov.
pi. xxiv, figs, i, 2 ; pi. xxvii, fig. i ; pi. xxvin, fig. 5 ; pi. xxxv,
figs. 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 27.
Type locality. — Yakutat.
This large species is light brown in color, more or less tinged with
pink, with the branchiae sometimes of the same tone but usually of a
deep wine color.
Segments short, flattened, numbering about 180 in the largest speci-
mens, of which 8 belong to the thorax ; in those of medium size the
number varies from 6 to 8.
Branchiae stout at base, comparatively short, the larger portion of
them of nearly uniform length, measuring 17 mm. They are often ar-
ranged somewhat biserially, and number about 16 in the outer or
regular series ; in immature specimens the number often differs in the
two lobes. Each rachis is usually regularly dichotomously divided
from one to four times, so that there may be between 200 and 300 ter-
minal branches (occasionally one occurs which has three primary
divisions) ; the pinnae are long and slender, crowded distally, forming
very blunt, broadly rounded ends, which are often much twisted.
Eyes large, numerous, irregularly placed on the back of most of the
rachises, principally along the posterior portion.
Collar very deep at the sides, at the end of the slightly developed
dorsal lobes.
Fascicles of setae in slightly oblique series on the thorax.
Many of the specimens have eggs showing along the abdominal
tori.
Length of a perfect specimen about 158 mm., or 6.25 inches ; breadth
at base of collar about 7 mm. ; length of thorax along setae about 14
mm. A young, much contracted specimen has 18 pairs of branchiae,
all forked, the longest twice. It is about 5 mm. in breadth, and has 8
thoracic and 80 abdominal segments in a length of 37 mm. Another,
less contracted one, about 4 mm. broad, has 16 pairs of branchiae,
8 thoracic and 100 abdominal segments in a length of 75 mm. A
smaller one, about 3.5 mm. broad, has 18 pairs of simple branchiae, 8
thoracic and 50 abdominal segments in a length of about 20 mm.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
207
Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, June" i, one poorly
preserved specimen ; New Metlakatla, Annette Island, June 4, three
very young specimens ; Yakutat, June 19, numerous specimens.
SCHIZOBRANCHIA NOBILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxiv, fig. 3; pi. xxvin, fig. 7; pi. xxxin, fig. 22 ; pi. xxxv, figs, i, 3-6,
8, 10, n, 23.
Type locality. — Orca, Prince William Sound.
This species often has the whole body pervaded with pink or light
wine color, and is larger than the preceding (S. insignis), with
longer (about 23 mm.), more flexible, and more numerous branchiae,
there being about 26 in the outer series in each lobe, but similarly
divided, the longest 4 times ; the pinnae are less crowded, forming
more tapered ends.
Eyes numerous, varying in size and arrangement, sometimes with
a diagonal line of pigment.
Many of the specimens are without posterior portions. The largest
has 72 segments in a length of about 165 mm., or 6.5 inches. It is
about 8 mm. broad at base of collar, and the 8 thoracic segments meas-
ure about 15 mm. along setae. Two specimens " killed in formalin"
are much contracted, and vary in breadth at base of thorax from 10 to
12 mm. The anterior fascicles of setae form very oblique series, and
on one specimen number 9 in a length of 15 mm. ; on the other there
are 8 in a length of 12.5 mm. Both have lost posterior portions,
one having 60 segments in a length of 72 mm., the other 80 segments
in 98 mm. In one the branchiae, which number about 22 in each lobe,
are beautifully expanded, the longest measuring about 30 mm. They
are stout, unequal at base, and not regularly dichotomously divided,
some having 4 and 5 divisions, so that some of the tips are double and
some single, and may number 26 on a single branchia. Young speci-
mens common at Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island, about 3 mm. broad
and from 25 to 75 mm. long, have from 6 to 8 thoracic segments, 12
to 1 6 pairs of branchiae, the longest divided 2 or 3 times ; occasion-
ally one has 3 primary or basal divisions. A single specimen from
Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, differs from these in having 10
thoracic segments ; on one side two of them have two fascicles of setae
and two tori. A few specimens contain eggs.
Orca, Prince William Sound, June 25-26, several specimens ;
Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, June 27, one immature specimen ;
Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island, July 8 and 1 7, many young.
2O8 BUSH
SCHIZOBRANCHIA CONCINNA sp. nov.
pi. xxiii, figs. 2, 3; pi. xxvin, fig. 2; pi. xxxiv, figs. 15, 17, 18;
pi. xxxv, figs. 17, 24.
Type locality. — Orca, Prince William Sound.
At Orca, with the preceding species (S. nobilis}, the anterior por-
tion of a single specimen was found, which is remarkable for its slen-
der rounded form and long, unequal, very slender branchiae with their
numerous terminal branches, about 22 in each lobe, the long ones
about 30 mm. in length, often regularly forked 6 times, so that one
might have as many as 64 tips. The pinna are long and very slender.
The eyes are numerous and very conspicuous, though varying in size,
often with a diagonal line of pigment.
There are about 16 segments in a length of about 33 mm., 8 of
which belong to the thorax, which is about 7-5 mm. in breadth at base
of collar and 13 mm. in length along seta?.
Young, varying in size from n to over 50 mm. in length and .5 to
3 mm. in breadth, have 5 to 14 pairs of branchiae, 6 to 8 thoracic and
from 40 to over 60 abdominal segments. They differ from S. dubia
in having both body and branchiae tinged with delicate pink or wine
color and the setae andavicular uncini larger and more numerous.
SCHIZOBRANCHIA DUBIA sp. nov.
pi. xxvni, fig. i ; pi. xxix, fig. i ; pi. xxxni, fig. 7; pi. xxxvi, figs, i, 2, 3,
17, 18, 19, 20; pi. xxxvn, fig. 28.
Type locality. — Orca, Prince William Sound.
This species bears a superficial resemblance to Pseudopotamilla
reniformis (Miiller) and P. ocullfera Leidy, but differs in having
some of the branchiae forked.
The slender tubes are found in closely crowded masses.
The animals in preservation show but a slight tinge of brown on the
base of the branchiae, which are relatively long and slender, with long
graceful pinnae forming broadly rounded ends. Eyes very conspicuous.
There is great irregularity in the development of the 40 or 50 speci-
mens examined. Among those of the same size, the larger number
have 6 and 7 thoracic segments on opposite sides, a few have 8, and
one has 9 ; in those differing in size this inconstancy is still more
marked. The smallest specimen, about 6 mm. long and i mm. broad,
has 8 thoracic and 25 abdominal segments, 5 pairs of branchiae, the
dorsal ones forked; another, about 7 mm. long, has 8 thoracic and
about 50 abdominal segments, 7 pairs of branchiae ; another, 15 mm.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 209
long, has 6 and 7 thoracic and 50 abdominal segments and 8 pairs of
branchiae ; among the largest specimens, 67 mm. long and 2.5 mm.
broad, one has 7 thoracic and 115 abdominal segments and 14 pairs of
branchiae, and another has 8 thoracic segments and 15 pairs of branchiae.
There is also great diversity in the number of branchiae which become
forked.
The short tori and small fascicles of setae forming straight series along
the sides of the body, and the inferior spatulate setae usually arranged
in two parallel rows, appear to be constant in character.
Numerous specimens of a similar slender form collected at Dutch
Harbor, Unalaska Island, differ in their relatively shorter, stouter, more
divided branchiae and in the greater number and size of their setae and
avicular uncini, which agree in form with those of S. nobilis.
SCHIZOBRANCHIA AFFINIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxin, figs. 9, ii, 17, 23 ; pi. xxxv, fig. 9.
Type locality. — Popof Island.
Two small crimson or wine-colored specimens appear to have little
affinity with those of similar size belonging to other species. They
are immature, as only one has the longest dorsal branchiae forked; and
as they are said to have been dredged, they are probably the young
of some shallow- water form.
They are about 3 mm. in breadth, and have from 13 to 16 pairs of
branchiae about 7 mm. in length, which have long, rather stout, regu-
larly developed pinnae and a few conspicuous eyes. In both specimens
posterior segments are wanting. One has 9 thoracic and 35 abdom-
inal segments in a length of 27 mm., and the other has 8 thoracic and
20 abdominal segments, with well-developed eggs showing along
their tori, in a length of 28 mm.
Genus Eudistylia nov.
Type, Evdistylia gigantea sp. nov.
Like Distylia of Quatrefages (1865), this genus has the branchial
lobes equal and spirally coiled, forming more or less elongated, per-
manent spires, differing in this character from typical Sabetta and
other genera which have the branchial lobes attached but a portion of
their length, the more or less prolonged ventral portion being free
and spirally twisted or involute in retraction, flaring in expansion
(pi. xxvi, fig. 2) . Dorsal ends protected or stiffened by a conspicuous,
usually white, thin edge.
2IO BUSH
Branchia? numerous, usually simple, rarely divided, generally ar-
ranged in a single series, sometimes irregularly biserial, plumose, with
a stout, gradually tapered, three-sided stem or rachis, rounded on the
back, without appendages, flattened and slightly grooved along the
inner surface, with thin membranous edges along the two angles,
especially posteriorly, outside of which the long slender pinnae arise.
These decrease in length, more or less abruptly, near the end, leaving
a short tapered tip. Groups of from 2 to 6 long delicate cilia, arranged
in alternating longitudinal rows, are found on the surface of the pinnae,
under a high power.
Eyes usually present, irregularly arranged on one or both sides of
the back of some of the rachises.
Collar four-lobed, meeting on the back, but little developed dorsally,
arching more or less abruptly from dorso-lateral notches and continu-
ing obliquely in a more or less undulating curve to small ventral ends.
A thin, wide, ruffled membrane extends inward from the ventral
fissure along the base of the branchial lobes to the summit of each
spire. Next the mouth are two large, irregular, leaf-like tentacles.
Body more or less compressed dorso-ventrally, gradually tapered to
the pointed posterior end. Dorsal furrow very conspicuous anteriorly.
Fascicles of setae, forming more or less oblique series on the thorax,
of two forms : superior ones crescent-shaped, inferior ones laterally
elongated, protected by a conspicuous auriform membrane. On the
abdomen they are laterally elliptical.
Superior setae comparatively few, with narrow lanceolate ends.
Inferior setae more numerous, of two forms, those of the first fascicle
at the base of the collar with broader ends, those of the other fascicles,
in 6 to 8 parallel rows, with spatulate ends. Setae on the abdomen
somewhat similar to the inferior ones of the collar fascicle, but longer
and bent at the base of the blade. Two forms in the thoracic tori —
avicular hooks (uncini) and pennoned setae ; avicular hooks only in
the abdominal tori.
This genus is readily distinguished from Distylia by the spatulate
inferior thoracic setae.
EUDISTYLIA GIGANTEA sp. nov.
pi. xxi, figs, i, 2; pi. xxn, figs. 4, a, c, d\ pi. xxm, fig. i ; pi. xxv, fig. 4; pi.
xxxii, figs. 1-8, 10-14, 16, 17, 21, 23-26; pi. xxxiv, fig. 23.
Type locality. — Orca, Prince William Sound.
Color in formalin, yellow, tinged with brown, the branchiae with
three conspicuous bands of dark maroon or wine color. Small speci-
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 211
mens are much paler. Number of segments about 340, of which 8
belong to the thoracic region. They are very short on the abdomen,
so that the tori are closely crowded. Branchial lobes forming well-
separated spires of about 2^ turns, measuring about 16 mm. in height,
without branchiae.
Branchiae long and flexible, the longest from 33.5 to 36.5 mm. in
length in different specimens, numbering 125 to 135 in each lobe, and
usually arranged in a single series ; occasionally one occurs which has
an additional one in front of it ; one is also sometimes divided.
Eyes of good size, varying in number on different specimens and
also in number and relative position on the same specimen.
Collar increasing abruptly in height from the wide angular lateral
notches, slanting obliquely forward at a considerable angle, with
slightly undulating margin and ending in two prominent angular
processes on either side of the median ventral fissure.
Dorsal furrow very deep on the first few segments, turns to the right
at the seventh segment, passes diagonally across the eighth segment to
the ventral region, then diagonally across the first abdominal segment,
turning downward into the ventral groove at the second segment.
Length of largest specimen 12 inches, breadth at end of thorax
about 17 mm. ; length of thorax along setae about 13 mm., varying in
different specimens from 1 1 to 15 mm. Another perfect specimen is
9.75 inches long and about 15 mm. wide.
Tube solitary, more or less bent, of a tough brownish chitinous sub-
stance, the rough surface usually covered along the exposed portion
with sponges, ascidians, hydroids, seaweeds, etc.
Yakutat, June 22, two small specimens ; Orca, Prince William
Sound, June 25, ten large specimens ; Virgin Bay, Prince William
Sound, June 26, two small specimens.
Some of the specimens are abnormally developed. In the one fig-
ured, where an injury has been repaired, the symmetry in the arrange-
ment and form of the thoracic setae is interrupted, on one side between
the sixth and seventh segments and on the other between the seventh and
eighth. The additional one has no slender lanceolate superior setae,
but a somewhat elliptical fascicle of spatulate setae, like the inferior ones ;
no torus, but an elliptical fascicle of setae similar to those on the abdo-
men. Another, which also shows repairs of injuries, has 10 thoracic
segments and smaller branchial lobes forming spires of about i£ turns,
with but 70 to 80 shorter (about 27 mm.) branchiae arranged mostly
in a double series, sometimes branched, rarely more than once. The
avicular hooks also vary somewhat in form.
212 BUSH
In some, eggs are seen through the integument along the abdominal
tori.
A number of parasitic nematode worms were taken from the entire
length of one specimen which was dissected. They were twisted about
the spirally coiled intestine, filling the cavity on the sides of the segments.
EUDISTYLIA PLUMOSA sp. nov.
pi. xxi, figs. 3, 4; pi. xxn, fig. 4, £; pi. xxxn, figs. 9, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22.
Type locality. — Sitka.
Color in formalin, light brown, the branchiae banded with delicate
pink. The specimen is imperfect, there being but about 60 segments,
of which 8 belong to the thoracic region. On the abdomen they are
about twice as long as in the other related species, and well rounded.
Branchial lobes forming spires of 3 full turns measuring in height
about 13 mm. without the branchiae, which are beautifully plumose,
long (about 22 mm.), very graceful, rarely divided, numbering about
135 in each lobe, arranged in a single series.
Eyes small, few, scattered, being present on but a few of the rachises.
Collar with very small dorsal lobes, increasing abruptly in height
from small lateral notches, arching upward and forward in a regular
curve to the conspicuous ventral ends.
Dorsal furrow very deep on the first three segments, turns to the
right, passes diagonally across the eighth segment to the ventral region,
curves around the fascicle of setae of the first abdominal segment, and
merges into the ventral groove on the second.
Length 4.5 inches; breadth at the end of thorax about 12 mm.;
length of thorax along setae about 13.5 mm.
Sitka, one imperfect specimen with a tough, semitransparent, chiti-
nous tube.
This species can be readily identified by its rounded, little-tapered
form, long and rounded segments, high collar, and very graceful and
plume-like branchiae.
EUDISTYLIA ABBREVIATA sp. nov.
pi. xxiv, fig. 4; pi. XXXIH, figs, i, 2, 10, 18, 5; pi. xxxiv, figs. 13, 16.
Type locality. — Yakutat.
Although similar in coloring to E. gigantea, this species is easily
recognized by the comparatively short, stout branchiae. Medium-sized
specimens (pi. xxiv, fig. 4) show a striking resemblance in form to
species of Schizobranchia.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 213
Branchial lobes forming low spires of about 2 turns, with 70 or So
short (about 16 mm.), stout, stiff, rarely divided branchiae. Eyes very
small and few in number.
Collar deep along the sides, curving abruptly and obliquely from the
dorso-lateral notches to the rounded ventral ends.
Thoracic segments 8 ; abdominal segments in a medium-sized per-
fect specimen about 240; one very large mutilated one has over 325
segments.
The former is 6.5 inches, or 164 mm. long, 12 mm. along thoracic
setae, and 8.5 mm. broad at base of collar. Large ones are 12 mm.
broad, and probably attain a length of 10 or 12 inches. One of the
smallest specimens, with about 100 segments, is 30 mm. long and about
2.5 mm. broad.
Tubes covered with rather coarse black and variegated sand, which
in turn is sometimes overspread by compound ascidians.
Yakutat, June 22, seven specimens ; Ocean Cape, Yakutat, five
specimens; Sitka, June 17, one specimen.
EUDISTYLIA TENELLA sp. nov.
pi. xxii, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. xxni, figs. 4, 5; pi. xxxin, figs. 16, 19, 24; pi. xxxiv,
fig. 12 ; Pl. XXXV, fig. 22.
Type locality. — Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
This species is at once distinguished by its very delicate branchiae,
the inner edges of their very slender rachises bordered by opaque yel-
lowish crenulations from which the exceedingly fine cilia-like pinnae
arise.
In the largest specimen the segments are irregularly developed on
both the thorax and abdomen, especially along the middle portion,
where some are divided on one side and others on the opposite side,
the total number, however, being about the same (175) ; of these 10
on the left side and 1 1 on the right side belong to the thorax, the ir-
regularity occurring on the first three segments. Three smaller speci-
mens are, however, symmetrically developed and have but 8 thoracic
segments.
Branchial lobes forming low spires of about 2 turns, bearing from
70 to 75 very slender branchiae in an irregular double series, measuring
about 1 6 mm. in length, usually of a very delicate pink color, some-
times with a broad band of deep wine color near their tips. Eyes none.
Collar with inconspicuous dorsal lobes, and wide shallow lateral
notches, from which it slants obliquely forward to the small ventral
ends.
214
BUSH
Length of largest specimen about 4.5 inches ; breadth at base of
collar 6 5 mm.; length of thorax along setae 15 mm. A more con-
tracted one is 3.25 inches long, 8 mm. broad in middle of thorax.
Victoria, British Columbia, June i, four specimens.
EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA (Johnson).
Bispira polymorpha JOHNSON, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 29, p. 428,
pi. 17, figs. 179-183; pi. 18, figs. 184, 185, 1901.
One young from Pacific Grove, California, and two well-grown speci-
mens from Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, are readily
identified by their conspicuous black eyes (pi. xxix, fig. 6).
Recorded by Johnson1 from Pacific Grove, California, to Puget
Sound, Washington.
EUDISTYLIA INTERMEDIA sp. nov.
pi. xxxni, figs. 26, 28; pi. xxxiv, figs. 19, 20, 26; pi. xxxv, figs. 21, 29.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
Animal in formalin, pale cream color, with a brownish tinge on both
the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the thorax, and a spot of dark bluish
pigment showing through the integument at the side of each fascicle
of setae ; a similar color showing also along the anterior abdominal
tori ; a broad band of brown and pinkish purple on the lower portion
of the branchiae, and a narrow, scarcely discernible pink one farther out.
Branchial lobes forming spires of about 3 turns, 13 mm. in height,
each with 60 or more rather slender branchiae, the longest about 18
mm. Pinnae numerous and closely crowded. The thin dorsal ends of
the lobes very noticeable. Eyes very small and scattered.
Collar but slightly developed dorsally, narrow on the sides, arching
obliquely forward in an undulating curve, ending in small rounded
ventral ends.
There are 8 thoracic and about 175 abdominal segments.
Length without branchiae 144 mm. ; breadth of thorax 10 mm. ;
length along setae 1 1 mm.
This species is readily distinguished from E. ^polymorpha (John-
son) by its more numerous branchiae, inconspicuous eyes, and form
of the avicular uncini, which have much shorter, stouter necks, longer
beaks, and are larger and less evenly rounded in front.
Johnson's figure 179 on plate 17 is given as the ' ventral aspect'; it should
be ' dorsal.' Also in his description on p. 428 ' dorsal ' should read ' ventral,' and
vice vena.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 2 15
CHONE TERES sp. nov.
pi. xxx, fig. i ; pi. XXXVH, figs. 16-23.
locality. — Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island.
A very slender species of a uniform yellowish tint, with very short
branchiae and very gradually tapered posterior end without ventral
groove or sucker.
In the single specimen preserved in its tube, the segments, about 80,
of which 8 belong to the anterior region, are not very clearly defined.
Branchiae very short, about 12 in each lobe, longer in the right than
in the left one, probably due to inequality in contraction, the longer
twisted about the shorter, their rachises connected for the greater part
of their length by a delicate membrane. They are furnished on their
inner surface with numerous very delicate pinnae, which end abruptly,
leaving a thin, comparatively short, broad, abruptly tapered, naked,
terminal portion. Eyes none.
Collar very deep, about 2^ times that of the first segment. Above
there are several very long delicate filaments, either abnormal pinnae or
undeveloped branchiae. There are two short, stout, dorsal tentacles.
Both dorsal and ventral grooves or furrows clearly defined ; the
dorsal one turning abruptly to the right passes between the eighth and
ninth (last thoracic and first abdominal) segments diagonally across
the latter below, and merges into the ventral one.
Fascicles of setae in very straight series, as is usual in this genus.
Superior fascicle very small, of but a few slender limbate setae (pi.
xxxvii, fig. 16) placed on the first segment at the base of the collar
and on the succeeding segments above the elongated inferior fascicle of
two rows of spatulate setae (fig. 20), which is above and in front, or
forward of and somewhat oblique to the short torus having a single
row of hooked setae (fig. 21). There are also found in the superior
fascicles a few with abruptly bent shafts — bayonet setae (fig. 1 8) . On
the abdomen the setse are slender, limbate (fig. 17), in an elongated
fascicle just in front of and below the very short torus of uncial plates
(figs. 22, 23).
Length about 56 mm. ; branchiae about 8 mm. ; anterior or thoracic
region 9 mm. ; breadth 2.5 mm.
Tube rough, thin, flexible, semitransparent, amber color, more or
less tinted with brown, with very little adhering sand.
Although no mention of figures of odd ' bayonet ' setae have been
noticed in descriptions of any of the known species of this genus, they
are not regarded of sufficient importance to warrant any change in the
2l6 BUSH
generic name, especially as they may be easily broken or not mounted
in such a way as to show, and are consequently overlooked.
Chone duneri Malmgren (1867), from Spitzbergen, is a slender
species, but is only half as long as the present one, with fewer, very
long branchiae having long, slender, naked terminal portions. Chone
infundibuliformis Kroyer (1856), specimens of which from Green-
land are before me, is a short stout species, with conspicuously
marked segments and grooves, with very long branchiae which number
about 22 in each lobe.
Genus Metachone nov.
Type, Metachone mollis sp. nov.
The setae on the thorax of M. mollis are similar to those of Dialy-
chone acustica Claparede (1870) from Naples, the type of the genus
Dialychone, but the abdominal uncini are more nearly like those found
in species of Euchone; while in D. acustica they more nearly re-
semble those of Sabellides Malmgren 1865 (Ampharetea), with the
lowest tooth larger than the others.
METACHONE MOLLIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxv, figs. 19, 20, 28.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
A slender colorless specimen has lost a posterior portion, so that its
exact generic position is uncertain. The setae are similar to those of
Megachone aurantiaca Johnson (1901), but there are additional in-
ferior clavate ones on the thorax, which were not found in that
species.
In the one branchial lobe preserved there are 17 branchiae, with
slender tapered tips and long delicate pinnae, connected for the greater
part of their length by a delicate web.
Collar deep, with dorsal incision only, i. e., open on the back, with
ends in contact.
Length of 8 thoracic and 10 abdominal segments 27 mm., breadth
2.5 mm. ; length of branchiae about 8 mm. ; length of thorax about
10 mm.
The species described and figured by Verrill (1885) as Sabella picta
is a Metachone.
Marenzeller (1890) recorded Euchone analis (Kroyer) Malmgren
from Bering Sea. It is possible that on further examination this may
prove to be a distinct species, more nearly related to M. mollis.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
Family ERIOGRAPHIDID^E.
MYXICOLA CONJUNCTA sp. nov.
pi. xxvi, figs. I, 4, a; pi. xxxvm, figs. i-n.
Type locality. — Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound.
In general appearance this species closely resembles the Myxicola
stecnstrupi Kroyer from the Bay of Fundy.
Like that species its body is a pale yellow color, but the pinnae of
the branchiae are of a decided brown, which shows through the pale
rachises and web, giving a tinge of color to the whole. There is also
sometimes a tinge of brown on the thorax.
The body gradually tapers, both forward and backward, from the
end of the thorax, and differs considerably in length in full-grown
specimens. The segments, which are well marked, biannular, vary in
number from 100 to 115, of which 8 belong to the thorax.
As the branchiae arise directly from the edge of the first segment,
there are no smooth basal portions or lobes visible. There are 20 on
each side, which are moderately long and tapered, their rachises con-
nected by a membranous web for the greater part of their length, leav-
ing comparatively long, slender, unadorned free ends ; pinnae numer-
ous, very long and slender. Eyes none.
There is no collar, but the edge of the first segment is drawn inward
on each side on a line with the fascicle of seta?, and below it is pro-
duced forward into a thin median triangular lobe, to protect the ven-
tral branchial opening. A conspicuous membrane arises on each side
of the dorsal groove or furrow, passes inward between the dorsal
division of the branchiae and around the mouth, forming two loops ;
there are no tentacles.
The dorsal furrow is conspicuous the entire length of the thorax,
turns to the right, passes diagonally across the eighth and ninth (first
abdominal) segments, and merges into the but faintly indicated ven-
tral furrow.
The fascicles of setae form straight series along the sides of the body,
and are at first round and cushion-like in form, but decrease in size
and become laterally compressed and somewhat elliptical in form on
the succeeding segments.
On the first segment the setae are of one form, long, with short,
rather broad blades terminating" in long slender capillary ends, and
are arranged like needles around the edge of a cushion. The setae of
the next four segments are similar to these. On the sixth to eighth
segments additional, often more slender, spear-shaped or hastate setae
2l8 BUSH
occur in the middle of the fascicle, which also have long slender
capillary tips ; these apparently become worn off, as the simple spear
is often seen, and they often have more color than the other setae. The
hooked setae are difficult to find, probably because easily broken, but
have been seen on all but the first segment, never more than two together.
On the abdomen the setae are spear-shaped, with long terminal fila-
mentous ends. The uncial plates have a long slender primary tooth
and a shorter closely appressed secondary one. They form a nearly
complete circle around the body, passing posterior to the fascicles of
setae, interrupted only by a narrow ventral area.
Length of one of the largest specimens 120 mm. ; breadth at base of
thorax 7 mm., at first segment 5 mm. ; length of branchiae about 17
mm. A much more contracted specimen of 85 segments is about 55
mm. in length, 9 mm. in breadth at base of thorax, and 4.5 mm. at
first segment, with the branchiae 14 mm. in length. The smallest speci-
men, of about 50 segments and 10 pairs of branchiae, is 15 mm. long,
besides 7 mm., the length of the branchiae.
Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, June 27, sixteen specimens em-
bedded in thick jelly.
MYXICOLA AFFINIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxvin, figs. 17-20.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
A specimen filled with eggs, of a decided yellow color, with a
greenish tinge to the branchiae, especially the very long pinnae, has
8 thoracic and 50 abdominal segments and 20 pairs of branchiae with
comparatively long, free, slender tapered tips.
It is very like specimens of Myxicola steenstrupi Kroyer (see pi.
xxxvin, figs. 13-16, 21, 22, 24) from the Bay of Fundy, but has the
limbate setae much broader, and the hooked thoracic setae (numbering
14 on the last segment) stouter and much less curved.
Length 4.5 mm. ; greatest breadth of thorax 5.5 mm., of first seg-
ment 4.5 mm. ; length of branchiae 12 mm., of free end 3 mm.
Myxicola pacifica Johnson (1901) is a larger species, with 9 tho-
racic segments and 14 pairs of very long (21 mm.) branchiae.
MYXICOLA GLACIALIS sp. nov.
pi. xxii, fig. i ; pi. xxv, figs, i, a; pi. xxvi, fig. 4, b\ pi. xxxvni,
figs. 12, 23, 25-32.
Type locality. — Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island.
This is a slender species, with the body of the usual cream color, the
thoracic region and branchiae colored with deep purple having a tinge
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
2I9
of brown. In life " white or yellowish with brown purple branchiae."
Like all the species, there are the longer and shorter forms, but all
taper gradually backward from the first segment, and have long, well-
marked, biannular segments, which vary in number from 70 to 100, of
which but 3 belong to the thorax.
There are 14 pairs of branchiae, each with a rather short and broad
terminal portion reaching beyond the web ; the long, well-separated
pinna? are sometimes much curled and twisted.
The triangular ventral lobe of the first segment is well developed ;
the lateral puckerings are not always noticeable, and the distinction
between the thoracic and abdominal regions is not clearly defined by
a groove or furrow.
The hooked setae, 4 in number, were found on the second and third
segments and the uncial plates on the fourth (first abdominal) seg-
ment, and form a complete circle around the body commencing at about
the twelfth segment, passing posterior to the fascicle of setae.
The largest specimen is about 80 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad at
the first segment; branchiae about 13 mm. long. The smallest speci-
men, of about 50 segments, with 9 pairs of branchiae, is about 17 mm.
long and 2.5 mm. broad, with the branchiae 5 mm. long.
Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island, July 8 and 17, thirty specimens
embedded in much mucus under and between stones on shelly sand.
Tribe SERPULIDES.
Family SERPULHXE.
Comparatively few authors have attempted any systematic work on
this difficult group. Philippi in 1844 gave results of his study of the
Mediterranean forms ; Morch in 1863 reviewed all the then known
species and gave fine figures of the operculum of many of them ;
Levinsen in 1883 added to the northern forms, but, as in the case of
the Sabellides, Saint- Joseph in 1894 gave an extensive analytical table
of the known genera, proposing many new ones, based on the different
forms and arrangement of the setae.
In studying many species, however, one soon finds it impossible to
adopt all of his changes, especially in the genus Spirorbis (see p. 252),
and that, although so many new names appear, there are still many
interesting and peculiar forms which require to be separated under
new genera ; no attempt, however, has been made to find the correct
generic relation of all the species hitherto published.
As similarly stated under the Sabellides, the following analytical
table for the genera which are related to the genus Serpula is based
220 BUSH
primarily on characters readily seen with the aid of a good pocket lens.
In instances, however, where the operculum has been lost other
characters become most important, so that owing to the very small size
of many of the animals higher powers are required.
Many forms which have simple tapered setae in the collar fascicle
are found to possess uncini and abdominal setae which differ decidedly
in form, so that many of the genera are based on these two characters.
This is especially true of species hitherto referred to the genus Ver-
milia Lamarck 1818. As no figures appear to have been published of
the setae and uncini of the type species ( Vermilia triquetra Lamarck) ,
the only known character by which the genus is distinguished is the
operculum with a calcareous plate, which was figured by Philippi in
1844. Langerhans in 1880, however, described and figured a species
identified as Vermilia polytrema Philippi, which has not only the cal-
careous plate on the operculum but also two basal horny or chitinous
spine-like processes, not unlike the figure given by Philippi 1844.
The uncini have rather numerous long sharp teeth, the lowest much
larger than the others and notched in the end, giving a bifid appear-
ance ; the abdominal seta? are trumpet-shaped, with a long slender end.
The Vermilia nigropileata Ehlers 1901 has similar uncini ^ but the
operculum is described as having a black horn-colored end without
calcareous deposit. The Spirobranchus occidentalis Mclntosh has a
similar black horny cap on the operculum and similar uncini. Several
species from Bermuda with a similar operculum are often found with
the horny end covered by a thin layer of calcareous deposit which can
be readily cleaned off. It is not improbable that the same condition
existed in Lamarck's and Philippi's species and has been overlooked.
" Operculum testaceum orbiculatum, simplex," was interpreted by
Philippi as ' calcareus operculum.' The Bermuda species, however,
as well as those described and figured by Marenzeller 1893 an^ Moore
1904 have uncini and abdominal setae very unlike those given by Lan-
gerhans, Mclntosh, and Ehlers, and also differ from each other. Ver-
milia multivaricosa (Morch 1863) Marenzeller 1893, having the ab-
dominal seta? strongly geniculate with, broad angular tapered blades,
was made the type of the genus Vermiliopsis by Saint- Joseph 1894.
The figures of Vermilia infundibulum Claparede 1870 and those of
Vermilia spirorbis Langerhans 1883 do not appear to agree very
closely with this species, although Marenzeller made them synonymous.
Vermilia multicristata (Philippi 1844) Marenzeller 1893, having
but slightly bent, narrower, regularly tapered abdominal setas, as well
as different uncini, is here referred to the new genus Meta-vermilia, as
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 221
type; and one of the Bermuda species (P. bermudensis sp. nov.)
having nearly straight regularly tapered setae similar to those on the
thorax, with deeply serrate edges and still different uncini, is made the
type of another new genus, Paravermilia. The thoracic setae in all
three forms are regularly tapered, differing only in their comparative
length and breadth ; the opercula are also alike in having a horny or
chitinous end which varies greatly in form. In the Bermuda species it
forms a high, irregularly bent or curved tapered cone made up of sev-
eral unequal parts which fit on to each other, resembling a spiral shell.
The uncial plates in the numerous forms belonging to this family
show great variability in form, are often very irregular in outline,
but the opposite sides stand in definite relation to each other so that
' tetragonal,' ' rectangular,' * rhomboid' and ' trapeziform' have been
adopted for them in the following table.
ANALYTICAL TABLE FOR SERPULA AND RELATED GENERA.
i. With an operculum 2.
i'. Without an operculum (see p. 226) 14.
a. One or more entire branchiae differentiated into or replaced by a peduncle
bearing an operculum 3.
a'. Tip only of one or more branchiae differentiated into an operculnm-like
organ (see p. 226) u.
3. Operculum furnished with a calcareous plate 4.
3'. Operculum furnished with a chitinous or horny plate (see p. 223) 8.
4. Collar setae present 5.
4'. Collar setae absent.
(1) PLACOSTEGITS Philippi 1844.
Type, P. tridentatus (Fabricius 1779, as Serpula, -f- Gunnerus 1768,
figure, as Serpula triquetra, -\- Philippi 1844, figure, as P. crystallina)
Morch 1863, as first species, also as P. tricuspidatus, -f"Levinsen
1883, figures, -f-Marenzeller 1893, figures. North Atlantic Ocean, in
20-200 fms.
Uncial plates rectangular in form, with very numerous fine appressed
teeth, the lowest large and fang-like. Operculum with calcareous plate.
(2) PLACOSTEGOPSIS Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, P. langerhansi (Marenzeller 1893, as Placostegus, -fLanger-
hans 1883, figures, as Placostegus tricuspidatus, non Sowerby) Saint-
Joseph 1894. Madeira, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncini similar to those in Spirorbis. Operculum with a simple cal-
careous plate.
5. Superior setae not simple tapered blades 6.
5'. Superior setae simple tapered blades.
(3) DASYNEMA Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, D. chrysogyrus (Grube 1878, figures, as Serpula) Saint-Joseph
1894. Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean.
222 BUSH
Uncini somewhat similar to those in Spirorbis ( ? ), " pectiniform with
numerous teeth." No figure. Operculum with shallow calcareous cap.
(4) VERMILIA Lamarck 1818, + Philippi 1844, restricted.
Type, V. triquetra Lamarck 1818 (non Serpula triquetra Linne"), +
Philippi 1844, figure, + Morch 1863, as V. dinema, Mediterranean Sea.
Uncial plates not known. Operculum with elongated, somewhat cyl-
indrical calcareous cap, figured as not covering the entire end of the
operculum, thus giving the appearance of basal processes.
(5) POMATOCEROS Philippi 1844.
Type, P. triquetra (Linne" 1767, as Serpula, -j- Leuckart 1849, as P.
tricuspis, non Philippi 1844, figure) Morch 1863, as first species, +
Saint-Joseph 1894, figures.1 North Sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates trapeziform, with pointed teeth, the lowest one larger
than the others. Operculum with calcareous plate bearing a cluster of
yellowish spines (usually three). See pi. XLIV, fig. 3.
(6) GALEOLARIA Lamarck 1818.
Type, G. ccespitosa Lamarck 1818, -f- Morch 1863, as first species.
Australia, Pacific Ocean.
Uncini unknown. Operculum with tessellated calcareous cup bearing
variable movable spines.
6. Superior setae variable in form,
(7) SPIRORBIS Daudin 1800 (see p. 236).
Type, S. spirorbis (Linn^ 1760, + Daudin 1800, as 5. iorealis) (see p.
262). North Sea on Fucus, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates somewhat rectangular, with rather numerous appressed
equal teeth. Operculum with the calcareous plate variable in form.
6'. Superior setae constant or uniform 7.
7. Superior setae with posterior fin-like expansion.
(8) FILOGRANULA Langerhans 1883.
Type, F. gracilis Langerhans 1883, figures. Madeira, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates similar to those in Spirorbis. Operculum with calcare-
ous concave cap.
7'. Superior setae geniculate, with numerous small spines at base of blade.
(9) POMATOSTEGUS Schmarda 1861.
Type, P. stellata (Abildgaard 1789, figures, as Terebella] Schmarda
1861, as P. macrosoma, figures, + Morch 1863, -(- Baird 1865, + Bene-
dict 1886, figures. West Indies, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates tetragonal, with numerous pointed teeth, the lowest one
larger, blunt and more conspicuous than the others. Operculum con-
sisting of a number of separate calcareo-chitinous or horny plates joined
by a central axis in the form of a pyramid.
(10) SPIROBRANCHUS Blainville 1817. (Cymospira Savigny 1809, -f- Blainville
1828.)
Type, 5. giganteus (Pallas 1766, figures, as Serpula, + Blainville 1828,
figures, as Cymospira}, Morch 1863, figures, + Ehlers 1887, figures.
West Indies, Atlantic Ocean.
1 In the series of specimens from Denmark, in the Yale Museum, some of the
opercula have apparently lost the spines, which are replaced by a conspicuous
node of calcareous deposit. The collar setae are small and few in number.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 223
Uncial plates tetragonal, with somewhat irregular, pointed teeth, the
lowest one larger than the others, often blunt, twisted. Operculum with
a calcareous plate bearing a cluster of branching spines.
8. Collar setas present g,
8'. Collar setae absent.
(n) RHODOPSIS gen. nov. (see p. 179 and Addendum).
Type, R. pusillus sp. nov. Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates tetragonal, with appressed teeth, the lowest larger than
the others. Operculum with a chitinous or horny disk covered with
horny spines in the form of a rosette.
9. Superior setae on collar not simple tapered blades 10.
9/. Superior setae on collar simple tapered blades.
(12) VERMILIOPSIS Saint-Joseph iSo^.1
Type, V. multivaricosa (Morch 1863, as Vermilia, -j- Marenzeller 1893,
as Vermilia, figures) Saint-Joseph 1894, restricted. Mediterranean Sea.
Uncial plates tetragonal, with appressed rather blunt teeth, the lowest
larger and more conspicuous than the others. Operculum with horny
cap.
(13) PARAVERMILIA gen. nov. (see p. 221).
Type, P. bermudensis sp. nov. Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates somewhat rectangular, with appressed teeth, the lowest
large and blunt. Operculum with horny cap often resembling a little
spiral shell.
(14) METAVERMILIA gen. nov. (see p. 220).
Type, M. multicristata (Philippi 1844, figure, as Vermt'Iia, -f Langer-
hans 1883, as Vermilia multicostata and Vermilia clavigera, figures, -f-
Marenzeller 1893, as Vermilia, figures). Mediterranean Sea.
Uncial plates trapeziform, with long slender teeth, the lowest longer
than the others. Operculum with a conic horny cap.
(15) HYALOPOMATUS Marenzeller 1878.
Type, H. claparedii Marenzeller 1878, figures. Arctic Ocean, off
Nova Zembla, in about 125 fms.
Uncial plates tetragonal, with numerous appressed teeth, the lowest
very long and fang-like. Opercula membranous ? bulb with central air-
chamber. (The figure shows distinct cell structure.)
(16) DITRYPA Berkeley i832-4.«
Type, D. arietina (MUller 1776) Berkeley 1832-4, -f- M. Sars 1835,
figures, + Saint-Joseph, 1898. Shore of Norway, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates somewhat similar to Spirobranchus. Operculum with
flat horny plate ornamented with striae.
(17) JANITA Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, /. fimbriata (Delia Chiaji 1828, as Serpula, figures, -f Philippi
1844, as Placostegus* figure, + Morch 1863, + Langerhans 1883, as
1 Vermilia agglutinata Marenzeller 1893, figures, is a Vermiliopsis.
•Berkeley's species was D. subulata (figures) and Sars' species, D. libera.
» Philippi describe'd the operculum as having a calcareous plate, which is fig-
ured as a simple disc, not at all like Langerhans' figure. Future study may
prove the two forms to be distinct species.
224
BUSH
OmpJialopoma sptnosa, figures, -f- Marenzeller 1893, as Omphalopbma ,
figures) Saint-Joseph 1894. Mediterranean Sea.
Uncial plates rhomboidal, with appressed teeth, the lowest long and
blunt. Operculum with concave horny cap.
10. Superior setae with posterior fin-like expansion.
(18) OMPHALOPOMA Morch 1863.*
Type, O. umbilicata Morch 1863. Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean.
Uncini unknown. Operculum with a concave horny cap.
(19) HYALOPOMATOPSIS Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, H. marenzelleri (Langerhans 1883, figures, as Hyalopomatus}
Saint-Joseph 1894. Madeira, Atlantic Ocean.
Uncini somewhat similar to Spirorbis, the teeth longer. Operculum
with a chitinous or horny cap.
(20) CHITINOPOMA Levinsen i883.2
Type, C. greenlandica (Malmgren 1867, as Hydroides] Levinsen 1883,
figures, as C. fabricii, Greenland, North Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates trapeziform, with appressed teeth, the lowest larger than
the others. Operculum with concave horny plate.
(21) OMPHALOPOMOPSIS Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, O. langerhansi (Marenzeller 1884, as Omphalopoma, figures)
Saint-Joseph 1894. Japan, Pacific Ocean.
Uncial plates trapeziform, with comparatively few pointed teeth,
the lowest large and blunt. Operculum with concave horny plate.
10'. Superior setae geniculate, with conspicuous spines at base of blade.
(22) SERPULA Linne" 1767, + Philippi 1844.
Type, S. vermicularis (Ellis 1755, figures, as Tubtts} Linne" 1767,-}-
Saint-Joseph 1894, figures. North Atlantic Ocean.
Uncial plates tetragonal, with few unequal coarse serrations. Primary
operculum funnel-shaped, with numerous radii forming serrations on
margin; secondary operculum usually club-shaped, occasionally like
primary one.
(23) SCLEROSTYLA Morch 1863.
Type, 5. ctenactis Morch 1863. St. Thomas, West Indies, Atlantic
Ocean.
Uncini like Serpula. Operculum with comparatively few radii form-
ing a scalloped margin ; intermediate between Serpula and Crucigera.
It is described by Morch as calcareous.
(24) ZOPYRUS Kinberg 1866.
Type, Z. loveni Kinberg 1866,* as first species. Straits of Magellan,
Island of Bucket, Pacific Ocean.
Uncial plates unknown. Opercula funnel-shaped and club-shaped.
1 Saint-Joseph (1894) restricted this genus to O. cristata Langerhans (1883),
figures, from Madeira, which has a thin concave horny plate in the operculum
and uncini somewhat similar to those in Spirorbis.
tVermilia serrula Stimpson 1853, -f- Verrill 1885, figure, from Grand Manan,
New Brunswick, appears to be synonymous with this species.
8 As no figures of this species seem to have been published, very little definite
knowledge is available by which to determine the correct position of the genus ;
Ehlers 1901 placed it next to Serpula.
SABELL1DES AND SERPULIDES
225
(25) CRUCIGERA Benedict 1886.
Type, C. -websteri Benedict 1886, figures. Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic
Ocean, in 26 fms.
Uncial plates similar to those in Serpula. Operculum with cup
similar to that in Sclerostyla, but with conspicuous basal processes.
(26) HVDROIDKS Gunnerus 1768.
Type, H. norvegica Gunnerus 1768, figures, + Morch 1863, figures, -f-
Marenzeller 1893, figures, + Saint-Joseph 1898. North Atlantic Ocean.
Uncini similar to those in Serpula. Operculum similar in form to
Serfula, with a central crown of horn-colored spines, each with lateral
processes.
(27) EUPOMATUS Philippi I844.1
Type, B. uncinatus Philippi 1844, figure, -f Quatrefages 1865, figures,
-j- Ehlers 1887, figures. Mediterranean Sea.
Uncini similar to those in Serpula, with fewer teeth than type.
Operculum similar in form to Serpula, with a central crown of horn-
colored, simple, curved, regularly tapered spines without lateral
processes.
(28) EUCARPHUS Morch 1863.*
Type, E. cumingii Morch 1863, figures. Philippine Islands, Pacific
Ocean.
Uncini similar to those in Serpula. Operculum 9 similar to that of
Serpula, with central crown of horn-colored spines the ends of which
are blunt, with a lateral process on each side.
(29) SCHIZOCRASPKDON gen. nov. (see p. 287).
Type, 5. furcifera (Grube 1878, as Hydroides, figures). Philippine
Islands, Pacific Ocean.
Uncini somewhat similar to those in Eupomatus. Operculum form-
ing two deep funnels, one above the other, without radii, with the edge
of each split into long, slender, divided processes ; those on the upper
one with small, dark spines on their inner proximal portion.
(30) GLOSSOPSIS gen. nov. (see p. 287).
Type, G. minax (Grube 1878, as Hydroides, figures). Philippine
Islands, Pacific Ocean.
Uncini similar to the preceding. Operculum a deep funnel without
radii, the edge cut into broad deep points, each with a terminal knob; a
long, rounded, tongue-like, curved process with fluke-like tip, bearing a
1 Polyphragma Quatrefages 1865 included Eupomatus and Hydroides.
* Pkragmatopoma Morch 1863, type P. caudata (KrOyer) MoYch 1863, fig-
ures, has an Operculum resembling that of Sabellaria virgini Kinberg 1866, -f-
Ehlers 1901, figures (Hermellidse), and is probably closely related to that genus.
Kinberg (1866) refers three new species to the genus, which he places in his
family Hermellea.
•The Eupomatus lunulifera Claparede 1870, figures, has a similar operculum
and should be referred to Eucarphus.
226 BUSH
lateral palmate form of about 7 long unequal pointed lobes, arises from
the center of the cup.
xz. Operculum with a calcareous plate (see p. 221).
Superior setae on collar simple tapered blades.
(31) JOSEPHKLLA Caullery and Mesnil 1896.
Type, J. marenzelleri Caullery and Mesnil 1896, figures. Cape de la
Hogue, northern coast of France, English Channel.
Uncini similar to Vermiliopsis. Operculum with long conic calcareous
plate.
ix'. Operculum membranous or chitinous 12.
xa. Superior setae on collar not simple tapered blades 13.
xa'. Superior setae on collar simple tapered blades.
(32) APOMATUS Philippi 1844.
Type, A. ampulliferus Philippi 1844, -j- Marion and Bobretzki 1875,
figures.1 Mediterranean Sea.
Uncini similar to Protula. Operculum a membranous( ? ) sphere.
(33) APOMATOPSIS Saint-Joseph 1894.
Type, A. similis (Marion and Bobretzki 1875, as Apomatus, figures, +
Marion 1879, figures) Saint-Joseph 1894. Mediterranean Sea (Mar-
seilles).
Uncini and Operculum similar to preceding.
13. Superior setae geniculate.
(34) PROTOPLACOSTEGUS gen. nov. (see p. 287).
Type, P. morchii (Mclntosh 1885, as Placostegus, figures).
Uncini somewhat similar to Serpula. Operculum with horny cap.
13'. Superior setae with posterior fin-like expansion.
(35) FILOGRANA Oken 1815, + Berkeley 1832.)
Type, F. implexa Berkeley 1827, as Serpula, figures, -f- Saint-Joseph
1894, figures. (See footnote 2.) North Atlantic Ocean, in 20 to 40 fins.
Uncini similar to Vermiliopsis. A spoon-shaped organ on one or
more branchiae.
14. Superior setae on collar not simple tapered blades, i. e., with posterior fin-
like expansion (see p. 221).
(36) SALMACINA Claparede 1870.*
Type, 5. incrustans Claparede 1870, figures. Bay of Naples, Medi-
terranean Sea.
Uncini somewhat similar to Serpula.
1 Saint-Joseph proposed to separate the four species (A. ampulliferus Philippi
1844, A. enosimce Marenzeller 1885, A. globifera Theel 1879, and A. similis
Marion and Bobretzki 1875) into two genera based on the difference in form of
the abdominal setae, under the names Apomatus and Apomatopsis, but unfortu-
nately places the species for which the genus Apomatus was proposed, under the
later name, thus, unless transposed, making the two synonymous.
* Salmacina cedificatrix Claparede 1870 (appendix) is figured as having the
tips of the branchiae regularly tapered. The spoon-shaped end figured by Saint-
Joseph (1894) as belonging to Salmacina dystera Huxley (as Protula, 1855) is
either an error in reference for Filograna implexa, or the species is erroneously
referred to Salmacina.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 227
(37) PROTIS Ehlers 1887.
Type, P. simplex Ehlers 1887, figures. West Indies, Atlantic Ocean,
in 860 fms.
Uncini similar to Eupomatus.
14'. Superior setae on collar simple tapered blades 15.
15. Branchial lobes not spiral.
(38) PSYGMOBRANCHUS Philippi 1 844.*
Type, P. protensus (Gmelin) Claparede 1870, figures. Mediterranean
Sea.
Uncini similar to Protula.
15'. Branchial lobes spiral.
(39) PIRATKSA Templeton 1835.*
Type, P. nigroannulata Templeton 1835, figures, + Kinberg, 1866.
Black River, Island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean.
Uncini unknown.
(40) PROTULA Risso 1826.
Type P. rudolphi Risso 1826, as first species. Mediterranean Sea at
Nice in about 3 feet.
Uncial plates irregular in outline, with numerous very fine teeth on
the face, the lowest one very long and fang-like.
(41) PROTULOPSIS Saint-Joseph 1894.*
Type, P. intestinum (Lamarck 1818, as Protula) Saint-Joseph 1894,
figure. Seas of Europe (Triest and Naples).
Uncini unknown.
1 Psygmobranchus ccecus Claparede 1870 has uncini with few coarse teeth like
Eupomatus, and is probably referable to Protis, although Claparede suggested its
resemblance to Salmacina. Psygmobranchus multicostatus Claparede 1870 has
uncini more nearly like Serpula, so that it should be referred to Salmacina.
* Anisomelus luteus Templeton 1835, from the figures, shows characters placing
it with the Terebellacea as designated by Quatrefages (1865), rather than with the
Serpulacea as given by Morch (1863). There are four pairs of branchiae, very
long and very short, below which, on the thorax, are 6 filaments similar to those
found on Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren 1865, figures.
9 Saint-Joseph (1894) makes Protula intestinum Lamarck, an abdominal seta of
which he figures, the type of a new subgenus, Protulopsis. There is, however,
considerable uncertainty in regard to the other characters, as no figures have
been found. Excellent figures are given by Fischli (1900) of his s cedes Protu-
lopsis nigra-nucha ; the uncini are similar to Hyalopomatopsis.
228 BUSH
PROTULA ATYPHA sp. nov.
Pl. XXXVII, figS. I, 2, 4.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
An imperfect animal without color, poorly preserved in a portion of
a white, calcareous, irregularly bent tube.
There are but 12 segments back of the thorax, which is long, of 7
segments, all of the well -separated fascicles of setae directed obliquely
backward in nearly straight series, the wide membrane bordering it
forming a rather deep irregular (mutilated) collar.
Branchial lobes of good size, elongated ventrally and involute, bear-
ing numerous (about 30, besides a few rudimentary ventral ones) long,
delicate ( ? ), densely pinnate branchiae in each lobe.
No operculum.
Mouth parts not determinable.
Seta? on the thorax of one form, slender, unequal (the shorter ones
the broader) , capillary, those on the collar fascicles not different from
the others. Setae on the abdomen in small fascicles and bent at the
base of the moderately broad tapered blade (pi. xxxvn, fig. i).
Both thoracic and abdominal tori small, with the thin uncial plates
(pi. xxxvu, figs. 2, 4) of similar size and form, apparently smooth,
with only a long pointed terminal tooth, serrations but faintly visible on
the exposed surface even under a high objective.
Length of thorax 9 mm. ; breadth about 3 mm. ; length of longest
branchia about 9 mm.
Pacific Grove, California, August, 1901, one specimen.
The thoracic membrane does not form a scalloped border along the
sides, so conspicuous in P. media Stimpson from Grand Menan, New
Brunswick, figured by Smith and Harger 1874 (see pi. XLIV, fig. 7),
and the setae are much coarser, those of the latter being very slender ;
the (much narrower) uncial plates also have more distinct teeth.
On account of its long abdominal setae, Saint -Joseph would doubt-
less refer this species to his new subgenus Protulopsis, in which the
abdominal setae are u oblique bayonets, plicate on the border," as in
P. intestinum Lam. Protula as a subgenus is restricted for species
having shorter * sickle-shaped* abdominal setae, as P. tubularia Mon-
tagu. The figures given by Benedict (1886) of the abdominal setae
of P. diomedece and P. alba show little resemblance to the figure
given by Saint- Joseph of that of P. tubularia, but all three and others
are mentioned by him as belonging together.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 22Q
The very small Protula arctica Hansen 1882 was referred to the
genus Protis by Ehlers 1887 (type, Protis simplex). The uncial
plates have but a few (6) coarse teeth, and the collar setae have a dis«-
tinct basal expansion or fin. There is no operculum.
HYALOPOMATOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS sp. nov.
pi. XL, figs. 3, 22; pi. XLIV, figs. 2, 4, 8, 9.
Type locality. — Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound.
Small, thick, white, calcareous, angular, more or less curved tubes,
with a prominent median keel, were attached to tubes of Serpula
splendens. They strongly resemble the figure of the tube of Chitin-
opoma greenlandica (Morch)1 given by Levinsen in 1883 as C. fab-
ricii {Serpula triquetra Fabricius non Linne).
The colorless animal also has a long, slender, rounded form similar
to Levinsen's figure.
The branchial lobes are small, not prolonged ventrally, nor involute,
and bear 6 pairs of long branchiae, their rachises broad at base and
furnished on their inner surfaces with long, graduated, ciliated pinnae
not extending to the end but leaving a long, unadorned, terminal por-
tion ; an additional smaller undeveloped branchia is on the end of the
lobe opposite the one bearing the operculum. This is a small, elon-
gated, semitransparent bulb on a very long, slender peduncle, often
covered on the end with delicate alga? (pi. XLIV, fig. 8), in the adult
specimens usually showing an inner sphere (air bubble?).
No thoracic membrane.
Collar very deep, with deep lateral clefts.
There are about 60 segments, of which 7 belong to the th6rax, where
the fascicles of seta; form straight series and the tori are short.
1 Morch in 1863 referred the Serpula triquetra of Fabricius 1780 to Hydroides
norvegica as var. gronlandica, which Malmgren in 1867 separated as a distinct
species, referred to Hydroides with doubt, so that Levinsen's name fabricii is
superfluous.
Specimens attached to stones from Greenland and to the tubes of Nothria
conchylega from 32 fathoms off the New England coast are in the Yale University
Museum, and may prove to be the same as those on the same host from Green-
land identified by Moore (1902) as Serpula sp. ; these could not be compared.
The operculum (pi. xxxvn, figs. 3, 9) is covered by a thin chitinous cup-like plate,
and has not the bulb-like form of the western species. When stained and
mounted in glycerine, a central chamber with connecting peduncle-canal was
distinctly revealed, which differs from that in the opercula of Spirorbis in having
three distinct parts, those above and below the central chamber or cavity being
filled with animal matter. See also pi. XL, fig. 31.
230 BUSH
Setse of the collar fascicle of two forms, long slender limbate and
others with broad spinous basal fin (pi. XL, fig 22). Other fascicles
with shorter and broader limbate setae. No capillary ones, as in
Spirorbis.
Uncini with numerous teeth, the lowest one larger than the others.
Abdominal setae small, trumpet-shaped, with a long tapered end.
Total length of largest specimens between 15 and 20 mm. ; breadth
about .5 mm. Smallest specimen about 5 mm.
Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, June 27, eight specimens.
SERPULA SPLENDENS sp. nov.
Pl. xxvi, fig. 3 ; pi. xxix, fig. 2 ; pi. xxx, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. xxxin, fig. 31 ;
pi. xxxv, fig. 18; pi. xxxvn, fig. 31 ; pi. xxxix, fig. 33.
Type locality. — Prince William Sound, at Orca and Virgin Bay.
Color in formalin yellowish, with the branchiae and operculum vari-
ously banded and mottled with deep crimson, which in life is a ' bril-
liant red.'
Thoracic membrane with a very wide margin overlapping on the
back and forming a very deep rolling collar with a median ventral and
two lateral incisions.
Branchial lobes with comparatively small basal attachment, arch-
ing obliquely forward, curving inward ventrally, thickest below and
strengthened by a conspicuous tapered median rib, and in front, at the
end, by a large rib reaching backward inside the collar. Between
these end ribs and attached to them is a broad, gradually widening,
muscular band curving inward between the bases of the lobes, forming
a trumpet-shaped process over the mouth ; above this is a thin, some-
what ruffled membrane, which extends out on each side around and
inside the lobes, attached to their bases ; extending forward and inward
from the dorsal furrow is a tongue-shaped process, free at the end, hav-
ing a granular surface, which completely covers the end of the trumpet.
Branchiae short, between 45 and 50 pairs, their tapered rachises
rounded outwardly, with short filamentose tips, the two inner edges
bearing long well-separated pinnae ; a few of the extreme ventral
branchiae extend around the end of the lobe and backward or inward
along its edge.
Operetta two ; the primary one thin, large, deep funnel-shaped,
with numerous delicate branching radii, forming a finely serrate (be-
tween 127 and 150 serrations) margin, the inner surface often with
minute scattered tubercles ; base globular, without processes, attached
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 231
by a stout peduncle to the dorsal end of either branchial lobe ; second-
ary one, when present, somewhat club-shaped, attached to the oppo-
site lobe by a more slender, shorter stem.
Number of segments about 320, of which 7 belong to the thorax, on
which the fascicles of setae form very oblique series ; abdominal seg-
ments short, the lines of uncini closely crowded.
Fascicles of setae on the thorax tubular in form ; the first well for-
ward on the collar, smaller than the succeeding ones, and directed for-
ward ; the others, directed obliquely backward, vary slightly in size,
become flattened and laterally elongated. The setae are of two forms ;
on the collar slender capillary superior ones and stout bayonet-shaped
inferior ones, spinous at the base of the blade (pi. xxxm, fig. 31), on
the other segments capillary only ; uncial plates with 6 to 7 long teeth,
apparently in two rows (pi. xxxvn, fig. 31). On the abdomen fas-
cicles of the characteristic short flaring-ended setae, and on the caudal
region other small fascicles of very long, slender, stiff spines ; uncial
plates similar to but smaller than those on the thorax, becoming thicker,
with more rows of teeth in the caudal tori (pi. xxxix, fig. 33).
In very young animals taken from their tubes, stained, and mounted,
the operculum appears club-shaped; the rudimentary branchiae re-
semble flattened strips of membrane with long unequal filamentose
ends, and are covered by the collar; no membrane appears along the
sides of the thorax ; this, however, may be due to the position in
mounting. There are about 50 rows of uncini on the abdomen, and 7
fascicles of setae on the thorax ; the setae themselves are similar to those
in the adult.
A perfect animal taken from its tube is 53 mm. long besides the
branchiae, which are about 8 mm., 7 mm. broad on the thorax, and
5.5 mm. on the abdomen. A larger imperfect one is 8.5 mm. broad
on the thorax and 7 mm. on the abdomen. Diameter of operculum 5
to 7 mm. Another specimen, having about 190 segments, 30 pairs of
branchiae, and one operculum, is about 35 mm. long and 5 mm. broad
on the abdomen.
Their tubes are thick, white, calcareous, variously twisted, more or
less free, the surface of attachment flattened, the exposed surface often
roughened by the small tubes of their own young, and also by species
of Spirorbis and Hyalopomatopsis.
Prince William Sound, at Orca, June 25 and 26, two specimens ; at
Virgin Bay, June 27, ten specimens.
Serpula jukesii Grube 1877 (non Baird 1865) closely resembles
this species.
232 BUSH
The Serpula columbiana abundant in Puget Sound and extending
southward along the California coast to Golden Gate is described by
Johnson (1901) as having more numerous branchia? (54 in each lobe),
fewer serrations (100) on the margin of the operculum, and but 250
abdominal segments in a length of 55 mm., with a breadth of 7 mm.
on the thorax.
Specimens collected by Dr. Coe in August, 1901, on the California
coast are supposed to be immature examples of this species. They
are without color in formalin, except one, which has two pink spots
at the base of the trumpet-shaped process, but when first received one
showed both red and orange bands on the branchiae. The larger has
20 pairs of well-developed branchiae, besides a few small ventral ones
having very short pinnae, and the operculum has no serrations on its
margin. An example of the Alaska species of similar size has 35
pairs of branchiae and 127 serrations on the margin of the operculum.
Genus Crucigera Benedict 1886.
Type, Crucigera tuebsteri Benedict. x
The very small type species of this genus, a cotype specimen of
which, from 26 fathoms in the Gulf of Mexico, has been sent from
Washington, has four * digital processes ' at the base of the operculum,
the axis of which is continuous with that of its peduncle. The Alas-
kan species, however, have but 3, 2 of them combining, forming a
large, rounded, bilobed process, to which the abruptly contracted dis-
tal end of the peduncle is so attached that its axis is not continuous
with that of the operculum. Benedict describes the texture as * cal-
careo- cartilaginous,' but the operculum of the northern species, after
soaking in potash solution, retains its form as a thin, transparent, chi-
tinous shell. The tube is ornamented on one side by three conspicu-
ous lamellar-like longitudinal carinae, and on the opposite side by faintly
indicated ridges. The thicker tubes of the northern forms show no
indication of such ornamentation.
The operculum of Serpula zelandica Baird (1865), as shown in
the figure, has similar coarse, blunt serrations on the margin, but no
processes at its base, thus representing a transition between typical Ser-
pula and Crucigera, and therefore referable to Sclerostyla Morch
1863.
1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, p. 550, pi. xxi, figs. 24, 25 ; pi. xxn, figs. 26-30,
1886.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 233
CRUCIGERA ZYGOPHORA (Johnson).
pi. xxix, fig. 5; pi. xxxi, fig. 2; pi. xxxui, fig. 3; pi. xxxix,
figs. 8, 12, 13, 15, 17,20.
Serpula zygophora JOHNSON, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 29, p. 433,
pi. 19, figs. 205, 208, 1901.
Type locality. — Puget Sound.
Color, salmon or yellow, with the branchiae irregularly banded with
deep crimson, the operculum variously mottled with the same color,
sometimes flecked on its outer surface with minute white specks.
The branchial lobes are characteristic of the Serpulas, each with
about 30 branchiae, having long, slender, tapered rachises, with very
long (over 6 mm.) filamentose ends and moderately long delicate
pinnae.
Thoracic membrane with a wide free margin extending forward as
an exceedingly deep collar, the ventral lobes of which often roll back-
ward, nearly or quite covering the thorax.
Segments numerous, 115 or more; 6 on the thorax below the
collar ; those on the abdomen often marked only by the lines of uncini.
Often two opercula ; the primary one bell-shaped, thick, shallow,
sometimes so thick as to become flat on top, with 28 to 30 radii form-
ing a bluntly scalloped margin ; at its base are 3 conspicuous unequal
processes, attached by a long peduncle to the base of one of the
branchial lobes at its outer dorsal end ; the secondary one, which is
more or less club-shaped, without basal processes is, when present,
attached by a shorter peduncle to the opposite lobe.
Length 50 to 80 mm.; breadth about 3 mm.; branchiae about 15
mm. ; diameter of operculum 4 mm.
One imperfect specimen is recorded by Johnson from Puget Sound,
1901 ; Sitka, June 15, common; Orca and Virgin Bay, Prince Wil-
liam Sound, June 25 and 27, very common.
Tube thick, calcareous, attached to fragments of shells in variously
twisted masses, the free anterior end with a flaring margin.
CRUCIGERA FORMOSA sp. nov.
4 ; pi. xxxi, fig. i ; pi. xxxni, fig. 4 ; pi. xxxix, fig». 6, 7,
10, ii, 14.
Type locality. — Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island.
This species differs from the preceding in having shorter branchiae,
their rachises with short terminal filaments, sometimes wanting; yel-
lowish in preservative but a * brilliant red ' in life.
pi. xxvni, figs. 3, 4 ; pi. xxxi
234 BUSH
The operculum has the basal processes nearly equal, smaller and
somewhat tapered, and the distal end of the peduncle but slightly con-
tracted. A delicate alga, a species of Ectocarpus, completely covers
the anterior end. There is no secondary operculum on the type ; a
specimen from Wrangel, however, has two fully developed ones, to
only one of which the Ectocarpus has become attached.
Length about 60 mm.; branchiae about 6 mm. ; breadth of abdo-
men 3 mm. ; of thorax 4 mm. ; diameter of operculum 3 mm.
Tube thick, calcareous, but slightly twisted.
Wrangel, June 5, one specimen ; Dutch Harbor, July 8, one speci-
men. Said to be very common.
CRUCIGERA IRREGULARIS sp. nov.
pi. xxv, fig. 5; pi. xxix, fig. 4; Pi. xxxin, fig. 13; pi. xxxix, figs. 1-5.
Type locality. — Juneau.
Color pinkish, the branchiae and operculum banded and mottled with
bright crimson.
This species differs from the two preceding ones in having longer
branchia, their rachises with comparatively short terminal filaments ;
but especially in its operculum, which is irregular in form, laterally
elongated, with about 32 broad radii, which form a thick scalloped
edge, which rolls over along the longer and deeper portion. Only
one large, broadly rounded, somewhat bilobed process is developed at
one side of the base, to which the abruptly contracted distal end of the
long stout peduncle is attached ; secondary operculum very slender,
club-shaped.
Length about 48 mm. from base of branchial lobes ; breadth of
thorax 4 mm. ; longer diameter of operculum 4.5 mm.
Tube thick, calcareous, solitary, attached to a shell.
Juneau, July 6, one specimen.
EUPOMATUS GRACILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxvn, fig. 9 ; pi. xxxiv, fig. 25 ; pi. xxxvn, figs. 26, 27.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
Branchial lobes similar to those of Serpula, but not so prolonged
ventrally, turning inward but little, the branchiae (18 in each lobe)
not extending backward along the end of the lobe, as in Serpula.
Operculum deep funnel-shaped, tapering regularly into its peduncle
without basal enlargement or processes, with comparatively few regular
radii forming deep sharp serrations (about 35) on the margin, and
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 235
bearing on its upper surface a central crown of 10 or n long, tapered,
upward-curving, simple, horn-colored spines characteristic of Eupo-
matus uncinatus Philippi (1844) figured by Ehlers 1887; secondary
operculum small, club-shaped, on a very short stem. One specimen
has only a central horn-colored ring, the crown of spines having been
lost, and the margin has apparently been injured on one side, where
the serrations have grown together, forming an angulation.
Thoracic segments 7 ; abdominal segments over 70 in the largest
example, which has lost a posterior portion.
A very wide membrane borders the thorax, forming a very deep
collar with lateral incisions or clefts but with no median one, the ven-
tral edge being entire ; there is, however, a conspicuous oval opening
considerably within the margin.
Seta? similar to those in Serfula.
Length of thorax 3.5 mm. ; breadth 3 mm. ; length of longest bran-
chia 5.5 mm. ; diameter of operculum 2.5 mm.
Pacific Grove, California, August, 1901, three specimens.
The tubes are solitary, variously twisted, and attached for the greater
part of, if not their entire length. The surface, roughened by growth
lines, is often rust colored, covered with bryozoa and other animals.
Hydroides -protulicola Benedict (1886), specimens of which are in
the Yale Museum, is a typical Eupomatus, as is undoubtedly If.
spongicola Benedict, judging from the figures. Serpula dianthus
Verrill (1874) is also an Eupomatus. In Hydroides (type, H. nor-
vegica Gunnerus) the spines forming the crown on the operculum
have conspicuous lateral processes or secondary spines.
EUPOMATUS HUMILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxix, figs. 39, 40 ; pi. XLIV, fig. 22.
Type locality. — Guaymas, Mexico.
A small (probably immature), thin, very slender, round tube, form-
ing one long irregular loop, is attached its entire length to the side of
a small coral.
The five branchiae are long, stout, with few pinnae, the very small
characteristic operculum on its very slender peduncle reaching above
them. The operculum is colorless, with coarsely serrate margin,
formed by about 10 long, broad points, crown of 8 long, simple, char-
acteristic spines, each with a basal spinule on its inner surface.
Number of segments unknown, only the anterior portion having
been found. Collar setae few in number, the superior ones with 4
236 BUSH
basal spines and slender, delicately serrate blade ; setae in the other
fascicles slender blades. Uncini very small, with few sharp teeth.
SPIROBRANCHUS INCRASSATUS (Kroyer) Morch.
pi. xxxiv, fig. 24; pi. xxxvn, figs. 25, 34.
Spirobranchus incrassatus MORCH, Rev. crit. Serpulidarum, Natur. Tidss., I,
p. 405, pi. xi, figs. 21-23, 1863. — EHLERS, Blake Annelids, p. 294, taf.
57, f. 16; taf. 58, f. 1-5, 1887.
Type locality. — West coast of United States of Colombia.
A valve of Margaritifera sp., from the Gulf of California, in the
Yale Museum is covered with a mass of the tubes of this species. They
are of good size, variously twisted over one another, white, often with
markings of light yellowish brown and purplish, the high median or
dorsal carina often so roughened by the conspicuous growth lines as to
be rendered irregularly spinulose. Many of the largest tubes spread
along the base, forming a distinct carination on each side, along and
above which the surface is often punctured by the erosion of the sur-
face between the irregular growth lines.
The anterior portion of the animal, with the operculum, was found
dried in some of the tubes. The plate on the operculum agrees per-
fectly with Morch's figure. Figures of the seta? and uncial plate of a
specimen from Acapulco, west coast of Central America, were given
by Ehlers (1887).
The single example (999) from Vera Cruz, identified and figured by
Benedict (1886) as iS. incrassatus (Kroyer) Morch, is not this spe-
cies, and therefore should receive the new name Spirobranchus
pseudoincrassatus. The thoracic uncini are described as having from
1 8 to 20 teeth.
Morch also described and figured two related forms from the
Pacific Ocean, near Puntarenas (Costa Rica, Gulf of Dulce), which
do not appear to have been subsequently noted : Hydroides {Eucar-
phus) crucigera Morch, on Margaritifera barbata Reeve, from 14
fathoms, and Pomatostegus kroyeri Morch.
Genus Spirorbis Daudin 1800.
Type, Spirorbis Spirorbis (Linne1 1 760) = Spirorbis borealis
Daudin 1800. (See pi. xxxix, fig. 34; pi. XL, figs. 5, 6, 8, 12-15 5
pi. XLII, figs. 15-19.)
Important generic characters for the animal are as follows : —
Operculum protected by a calcareous plate, variable in form.
Thoracic segments usually 3, rarely 3^ or 4 (Levinsen 1883 -f Caul-
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 237
lery and Mesnil 1897). Superior thoracic setae usually differing in
form, those of the first or collar fascicle varying from those having
simple tapered blades to others having a conspicuous, fin-like basal ex-
pansion.
Uncini with rather numerous equal minute teeth in 2 or 3 ( ?) rows.
See also p. 252.
SPIRORBIS SEMIDENTATUS sp. nov.
pi. xxvn, figs. 7, 10; Pi. XLI, figs. 13, 17, 23, 26-30; pi. XLIII, figs. 4, 5, 12.
Type locality. — Dutch Harbor, Unalaska Island.
Tube thick and massive, vitreous, rarely showing any transparency,
opaque with dull surface, dextral, the few whorls not regularly
rounded nor spreading, but piled one above the other, forming a high
spire with nearly perpendicular sides and flattened top, without central
depression, often with a distinct angular shoulder. Aperture very
lustrous within, with a small round opening, the thick shell forming a
broad, straight, flattened, inner or columellar margin with a con-
spicuous projection at its junction with the thinner straight, rounded
top edge, from which it arches forward and spreads out in a shining,
somewhat iridescent layer on the body of the shell ; in some speci-
mens a spiral ridge appears to arise from the outer margin, and
is at first ill-defined, but increasing abruptly forms a conspicuous
keel, which ends at the aperture in an angular projection ; in such
instances an added prominence is given to the columellar projec-
tion, giving to the aperture a two-toothed appearance. The un-
keeled form strongly resembles 6". vitreus Fabr., but forms a much
higher spire and has never been seen so glassy and transparent as
specimens of the latter from the Atlantic ; immature examples are
semitransparent. The carinated form is similar to S. violaceus, but is
not so regularly coiled nor so deeply grooved. Others are like some
forms of S. variabilis , but coil in the opposite direction.
Diameter 3 to 4 mm. ; height the same.
Animal with 3 thoracic and about 30 posterior segments. Thoracic
membrane very conspicuous, partially covering the 7 branchiae and
operculum, which expands from the stout peduncle into a cup-shaped
organ the size of the rounded aperture, protected by a moderately
thick, saucer-shaped, calcareous plate with an irregularly thickened
inner basal ridge ; it seems to be covered by a very thin membrane, to
which minute protozoans are often attached ; the edge of the oper-
culum appears as a dark brown rim.
338 BUSH
The thoracic setae vary in the three segments. All the inferior ones
are of the usual slender capillary form ; the superior ones of the collar
fascicle have a conspicuous, fin-like, posterior expansion and long, nar-
rower, gradually tapered, coarsely serrate, terminal portion ; those of
the other fascicles have a broad, smooth, tapered blade, a few in the
third fascicle with odd comb-like ends. Uncini rather broad, with two
rows of minute teeth.
Posterior segments much swollen, bearing conspicuous bunches of
mucous glands nearly concealing the two setae, both of which at first
have broad pennant-like blades, but farther back one has the shaft
simply pointed and curved.
Strings of undeveloped eggs were in many of the tubes.
Common at Dutch Harbor, on rocks and stones ; rare in Prince
William Sound, at Orca, on tubes of Serpula splendens ; and also at
Sitka, on shells and tubes of Crucigera zygophora.
SPIRORBIS VARIABILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxix, fig. 3, a; pi. xxxix, figs. 24, 25 ; pi. XL, fig. 4; pi. XLIII, fig. 16;
pi. XLIV, fig. 17.
Type locality. — Sitka Harbor.
Tube thick, vitreous, usually semitrans parent, sinistral, the few
whorls spreading over one another, usually forming a low spire with
or without a small central cavity, the top spirally grooved, the grooves
in some instances indicated only by the fine sinuous strias of growth
and a slightly raised interspace, in others very deep, with three broad,
rounded ridges forming conspicuous notches and tooth-like projections
in the margin of the aperture, the margin in the other form being un-
interrupted. There is great variation in the manner of coiling, some
specimens assuming a form that can be distinguished from semiden-
tatus only by its smaller size and opposite coil ; others resemble viola-
ceus but turn in the opposite direction.
Diameter 2-2.5 mm- 5 height 1-1.5 mm.
Animal not differing essentially in number of segments, branchiae,
and form of operculum from 5". semidentatus . Some opercula have
two saucer-shaped calcareous plates, which can be readily separated.
Strings of eggs were found along the back of the posterior segments.
Attached to rocks and fragments of shells, either singly or in small
colonies.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 239
SPIRORBIS EXIMIUS sp. nov.
pi. xxxix, fig. 9 ; pi. XLI, figs. 7, 18, 20; pi. XLIII, figs. 6, u, 17.
Type locality. — Pacific Grove, California.
Although but a single specimen, which was destroyed in getting at
the animal, was found attached to a Serpula tube, it is noted on ac-
count of its very distinctive operculum plate.
Tube tapered, with a conspicuously corrugated surface, forming a
small coil, whether dextral or sinistral was not ascertained.
Animal with 3 thoracic and about 18 posterior segments; eggs
showing a distinct nucleus were in the posterior part of the body-
cavity. Collar membrane very conspicuous ; number of branchiae not
accurately determined.
Calcareous plate on the operculum unusually large, elongated, with
large basal lobe having a distinct hook-like projection on one side, sim-
ilar to that found on the operculum plate of S. cornuarietis, as figured
by Marion and Bobretzky in 1875 (pi. 12, f. 27, Z?).
Superior setae of the first fascicle with conspicuously serrate edge
and spiny posterior fin-like expansion ; those of the other fascicles nar-
row smooth-edged blades, three odd ones with comb-like ends in the
third fascicle. Posterior brush-like setae very small.
SPIRORBIS MARIONI Caullery and Mesnil 1897.
pi. xxxix, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. XL, fig. 16.
Type locality. — Panama.
Small, opaque, more or less regularly coiled, dextral tubes attached
to specimens of Callopoma from La Paz, Lower California, and
Panama, also to valves of Barbatia from Acajutla and Libertad, Cen-
tral America, and to a conglomerate mass of worm tubes, coral, bryo-
zoa, etc., from Guaymas, Mexico, resemble the larger sinistral S.
quadrangularis Stimpson, in being four-sided. The upper surface
has a deep median groove and two conspicuous ridges or carinae, one
defining an inner shoulder around the small, deep, central cavity, and
the other an outer shoulder, the entire surface often roughened by
growth lines.
The calcareous plate on the operculum differs from fig. 6 given by
Caullery and Mesnil, only in the smaller central protuberance, a feature
which is undoubtedly variable.
The collar seta? have coarsely crenulate blades and fin-like bases ;
the other setae are long, regularly tapered blades, with a few odd-
ended ones in the third fascicle.
240 BUSH
SPIRORBIS LANGERHANSI Caullery and Mesnil 1897.
Type locality. — Panama.
Scattered over the surface of specimens of Crucibulum imbricatum
Sby. and Callopoma from Panama, are numerous isolated tubes hav-
ing a regularly coiled sinistral form spreading at the base, often form-
ing a thin border around it. Four-sided in section, with the outer wall
oblique and not perpendicular to the inner one, each shoulder of the
comparatively narrow, flattened, dorsal area defined by a carina vary-
ing in size in different individuals ; occasionally one occurs which is
not regularly spiral, forming a small central cavity. The entire sur-
face is often roughened by conspicuous transverse lines. No animals
were found. Caullery and Mesnil give the collar setae as similar to those
in S. marioni and the plate on the operculum not unlike that found in
S. vitreus Fabricius.
SPIRORBIS MORCHI Levinsen 1883.
Pl. XXXVII, figs. 15, 24; Pi. XLI, figS. 15, l6, 21, 24, 25; Pi. XLIV, figs. 2O, 21.
Type locality. — Greenland.
Sinistral, dull, opaque unsculptured tubes, forming low coils, with
small central cavity, sometimes with upward turned aperture, are not
readily identified without their animals, as they are usually more
symmetrical than the form figured by Levinsen. They do not,
however, differ essentially from eastern specimens on stones from
the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and on Chlamys islandicus from
Greenland.
The collar seta? have a form similar to that given by Levinsen ; a
long, tapered, coarsely serrate blade with conspicuous, fin-like basal
portion. Seta; in the second and third fascicles, long, tapered, delicately
serrate blades, a few in the third with odd comb-like ends. Uncini
with comparatively coarse teeth.
Operculum not unlike that found in the eastern examples, in which
it is a brood-pouch protected by a very convex, bilobed, opaque cal-
careous cap with a long shield-shaped posterior or inner portion,
shallow at the back and extending nearly the length of the operculum
in front ; the eggs visible only in a back view.
Sitka, on tubes of Crucigera; Prince William Sound, at Orca, on
the tubes of Serpula ; also on a specimen of Pachypoma from Queen
Charlotte Island, British Columbia, collected by the Geological Survey
of Canada.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
241
SPIRORBIS INCONGRUUS sp. nov.
Pl. XL, figS. IQ, 2O, 28.
Type locality. — Prince William Sound.
Associated with the preceding, S. morchi, are smaller, similarly
coiled, but dextral tubes, slightly flattened on top, the surface rough-
ened by growth lines, and an ill-defined spiral line feebly indicating an
outer shoulder.
Collar setae also similar to those in S. morchi.
Calcareous plate in the operculum solid and somewhat resembling a
plug, thus differing from that of any other species.
Diameter about 1.5 mm. ; height about I mm.
6". rugatus found on stones at Sitka forms similar dextral tubes, but
the collar setae are finely serrate, tapered blades without any indication
of a fin-like base.
Prince William Sound, at Orca, on Serpula tubes, and at Virgin
Bay, on Crucigera tubes.
SPIRORBIS QUADRANGULARIS Stimpson 1853.
pi. xxxix, fig. 37; pi. XL, figs. 10, n, 21, 23, 26, 30; pi. XLII, figs. 23-29;
pi. XLIII, figs. 14, 15.
Type locality. — Bay of Fundy, in 10 fathoms.
Tubes found on Crucigera tubes from Alaska are not four-sided,
but have only a perpendicular inner wall with angular, seldom cari-
nated, shoulder defining a small central cavity. A similar form is
very common along the eastern coast, where there is found great varia-
bility in the development of the tubes. Young are often without the
slightest indication of any angularity, resembling S. spirorbis and
maturing into the form figured by Levinsen as S. affints, which often
twists irregularly upward like S. lucidus ; others develop a small
ridge on top of the whorls, which sometimes increases into a conspic-
uous carina forming three-sided whorls. Upon examination of speci-
mens this is found to be the form called S. granulatus by Moore
(1902) and is probably the one identified by Levinsen (1883) as the
S. carinatus of Montagu (1803). Until the animal of specimens
from England can be studied this question must remain undecided,
especially as there are in the Yale Museum, on a worn bivalve from
England, several sinistral, unicarinate, regularly coiled tubes, which
differ from the west Atlantic form in having a large central cavity
showing all the whorls, and may prove to be the true S. carinatus.
All the animals examined agree in having a similar convex calcare-
ous cap on the operculum and the same form of setae, those of the col-
242 BUSH
lar being long, finely serrate, tapered blades with coarser fin-like bases.
Prince William Sound, at Orca, on Crucigera tubes.
SPIRORBIS LINEATUS sp. nov.
pi. xxxix, fig. 29.
Type locality. — Sitka.
Moderately thick yellowish tubes, roughened by growth lines, and
2, rarely 3, spiral threads varying in size and position in different indi-
viduals, form more or less regular sinistral coils with small central
cavity. Sometimes a thread defines the central cavity, and at other
times this apparently disappears and one defines an outer shoulder, the
median one being constant, the three rarely occurring together.
Associated with these are tubes on which the spiral lines are so feeble
as to be scarcely discernible. Immature tubes with 3 spiral lines were
at first taken to be worn examples of the small S. granulatus Linn6,
on which the three spirals form conspicuous thin lamellae.
Diameter 1.5 to 2 mm. ; height about i mm.
The collar setae of both species are similar in form, being long,
tapered, finely serrate blades with spiny fin-like bases.
Sitka, on a much-worn bivalve; and Prince William Sound, at
Orca, on Crucigera tubes.
SPIRORBIS SIMILIS sp. nov.
pi. xxix, fig. 3, c; pi. xxxix, figs. 16, 31 ; pi. XL, figs. 9, 17, 18 ;
pi. XLIII, figs. 27, 31.
Type locality. — Prince William Sound.
Dull, opaque, unsculptured, usually regularly coiled, somewhat flar-
ing, sinistral tubes with small central cavity, similar to those of S.
more hi.
On examination of the animal, however, the operculum plate and
setae were found to be very different in form, the collar seta? being
regularly tapered, finely serrate blades, with fine fin-like bases, similar
to those seen in S. lineatus, and the operculum, a brood-pouch filled
with eggs, protected by a flat calcareous plate with a small spreading
base and the usual ventral prolongation or supporting wall.
Prince William Sound, at Virgin Bay and Orca, on Crucigera
tubes ; Sitka, on fragments of rock.
SPIRORBIS VIOLACEUS Levinsen 1883.
pi. XLI, figs, i, a; pi. XLII, figs. 8-12.
Type locality. — Greenland.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 243
Vitreous, strongly grooved and carinated, regularly coiled, dextral
tubes agree with eastern specimens from Greenland and the Grand
Banks and also with Levinsen's figure.
The plate on the operculum is similar to that figured by Caullery
and Mesnil (1897).
The collar setae are like one form figured by them, but none appears
to have any indication of the notch-like irregularity in the edge shown
in the other form ; the serrations are much coarser than in the figure
given by Levinsen.
Sitka, on shells ; Prince William Sound, at Orca, on Cruclgera
tubes ; also Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, on a specimen
of Pachypoma collected by the Geological Survey of Canada.
SPIRORBIS SPIRILLUM Linne 1760.
pi. xxvn, fig. 8; pi. xxxin, fig. 15 ; pi. xxxix, figs. 21, 22, 23, 28; pi. XL,
fig. 7 ; pi. XLII, figs. 1-5 ; pi. XLIII, figs. 9, 10.
Type locality. — ? Ocean, on Sertularia and other zoophytes.
The dextral discoid form at the present time considered to be the
true S. spirillum of Linne1 is very common on algae from Cape Fox,
Alaska, south to Santa Barbara, California. On the eastern coast it is
very common on kelp {Laminaria) and on the interior of the aper-
ture of univalves (Buccinum, Sipho, etc.) along the New England
coast from Cape Cod to Greenland. The slender ascending form, the
true S. lucidus of Montagu, also occurs on bryozoans {Bugula mur-
rayana and other branching forms) from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea,
along the coast of Alaska, south to Pacific Grove, California, where
it is also attached to small univalves. On the eastern coast it occurs
on bryozoans, hydroids, annelid tubes, and algae ; often attaining a
large size, the var •. greenlandicus of Morch (51. porrecta of Fabricius).
The animals examined from all localities agree in having on the
operculum a similar thin, shallow, calcareous plate, with slight inner or
basal projection and similarly formed setae ; those of the collar genicu-
late — abruptly tapered serrate blades, broad and angular at base.
There is considerable variation in their length and in the size of the
serrations, the latter sometimes being scarcely visible, especially on
those of the discoid form from Alaska.
SPIRORBIS RUGATUS sp. nov.
pi. xxix, fig. 3, b ; pi. xxxv, fig. 14; pi. XLIV, figs. 18, 19.
Type locality. — Sitka.
On the same fragments of rock with S. variabilis were a few speci-
mens, attached singly and in a small colony, of a small dextral species
244
BUSH
forming a regularly coiled low spire with central cavity, fragile in tex-
ture in preservation, dull opaque, roughened by conspicuous growth
and occasional obscure spiral lines. As noted on page 241, they can-
not readily be separated from the tubes of S. incongruus. Although
the specimens are imperfect, their animals more or less mutilated, the
following important characters could be ascertained :
Branchiae 7.
Operculum forming a somewhat cylindrical (imperfect) brood-
pouch of simple cell tissue, protected on the end by a thin calcareous
cap, but showing no indication of an internal (partition) wall found in
this organ in some of the eastern species. One was filled with par-
tially developed eggs ; the others had the pouch torn away, leaving the
basal expansion in one instance showing the formation of a new cal-
careous terminal plate (pi. xxxv, fig. 14) and in another a simple
covering of tissue.
Large eggs, showing a nucleus and nucleolus when stained, were
in the posterior part of the body-cavity, and smaller ones were scat-
tered through the (10?) posterior segments.
In the 3 thoracic segments the setae vary remarkably in form. In
the collar fascicle the superior ones have very broad, conspicuously
scalloped, tapered blades ; in the other fascicles they are so narrow as
to be scarcely distinguishable from the inferior capillary ones.
SPIRORBIS COMPTUS sp. nov.
Type locality. — ? California.
On a red alga from California, without definite locality, associated
with S. spirillum, is a small, dextral, yellowish species, usually form-
ing a low regular coil with small central cavity, often spreading around
the base in a thin layer, the surface rovighened by conspicuous trans-
verse lines and three prominent spiral ridges, one defining the central
cavity, one median, and one around the outer shoulder ; in immature
examples the median one is usually the most prominent, the others be-
ing scarcely noticeable.
Diameter 1.5 mm. ; height less than i mm.
The animals were all much dried. In a small specimen the oper-
culum had a thin disk-like plate with an elongated, angular basal por-
tion. In an adult the operculum, filled with eggs, was protected by a
flat calcareous cap with long basal shield.
The setae were similar to those found in S. rugatus; those of the
collar fascicle, simple tapered blades with serrate edges.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 245
These tubes are much smaller and more fragile than some on shells
from Pacific Grove, California, identified as S. asperatus.
SPIRORBIS ASPERATUS sp. nov.
pi. xxvm, fig. 10; pi. xxx, fig. 4; pi. XLI, figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 19, 31, 32;
pi. XLIII, figs, i, a, 3, 7, 13, 26.
Type locality. — Sitka.
Tubes large, rounded, turning upward in a left-handed spiral, the
turns resting one above the other or stretched out, forming variously
twisted, crowded masses attached to rocks, shells, and worm tubes ;
opaque, yellowish, without lustre, roughened by conspicuous growth
lines and sometimes with one to three more or less definite spiral
threads.
Animal long and slender, with 3 thoracic and 16 to 21 posterior
segments. Thoracic membrane conspicuous, nearly covering the
branchiae.
Operculum gradually enlarging from the short, stout peduncle, flat-
tened dorso-ventrally and protected on the end by a large, thin, cup-
shaped calcareous plate having a large, thin, spreading basal portion.
Superior setae not differing essentially in form in the three segments ;
long, narrow, tapered, finely serrate blades ; in the third fascicle a few
with conspicuously fringed ends were found ; as they were not seen in
all of the animals examined, it could not be satisfactorily determined
whether they simply failed to show in the mounting or actually do not
constantly occur.
Strings of undeveloped eggs in some instances were found along the
back of the posterior segments, which were much swollen, each with
conspicuous bunches of mucous glands partly concealing the two setae,
one of which has the characteristic geniculate form, and the other
destitute of a blade, with the end of the shaft or manubrium, pointed
and curved.
Sitka, June 16, very common on rocks and shells, usually associated
with bryozoa ; Prince William Sound, at Orca, on Crucigera tubes ;
Pacific Grove, California, on small shells.
SPIRORBIS ABNORMIS sp. nov.
pi. xxxix, fig. 35; pi. XL, figs, i, 2; pi. XLIII, figs. 24, 28, 29.
Type locality. — Sitka.
Dull, opaque, usually rounded tubes in irregular sinistral coils, the
whorls often piling on one another, somewhat resemble some forms
of S. asperatus.
246 BUSH
The operculum differs from that of all other species in having three
distinct parts, each with a similar calcareous plate. In some instances
the two upper parts have been torn away, leaving one plate in the
operculum which is filled with well-developed embryos, each with a
conspicuous patch or mass of white, which under pressure separates
into minute rods that are soluble in acid. Similar white masses
have been found in the embryos in the operculum of the eastern S.
granulatus and S. validus. Their exact significance has not been
satisfactorily determined. They apparently have not before been noted.
Setae finely serrate blades, not very unlike those of S. asperatus.
On fragments of rocks with S. variabilis.
SPIRORBIS INVERSUS sp. nov.
Type locality. — Port Phillip, Australia.
Isolated, minute, opaque, very lustrous, sinistral tubes, closely allied
in form to S. lucidus, are attached to the tips of the lower or sheltered
branches of a bryozoan {Menipea cirrata Lam. ?) in the Yale Uni-
versity Museum.
They are remarkable for the turning downward, like a spout, of
the more or less elongated terminal portion, but at first form regular
flat coils. No definite characters could be obtained from the much-
dried animals. No record of such a species has thus far been found.
SPIRORBIS TRIDENTATUS sp. nov.
Type locality. — Port Phillip, Australia.
Associated with S. inversus on the bryozoan Menipea cirrata are
numerous other isolated white tubes which are carinated and dextrally
coiled more or less irregularly upward when mature, the margin of the
aperture with two deep angular incisions forming three conspicuous
angular teeth.
They differ from all known forms in having the lower surface of the
whorls distinctly smaller than the upper surface, the sides inclined out-
ward forming a carinated shoulder, with the usually flattened upper
surface, on which is a much larger median carina ; a third defines a
small, deep, central cavity, but in many full-grown specimens the inner
one is inconspicuous or wanting. No animals were found.
This species may prove to be either S. lamellosus Lam. or S. in-
cisus Morch (S. carinatus Lam. non Montagu) described by La-
marck in 1818, from King Island, which is south of Port Phillip. The
descriptions are inadequate for accurate identification, and the figures
by Chenu have not been seen.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 247
NOTES ON SOME PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED SPECIES
OF SPIRORBIS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
FORMS FROM THE ATLANTIC.
Spirorbis granulatus Linne1 1767. pi. XL, fig. 24; pi. XLIII, fig. 32.
This small species is well figured by Levinsen (1883, pi. in, fig. 9;
fig. 10 is a different species). It is very common on bryozoans ( Cel-
leporaria, Escharopsis^ Porella, etc.) from the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Greenland ; though often
larger and less regularly coiled it is readily distinguished by the three
conspicuous thin lamella-like carinae. The name, however, has been
erroneously applied to several other forms, as the following : S.
granulatus Fabricius 1780= violaceus Levinsen 1883; granulatus
Montagu 1803 = sulcatus Adams 1797; granulatus Langerhans
1 880, and probably also that of Saint -Joseph 1 894 = militaris Cla-
parede 1868 ; granulatus Caullery and Mesnil 1897 = ? ; granulatus
Moore 1902 = triangular form of quadrangular is Stimpson 1853.
Spirorbis verruca Fabricius 1822, non Levinsen 1883. pi. XLI, figs. 3,
12; pi. XLIV, figs, i, 16.
Numerous specimens of a good-sized, thick, opaque, white, sinistral
tube with spreading base and small central cavity, attached to a valve
of Chlamys islandicus from Greenland, are identified as S. verruca,
as they seem to agree more closely with Fabricius' description than the
larger form figured by Levinsen (1883). The surface is ornamented
with one, sometimes two, small rounded spiral threads, rarely suffi-
ciently prominent to be termed carinas. In adults, at the upper angle
of the inner or columellar margin, the edge of the aperture is tilted
upward ; sometimes the ends of the threads form obscure projections
on the upper edge.
The calcareous plate on the operculum, which becomes a brood-
pouch, can scarcely be distinguished from that of 6". validus Verrill,
but the collar seta differ in being less numerous and in some having an
obscure posterior notch.
Specimens on Nothria tubes from Greenland, identified by Moore
1902, on examination prove to be the discoid form of S. validus V.
Spirorbis vitreus Fabricius 1780. pi. XLI, fig. 14; pi. XLII, figs. 6, 7.
Some immature forms of this dextral hyaline species have a rounded
thread or cingulum on the top of the whorls, ending at the aperture in
a tooth-like projection.
248 BUSH
Found on stones and shells from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland,
and on a fragment of shell from Devonshire, England.
Spirorbis cancellatus Fabricius 1780. pi. xxxix, fig. 36; pi. XL, fig.
27; pi. XLII, figs. 30-34.
A dextral, vitreous, grooved and carinated form, associated with
numerous specimens of S. sulcatus Adams, is attached to a worn
limpet shell from Birterbuy Bay, Ireland. Small notches along the
edge of the base indicate the possibility of its proving to be an unde-
veloped or maturing specimen of S. cancellatus Fabr. not before
recorded from Great Britain. It may be S. conicus Fleming (1825)
which Morch placed as a variety of S. vitreus Fabr.
Spirorbis communis Bosc 1802.
No satisfactory conclusion can be reached in regard to this species,
owing to the very brief description and indefinite locality. The figure
given by Bosc represents a regularly coiled sinistral form with smooth
surface, similar to S. Spirorbis Linn6.
Spirorbis corrugatus Montagu 1803, non Caullery and Mesnil 1897.
On a stone from Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, are four species of Spir-
orbis. The most numerous form is of good size, sinistral, the last
whorl usually covering all the others, forming a central pit ; some-
times irregularly coiled, with the aperture turning upward. Surface
in perfect condition, very lustrous and smooth, but as this epidermal
layer is easily destroyed many of them have the surface roughened by
numerous transverse lines, but no spiral ones. These apparently agree
with Montagu's description. The dextral form sometimes having
spiral lines, identified and figured by Caullery and Mesnil (1897) as
this species, must be distinct, for which the name pseudocorrugatus
is proposed. The form described and figured by Langerhans (1880)
is also dextral.
Spirorbis heterostrophus Montagu 1803.
A regularly coiled, small, dextral form has the surface cut by
grooves and carinae which increase with age, so that fully developed
specimens are distinctly tricarinate, the entire surface often roughened
by transverse lines. Another small dextral form, which is considered
distinct, has two, three, or more rounded spiral threads and no
grooves. This one does not appear to have been mentioned by Mon-
tagu or others. A third dextral form has a single dorsal carina and
may prove to be S. carinatus Montagu or S. minutus Montagu.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 249
Spirorbis carinatus Montagu 1803.
As already stated (p. 241), there is considerable doubt in regard to
this species. The form described by Fleming (1825) is certainly very
similar to S. quadrangular is Stimpson, but it is not improbable that
both species occur on the English coast. In the Yale University
Museum are two unicarinate, regularly coiled forms, one dextral,
attached to a valve of Anomia from Guernsey, England, and to a stone
from Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, and the other sinistral, attached to a
worn valve from England; neither is like the carinate, triangular,
immature form of S. quadrangular is from Eastport, Maine, and
from Greenland.
Spirorbis sulcatus Adams 1797; S. granulatus Montagu 1803, non
Linne 1767. pi. XLI, fig. 9; pi. XLIII, figs. 8, 19.
Attached to a Haliotis tuberculata from Guernsey, England, and to
a worn limpet shell from Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, are numerous thick,
more or less regularly spirally coiled, sinistral tubes, having a deep
groove on top of the whorls, when adult, with a large rounded carina
on each side, the inner one defining the small central cavity ; in very
large specimens another much shallower groove appears on the side of
the whorl, with a much smaller carina or thread along its lower edge.
The surface, when perfect, has considerable luster. This species is
much larger and thicker than the dextral tricarinate form identified as
S. heterostrophus, and is without question the S. granulatus Montagu
1803, non Linn6 1767, and therefore must take the name sulcatus, used
by Adams 1797 (Linnean Transactions, in, p. 254), non Lamarck
1818.
By the use of potash solution the dried animals were taken from
some of the tubes, and the calcareous plate on the operculum and the
setae were found.
Spirorbis validus Verrill 1874. pi. xxxvn, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 32 ;
pi. XLIV, figs. 11—14.
This, the largest of all species of Spirorbis, varies greatly in its
manner of coiling, there being a marked contrast between the regular
sinistral form figured by Levinsen as S. verruca Fabr. and others,
where the whorls lie one above the other, forming a high irregular
spiral. No difference, however, could be found in the essential
characters of their animals. In all the specimens examined, the
branchiae number 13 (in very large adult forms Verrill counted 15)
and all the setae have long, slender, finely serrate, tapered blades.
25O BUSH
Spirorbis stimpsoni Verrill 1879. pi. xxxix, fig. 38; pi. XL, fig.
29; Pl. XLIII, figS. 2O, 21, 22.
This species forms regularly coiled sinistral tubes with large central
cavity, the aperture occasionally turned upward, the surface often
roughened by growth lines and a small rounded median thread.
Spirorbis pusilloides nom. nov. for Mera pusilla Saint-Joseph 1894.
As the pusilla of Saint- Joseph is now referred to the genus Spir-
orbis, and as this specific name was used by Rathke in 1836 for a form
from the Black Sea, S. pusilloides is proposed for Saint- Joseph's
species.
Spirorbis pseudocorrugatus nom. nov. for S. corrugatus Caullery
and Mesnil 1897, non Montagu 1803 (see p. 248).
Spirorbis f oraminosus Bush 1 904.
Tubes forming a good sized dextral discoid coil, the surface orna-
mented with 3 carinae, the median one the most prominent, on both
sides of which the slightly concave surface is punctured by irregular
minute holes or foramina apparently caused by the erosion of the epi-
dermal layer ; immature forms probably having the surface crossed by
numerous transverse lines. The operculum, which is a brood-pouch,
is elongated, cylindrical, filled with eggs, the calcareous plate a simple
disk with flaring rim with large shield-shaped basal portion attached
posteriorly to a secondary calcareous disk on the end of the operculum
proper. Setae with simple tapered blades, those on the collar the
broadest and more abruptly tapered than the others.
Spirorbis bellulus Bush 1904.
Tube dextral, regularly coiled, with small central cavity, the surface
ornamented with 3, sometimes 4, unequal rounded threads, the one on
the summit the most prominent. The calcareous plate on the opercu-
lum somewhat angular, with deep upright thickened rim. Setae with
long slender tapered blades, those on the collar with comparatively
coarse serrations.
Spirorbis dorsatus Bush 1904.
Tube dextral, regularly coiled, with a single high median ridge on
the last whorl. No animal found.
Spirorbis argutus Bush 1904.
Tube sinistral, forming a low discoid coil with large central cavity,
spreading around the base in a thin layer, the whorl rapidly enlarg-
ing and ornamented with one large median keel and numerous distinct
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 251
transverse lines. Calcareous plate on the operculum thin, disk-like,
slightly thickened in the center. Setae with simple tapered blades.
Spirorbis tubaeformis sp. nov. pi. xxxix, figs. 30, 32 ; pi. XLII, figs.
Small, opaque, white sinistral tubes common on Irish moss ( Chon-
drus) from Long Island Sound, southern New England, at New
Haven, Connecticut, closely resemble the dextral S. sinistrorsus com-
mon on lobsters from Cornwall, England, in the Yale University
Museum. The central cavity is smaller than in S. spirorbis Linn6,
not showing so much of the earlier whorls, the last whorl being more
spreading or trumpet -shaped. In the adult form, which is rarely
found, the surface sometimes becomes roughened by irregular growth
lines, and the whorls appear rounder and turn upward after the manner
of S. lucidus, but in the opposite direction. Collar setae with fine
serrate blades and coarser fin-like bases similar to those of S.
spirorbis.
Spirorbis evolutus sp. nov. pi. XLII, figs. 20, 21, 22.
Smooth, opaque, rather fragile sinistral tubes are attached to the
inside of the aperture of a shell {Sipho) from the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland. The early whorls are coiled in a regular discoid
form, from which the tube stretches out and becomes evolute, more or
less irregularly curved, sometimes twisted, increasing abruptly in size
and forming a long, somewhat trumpet -shaped portion. They are
usually separated, but sometimes spread over one another. In the five
specimens stained and mounted in glycerine, the number of branchiae
is apparently 9, but this is impossible to determine with accuracy, as
they have become much matted in preservation. The operculum is of
the ordinary form, with the thin calcareous terminal plate having an
unusually long, somewhat spreading basal portion. Body-cavity dis-
tended with well-developed eggs. Posterior portion very short, num-
ber of segments indeterminable ; only a few setae and scarcely discern-
ible uncini were visible. Setae of the collar fascicle slender, long,
rounded at base, with faintly serrate edges, one or two with a slight
posterior notch.
Spirorbis formosus sp. nov. pi. xxxix, figs. 18, 19 ; pi. XLI, fig. 22 ;
pi. XLIII, figs. 18, 23, 25, 30.
Small, regularly coiled, dextral, yellowish tubes, very common on
gulf-weed (Sargassum} from the Gulf Stream and Bermuda, where
they are also found on shells, are ornamented on top with two or three,
252 BUSH
often unequal, spiral threads or carinae, the interspaces crossed by
numerous raised transverse lines which extend over the side, and in
fully developed specimens spread around the base. The operculum is
furnished with a peculiar calcareous cylinder in which well-developed
embryos, some with good sized seta, have been found. Some speci-
mens collected at Bermuda in February 1904, by Mr. D wight Blaney,
have two complete cylinders, one above the other, on the operculum ;
others have a single large cylinder filled with well-developed eggs.
All the thoracic setae have narrow tapered blades.
Spirorbis mutabilis sp. nov.
Smaller, more or less regularly coiled sinistral tubes are found on
various shells at Bermuda, often with the preceding species.
The surface is usually but little roughened, but sometimes very faint
spiral lines occur, and in rare instances, when the development has not
been impeded, the surface is ornamented with two keels which define
the flattened top, giving a four-sided appearance ; sometimes the aper-
ture is turned upward. The operculum is furnished with a thin, more
or less concave calcareous plate with small base. Some of the oper-
cula were filled with globular masses and others were of the ordinary
form. In some instances egg-chains were found in the tubes along the
dorsal furrow. The collar setae have long, tapered, coarsely serrate
blades with conspicuous fin-like bases.
NOTES ON THE GENUS SPIRORBIS, WITH A LIST
OF DESCRIBED SPECIES.
The genus Spirorbis seems to have been purposely avoided by most
authors, little systematic work having been done since Morch, in 1863,
published the descriptions, with added notes, of all of the earlier
described species, straightening out much of the confusion in their
synonymy.
Levinsen, in 1883, was the first to make a thorough study of the
northern species, by dissecting the animals, and has, by his excellent
figures of their tubes and important collar setae, done much toward
rendering it possible to correctly identify them.
As little had been published in regard to the importance of the
operculum, with its protective calcareous plate, in connection with the
writer's study of the Alaska species, the animals of numerous Atlantic
forms found along the coast from Greenland to Bermuda have been dis-
sected with special reference to this character. The investigations were
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 253
completed before the valuable article1 on Spirorbis, published by
Caullery and Mesnil in 1897, could be consulted. It was found that
these authors had made special and careful observations on the oper-
cula, with their calcareous plates, of many species, giving excellent
figures, as well as figures of the important collar setae. In connection
with their studies of material obtained at the laboratories of St.-Vaast-
la-Hougue on the English Channel, and from the French Expedition
to Cape Horn, these authors also borrowed specimens from the Museum
of Copenhagen (from Levinsen), the Paris Museum, and the Faculty of
Science of Lyons, besides special species from Marenzeller and Marion,
so that their list includes 27 species, 12 of which are described as new,
and their results far exceed in value any hitherto published. Owing to
the limited time allowed for the perusal of this paper, only the most
important facts could be noted, and it has been found impossible to de-
termine to what degree the following observations may be a repetition
of those of Caullery and Mesnil.
In those species in which the embryos are developed in the tube, as
in S.spirorbis Linne1, S. spirillum Linne", S. asperatus sp. nov. etc.,
the operculum is used simply as an organ of protection in closing the
aperture of the tube ; while in others, as S. granulatus Linn£, S.
validus Verrill, S. stimpsoni Verrill, S. quadrangularis Stimpson.
etc., it has an added purpose, by being differentiated into a thin-walled,
pouch-like cavity in which the embryos are fully developed. It is
protected on the end by a calcareous plate or cap, varying in form,
having near its inner or ventral edge a more or less developed basal
portion. In species where there is but a slight basal thickening, as S.
semidentatus sp. nov., the plate appears to be more or less embedded
in the operculum, and minute protozoans, sponges, etc., are often
affixed to its exposed surface ; but in others, where there is an elon-
gated, more or less shield-shaped base, special muscles are joined to
the free end, apparently governing the movement of the plate, as they
appear to extend downward through the peduncle to the muscular
layer of the body, such muscle fibers often remaining attached when
the plate has been dissected. When the operculum becomes differen-
tiated into a brood-pouch a larger basal portion develops, which is
usually shallow behind and long in front, sometimes reaching nearly
the depth of the operculum, forming a stiff wall, thus protecting the
1 Considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining a copy of this article ; as
lack of time prevented application to the authors themselves, it was borrowed by
Mr. Van Name, the Librarian of the University Library, from the Surgeon
General's Office in Washington, D. C.
254 BUSH
embryos. In some instances this appears to be simply an addition
over or in front of the first base, and in others an entirely new plate
develops, which pushes the primary one forward until it becomes
entirely disconnected and ultimately lost. A series showing this
interesting feature was found in S. validus V. (pi. XLIV, fig. 14).
In some instances this second base appears to be formed by a network
of calcareous deposit over the surface of that portion of the operculum,
and in others it seems to be composed of minute granules. In some
instances the primary plate itself is repeated, as in S. variabilis sp.
nov., where the calcareous disk is composed of two layers easily
separable into two complete disks (pi. XLIII, fig. 16), and in S. abnor-
mis sp. nov., where there were three similar plates, attached one above
the other, the operculum itself appearing to be divided into three
chambers, the posterior one containing well-developed embryos (pi.
XLIII, figs. 24, 28, 29). In S. formosus sp. nov., where nearly the
entire operculum becomes a calcareous cylinder, the primary base was
seen inside the cylinder (pi. XLIII, fig. 30), when this was severed
from its peduncle, and another plate in process of development was
found in the expanded end (pi. XLIII, fig. 23), which apparently was
to become another operculum ; two complete cylinders have also been
found attached one above the other. This and other instances where
the brood-pouch, apparently having split along the back and discharged
its embryos, was becoming torn away, revealing a calcareous disk be-
neath it, points to the fact that in Spirorbis the animal has the power of
renewing its operculum on the same side of the body, instead of form-
ing a secondary one on the opposite side, as in Serpula, Crucigera,
etc. Caullery and Mesnil found a close relationship between the
direction of the coiling of the tube and the development of the animal ;
that all dextral forms had the operculum on the right side and all
sinistral ones on the left side, presumably differentiated from the second
branchia. It would therefore seem improbable that any species could
turn in both directions, that is, have both a right and left form, an
opinion held by some investigators ; hence the direction of the coiling
of the tube is of first importance in determining species.
The embryological development of a number of species has been
studied by several authors — Pagenstecher 1862 (S. pagenstecheri
Qtr. 1865); Agassiz 1866 + Willemoes-Suhm 1871 + Saint- Joseph
1894+ Schively 1897 (S. spirorbis L.) ; Claparede 1868 (S. Icevis
Qtr.), Fewkes 1885 (S. spirillum L.) ; Saint- Joseph 1894 (S. pusil-
loides nom. nov.) — and hermaphroditism has been found to be the rule.
Nearly all agree that the spermatozoa are carried in the posterior
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 255
setigerous segments, some maintain that the ova are found only in the
first two or three of these segments, others that they occur only in
the middle or body-cavity, which ruptures along its convex side, per-
mitting the eggs to escape into the tube, where they are developed. In
preserved specimens of S. spirorbis strings or chains of embryos show-
ing well-formed setae have been found lying along the back, apparently
coming from an opening in the body-cavity just back of the thorax.
In several specimens, when stained and mounted, eggs showing nucleus
and nucleolus have been seen in both the body-cavity and (smaller
ones) in the first few posterior segments, but no spermatozoa were
noticed, the posterior segments being usually filled with minute gran-
ules (oil drops?), with the mucous glands on their dorsal surface
very conspicuous, especially when eggs were found in the tube. Miss
Schively, however, who carried on her investigations during two sea-
sons, examining specimens from eight different localities in Vineyard
Sound and Buzzard's Bay, states "that S. borealis has two breeding
seasons. One of these extends from the middle of June to the middle
of July ; the other extends through the month of August. During the
last two weeks of July no eggs were found either in the body-cavity or
in the shell." "The eggs pass out through the operculum ; its end
bears a movable translucent plate of lime, etc." " The reproductive
glands are arranged on either side of the intestinal canal near the
stomach. Where the ova and sperm is developed is distinguished
merely by the presence of the product. The eggs pass into the body-
cavity and from here into the operculum, where they are fertilized and
a capsule is secreted ; from here they pass out through the opening of
the operculum and are placed in the mid-dorsal furrow. The oper-
culum does not serve for a brood-pouch as does that of S. spirillum."
She probably refers to the species studied by Pagenstecher in 1862,
which he erroneously identified as S. spirillum, to which Quatrefages
in 1865 gave the name S. pagenstecheri. In the many specimens
recently examined, of S. spirillum Linn6 detached from kelp (Lamt-
naria) , chains of eggs have been found in the tube. This is supposed
to be the species studied by Fewkes in 1885, as S. borealis; the S.
spirillum of Agassiz (1866) is S. borealis Daudin = S. spirorbis
Linne.
Saint -Joseph (1894) states that he found in Mera pusilla {Spirorbis
pusilloides nom. nov.) not only well-developed embryos in the opercu-
lum, but large ova in the first two abdominal segments and spermatozoa
in the following ones. In one instance only were spermatogonia and
spermatozoa seen (see Addendum) ; but the other features were noted
254 BUSH
embryos. In some instances this appears to be simply an addition
over or in front of the first base, and in others an entirely new plate
develops, which pushes the primary one forward until it becomes
entirely disconnected and ultimately lost. A series showing this
interesting feature was found in S. -validus V. (pi. XLIV, fig. 14).
In some instances this second base appears to be formed by a network
of calcareous deposit over the surface of that portion of the operculum,
and in others it seems to be composed of minute granules. In some
instances the primary plate itself is repeated, as in S. •variabilis sp.
nov., where the calcareous disk is composed of two layers easily
separable into two complete disks (pi. XLIII, fig. 16), and in S. abnor-
tnis sp. nov., where there were three similar plates, attached one above
the other, the operculum itself appearing to be divided into three
chambers, the posterior one containing well-developed embryos (pi.
XLIII, figs. 24, 28, 29). In S. formosus sp. nov., where nearly the
entire operculum becomes a calcareous cylinder, the primary base was
seen inside the cylinder (pi. XLIII, fig. 30), when this was severed
from its peduncle, and another plate in process of development was
found in the expanded end (pi. XLIII, fig. 23), which apparently was
to become another operculum ; two complete cylinders have also been
found attached one above the other. This and other instances where
the brood-pouch, apparently having split along the back and discharged
its embryos, was becoming torn away, revealing a calcareous disk be-
neath it, points to the fact that in Spirorbis the animal has the power of
renewing its operculum on the same side of the body, instead of form-
ing a secondary one on the opposite side, as in Serpula, Crucigera,
etc. Caullery and Mesnil found a close relationship between the
direction of the coiling of the tube and the development of the animal ;
that all dextral forms had the operculum on the right side and all
sinistral ones on the left side, presumably differentiated from the second
branchia. It would therefore seem improbable that any species could
turn in both directions, that is, have both a right and left form, an
opinion held by some investigators ; hence the direction of the coiling
of the tube is of first importance in determining species.
The embryological development of a number of species has been
studied by several authors — Pagenstecher 1862 (S. pagenstecheri
Qtr. 1865); Agassiz 1866 + Willemoes-Suhm 1871 + Saint- Joseph
1894+ Schively 1897 (S- spirorbis L.) ; Claparede 1868 (S. Icevis
Qtr.), Fewkes 1885 (S '. spirillum L.) ; Saint- Joseph 1894 (S. pusil-
loides nom. nov.) — and hermaphroditism has been found to be the rule.
Nearly all agree that the spermatozoa are carried in the posterior
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 255
setigerous segments, some maintain that the ova are found only in the
first two or three of these segments, others that they occur only in
the middle or body-cavity, which ruptures along its convex side, per-
mitting the eggs to escape into the tube, where they are developed. In
preserved specimens of S. spirorbis strings or chains of embryos show-
ing well-formed setae have been found lying along the back, apparently
coming from an opening in the body-cavity just back of the thorax.
In several specimens, when stained and mounted, eggs showing nucleus
and nucleolus have been seen in both the body-cavity and (smaller
ones) in the first few posterior segments, but no spermatozoa were
noticed, the posterior segments being usually filled with minute gran-
ules (oil drops?), with the mucous glands on their dorsal surface
very conspicuous, especially when eggs were found in the tube. Miss
Schively, however, who carried on her investigations during two sea-
sons, examining specimens from eight different localities in Vineyard
Sound and Buzzard's Bay, states "that S. borealis has two breeding
seasons. One of these extends from the middle of June to the middle
of July ; the other extends through the month of August. During the
last two weeks of July no eggs were found either in the body-cavity or
in the shell." "The eggs pass out through the operculum ; its end
bears a movable translucent plate of lime, etc." " The reproductive
glands are arranged on either side of the intestinal canal near the
stomach. Where the ova and sperm is developed is distinguished
merely by the presence of the product. The eggs pass into the body-
cavity and from here into the operculum, where they are fertilized and
a capsule is secreted ; from here they pass out through the opening of
the operculum and are placed in the mid-dorsal furrow. The oper-
culum does not serve for a brood-pouch as does that of S. spirillum"
She probably refers to the species studied by Pagenstecher in 1862,
which he erroneously identified as S. spirillum, to which Quatrefages
in 1865 gave the name S. pagenstecheri. In the many specimens
recently examined, of S. spirillum Linne' detached from kelp (Lamt-
naria) , chains of eggs have been found in the tube. This is supposed
to be the species studied by Fewkes in 1885, as S. borealis; the S.
spirillum of Agassiz (1866) is S. borealis Daudin = S. spirorbis
Linne.
Saint -Joseph (1894) states that he found in Mera pusilla {Spirorbis
pusilloides nom. nov.) not only well-developed embryos in the opercu-
lum, but large ova in the first two abdominal segments and spermatozoa
in the following ones. In one instance only were spermatogonia and
spermatozoa seen (see Addendum) ; but the other features were noted
258 BUSH
vise a simple method of arranging the various species, based on this
character. By comparing the different forms, which vary from nar-
row tapered blades to those having a conspicuous fin-like base, they
are found to grade into one another, and fall into the following natural
divisions or groups, to which apparently Saint -Joseph's names can be
applied :
A. In the forms having the distinct fin-like base, the fin angular or
rounded, there are apparent differences in the serrations, which are
separable into two groups. In the first the serrations on the edge of
the blade are comparatively fine and the spines on the fin usually much
coarser (pi. XL, fig. 1 2) . Taking Spirorbis borealis Daudin, now con-
sidered synonymous with S. spirorbis Linne, as the type species, there
should be a few (3 to 5) odd setae with elongated fringed ends in the
third fascicle of thoracic setae. This is Spirorbis in its strictest sense.
B. In the second form the serrations become very coarse on both the
blade and fin (pi. xxxvii, fig. 24) . As milt farts Claparede falls into
this group, it is equal to the genus Pileolaria Claparede + Saint-
Joseph, which, according to the latter, has no odd setae.
C. The form with rounded fin gives rise to those in which the fin is
defined only by a more or less definite notch, which entirely disappears,
forming simple tapered blades (pi. XLI, fig. 3). In this group are
both pagenstecheri Quatrefages, referred to Janua by Saint- Joseph
as type, and pusillus Saint -Joseph, referred to Mera as type. The first
is described as having the odd setae of Apomatus on one or more
segments, while the second has them on the third only, so that there
seems to be no distinguishable difference between them, except in the
form of the operculum. Mera therefore becomes synonymous with
Janua, the name of this third group.
D. The form with angular fin gives rise to a simple blade, broadly
angular at base, found in armoricanus Saint-Joseph, referred to
Circeis as type (pi. XLI, figs. 1,2).
E. Instead of being angular, the blade becomes broadly rounded at
base, as in Icevts Quatrefages, referred by Saint- Joseph to Leodora as
type. Caullery and Mesnil suggested the possibility of this proving
synonymous with the following group.
T\ The blades become long, narrow, regularly tapered, and similar
in all three fascicles, as in perrieri Caullery and Mesnil, the type of
Romanchella Caullery and Mesnil (pi. xxxvn, fig. 8).
None of these groups or divisions are sufficiently disconnected or
distinct to give them generic (after Saint-Joseph) or subgeneric (after
Caullery and Mesnil) value. But since the names have been proposed,
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
259
they are retained only as sectional ones in the following table (p. 261),
especially as setae of similar forms are found in genera which differ
from Spirorbis in the number of thoracic segments, in the form and
substance of the plate in the operculum, and in some instances in
lacking an operculum.
As a large number of species are known only by their tubes, the
animals of comparatively few having been studied with reference to
the form of their collar setae, two simple methods have been adopted
in grouping them, as a possible aid to their correct identification : One
based on a knowledge of the tube (see p. 260), and the other on the
form of the superior collar setae (see p. 261).
Levinsen (1883) used the terms ' sinistral * and ' dextral' in group-
ing the northern species, but also retained (after Morch) the sub-
stance1 of the tube as an equally important character. As this, how-
ever, is found to change sometimes with growth, and also to be more or
less affected in preservation, it cannot always be defined with accuracy,
and might prove misleading. Therefore the direction of the coil and
the character of the surface of the tube are the only points considered
in the first table.
To avoid repetition and confusion of names, a list of all the recog-
nized species, as far as known, is given after the two tables. They
are arranged chronologically, and with each is given its principal
synonyms and reference to figures, also the principal localities at which
it has been found. As the numerals used by Caullery and Mesnil in
their recent and very important work (1897) show the arrangement of
species in their subgeneric relation as well as to one another, this num-
ber is given after the names of these authors. Names with an asterisk
show that the species has been studied and is in the Yale University
Museum.
Of the 73 species cited, only 59 could be placed in the first table,
although the position of some of these may be questioned, and but 41
in the second table. The necessary further study of the others may
prove some of them to be but synonyms there being 14 species having
the tube inadequately described and 32 about which nothing is appar-
ently known of the animal.
1 Crystalline, vitreous, cretaceous, porcellanous, etc., have been used.
26O BUSH
TABLE I.
BASED ON CHARACTER OF SURFACE OF TUBE, WHICH, WHEN FULLY DEVEL-
OPED, IS SMALL, MORE OR LESS REGULARLY COILED, DISCOID,
ASCENDING, OR SPREADING.
A. Surface without lines or grooves.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis spirorbis Linnd (iS)1 Spirorbis claparedeiC. & M. (n).
communis Bosc. nordenskjoldi Ehlers (surface ?).
corrugates Montagu non C. & M. similis sp. nov.
chilensis Gay (surface?). abnormis sp. nov.
Itevis Quatrefages. inversus sp. nov.
validus Verrill (17). tubceformis sp. nov.
morchi Levinsen (27). evolutus sp. nov.
aggregates C. & M. ( 10).
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis spirillum Linne* (4). Spirorbis armoricanus Saint-Joseph (5)
sinistrorsus Montagu. pusilloides nom. nov. (9).
B. Surface variable : with and without lines.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis verruca Fabr. non Levinsen. Spirorbis levinseni C. & M. (15).
quadrangularis Stimpson. asperates sp. nov.
malardi C. & M. (12). mutabilis sp. nov.
lebruniC. & M. (14).
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis vitreus Fabr. (2). Spirorbis rugatus sp. nov.
pseudocorrugatus nom. nov. (7). incongruus sp. nov.
semidentates sp. nov.
C. Surface with distinct lines and grooves.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis granulates Linne*. Spirorbis perrieri C. & M. ( 16).
carinates Montagu. mediterraneus C. & M. (19).
sulcatus Adams. kaekleri C. & M. (22).
cornuarietis Philippi (20).' bernardi C. & M. (23).
militaris Claparede (24). langerhansi C. & M. (26).
stimpsoniVemM. argutes Bush.
beneti Marion (21). -variabilis sp. nov.
patagonicus C. & M. (13). lineatus sp. nov.
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis cancellated Fabr. (i). Spirorbis bellulus Bush.
heterostrophus Montagu. dorsates Bush.
violaceus Levinsen (3). eximius sp. nov. (direction?).
marioni C. & M. (6). comptes sp. nov.
pagenstecheri Quatrefages (8). tridentatus sp. nov.
foraminosus Bush. formosus sp. nov.
1 See pp. 236 and 262. * See Addendum.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 26l
TABLE II.
BASED ON FORM OF SUPERIOR COLLAR SET-iB.
A. Setae having a long tapered blade preceded by a fin-like expansion.
Spirorbis Daudin 1800.
a. Serrations on the blade fine, usually much finer than on the fin.
Spirorbis Daudin 1800 6t. 8.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis Spirorbis Linne* (iS).1 Spirorbis patagonicus C. & M. (13).
granulatus Linnrf. lebruni C. & M. (14).
sulcatus Adams. koehleri C. & M. (22).
quadrangularis Stimpson. bernardi C. & M. (23).
stimpsoni Verrill. lineatus sp. nov.
aggregates C. & M. (10). similis sp. nov.
claparedeiC. & M. (n). tubceformis sp. nov.
malardiC. & M. (12).
b. Serrations on the blade coarse, similar on fin.
Pileolaria Claparede 1870.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis cornuarietis (Philippi) (20). Spirorbis beneti Marion (21).
militaris Claparede (24). langerhansi C. & M. (26).
morchi Levinsen (27). mutabilis Bush.
levinseni C. & M. (15). variabilis sp. nov.
mediterraneus C. & M. (19).
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis cancellatus Fabr. (i). Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov.
vitreus Fabr. (2). eximius sp. nov. (direction?).
marioni C. & M. (6). incongruus sp. nov.
B. Setae having the blade of two forms : with and without a shallow posterior
notch. Janua Saint-Joseph -f- Mera Saint-Joseph 1894.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis verruca Fabr. non Levinsen. Spirorbis evolutus sp. nov.
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis pagenstecheri Quatr. (8). Spirorbis pusilloides nom. nov. (9).
C. Setae having the blade distinctly angnlated at base.
Circeis Saint-Joseph 1894.
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis spirillum Linne* (4). Spirorbis armoricanus Saint-Joseph (5).
violaceus Levinsen (3).
D. Sets having the blade broadly rounded at base.
Leodora Saint-Joseph 1894.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis Icevis Quatrefages.
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis pseudocorrugatus nom. Spirorbis rugatus sp. nov.
nov. (7). comptus sp. nov.
1 See p. 258.
262 BUSH
E. Setae haying the blade regularly tapered.
Romanchella Caullery and Mesnil 1897.
Tube sinistral.
Spirorbis validus Verrill (17). Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov.
perrieriC. & M. (16). abnormis sp. nov.
argutus Bush.
Tube dextral.
Spirorbis foramtnosus Bush. Spirorbis formosus sp. nov.
bellulus Bush.
SPECIES OF SPIRORBIS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF DATE OF
PUBLICATION.
An asterisk [*] after the name of a species indicates that specimens are in
the Yale University Museum.
1760. SPIRORBIS SPIRORBIS* Linne* + Fabricius 1780+ Montagu 1803, in
part, + Cuvier (figures). (See pp. 236 and 258.)
borealis Daudin 1800 + Morch 1863 -f Malmgren 1867+ Levinsen
1883 (figures) + Saint-Joseph 1894 (figures) -f- Caullery and
Mesnil 1897 (18 ; figures) +? Schively 1897 (embryology;
figures).
nautiloides Lamarck 1818 -f Willemoes Suhm 1871 (embryology ;
figures).
spirillum Agassiz 1 866 (embryology ; figures) non Linne".
pi. xxxix, fig. 34 ; pi. XL, figs. 5, 6, 8, 12-15 '•> pl- XLII, figs. 15-19.
Northern waters, on stones and rock -weed (Fucus) ; ? on other hosts.
1760. S. SPIRILLUM* Linne" -f Fabricius 1780+ ? Montagu 1803 -f ? Morch
1863 + Malmgren 1867 + Levinsen 1883 (figures) + Caullery and
Mesnil 1897 (4) + Moore 1902. (See p. 243.)
lucidus Montagu 1803 (figures) + Morch 1863 -f Malmgren 1867
-f Saint-Joseph 1894 ; variety gronlandicus Morch 1863 {porrecta
Fabricius 1 780 non Miiller).
borealis Fewkes 1885 (embryology ; figures) non Daudin 1800.
pl. xxvn, fig. 8; pi. xxxiu, fig. 15; pi. xxxix, figs. 21-23, 28 ; rf.
XL, fig. 7 ; pl. XLII, figs. 1-5 ; pl. XLIII, figs. 9, 10.
Northern waters, very common, both Atlantic and Pacific ; from Cape Cod,
Massachusetts, coast of New England to Greenland, and from Bering
Sea to California, from shallow water to 90 fathoms, on shells (Bucctnum,
Sipho, etc.), on algae (Laminaria, etc.), on bryozoans (Cellularia, Crisia,
Gemellaria, Bugula, etc.), on hydroids (Obelta, Salacia, Eudendrium,
Sertularia, Thuiaria, etc.), and on worm tubes (Nothria, etc.) ; England,
on bryozoans (Salic ornaria, etc.).
1767. S. GRANULATUS* Linne" + Morch 1863 + Malmgren 1 867 -f Levinsen
1883, in part (tab. in, f. 9 not 10), non Fabricius 1780 + Mon-
tagu 1803 + Langerhans 1880 -f- Saint- Joseph 1894+ Caullery
and Mesnil 1897 (25 ; figure) + Moore 1902. (See p. 247.)
Pl. XL, fig. 24 ; pl. XLIII, fig. 32.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 263
Northern waters, from Bay of Fundy, Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Gull
of St. Lawrence, and Greenland, on bryozoans (Celleporaria, Porella,
Escharopsis, etc.).
1780. S. VITREUS* Fabricius + Morch 1863 -f Malmgren 1867 + Levinsen
1883 (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897(2; figures) -f Moore
1902. (See p. 247.)
pi. XLI, fig. 14 ; pi. XLII, figs. 6, 7.
Northern waters, from Grand Banks of Newfoundland, in 59 to 1 20 fathoms,
on stones and shells (Sipho, Buccinum, etc.) ; Greenland, on shells
{Chlamys islandicus), bryozoans, and worm tubes (Nothria, etc.) ; Devon*
shire, England, on shells.
1780. S. CANCELLATUS* Fabricius + Dawson 1860 (figures) + Morch 1863 4-
Malmgren 1867 -f Levinsen 1883 (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil
1897 (i ; figures). (See p. 248.)
Pi. xxxix, fig. 36 ; Pi. XL, fig. 27 ; pi. XLII, figs. 30-34.
Northern waters, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Grand Bankj of Newfoundland to
Greenland, on stones and shells (Chlamys islandicus]; Birterbuy Bay,
Ireland, on limpet shells.
1797. S. SULCATUS* Adams + Morch 1863 (in synonymy). (See p. 249.)
granulatus Montagu 1803 non Linn£ 1767.
Pi. XLI, fig. 9 ; pi. XLIII, figs. 8, 19.
England, on shells.
1800. S. TRANSVERSUS Daudin (figures) -f Morch 1863.
Indian Ocean, on marine plants and shells.
1802. S. COMMUNIS Bosc (figures) + Morch 1863, non Chenu + Fleming 1825.
(See p. 248.)
Open ocean, on Fucus,
1803. S. CARINATUS Montagu + Morch 1863, non Lamarck 1818 -f Levinsen
1883. (See p. 249.)
England, on stones and shells (Ostrea, Pinna, Trochus, Area, etc.).
1803. S. CORRUGATUS* Montagu + Morch 1 863 + Saint-Joseph 1894 non
Langerhans 1880 (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (7 ; fig-
ures). (Seep. 248.)
England and Ireland, very common on stones and shells, with Lepralia.
1803. S. HETEROSTROPHUS * Montagu (figure) + Morch 1863. (See p. 248.)
England and Ireland, on stones and shells, with Lepralia.
1803. S. SINISTRORSUS * Montagu + Morch 1863 (in synonymy) + Chenu (fig-
ure). (See p. 251.)
England, on lobsters.
1803. S. MINUTUS Montagu + Morch 1863. (See p. 248.)
England, on calcareous alga (Corallina ojficinalis).
264 BUSH
1808. S. PLICATUS Montfort + Morch I863-1
Serpula rugosa Chenu (figures) non Turton.
Mediterranean, very common on algae, crustaceans, etc.
1818. S. TRICOSTALIS Lamarck -f- Morch 1863 + Chenu (figure).
King George Sound (Port Rio Georges), western Australia.
1818. S. LAMELLOSUS Lamarck + Morch 1863 + Chenu (figure).
King's Island, Australia.
1822. S. VERRUCA* Fabricius + Morch 1863 non Levinsen 1883 (figures) +
Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (17) + Moore 1902. (See p. 247.)
pi. XLI, figs. 3, 12 ; pi. XLIV, figs. I, 1 6.
Greenland, on shells (Chlamys islandicus), and Grand Banks of Newfound-
land, on stones.
1825. S. MONTAGUI Fleming-}- Morch 1863.
Spirorbis sp. Montagu 1803.
Guernsey, England, on shell (Haliotis tuberculatcf), very common.
1830. S. ANTARCTICUS Lesson (figure) + Morch 1863 + Chenu (figure).
Isle of Malouines, very common.
1830 and 1841. S. PONTICUS Eichwald (figure) + Morch 1863.
Black Sea, on Fucus and other algae.
1836. S. PUSILLUS Rathke + Morch 1863 non Saint- Joseph 1894 + Caullery
and Mesnil 1897 (9).
Black Sea, near Balaklava, on stones and shells (Mytilus).
1843. S. ZELANDICUS Gray -f Morch 1863.
Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, on shell (Patella hookeri).
1844. S. CORNUARIETIS * Philippi (figure) + Morch 1863 + Marion and
Bobretzki 1875 (figures) -f Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (20).
Mediterranean, English Channel (coast of France), on stones and coralline
(Lithothamnion polymorphuni).
1849. S. CHILENSIS Gay + Morch 1863 (figure, Sowerby 111. Fissure Ha)
+ Ehlers 1901.
Chili.
1853. S. QUADRANGULARIS * Stimpson + Morch 1863. (See p. 241.)
fabricii Malmgren 1867.
carinatus Levinsen 1883 (figures) non Montagu 1803.
affinis Levinsen 1883 (figure) + 1886.
granulatus Caullery and Mesnil 1897, in part, -f- Moore 1902.
pl. xxxix, fig. 37; pi. XL, figs. 10, n, 21, 23, 26, 30; pi. XLII, figs.
23-29; pl. XLIII, figs. 14, 15.
Northern waters, Atlantic and Pacific, on stones, shells (Chlamys islandi-
cus, Buccinum, etc.), bryozoans, and worm tubes (Nothria, Thelepus,
1 This and other species said to be in the Museum of Paris and figured by
Chenu, ' Illustrationes de Conchyliologie,' do not appear to have been men-
tioned by Caullery and Mesnil 1897.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 265
Crucigera, etc.), from low water to 120 fathoms. Coast of New England,
from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Bay of Fundy, Gulf of St. Lawrence ;
Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Alaska.
1860. S. SIMPLEX Grube+ Mbrch 1863.
Mediterranean.
1863. S. POROSUS Morch -f Chenu (figure).
Habitat ?
1863. S. INCISUS Morch.
carinatus Lamarck 1818 -|- Chenu (figure) non Montagu 1803.
King's Island, Australia.
1863. S. ALBUS Morch + Chenu (figure).
Sea of India.
1865. S. PAGENSTECHERI Quatrefages + ? Langerhans 1880 (figures) + ?
Saint-Joseph 1894-4- ? Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (8 ; figures).
spirillum Pagenstecher 1862 non Linne" 1760.
Cette, Gulf of Lyons, Madeira, Mediterranean ; England ?
1865. S. L^VIS Quatrefages (figures) + Claparede 1868 (figures) -f Saint-
Joseph 1894.
Guettary, near Saint -Jean-du-Luz, Bay of Biscay.
1868. S. MILITARIS Claparede (figures) -f- Saint- Joseph 1894 + Caullery and
Mesnil 1897 (24 ; figures).
granulatus Langerhans 1880 (figures) (teste Caullery and Mesnil
1897)-)- ? Saint- Joseph 1894 non Linne 1767.
France (English Channel), Madeira, Naples, on stones and coralline (Litho-
thamniori).
1874. S. VALIDUS * Verrill. (Seep. 249.)
•verruca Levinsen 1883 (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (17)
-f- Moore 1902.
pi. xxxvii, figs. 5-8, 10 ; pi. XLIV, figs. 11-14.
Northern waters, on stones, shells (Chlamys islandicus, Sipho, Buccinum,
etc.), and worm tubes (Nothria), from 25 to 67 fms. ; La Have Bank, Hali-
fax Harbor, Nova Scotia ; Grand Banks of Newfoundland, and Greenland.
1879. S. STIMPSONI * Verrill. (See p. 250.)
nautiloides Stimpson 1853 -f Verrill 1874 (figure) non Lamarck 1818.
pi. xxxix, fig. 38 ; pi. XL, fig. 29 ; pi. XLIII, figs. 20-22.
New Eiifelar.^ coast, from Eastport, Maine, Bay of Fundy, to Massachu-
setts Bay, on stones and shells, from 10 to 160 fathoms.
1879. S. BENETI Marion (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (21).
Marseilles, Gulf of Lyons, on crinoid (Antedon phalangiutri).
1883. S. MORCHI * Levinsen (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (27). (S«e
p. 240.)
Pl. XXXVII, figs. 15, 24; Pl. XLI, figs. 15, l6, 21, 24, 25; Pi. XLIV, figs. 2O, 21.
Atlantic and Pacific ; Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Greenland, on
shells (Chlamys islandicus)\ Alaska, on worm tubes (Crucigera) and shells;
266 BUSH
and Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, on shells (Pachypoma
gibberosuni).
1883. S. VIOLACEUS* Levinsen (figures) + Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (3;
figures). (Seep. 242.)
granulatus Fabricius 1780 non Linne" 1767.
pi. XLI, figs. I, 2 ; pi. XLII, figs. 8-12.
Atlantic and Pacific ; Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Greenland, on
stones and shells ( Chlamys islandicus) ; Alaska, on worm tubes ( Crucigerd)
and shells; and Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, on shells
(Pachypoma gibberosuni).
1894. S. ARMORICANUS Saint-Joseph (figures) -f- Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (5 ;
figures).
/ sinistrorsus Montagu 1803, in part.
France, on lobsters.
1897. S. MARIONI* Caullery and Mesnil (6 ; figures). (See p. 239.)
pi. xxxix, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. XL, fig. 1 6.
La Paz, Lower California, to Mexico, on sea-urchins (Cidaris thouarsi),
shells (Crucibulum, JBarbatia, Callopoma, etc.), and other hosts.
1897. S. AGGREGATUS Caullery and Mesnil (10 ; figures) + Ehlers 1901.
Patagonia, in masses.
1897. S. CLAPAREDEI Caullery and Mesnil (n ; figures) + Ehlers 1901.
Patagonia, on algae and shells (Modiolarcd).
1897. S. MALARDI Caullery and Mesnil (12 ; figures).
St. Vaast-la-Hougue, France, on shells.
1897. S. PATAGONICUS Caullery and Mesnil (13 ; figures) + Ehlers 1901.
Patagonia, on nullipore.
1897. S. LEBRUNI Caullery and Mesnil (14 ; figures) -}- Ehlers 1900 -f 1901.
Patagonia, on sea-urchins (Goniocidaris canaliculate?) • Puerto Toro, from 20
to 25 fathoms.
1897. S. LEVINSENI Caullery and Mesnil (15 ; figures) -f- Ehlers 1901.
Patagonia, Straits of Magellan.
1897. S. PERRIERI Caullery and Mesnil (16 ; figures) + Ehlers 1900 -f- 1901.
Patagonia, very abundant on sea-urchins (Echinus margariticeus, Gonioci-
daris caniculata, etc.), on algae (Laminaria, etc.), on shells (Modiolarca
fuegensis, Pectenflustris, etc.) ; Punta Arenas, Puerto Churucca, from 20
fathoms, and Beagle Channel.
1897. S. MEDITERRANEUS Caullery and Mesnil (19 ; figures).
Mediterranean, on Serpula tubes.
1897. S. KCEHLERI Caullery and Mesnil (22 ; figures).
Mediterranean, on bryozoans.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 267
1897. S. BERNARDI Caullery and Mesnil (23 ; figures).
Probable origin Indian Ocean, on sea-urchin (Cidaris metularid).
1897. S. LANGERHANSI * Caullery and Mesnil (26 ; figures). (See p. 240.)
Panama to Central America, on sea-urchins (Cidaris thouarsi) and shells
(Callopoma, Crucibulum, Barbatia, etc.).
I9CO. S. NORDENSKJOLDI Ehlers -f IOX)I.
Punta Delgada, Patagonia.
1904. S. FORAMINOSUS* Bush (figures). (See p. 250.;
Japan, on red algae, in 34 fathoms.
1904. S. BELLULUS * Bush (figures). (Seep. 250.)
Japan, on pebbles and fragments of shells, in 63 to 75 fathoms.
1904. S. DORSATUS * Bush. (See p. 250.)
Japan, on fragments of shells, in 63 to 75 fathoms.
1904. S. ARGUTUS* Bush (figures). (Seep. 251.)
Japan, on red algae, in 34 fathoms.
1904. S. PSEUDOCORRUGATUS nom. nov. (See p. 250.)
corrugatus Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (7 ; figures) -f ? Langerhans
1880 non Montagu 1803.
Madeira and Gulf of Naples.
1904. S. PUSILLOIDES nom. nov. (See p. 250.)
pusillus Saint-Joseph 1894 (figures) -f Caullery and Mesnil 1897 (9 ;
figures) non Rathke 1836.
St.-Vaast-la-Hougue, France.
1904. S. SEMIDENTATUS * Sp. HOV. (See p. 237.)
pi. xxvii, figs. 7, 10 ; pi. XLI, figs. 13, 17, 23, 26-30; pi. XLIII, figs. 4,
5, 12.
Alaska (Sitka, Prince William Sound, and Unalaska Island), on rocks,
stones, and worm tubes (Serpula and Crucigera).
1904. S. VARIABILIS* sp. nov. (See p. 238.)
pi. xxix, fig. 3, a ; pi. xxxix, figs. 24, 25 ; pi. XL, fig. 4 ; pi. XLIII,
fig. 1 6 ; pi. XLIV, fig. 17.
Alaska (Sitka), on rocks and shells.
1904. S. ExiMius*sp. nov. (Seep. 239.)
pi. xxxix, fig. 9 ; pi. XLI, figs. 7, 18, 20 ; pi.. XLIII, figs. 6, n, 17.
California (Pacific Grove), on worm tube (Serpula).
1904. S. INCONGRUUS* Sp. nOV. (See p. 241.)
Pi. XL, figS. 19, 20, 28.
Alaska (Prince William Sound), on worm tubes (Serpula and Crucigera).
1904. S. LINEATUS*Sp. nOV. (See p. 242.)
pi. xxxix, fig. 29.
Alaska (Sitka and Prince William Sound), on shells and worm tubes.
268 BUSH
1904. S. SIMILIS * sp. nov. (See p. 242.)
pi. xxix, fig. 3, c; pi. xxxix, figs. 16, 31 ; pi. XL, figs. 9, 17, 18 ; pi.
XLIII, figs. 27, 31.
Alaska (Prince William Sound), on worm tubes (Crucigercf).
1904. S. RUGATUS*sp. nov. (Seep. 243.)
pi. xxix, fig. 3, b ; Pi. xxxv, fig. 14 ; pi. XLIV, figs. 18, 19.
Alaska (Sitka), on rocks.
1904. S. COMPTUS* sp. nov. (See p. 244.)
California, on algae.
1904. S. ASPERATUS* sp. nov. (See p. 245.)
rl. xxvni, fig. 10 ; pi. xxx, fig. 4 ; pi. XLI, figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, n, 19, 31,
32 ; pi. XLIII, figs, i, 2, 3, 7, 13, 26.
California (Pacific Grove), Alaska (Sitka and Prince William Sound), on
shells and worm tubes ( Crucigercf).
1904. S. ABNORMIS * Sp. nOV. (See p. 245.)
Pi. xxxix, fig. 35 ; pi. XL, figs. I, 2 ; pi. XLIII, figs. 24, 28, 29.
Alaska (Sitka), on rocks.
1904. S. INVERSUS* sp. nov. (Seep. 246.)
Australia (Port Phillip, Victoria), on bryozoa (Menipea cirrata?}.
1904. S. TRIDENTATUS * sp. nov. (See p. 246.)
Australia (Port Phillip, Victoria), on bryozoa (Menipea ctrrata .?).
1904. S. TUB^EFORMIS* sp. nov. (See p. 251.)
pi. xxxix, figs. 30, 32 ; pi. XLII, figs. 13, 14.
Long Island Sound, on Irish moss (Chondrus).
1904. S. EVOLUTUS* sp. nov. (Seep. 251.)
Pl. XLII, figs. 20-22.
Grand Banks of Newfoundland, on shells (Siphd).
1904. S. FORMOSUS* sp. nov. (See p. 252.)
pi. xxxix, figs. 18, 19; pi. XLI, fig. 22 ; pi. XLIII, figs. 18, 23, 25, 30.
Gulf Stream and Bermuda, on gulf-weed (Sargassutri), etc.
1904. S. MUTABILIS * sp. nov. (See p. 252.)
Bermuda, on shells.
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 269
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284 BUSH
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1853 Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. Smithsonian
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Storm, V.
1878-81 Bidrag til kundskat om Throndhjemaf jordens Fauna : Annelider.
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1879 Annulata Danica, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 285
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286 BUSH
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SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 287
ADDENDA.
The following notes, which with a few exceptions relate to forms
previously mentioned, were made after the foregoing pages were set
up, therefore too late to have them inserted in their proper places.
Genus Metalaonome nov. (See pp. 178 and 192.)
Branchial lobes elongated ventrally and spirally coiled only in retrac-
tion. Interbranchial membrane inconspicuous or wanting. Collar
four-lobed, with ends widely separated on the back. Superior setae
and inferior collar setae regularly tapered blades ; inferior setae back of
collar, short oblanceolate. Avicular uncini only in all the tori of the
body.
Lo Bianco ( 1 893) described the species Bispira martce as having
the elongated branchial lobes forming spirals of two or three turns, but
in the figure he has represented them as simple, similar to those of
Sabella, so that probably, like species of that genus, this one has them
spiral only in retraction. The branchiae, numbering between 80 and
90, are very long (about one half as long as body) and slender, with
seven series of dark color spots forming bands.
The body is short and stout, of about 80 segments, of which 8 belong
to the thorax.
The collar is four-lobed, open on back with widely separated ends.
Setae on the collar and superior setae on the other thoracic segments
very narrow, regularly tapered blades ; inferior setae back of collar,
short and broad oblanceolate. Avicular uncini only in all the tori of
the body.
Genera Schizocraspedon and Glossopsis nov. (See pp. 179 and 225.)
Grube (1878) placed his two new species H.furcifera and H.
minax in the genus Hydroides, with which they have strong affinities,
but the very remarkable development of the opercula, described on p.
225, would at once distinguish them from typical species of that genus ;
hence they have been respectively referred to the two new genera
Schizocraspedon and Glossopsis.
Genus Protoplacostegus nov. (See pp. 179 and 226.)
Mclntosh (1885) described and figured his species Placostegus
morchii as having a primary, somewhat cup-shaped operculum with
horny plate on the end of one branchia and an undeveloped secondary
one on the end of another branchia. The setae short and broad at base
with tapered blades (no collar setae were found) . Uncini with few (6
288 BUSH
or 7) serrations, the lowest large and fang-like. As all of these char-
acters differ greatly from those of Placostegus tridentatus, the type
of the genus Placostegus (p. 221), the new genus Protoplacostegus
is therefore proposed for Mclntosh's species.
Genus Spirorbis Daudin. (See p. 247.)
On several specimens of Margaritifera, recently received from
Beirut, Syria, are numerous tubes of three species of Spirorbis.
One sinistral form is moderately large, regularly coiled, the surface
more or less roughened by irregular concentric growth lines but with
no distinct sculpture. The animals examined have a calcareous plate
in the operculum, shallow, oblique, cup-shaped with broad, short base,
with a conspicuous spine at the back, not differing from that figured
by Marion and Bobretzky (1875) for Spirorbis cornuarietis of Phil-
ippi. The collar setae have coarsely serrate tapered blades with coarse
fin-like bases. On comparing this with the figure given by Philippi
(1844) there was found a decided difference in the size and position of
the basal spine, that of Philippi's species being figured as on the front
just below the deepest part of the cup, while in the present form and
in that figured by Marion and Bobretzky the spine is at the back and
rudder-like in form. Philippi also described his species as having the
tube concentrically striated, so that there may be some confusion in
the identification of the species, and that described and figured by Marion
and Bobretzky may be distinct. If, however, upon further study it
proves to be the same as Philippi's, this species is erroneously placed
in the table on p. 260 and should be transferred to the first group with
species whose tubes are unsculptured, the growth lines not being
treated as such.
Another animal has the calcareous plate of the operculum composed
of two distinct pieces. The end one is a similar, oblique, shallow cup
with spreading base, which has an elongated, narrow, median portion
thickened along its back, forming three conspicuous serrations ; pos-
terior to and in front of the base of this end piece is a large concavo-
convex, shield-shaped one which is entirely detached from it and is
very unlike the comparatively thin, firm, elongated, shield-shaped pro-
tection wall found in the opercula which form brood-pouches. The
collar setae are coarsely serrate with basal fin. The tube is sinistral,
of good size, with the surface roughened by faint spiral threads and
irregular growth lines. Smaller dextral tubes have the surface orna-
mented with definite spiral threads crossed by distinct concentric lines.
The animal has but a simple calcareous disk in the operculum and the
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES 289
collar setae have angular tapered blades. As the article on Spirorbis,
by Caullery and Mesnil, could not be consulted, these two species could
not be identified. The first may be S. beneti Marion 1875.
In the posterior segments of one animal of Spirorbis mutabilis were
clusters of spermatogonia and isolated spermatozoa, also good-sized
eggs with large nucleii, this being the only instance noted among the
many animals studied. (See pp. 252 and 255.)
Genus Rhodopsis nov. (See pp. 179 and 223.)
Tube small, calcareous, hair-like, more or less sigmoid, usually
attached its entire length to the under surface of the common hat-coral
{Agaricia fragilis} from Bermuda.
Animal minute, deep yellow, with the operculum protected by a
disproportionately large, chitinous disk covered with numerous un-
equal irregular light horn-colored processes or spines arranged in the
form of a rosette — hence the name.
Branchiae not determined, appearing as a mass back of the opercu-
lum, in the six specimens examined.
Eyes two, conspicuous red, showing beneath the collar.
Thorax short, the segments defined on each side by the 6, in one
instance 5, small fascicles of setae at the end of the 6 series of uncini,
there being no separate fascicle on the collar. Body cavity elongated,
showing dark brown intestinal tract. Posterior portion usually muti-
lated ; when perfect, ornamented along the dorsal ( ?) area by long
irregular ribbon-like appendages somewhat resembling the spines on
the operculum ; the elongated segments (about 5) defined on the oppo-
site (ventral ?) area by transverse lines, a series of uncini on the mid-
dle of each ; but no setae were seen.
Thoracic setae bent at the base of the broad abruptly tapered blade.
Uncial plates (seen in profile) similar to those of Filograna, with
about ten rather blunt appressed teeth, the lowest larger than the
others ; seen in front the broad tapered face has several alternating
rows of minute pointed teeth. On the abdomen the uncini were seen
only in a front view ; the face is broad, of uniform width, and no ser-
rations could be made out even with the T^ oil immersion objective.
Rhodopsis pusillus sp. nov. (See pp. 179 and 223.)
Type locality. — Bermuda.
Numerous small round tubes of uniform diameter, with both ends
open, resembling fine wavy white hairs are found scattered over the
under surface of the common hat-coral {Agaricia fragilis) .
BUSH
They are more or less sigmoid, either isolated or in masses, usually
attached their entire length but when too crowded lifting themselves
outward, forming a free end. Their surface is roughened by unequal
concentric growth lines and they are opaque except for a very small
semitransparent portion which in dried specimens is usually about the
middle, revealing the position of the minute yellow animal.
Length varying from 5-8 mm. ; diameter about £ mm.
These tubes were supposed to belong to some species of Filograna',
the animals, however, after treatment with potash solution, were
found to differ from those of that genus in possessing an operculum.
This is remarkable for the form, size, and arrangement of the spine-
like processes covering the thin chitinous disk which protects its end.
They are long, blunt, light horn-color, differ greatly in size and form,
and appear to be arranged in three alternating series forming a rosette ;
those of the outer and middle series being very irregular in outline,
differing greatly in number and position of the irregularities ; those
of the inner series more numerous (about 24) , smaller, simple, tapered
and obliquely truncated.
No seta? were found on the collar, which is apparently without inci-
sions or clefts, shallow across the back, deep along the sides and in
front with angular dorso-lateral corners.
Thoracic segments defined only by the 5 or 6 series of uncini and
small fascicles of seta?. Abdomen with uncini only, apparently
arranged in a single series, along the median area. The surface on
the opposite portion of the body covered with long unequal ribbon-
like processes resembling in form the spine-like ones on the opercular
plate.
Length of the largest perfect animal % mm.
Genus Josephella Caullery and Mesnil ( ? ). (See p. 226.)
Tubes similar to those given above as belonging to Rhodopsis
pusillus from Bermuda were found on Margaritifera from Beirut,
Syria, but the animal is very dissimilar, being elongated with a simple
operculum on which the chitinous plate has a deep erect transparent
rim strengthened on its upper surface by long, tapered spine-like pro-
cesses often with secondary spinules. There are 5 thoracic fascicles
of tapered setae and 4 series of uncini ; on the following segments the
tori with a few uncini and one very slender tapered seta are well sepa-
rated along the middle region of the body, but more crowded posteri-
orly ; the caudal portion was not found. The seta? below the collar
fascicle are bent at the base of the blade and the uncini have a com-
SABELLIDES AND SERPULIDES
291
paratively few unequal serrations the lowest one long and fang-like
when seen in profile, but in a front view the broad surface has three or
four alternating series of slender teeth. With the exception of the
operculum these characters seem to agree with those of Josephella
marenzelleri Caullery and Mesnil (p. 226) ; the operculum is described
by these authors as being borne on the end of a branchia and as having
some calcareous deposit ; the Mediterranean species may be immature
and a fully developed operculum might have some lime deposit. The
tube recalls that of Filograna, one species of which {F. corallifica
Pallas 1766) is given by Morch, 1863, as from the Mediterranean;
since no further mention has been found of any similar form, the spe-
cies, notwithstanding the fact that the operculum appears also to differ
in having a definite peduncle, is referred to Josephella, as^. humilis,
but with considerable doubt.
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES
Synonyms are in italics; names new to science and pages on which descrip-
tions occur are in black face type.
Amphiglena 188
armandi 188
mediterranea 188
Amphitrite 204, 257
volutacornis 183, 184
Anisomelus luteus 227
Apomatopsis 226
similis 226
Apomatus 226, 257, 258
ampulliferus 226, 257
elisabethae 177
enosimae 173, 226
globifera 226
similis 226
Aspeira 171, 178, 192, 202
modesta 178, 179, 192, 202, 308, 330
6p.?i73
Bispira 183, 184, 185, 192
marice 178, 192, 287
polymorpha 172, 214
volutacornis 183
Branchiomma 191
vesiculosum 191
Chitinopoma 224
fabricii 224, 229
greenlandica 224, 229, 332, 339
Chone 171, 185, 189, 190
duneri 216
infundibuliformis 189, 216
teres 180, 215, 318, 332
Circeis 257, 258, 261
armoricana 257, 258, 261
corrugatus 257
lucidus 257
Crucigera 171, 224, 225, 232, 240, 241,
242, 243, 245, 254
formosa 180, 233, 314 , 320, 324,
336
Crucigera irregularis 180, 234, 308, 316,
324, 336
websteri 225, 232
zygophora 172, 233, 238, 316, 320,
324, 336
Cymospira 222
brachycera 178
gigantea 222
morchi 178
Dasychone 192, 198
argus 198
boholensis 114
cingulata 174, 176
compressa 199
curta 176, 199
decora 192, 198
havaica 173, 199
infarcta 192, 198
japonica 173
macula fa 175
orientalis 174
picta 173
serratibranchis 174
Dasychonopsis 178, 191, 198, 199
argus 198
compressa 199
curta 176, 199
maculata 175
pallidus 178, 181, 191, 196, 199
Dasynema 221
chrysogyrus 175, 221
Demonax 184, 186, 191
cooki 173, 186
incertus 176
krusensterni 173, 186, 191
leucaspis 175
picta 173
tilosaulus 175
(292)
INDEX
293
Dexiospira 256
Dialychone 190, 216
acustica 190, 216
Distylia 183, 184, 185, 192, 209, 210
volutacornis 183, 184, 185, 192
Ditrypa 223
arietina 223
gracillima 175
libera 223
strangulata 178
subulata 223
Eucarphus 225
crucigera 172, 236
cumingii 175, 177, 225
navalis 177
lunulifera 225
ternatensis 175
Euchone 185, 190, 203, 216
alicaudata 173
analis 172, 190, 216
Eudistylia 171, 178, 185, 186, 193, 197,
202, 205, 209
abbreviata 180, 212, 306, 324, 326
gigantea 178, 179, 193, 209, 210, 212,
300, 302, 304, 308, 322, 326
intermedia 180, 214, 325, 326, 328
plumosa 179, 212, 300, 302, 322
polymorpha 172, 214, 316
tenella 170, 180, 213, 302, 304, 324,
326, 328
Eupomatus 225, 227
boltoni 177
dianthus 235
elegans 177
exaltatus 173
fusicola 173
gracilis 180, 234, 312, 326, 332
humilis 180, 235, 337
lunulifera 225
protulicola 235
spongicola 235
uncinatus 225, 235
Eurato 186, 189, 194
manicata 174
melanostigma 194
notata 174
porifera 174
pyrrhogaster 174, 189
Fabricia 184, 189
alata 176
fabricii 189
Filograna 226, 257, 290
cor alii flea 291
divaricata 177
implexa 226
Filogranula 222, 257
gracilis 222
Galeolaria 222
boltoni 177
caespitosa 177, 222
decumbens 177
elongata 177
hystrix 175, 177
rosea 177
tetracera 175, 177
Glossopsis 179, 225, 287
minax 175, 179, 225, 287
Haplobranchus 188
aestuarius 188
Hyalopomatopsis 171, 224, 227, 231, 318
marenzelleri 224
occidentalis 180, 229, 338
Hyalopomatus 223
claparedii 223
marenzelleri 224
Hydroides 225, 235, 287
crucigera 172, 236
diplochone 174
elegans 177
furcffera 175, 179, 225, 287
greenlandica 224
minax 175, 179, 225, 287
multispinosa 173, 175
ternatensis 175
norvegica 225, 235
grb'nlandica 22
protulicola 235
spongicola 235
Hypsicomus 185, 191
hceckelii 185
lyra 173
phaeotaenia 173
stichophthalmos 191
Janita 223
fimbriata 223
294
INDEX
Janua 257, 258, 261
pagenstecheri 257. 258
Jasmineira 183, 189, 190, 193
caudata 183, 190
oculata 193
rubropunctata 183
Josephella 226, 290
humilis 291
marenzelleri 226, 291
Laeospira 256
Laonome 190, 191, 197
antarctica 176, 197
JicKckelii 185
japonica 173, 178, 191, 197, 198
kroyeri 190, 197
spectabilis 174
tridentata 173
Leodora 256, 257, 258, 261
leevis 257, 258
Leptochone 188
Manayunkia 188, 189
speciosa 188
Megachone 189
aurantiaca 172, 189, 216
Mera 258, 261
fusilla 250, 255, 258
Metachone 179, 190, 216
mollis 179, 180, 190, 216, 328
picta 216
Metalaonome 178, 192, 287
mariae 178, 192, 287
Metavermilia 179, 220, 223
multicristata 179, 220, 223
nigropileata 176
Myxicola 171, 188
affinis 180, 218, 334
conjuncta 180, 217, 310, 334
glacialis 180, 218, 302, 308, 310, 334
infundibulum 188
ommatophora 175
pacifica 172, 218
platychaeta 173
steenstrupi 217, 218, 334
Notaulax 191
rectangulatus 191
sp. 191
Omphalopoma 224
cristata 224
224
langerhansii 1 74, 224
spinosa 224
umbilicata 175, 224
Omphalopomopsis 224
langerhansii 174, 224
Oria 184, 189
armandi 189
limbata 176
Oriopsis 189
metchnikowi 189
Parachonia 184, 190
letter stedti 190
Paradexiospira 256
Paralaeospira 256
Paralaonome 178, 191, 197
antarctica 176
japonica 173, 178, 191, 197, 198
Parasabella 171, 178, 186, 191, 199, 202
maculata 179,201,314,324,325,326,
33o
media 178, 179, 191, 199, 200, 312,
325. 326, 328, 333
microphthalma 200
sp. 180, 201
Paravermilia 179, 221, 223
bermudensis 179, 221, 223
Phragmatopoma 225
caudata 225
Pileolaria 257, 258, 261
granulata 257
militaris 257, 258
Piratesa 227
nigroannulata 227
Placostegopsis 221
langerhansi 221
Placostegus 221, 226, 287
benthalianus 177
caeruleus 177
cariniferus 177
crystallina 221
fimbriatus 223
langerhansi 221
morchii 177, 179, 226, 287
ornatus 175, 176
porosus 175
INDEX
295
Placostegus sp. 176
taeniatus 178
tricuspidatus 221
tridentatus 221, 288
umbilicatus 175
Polyphragma 225
Pomatoceros 222
auritubis 174
bucephalus 175
elephus 178
helicoides 174
strigiceps 177
tet racer os 175, 177
tricuspis 222
triquetra 222
Pomatostegus 222
actinocerus 175
bower banki 178
kroyeri 172, 236
latiscapus 174
macrosoma 222
stellata 222
strigiceps 177
Potamilla 185, 191, 192, 193, 202, 203,
204
acuminata 173
malmgreni 203
tnyriops 173
neglecta 192, 203
oculifera 204
oligophthalmos 175
polyophthalmos 175
reniformis 172, 178, 185, 193, 203,
204
suavis 173
tenuitorquus 174
torelli 173, 203
tortuosa 204
Potamis 193
malmgreni 203
spathiferus 193, 203
Protis 227, 229
arctica 229
coccus 227
simplex 227, 229
Protoplacostegus 179, 226, 287
morchii 177, 179, 226, 287
Protula 226, 227
alba 228
Protula arctica 229
atypha 180, 228, 332
diomedeae 228
dystera 226
geniculata 173
intestinum 227, 228
media 228
rudolphi 227
tubularia 228
Protulides 184, 185, 190
elegans 184, 185, 190
Protulopsis 227, 228
intestinum 227, 228
nigra-nucha 175, 227
Pseudopotamilla 178, 192, 193, 202, 203,
205
debilis 180, 204, 330
myriops 173
oculifera 193, 208, 324, 325, 326,
332, 333
oligophthalmos 175
polyophthalmos 175
reniformis 172, 178, 185, 193, 203,
204, 208
suavis 173
Psjgmobranchus 227
ccecus 227
multicostatus 227
protensus 227
Rhodopsis 179, 223, 289
pusillus 179, 223, 289
Romanchella 256, 258, 262
perrieri 258
Sabella 171, 183, 185, 187, 192, 193, 197,
198, 200, 203, 204, 2O9
acrophthalmos 174
a r mat a 177
aulaconota 173
ceratodaula 177
crassicornis 194, 195
elegans 179, 194, 196, 310, 312, 324,
326, 333
formosa 179, 195, 196, 312, 325,
326, 328, 330
fullo 173
fusca 177
grandis 177
296
INDEX
Sabella havaica 173, 199
humilis 179, 195, 312, 330
indica 186
japonica 173
leptalea 179, 195, 190, 312, 324, 325,
326
magelhaensis 176
magnified 186
manicata 174
melanostigma 194
microphthalma 200
neglecta 203
notata 174
pavonina 192, 193, 194
phczotcenia 173
picta 216
porifera 174
punctulata 177
pyrrhogaster 174
reniformis 172, 203
rubropunctata 183
samoensis 176
saxicava 204
sp. 176
spectabilis 174
sulcata 177
tilosaulus 175
tricolor 173
vancouveri 172, 197
velata 177
volutacornis 184
zebuensis 174
Sabellastarte 186, 192, 197
indica 186, 192, 197
japonica 197, 198
magnifica 1 86
spectabilis 174
Salmacina 226, 257
aedificatrix 226
australis 177
ccecus 227
dystera 226
incrustans 226, 257
multicostatus 227
Schizobranchia 171, 178, 186, 193, 197,
205, 212
affinis 179, 205, 209, 324, 328
concinna 179, 205, 208, 304, 314,
326, 328
Schizobranchia dubia 179, 205, 208, 314,
316, 324, 330, 332
insignis 170, 178, 179, 193, 205, 206,
306, 312, 314, 328
nobilis 179, 205, 207, 208, 209, 306,
314, 324, 328
Schizocraspedon 179, 225, 287
furcifera 175, 179, 225, 287
Sclerostyla 224, 225, 232
ctenactis 224
zelandica 177, 232
Serpula 171, 219, 221, 224, 225, 226,
227, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241,
254
actinocerus 175
chrysogyrus 175, 221
columbiana 172, 232
ctenactis 224
dianthus 235
filigrana 177
fimbriata 223
gigantea 222
granulosa 174
implexa 226
jukesii 174, 177, 231
narconensis 176
magellanica 176
ornatus 175
philippensis 175
porrecta 243, 262
quadricornis 175
rugosa 264
splendens 180, 229, 230, 238, 310,
316, 318, 325, 328, 333, 336
sp. 229
tricornigera 175
tridentatus 221
triquetra 221, 222, 229
vasifera 177
vermicularis 176, 224
zelandica 177, 232
zygophora 172, 233
Spirobranchus 222, 223
brachycera 178
giganteus 222
incrassatus 173, 236, 326, 332, 333
morchi 178
occidentalis 220
pseudoincrassatus 236
INDEX
Spirobranchus quadricornis 175
rostratus 178
semper i 175
tricornigerus 175
Spirographis 184, 192
australiensis 177
spallanzanii 192
Spirorbis 171, 172, 219, 221, 222, 224,
229, 230, 231, 236, 252, 253, 254,
256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 288
abnormis 180, 245, 254, 260, 262,
268, 337, 333
ajfinis 241, 264
aggregatus 176, 260, 261, 266
albus 265
antarcticus 264
argutus 174, 250, 260, 262, 267
armortcanus 258, 260, 261, 266
asperatus 180, 245, 246, 253, 260,
262, 268, 314, 318
bellulus 174, 250, 260, 262, 267
beneti 260, 261, 265, 289
bernardi 260, 261, 267
borealis 222, 236, 255, 257, 258, 262
cancellatus 248, 260, 261, 263, 337,
338
carinatus 241, 246, 248, 249, 260,
263, 264, 265
chilensis 176, 260, 264
claparedei 176, 260, 261, 266
communis 248, 260, 263
comptus 1 80, 244, 260, 261, 268
conicus 248
cornuarietis 239, 260, 261, 264, 288
corrugatus 248, 257, 260, 263, 267
dorsatus 174, 250, 260, 267
evolutus 251, 260, 261, 268
eximius 180, 239, 260, 261, 267,
336
fabricii 264
foraminosus 174, 250, 260, 262,
267
formosus 251, 254, 260, 262, 268,
236
granulatus 241, 242, 246, 247, 249,
253, 256, 257, 260, 261, 262, 263,
264, 265, 266, 338
heterostrophus 248, 249, 260, 263
incisus 178, 246, 265
Spirorbis incongruus 180, 241, 244, 260,
261, 267, 338
inversus 181, 246, 260, 268
kcehleri 260, 261, 266
laevis 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 265
lamellosus 178, 246, 264
langerhansi 173, 240, 260, 261, 267
lebruni 176, 260, 261, 266
levinseni 176, 260, 261, 266
lineatus 180, 242, 260, 261, 267,
336
lucidus 241, 243, 246, 251, 257, 262
grdnlandicus 262
malardi 260, 261, 266
marioni 173, 239, 240, 260, 261,
266, 336, 338
mediterraneus 260, 261, 266
militaris 247, 258, 260, 261, 265
minutus 248, 263
montagui 264
mdrchi 170, 180, 240, 241, 260, 261,
265, 332
mutabilis 252, 260, 261, 268, 289
nautiloides 262, 265
nordenskjoldi 176, 260, 267
pagenstecheri 254, 255, 257, 258,
260, 261, 265
patagonicus 176, 260, 261, 266
perrieri 176, 258, 260, 262, 266
plicatus 264
ponticus 264
porosus 265
pseudocorrugatus 248, 250, 260, 261,
267
pusilloides 250, 254, 255, 260, 261,
267
pusillus 250, 258, 264, 267
quadrangularis 170, 180, 239, 241,
247, 249, 253, 260, 261, 264, 337,
338. 339
rugatus 180, 241, 243, 244, 260, 261,
268, 316, 328
semidentatus 180, 237, 238, 253, 260,
261, 267, 312
similia 180, 242, 260, 261, 268, 316,
336, 338
simplex 265
sinistrosus 251, 260, 263, 266
sp. 248, 264, 338
INDEX
Spirorbis spirillum 170, 179, 180, 243,
244. 253, 254, 255, 260, 261,
262, 265
lucidus 170, 179, 312, 324, 336,
338
greenlandicus 243
spirorbis 222, 236, 241, 248, 251,
253. 254» 255, 258, 260, 261, 262,
337, 338
stimpsoni 250, 253, 260, 261, 265,
337, 338
sulcatus 247, 248, 249, 260, 261,
263
transversus 263
tricostalis 178, 264
tridentatus 181, 246, 260, 268
tubaeformis 251, 260, 261, 268, 336
validus 246, 247, 249, 253. 254, 256,
260, 262, 265, 332, 333
variabilis 180, 237, 238, 243, 246,
254, 260, 261, 267, 316, 336, 338
verruca 247, 249, 260, 261, 264, 265
violaceus 170, 180, 237, 238, 242,
247, 260, 261, 266
vitreus 237, 240, 247, 248, 260, 261,
263
zelandicus 177, 264
Terebella stellata 222
Tubus vermicularis 224
Vermetus porosus 175
Vermilia 220, 222
agglutinata 223
ccespitosa 177
clavigera 223
ctenophora 173
dine ma 222
infundibulum 22O
multicostata 223
multicristata 179, 220, 223
multivaricosa 220, 223
nigropileata 176, 220
pluriannulata 173
polytrema 220
rosea 177
rostratus 178
serrula 224
sp. 176
spirorbis 220
strigiceps 177
tceniatus 178
triquetra 220, 222
Vermiliopsis 220, 223, 226
agglutinata 223
multivaricosa 220, 223
Zopyrus 224
koempferi 177
loveni 176, 224
sp. 176
PLATE XXI.
FIG. I. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Lateral view, X i-
2. Opposite view of same specimen.
3. Eudistylia flumosa sp. nov., p. 212. Ventral view of anterior portion of
type, slightly enlarged.
4. Lateral view of same specimen, about natural size.
(300)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXI
. . .-••.^.
~ix££
*E^
'JSfc-
"A*/:vr>» '
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTVPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXII.
FIG. i. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov., p. 218. Lateral view of long slender form,
Xf-
2. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Ventral view, X §•
3. Opposite view of same specimen.
4. Branchiae : a, Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210, showing double end ;
b, Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov., p. 212; c, Eudistylia gigantea, normal ;
d, Eudistylia gigantea, medium sized specimen; all X 3-
(302)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE xxu
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXIII.
FIG. i. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Dorsal view of anterior portion o
a medium sized specimen, X *•
2. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Dorsal view of type, X i-
3. Ventral view of same specimen.
4. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Dorsal view of anterior portion of a
medium sized specimen, X f •
5. Lateral view of same specimen.
(304)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXIII
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HEUOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXIV.
FIG. i. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Ventral view, X
2. Dorsal view of another specimen.
3. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Ventral view, X i«
4. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Lateral view, X *•
(306)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXIV
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXV.
FIG. i. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov., p. 218. Lateral view, X 3-
2. Lateral view of another specimen.
3. Aspeira modesta sp. nov., p. 202. Dorsal view, X f •
4. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Ventral view of a medium sized
specimen, X I-
5. Crucigera irregularis sp. nov., p. 234. Lateral view, X 3-
(308)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXV
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HEUOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXVI.
FIG. i. Myxicola conjuncta sp. nov., p. 217. Lateral view, slightly enlarged.
2. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Lateral view, X 3-
3. Serfula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Ventral view of anterior portion,
X4-
4. Branchiae: a, Myxicola conjuncta sp. nov., p. 217; b, Myxicola glacialis
sp. nov., p. 218 ; both X 5-
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXVI
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXVII.
FIG. I. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Lateral view of young speci-
men in which the branchiae are being repaired from injury, X 2*
2. Sabella humilis sp. nov., p. 195. Dorso-lateral view, X about 4.
3. Parasabella media sp. nov., p. 2OO. Ventral view, X !•
4. Dorsal view of same specimen.
5. Portion of two branchiae, X 4-
6. Terminal portions of branchiae, X^: a, Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p.
195 ; b, Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196; c, Sabella elegans sp. nov.,
p. 194.
7. Spirorbis semidcntatus sp. nov., p. 237. Lateral view of tube, show-
ing operculum, X 5-
8. Spirorbis spirillum Linne* var. lucidus Montagu, p. 243, from Pacific
Grove, on shell of Cerithtum, X 5-
9. Eupomatus gracilis sp. nov., p. 234. Dorsal view of anterior portion
of specimen from Pacific Grove, X 4-
IO. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov., p. 237. Top view of two tubes, show-
ing slightly protruding animal, X 5-
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE xxvn
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXVIII.
FIG. I. Schizobranchia dubfa sp. nov., p. 208. Lateral view, X 3-
2. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Dorsal view of anterior por-
tions of a medium sized specimen, X about 3.
3. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Branchia without terminal fila-
ment, X 5-
4. Another branchia with short terminal filament, X about 2.
5. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Branchia, X about 2.
6. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Branchia, X about 2.
7. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Branchia, X about 2.
8. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 201. Lateral view, X about 2.
9. Ventral view of same specimen.
10. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Mass of tubes, X about 6.
(3H)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXVIII
10
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXIX.
FIG. I. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov., p. 208. Dorso-lateral view, X 5-
2. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Dorsal view of anterior portion,
showing both primary and secondary operculum, X 2«
3. A piece of stone covered with tubes of Sfirorbh, X about 4 : a, Sinis-
tral, vitreous, Spirorbis variabilis sp. nov., p. 238; b, Dextral, Spir-
orbis rugatus sp. nov., p. 243 ; c, Sinistral, nonglassy, Spirorbis simih's
sp. nov., p. 242.
4. Crucigera irregularis sp. nov., p. 234. Lateral view of anterior portion
of type, X 3-
5. Crucigera zygophorn (Johnson), p. 233. Branchia, X 5-
6. Eudistylia polymorpha (Johnson), p. 214. Anterior portion of speci-
men from Victoria, British Columbia, X 4 • «» cut dorso-ventrally, to
show the spiral branchial lobe ; b, the other half cut laterally, to show
height of spiral with branchial membrane.
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXIX
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HELIOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXX.
FIG. i. Chone teres sp. nov., p. 215. Two views of the type, X 2.
2. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Lateral view of a specimen, showing
a portion of the tube covered with tubes of Spirorbis and Hyalopo-
matopsis, X 2.
3. Opposite view of another specimen, X 2-
4. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Mass of tubes of the variety with
roughened surface, attached to a gastropod shell, X about 6.
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXX
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXI.
FIG. x. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Dorso-lateral view of type, X 3-
2. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. A mass of tubes with their
animals, X 2-
(320)
H. A. E. VOL. XI!
PLATE XXXI
k|
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HEUOTYPE CO., BOSTON.
PLATE XXXII.
FlG. I. Eudistylta gigantea sy. nov., p. 210. Seta from abdomen, about # view.
2. Pennoned seta, from a thoracic torus of another specimen, back view.
3. Inferior thoracic seta below the collar, from the same specimen as
fig. 1 1 , about % view.
4. Inferior seta from the collar fascicle of the same specimen as fig. i,
about $£ view.
5. Another seta from the same fascicle, more turned.
6. Inferior seta from collar fascicle of type, nearly back view.
7. Superior seta from the same fascicle, side view.
8. Inferior thoracic seta below collar of type, back view.
9. Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov., p. 212. Inferior thoracic seta below collar
of type, nearly back view.
10. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Seta from abdomen of type.
11. Inferior thoracic seta from the same specimen as fig. 3.
12. Avicular uncinus from a caudal torus of type.
13. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic torus of type.
14. Pennoned seta from same torus, in profile.
15. Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov., p. 212. Avicular uncinus from near ven-
tral end of a thoracic torus of type.
16. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Avicular uncinus from thoracic
torus from the same specimen as fig. I.
17. Pennoned seta from same torus, in profile.
18. Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov., p. 212. Avicular uncinus from abdominal
torus of type.
19. Seta from abdomen of type.
20. Superior seta from fourth thoracic segment of type.
21. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 2IO. Avicular uncinus from abdominal
torus of type.
22. Eudistylia plumosa sp. nov., p. 212. Avicular uncinus near dorsal end
of same thoracic torus as fig. 15.
23. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Pennoned seta from a thoracic
torus of same specimen as fig. 2, another view.
24. Avicular uncinus from abdominal torus of same specimen as fig. I.
25. Inferior thoracic seta below collar of s^me specimen as fig. 2.
26. Superior seta from fourth thoracic segment of type.
Figures i, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 20 are by A. H. Verrill, X 196; the oth-
ers, by the author, X 2I2«
(322)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXII
H£LIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXIII.
FIG. I. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Inferior seta from collar fas-
cicle, nearly back view.
2. Superior seta from the same fascicle, in profile.
3. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Posterior portion of a collar
seta.
4. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Posterior portion of a collar seta,
about # view.
5. Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p. 195. Avicular uncinus from thoracic torus.
6. Pseudopotamilla oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Pennoned seta from thor-
acic torus.
7. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov., p. 208. Pennoned seta from thoracic
torus.
8. Parasabella macula fa sp. nov., p. 201. Seta from collar fascicle, in
profile.
9. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov., p. 209. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar fascicle, about % view.
10. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Seta from abdomen, back view.
11. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov., p. 209. Inferior seta from same fascicle
as fig. 9, different position.
12. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 201. Inferior seta from fourth thor-
acic segment, about tf view.
13. Crucigera irregularis sp. nov., p. 234. Posterior portion of a collar
seta.
14. Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p. 195. Avicular uncinus from abdominal
torus.
15. Spirorbis spirillum (Linne") var. lucidus (Montagu) , p. 243. Calcareous
plate from operculum.
16. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
17. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov., p. 209. Avicular uncinus from thor-
acic torus.
18. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Pennoned seta from thoracic
torus.
19. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Avicular uncinus from abdominal
torus.
20. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Avicular uncinus from thoracic
torus.
21. Avicular uncinus from abdominal torus.
22. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Avicular uncinus from thor-
acic torus of a young specimen from Dutch Harbor.
23. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov., p. 209. Setafrom abdomen, back view.
24. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Inferior thoracic seta below collar.
25. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar.
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXIII
HELIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXin — Continued.
FIG. 26. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov., p. 214. Avicular uncinus from abdom-
inal torus of specimen from Pacific Grove, California.
27. Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p. 195. Pennoned seta from a thoracic torus.
28. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
29. Sabella leptalea sp. nov. Pennoned seta from a thoracic torus, differ-
ent position from fig. 27.
30. Pseudopotamilla oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Pennoned seta from
thoracic torus, different position from fig. 6.
31. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Posterior portion of seta from
collar fascicle.
32. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
33. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 201. Inferior seta from same thoracic
segment as fig. 12, different view.
34. Parasabella media sp. nov., p. 200. Seta from collar fascicle, about %
view.
35. Inferior seta from fourth thoracic segment, back view.
36. Superior seta from same fascicle, in profile.
Figures i, 2, 21, 23, 25, 34, 35, 36 are by A. H. Verrill, X 223- The
others, by the author, X 23°» except figure 15, X 37-
(3>5)
PLATE XXXIV.
FIG. i. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Seta from collar fascicle, nearly back
view.
2. Parasaletta maculata sp. nov., p. 2Oi. Superior seta from fourth thor-
acic fascicle, in profile.
3. Parasabella media sp. nov., p. 200. Seta from abdomen.
4. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Inferior seta from fourth thoracic
fascicle.
5. Superior seta from same fascicle.
6. Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p. 195. Seta from abdomen.
7. Seta from collar fascicle.
8. Superior seta from fourth thoracic fascicle.
9. Inferior seta from same fascicle.
10. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Seta from abdomen.
it. Pseudopotamilla oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Seta from abdomen, back
view.
12. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic
torus.
13. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Avicular uncinus from a thor-
acic torus.
14. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Avicular uncinus from an abdominal
torus.
15. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Pennoned seta from a thor-
acic torus.
16. Eudistylia abbreviata sp. nov., p. 212. Avicular uncinus from an ab-
dominal torus.
17. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Avicular uncinus from ab-
dominal torus.
18. Avicular uncinus from thoracic torus, slightly turned.
19. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov., p. 214. Inferior seta from collar fas-
cicle, back view.
20. Seta from abdomen.
21. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic
torus.
22. Sabella leptalea sp. nov., p. 195. Pennoned seta from a thoracic torus.
23. Eudistylia gigantea sp. nov., p. 210. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic
torus, slightly turned.
24. Spirobranchus incrassatus (Kroyer), p. 236. Seta from collar fascicle
of specimen from Central America.
25. Eupomatus gracilis sp. nov., p. 234. Seta from collar fascicle of type
from Pacific Grove, California.
26. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov., p. 214. Inferior seta from a thoracic
fascicle below collar.
Figures i, 3-10, 14, 19, 21 are by A. H. Verrill, X J96« The others,
by the author, X 2I2«
(326)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXIV
HELIOTVPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXV.
FIG. I. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar, of type.
2. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Pennoned seta from thoracic
torus of type.
3. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Seta from abdomen of type.
4. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus of type.
5. Avicular uncinus from thoracic torus of another specimen.
6. Pennoned seta from same thoracic torus.
7. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Seta from abdomen.
8. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Inferior seta from thorax of type.
9. Schizobranchia affinis sp. nov., p. 209. Pennoned seta from thoracic
torus, front view.
10. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., 207. Avicular uncinus from thor-
acic torus of type.
11. Inferior thoracic seta from same specimen as fig. 5.
12. Schizobranckia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Superior thoracic seta below
collar, same specimen as fig. 2.
13. Seta from abdomen of same specimen.
14. Spirorbis rugatus sp. nov., p. 243. Operculum torn away, showing
calcareous disk at base.
15. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Inferior thoracic seta from
same specimen as fig. 2.
16. Another inferior seta from same specimen.
17. Schizobranckia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Avicular uncinus from
thoracic torus.
18. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Uncinus from thorax.
19. Metachone mollis sp. nov., p. 216. Clavate seta from thorax of type,
from Pacific Grove, California.
20. Beaked seta from thorax of same specimen.
21. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov., p. 214. Avicular uncinus from thoracic
torus of type.
22. Eudistylia tenella sp. nov., p. 213. Avicular uncinus from abdominal
torus.
23. Schizobranchia nobilis sp. nov., p. 207. Superior seta from collar
fascicle.
24. Schizobranchia concinna sp. nov., p. 208. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar fascicle.
25. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Inferior seta from thorax of same
specimen as fig. 7.
26. Schizobranchia insignis sp. nov., p. 206. Avicular uncinus from thor-
acic torus of same specimen as fig. 2.
27. Avicular uncinus from abdominal torus of same specimen.
28. Metachone mollis sp. nov., p. 216. Uncinus from abdomen of type.
29. Eudistylia intermedia sp. nov., p. 214. Pennoned seta from same torus
as fig. 21.
30. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Superior seta from thorax of same
fascicle as fig. 25.
Figures 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 24, 25, 30 by A. H. Verrill, X 196.
the others, by the author, X 2I2» except figure 14, X 35-
(328)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXV
ALASKA ANNELIDS
HEUOTYPE CO.
PLATE XXXVI.
FIG. i. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov., p. 208. Pennoned seta from thoracic
torus, back view.
2. Avicular uncinus from same torus.
3. Another pennoned seta from thorax, nearly side view.
4. Sabella humilis sp. nov., p. 195. Seta from collar fascicle of type.
5. Another seta from collar fascicle.
6. Seta from fourth thoracic fascicle.
7. Pennoned seta from a thoracic torus.
8. Avicular uncinus from an abdominal torus, in profile.
9. Another from same torus, nearly front view.
10. Avicular uncinus from thoracic torus.
11. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
13. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 201. Avicular uncinus from an ab-
dominal torus.
13. Parasabella media sp. nov., p.2OO. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic
torus.
14. Pennoned seta from a thoracic torus (no potash used).
15. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 201. Pennoned seta from a thoracic
torus.
16. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic torus.
17. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov., p. 208. One of the shorter or inferior
setae from collar fascicle, back view.
18. Seta from the abdomen, back view.
19. One of the longer or superior setae from the collar fascicle, in profile.
20. Side view of one of the superior setae commencing on the second thor-
acic segment.
21. Parasabella maculata sp. nov., p. 2OI. Pennoned seta from a thoracic
torus, different position.
22. An abdominal seta, in profile.
23. Pseudopotamitta debilis sp. nov., p. 204. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar, from specimen from Pacific Grove, California, about $£ view.
24. Another from the same fascicle, different position.
25. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
26. Pseudopotamilla debilis sp. nov., p. 204. Avicular thoracic uncinus
from specimen from Pacific Grove, California.
27. Aspeira modesta sp. nov., p. 202. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus.
28. Seta from abdomen, in profile.
29. One of the longer inferior oblanceolate setae from the fourth thoracic
fascicle.
30. One of the shorter, more nearly spatulate setae from the same fascicle
31. Pennoned seta from the thoracic torus, different position.
32. Sabella formosa sp. nov., p. 196. Pennoned seta from thoracic torus,
different position.
33. Aspeira modesta sp. nov., p. 2O2. Superior lanceolate seta from the
fourth thoracic fascicle, back view.
34. Avicular uncinus from an abdominal torus.
35. Avicular uncinus from a thoracic torus.
Figures 4-6, 25, 27-30, 33-35 by A. H. Verrill, X 295; the others,
by the author, X 30°.
(330)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXVI
HF.LIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXVII.
FIG. I. Protula atypha sp. nov., p. 228. Seta from abdomen of specimen from
Pacific Grove, California.
2. Front view of thoracic uncinus apparently without serrations.
3. Chitinopoma greenlandica (Morch) Levinsen,p. 229. Operculum from
specimen from Greenland.
4. Protula atypha sp. nov. , p. 228. Side view of another uncinus from
sixth thoracic torus.
5. Spirorbis validus Verrill, p. 249. Abdominal seta from specimen from
Grand Banks.
6. A simple curved seta from same region.
7. Collar seta showing imperfection in margin.
8. Collar seta from another specimen.
9. Chitinopoma greenlandica (Morch) Levinsen, p. 229. Operculum of
specimen on tube of Nothria conchylega, from off eastern coast of
New England, in 32 fathoms.
1O. Spirorbis validus Verrill, p. 249. Seta from second thoracic fascicle of
animal from Grand Banks.
XI. Pseudopotamitta oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Pennoned seta from
thorax of specimen from Atlantic Ocean.
12. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Pennoned seta from thorax.
13. Pseudopotamilla oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Avicular thoracic uncinus
from specimen from Atlantic Ocean.
14. Another, showing slight variation.
15. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Seta from second thoracic fascicle
of specimen from the Banks, Atlantic Ocean, in 110-120 fathoms.
16. Chone teres sp. nov., p. 215. Seta from first thoracic segment of type,
about %i view.
17. Seta from abdomen, partly turned.
18. Bayonet seta from thorax.
19. Superior thoracic seta below collar.
20. Inferior thoracic seta below collar.
21. Hooked thoracic seta from fourth segment.
22. Abdominal uncinus.
23. Another, showing variation.
24. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Collar seta from same specimen
as fig. 15.
25. Spirobranchus incrassatus (Kro'yer), p. 236. Thoracic uncinus from
specimen from Central America.
26. Eupomatus gracilis sp. nov., p. 234. Thoracic uncinus from specimen
from Pacific Grove, California.
27. Abdominal uncinus.
28. Schizobranchia dubia sp. nov., p. 208. Inferior thoracic seta below
collar, back view.
(332)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXVII
HELIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXVII— Continued.
FIG. 29. Pseudopotamilla oculifera (Leidy), p. 204. Inferior thoracic seta from
specimen from Atlantic Ocean, back view.
30. Parasabclla media sp. nov., p. 200. Pennoned seta from thorax, back
view.
31. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Front view of thoracic uncinus.
32. Spirorbis validus Verrill, p. 249. Odd seta from third thoracic fas-
cicle of specimen from Grand Banks.
33. Sabella elegans sp. nov., p. 194. Another pennoned seta from thoracic
torus, back view.
34. Spirobranchus incrassatus (Krbyer), p. 236. Thoracic seta.
Figures by the author: 2, 4, 26, 27, 31, X 33°; 3, 9, X 5<>; the others,
X295-
(333)
PLATE XXXVIH.
FIG. I. Myxicola conjuncta sp. nov., p. 217. Seta from thorax, side view.
2. Another seta from a thoracic fascicle, side view.
3. Only hooked seta found on sixth thoracic segment.
4. Dark, sharply pointed, spear-shaped seta from eighth thoracic segment.
5. Seta from a thoracic fascicle, back view.
6. Light-colored spear-shaped seta from abdomen.
7. Only hooked seta found on seventh thoracic segment.
8. Only hooked seta found on fourth thoracic segment, more turned.
9. Dark spear-shaped seta from eighth thoracic segment, more blunt than
fig. 4.
10. Uncial plate from abdomen.
11. Another, showing variation in form.
12. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov., p. 218. Uncial plate from fourth segment
(first abdominal).
13. Myxicola steenstrupt Kr5yer, p. 218. Uncial plate from abdomen of a
specimen from the Bay of Fundy.
14. Another, showing variation in form.
15. One of the 4 or 5 hooked setae from sixth thoracic segment.
16. Another from seventh thoracic segment, more turned.
17. Myxicola affinis sp. nov., p. 218. Uncial plate from abdomen of speci-
men from Pacific Grove, California.
18. Another, showing variation in form.
19. Hooked seta from thorax.
20. Another, different view.
21. Myxicola steenstrupi KrSyer, p. 218. Hooked seta from eighth thoracic
segment of same specimen as fig. 13.
22. Another from same segment, different view.
23. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov., p. 218. Uncial plate from abdomen of
another specimen.
24. Myxicola steenstrupi KrSyer. Seta from thorax of same specimen as
fig. 13, nearly back view, similar to those on abdomen.
25. Myxicola glacialis sp. nov., p. 218. Seta from second thoracic segment
of same specimen as fig. 12, back view.
26. Seta from first thoracic segment of same specimen, back view.
27. Seta from abdomen of same specimen as fig. 23, back view.
28. Abdominal seta from same specimen.
29. Seta from thorax of same specimen, back view.
30. Sharp spear-shaped seta from thorax of same specimen.
31. One of 4 hooked setae from third thoracic segment of same specimen
as fig. 12.
32. Blunter spear-shaped seta from thorax of same specimen as fig. 30.
All the figures by the author, X 53°-
(334)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXXVIII
HELIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXIX.
FIG. i. Crucigera irregularis sp. nov., p. 234. Collar seta from type.
2. Uncial plate from thorax.
3. Uncial plate from abdomen.
4. Seta from abdomen.
5. Another uncial plate from thorax.
6. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Uncial plate from thorax of type*
showing abnormal development.
7. Abdominal uncinus, front view.
8. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Abdominal uncinus.
9. Spirorbis eximius sp. nov., p. 239. Caudal seta from specimen from
Pacific Grove, California.
10. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Collar seta.
11. Abdominal uncinus.
12. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Abdominal seta.
13. Thoracic uncinus.
14. Crucigera formosa sp. nov., p. 233. Another uncinus from thorax,
more normally developed than fig. 6.
15. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Another abdominal uncinus.
16. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Seta from second thoracic fascicle.
17. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Collar seta.
18. Spirorbis formosus sp. nov., p. 251. Collar seta.
19. Another, from different specimen.
20. Crucigera zygophora (Johnson), p. 233. Thoracic uncinus, about ^
view.
21. Spirorbis spirillum (Linne") var. lucidus (Montagu), p. 243. Collar
seta from specimen from Casco Bay.
22. Capillary seta from thorax of a specimen from Pacific coast.
23. Collar seta from another specimen from Atlantic coast.
24. Spirorbis variabilis sp. nov., p. 238. Collar seta.
25. Another, showing variations in serrations.
26. Spirorbis marioni Caullery and Mesnil, p. 239. Nearly front view of
operculum, showing calcareous plate of specimen from Mexico.
27. Side view of same.
38. Spirorbis spirillum (Linne) var. lucidus (Montagu), p. 243. Collar
seta from specimen from Pacific Grove, California.
29. Spirorbis lineatus sp. nov., p. 242. Collar seta.
30. Spirorbis tubtzformis sp. nov., p. 251. Seta from second thoracic
fascicle of specimen from Long Island Sound.
31. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Collar seta from immature speci-
men.
32. Spirorbis tubceformissp. nov., p. 251. Collar seta from same specimen
as fig. 30.
33. Serpula splendens sp. nov., p. 230. Caudal uncinus, front view, much
enlarged.
(336)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XXX'X
MEUOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XXXIX — Continued.
FIG 34. Spirorbis spirorbis (Linne"), p. 262. Collar seta from specimen from
Gloucester, Massachusetts, Atlantic coast.
35. Spirorbis abnormis sp. nov., p. 245. Collar seta, short one.
36. Spirorbis cancellatus Fabricius, p. 248. Collar seta.
37. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Back view of seta from
second thoracic fascicle, from Greenland.
38. Spirorbis stimpsoni Verrill, p. 250. Collar seta, about % view.
39. Eupomatus humilis sp. nov., p. 235. Operculum from specimen from
Mexico.
40. Collar seta, front view, showing arrangement of four basal spines.
All the figures by the author: i, 10, 17, 26, 27, 39, X 68; the others,
except 33, X 4*5-
(337)
PLATE XL.
FIG. I. Spirorbis abnormis sp. nov., p. 245. Front view of calcareous plate
from operculum of a young specimen.
2. Side view of same.
3. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov., p. 229. Abdominal seta.
4. Spirorbis variabilis sp. nov., p. 238. Caudal seta.
5. Spirorbis Spirorbis (Linne), p. 262. Collar seta of specimen from
Gloucester, Massachusetts, back view.
6. Odd seta from third thoracic fascicle, about % view.
7. Spirorbis spirillum (Linne") var. lucidus (Montagu), p. 243. Caudal
seta of specimen from Pacific.
8. Spirorbis spirorbis (Linne"), p. 262. Entire seta from one of a chain
of embryos taken from tube.
9. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Collar seta.
10. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Collar seta of specimen
from Greenland, about # view,
n. Curved abdominal seta.
12. Spirorbis spirorbis (Linne*), p. 262. Collar seta from another
specimen.
13. Seta from second or third thoracic fascicle.
14. Side view of odd seta from third thoracic fascicle.
15. Caudal seta.
16. Spirorbis marioni Caullery and Mesnil, p. 239. Collar seta of specimen
from Mexico.
17. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Back view of operculum of a young
specimen, showing calcareous plate.
18. Front view of same.
19. Spirorbis incongruus sp. nov., p. 241. Front view of calcareous plate
from operculum.
20. Back view of same.
21. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Seta from second or
third thoracic fascicle, in profile.
22. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov., p. 229. Collar seta, basal fin
much spread.
23. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Collar seta of specimen
from the Banks, Atlantic Ocean.
24. Spirorbis granulatus Linne*, p. 247. Collar seta of specimen from the
Banks, Atlantic Ocean.
25. Spirorbis sp. Collar seta.
26. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Base of collar seta (blade
broken) from specimen from Greenland.
27. Spirorbis cancellatus Fabricius, p. 248. Collar seta.
28. Spirorbis incongruus sp. nov., p. 241. Collar seta.
29. Spirorbis stimpsoni Verrill, p. 250. Odd seta from third thoracic
fascicle.
(338)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XL
HEUQTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XL— Continued.
FIG. 30. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Caudal seta of specimen
from Greenland.
31. Chitinopoma greenlandica (Morch) Levinsen, p. 229. One of the
shorter collar setae (longest ones broken) of specimen on tubes of
Nothria conchylega from off the eastern coast of New England,
in 32 fathoms.
All figures by the author: i, 2, 17-20, X 65 ; others, X 398.
(339)
PLATE XLI.
FIG. I. Spirorbis violaceus Levinsen, p. 242. Collar seta from specimen from
the Grand Banks, Atlantic Ocean.
2. Another collar seta.
3. Spirorbis verruca (Fabricius), p. 247. Collar seta showing slight pos-
terior notch in margin, from specimen on Chlamys islandicus from
Greenland.
4. Spirorbis asperaius sp. nov., p. 245. Collar seta (serrations too dis-
tinctly marked).
5. Abdominal seta, back view.
6. Collar seta of another specimen (serrations invisible).
7. Spirorbis eximius sp. nov., p. 239. Seta from second thoracic segment
of specimen from Pacific Grove, California.
8. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Curved shaft associated with ab-
dominal seta.
9. Spirorbis sulcatus (Adams), p. 249. Collar seta from specimen on
Haliotis from Guernsey, England.
10. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Abdominal seta (no serrations),
profile view,
n. Apparent arrangement of teeth on uncini, greatly enlarged.
12. Spirorbis verruca (Fabricius), p. 247. Another collar seta showing but
very slight indication of posterior notch.
13. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov., p. 237. Capillary seta from thorax.
14. Spirorbis vitreus (Fabricius), p. 247. Collar seta from specimen from
the Banks, Atlantic Ocean.
15. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Caudal seta from Alaska speci-
men, back view.
16. Another, in profile.
17. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov., p. 237. Caudal seta.
18. Spirorbis eximius sp. nov., p. 239. Collar seta.
19. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Uncial plate from thorax, about
f view.
20. Spirorbis eximius sp. nov., p. 239. Odd seta from third thoracic
fascicle.
21. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Collar seta from specimen on
Chlamys islandicus from Greenland.
22. Spirorbis formosus sp. nov., p. 251. Caudal seta from specimen from
Bermuda.
23. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov., p. 23^. Another caudal seta.
24. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Seta from third thoracic fascicle
of Alaska specimen.
25. Collar seta from same specimen.
26. Spirorbis semidentatus sp. nov., p. 237. Seta from second or third
fascicle.
(340)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XLI
- 32
HELIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XLI — Continued.
FIG. 27. Collar seta turned, showing upper surface.
28. Uncial plate from thorax, in profile.
29. Collar seta, in profile.
30. Odd seta of third thoracic fascicle, end spread open.
31. Spirorbis asperatus sp. nov., p. 245. Uncial plate; apparent aspect
of front surface.
32. Uncial plate from thorax, in profile.
All figures by the author, X 355, except 11 and 31, more enlarged.
(340
PLATE XLII.
FIG. i. Spirorbis spirillum (Linne*) var. lucidus (Montagu), p. 243. Back view
of a calcareous plate from an operculum of specimen from Green-
land.
2. Nearly front view of an operculum showing calcareous plate from
another specimen from Greenland.
3. Calcareous plate from operculum of a specimen (typical lucidus) from
Casco Bay.
4. Operculum of specimen from same locality, showing calcareous plate
covered with a minute seaweed.
5. Back view of fig. 3.
6. Spirorbis vitreus (Fabricius), p. 247. Calcareous plate from operculum
of specimen from the Banks, Atlantic Ocean.
7. Top view of same.
8. Spirorbis violaceus Levinsen, p. 242. Operculum showing calcareous
plate of specimen from Grand Banks.
9. Opposite view of same.
10. Bottom view of calcareous plate from another operculum.
n. Back view of same.
12. Front view of same.
13. Spirorbis tubceformis sp. nov., p. 251. Back view of an operculum
showing calcareous plate of specimen from Long Island Sound.
14. From view of same, the plate covered with seaweed.
15. Spirorbis Spirorbis (Linne), p. 236. Back view of an operculum from
a full-grown specimen from Gloucester, Massachusetts.
16. Side view of an operculum of a medium sized specimen, showing
calcareous plate.
17. Front view of fig. 15 ; the plate covered with minute protozoans.
18. Back view of an operculum showing operculum plate, of a young
specimen.
19. Front view of same.
ao. Spirorbis evolutus sp. nov., p. 251. Front view of an operculum
showing calcareous plate of specimen from Grand Banks.
21. Opposite view of same.
22. Side view of same.
23. Spirorbis quadrangularis Stimpson, p. 241. Side view of calcareous
plate of specimen from Greenland.
24. Front view of calcareous plate, fig. 28.
25. Back view of same.
26. Opposite view of fig. 23.
27. Side view of operculum of a specimen from Greenland collected and
identified as 5. granulatus by Moore, 1902.
28. Front view of another operculum from specimen from same locality.
29. Opposite view of same.
(342)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XLII
HELIOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
PLATE XLII— Continued.
FIG. 30. Spirorbis eancellatus (Fabricius), p. 248. Bottom view of a calcareous
plate.
31. Nearly front view of same.
32. Operculum showing calcareous plate becoming detached.
33. Back view of fig. 31-
34. Opposite view of fig. 32.
All figures by the author, X 43-
(343)
PLATE XLIII— Continued.
FIG. 27. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Back view of operculum filled with
eggs.
28. Spirorbis abnormis sp. nov., p. 245. Operculum showing one plate,
the other being torn away. Embryos with large white patches which
filled the operculum are not represented.
29. Front view of another operculum with 3 calcareous plates.
30. Spirorbis formosus sp. nov., p. 251. Detached calcareous cylinder
showing interior.
31. Spirorbis similis sp. nov., p. 242. Front view of fig. 27, showing
calcareous plate.
32. Spirorbis granulatus (Linne"), p. 247. Operculum filled with embryos,
showing conspicuous white patches and primary calcareous plate on
the top, splitting from secondary one. Specimen from off New
England coast, in 110-120 fathoms.
All figures by the author, X 35-
(345)
PLATE XLIV.
FIG. I. Spirorbis verruca (Fabricius), p. 247. Back view of a double operculum
plate showing the primary and secondary ones before separation.
2. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov., p. 229. Operculum, in which a
delicate yellowish (horny ?) cap is partially denned.
3. Pomatoccros triquetra (Linne"), p. 222. Operculum plate from a speci-
men from Denmark in the Yale University Museum.
4. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov. , p. 229. Another operculum, less
convex on top, showing conspicuous air-bubble.
5. Spirorbis sp.? Operculum showing a large calcareous plate, from an
animal forming a tube which resembles that of Spirorbis Spirorbis
(Linne") from Greenland. As the collar setae could not be found,
the species remains undetermined. It may be the very young of one
of the larger forms.
6. The same operculum in another position.
7. Protula media Stimpson, p. 228. Reproduction of Professor Yen-ill's
figure published in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, 1874.
8. Hyalopomatopsis occidentalis sp. nov., p. 229. Operculum from a full-
grown animal, showing distinct central cavity and canal in peduncle,
on the end of which algae are growing.
9. Outline sketch of the anterior portion of a young animal.
10. Spirorbis sp.? Operculum of animal from Alaska.
11. Spirorbis validus Verrill, p. 249. Back view of a calcareous plate.
12. The same plate in another position.
13. Opposite view to fig. n.
14. A double plate showing primary one about splitting away. Both
specimens were on Buccinum from the Grand Banks, in 36-51
fathoms.
15. Spirorbis sp. ? Front view of fig. 5.
16. Spirorbis verruca (Fabricius), p. 247. Opposite view to fig. I.
17. Spirorbis -variabilis sp. nov., p. 238. Operculum with minute proto-
zoans on end, side view.
18. Spirorbis rugatus sp. nov., p. 243. Front view of operculum showing
plate.
19. Side view.
ao. Spirorbis morchi Levinsen, p. 240. Operculum showing large cal-
careous cap, from specimen from off the eastern coast of New Eng-
land, in 1 10-120 fathoms.
21. Back view of another operculum, showing eggs.
22. Eupomatus humilis sp. nov., p. 235. Operculum greatly enlarged.
All figures by the author, X 30, except 3, X 9° ; 7> X {. and 22, X 278-
(346)
H. A. E. VOL. XII
PLATE XLIV
1C
HSUOTYPE CO.
ALASKA ANNELIDS
INDEX
New genera and species and the pages on which they are described are In
black-face type ; synonyms in parenthesis.
Abbreviations, explanations 124, 125
Accessory glands 3
Achaeta 6, 12
Achaetinae 12
Addenda, Tubicolous Annelids 287-291
Amphiglena 188
armandi (188)
mediterranea 188
Amphitrite (204), 257
volutacornis (183), (184)
Ampulla 4
Anlsomelus luteus 227
Annelids, Tubicolous 167-339
Apomatopsis 226
similis 226
Apomatus 226, 257
ampulliferus 226, 257
elisabethae 177
enosimae 173, 226
globifera 226
similis (226)
Aspeira 178, 192, 202
modesta 178, 179, 192, 202-203 1
3<>8, 330
species ? 173
Atrial glands 4
Atrium 4
Bibliography, Enchytraeidse 121-123
Tubicolous Annelids 269-286
Bispira 183-184, (185), (192)
mariae (178), (192), (287)
polymorpha (172), (214)
volutacornis (183)
Branchlomma 191
vesiculosum 191
Bryodrllus 7, 8, 13, 75, 94
synopsis of species 94
udei 94-97, 150
Bucholzia 6, 12, 74
Bush, Katharine J., Tubicolous Anne-
lids 167-339
Cardiac gland 4
Chirodrilus 6, 8, 13
Chitinopoma 224
fabricii (224), (229)
greenlandica 224, 229, 332, 339
Chone 185, 189
dunerl 216
infundibuliformis 189, 216
teres 180, 215-216, 318, 332
Chylus cells 4
Circeis 257, 258, 261
armoricana (257), (258)
corrugatus (257)
lucidus (257)
Copulatory papillae 4
Crucigera 225, 232, 240, 241, 242, 243,
245
formosa 180, 233-234, 314, 320, 324,
336
irregularis 180, 234, 308, 316, 324,
336
websteri 225, 232
zygophora 172, 233, 238, 316, 320,
324. 336
Cyanophil lymphocytes 4
Cymospira (222)
brachycera (178)
gigantea (222)
march! (178)
(347)
348 INDEX
Dasychone 192, 198, (198)
argus (198)
boholensis 174
cingulata 174, 176
compressa (199)
curta (176), (199)
decora (192), (198)
havaica 173
infarcta 192, 198
japonica 173
maculata (175)
orientalis 174
picta(i73)
serratibranchis 174
Dasychonopsis 178, 191, 198-199
argus 198
compressa 199
curta 176, 199
maculata 175
pallidus 178, 181, 191, 198, 199
Dasynema 221-222
chrysogyrus 175, 221
Demonax 184, 186, 191
cooki 173, 186
incertus (176)
krusensterni 173, 186, 191
leucaspis (175)
picta 173
tilosaulus (175)
Dexiospira 256
Dialyehone 190, 216
acustica 190, 216
Distichopus 13
Distylia 183, 184, 185, 192
volutacornis 183, 184, 185, 192
Ditrypa 223
arietina 223
gracillima 175
libera (223)
strangulata 178
subulata (223)
Eisen, Gustav, Enchytraeidae 1-166
Enchytraeidae 1-166
abbreviations 124, 125
bibliography 121-123
dictionary of terms 3-5
genera and species, systematic dis-
cuss ion 13-121
Enchytraeidae, penial bulb in classi-
fication 6-10
plates and plate descriptions 128-
166
synopsis of subfamilies and genera
11-13
Enchytraeus 5, 10, II, 61-62
alaskae 63, 68-70, 128, 164, 166
citrinus 63, 72-73
kincaidi 63, 66-68, 162
metlakatlensis 63, 64-66, 162, 164
modestus 63-64, 164
moebii 62
monochaetus 73
saxicola 62, 63, 70-71, 162
synopsis of species 63
Eosinophil lymphocytes 4
Eucarphus 225
crucigera (172), (236)
cumingii 175, 177, 225
lunulifera 225
navalis 177
ternatensis 175
Euchone 185, 190
alicaudata 173
analis 172, 190, 216
Budistylia 178,185,186,193, 197, 209-210
abbreviata 180, 212-213, 306, 324,
326
gigantea 178, 179, 193, 209, 210-
212, 300, 302, 304, 308, 322, 326
intermedia 180, 214, 325, 326, 328
plumosa 179, 212, 300, 302, 322
polymorpha 172, 214, 316
tenella 170, 180, 213-214, 302, 304,
324, 326, 328
Eupomatus 225, (225)
boltoni (177)
dianthus 235
diplochone 174
elegans (177)
exaltatus 173
fusicola 173
gracilis 180, 234-235, 312, 326, 332
humilis 180, 235-236, 337
lunulifera (225)
protulicola 235
spongicola 235
uncinatus 225, 235
INDEX
349
Eurato 186, 189
manicata 174
melanostigma 194
notata 174
porifera 174
pyrrhogaster 174, 189
Explanation of terms, Enchytraeidas
3-5
Fabricia 184, 189
alata 176
fabricii 189
Filograna 226, 257
corallifica 291
divaricata 177
implexa 226
Filogranula 222, 257
gracilis 222
Fridericia 13, 14, 105-108
californica 109, 119-121, 156
fuchsi 108, 112-114, 1 60
harrimani 108, 109-111, 166
johnsoni 108, 111-112, 158
macgregori 109, 118-119, 160
popofiana 108, 117-118
santaebarbarae 108, 116-117
santaerosae 108, 115-116, 158
sonorae 108, 114-115, 158
synopsis of species 108-109
Galeolaria 222
boltoni 177
caespitosa 177, 222
decumbens 177
elongata 177
hystrix 175, 177
rosea 177
tetracera 175, 177
Geographical distribution, Tubicolous
Annelids 172-178
Glands, accessory 3
atrial 4
cardiac 4
intra-penial 4
salivary 5
septal 5
ventral 5
Gloss opsis 179, 225, 287
minax 175, 179. 225» 287
Haplobranchus 188
acfctuarius 188
Harriman, E. H., species named for
24, 109
Henlea 13, 75, 98
affinis 98
californica 98, 99-100, 156
dicksoni 98, 99
ehrhorni 13, 99, 104-105, 156
guatemalae 13, 99, 102-103, 156
helenae 101-102
leptodera 98, 99
monticola 100-101
nasuta 98, 99
puteana 98
rosai 99
synopsis of species 98-99
ventriculosa 99
Hyalopomatopsis 224, 318
marenzelleri 224
occidentalis 180, 229-230, 338
Hyalopomatus 223
claparedii 223
marenzelleri (224)
Hydroides 225, (225), 235
crucigera 172, 236
diplochone (174)
elegans 177
furcifera (175), (i79)» (225), (287)
greenlandica (224), (229)
minax (175), (179), (225), (287)
multispinosa 173, (175)
norvegica 225, 235
protulicola (235)
spongicola (235)
ternatensis (175)
Hypsicomus 185, 191
haeckelii (185)
lyra 173
phaeotsenia 173
stichophthalmos l£_
Intra-penial glands 4
Janita 223
fimbriata 223
Janua 257, (258)
pagenstecherl (257), (258), (261)
Jasmineira 183, 190, 193
350
INDEX
Jasmineira caudata 183, 190
oculata (193)
rubropunctata 183
Josephella 226, 290-291
humilis 291
marenzelleri 226, 291
Laeospira 256
Laonome 190, (191)
antarctica (176), 197
haeckelii (185)
japonica (173), (178), (197), (198)
kroyeri 190, 197
spectabilis (174)
tridentata 173
Leodora 256, 261
laevis (257), (258)
Leptochone (188)
Lumbricillinae 12-13, 74~75
Lumbricillus 3, 7, 9, 12, 75-76
annulatus 13, 76, 81-84, 162
borealis 88-89
elongatus 81, 150
franciscanus 76, 86-88, 152
merriami 76, 79-81, 82, 150
ritteri 76, 84-86, 152
santaeclarae 76, 77-79, 86, 88, 152
synopsis of species 76
unalaskae 89-90
Lymphocytes, cyanophil 4
eosinophil 4
Manayunkia 188
speciosa 188
Marionina 12, 90-91
alaskae 91-92, 154
americana 13, 91, 93-94, 154
synopsis of species 91
Megachone 189
aurantiaca 172, 189, 216
Melanenchytraeus solifugus 59
Mera (258), (261)
pusilla(25o), (255), (258)
Merriam, C. Hart, preface v
Mesenchytraeinae II, 13-14
Mesenchytraeus 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, u, 13,
14-17
armatus 19
asiaticus 10, 16, 19, 21-24, 148
Mesenchytraeus beringensis 16, 20, 57-
59, 146
beumeri 20
eastwoodi 20, 50-51, 128, 138
falciformis 18
fenestratus 18
flavidus 1 8
flavus 18
fontinalis 16, 17, 20, 52-54, 128,
148
franciscanus 4, 16, 17, 19, 29-32,
134
fuscus 20, 47-49, 142
gracilis 54
grandis 10, 16, 19, 44-47, 128, 140
harrimani 4, 19, 24-27, 128, 130
inermis 49-50, 128
kincaidi 17, 19, 40-42, 128, 140
maculatus.io, 16, 19, 34-38, 136
megachaetus 19
mirabilis 20
montanus 18
nanus 20, 51-52
niveus 18
obscurus 19, 32-34, 138
orcae 17, 19, 39-40, 148
pedatus 4, 10, 16, 17, 20, 55-57, 128,
144
penicillus 19, 42-44, 144
primaevus 20
setchelli 19, 27-29, 128, 134
setosus 19
solifugus 4, 16, 20, 59-61, 140,
142
synopsis of species 18-20
tigrina 18
onalaskas 18, 20-21, 128
vegae 15, 19, 38-39, 132
Metachone 179, 190, 216
mollis 179, 180, 190, 216, 328
picta 216
Metalaonome 178, 192, 287
mariae 178, 192
Metavermilia 179, 220, 223
multicristata 179, 220, 223
nigropileata 176
Michaelsena II, 73
monochaeta 73
paucispina 73, 74
INDEX
35i
Michaelsena subtilis 73
synopsis of species 73
Myxicola 188
affinis i So, 218, 334
conjuncta 180, 217-218, 310, 334
glacialis 180, 218-219, 302, 308, 310.
334
infundibulum 188
ommatophora 175
pacifica 172, 218
platychaeta 173
steenstrupi 217, 218, 334
Notaulax 191
rectangulatus 191
species ? (191)
Ocnerodrilus occidentalis 76
Omphalopoma 224
cristata 224
fimbriata (224)
langerhansii (174), (224)
spinosa (224)
umbilicata 175, 224
Omphalopomopsis 224
langerhansii 174, 224
Oria 184, 189
armandi 189
limbata 176
Oriopsis 189
metchnikowi 189
Papillae, copulatory 4
penial 4
sexual 5
Parachonia 184, 190
letterstedti 190
Paradexiospira 256
Paralaeospira 256
Paralaonome 178, 191, 197
antarctica 176
japonica 173, 178, 191, 197, 198
Parasabella 178, 186, 191, 199-200, 202
maculata 179, aoi, 314, 324, 325,
326, 330
media 178, 179, 191, 199, 200-201,
312, 325, 326, 328, 333
microphthalma 200
species ? 180, 201
Paravermilia 179, 221, 223
bennudensis 179, 221, 223
Penial bulb 4
chamber 5
papillae 4
Peptonephridia 5
Phragmatopoma 225
caudata 225
Pileolaria 257, 258, 261
granulata (257)
militaris (257), (258), (261)
Piratesa 227
nigroannulata 227
Placostegopsis 221
langerhansi 221
Placostegus 221, 288
ben th ali an us (177)
caeruleus 177
cariniferus 177
crystallina (221)
fimbriatus (223)
langerhansi (221)
mSrchii (177), (179), (226), (287)
ornatus 175, (176)
porosus 175
species ? 176
taeniatus 178
tricuspidatus (221)
tridentatus 221, 288
umbilicatus (175)
Polybostrichus 170
Polyp hragma 225
Pomatoceros 222
auritubis 174
bucephalus 175
elephus 178
helicoides 174
strigiceps (177)
tetraceros (175), (177)
tricuspis (222)
triquetra 222
Pomatostegus 222
actinocerus 175
bower bank! 178
krGyeri 172, 236
latiscapus 174
macrosoma (222)
stellata 222
strigiceps 177
352
INDEX
Potamilla (191), 192, (192), (193). 202,
203, 204
acuminata 173
malmgreni (203)
myriops (173)
neglecta 192, 203
oculifera (204)
oligophthalmos (175)
poljophthalmos (175)
reniformis (172), (178), (185),
(203)
suavis (173)
tenuitorquus (174)
torelli (i73)» (203)
tortuosa 204
Potamis 193
malmgreni 203
spathiferus 193, 203
Protis 227, 229
arctica 229
coecus 227
simplex 227, 229
Protoplacostegus 179, 226, 287
morchii 177, 179, 226, 287
Protula 227, 228
alba 228
arctica (229)
atypha 180, 228-229, 332
diomedese 228
dystera (226)
geniculata 173
intestinum (227), 228
media 228
rudolphi 227
tubularia 228
Protulides 184, 185, 190
elegans 184, 185, 190
Protulopsis 227, 228
intestinum 227, 228
nigra-nucha 175, 227
Pseudopotamilla 178, 193, 203-204, 205
debilis 180, 204, 330
myriops 173
oculifera 193, 324, 325, 326, 332,
333
oligophthalmos 175
polyophthalmos 175
reniformis 172, 178, 185, 193, 203,
204
Pseudopotamilla suavis 173
Psygmobranchus 227
ccecus (227)
multicostatus (227)
protensus (227)
Rhodopsis 179, 223, 289
pusillus 179, 223, 289-390
Romanchella 256, 262
perrieri (258)
Sabella 183, 185-186, 187, 188, 192, 193-
194, 204
acrophthalmos 174
analytical table 188-193
armata (177)
aulaconota 173
ceratodaula (177)
crassicornis 194
elegans 179, 194-195, 310. 3", 324,
326, 333
formosa 179, 196-197, 312, 325,
326, 328, 330
fullo 173
fusca (177)
grandis (177)
havaica (173), 199
humilis 179, 195, 312, 330
indica (186)
japonica 173
leptalea 179, 195-196, 312, 324, 325,
326
magelhaensis 176
magnifica (186)
manicata (174)
melanostigma (194)
microphthalma (200)
neglecta (203)
notata (174)
pavonina 192, 193, 194
phaeotsenia (173)
picta (216)
porifera (174)
punctulata (177)
pyrrhogaster (174)
reniformis (172), (203), (204)
samoensis 176
saxicava 204
species ? 176
INDEX
353
Sabella spectabilis (174)
sulcata (177)
tilosaulus (175)
tricolor 173
Vancouver! (172), (197)
velata (177)
volutacornis (184)
zebuensis (174)
Sabellaria virgin! 225
Sabellastarte 186, 192, 197
indica 186, 192, 197
japonica (197), (198)
magnifica 186
spectabilis (174)
Sabellides 183-219
Salivary glands 5
Salmacina 226, 257
sedificatrix 226
australis 177
coccus (227)
dystera (226)
incrustans 226, 257
multicostatus 227
Schizobranchia 178, 186, 193, 197, 205-
206
affinis 179, 205, 209, 324, 328
concinna 179, 205, 208, 304, 314.
326, 328
dubia 179, 205, 208-209, 314. 3*6,
324. 330. 332
insignia 170, 178, 179, 193, 205, 206-
207, 306, 312, 314, 328
nobilis 179, 205, 207, 306, 314, 324,
328
Schizocraspedon 179, 225, 287
furcifera 175, 179, 225, 287
Sclerostyla 224
ctenactis 224
zelandica 177, 232
Septal glands 5
Serpula 219, 221-227, 232, 240, 241, 254
actinocerus (175)
analytical table 221-227
chrysogyrus (175), (221)
columbiana 172, 232
dianthus (235)
filigrana (177)
fimbriata (223)
gigantea (222)
Serpula granulosa 174
implexa (226)
jukesii 174, 177, 231
magellanica 176
narconensis 176
ornatus (175)
philippensis (175)
porrecta (243)
quadricornis (175)
rugosa (264)
splendens 180, 229, 230-332, 238,
310, 316, 318, 325, 328, 333, 336
tricornigera (175)
tridentatus (221)
triquetra (221), (222), (229)
vasifera 177
vermicularis 176, 224
zelandica (177), (232)
zygophora (172), (233)
Serpulides 219-268
Sexual papillae 5
Spermatheca 5
Spermiducal apparatus 5
Sperm-sacs 5
Spirobranchus 222-223
brachycera 178
giganteus 222
incrassatus 173, 236, (236), 326,
332, 333
morchi 178
occidentalis 220
pseudoincrassatus 236
quadricornis 175
rostratus 178
semperi 175
tricornigerus 175
Spirographis 184, 192
australiensis 177
spallanzanii 192
Spirorbis 172, 219, 222, 236-237, 252-
268, 288-289, 3l8
abnormis 180, 245-246, 254, 260,
262, 268, 337, 338
affinis (241), (264)
aggregates 176, 260, 261, 266
albus 265
analytical tables 260-262
antarcticus 264
argutus 174, 250-251, 260, 262, 267
354
INDEX
Spirorbis armoricanus 258, 260,261 , 266
asperatus 180, 245, 253, 260, 262,
268, 314, 318
bellulus 174, 250, 260, 262, 267
beneti 260, 261, 265
bernardi 260, 261, 267
borealis (222), (236), 255, (255),
257, (258), (262)
cancellatus 248, 260, 261, 263, 337,
338
carinatus 241, (246), 248,249, 260,
263, (264), (265)
chilensis 176, 260, 264
claparedei 176, 260, 261, 266
cotnmunis 248, 260, 263
comptus i So, 244-245, 260, 261, 268
conicus 248
cornuarietis 239, 260, 261, 264, 288
corrugatus 248, (250), 257, 260,
263, (267)
dorsatus 174, 250, 260, 267
evolutus 251, 260, 261, 268
eximius 180, 239, 260, 261, 267, 336
fabricii (264)
foraminosus 174, 250, 260, 262, 267
formosus 251-252, 254, 260, 262,
268, 336
granulatus (241), 242, 246, 247,
(247), (249), 253, 256, 260, 261,
262, 263, (264), (265), (266), 338
green landicus 243, (262)
heterostrophus 248, 260, 263
incisus 178, 246, 265
incongruus 180, 241, 260, 261, 267,
338
inversus 181, 246, 260, 268
kcehleri 260, 261, 266
laevis 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 265
lamellosus 178, 246, 264
langerhansi 173, 240, 260, 261, 267
lebruni 176, 260, 261, 266
levinseni 176, 260, 261, 266
lineatus 180, 242, 260, 261, 267, 336
lucidus 170, 179, 241, 243, 257,
(262), 312, 324, 336, 338
malar di 260, 261, 266
marioni 173, 239, 260, 261, 266,
336, 338
mediterraneus 260, 261, 266
Spirorbis militaris 247, 258, 260, 261,
265
minutus 248, 263
montagui 264
morchi 170, 180, 240, 260, 261, 265,
332
mutabilis 252, 260, 261, 268, 289
nautiloides (262), (265)
nordenskjoldi 176, 260, 267
pagenstecheri 254, 255, 257, 258,
260, 261, 265
patagonicus 176, 260, 261, 266
perrieri 176, 258, 260, 262, 266
plicatus 264
ponticus 264
porosus 265
porrecta (243), (262)
pseudocorrugatus 248, 250, 260, 261,
267
pusilloides 250, 254, 255, 260, 261,
267
pusillus 250, 258, 264, (267)
quadrangularis 170, 180, 241-242,
247. 253, 260, 261, 264, 337, 338,
339
rugatus 1 80, 241, 243-244, 260, 261,
268, 316, 328
semidentatus 180, 237-238, 253,
260, 261, 267, 312
similis 180, 242, 260, 261, 268, 316,
336, 338
simplex 265
sinistrorsus 260, 263, (266)
species ? (264), 338
spirillum 170, 179, 180, 243, 253,
254. (255). 260, 261, (262), 262,
(265)
spirorbis 222, 236, 253, 254, 255,
258, 260, 261, 262, 337, 338
stimpsoni 250, 253, 260, 261, 265,
337. 338
sulcatus 247, 249, 260, 261, 263
transversus 263
tricostalis 178, 264
tridentatus 181, 246, 260, 268
tubaeformis 251, 260, 261, 268,
336
validus 246, 247, 249, 253, 254,
256, 260, 262, 265, 332, 333
INDEX
355
Spirorbis variabilis 180, 338, 254, 260,
261,267, 316, 336, 338
verruca 247, 260, 261, 264, (265)
violaceus 170, 180, 242-243, 247,
260, 261, 266
vitreus 247-248, 260, 261, 263
zelandicus 177, 264
Stercutus 12, 13, 74
Terebella stellata (222)
Tubicolous Annelids 167-339
analytical tables 188-193, 221-227
bibliography 269-286
families and genera 170-171
geographic distribution 172-178
new genera 178-179
new species 179-181
plates and plate descriptions 300-
339
Sabellides 183-219
Serpulides 219-268
species previously recorded 172-
178
Tubus vermicularis (224)
Types and cotypes, disposition 3
Ventral glands 5
Vermetus porosus (175)
Vermilia 220, 222
agglutinata (223)
caespitosa (177)
clavigera (223)
ctenophora (173)
dinema (222)
infundibulum (220)
multicostata (223)
multicristata (179), (220), (223)
multivaricosa (220), (223)
nigropileata (176), 220
pluriannulata (173)
polytrema 220
rosea (177)
rostratus (178)
serrula (224)
species ? (176)
spirorbis (220)
strigiceps (177)
taeniatus (178)
triquetra 220, 222
Vermiliopsis 220, 223
agglutinata 223
multivaricosa 220, 223
Zopyrus 224-225
koempferi 177
loveni 176, 224
species ? 176
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