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'(She 


|)awdijan  forester 


AND 


JIdriculturist 


ISSUED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

TERRITORY    OF  HAWAII 


VOLUME  15-lVlllVIBERS  1  TO   12  II^CLUSIVELY 


EDITOR 
DANIEL     LOGAN 


1918 


HONOLULU.  HAWAII 

ADVEFO'ISER  PUBLISHING  CO..  LTD. 

1919 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION   OF   rORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Wardeix 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Suh-Nursery  at  Hilo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai. 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Ranger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 

John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu* 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T,  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rcdrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langford',  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Hro.   M.    Newell,   Fruit  and   Plant   Inspector,  Hilo,   Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooyter,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahiikona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION   OF   ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestoclc  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Annual  Reports,  The 143 

Bears  Damage  Douglas  Fir  Poles 74 

Bovine  Tuberculosis  Control  15 

By  Authority — 

Animal  Industry  Regulations    178 

Appointment  of  District  Foresters 265 

Appointment  of  Fire  Wardens 264 

Forest  Reserve  Hearing 175,  496 

Hauula  Forest  Reserve 501 

Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve 219 

Kahoolawe  Forest  Reserve  Hearing 75 

Kahoolawe  Forest  Reserve  Withdrawal 107 

Keauohana  Forest  Reserve 217 

Makawao  Forest  Reserve 218 

Mokuleia  Forest  Reserve  499 

Nonou  Forest  Reserve   496 

Olaa  Forest  Reserve  505 

Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve 506 

Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve 213 

Plant  Inspection  Rules 176,  177 

Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve   498 

Waiahole  Forest  Reserve 214 

Division  of  Animal  Industrv 

10,  35/67.  93,  165,  209,  238,  385,  412,  463 

Division  of  Fntomologv 

.>,  36,  64,  90,  157,  206,  235,  381,  408,  454 

Division  of  Forestry 

'.4  37.  60,  86,  145,  194,  232,  375,  405,  442  484 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection  

8,  40,  65,  91,  160,  207,  237,  383,  409,  458 

Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at  the  First  Territorial  Fair 
and  Their  Value  in  the  Development  of  the  Live  Stock 

Industry    (Case)    251 

Editorial 3,  33,  59,  85,  143,  193,  231,  375,  405  439 

Exhibit  at  Fair 174 

Forest  Service  in  the  War ^3 

Forestry  as  Applied  in  Hawaii,  illustrated  (Judd) 117 

Hawaiian  Kamani,  The  (MacCaughey) 69 

Hawaiian  Sumach,  The  (Judd)    441 


IV 

.  Page 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 

(MacCaughey)   388,  417 


Illustrations — (See  I^idex) 

Kokee  Camps,  illustrated  260 

Marketing  Division 14,  39,  68,  103,  172,  212,  244 

New  Forest  Reserves 193,  483 

New  Fruit  Fly  Bulletin,  A 74 

Paradise  Tree,  The   (MacCaughey)    20 

Proclamation   107 

Recreation  in  the  National  Forests 494 

Report  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 

Forestry  for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ended  June  30,  1918 245 

Sisal  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  (MacCaughey)   42 

Territorial  Fair  Exhibit   104 

Timber  Sales  on  National  Forests  Doubled 38 

True  Mahogany  Tree,  The,  illustrated  ( Judd) 105 

Withdrawal  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  Forest  Reserve 106 


INDEX 


Acacia  Arabiea  149,  154,  156,  228;  Acacia  deaJbatta  153;  Acacia  de- 
currens  153;  Acacia  catechu  153,  156;  Acacia  koa  38,  105;  Af- 
zelia  bijuga  154. 

Agriculture  and  Forestry,  report  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of, 

for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918  245 

Agriculture,  U.  S.  department  of  74;  Alirens,  A.  265;  Albizzia  lebbek 
153;  Albizzia  lephantha  153;  Albizzia  molucanna  63,  87,  126; 
Aleurites  moluccana  1»6;  Alexander,  Prof.  W;.  D.  389,  390;  alga- 
roba  licenses  203,  377. 

American  missionaries  388,  427;  American  veterinary  association  17; 
Angumois  grain  moth  237;  animal  diseases  control  249;  animal 
industry  24^8. 

.A.nimal  Industry,  Division  of — annual  report  165;  anthrax  165,  210, 
241,  385,  412;  blackleg  239;  bovine  tuberculosis  control  12,  15, 
35,  99,  101,  167,  171,  211,  241,  243,  387,416,463,467,470,471,473; 
bovine  tuberculosis  compensation  464;  cerebro  spinal  meningitis 
469;  epitheloma  67,  387;  epizootic  lymphangitis  93;  federal  bu- 
reau 100;  forage  poisoning  469;  glanders  10,  93,  239;  live  stock 
diseases  168;  live  stock  importations  13,  35,  67,  168,  171,  212, 
243,  387,  416,  469,  470,  471,  473;  live  stock  importation  rules  169, 
209,  241,  415;  live  stock  sanitary  laws  472;  rabbits  168;  septi- 
cemia hemorrhagica  67;  sorehead  67,  243;  swine  plague  67,  241, 
473;  territorial  fair  exhibit  169,  170,  238. 

Annual  Eeporls,  The — animal  industry,  entomology,  forestry,  mar- 
keting,  plant  inspection    143 

anomala  beetle  411;  appointments  264,  265;  Argentine  ant  163;  At- 
kinson, Capt.  A.  L.  C.  87,  89;  Audit  Company  of  Hawaii  39; 
Australian  red  cedar  147. 

Back,  E.  A.  74;  Baldwin,  B.  D.  264,  265;  Baldwin  estate  200;  bamboo 
233;  Bank  of  Hawaii  14,  172. 

Bellina,  C.  H.  15,  16,  18,  19,  101,  204;  Bellina,  W.  E.  100,  470;  bene- 
ficial insects  247;  Benguet  pine  444;  Berrya  ammonilla  154. 

Bishop  428;  Bishop,  Alexander  423;  Bishop,  Dr.  Sereno  130;  Bishop 
estate  489. 

black  locust  451;  Bloxam,  A.  508;  board  of  health  17,  96;  board  of 
supervisors  17-19;  board  of  veterinarian  examiners  11. 

Board's  annual  report — animal  industry  248;  bananas  in  local  de- 
mand 249;  beneficial  insects  247;  domestic  meat  supply  248;  en- 
tomology 247;  forestry  245;  government  nurseries  246;  island 
produce  249;  imports  of  fruit  and  vegetables  247;  live  stock 
importations  248;  marketing  249;  marketing  demonstrators  250; 
plant  inspection  246;  territorial  marketing  commission  250;  veg- 
etable seed  distribution  250. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis  Control — compensation  act  results,  mainland 
experience,  ordinance  requirements,  pasteurization  vs.  tuberculin 
testing,  statistics  of  control.  Supervisor  Bellina 's  sentiments...      15 

Bov  Scouts  443;  braconidae  158;  Brigham,  Mann  and  388;  Broughton, 
Capt.  Wlilliam  Eobert  388,  422;  Bryan,  W.  A.  391;  bureau  of 
animal  industry  16;  Burns,  C.  E.  S.  265. 

By  Authority — ^Appointments:  district  foresters  265;  fire  war- 
dens 264. 

Forest  reserves:  Hauula  496,  501;  Honolulu  Watershed  219; 
Kahoolawe  75;  Keauohana  176;  217;  ]M<akawao  175,  218; 
Makua  Keaau  496,  505;  Mokuleia  496,  499;  Nonou  496,  497; 
Olaa  496,  505;  Olaa  Forest  Park  496,  506;  Papapaholahola 
Spring  175,  213;  Puu  Ka  Pele  496,  498;  Waiahole  175,  214. 
Eules  and  regulations:  Importation  of  live  stock  178;  plant  in- 
spection 176. 


Page 

Byron,  Lord  George  Anson    388,  508 

Caesalpina   coriaria,     Caesalpinia   sappan    154;     camping   in   forests 
494;   Campsie,  James  265;    Carter,  Alfred  W.   265,  444;   Carter, 
M.  v.,  estate  489;  Cartwright,  Jr.,  Bruce  151. 
Case,  Leonard  N.  14,  36,  67,  102,  171,  212,   244,  251,  387,  416,  469, 

472,  473. 
Cassia  sianiea  153,  451;  Celtis  occidentalis  154. 
Chamisso,  Kot>jebue  and  388;  Cheatham,  E.  M,  264;  Child,  J.  F.  14; 

chronology  of  botanical  exploration  388. 
Cladosporium   citri   163;    Cleghorn,   W.   H.    264;     Club    stables    376, 

378,  379.  » 

foccidae  158;  codling  moth  410;  College  of  Hawaii  42,  69;  CoF.ie, 
Alexander  509;  Collie,  Lay  and  388;  Collins,  A.  W.  265;  com- 
missioner of  lands  192,  202,  376,  378,  380,  406,  443,  444,  447,  489, 
491;  Conradt,  C.  C.  103;  Cook,  Capt.  James  388,  390,  392,  394, 
395,  422;  Cooper,  Will,  .1.  9,  41,  66,  92,  165,  208,  238,  384,  411,  459, 
461,  463;  Cortez,  Hernando  389;  Corynocarpus  laevigate  449. 
Crane,  James  C.  146;  Cryptomeria  japonica  152;  Cullen,  James  197; 

Cupresses  Arizonia   152. 
Dairy   owners — see   Animal  Industry   reports;   Dalbergia   sessoo    154; 

Dana,  Prof   James  D.  510. 
DiLingham.   W.   F.    265;    Dillon,   Peter   396;    district    foresters    265; 

Dixon,  Capt.  George  394;  Dixon,  Portlock  and  388. 
Dodge,  F.  B.  146;  Domcowitz,  R.  von  S.  265;   Douglas,  David  '388, 

509;  Doyle,  A.  E.  495. 
Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at' the  First  Territorial  Fair,  etc...        251 
Drew,  Edward  160;  D 'Urville,  Dumont  396. 

Editorial:     animal  industry  3;  annual  reports  143;  anthrax  144,  375, 
505. 
Ibeneficial   insects   375,   441;    Benguet   pine   success   440;    bovine 

tuberculosis  control  33,  85,  231,  375,  440. 
camp  sites  232;    concrete  fence  posts  440;    conviction  of  tres- 
passers 221;  corn  leaf  hopper  bulletin  439. 
Federal  foresters  in  war  34;  flood  damages  60;  foodstuffs  3,  34, 
85,  439;  forage  poisoning  440;  forest  planting  405;  forest  re- 
serve acreage  231;   forest  reserve   fencing  375,  440;   forest 
ru'es  violation  144;   forest  service  in  the  war  33;   forestry 
division  work  59;  French  forests  193;  fumigation  of  food- 
stuffs 405,  439. 
glanders  86;  government  nursery  59. 
Hi'o  divisional  building  sites  440;  horse  feed  86. 
Kahoolawe  lease  439;  Kahoolawe  meat  supply  86;  koa  trees  439. 
live  stock  importation  144,  193,  231;  live  stock  sanitary  laws  439. 
mahogany   seedlings   85;    mahogany   tree  planting   3;    marketing 
division  34,  59,   193;    mountain   trails  440;    Olaa  forest   re- 
serve 439. 
parasites  of  insect  pests  34;  plant  inspection  3,  34,  144;   Prof. 
MacCaughey's  contribution  441;  progress  in  board  activities 
231. 
sanitation  for  animals  86;  systematic  stock  breeding  60. 
Tantalus   road    375;    territorial    fair    144,    231;    tree    distribution 
439;  tree  planting  34,  59,  85;  Tropical  Life's  friend  59. 
Ehrhorn,  E.  M.  9,  41,  66,  92,  163,  165,  209,  238,  384,  411,  460,  461,  463. 
Elliot,  Dr.   10,  386;   Er.is,  William   388,   428;    Enterolobolium   cyclo- 

carpum  153. 
Entomology,  Division  of — breeding  and  distribution  of  the  following 
fruit  fly  parasites:  Chalcid,  Diachasma  fullawayi,  Diachasma 
tryoni,  Dirhinus  giffardi,  Galesus  silvestri,  Opius  fletcheri,  Opius 
humilis,  Pachycrepoideus  dubius,  Paragranus  osborni,  Spalangia 
cameroni,  Tetrastichus,  Tetrastichus  giffardianus  7,  36,  64,  90, 
157,  158,  206,  235,  381,  408,  454. 


Vll 

Page 
Erythrina  monosperma  153;  eucalyptus  445;   Eucal^'ptus  callophylla, 

Eucalyptus  corymbosa  153;   Eugenia  jambolana   158;   E*wa  plan 

tation  411. 

Exhibit  at  Fair   174 

Farm,   Mr.    16;    federal   food    commission    14;    federal     horticultural 

board  163,  462. 
Ficus  religiosa  38,  63,  87;  Ficus  subtriplinervis  63,  87;  fire   wardens 

264;  first  territorial  fair  104,  174,  233;  Fitzgerald,  Dr.  239,  386. 
Forest  reserves — 'acreage  194,  246,  483. 

Hauula  147,  150,  376,  443,  449,  451,  483,  488,  496,  501;  Honolulu 

Watershed  4,  6,  61,  87,  145,  150,  155,  194,  199,  219,  232,  246,  447; 

Hilo  4,  87,  203,  444,  446. 

Kahoolawe  75,  106;  Kau  87,  376,  378;  Kealia  4,  87,  148,  449; 
Keauohana  147,  150,  176,  194,  197,  217,  232,  246;  Kuaokala 

491,  500;  Kula  233;  Kuliouou  376,  378. 

Miakawao  150,  175,  194,  198,  218,  232,  246,  375,  405,  443;  Makua- 
Keaau  147,  156,  202,  203,  377,  406,  483,  489,  496,  504;  Mo- 
kuleia  147,  201,  449,  483,  487,  496,  499;  Moloaa  204,  378,  443; 
Molokai  443. 

Nanakuli  145,  155,  156,  202;  Na  Pali-Kona  61,  147,  260,  406,  448, 
458,  485,  499;   Nonou  449,  483,  484,  496,  497. 

Olaa  446,  447,  449,  451,  483,  492,  496,  505;  Olaa  Forest  Park  483, 

492,  494,  496,  506. 

Panaewa    146;    Papapaliolahola   Spring   147,    150,    175,    193,    194, 
213,  232,  246;  Pupukea  443;  Pnu  Ka  Pele  449,  483,  485,  496, 
498. 
Round  Top  377. 

Upper  Olaa  506;  Upper  Waiakea  492. 

W(aiahole  150,  175,  193,  195,  ;'214,  232,  246,  443,  451;   Waiak€«L 

505;  Wiaianae  kai  202,  376;  Waihou  Spring  452;  withdrawals  150. 

Forest  service  in  the  war  33;  forests  in  modern  w^arfare  123;  forests 

in  war  time  41,  124;  forests,  timber  sales  on  national  38. 
Forestry  as  Aj)plied  in  Hawaii — lalgaroba  126;   causes  of  forest  de- 
terioration 129;  chief  value  of  the  Haw^aiian  forest  127;  evolu- 
tion of  forestry  121;  extent  of  the  original  forests  125. 
foresightedness  of  forestry  118;  forest  protection  127,  130;  for- 
est reserves  132;   forestry  defined   118;   forestry  in  general 
117;   forestry  in  Hawaii  124;   forest  types  in  Haw^aii  125; 
grazing  most  detrimental  129. 
Hilo  grass  pest  131;  history  of  forest  destruction  128;  history  of 
forestry  in  the  United  States  121;   influence   of  forests  on 
climate  120. 
kukui  126;  life  and  qualifications  of  a  forester  117;  manani  127. 
national  forest  activities  122;   need  of  forestry  121;   ohia  lehua 

126. 
present  forest  area  125;  present  status  132;   prevention  of  run- 
off  119;    protection  forests   119;    protection   of    city   water- 
sheds 129;    public   sentiment  favorable   133;   public   service 
the  slogan  118. 
supply  forests  118;  tree  introduction  131;   value  of  forests  for 
recreation  120;  value  of  the  forest  types  127;  various  phases 
of  forestry  132;  watershed  planting  133. 
Forestry,  Division   of — administration   145,   151;   annual   report    145; 
Arbor  Day  147,  449,  452,  454. 

botanical  bulletin  148;  camping  sites  233,  260,  403,  448. 
fencing  4,  87,  145,  149,  203,  232,  375,  405,  443,  451,  484;  forest  ex- 
tension 147,  245,  406;  forest  fires  245,  406,  452. 
Forest  nurseryman's  reports — advice  and  assistance,  distribu- 
tion of  plants,  Honolulu  watershed  planting,  Makiki  station, 
nursery  collections,  plantation  companies  and  other  corpora- 
tions, tree  planting— 5,  37,  62,  88,  151,  205,  234,  380,  407,  445, 
450,  452. 


Vlll 

Forestry  Division — Cojitinued, 

Page 
forest  protection  61,  145,  151,  245,  484;   gum   arable   tree   149; 

Kahoolawe  232,  406;  Lanai  trip  5. 
protection  of   bird,   animal   and   vegetable   life   on    small   islands 

148,  151,  234,  246,  443. 
tree  planting  4,  6,  61,  87,  147,  148,  204,  233,  377,  406,  449,  451; 
tree  distribution  147. 

Foster,  Marv  E.  489;  Frear,  W.  F.  200;  Freycinet  and  aaudichaud 
388,  426*^7;  Freycinet,  Louis  C.  D.  de  426-7. 

Fruit  Fly  Bulletin,  A  New    74 

Fullaway,  David  T.  7,  36,  64,  91,  158  9,  207^  236,  382,  409,  439,  447, 
455-6,  458. 

Gaetano,  Juan  388,  390;  Garden  Island  (newspaper)  413;  Gaudi- 
chaud-Beaupre,  Charles  427;  Gaudichaud,  Freycinet  and  388; 
Gav,  Francis  264  5;  Gilbert  153;  Gilbert,  St.  John  63;  Glaisyer, 
Dr."  A.  R.  211;  Golding,  Dr.  11,  211,  242,  385  6,  412;  Goodrich 
428;  government  nurseries  376;  Graves,  Henry  S.  34,  124;  Gross, 
Andrew  265;  Guazama  tomentosa  154;   gum  arable  149,  45]. 

Haematoxylum  campechianum  451;  Haleakala  Ranch  Co.  451;  Haley, 
F.  E.  172. 

Haughs,  David  6,  38,  63,  89,  154,  205,  235,  381,  408,  446,  451,  453. 

Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co.  380;  Hawaiian  Entomo-ogical  Society 
158;  Hawaiian  Fibre  Co.  45;  Hawaiian  Forester  and  Agricultur- 
ist 59;  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Association  4,  499,  452. 

Hawaiian   Sumach,    The    ; 441 

Hawaii  experiment  station  462;  Heller  388;  Henry,  William  265; 
Hind,  Robert  470;  Hippie,  E.  H.  61;  Holt,  George  376;  Honolulu 
country  club  148;  Honolulu  Star-Bulletin  15,  59,  89;  Hillebrand, 
William  388. 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii  388,  417,  508;  Hutchin- 
son Sugar  Plantation  Co.  376,  378. 

laukea,  Curtis  P.  107,  214,  216,  217,  219,  221,  498-9,  501-3-4  6-7. 

Hlustrations — 

Algaroba  fuel   wood   cut    (opposite)    128 

Forest  destruction  by  cattle  (opposite)    132 

Tree  five  years  old  on  Kalakaua  Avenue  (opposite)    105 

Mamani  tree  on  Mauna  Kea  (opposite)    121 

Na  Pali-Kona  forest  reserve  map    > 261 

Native  forest  at  Mokuleia  (opposite) 125 

Inter-Island  Steam  Navigation  Co.  411;  Ipll-ipll  131;  ironwood  87; 
•Jeffrey  pine  147. 

Judd,  C.  S.  5,  62,  88,  105,  117,  148,  151,  156,  175,  195,  197  9,  201,  204, 
234,  377,  380,  407,  441,  444,  449,  452,  485,  487.  9,  492-4. 

Junlperus  Australis,  Juniperus  Bermudiana  152. 

Kahele,  Isaac  160;  Kahoolawe  245,  406,  448;  Kalkioewa  390;  Kaoao, 
Ben  489;  karaka  tree  449;  kassod  tree  451;  Kauai  chamber  of 
commerce  448;  Kauai  planters'  association  211;  Kelilokaloa  390; 
Kendrick,  Capt.  417;  Knudsen  Brothers  452;  Knudsen  estate 
486;  koa  87,  152,  406,  449. 

Kokee    Camps 260 

Kotzebue  and  Chamisso  388,  424,  426;  Kuhns,  D.  B.  160;  Kukaiau 
ranch  61,  145,  146,  444. 

Laie  Plantation  Co.  470,  489;  Lane,  Hon.  Franklin  K.  260;  Lani,  D. 
H.  197;  Lani,  Kalanl  197;  La  Perouse,  J.  F.  de  G.  395-6;  Larsen, 
L.  D.  264-5;  Lay  and  Collie  388;  Lay,  George  T.  509. 

Leavitt,  George  B.  160;  Ledyard,  John  392;  Leucaena  glauca  131,  154. 

Lightfoot,  O.  B.  15,  39,  68,  103,  173-4,  213,  244,  250;  Lincoln,  L.  P. 
265;  Lindermann,  E.  485;  Lindsay,  Ranger  James  87,  233,  375-6, 
443,  449,  452;  live  stock  Importers — see  Animal  Industry  re- 
ports. 


IX 

Page 

logwood  451;  Longley,  A.  T.  250;  Lovell,  Ranger  Hosea  K.  4,  61,  87, 
146  8,  203,  406,  449;  Low,  Eben  P.  146;  Ludloff,  Otto  265;  Lyd- 
gate,  John  M.  388. 

MacCaughev,  Vaughan  20,  42,  69,  441,  508;  Mackenzie,  Ranger  A.  J. 
W.  87,  146,  376,  446,  449;  Mlacrae  388;  Macrae,  James  508;  Mad- 
den, E.  E.  160;  mahogany  6,  152,  406. 

Mahogany  Tree,  The  True   105 

Makee  Sugar  Co.  485;  Mann  and  Brigham  388;  Marin,  Don  F.  de  P. 
417. 

Marketing  Division—reports  14,  39,  68,  103,  172-3,  212,  244. 

mealy  bug  461;  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  in  Hawaii  74;  Melaleuca 
leucadendron,  Melaleuca  styphelorides  38;  Melia  azedarach  153; 
Menefoglio,  Supervisor  413;  Menzies,  Vancouver  and  388,  418, 
422;Metrosi(leros  colliua  polymorpha   126;   Meyer,  H.   146. 

McBryde,  W.  D.  88,  160,  194;  ]\^cCarthy,  Governor  C.  J.  260,  376-7, 
444,  447,  449,  483,  496,  498-9,  501,  503-4,  506-7;  McCandless,  L. 
L.  197,  377,  406,  490,  492;  Mc Wayne,  R.  A.  265. 

moukeypod  445;  Monsarrat,  Julian  265;  Moody,  D.  L.60;  Mor- 
rison, Alexander  265;  Mount  Hermon  school  60;  Muir,  F.  158; 
Munro,  G.  C.  160;  Mutual  Produce  Co.  68,  174;  Myers.  J.  R. 
264-5. 

Naquin,  W.  P.  2(;5;  Necker  Island  396;  Nelson,  David  390,  394. 

Norgaard,  Victor  A.  12,  19,-  36,  100,  168,  170,  211,  242,  386,  415-16, 
467,  470,  472. 

Xcwell,  Brother  Matthias  9,  41,  m,  92,  165,  208,  238,  384,  410,442, 
459,  461. 

New  Forest   Reserves    193,  483 

New  Fruit   Fly  Bulletin,  A 74 

Ogg,  W.  G.  265;  ohia  lehua  trees  148;  Olaa  sugar  plantation  493; 
O.  R.  &  L.  Co.  149,  443;  Oregon  national  forest  495;  Ouderkirk, 
Mr.  68;  Outdoor  Circle  377. 

Pacific  Commercial  Advertiser  15,  490;  Pahia,  Frank  265;  PaHin, 
Capt.  93;  papala  kepau  tree  61;  Paradise  of  the  Pacific  59. 

Paradise   Tree,   The    20 

Paralipsea  modesta  208;  Paris  J.  D.  265;  Parker  ranch  98,  211,  470. 

peach  moth  384;  Peltophorum  inerme  204-5,  451;  Pemberton,  C.  E. 
74;  Perrine,  Dr.  Henry  42. 

pineapple  mite  410;  Pinkham,  Governor  Lucius  E.  75,  107,  176-8,  182, 
193,  214,  216-7,  219,  221;  Pinus  iusularis  444;  Pisona  inermis  38, 
61;  Pithecolobium  dulce  153. 

Plant  Inspection,  Division  of — annual  report  160;  creation  of  divis- . 
ion  161;  federal  inspection  163;  fumigation  161;  fumigation  of 
cereals  459,  460,  461;  imports  of  beans  and  rice  for  year  162; 
injurious  insects  and  plant  diseases  intercepted  163;  inspection 
during  year  161;  last  year's  work  162;  library  161,  location  of 
office  161;  monthly  reports  on  Hono.ulu,  Hilo,  inter-island  and 
Kahului  inspection,  pests  intercepted,  rice  and  bean  shipments 
8,  40,  65,  91,  164,  207,  237,  383,  409,  458;  staff  160. 

Portland's  water  supply  129;  Portlock  and  Dixon  388,  394,  395;  Port- 
lock,  Capt.  Nathaniel  394;  Potter,  A.  F.  41;  Princeville  Planta- 
tion Co.  11,  210,  385,  413,  470;  Prosopis  juliflora  126;  Pteroptri- 
cine  aphelininae  158. 

Raymond,  Dr.  J.  H,  233;    Raymond  ranch   174;     Reasoner  Bros.   43. 

Recreation  in  the  National  Forests    494 

Reforestation  project  154;  Remy,  Jules  388;  Rhus  semialata,  Rhus 
vernicifera  441;  Rice,  Charles  A.  378;  Rice,  W.  H.  233;  Rickard, 
H.  S.  146;  Robertson,  Mrs.  A.  G.  M.  377;  Robinia  pseudacacia 
451;  Rock,  J.  F.  59,  126,  147,  148,  389;  Rowat,  Dr.  10. 

Seeman,  Berthold  388;  scale  insects  410;  Schauinsland  38; 
Schinus  molle  154;  Scott,  John  A.  146;  Sherrard,  T.  H.  495;  Ship- 
man,  Dr.  O.  H.  11,  94;  Shipman,  W.  H.  149;  silk  oak  87. 

Sisal  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands   42 


X 

Page 

Smith,  Harold  Hamel  59;  Snow,  F.  G.  494,  507;  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation 119,  204;  Sophora  chrysophylla  127;  Sorenson,  O.  L.  265; 
Spathodea  campanulata  38,  61,  63,  S7;  Sparks,  Jared  392;  Ste- 
venson, William  423;  Stigmaea  floridanus  410;  superintendent  of 
public  works  194;  Swanzy,  Mrs,  F.  M.  201;  Swietenia  macho- 
phyjla  105;  Swietenia  maliogani  6,  105. 

Templeton,  J.  A.  241;  termites  383. 

Territorial  Fair  Exhibit    104 

Thurston  428;  Tilden,  Miss  388. 

Timber  Sales  on  National  Forests  Doubled   38 

Troat,  C.  241;  Tropical  Life  59;  U.  S.  military  reservation  201, 
487,  500. 

Vancouver  and  Menzies  388,  418  422;  Vancouver,  Capt.  George 
417-422. 

Waiahole  Water  Co.  196;  Waianae  Company  155;  Weber,  F.  264-5; 
Weinrich,   William   42,   265;   Weinzheimer,   L.    265;    Wlieeler,   A. 
C.  446;  Wilcox,  C.  H.  264-5;  Wilcox,  G.  N.  470;  Wilkes,  Commo-       " 
dore  Charles  509. 

A\Tithdrawal  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  Forest  Keserve   106 

W^odehouse,  E.  H.  200;  yellow  poinciana  451. 


THEHA^AI1AN 


FORESTER 


'( 


AND 


AGRICULTURIST 


JANUARY,    1918 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial , 3 

Division  of  Forestry  ...t^ 4 

Division  of  Entomology 7 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 8 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 10 

Marketing  Division 14 

Bovine  Tuberculosis  Control 15 

The  Paradise  Tree 20 


VOL.  XV,  PRICE,  TEN  CENTS  NO.  1 


AUxanJJfr  Sc  lalbuitn. 


mmxtth 


OPFICES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING 

82  WALL  STREET 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OPFICEES    AND    DIREOTOES: 

J.  P.  COOKE. . . .  .^ President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER. First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  B.  6ALT .Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE Treasurer 

JOHN   GUILD Secretary 

H.   A.   BALDWIN Director 

A,  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHERTON .Director 

C.  R.  HEMENWAY, Director 


Mnnmnntt  Agents 


AGENTS    FOR 


Hawftiian   Comiriercial   and   Sugar   Company 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paitt   Plantation 

Maxji   Agricultural  Company 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company 

McBryde   Sugar  Company,   Ltd. 

Kahuku  Plantation   Company 

Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Kabului   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Hoaolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand   Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Association 

Switzerland  Marine  Insuance  Company,  Ltd. 


iiiuiiniiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiisiisiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniisiiiii 


iJIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIillllllllllMinililllllllllllligillllllllllllllllllllllllllllillillilllill^: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


m 


■ffi^ 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


'Olillllll IIHIIIIililllllllllllliilllllliilllllillllllllllllllillllllllilllllllllllllilliii? 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TEEE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent   of   Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications.  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE    HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  January,  1918.  No.  1 


The  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  is  now  located  near  the 
waterfront,  having  moved  into  the  recently  completed  concrete 
buildings  on  Kekuanaoa  street  at  the  last  of  the  year.  The  main 
building  contains  offices,  laboratory,  plant  inspection  room  and 
quarantine  room  arranged  conveniently  for  effective  work,  and 
an  incinerator  for  disposing  of  all  dangerous  insects  and  refuse 
detected  during  inspections.  The  fumigation  building  contains 
two  large  rooms  which  can  be  made  airtight  and  in  which  large 
shipments,  such  as  rice  and  beans,  can  be  fumigated.  These 
new  quarters  fill  a  long- felt  want  and  vv^ill  facilitate  the  most 
important  work  of  inspection  to  keep  injurious  insects  and  new 
pests  out  of  the  Territory. 


The  results  of  the  establishment  of  the  two-acre  experimental 
plantation  of  the  true  mahogany  tree,  set  out  in  Makiki  Valley 
in  December  of  last  year,  will  be  viewed  with  interest  in  the 
future.  It  has  already  been  proved  that  this  tree,  which  produces 
timber  of  high  commercial  value,  v/ill  readily  grow  as  an  indi- 
vidual in  this  climate  at  the  lower  elevations.  In  fact,  the  seed 
obtained  for  present  plantings  is  secured  from  a  tree  which  has 
been  growing  in  Honolulu  for  some  years.  To  ascertain  the 
character  and  rate  of  growth  of  this  tree  under  close  planting 
conditions  will  be  of  considerable  value. 


The  Division  of  Animal  Industry  during  December,  1917, 
tested  450  dairy  animals  for  bovine  tuberculosis  and  of  this 
number  all  but  53  passed  the  test.  The  owners  of  these  con- 
demned animals  have  been  reimbursed  under  the  compensation 
act  and  have  thereby  been  assisted  in  the  purchase  of  new  healthy 
stock  to  replace  those  destroyed.  The  testing  of  dairy  animals 
is  progressing  rapidly  and  it  is  hoped  that  bovine  tuberculosis  in 
the  Territory  will  soon  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 


This  is  the  opportune  time  for  all  good  citizens  to  help  out  in 
the  food  situation  by  an  increased  consumption  of  island-pro- 
duced foodstuffs.  By  making  island  beans,  sweet  potatoes  and 
bananas  a  larger  part  of  one's  daily  diet  a  great  deal  can  be 
accomplished  toward  saving  on  the  food  which  is  imported  into 
the  Territory.     The  present  campaign   for  a  greater  and  more 


extensive  use  of  the  local  banana  should  be  heartily  taken  up  by 
everyone,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  on  account  of  lack 
of  shipping  facilities  bananas  are  now  so  plentiful  in  the  market. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  January  11,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

• 
Gentlemen  :      I    respectfully    submit    the    following    routine 
report  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  December, 
1917: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

The  planting  and  caring  for  trees  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed 
Reserve  was  continued  during  the  month  and  included  the  setting 
out  on  the  Makiki  slopes  of  250  koa  trees  and  in  the  bottom  of 
the  larger  Makiki  Valley  of  1484  mahogany  trees,  Szvie tenia 
uiahogani.  These  latter  were  planted  8  by  8  feet  apart  on  an 
area  of  about  2^  acres  and  consisted  mostly  of  large  trees 
which  had  accumulated  at  the  nursery.  This  experiment  was 
initiated  in  order  to  determine  the  suitability  of  this  tree  for 
general  planting  in  similar  situations. 

The  work  on  government  lands  in  Manoa  Valley  consisted  in 
cleaning  the  rank  growth  of  weeds  and  grass  from  around  the 
koa  and  other  trees  already  planted. 

On  the  Kealia  Reserve,  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  out  900 
silk  oak  trees  during  the  month. 

On  December  3,  I  attended  the  annual  session  of  the  Hawaiian 
Sugar  Planters'  Association  at  which  the  subject  of  the  protec- 
tion and  maintenance  of  watershed  forests  was  discussed.  It 
was  brought  out  that  this  is  a  very  important  work  and  the 
association  went  on  record  as  being  strongly  in  favor  of  it  and 
willing  to  assist  and  cooperate  with  the  government  in  the  protec- 
tion of  such  forests. 

Post  card  requests  have  been  sent  out  to  all  tree  planters  in 
the  Territory  in  order  to  ascertain  the  number  and  kinds  of  trees 
planted  during  the  year  1917  and  the  purpose  of  planting. 

FENCING. 

On  account  of  the  shortage  of  labor  the  completion  of  the 
fence  between  Piha  and  Maulua,  Hilo  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii, 
which  is  being  built  in  cooperation  with  the  Kukaiau  Ranch 
Company,  has  been  somewhat  delayed  and  an  extension  of  two 
months  on  the  contract,  or  until  February  28,  1918,  has  been 
grraited. 


LANAI    TRIP. 

The  last  few  days  of  the  month  were  spent  on  the  island  of 
Lanai  where,  as  yet,  I  had  not  had  a  chance  to  become  acquainted 
with  forest  conditions.  I  had  the  opportunity  on  this  trip  of 
getting  pretty  well  over  the  island  and  conferred  with  the  local 
manager  on  the  forest  problems,  giving  advice  on  forest  protec- 
tion and  reforestation.  The  preservation  of  the  native  forest  in 
the  wet  region  on  Lanai,  including  the  riddance  of  all  wild  stock, 
is  essential  to  the  scanty  water  supply  on  that  island  and  it  is 
necessary  that  the  steps  which  have  already  been  taken  in  this 
direction  should  be  continued.  The  protection  of  the  dry  native 
forest  on  the  ridge  toward  the  west  end  of  the  island  is  also 
desirable  because  of  the  protection  which  it  afifords  against  wind 
erosion.  The  results  of  the  successful  reclamation  of  bare  lands 
by  the  planting  of  manienie  grass  were  also  carefully  examined 
with  the  view  of  applying  this  method  to  similar  land  on  Kahoo- 
lawe  when  the  proper  time  comes. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  January  11,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear   Sir:     I   herewith   submit  a   report   of   the   work   done 
during  the  month  of  December,  1917: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

Transplant 
Boxes 

Sold    175 

Gratis    1275 

Total    1450  1024  2474 


Pot 

Grown 

Total 

24 

199 

1000 

2275 

6 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  Realizations. 

Collections  on  account  of  plants  sold $  2.30 

"    seed       •'     2.00 

Rent  of  office  building,  Nursery  grounds 35.00 

Total    .' $39.30 

Preservation  Forest  Reserves. 
(For  Quarter  Ending  December  31,  1917.) 

Derived   from  rent  of  certain  parcels  of  land  within  the 

forest   reserves    $44.00 

Sale  of  37  loads  of  black  sand  from  Makiki  Valley  sand 
pit  at  25c 14.25 

Total    $58.25 

Plantation  Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 
The   distribution   of   plants   under   this   heading   amounted   to 

60,000  in  seed  boxes  and  4700  in  transplant  boxes,  total  64,700. 
We  have  still  on  file  orders  for  205,000  plants.  These  we  expect 
to  ship  about  the  end  of  January. 

Makiki  Station. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine  consisting 
of  mixing  and  sterilizing  soil,  potting  and  transplanting  trees, 
etc. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

The  total  number  of  trees  planted  during  the  month  amounted 
to  1734,  consisting  of  1484  mahogany  {Szvietenia  mahogani) 
and  250  koa.  The  mahogany  trees  were  planted  the  Ewa  side  of 
Makiki  main  valley  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the  quarters, 
while  the  koa  trees  were  planted  a  little  higher  on  the  opposite 
or  south  side  of  the  valley. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  has  been  asked  to  make  calls  and  otherwise  give 
advice  and  assistance  as  follows : 

Calls  made,  5  ;  advice  by  telephone,  10 ;  advice  by  letter,  4 ; 
advice  given  at  Nursery,  12. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurservman. 


1 

Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  December  31,  1917. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  :  During  the  month  of  December  the  insectary 
handled  35,300  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  933  females  and  764  males,  Optus  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opiiis  flctcJicri. 

Females       Males 
Oahu :     Kailua  1237  890 

Diachasina  trvoiii 
Oahu : 

Manoa    300  175 

Kalihi  25  10 

Nuuanu    100  73 

Diachasina  fullaivayi. 
Oahu : 

Manoa    100  125 

Kalihi  20  10 

TctrasticJiiis. 
Oahu: 

Manoa    200 

Nuuanu    : 300 

Chalcid. 

Oahu :      Nuuanu 200 

Paranagrus  (Corn  Leaf  Hopper  Parasite) 

Oahu: 

Makiki    Nursery 500 

Kailua    5900 

Maui :      Haiku 9000 

Kauai : 

Kealia     2000 

Lihue    10600 

\Vaimea    200 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


8 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  December  31,  1917. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  :  I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  De- 
cember, 1917,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  52 
vessels  of  which  19  carried  vegetable  matter  with  the  following 
results : 

Disposal                                                Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 862  17,295 

Fumigated    7  217 

Burned    49  49 

Returned     6  6 

Total   Insi^ected 924  17,567 

Of  these  shipments  17,239  packages  arrived  as  freight,  17»S 
packages  as  baggage  and  153  packages  as  mail  matter. 

RICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  8055  bags  of  rice  and  1337  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  4371  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  exam- 
ined and  from  these  were  seized  and  destroyed  by  burning  37 
lots  of  fruits  and  10  lots  of  vegetables. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
various  sources : 

On  December  5,  a  package  of  chestnuts  from  Japan  was 
returned  as  unmailable. 

On  December  7,  200  coconuts  and  six  birdnest  ferns  from 
Fanning  Island  were  fumigated  and  packing  destroyed  on 
account  of  indications  of  a  Icpidoptcrous  borer  and  some  scale 
insects. 

On  December  12,  a  package  of  tree  seeds  from  Japan  in  the 
baggage  was  burned  as  the  owner  did  not  call  for  same,  and 
five-needle  pine  tree  was  sent  back  on  board  the  steamer,  it 
being  contraband  under  rulings  of  the  Federal  Horticultural 
Board.  One  fruit  tree  and  some  palm  seeds  from  Japan  also 
in  the  baggage  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution.  A  package  of 
ginseng   roots    from   Korea   and   a   package   of   chestnuts    from 


9 

Japan  were  found  in  the  mail  and  returned  by  the  postmaster 
as  unmailable. 

On  December  13,  a  small  box  of  oranges  came  from  Japan  by 
parcels  post  and  was  seized  and  destroyed,  being  prohibited  from 
entry  under  rules  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board. 

On  December  17,  a  package  of  bulbs  from  Portugal  was  re- 
turned as  unmailable. 

On  December  25,  one  package  of  butternuts  from  Canada  and 
one  package  of  bulbs  from  the  Azores  were  returned  as  unmail- 
able. A  package  of  tree  seeds  for  the  U.  S.  Experiment  Station 
was  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  December  28,  seven  ornamental  plants  were  found  in  the 
baggage  from  Japan,  also  one  package  of  bulbs ;  these  were 
fumigated  and  all  soil  and  packing  removed  and  destroyed. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  four  steamers,  three 
of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  143  lots  and  3762 
packages  of  fruits  and  vegetables.  All  were  passed  as  free  from 
pests. 

On  December  15,  the  steamer  Seiyo  Maru  arrived  direct  from 
Japan  bringing  2800  bags  of  rice,  259  bags  of  beans,  10  bags  of 
peas,  12  bags  of  sesame  seed,  4  packages  of  yams  and  one  pack- 
age of  vegetable  seeds,  a  total  of  3086  packages,  all  of  which 
were  found  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  Maui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  three  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of 
which  brought  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  11  lots  and  771 
packages,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-four  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended  to,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests : 

Taro    714  bags 

Vegetables    210  packages 

Plants    119 

Fruit    11 

Total  inspected 1054  packages 

Four  packages  of  plants  and  eight  packages  of  fruit  were 
seized  and  refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  and 
undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


10 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  January  14,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  :  I  regret  to  report  that  a  disease  which  may 
prove  to  be  glanders  has  made  its  appearance  among  the  work 
animals  on  a  plantation  in  the  Hamakua  district  on  Hawaii. 
The  deputy  Territorial  veterinarian  for  the  Kohala  district,  Dr. 
Rowat,  visited  the  place.  Dr.  Elliot  being  too  sick  to  attend, 
diagnosed  the  disease  as  glanders  and  destroyed  two  afifected 
animals.  Dr.  Rowat  had  previously,  during  the  early  part  of 
1917,  reported  a  few  scattered  cases  of  glanders  in  a  pasture  on 
one  of  the  Kohala  plantations  but  with  the  destruction  of  these 
it  was  hoped  that  the  outbreak  had  been  permanently  checked. 
The  Hamakua  cases,  however,  put  a  more  serious  aspect  on  the 
situation  as  they  would  seem  to  indicate  the  existence  of  a  center 
of  infection  which  must  be  located  without  delay.  Though  no 
information  to  that  effect  has  reached  this  office  there  is  a  possi- 
bility that  the  disease  may  have  recrudesced  in  Waipio  Valley 
and  is  now  being  scattered  by  pack  animals  over  the  neighboring 
districts.  It  will  be  recalled  that  the  last  outbreak  of  glanders 
in  the  Territory  of  any  importance  occurred  in  Waipio  Valley 
in  1912  when  34  head  of  horses  were  destroyed  after  many 
other  horses  and  at  least  12  mules  had  died.  Previous  to  that 
outbreak  a  similar  epidemic  had  occurred  in  the  same  place  in 
1907.  In  both  cases  it  was  fully  believed  that  the  disease  had 
been  stamped  out  of  the  valley,  as  every  horse,  mule  and  donkey 
had  been  carefully  examined  or  mallein  tested  and  all  reactors 
destroyed.  In  the  1912  outbreak  the  infected  stables  even  were 
totally  destroyed,  new  ones  built  on  virgin  soil,  and  several  sub- 
sequent inspections  failed  to  show  any  additional  cases.  At  the 
same  time  the  plantations  and  ranches  bordering  upon  the  roads 
leading  from  the  mouth  of  Waipio  Valley  were  warned  to  keep 
a  sharp  lookout  for  suspicious  animals  among  the  pack  trains 
carrying  rice  and  paiai  from  the  valley  to  the  merchants  in  the 
neighborhood. 

It  is  now  five  years  since  the  1912  outbreak,  or  practically 
the  same  period  of  immunity  as  followed  the  1907  outbreak. 
The  only  difference  is  that  the  1912  outbreak  remained  confined 
to  the  Valley  and  was  reported  by  the  manager  of  the  Kukui- 
haele  plantation  before  it  had  spread  to  the  neighborhood. 

On  the  basis  of  these  facts  it  is  recommended  that  a  thorough 
investigation  be  undertaken  by  this  office  in  order  that  all  centers 
of  infection  may  be  located  and  eliminated.  Glanders  is  the  most 
destructive  disease  of  horse  stock  known  to  agricudture  and  com- 
merce as  well  as  to  the  mounted  and  artillery  service  of   the 


11 

Army.  For  the  past  five  years  we  have  beHeved  ourselves  free 
of  the  infection  and  it  is  still  hoped  that  the  cases  reported  may 
prove  to  have  been  epizootic  lynipJiangitis  or  some  other  disease 
simulating  glanders.  But  in  any  case  a  thorough  investigation 
will  require  more  time  than  it  would  seem  advisable  to  have  the 
Hilo  deputy  (Dr.  Shipman)  spend  away  from  the  district  where 
his  services  are  required  daily,  as  it  may  necessitate  the  mallein 
testing  of  a  great  number  of  animals.  One  single  "carrier" — a 
horse  infected  with  glanders  but  showing  no  physical  symptoms 
of  the  disease— may  prove  the  cause,  and  may  also  prove  difficult 
to  locate. 

At  the  same  time  there  are  a  couple  of  hundred  milch  cows  to 
be  tuberculin  tested  in  the  same  district  which  will  oft"er  an  oppor- 
tunity to  demonstrate  to  both  the  Hilo  and  the  Kohala  deputies 
the  working  of  the  bovine  tuberculosis  compensation  act. 

If  agreeable  to  the  Board  it  is  therefore  recommended  that  I 
be  authorized  to  leave  for  Hawaii  on  the  19th  in  order  to  carry 
out  the  work  herein  described. 

In  regard  to  the  Kauai  situation  and  the  difficulties  which  had 
developed  between  Dr.  Golding  and  the  management  of  Prince- 
ville  Plantation  Company's  ranch,  the  same  have  now  been  satis- 
factorily adjusted.  The  management  has  agreed,  v/ithout  further 
delay,  to  build  a  fence  between  their  property  and  Mr.  Burk- 
meyer's,  to  cancel  the  bill  for  $500.00  for  board  and  lodging  of 
the  veterinarians  of  this  Board  who  have  been  stationed  on  the 
ranch  on  account  of  the  anthrax  work,  as  well  as  a  minor  bill 
for  the  use  of  two  rolls  of  barbwire.  It  has  further  been  decided 
to  re-vaccinate  all  stock  on  the  ranch  during  the  month  of  Feb- 
ruary, the  Board  to  supply  the  vaccine  it  still  has  on  hand  but  the 
Plantation  Company  to  purchase  what  may  be  required  in  excess 
thereof.  Dr.  Golding  will  remain  stationed  at  Hanalei,  but  will, 
since  his  appointment  as  Deputy  Territorial  V^eterinarian  eft'ective 
January  1st,  1918,  have  to  assume  the  tuberculin  testing  under 
the  compensation  act,  as  well  as  respond  to  any  call  where  an 
infectious  disease  may  be  suspected,  regardless  of  locality.  Under 
these  conditions  he  may  have  to  do  a  considerable  amount  of 
traveling  which  I  fear  cannot  be  done  economically  with  the  old 
Ford  machine  supplied  him  by  this  Board.  When  sent  to  him 
in  August,  1917,  the  machine  had  gone  more  than  18,000  miles, 
since  which  time,  for  want  of  saddle  horses,  he  has  had  to  do 
nearly  all  his  inspections  of  the  infected  pastures  in  the  machine. 
This  has  not  improved  it  and  while  the  engine  is  still  good  it  is 
very  doubtful  whether  it  would  pay  to  have  it  put  in  serviceable 
condition.  It  is  therefore  recommended  that  a  new  Ford  machine 
be  supplied  for  Dr.  Golding's  use  until  such  time  as  he  may  be 
able  through  the  acquirement  of  private  practise  to  afford  a  car 
of  his  own.  Dr.  Golding  has  now  been  licensed  by  the  Board 
of  Veterinarian  Examiners  to  practise  his  profession  in  the  Ter- 


12 

ritory  and  will,  as  he  is  well  thought  of,  undoubtedly  be  able 
thereby  to  better  himself  financially  before  long. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  new  car  might  be  paid  for  in  part  from 
the  tuberculosis  compensation  fund  as  it  will  be  used  principally 
in  testing  the  dairy  cattle  on  Kauai. 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS  ERADICATION. 

From  the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veter- 
inarian it  will  be  seen  that  the  work  of  testing  the  dairies  and 
appraising  and  destroying  the  reacting  animals  is  progressing 
fast  on  this  island.  With  the  single  exception,  dealt  with  in  a 
special  report  of  even  date,  there  has  been  general  satisfaction 
with  the  way  in  which  the  compensation  act  has  worked  out.  The 
heaviest  loser  during  the  month,  for  instance,  with  33  head  con- 
demned out  of  67,  realized  through  the  compensation  act  suffi- " 
cient  capital  to  allow  him  to  purchase  an  almost  equal  number 
of  healthy  cows  wherewith  to  replace  the  destroyed  ones. 

Such,  however,  is  not  always  the  case,  but  nearly  all  the  con- 
demned animals  were  but  slightly  affected  and  when  they  were 
butchered  a  temporary  shortage  of  beef  had  driven  the  meat 
prices  up.  But  nevertheless  this  compensation  for  condemned 
animals  has  given  new  impetus  to  the  tuberculosis  eradication 
and  it  is  hoped  will  lead  to  a  successful  finish  before  the  allotted 
appropriation  has  been  exhausted. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT    OF    ASSISTANT    VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  December  31,  1917. 
Dr.  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the 
month  of  December,  1917: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

The  following  dairy  animals  have  been  tested  during  the  past 
month : 

Tested.  Passed.     Condemned. 

Fred  Tuning 31  25  6 

Y.  Yamashita 67  '34  33 

M.  T.  Brazon 40  39  1 

Y.   Tsuda 32  32  0 

A  Compos 11  11  0 

J.    Gonzallos 15  15  0 

J.   Simon 38  36  2 


13 

Tested.  Passed.       Co7idem?ied, 

J.   Podrodia 17  17  0 

H.  Domingo 5  5  0 

M.    Solado 13  12  1 

R.  A.  Franco 18  18  0 

John  Alias 22  22  0 

S.   Hirata 32  31  1 

S.  Saiki 10  8  2 

M.    Nishimoto 22  22  0 

K.  Fugisuya 26  24  2 

R.    Compos 9  9  0 

C.  H.  Bellina 1  0  1 

A.  Pacheco 39  35  4 

C.  H.  Cooke 1  1  0 

E.  H.  Brown 1  1  0 

The  above  tabulated  list  gives  a  total  of  450  animals  tested  out 
of  which  number  397  were  passed  and  tagged  and  S2>  condemned 
and  branded. 

The  condemned  animals  were  appraised  and  slaughtered  in 
conformance  with  the  provisions  of  Act  121  of  the  1917  Session 
Laws. 

With  the  exception  of  one  entire  carcass  and  two  fore-quarters 
which  were  condemned  as  unfit  for  human  consumption,  the 
above  animals  were  passed  as  beef. 

Lesions  of  tuberculosis  of  varying  extent  were  found  in  all 
the  condemned  animals  except  one.  In  this  one  case  no  macro- 
scopic lesions  could  be  demonstrated  in  any  of  the  organs  usually 
affected.  A  more  exhaustive  examination  of  the  carcass  would 
undoubtedly  have  brought  to  light  some  small  lesion,  but  this 
could  only  be  accomplished  by  destroying  its  beef  value.  What 
infection  was  in  this  animal  was  of  very  recent  origin.  Li  this 
same  herd  one  fore-quarter  of  one  carcass  was  condemned 
because  of  extensive  tubercular  lesions  and  in  another  lesions 
were  found  in  the  supra-mammary  glands  and  upper  portion  of 
the  udder. 

Owing  to  excellent  prices  obtained  for  these  carcasses  a  com- 
paratively small  amount  was  drawn  from  the  compensation  fund 
for  the  purpose  of  reimbursement. 

IMPORTATIONS  OF  LIVESTOCK. 

S.  S.  China,  Orient :     2  monkeys,  K.  A.  Regum. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francicso :  1  Holstein  bull,  1  Jersey  bull, 
Waialae  Ranch;  1  horse,  Major  LI.  C.  Gibner ;  1  dog,  C.  H. 
Crank ;  1  ct.  turkeys,  29  shorthorn  bulls,  4  horses,  1  Berkshire 
boar,  H.  M.  von  Holt;  1  bx.  live  birds,  1  bx.  parrots,  3  cts. 
chickens,  58  cts.  poultry,  W.  F.  X.  Company. 


14 

S.  S.  Makura,  Sydney:     1  dog,  Mr.  Gill. 

S.   S.   President,   San   Francisco :      1   ct.   chickens,   \\'.   F.   X. 
Company. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case. 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


Marketing  Division 

Honolulu,  January  15,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu, 
T.  H. 

Gentlemen  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  below  the  report  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  Marketing  Division  for  the  month  end- 
ing December  31,  1917. 

More  consignments  were  received  during  the  month  of  De- 
cember than  during  the  previous  month,  but  due  to  the  scarcity 
of  beef  anjji  the  closing  of  the  retail  departments,  the  total  sales 
were  less.  Large  shipments  of  Maui  beans  were  received  during 
the  month  but  only  a  few  sacks  have  been  sold  in  Honolulu,  as 
the  dealers  claim  that  they  have  no  call  for  them.  Shipments  to 
the  Coast  were  delayed  at  the  request  of  Mr.  J.  F.  Child,  who 
assured  us  that  the  local  dealers  could  handle  the  whole  crop. 
A  fair  offer  has  been  made  by  a  representative  of  a  California 
canning  company,  for  from  two  to  four  thousand  sacks  and, 
unless  as  good  an  ofifer  is  received  from  local  dealers,  the  beans 
will  be  shipped  as  soon  as  they  can  be  gotten  together  and 
steamer  space  can  be  secured. 

The  condition  of  the  beef  market  has  been  bad  during  the 
month.  Shipments  of  cattle  and  island  dressed  beef  have  been 
small  and  uncertain.  Dressed  beef  from  California  can  not  al- 
ways be  gotten  on  account  of  the  limited  cold  storage  space. 

Bananas  and  sweet  potatoes  are  very  plentiful  now  and  the 
growers  of  these  products  are  losing  large  sums  of  money 
through  not  being  able  to  sell  their  crop.  A  regulation  by  the 
Federal  Food  Commission  requiring  dealers  to  sell  as  many 
sweet  potatoes  as  Irish  potatoes  until  the  crop  is  disposed  of 
would  put  an  end  to  the  trouble.  I  would  request  that,  if  the 
Board  is  of  the  same  opinion,  they  so  inform  the  Federal  Food 
Commission. 

The  $500  balance  due  on  the  $3000  note  to  the  Bank  of  Hawaii 
was  paid  December  31.  From  now  on  the  Division  should  have 
about  $500  to  place  to  the  credit  of  surplus.  Part  of  the  surplus 
could  be  used  to  replace  the  two  trucks  now  in  use  at  the  Division. 


15 

These  trucks  are  not  worth  the  cost  of  having  them  overhauled 
and  I  would  recommend  that  tliey  both  Ije  turned  in  on  new 
ones. 

Due  to  the  fact  tliat  we  are  breaking  in  a  new  bookkeeper, 
our  monthly  statement  is  not  ready,  but  it  will  be  submitted  as 
soon  as  possible. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

O.  B.  LiGIITFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 


Bovine  Tuberculosis  Control 


Honolulu,  January  14,  191S. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentle:\ien  : — At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the 
City  and  County  of  Honolulu  held  on  December  28,  Supervisor 
Bellina,  if  quoted  correctly  by  the  daily  papers,  voiced  some 
strong  sentiments  against  the  continuation  of  our  efforts  to  erad- 
icate bovine  tuberculosis.  Among  the  assertions  attributed  to 
Supervisor  Bellina  the  following  would  seem  to  call  for  a  reply 
even  though  no  official  communication  substantiating  these  very 
serious  charges  has  been  received : 

"Every  herd  on  the  island  is  suft'ering  from  tuberculosis  and 
it  cannot  be  eradicated."     {Advertiser,  Dec.  29,  '17.) 

-t  *  *  every  drop  of  milk  consumed  by  the  people  of  Hono- 
lulu at  the  present  time,  with  the  exception  of  that  which  is  pas- 
teurized,  contains   tuberculosis."     (Ibid.) 

*  *  Hi  ^i^e  ^est  carried  out  by  Dr.  Norgaard  and  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  is  a  farce  and  a  scandal  and  is  forc- 
ing the  poorer  dairies  out  of  business."     (Ibid.) 

*  *  *  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  has  not  re- 
duced bovine  tuberculo?tis  in  milch  cows  in  tha  Territory." 
(Bulletin,  Dec.  29,  '17.) 

"\\'e  have  had  eleven  years  of  this  tuberculin  testing  and  now 
they  tell  us  they  will  put  us  out  of  business  if  we  butt  in.  This 
compensation  act  is  a  robbery  of  the  community.  The  board  has 
not  reduced  bovine  tuberculosis  in  any  reasonable  percentage. 
And  we  were  bluffed  into  testing  our  cattle."     (Ibid.) 

The  simplest  way  in  which  to  refute  most  of  these  charges  is 
by  quoting  a  few  figures  from  the  official  reports  of  this  Division 
and  from  the  records  on  file  in  this  office. 

Percentage  of  tuberculosis  in  the  dairy  herds  of  the  City  and 
County  of  Honolulu  since  beginning  of  the  test : 


16 

1910  22.:^   % 

1911   5.27% 

1912 ' 3.81% 

1913 3.89% 

1914 2.08% 

1915  3.087c 

1916 2.08% 

1917  Incomplete 

23  dairies  have  never  had  a  reacter. 

20        ''        have  had  but  one  reacter. 
20        ''        have  had  from  2  to  5  reacters. 
68        '■         (as  compared  to  23  in   1911)   may  i.ow  be 
considered  clean. 
9        **        are  still  considered  infected.     Of  these  nine, 
eight   dispose   of   their   milk   through   the 
Honolulu    Dairymen's    Association    where 
presumably    it    is    pasteurized,    while    the 
ninth    has    been    recently    tested    and    all 
reacters  disposed  of. 
In  regard  to  the  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Compensation  Act  (Act 
121,  1917)  to  which  supervisor  Bellina  refers  in  such  flc.ttering 
terms,  it  was  introduced  before  the  last  legislature  by  the  local 
milk  producers.     It  leaves  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry no  discretion  as  to  whether  dairy  cattle  shall  be  tested  or 
not.  but  decrees  that  the  Board  shall  test  all  dairy  cattle,  etc. 
Such  cattle  shall  first  be  appraised,  and  the  appraised  value  shall 
be  satisfactory  to  the  owner.     Supervisor  Bellina,  though  he,  for 
reasons  of  his  own,  opposed  the  passage  of  the  bill  which  carries 
an  appropriation  of  $20,000,  was  the  first  to  avail  himself  of  its 
benefits,    or,    to   use    the    words    ascribed    to   him,    having   been 
bluffed  into  testing  his  herd,  he  drew  $2801.48  compensation  for 
his  condemned  cattle,  or  14%  of  the  total  appropriated  for  the 
entire  Territory. 

In  regard  to  the  war-time  conservation  ''of  the  beef  which  is 
now  beins:  slaughtered  as  the  result  of  tuberculin  testing,"  Super- 
visor Bellina  seems  to  overlook  the  fact  that  only  three  of  his 
tuberculous  cattle  were  so  badly  diseased  that  their  carcasses  had 
to  be  condemned  entirely.  From  the  rest  of  the  carcasses  the 
Supervisor  salved  beef  to  the  value  of  $2359.52. 

Tlie  threats  imputed  to  me  in  regard  to  '''putting  any  dairyman 
out  of  business"  are  hardly  worth  replying  to.  The  only  dairy- 
man I  have  heard  of  being  put  out  of  business  of  recent  years 
was  Mr.  Farm,  but  possibly  Mr.  Bellina  does  not  refer  to' him. 
At  any  rate  this  Board  expended  more  than  $6,000  trying  to 
keep  him  in  the  business,  though  without  avail.  He  was  driven 
out! 

In  conclusion:     Is  the  policy  of  eradication  of  bovine  tubercu- 
losis as  adopted  by  this  Board  on  my  recommendation  sound  ? 
On  May  1,  the  federal  Bureau  of  Animal  Industrv  created  the 


17 

Tuberculosi.  Eradication  Division.  At  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  American '  Veterinary  Medical  Association  in  Kansas  City 
in  August,  the  chief  of  this  new  division  spoke  as  follows : 

"The  Bureau  believes  that  tuberculosis  may  be  eradicated  from 
all  the  cattle  and  all  the  swine  in  this  nati  mi  ;  otherwise,  it  would 
not  have  attempted  such  an  arduous  task.  • 

*'To  support  such  a  broad  assertion  there  is  an  abundance  of 
evidence  obtained  through  the  school  of  experience  covering  a 
period  of  several  years. 

^'Tuberculosis  has  been  eradicated  from  hundreds  of  herds  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  \arginia,  Maryland,  and  other  states. 
It  has  been  practically  exterminated  from  comparatively  large 
circumscribed  areas. 

"Furthermore,  wherever  and  whenever  an  effort  was  made  to 
eradicate  the  disease  and  the  earnest  cooperation  of  the  live 
stock  owners  and  officials  has  been  obtained,  success  has  never 
failed  to  crown  the  enterprise. 

"Herds  of  cattle  which  have,  at  the  inception  of  the  campaign, 
contained  75%  of  diseased  animals,  have  been  freed  of  tlie  mal- 
ady ;  and  have  remained  as  free  herds. 

"Herds  which,  on  the  first  test,  were  found  free  of  disease, 
have,  by  the  prudent  care  of  their  owners,  been  kept  free  of 
tuberculosis. 

"The  experience  the  Bureau  has  had,  as  outlined  here,  has 
been  enjoyed  by  veterinary  officials  of  some  of  the  states. 

"The  preponderance  of  successful  experiments,  if  we  call  them 
such,  is  convincing  proof  that  when  conditions  are  favorable 
tuberculosis  may  be  eradicated. 

"What  constitutes  favorable  conditions?  The  same  state  of 
mind  of  the  people  that  obtained  in  the  early  nineties  when 
pleuro-pneumonia  was  eradicated;  in  1902,  1908,  1914  and  1915, 
when  foot-and-mouth  disease  was  eradicated ;  the  spirit  that  per- 
vaded the  western  states  during  the  cattle  and  sheep  scabies 
eradication  campaign ;  the  spirit  that  is  aiding  in  the  eradication 
of  hog  cholera ;  the  same  state  of  mind,  the  same  earnest,  hearty, 
wholesome  and  substantial  cooperation  that  has  made  texas  fever 
eradication  such  a  success. 

"The  American  people  can  eradicate  tuberculosis  or  pre\'ent 
its  eradication,  or  increase  its  presence." 

This  uneciuivocal  declaration  of  policy  by  the  highest  authority 
in  the  United  States  would  appear  in  every  respect  to  support 
the  policy  adopted  by  and  adhered  to  by  the  Territorial  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  the  Territorial  Board  of  Health 
and,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  City 
and  County  of  Honolulu.  The  endorsement  of  the  people  of 
the  Territory  was  definitely  voiced  by  the  last  legislature.  And 
last  but  not  least  it  has  the  unanimous  support  and  approval  of 
the  local  medical  association. 

As  one  of  "the  American  people"  wiio  "can  eradicate  tubercu- 


18 

losis  or  prevent  its  eradication,  or  increase  its  presence"  let  us 
see  what  Supervisor,  milk  producer  and  director  in  the  Dairy- 
men's Association  Bellina  has  accomplished,  irias  he  eradicated 
tuberculosis  or  helped  to  eradicate  it,  even  from  his  own  herd? 
Decidedly  no.  He  has  obstructed  our  efforts  at  eradication  in 
every  possible  way,  retaining  his  diseased  cows  on  his  dairy 
premises  until  forced  to  dispose  of  them,  and  he  now  retains 
a  nest  egg  of  some  seventy  head  of  untested  cattle  and  con- 
demned reacters,  which  he  does  not  find  it  convenient  to  round 
up.  Has  Mr.  Bellina  prevented  the  eradication  or  increased  the 
presence  of  tuberculosis  ?  Decidedly  yes !  The  infected  herd 
just  referred  to  has  already  caused  a  decided  increase  of  tuber- 
culosis in  a  neighboring  dairy  herd  where  the  malady  has  been 
steadily  decreasing  until  Mr.  Bellina's  diseased  animals  were 
placed  alongside,  with  only  a  wire  fence  between  the  two  herds, 
and  that  defective.  As  far  as  Mr.  Bellina's  own  dairy  herd  is 
concerned  he  had  this  year  (1917)  more  than  five  times  as  many 
tuberculous  cattle  as  he  had  in  1916.  In  another  herd,  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  Territory  and  originally  one  of  the  most  infected, 
we  had  succeeded,  by  testing  every  three  months,  in  reducing 
the  number  of  tuberculosis  animals  from  34%  in  1911  to  3%  in 
1915.  When  testing  this  herd  for  the  third  time  in  1916  the 
manager  informed  me  that  Mr.  Bellina  liad  convinced  him  that 
the  losses  would  be  much  smaller  if  he  tested  but  once  a  year ;  and 
that  was  all  the  law  required,  anyhow !  The  herd  was  not  tested 
again  until  13  months  later.  The  percentage  had  increased  to 
22.34%. 

To  further  prove  the  fallacy  of  Mr.  Bellina's  advice  the  annual 
percentages  of  tuberculoiis  animals,  from  1910  to  1917  inclusive, 
in  the  said  herd  are  appended : 

1910—1  test  — 41.5   %   tuberculous  cattle 
1911—1      "    —34.     % 
1912—3  tests—  9.01% 
1913_^     "    _  7.4  ^„ 

1914—4     "    —  4.37% 

1915_4     -    _  3.     %  "  -       . 

1916—3     "   —  4.07% 
1917—1  test  —22.54% 

These  figures  should  prove  conclusively  that  to  leave  tubercu- 
lous animals  in  the  herd  for  one  year  instead  of  weeding  them 
out  every  3  months  does  not  pay,  especially  when  the  question 
is  the  eradication  of  the  disease  at  the  least  cost  to  the  Territory. 

In  conclusion.  Supervisor  Bellina's  attention  is  called  to  Ordi- 
nance No.  17  of  the  City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  approved 
March  21,  1910,  and  still  effective.  This  ordinance  requires 
the  tuberculin  testing  of  all  dairy  cows  in  the  City  and  County 
of  Honolulu  and  adds  that  the  Board  of  Supervisors  shall  pro- 
vide for  the  testing  of  the  cows  without  charge.     All  tuberculin 


19 

testing  in  the  City  and  County  of  Honolulu  from  March  21, 
1910,  until  the  approval  of  the  territorial  bovine  tuberculosis 
compensation  act  on  April  23,  1917,  has  therefore  been  carried 
out  under  authority  of  and  in  cooperation  with  the  local  Board 
of  Supervisors  of  which  Mr.  Bellina  is  now  a  member.  Beyond 
the  fact  that  the  supervisorial  ordinance  is  a  City  and  County 
measure  and  the  compensation  act  a  Territorial  one,  there  is 
little  difference  in  the  scope  of  the  tw^o,  unless  it  be  that  the 
latter  compensates  the  owner  of  the  tuberculous  animals,  while 
the  former  does  not.  This,  however,  can  hardly  have  been  the 
cause  of  the  Supervisor's  displeasure  when  he  snapped  at  the 
bill  that  was  compensating  him. 

So  perhaps  he  was  only  preparing  the  Board  of  Supervisors 
for  action  on  a  new  milk  ordinance,  substituting  pasteurization 
for  tuberculin  testing!  Again  quoting  the  Bulletin  of  December 
29,  we  learn:  "Supervisor  Bellina  said  that  pasteurization  of 
milk  is  the  only  w^ay  in  which  the  disease  may  be  eliminated." 
This  Mr.  Bellina  can  hardly  have  meant,  as  he  must  be  aware 
that  tuberculosis  during  1917  increased  to  an  alarming  extent  in 
a  number  of  herds  from  which  the  milk  was  being  pasteurized, 
or  in  spite  of  it.  Pasteurization  under  competent  official 
control  may  possibly  be  relied  on  to  kill  tubercle  bacilli  in  the 
milk,  but  it  most  assuredly  will  not  help  controlling  or  even  pre- 
venting the  further  spread  of  tuberculosis  in  infected  herds. 
And  Mr.  Bellina  may  rest  assured  that  should  his  attempt  at 
preventing  our  further  efforts  at  controlling  and  eradicating  the 
disease  prove  successful,  the  time  will  not  be  distant  when  there 
will  be  no  herd  free  of  tuberculosis,  and  when  scrofulosis  and 
intestinal  tuberculosis  will  increase  amon.g  the  children  of  the 
Territory. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


20 

The  Paradise  Tree 


A  BEAUTIFUL  TREE  OF  TROPICAL  AMERICA  VERY 
SUITABLE  FOR  HAWAII. 


By  Vaughan  MacCaughey,  College  of  Hazvaii. 

The  Paradise  Tree  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  trees  of  trop- 
ical Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  tropical  America.  Many  travel- 
lers and  tree  lovers  have  awarded  it  the  highest  praise  for  love- 
liness of  form,  foliage,  flower,  and  fruit.  It  grows  easily  and 
rapidly,  reproduces  freely,  and  has  very  few  insect  or  fungous- 
enemies.  Its  name  is  euphonious.  The  Paradise  Tree  should  be- 
come a  member  of  that  large  and  growing  family  of  Hawaiian 
trees  that  are  native  to  other  lands,  but  that  have  become  so  thor- 
oughly established  in  their  mid-Pacific  island  home  that  they  are 
now  recognized  as  kauia-ainas.  The  mango,  the  banyan,  the 
monkey-pod,  the  kiawe — how  empty  the  Honolulu  lowlands 
would  become  if  these  trees  were  to  vanish !  The  beautiful  Para- 
dise Tree  should  be  introduced  into  the  Paradise  of  the  Pacific, 
and  add  its  charm  and  tropic  color  to  the  exotic  vegetation  ot 
Hawaii. 

The  tree  {Simaruha  glauca  DC.)  is  a  member  of  the  Quassi'i 
family  (Simarubacese  or  Simaroubacese),  which  comprises  abour 
145  species  in  28  genera.  These  are  trees  and  shrubs — a  fe\v 
herbs — mostly  tropical  and  generally  with  bitter  latex.  Many 
are  of  medicinal  value.  The  name  Simaruba  is  the  Guiana  na- 
tives' name  for  a  certain  species  of  that  country.  At  present  this 
important  family  is  wholly  unrepresented  in  the  Hawaiian  flora. 
There  are  no  indigenous  forms,  and  none  of  the  foreign  species 
have  been  introduced-  In  the  continental  United  States  the  Ai 
lanthus  or  Tree  of  Heaven,  native  to  northern  China,  is  widely 
planted  and  naturalized.  The  Paradise  Tree  would  be  a  worthy 
representative  of  the  family  in  Hawaii.  Inasmuch  as  the  trees 
are  dioecious,  and  the  fruit-clusters  are  very  handsome,  the  female 
trees  are  much  more  valuable,  from  the  ornamental  standpoint, 
than  are  the  male  trees. 

The  genus  Siiuaniba  Aublet  comprises  seven  species,  all  native 
of  tropical  America,  and  all  characterized  by  bitter,  resinous  juice 
and  tonic  properties.  The  Paradise  Tree  ranges  from  southern 
Florida  and  the  keys  through  the  Bahama  Islands,  Cuba,  Jamai- 
ca, Central  America,  Guiana,  and  Brazil.  It  is  called  Bitter-wood 
because  of  its  taste.  The  Cuban  name  Palo  bianco  refers  to  the 
silvery  undersurfaces  of  the  leaves.  It  is  often  confused  with 
6'.  amara  Aublet,  which  is  the  official  source  of  Simaruba  bark. 

The  Paradise  Tree  has  a  beautiful  form,  and  rises  to  heights 
of  35-50  feet.  Under  favorable  conditions  the  latter  stature  is 
not  uncommon.  The  crown  is  round-topped  and  symmetrical, 
with  a  dense  canopy  of  very  dark  green  glossy  leaves,  the  under 


21 

surfaces  of  which,  as  has  been  mentioned,  are  silvery.  The 
trunk  is  straight,  smooth,  and  18-20  inches  in  diameter.  The  bark 
is  very  smooth,  .50-. 75  inches  thick,  picturesquely  patterned  and 
mottled  with  light  brown  and  brownish-gray,  and  finally  exfoliat- 
ing in  broad,  thick,  appressed  scales.  In  Costa  Rica  an  infusion 
of  the  bark  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  fever.  The  branches  are 
slender  and  spreading.  The  branchlets  are  stout.  They  are 
pale  green  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  but  gradually 
change  to  light  brown.  In  their  second  season  they  are  rugose 
and  conspicuously  marked  by  the  large,  oval  leaf-scars. 

The  wood  is  light,  soft,  not  strong,  and  coarse-grained.  It  has 
scattered,  open  ducts,  indistinguishable  annual  rings,  and  very 
fine  pith  rays.  Its  color  is  uniform  pale  yellow  or  light  brown, 
with  thick  sapwood  and  intensely  bitter  flavor.  The  wood  is  lit- 
tle used,  although  it  possesses  to  a  marked  degree  tonic  properties 
resembling  those  of  the  Quassia  tree.  In  Florida  it  is  popularly 
believed  that  to  drink  water  from  a  cup  made  of  Simaruba  wood 
is  a  cure  for  chills  and  fever.  The  physical  properties  of  the 
wood  are  as  follows : 

Specific  gravity   0.4136 

Percentage  of  ash 0.93 

Relative  approximate  fuel  value 0.4098 

Coefficient  of  elasticity 93217. 

Modulus  of  rupture 564. 

Resistance  to  longitudinal  pressure. ......     426. 

Resistance  to  indentation • 86. 

Weight  per  cubic  foot 25.78  lbs. 

The  bark  of  the  root  is  employed  medicinally,  often  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  S.  amara.  It  comes  to  the  druggist  in  the  form  of 
long  pieces,  one  or  more  inches  broad,  folded  lengthwise,  light, 
flexible,  tenacious,  very  plain,  light  brownish  yellow  externally, 
pale  yellow  on  the  inside,  rough,  warty,  and  marked  with  trans- 
verse ridges ;  without  odor.  The  chief  constituent  is  quassin, 
QoH,,03. 

The  leaves  are  alternate,  abruptly  odd-pinnately  compound,  and 
6-10  inches  long.  The  petioles  are  2-3  inches  long.  The  leaflets 
are  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  When  they  first  unfold  they  are 
thin,  membranaceous,  and  dark-red.  They  are  petiolulate ;  the 
petiolules  are  stout,  about  .25  inch  long.  The  leaflets  are  alter- 
nately arranged,  11-13,  mostly  obovate,  2-3  inches  long,  margin 
entire  and  revolute,  venation  pinnate,  texture  coriaceous.  The 
base  is  cuneate  and  more  or  less  oblique.  The  apex  is  rounded 
or  slightly  pointed.  The  blade  is  very  lustrous  dark  green  above ; 
below  it  is  silvery  glaucous,  with  a  prominent  mid  rid.  The  two 
surfaces  contrast  very  strongly  in  color  and  luster. 

In  the  springtime  for  many  weeks  the  dark  crowns  of  the  Para- 
dise Trees  are  covered  with  a  delicate  yellow  veil.  This  diaphan- 
ous drapery  which  appears  on  both  staminate  and  pistillate  trees, 
is  composed  of  the  immense  loose  clusters  of  tiny  yellow  flow- 
ers.   The  individual  flow^ers  are  very  small  {.33  inch  in  diameter, 


22 

.16-25  inch  long),  and  numerous,  massed  in  large  axillary  and 
terminal  panicles.  The  panicles  are  12-18  inches  long,  18-24 
inches  broad,  and  wide-spreading;  the  flowers  are  arranged  in 
groups  of  2-6  along  the  glaucous  branches  of  the  panicle.  The 
panicle  stem  is  pale  and  glaucous.  As  a  whole  the  flower  clusters 
are  showy  and  attractive  and  constitute  one  of  the  important 
ornamental  features  of  the  tree. 

The  pericels  are  very  short,  stout,  club-shaped  and  glaucous. 
The  bracts  are  small,  scarious,  and  deciduous.  The  flowers  are 
dioecious.  The  calyx  is  glaucous,  with  5  short  lobes.  The  corolla 
has  5  petals  which  are  pale  yellow,  fleshy,  oblong,  oval-acute,  4-5 
times  longer  than  the  calyx.  The  corolla  surrounds  a  hemispheric 
villous  disk.  The  stamens  are  10,  as  long  as  the  petals,  in  the 
staminate  flowers.  They  are  free,  filiform,  each  attached  to  a 
ciliate  scale  at  its  base  and  bearing  an  oblong  introrse  2-celled 
longitudinally  dehiscent  anther  attached  on  the  back  below  the 
middle.  The  pistil  has  a  deeply  5-lobed  ovary,  with  5  recurved 
styles  and  5  solitary  ovules. 

The  fruit  is  a  sessile  drupe,  one  inch  or  less  in  length.  It  is 
ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  oblique  and  slightly  ribbed  on  one 
side.  The  fruits  are  arranged  in  groups  of  1-5  together ;  when 
partially  ripe  they  are  bright  scarlet,  when  fully  mature  they  be- 
come rich  glossy  dark  purple-  The  name  Paradise  Tree  refers 
to  these  brightly  colored  fruit  clusters,  as  well  as  to  other  orna- 
mental features.  The  flesh  is  thin,  bitter,  and  not  edible.  The 
seed  is  about  .75  inch  long,  crustaceous,  papillose,  and  orange 
brown.  In  Jamaica  the  fruits  are  called  Mountain  or  Bitter  Dam- 
sons. 

The  cultural  requirements  of  the  Paradise  Tree  are  simple.  A 
humid  atmosphere ;  porous,  thoroughly  watered  soil ;  and  an 
abundance  of  well-rotted  vegetable  manure  around  the  roots  of 
the  young  plant — these  are  the  main  requirements.  After  the 
tree  has  been  successfully  introduced  the  seeds  will  be  scattered 
by  the  birds,  and  undoubtedly  the  species  will  become  naturalized. 
The  Paradise  Tree  should  belong  to  Hawaii. 


lllillllllllilllllllllllililllllilini!lllSlllilillilillllil!llllllllll!lllllillllllllllBlllll^: 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOE  FULL  PAETICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

I  Castled  Cooke,  CtdJ 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFEJARINE, 
AUIOMOBILE  AND 
TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE 
NSURANCE 


|0a$fle$€ooke,  Ctd.l 

I  HONOLXJT^XJ,  HA^WAII  | 

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I  F.  A.  SWER  &  CO.,  LID.  | 

I  IMPORTERS  I 

I   COMMISSION   AND   INSURANCE   AGENTS   AND  | 
I  SUGAR  FACTORS  | 

=  AGENTS  FOR  = 

=  Honokaa  Sugar  Company  Pacific  Sugar  Mill  E 

E  Hawaiian  Irrigation  Company,   Limited  E, 

E  German  Lloyd  Insurance  Co.   (Marine)  E 

E  Magdeburg  Fire  Insurance  Co.  (of  Magdeburg,  Germany)  = 

^         Hamburg-Bremen  Fire  Insurance  Co.   (Hamburg,  Germany)  = 

E  Bremen  Board  of  Underwriters  E 

E  Hartford  Fire  Insurance  Co.    (of  Hartford,  Connecticut)  E 

E  Concordia  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  E 

^  Marine  and  Transportation  Department  ^ 

=  Delaware  Underwriters  of  the  Westchester  Fire  Insurance  Company  E 

E  (of  New  York)  E 

E  55  Merchant  Street,  corner  Kaahumanu  E 

E    Post  Office  Box  187  -  -  Cable  Address:  ''Schaeferco"    = 

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;      ON  FEED  CO.,  LID.I 

=  Dealers  in  E 

I         HAY  AND  GRAIN         | 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

I         ALGAROBA  FEED         I 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  = 

=  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

=  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      | 

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=                                                            OFFICERS  E 

5  E.  Faxon   Bishop,   President           Richard  Ivers,  Secretary  = 

E  Geo.    H.    Robertson,    Vice-Pres.,    E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Treasurer  = 

E                         and  Manager                           D.  G.  May,  Auditor  E 

=                                                      DIRECTORS:  = 

E                    J-  R.  Gait,  Director                  R.  A.  Cooke,  Director  E 

E                    Geo.  R.  Carter,  Director          A.  Gartley,  Director  E 

E                                       C.  H.  Cooke,  Director  E 


C.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 

SUGAR  FACTORS 

SHIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 
OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Kvlauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 

London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinburgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

Kapapala  Ranch 
Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha  S.  S.  Co. 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Thomas  Pineapple  Company 


E   Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.     Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Co. 


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I  J.  M.  DO^WSETT  I 

=  AGENT  i 


[lilFOiiD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO, 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


I    ISICKESe  Fi  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 


To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools 
to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every- 
thing needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the 
smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.  We 
also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Fland,  Bucket  or  Bar- 
rel Sprayers.  Our  assortment  of  Hoes,  Shovels, 
Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow- 
ers, Garden  Hose,  and  other  tilings  that  are  needed 
daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and 
our  stock  large. 


I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.        | 

E  King  and  Port  Streets,  Honolulu  : 

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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

E     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      E 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

::    Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  BIANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


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IH.  HACKFELD  &  CO.,  LID.I 

E  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  = 

E    San  Francisco  Office 310   Sansome  Street   E 

E   New  York  Office 82  Wall  Street   = 

=  IMPORTERS  AND    GENERAL  E 

E  COMMISSION  AGENTS  S 

E  AGENTS   FOR  E 

=  China  Mail  Steamship  Company  E 

E  American-Hawaiian  Steamship  Company  = 


INSURANCE    COMPANIES 


Fire   Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 
Phoenix    Insurance    Co., 
Colonial   Fire    Underwriters, 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 


Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
Allianz   Insurance    Co.,    Ltd.,    of   Berlin 
Tokio   Marine   Insurance   Co.,   Ltd. 
Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 


AGENTS    FOR 


Waiahole    "Water    Co.,    Ltd. 

The    Waimea    Mill    Co.,  Ltd. 

Pioneer    Mill    Co..    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 


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I  Kamehameha  Schools  Farm  Loan  Bulls  i 

E  A  chance  for  the  progressive  dairyman  of  Hawaii  E 

=  to  secure  a  Registered  Holstein-Friesian  Bull  = 

I  FREE  I 

=  We  will  loan  you  a  superior  bred  bull  for  three  ^ 

E  years,  absolutely  free,  if  you  will  agree  to  certain  E 

E  conditions  of  dairy  management  E 

E  WRITE  US.  FOR  OUR  ATTRACTIVE  PROPOSITION  = 


I    Agricultural  Dept.  KAMEHAMEHA  SCHOOLS    HONOLULU         I 

E  HEADQUARTERS   FOR  E 

E  HOLSTEIN  BULLS  BERKSHIRE  HOGS  E 

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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIONEEa 

Arthur  H.  Bice,  President 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dowsett 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OP  FOiiESTEY. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  ob* 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 
Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist, 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Hilo,  Hawaii, 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub -Nursery  at  Homestead,  KauaL 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahit, 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahum 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai.  ' 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsaj,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OP  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 

Miss  Agnes  Buchanan,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  KaJmlui,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

,G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAL  INDUSTEY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animal  Industry  and  Territorial 

Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian, 
Joseph  Richard,  LivestocJc  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave). 
O.  B.  Shipman,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii. 
A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii, 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Maui, 
Cyril  Golding,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  Marlceting  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W.  G.  Moir,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  MidkifP,  Marlceting  Demonstrator,  TV.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marlceting  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kellj,  ClerJc  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer. 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


/f* 


The  HAWAIIAN 

FORESTEK 

AND 

^VGRICULTURISH 


FEBRUARY,    1918 


^ 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Forest  Service  in  the  War 33 

Editorial  Notes 33 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 35 

Division  of  Entomology 36 

Division  of  Forestry 37 

Timber  Sales  on  National  Forests  Doubled 38 

Marketing  Division 39 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 40 

Sisal  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands 42 


VOL  XV. 


PRICE.  Ten  cents 


NO.  2 


^ 


/S 


411 


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lltmit]e& 


omcEs 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING 
MEHLHORN  BUILDING 
82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -        - 
ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFICEBS    AND    DIBECTOKS: 

J.  P.  COOKE President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEB First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  B.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEBHOUSE Treasurer 

JOHN  GUILD    Secretary 

H.   A.  BALDWIN Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHEETON Director 

C.  B.  HEMENWAY Director 


Sugar  J^artorjs, 
OInmmtfiatiin  il^rrlyanta  anb 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian    Commercial   and    Sugar   Company 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paia   Plantation 

Maui  Agricultural  Compaay 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company 

McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahuku  Plantation   Company 

Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Elahului   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insuranca  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand   Insuxance   Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance   Association 

Switzerland  Marine  Insuanee  Company,   Ltd. 


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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


w 


I 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


'<iiiiiiiiiiiiiiEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iieiii]iii:iiiiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiv 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT  THE  GOVERNMENT  NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Ilaughs,   Forest   Nurseryman,   Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri> 
bution  (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE    HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  February.  1918.  No.  2 

FOREST  SERVICE  IN  THE  WAR. 


"Upon  the  rupture  of  diplomatic  relations  with  Germany," 
says  the  report  of  the  federal  department,  "the  forest  service 
began  to  plan  for  meeting  the  responsibilities  which,  if  war  fol- 
lowed, it  should  assume."  Among  these  were  emergency  assist- 
ance in  the  protection  of  public  works  and  transportation  lines 
and  the  gathering  of  military  reconnaissance  information  valu- 
able to  the  war  department. 

Wood  and  other  forest  products  have  almost  innumerable 
uses  in  modern  warfare,  it  is  pointed  out.  Never  before  has  the 
demand  for  exact  knowledge  been  so  urgent.  "In  the  work 
relating  to  forest  utilization  and  forest  products,  the  resources 
of  the  service  have  been  employed  to  the  limit  of  their  capacity 
since  the  war  began  in  rendering  assistance  to  the  war  and  navy 
departments,  the  emergency  fleet  corporation,  various  commit- 
tees of  the  council  of  national  defense,  and  manufacturers  of 
war  orders.  The  peace-time  program  has  been  largely  discon- 
tinued. The  force  and  the  work  have  been  centered  in  Wash- 
ington and  Madison.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  bring 
available  knowledge  to  the  attention  of  the  organizations  which 
have  need  for  it  and  to  assist  in  anticipating  their  problems." 

Much  of  the  work  has  concerned  aircraft  material.  It  has 
included  also  problems  connected  with  the  construction  of 
wooden  ships  and  of  vehicles.  Assistance  has  been  given  to 
hardwood  distillation  plants  in  order  to  increase  the  production 
of  acetone  and  other  products  needed  for  munition  making.  A 
commercial  demonstration  has  shown  that  costs  of  producing 
ethyl  alcohol  from  wood  waste  can  be  materially  reduced. 
Methods  have  been  developed  by  which  walnut  and  birch  can 
be  kiln-dried  in  a  much  reduced  time  with  comparatively  little 
loss.  In  general,  the  report  says,  "much  assistance  has  been 
given  on  a  great  variety  of  war  problems  relating  to  forest  re- 
sources and  the  manufacture,  purchase,  and  most  efficient  use 
of  wood  and  other  forest  products." 


Tuberculosis  control  among  dairy  cattle  for  January,  accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  the  Assistant  Veterinarian,  shows  31  animals 
condemned   out   of   870   tested,    or   3.56   per   cent.      It   will   be 


34 

noticed,  however,  that  two  or  three  dairies  account  for  the  com- 
paratively high  showing  of  infection  and  that,  taken  by  dairies, 
there  are  ten  absolutely  clean  out  of  eighteen  inspected,  or  SSy^ 
per  cent  clean.  Since  Dr.  Norgaard's  exposure  of  the  true 
character  of  Supervisor  Bellina's  assault  upon  the  bovine  tuber- 
culosis control"  policy  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 
nothing  has  been  heard  of  that  gentleman's  proposed  ordinance 
to  destroy  the  effectiveness  of  the  campaign.  There  has  not 
appeared  a  scintilla  of  popular  backing  for  his  retrograde 
scheme. 


Distribution  of  nearly  36,000  parasites  of  the  fruit  fly  and 
of  the  corn  leaf  hopper  in  January,  a  large  proportion  of  which 
v/ere  bred  in  the  same  month,  indicates  continued  efficiency  of 
the  Division  of  Entomology.  Reports  of  several  of  the  sugar 
plantations  telling  of  the  ravages  of  the  leaf  hopper  strongly 
emphasize  the  value  of  this  service. 


Tree  planting  proceeds  with  satisfactory  progress,  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  January  report  of  the  Forest  Nurseryman.  The  work 
that  the  plantation  companies  are  doing  in  this  line  is  immense, 
and  it  is  gratifying  to  note  that  the  nursery  is  equal  to  the  huge 
demands  from  this  quarter. 


According  to  the  January  report  of  the  Marketing  Division, 
business  in  beans,  cabbage  and  sweet  potatoes  was  brisk.  Ex- 
portation of  beans  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  providing  it  be  limited 
to  what  amount  may  be  spared  without  causing  domestic  scarcity 
and  high  prices  for  the  commodity,  distinctly  adds  to  the  pres- 
tige of  Hawaiian  horticulture. 


Effective  protection  from  pests  is  again  manifested  in  detail 
by  the  report  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  last  month. 
Our  ports  are  well  guarded  against  the  greatest  menace  to  Ha- 
waiian aericulture. 


•■fe' 


Daily  accounts  in  the  press  regarding  the  war  conservation  of 
certain  foodstuff's  in  the  territory  gives  promise  that  the  cam- 
paign will  permanenlly  revolutionize  the  effort  to  make  Hawaii 
self-sustaining  in  the  matter  of  sustenance  for  man  and  beast 
both  in  normal  times  and  periods  of  emergency. 


Henry  S.  Graves,  the  federal  forester,  is  now  serving  with  the 
American  expeditionary  forces  in  France,  with  a  commission  as 
lieutenant  colonel,  in  connection  with  the  forest  work  for  the 
supply  of  the  needs  of  our  overseas  troops  and  those  of  the 
Allies.  A  number  of  other  members  of  the  forest  service  re- 
ceived commissions  in  the  Tenth  Engineers  (Forest)  while 
manv  more  entered  the  ranks. 


35 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  February  21,  1918. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the 
month  of  January,  1918: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

The  following  cattle  were  tested  during  the  month  : 

Tested.  Passed.  Condeuuied. 

Moanalua   Ranch 150  148  2 

W.    Miner 10  10  0 

E.  Hoh 1  0  1 

Kalihi  Farm 42  42  0 

Geo.  H.  Hoh 16  13  3 

V.   Vasconcellas 20  20  0 

x\ntone    Pires 7  4  3 

John  Fernandez 10  10  0 

Kamehameha  Schools 2>7  C)?>  4 

F.  Correia 12  12  0 

Joe    Caspina 13  13  0 

C.  J.   Dav 5  3  0 

K.   Sato/. 14  14  .  0 

D.  Telles 2  0  2 

J.  P.  Mendonca 22  22  0 

Moanalua  Ranch 142  140  2 

Kualoa   Ranch 356  342  14 

Antone   Marks 11  11  0 

The  above  list  shows  a  total  of  870  head  tested,  out  of  which 
number  839  were  passed  and  tagged,  and  31  condemned  and 
branded.  Of  these  31  condemned  cattle,  30  have  been  slaught- 
ered at  the  local  abattoirs,  28  being  passed  and  2  condemned  as 
unfit  for  human  consumption.  On  10  of  these  cattle  no  ccun- 
pensation  was  paid,  as  their  beef  value  exceeded  80%  of  the 
appraised  value.     Very  good  prices  were  obtained  for  all. 

IMPORTATIONS  OF  LIVESTOCK. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco :    2  dogs,  1  cat,  \\\  F.  X.  Company. 
S.  S.  Sierra,  San  Francisco:     1  cat. 


36 

S.  S.  Governor,  San  Francisco :  2  Airedale  Pups,  F.  L. 
W'aldron. 

S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco :     1  dog,  Mrs.  J.  P.  Wisser. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :  17  mules.  Haw.  Preserving 
Co. ;  1  dog,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Magoon  ;  1  Berkshire  boar,  E.  O.  Hall 
&  Son. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco :  1  dog,  \\'.  R.  Norris ;  4  cts. 
chickens,  J.  C.  Reed. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  \"eterinarian. 


Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  February  15,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu^ 

Gentlemen  :  During  the  month  of  January  the  insectary 
handled  33,100  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  900  females  and  709  males,  Opius  flctcher'u 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opius  flctc  fieri. 

Females  Males 
Oahu : 

Schofield    Barracks 160  123 

Kaimuki    135  110 

Kauai :     Kealia 482  381 

DiacJiasjua  tryoni. 

Oahu:     Kalihi 40  18 

Diachasuia  fullawayi. 

Oahu :     Kalihi 35  10 

Paranagnis  (Corn  Leaf  Hopper  Parasite). 

Oahu : 

Manoa  Valley 4000 

Makiki  Nursery 14200 

Maui :      Haiku \ 16300 

Respectfully  submitted, 

D.   T.    FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 


Z7 

Division  of  Forestry 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  January  31,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  :     I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  January,  1918: 


Sold    

Gratis            .  . 

Distr 

NURSERY. 

ib  lit  ion  of  Plants. 
Transplant 
Boxes 

500 

850 

Pot 
Grown 
94 
1500 

1594 

Total 

594 

2350 

Total    

1350 

2944 

COLLECTIONS. 

Governnicni  Realizations. 


Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  7.30 

Rent  of  Office  Building,  Nursery  grounds 35.00 


Total $42.30 


Plantation  Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
152,000  in  seed  boxes  and  300  in  transplant  boxes.  We  still 
have  on  file  orders  for  50,000  seedlings  and  6000  transplants 
ready  to  set  out.    These  orders  will  be  completed  in  a  few  weeks. 

Makiki  Station. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine.  We 
have  a  large  quantity  of  koa  and  other  species  ready  to  be  planted 
out  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  in  Makiki  and  Manoa  \'alley 
sections. 

Honolulu   Watershed  Planting. 

During  the  month  406  koa  trees  were  planted  on  land  near 
the  top  of  Makiki  Valley.  Other  work  done  consisted  in  making 
holes  and  hoeing  trees. 


38 

In  Manoa  Valley  section  of  water  reserve  trees  planted  dui 
the  month  consisted  of  the  following  species : 

44  Melaleuca  stypheloides 
137  Spathodea  campanulata 

31  Pisonia  inennis 

20  Melaleuca  leucadeudron 
Z67  Acacia  koa 
6  Ficits  religiosa 


605 


Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  has  been  called  upon  to  make  visits  and  otherwise 
give  advice  as  follows : 

Calls  made,  8;  telephone  advice,  10;  advice  by  letter,  6;  advice 
to  people  calling,  8. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


TIMBER  SALES  ON  NATIONAL  FORESTS  DOUBLED. 


Sales  of  national  forest  timber  in  the  fiscal  year  1917  were 
more  than  double  those  of  1916,  according  to  the  annual  report 
of  the  forester.  The  total  amount  sold  exceeded  two  billion  feet 
and  is  valued  at  more  than  $3,715,000.  During  the  same  period 
about  727  million  feet  were  cut  and  removed,  for  which  the  pur- 
chasers paid  $1,507,303  into  the  federal  treasury.  The  largest 
sales  were  made  in  Oregon,  where  about  688  million  board  feet 
were  disposed  of. 

In  addition  to  the  timber  sold,  approximately  113  million 
board  feet  valued  at  almost  $150,000  was  cut  under  free  use 
permit  by  more  than  41,000  settlers  living  near  the  national  for- 
ests and  depending  on  the  forests  for  firewood  and  building  ma- 
terial to  improve  their  homesteads. 

The  timber  business  on  the  eastern  purchase  areas,  while  still 
small  as  compared  with  the  western  forests,  showed  a  decided 
increase.  More  than  three  times  as  much  timber  was  sold  and 
more  than  twice  as  much  cut  as  in  1916.  The  material  disposed 
of,  it  is  pointed  out,  is  largely  of  poor  quality  and  its  removal 
w411  improve  the  forest  growth. 


39 

Marketing  Division 


Honolulu,  February  26,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 
T.  H. 

Gentlemen  :  I  respectfully  submit  the  following  report  of 
the  Acting  Superintendent  of  the  Marketing  Division  for  the 
month  of  January,  1918: 

During  the  month,  the  Division  received  large  shipments  of 
beans,  cabbages  and  sweet  potatoes.  Very  few  beans  had  been 
sold  as  the  local  market  was  flooded  with  Island  beans.  The 
Maui  red  bean  is  an  excellent  bean  and  can  be  readily  sold  on 
the  Coast.  We  received  an  order  from  the  Hawaii  Preserving 
Company  for  all  the  Maui  red  beans  we  can  get  to  be  shipped 
before  February  28.  They  are  going  to  ship  these  beans  to  the 
Coast  and,  if  they  prove  satisfactory,  they  will  buy  all  the  red 
beans  we  can  furnish  next  season. 

Many  large  shipments  of  bananas  have  been  received  by  the 
Division,  a  good  part  of  which  were  sold  by  the  Banana  Con- 
suming Propaganda  Committee  and  delivered  by  us.  We  are 
also  handling  large  quantities  of  loose  bananas  each  day,  which 
are  being  used  by  the  local  bakeries,  as  well  as  by  the  army 
posts  for  making  banana  bread.  Our  large  truck  was  out  of 
commission  during  the  time  we  had  to  make  the  deliveries  of 
bananas,  and  it  cost  the  Division  $185  for  outside  trucks. 

Large  shipments  of  very  good  cabbage  were  received  from 
Wahiawa  which  we  had  no  trouble  in  disposing  of.  Cabbage 
was  scarce  this  year  and  large  quantities  had  to  be  imported. 
We  expect  several  tons  more  in  from  Maui  in  the  near  future. 

Sweet  potatoes  were  very  plentiful  during  the  month  of  Janu- 
ary, but  most  of  the  consignment  were  received  in  poor  condi- 
tion. These  potatoes  had  to  be  regraded  and  the  worst  of  the 
lot  sold  as  pig  feed.  We  induced  some  of  the  local  bakeries  to 
experiment  with  sweet  potatoes  as  a  substitute  in  making  bread, 
and  this  helped  our  sales  considerably.  Good  bread  can  be  made 
by  using  about  30  per  cent  sweet  potatoes. 

The  Audit  Company  of  Hawaii  have  a  man  working  on  o  ir 
books,  and  as  soon  as  they  are  in  balance  we  vv^ll  submit  our 
monthly  statement. 


Respectfully, 


O.  B.  LiGIITFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 


40 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  January  31,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  :  I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Jan- 
uary, 1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  62 
vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  with  the  following 
results : 

Disposal                                               Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 631  16,811 

Fumigated    7  17 

Burned    41  42 

Returned    2  2 

Total  Inspected 681  16,872 


Of  these  shipments   16,623  packages  arrived  as   freight,    127 
packages  as  mail  matter,  and  122  packages  as  baggage. 


RICE  AND   BEAN    SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  26,152  bags  of  rice  and  1,214  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS   INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  2710  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passen- 
gers and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  examined,  and 
from  these  were  seized  and  destroyed  by  burning  28  lots  of  fruit 
and  14  lots  of  vegetables. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
various  sources; 

On  January  7,  a  case  of  plants  from  California  was  fumi- 
gated for  aphis,  and  the  soil  removed  before  delivery. 

On  January  10,  five  orchids  and  a  package  of  hibiscus  cuttings 
belonging  to  passengers  from  Manila  were  fumigated  as  a  pre- 
caution. 

On  January  7,  a  package  of  pomegranate  seeds  and  a  package 
of  tree  seeds  in  the  mail  from  Japan  were  returned  as  unmailable. 

On  the  same  date  a  bag  of  kukui  nuts  in  the  mail  from  Manila 
was  fumigated  as  a  precautionary  measure  and  passed. 


41 

On  January  31,  two  bags  of  tree  seed  in  the  mail  from  Egypt 
were  fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  passed. 

IIILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  two  steamers,  each 
carrying  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  116  lot>  and  2,554  pack- 
ages of  fruit,  plants  and  vegetables ;  all  of  which  were  passed. 

KAIIULUI  INSrECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  Maui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  seven  steamers  at  the  port  of  Kahului, 
three  of  which  brought  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  15  lots 
and  1007  parcels.  No  injurious  pests  were  found,  and  all  were 
passed. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended  to,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests : 

Taro    4Sv3  bags 

Vegetables    269  packages 

Plants    164 

Fruit 14 

Total  passed    930  packages 

Two  lots  of  fruit  were  rejected  on  account  of  infestation. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


How  the  work  of  the  federal  forest  service  was  realigned  to 
meet  war  conditions  is  described  in  the  annual  report  of  the 
Forester,  which  in  the  absence  of  the  head  of  the  service  is  made 
by  x\cting  Forester  A.  F.  Potter.  The  report  also  states  that 
practically  every  form  of  use  of  the  forests  was  greater  than 
ever  before,  that  the  receipts  again  touched  a  new  high  level  with 
a  total  of  $3,457,028.41,  and  that  the  increase  in  receipts  over 
the  previous  year  was  $633,487.70. 


42 

Sisal  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands 


By  Vaughan   MacCaughey,  Professor  of  Botany,   ColUge  of 
Haivaii,  and  William  W'einkich.  Fibre  Expert. 

Sisal  is  second  only  to  cotton  in  being  the  most  extensively 
used  fibre  in  the  United  States.  Its  importance  as  the  basis  of 
binder-twine  is  steadily  increasing.  It  is  a  tropical  crop,  how- 
ever, and  is  practically  unknown  to  the  average  American  farmer. 
The  peninsula  of  Yucatan  is  the  greatest  sisal-producing  region 
in  the  world,  and  supplies  90  per  cent  of  the  world's  sisal. 

The  only  important  sisal-growing  portion  of  the  United  States 
is  the  Territory  of  Hawaii.  Sisal  has  been  raised  successfully 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  over  two  decades,  and  is  now  firmly 
established  as  an  important  agricultural  industry.  There  has 
been  no  recent  or  comprehensive  account  of  the  sisal  industry 
in  Hawaii,  and  the  present  paper  undertakes  to  give  an  up-to- 
date  statement  concerning  this  valuable  crop  plant. 

Sisal  fibre  owes  its  name  to  the  fact  that  it  was  first  exported 
through  the  port  of  Sisal,  Yucatan,  just  as  Manila  hemp  received 
its  name  from  its  chief  shipping  point.  Sisal  is  derived  from  the 
leaves  of  two  closely  related  plants, — Agave  rigida  var.  elongata 
Baker,  the  henequen,  and  var.  Sisalaua  Engelman,  the  true  sisal. 
Both  are  native  to  Yucatan.  They  belong  to  the  Amaryllis  fam- 
ily and  are  similar  in  appearance  to  the  ornamental  agaves.  The 
two  common  names  for  this  plant  are  maguey  and  century  plant. 
All  species  of  this  group  are  natives  of  Mexico.  They  furnish  a 
variety  of  economic  products,  among  which  fibre,  cloth,  a  food, 
soap,  pulque,  and  mescal  are  prominent.  The  Agaves  flower  so 
infrequently  in  the  temperate  zone  that  they  have  long  been 
known  under  the  misleading  name  of  ''century  plants". 

The  sisal  industry  was  probably  started  in  Yucatan  by  the  Tol- 
tecs,  who  emigrated  to  Campeachy  from  Central  America  about 
A.  D.  1060.  The  economic  value  of  the  fibre  was  quickly  per- 
ceived by  the  early  Spanish  explorers,  whose  navy  was  in  need 
of  cordage  to  replace  the  depleted  stores  of  Manila  hemp 
(abaca).  In  1783  a  Spanish  commission  made  investigations  in 
Yucatan,  reported  favorably,  and  industrial  development  began. 
The  plantations  rapidly  became  so  lucrative  that  the  Spanish 
owners  made  every  effort  to  maintain  a  close  nionopoly.  No 
plants  suitable  for  propagation  were  permitted  to  leave  the 
country.  When  international  courtesy  demanded  a  few  plants 
for  research,  they  were  treated,  before  shipment,  so  as  not  to 
grow. 

However,  in  1836,  before  the  value  of  the  sisal  monopoly  had 
been  fully  realized  by  the  Spaniards  themselves,  Dr.  Henry  Per- 
rine,  United  States  Consul  at  Campeachy,  introduced  into  Florida 


43 

a  few  plants  from  the  vicinity  of  Merida,  Yucatan.  In  later 
years  stock  from  the  Florida  plants  was  carried  to  the  Bahamas, 
Trinidad,  and  many  other  parts  of  the  world. 

In  1893  the  Hawaiian  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry imported  about  20,000  sisal  plants  from  Reasoner  Bros., 
Oneca,  Florida.  The  favorable  results  of  the  experimental  work 
in  Hawaii  led  to  the  organization,  in  1898,  of  the  Hawaiian 
Fibre  Company.  This  corporation  secured  about  300  acres  on 
the  coral  limestone  coastal  plain  which  skirts  leeward  Oahu,  and 
began  planting  on  a  commercial  basis.  The  original  investment 
represented  about  $37,000.  The  land  controlled  by  this  com- 
pany now  (1918)  comprises  about  3000  acres,  with  a  capitaliza- 
tion of  $150,000,  and  an  annual  yield  of  about  500  tons.  The 
company  employs  about  60  laborers,  men  and  women ;  at  present 
all  are  Japanese.  The  minimum  wage  is  $1.25  per  day  (U.  S. 
gold)  ;  in  addition  to  this,  living  quarters,  land  for  gardens, 
water,  insurance,  fuel,  and  medical  attendance  are  furnished  by 
the  company.  This  gratuity  represents  an  expenditure  of  over 
$  .25  per  day  per  laborer.  These  wages  correspond  with  those 
of  the  sugar  and  pineapple  plantations  for  the  same  classes  of 
labor,  and  strikingly  indicate  that  Flawaii,  contrary  to  popular 
opinion  upon  the  mainland,  does  not  possess  "cheap  labor". 

Both  varieties  of  sisal,  clongata  and  Sisalana,  are  perennial, 
with  rosettes  of  50-75  leaves.  These  are  nearly  straight,  erect 
or  spreading,  Z-6  ft.  long,  ^-SYz  ins.  wide,  and  about  34  i"- 
thick  above  the  base.  The  apex  terminates  in  a  sharp  spine 
about  1  in.  long.  The  henequen  (elongafa)  develops  a  distinct 
trunk  3-6  ft.  high.  Its  leaves  are  2-2^2  ins.  thick  at  the  base, 
and  are  always  armed  with  conspicuous  marginal  spines  or  hooks. 
It  has  a  life  period  of  15-25  years. 

Sisal  (Sisalana)  has  a  very  short  trunk;  the  leaves  are  rarely 
more  than  1  in.  thick  at  the  base ;  are  pale  green  but  not  glaucous 
and  are  4-6  ft.  long  by  4-5j/^  ins.  wide.  They  are  usually 
smooth-margined  but  sometimes  bear  here  and  there  a  few 
unequal  spines.  The  young  Hawaiian  sisal  plants  have  foliage 
wdth  marginal  spines,  but  these  spines  disappear  as  the  plants 
grow  older.  This  fact  corroborates  the  theory  that  Sisalana 
is  derived  from  elongata  or  an  equivalent  form;  the  latter  prob- 
ably represents  a  more  primitive  condition.  The  terminal  spine 
of  sisal  is  stout,  and  purplish-black  in  color.  Sisal  produces  a 
stronger,  softer,  whiter  fiber  than  henequen.  Its  life  period  is 
from  8-10  years,  as  contrasted  with  the  15-25  year  life  of  hene- 
quen, and  this  shortness  of  life  constitutes  one  of  the  physiological 
problems  of  sisal  culture.  Sisalana  is  raised  in  the  Bahamas, 
Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  Santo  Domingo,  Central  America. 
East  Africa,  Java,  India,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  However, 
the  production  of  henequen  in  Yucatan  greatly  exceeds  the  com- 
bined production  of  all  other  localities. 

Upon  maturity  the   sisal   plant  sends  up  a  flowering  pole  or 


44     - 

scape  20-30  ft.  high.  The  pole  is  3-6  ins.  in  diameter  at  the 
base ;  the  outer  layer  or  rind  becomes  hard  and  dry ;  whereas 
the  interior  is  soft  and  pithy.  Economically  the  poles  consti- 
tute a  waste  product ;  they  have  a  low^  fuel  value  and  but  few- 
practical  uses.  The  panicle  is  about  8  ft.  long  and  4  ft.  wide. 
There  are  30-40  horizontal  candelabrum-like  branches  in  the 
panicle ;  the  largest,  near  the  middle,  are  2  or  more  feet  long, 
the  upper  and  lower  ones  are  shorter.  At  the  ends  of  the 
branches  are  borne  dense  clusters  of  erect  flowers.  These  are 
almost  invariably  sterile ;  seed  capsules  are  very  rare,  except 
when  produced  artificially  by  means  of  careful  hand  pollination. 
Normally,  in  the  course  of  a  few^  days  the  flowers  wither  and 
drop,  functionless,  and  are  quickly  succeeded  by  the  vegetable 
bulbils,  which  will  be  described  later.  In  its  flowering  habit  the 
sisal  may  be  compared  with  the  Hawaiian  bananas,  w^hich  pro- 
duce huge  quantities  of  flowers  that  never  seed ;  reproduction 
has  become  wholly  vegetative  and  asexual. 

The  root  system  of  the  sisal  plant  is  relatively  simple.  The 
roots  extend  outer  near  the  surface,  rarely  descending  below 
12-8  ins.  When  given  sufficient  room  the  roots  will  generally 
spread  out  over  an  area  equal  to  that  covered  by  the  mature 
leaves. 

The  botanical  name  of  the  so-called  "malina"  is  Fnicraea  gi- 
gantea,  allied  to  the  agaves.  It  is  common  in  old  gardens  and 
along  roadsides  and  waste  places.  It  is  now  thoroughly  natur- 
alized, and  is  known  to  the  Hawaiians  as  "Malina"  (their  render- 
ing of  Manila,  in  reference  to  its  hemp-like  qualities).  The 
plant  is  a  gigantic  rosette,  resembling  sisal  in  aspect,  except 
that  the  leaves  of  Frucraea  are  larger,  broader,  thinner,  and 
much  darker  green.  The  fibre,  known  commercially  as  pita,  is 
long  and  fine,  but  inferior  to  sisal  in  strength.  It  is  extensively 
cultivated  in  Mauritius,  and  is  commercially  known  as  "Mauritius 
hemp". 

Sisal  fibre  is  hard  or  harsh,  Z-S  ft.  long,  and  tending  to  be 
somewdiat  coarse  and  stiff.  It  is  light  yellow  or  nearly  white 
in  color,  lighter  in  shade  than  henequen,  and  much  paler  than 
Manila.  It  is  heavier  than  Manila  but  its  working  strength  is 
about  one-tenth  less  than  that  of  Manila  of  the  same  size  and 
type.  Sisal  fibre  is  used  most  extensively  for  binder  twine.  It 
is  also  used  for  lariats  and  general  small  cordage  of  one  inch 
diameter  and  under  sisal  is  not  as  well  adapted  for  marine  work 
as  the  true  Manila. 

Hawaiian  sisal  for  many  years  has  demonstrated  in  the  open 
market  its  superiority  over  that  produced  elsewhere.  This  has 
been  corroborated  repeatedly  by  fibre  experts.  It  has  uniformly 
commanded  better  prices  than  the  best  grades  of  henequen 
grown  in  Yucatan. 

The  yield  of  fibre  is  3-4%  of  the  weight  of  the  green  leaves. 
The  average  yield  of  clean,  dry  fibre  is  500-1,200  lbs.  per  acre. 


45 

One  thousand  leaves  produce  about  50  Ihs.  of  clean  fibre.  Oi 
the  4%  available  fibre  in  the  sisal  leaves,  a  certain  percentage  is 
wasted  in  the  machine-milling.  This  waste  can  be  dried,  carded, 
and  worked  into  a  material  for  stuffing  mattresses.  This  sisal 
mattress-fibre  is  excellent  for  the  tropics,  being  light  and  cool 
and  distinctly  sanitary.  The  short  waste  fibres  also  can  be  used 
for  making  a  paper  much  like  Manila,  and  used  for  wrapping, 
etc. 

The  water  leaf -pulp,  which  is  very  acid,  is  returned  to  fields 
as  a  fertilizer.  This  material  possesses  possibilities  as  a  by- 
product that  have  not  yet  been  developed. 

Sisal  fibre  has  a  world  market  and  shipments  go  from  Hawaii 
to  many  ports.  San  Francisco,  New  York,  and  Japan  are  the 
chief  markets.  Practically  the  only  competition  is  that  of  Yuca- 
tan, which  raises  90%  of  the  world  crop.  Havv^aii  contributes 
about  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent,  and  does  not  begin  to  supply  the 
demands  for  her  sisal.  The  United  States  imports  annually 
from  15  to  18  million  dollars  worth  of  sisal  and  henequen  fibre, 
most  of  which  goes  into  binder  twine.  The  steadily  increasing 
demand  for  sisal  fibre  is  concomitant  with  the  rapidly  extending 
utilization  of  mechanical  grain  binders,  using  twine,  throughout 
the  world.  The  shipments  of  sisal  from  Hawaii  to  the  United 
States  mainland  for  the  past  six  years,  have  been  as  follows : 
Year  Ending 

June  30  Tons.  V^alue 

1916 445  $68,764 

1915 474        52,608 

1914 457        59,915 

1913 325        44,221 

1912 334        34,499 

1911.. 151         15,096 

Sisal  is  characteristic  of  regions  possessing  a  continuous  warm 
and  somewhat  dry  climate.  Contrary  to  popular  opinion,  it  is 
not  highly  xerophytic,  but  is  sensitive  to  light  frosts.  The  lowest 
recorded  temperature  in  the  sisal-growing  districts  of  Yucatan 
is  48°  ;  the  annual  precipitation  is  29-39  inches.  The  altitudinal 
range  is  relatively  narrow.  Most  sisal  land  lies  at  elevations  of 
not  more  than  100  ft.  above  sea  level.  It  is  successfully  grown, 
however,  up  to  altitudes  of  2500  ft.  The  main  plantings  of  the 
Hawaiian  Fibre  Company  lie  at  about  700  ft. 

Sisal  is  exacting  in  its  requirements  with  reference  to  shade 
and  soil  water.  It  will  not  grow  in  swampy  soil  where  its  roots 
are  immersed  in  stagnant  water;  it  is  intolerant  of  shade.  The 
best  sisal  lands  are  brilliantly  illuminated,  thoroughly  drained 
plains,  with  rich  soil  and  fairly  abundant  rainfall.  Although 
sisal  can  and  does  grow  successfully  on  thin,  dry,  rocky  soil,  the 
quality  and  yield  of  fiber  is  markedly  improved  when  the  plant 


46 

is  raised  under  optimum  conditions  of  rainfall,  soil  fertility,  and 
cultivation. 

The  rainfall  on  the  Oahu  sisal  lands  is  about  30  inches  per 
annum.  No  artificial  irrigation  is  undertaken  as  there  is  no 
available  water.  Despite  the  popular  impression  that  sisal  has 
very  low  water  requirements,  it  is  unquestionably  true  that  this 
crop  will  respond  generously  to  increased  water  supply.  If 
water  could  be  obtained  at  low  cost  the  increased  yield  of  fibre 
would  probably  more  than  pay  for  the  expense  of  irrigation, 
and  the  life  of  the  plant  lengthened.  There  seems  to  be  prac- 
tically no  data  concerning  the  response  of  sisal  to  irrigation. 

Hawaiian  sisal  is  notably  free  from  insect  pests  and  fungus 
diseases.  The  plants  are  uniformly  clean  and  sound,  and  their 
life  is  terminated  only  by  their  own  physiological  boundaries. 
Occasionally,  through  carelessness  or  misfortune,  a  fire  gets 
started  in  the  dry  weeds  and  brush  between  the  rows.  This 
ruins  all  of  the  sisal  plants  with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  Fires 
of  this  kind  are  counted  among  the  most  serious  enemies  of  sisal. 

Sisal  leaves  do  not  drop  ofif  or  separate  themselves  from  the 
parent  plant.  Normally,  upon  maturity,  they  droop  groundward 
and  become  dry,  leathery,  and  shrivelled.  When  the  whole  plant 
finally  dies  it  remains  in  situ  for.  a  number  of  years,  a  mass  of 
debris,  surrounded  by  offshoots  in  various  stages  of  development. 

Two  wholly  distinct  sets  of  structures  for  vegetative  reproduc- 
tion are  produced  by  the  sisal  plant, — ofifshoots  and  bulbils.  The 
ofifshoots  or  suckers  (rhizomes)  are  formed  after  the  first  or 
second  year  in  the  field  and  their  production  continues  until 
the  death  of  the  plant.  Bulbils  ("pole"  or  "mast"  plants)  are 
formed  only  upon  the  pole  or  scape,  and  thus  come  only  once 
in  the  fife-history  of  the  plant,  just  prior  to  its  death.  The  ofi:'- 
shoots  develop  from  the  roots  and  come  up  through  the  soil  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  parent  plants,  although  sometimes 
at  a  distance  of  6-12  feet.  There  are  usually  6-18  offshoots 
around  a  mature  sisal  plant.  The  aerial  portion  is  8-24  inches 
high,  and  is  a  miniature  rosette,  resembling  the  parent  plant.  It 
obtains  food  not  only  from  its  own  roots,  but  also  from  the 
runner  from  the  parent  plant.  These  suckers  correspond  in 
structure  and  function  to  the  suckers  that  occur  on  such  other 
tropical  plants  as  the  taro,  date  palm,  pineapple  plant,  banana, 
etc. 

The  bulbils  are  formed  on  the  branches  of  the  pole,  after  the 
flowers  have  fallen.  One  to  four  thousand  bulbils  are  borne 
upon  a  single  pole.  The  bulbils  are  1-6  inches  long,  and  com- 
prise several  fleshy  leaves  upon  a  short  stem.  They  fall  to  the 
ground  and  root  and  may  be  gathered  for  propagation.  Bulbils 
are  not  as  good  as  offshoots,  however,  as  they  require  1-2  years 
in  a  nursery  before  they  are  suitable  for  planting  out  in  the 
fields.  When  about  1  ft.  high  the  nursery  plants  are  dug,  all 
the  roots  and  about  half  of  the  leaves  are  cut  off,  and  the  plants 


47 

are  allowed  to  dry  for  1-3  month.^.  Plants  thus  treated  arc 
better  for  transplanting  and  respond  more  quickly  in  the  field. 

After  a  year's  growth  the  offshoots  are  suitable  for  propaga- 
tion. It  is  customary  to  dry  them  for  several  months  before 
planting,  just  as  in  the  case  of  the  bulbils ;  this  drying  appears 
to  aid  the  plant  in  making  a  good  start  after  being  set  out.  In 
general,  offshoots  are  universally  used  for  propagation,  except 
for  starting  plantations  at  long  distances,  where  Ijulbils  are  some- 
times used,  as  they  are  smaller  and  more  easily  transported. 

The  young  plants  are  usually  set  out  at  the  beginning  of  the 
rainy  season,  in  order  that  they  may  receive  its  full  benefits.  In 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  the  rains  begin  in  November  "and  continue 
until  March  or  April.  The  difference  between  summer  and 
winter  is  slight,  however,  both  as  to  rainfall  and  as  to  tempera- 
ture. From  500  to  1000  plants  are  set  to  the  acre,  the  number 
varying  with  topography  and  soil  conditions.  The  planting  dis- 
tances are  6x6,  9x10,  9x12  feet,  etc.  The  Hawaiian  Fibre  Com- 
pany uses  9x6  feet  as  its  standard  for  planting.  The  land  is 
kept  free  from  weeds  and  brush  by  occasional  cultivations,  aver- 
aging once  every  3-6  months. 

The  Hawaiian  sisal  leaves  are  not  cut  until  the  plants  are  four 
years  old.  After  the  first  cutting  the  plants  live  about  five  years  ; 
then  the  flowering  poles  are  thrown  up  and  the  life  of  the  plant 
soon  terminates.  10-20  leaves  are  taken  off  each  plant  at  each 
harvesting.  The  leaves  are  cut  when  4-5  ft.  long  and  when  the 
lower  ones  are  nearly  horizontal.  Only  the  lower  leaves  are 
taken.  In  the  Bahamas  the  first  crop  is  cut  the  third  or  fourth 
year  after  the  plants  are  set  and  annual  crops  are  secured  there- 
after for  6-12  years.  In  Yucatan  the  first  crop  is  not  cut  until 
the  sixth  or  seventh  year,  and  after  that  a  crop  is  gathered  every 
eight  months  for  15-25  years.  The  leaves  are  tied  into  bundles 
of  50  each,  for  transporting  to  the  mill.  At  the  time  of  poling 
the  average  sisal  plant  has  produced  about  135  leaves,  of  which 
100  are  mature  or  nearly  so,  and  35  leaves  which  will  mature 
within  one  year,  providing  the  pole  is  cut  off  just  at  the  base 
of  the  uppermost  leaves. 

Sisal  fibre  is  removed  from  the  leaf  in  two  ways,  by  hand  and 
by  machinery.  As  is  true  of  other  fibers,  however,  the  hand- 
cleaned  sisal  fibre  is  distinctly  superior  for  certain  purposes  to 
the  machine-cleaned  product.  In  certain  sections  of  Yucatan 
and  Mexico  the  natives  clean  the  fibre  by  hand ;  one  man  can 
clean  6-9  lbs.  per  day.  This  fibre  is  used  exclusively  for  the 
manufacture  of  fine  hammocks,  v/hich  sell  for  their  weight  in 
silver. 

The  various  types  of  scutching  or  decorticating  machines  close- 
ly resemble  one  another  in  principle.  The  fresh  green  leaves  are 
fed  sidewise  into  the  machine  at  the  rate  of  30,000-40.000  leaves 
per  day.  About  20  seconds  are  required  in  which  to  clean  a  single 
leaf.     The  green  juicy  pulp  or  parenchymous  tissue,  which  com- 


48 

prises  the  bulk  of  the  interior  of  the  leaf,  is  crushed,  beaten, 
and  scraped  away  by  blunt  knives  fastened  to  2  rapidly  revolving 
drums. 

The  sisal  juice  contains  very  strong  acids  that  are  destructive 
to  all  sorts  of  common  materials, — iron,  cement,  leather,  wood, 
etc., — with  the  exception  of  bronze.  All  working  parts  of  the 
<iisal  machine  that  come  in  contact  with  the  sisal  juice  are  there- 
fore constructed  of  bronze.  In  some  machines  streams  of  water 
play  upon  the  fiber  as  the  latter  passes  through  the  scutching 
wheels. 

The  fiber  is  taken  directly  from  the  machine  to  the  drying 
yard  where  it  is  spread  out  in  the  hot  sunshine  to  dry  and  bleach. 
It  is  laid  fiat  on  the  smooth  floor  of  crushed  coral  and  turned 
once.  This  process  requires  about  6  hours.  The  dry  fiber  is 
well  brushed,  so  that  all  the  fibers  are  parallel  with  one  another. 
The  short,  kinked,  and  waste  fiber  is  sorted  out.  Finally  the 
fiber  is  baled  into  bales  weighing  about  700  lbs.  The  baling  box 
is  4'6"x2T/'x2'6''  and  is  operated  by  screw  or  hydraulic  pres- 
sure. The  bales  require  no  covering,  and  are  tied  with  ropes  made 
of  the  fiber.  They  are  conveyed  to  the  wharf  at  Honolulu  by  the 
railroad. 

During  the  past  two  years  experiments  have  been  carried  on 
in  Hawaii  to  produce  a  hybrid  sisal  derived  from  the  two  parents 
elongata  and  sisalana.  It  is  hoped  that  this  hybrid  will  produce 
the  superior  qualities  of  fiber  from  the  sisalana  and  partake  of 
the  much  desired  quality  of  long  life  of  the  henequen.  Experi- 
mentation of  this  kind  is  not  known  by  the  authors  to  have  been 
attempted  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 

There  are  also  under  way,  in  Hawaii,  chemical  investigations 
of  the  waste  product.  These  studies  indicate  that  valuable  prop- 
erties are  undoubtedly  latent  in  the  sisal  wastes. 

It  is  to  be  greatly  regretted  that  many  of  the  uses  of  sisal  and 
its  numerous  varieties  have  passed  out  with  the  passing  of  a 
great  race,  the  Toltecs,  who  thoroughly  understood  the  culture 
and  uses  of  this  plant. 


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I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 

E  To  do  good  farming  3^ou  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  = 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  = 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

i        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.        j 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

FilEBEEBEEBEBBBEEBBEESEBEBEBEEEEBSBEEBBBlBBBEBBESBEEEBBBBEEBESBEBIEEEEEEBEEBEEBBBBEEEBBBBBIBIBrr 


;^<U»Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiii!iiiiiii!niiitiiss!niininntin  .iiMiiMiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

S     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior       E 

I  m  PACIFIC  GUANO  I  mmm  co.  I 

E   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  1 


GommerciaS    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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ji!i9niii!s:in!Enss9nii!inn!9ii!!iHBEiii!ysiniisn9iiisnniBniniiniiE!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'^ 


In.  HACKFELD  &  CO.,  LID.| 

=  HONOLULU,   HAAVAII  = 

=    San  Francisco  Office 310   Sansome   Street    = 

=    New  York  Office 82  Wall  Street    E 

=  IMPORTERS  AND    GENERAL  E 

E  COMMISSION  AGENTS  = 

E  AGENTS   FOU  E 

E  Cliina  Mail  Steamship  Company  E 

—  American-Hawaiian  Steamship  Company  E 


INSURANCE   COMPANIES 


Z  Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 

^  Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 

Z  Phoenix    Insurance    Co., 

—  Colonial    Fire    Underwriters, 


—  Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 

~  The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 

~  Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 

ZZ  Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

ZZ  Grove    Farm    Plantation 


Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
Allianz   Insurance   Co.,    Ltd.,   of  Berlin 
Tokio   Marine  Insurance   Co.,   Ltd. 
Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 


AGENTS    FOR 


Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 

The    Waimea   Mill    Co  ,  Ltd. 

Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 


^lllUlllinilllSlllIEllE!!!IiliS!IIii33iliSSIES!ES93iniinniIlllll9l&llliE!9nS!IESS:SIMIililElllk?; 


Lillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllilllliiililililllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllll: 


HOLSTEINS 


3 

BULLS 


No.  1  —  Born  March 
31,1917.  Almost 
white.  H  is  dam 
made  322.6  lbs. 
milk,  12.5  lbs. 
butter,  in  7  days 
at  3K  years. 


3 

BULLS 


No.  2— Born  April 
10,  1917.  Almost 
white.  A.  R.  0. 
record  of  dam: 
18.9  lbs.  butter, 
438.6  lbs.  milk,  in 
7  days. 


All  sired  by  our 
herd  bull,  whose 
dam  at  26  months 
made  554.1  lbs. 
butter,  13.117  1 
lbs.  milk  in  one 
year,  and  whose 


No.  3— Born  Oct. 
23,  1917.  A  real 
bull,  whose  dam 
made  13.8  lbs.  but- 
ter, and  326.9  lbs. 
milk  in  7  days. 


^  half-brother  sold  at  public  sale  for  $6,500.00. 

I  Agricyltural  Dept.  KAMEHAMEHA  SCHOOLS    HONOLULU 

E  HEADQUARTERS   FOR 

i  HOLSTEIN  BULLS  BERKSHIRE  HOGS 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiginiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii: 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmis$ioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIOmBBa 

Arthur  H.  Bice>  Fresident 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dovrsett 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OF  FObSSTST. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  aUt 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 
Joseph  F.  Roek,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nunery  at  JETtlo,  Hawaii. 
Walter  D.  MeBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai. 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu, 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu* 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  BNTOMOLOaT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Fntomologist. 

Miss  Agnes  Buchanan,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANTMATi  INDUSTEY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animai  Industry  and  Tarritoriai 

•Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave). 
O.  B.  Shipraan,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii. 
A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii. 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Mam. 
Cyril  Golding,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

AfAEKETING  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W.  G.  Moir,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  Midkiff,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  W.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographs, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


TheHAvAIIAN 


F0RES7FR 


AND 


AGRICULTURIST 


MARCH,   1918 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial 59 

Division  of  Forestry 60 

Division  of  Entomology 64 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 65 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 67 

Marketing  Division 68 

The  Hawaiian  Kamani 69 

A  New  Fruit  Fly  Bulletin 74 

Bears  Damage  Douglas  Fir  Poles 74 

By  Authority 75 


VOL.  XV, 


Price,  Ten  cents 


No.  3 


<iL 


I  AlfjeanJifr  $c  lalbmtu 


ffitmit^i 


OPFIOES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING 

82  WALL  STREET 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  I 

SEATTLE,  WAS! 

NEW  YORK,  N.  ^ 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAl 


OFFICERS    AND    DIREOTOBS: 

J.  P.  COOKE , President  and  Direct* 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER First  Vice-President  and  Direct 

J.  B.  GALT. .Second  Vice-President  and  Directi 

W.  O.  SMITH. Third  Vice-President  and  Direct 

J.  WATERHOUSE Treasur 

JOHN   GUILD Secreta: 

H.   A.   BALDWIN Direct 

A.  L.  CASTLE Directi 

C.  H.  ATHERTON Direct* 

C.  R.  HEMENWAT Direct 


Mmmnn  Agents 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian   Commercial   and    Sugar   Company 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paia    Plantation 

Maui   Agricultural   OompMij 

Hawaiian   Sugar  Company 

McBryde    Sugar   Co^upany,    Ltd. 

Eahuku   Plantation   Company 

Kauai   Fruit  and  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Kaliului   Railroad    Company 


Kauai   Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua   Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Compai 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand   Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Asaoeiatlon 

Switzerland  Marine  Insuance   Company,  Ltd. 


?iiianiiiKunitiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


i:^MIISIIIill!illililIlllllllll!llllllllllllllililintlMlilllllllllllllllllllliliigiiiiiiiiiiiilMJ: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


i 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


«iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiirv 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2 1/2  cents  each,  except  ■  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  uj)pcr  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE    HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  March,  1918.  No.  3 


The  planting  out  of  introduced  species  of  the  Ficus  and  otlier 
trees  recommended  by  Consulting  Botanist  J.  F.  Rock  on  the 
watershed  in  Manoa  Valley  is  in  the  nature  of  an  experiment 
to  determine  their  value  as  water  conservers. 


The  Division  of  Forestry  continues  to  make  progress  in  the 
raising  and  distribution  of  tree  seedlings,  the  planting  of  open 
places  in  the  forest  reserves  and  in  the  protection  of  the  native 
reserved  forest  by  fence  building  and  cattle  hunting,  as  shown 
by  the  current  report  for  January. 


All  who  are  interested  in  agriculture  and  kindred  subjects 
are  invited  to  come  to  the  Government  Nursery  on  King  Street, 
Honolulu,  where  there  is  an  accumulation  of  duplicate  volumes, 
pamphlets,  and  bulletins  on  such  subjects  which  will  be  given  to 
those  who  can  make  good  use  of  them. 


The  trade  in  Maui  beans  during  February  was  very  brisk, 
according  to  the  report  of  the  Acting  Superintendent  of  the 
Marketing  Division.  The  service  of  this  Division  to  the  small 
farmer  and  producer  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  this  Division 
sold  almost  $20,000  worth  of  produce  for  them  during  the  month, 
and  has  no  trouble  in  disposing  of  all  island  produce  received  in 
good  condition  at  fair  prices.  It  would  be  to  the  financial  advan- 
tage of  the  grower  to  give  greater  attention  to  the  grading  and 
packing  of  his  products. 


Tropical  Life  (London),  one  of  the  leading  magazines  of 
tropical  agriculture  in  the  world,  in  its  February  number,  under 
its  regular  heading,  "Our  Friend,"  contains  a  portrait  of  the 
editor  of  the  Hawaiian  Forester  and  Agriculturist,  with  his 
"jubilee"  biography  from  the  Christmas  number  of  the  Paradise 
of  the  Pacific.  This  friendly  distinction  in  the  British  periodical 
originated  from  the  review  of  a  book  written  by  Mr.  Harold 
Hamel  Smith,  editor  of  Tropical  Life,  on  the  future  of  the  sugar 
industry  of  the  empire,  which  the  editor  of  the  Forester  con- 
tributed to  the  Honolulu  Star-Bulletin  and  which  was  reprinted 
in  Tropical  Life,  being  given  the  leading  position  in  that  magazine. 


60 

Mount  Hermon  School,  situated  in  the  town  of  that  name  in 
the  beautiful  Connecticut  River  valley,  has  developed  a  herd  of 
registered  Holsteins  within  a  comparatively  short  time,  which  is 
claimed  to  be  one  of  the  most  striking  illustrations  of  systematic 
breeding  on  record.  An  article  sent  to  the  Forester  upon  the 
institution  and  its  work,  which  is  too  long  for  our  space,  says 
the  school  was  founded  by  the  late  D.  L.  Moody,  whose  purpose 
was  to  give  boys  unusual  opportunities  for  study.  The  courses 
of  study  fit  the  students  for  entrance  into  the  large  universities. 
It  is  stated  that  the  development  of  the  herd  was  begun  in  1904 
with  the  purchase  of  a  few  registered  cows  and  a  proved  sire. 
From  that  small  nucleus  the  herd  has  increased  to  160  registered 
animals  that  are  now  known  far  and  near  for  their  uniformity, 
large  production  and  heavy  winning  in  the  show  ring. 


The  recent  heavy  rains  and  consequent  torrential  floods  which 
have  resulted  in  the  washing  out  of  gullies,  destruction  of  bridges 
and  roads,  and  the  causing  of  considerable  erosive  damage  to 
fields,  with  the  consequent  loss  in  fertility  by  washing  the  finest 
soil  down  to  the  sea,  should  bring  to  the  attention  of  every  agri- 
culturist in  the  Territory  the  importance  of  preventing  or  at  least 
lessening  such  damage  in  the  future  by  giving  greater  protection 
to  the  forest  back  up  on  the  mountains  where  such  destructive 
floods  start.  The  total  excessive  runoff  can  not  be  completely 
controlled  but  it  can  be  greatly  modified  by  keeping  a  proper  pro- 
tective cover  of  trees  and  other  vegetation  at  the  headwaters  of 
streams  and  on  all  watersheds.  The  Division  of  Forestry  is  do- 
ing what  it  can  within  its  means  to  give  the  native  forests  under 
its  control  this  necessary  protection  and  building  up,  and  it  be- 
hooves the  controller  of  every  private  forest  to  do  likewise.  A 
well  protected  forest  not  only  prevents  excessive  runoff  but 
protects  the  soil  and  stores  the  water.  It  is  well  known  that 
streams  coming  from  an  undisturbed,  virgin  forest  are  seldom 
muddy  and  are  subject  to  comparatively  small  variations  in  flow. 
It  is  up  to  the  land  owner  to  decide  not  whether  he  wants  all  of 
the  precipitation  to  run  off  his  land  at  one  time  or  to  store  it  up 
in  the  forest  for  use  in  the  dry  season  by  giving  this  forest 
proper  protection. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  April  9,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  :  I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine 
report  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  Januarv, 
1918: 


61 

TREE  PLANTING. 

Replies  were  received  from  Z6  tree  planters  in  the  Territory, 
out  of  a  possible  total  of  55,  showing  by  species  the  number  of 
trees  set  out  during  1917  and  the  purpose  of  planting.  It  is 
planned  to  obtain  replies  from  the  remaining  tree  planters  so  as 
to  make  complete  the  statistics  for  the  year. 

On  government  land  in  Manoa  Valley  within  the  Honolulu 
Watershed  forest  reserve,  in  addition  to  the  regular  planting  of 
koa  trees  on  well-drained  soil  and  the  ridges,  a  start  on  a  small 
scale  has  been  made  in  the  planting  of  certain  introduced  species 
of  trees  recommended  by  our  consulting  botanist  for  wet  forest 
regions.  These  trees  have  been  planted  in  one  of  the  small  val- 
leys, which  is  easy  of  access  and  which  can  be  kept  under  close 
observation,  and  include  species  of  ficus  and  the  African  tulip 
tree,  Spathodea  canipanulata.  A  quantity  of  seedlings  of  the 
indigenous  Papala  kcpau,  Pisonia  inermis,  raised  in  the  nursery 
from  seed  collected  by  Ranger  Lindsay  on  Maui,  has  also  been 
planted  in  Manoa  on  the  dryer  ridges. 

On  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  during  the  month  150  silk 
oak  trees  on  open  land  along  the  makai  boundary  of  the  Kealia 
reserve  in  the  general  plan  for  protecting  the  native  forest  further 
mauka. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  Government  Nursery 
distributed  during  January  at  cost  a  total  of  over  155,000  young 
trees  for  general  planting  throughout  the  Territory,  thus  aiding 
on  a  large  scale  the  reforestation  of  open  land  in  the  islands  for 
various  purposes. 

FOREST  RESERVE    MATTERS. 

The  manager  of  the  Kukaiau  Ranch  reports  that  the  cooperat- 
ive fence  for  the  protection  of  government  lands  in  the  Hilo  for- 
est reserve  near  Piha,  Hawaii,  is  nearing  completion  and  that 
progress  is  being  made,  in  spite  of  the  heavy  rains,  in  ridding  the 
forests  of  this  region  of  wild  stock,  one  large  wild  bull  and  two 
wild  cows  having  been  killed  during  the  month. 

A  form  of  permit  for  camping  on  unleased  open  government 
land  within  the  Na  Pali-Kona  forest  reserve,  Kauai,  was  per- 
fected during  the  month,  preparatory  to  its  adoption  by  the  Board. 

New  annual  permits  were  issued  early  in  the  month  to  the  old 
Hawaiian  squatters  in  Lower  Makiki  V^alley  within  the  Honolulu 
Watershed  forest  reserve. 

FOREST  PROTECTION  AND  IMPROVEMENT. 

The  encroachment  of  dairy  cattle  in  the  native  forest  on  the 
Pacific  Heights  ridge  was  investigated  with  Ranger  Hippie  and 
it  was  found  that  the  animals  were  damaging  the  native  vines 


62 

and  undergrowth  on  private  land  some  distance  makai  of  the 
forest  reserve.  This  undesirable  condition  was  explained  to  the 
controller  of  the  land,  who  stated  that  he  would  at  once  require 
the  dairymen  to  mend  the  fence  so  as  to  prevent  further  trespass. 
Under  the  informal  cooperative  agreement  with  the  Land 
Office  for  furnishing  technical  assistance  in  forest  matters  on 
unreserved  government  lands,  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the 
algaroba  forests  in  the  region  of  Lualualei,  Oahu,  by  way  of 
thinnings  to  increase  the  yield  of  honey,  beans  and  wood  was 
prepared  in  the  form  of  instructions  to  the  Sandwich  Islands 
Honey  Company  who  hold  licenses  from  the  Land  Office  to 
operate  on  the  public  lands  in  that  region. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


FORESTRY  NURSERYMAN'S  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  February  28.  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  :     I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  Februarv : 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 


Seed  Transplant 

Boxes  Boxes 

Sold    

Gratis   1,000  600 


Pot 

Grown 

Total 

70 

70 

868 

2,468 

1,000  600 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  Realizations. 


938 


2,538 


Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  1.60 

Rent  Building  Nursery  Grounds,  December 35.00 

Total $36.60 


63 

Plantation  Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

Orders  have  been  received  for  25,000  trees  to  be  delivered  in 
near  future.  We  intend  shipping  the  last  of  our  orders  for  the 
season  during  the  months  of  March  and  April. 

Makiki  Station. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine.  We  have 
been  doing  some  sawmill  work  during  rainy  weather.  So  far 
we  have  cut  a  number  of  fence  posts,  also  laths  and  small  wood 
for  seed  and  transplant  boxes. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

During  the  month  450  koa  trees  were  planted  on  bare  ground 
at  the  top  of  Makiki  Valley.  Other  work  consisted  of  hoeing  and 
clearing  away  grass  and  vines  from  the  young  trees. 

Manoa  Valley  Planting. 

During  the  month  lv313  trees  were  planted  consisting  of  the 
following : 

Ficus  religiosa 300 

"       suptripblinervis 12 

Spathodea    Campanulata 765 

Albizaia    Moluccana 236 

Total    1,313 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

On  February  7,  the  writer,  along  with  Mr.  L.  St.  John  Gilbert, 
visited  the  algaroba  forest  at  Nanakuli  near  Waianae  for  the 
purpose  of  marking  the  trees  to  be  left  as  standards  according 
to  agreement  drawn  up  by  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 
Other  visits  and  advice  given  have  been  as  follows : 
Visits  made  to  places  in  and  around  city,  8 ;  advice  given  by 
telephone,  10;  advice  given  by  letter,  6;  advice  given  at  nursery, 
12. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


64 

Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  February  28,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  February  the  insectary 
handled  24,100  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  677  females  and  537  males,  Opiiis  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Op  ills  Fletcheri. 

Females  Males 

Honolulu : 

Moanalua 158  130 

Makiki    144  155 

Kauai :      Kealia 245  200 

Diachasiiia  fiiUazvayi. 
Honolulu : 

Manoa    140  50 

Kalihi  45  45 

Opins  Jut  111  His. 

Honolulu :      Manoa 20  5 

DiacJiasiiia  tryoni. 

Honolulu : 

Manoa    120  40 

Kalihi  125  45 

Paranagrus  (Corn  Leaf  Hopper  Parasite) 

Honolulu  :     Makiki  Nurserv 13,100 

Maui :    Haiku ' 2,700 

Hawaii :    Kohala   200 

Molokai :    Pukoo 1,350 

Very  respectfully, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


65 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  February  28,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1918,  as  follows  : 

During  the  month  of  February  there  arrived  at  the  port  of 
Honolulu  40  vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  sub- 
ject to  inspection,  which  was  disposed  of  as  follows: 

Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pe^ts 604  17,415 

Fumigated    14  145 

Burned    41  42 

Returned 3  3 

Total   inspected    662  17,605 

Of  these  shipments  there  were  17,338  packages  of  freight,  179 
packages  of  mail  matter  and  88  packages  of  baggage  belonging 
to  passengers  and  immigrants. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  28,997  bags  of  rice  and  878  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports  and  after  careful  inspec- 
tion were  found  free  from  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  5017  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers 
and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  examined  and  from 
the  same  32  lots  of  fruit  and  6  lots  of  vegetables  were  seized  and 
destroyed  by  burning. 

On  February  5,  a  few  ants  were  discovered  in  a  case  of 
orchids  from  Manila.  The  plants  were  fumigated  and  the  pack- 
ing burned.    . 

On  the  same  date  a  small  package  of  orchids  in  a  passenger's 
baggage  from  Yokohama  was  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  the  same  steamer  a  member  of  the  ship's  crew  attempted 
to  land  a  maple  tree  which  was  returned  on  board. 

On  February  5,  a  package  of  medicinal  roots  from  Manila  in 
the  mail  showed  evidence  of  borers  and  was  fumigated  before 
delivery,  also  a  package  of  tree  seeds  and  plants  in  the  mail 
from  Yokohama  was  returned  to  the  sender  as  unmailable. 


66 

On  February  10,  a  number  of  workers  of  a  common  ant  were 
found  in  the  packing  of  a  case  of  fruit  trees  from  California. 
The  trees  were  fumigated  and  the  packing  burned. 

On  February  25,  workers  of  the  Argentine  ant  were  discov- 
ered in  a  shipment  of  trees  from  Oakland,  California.  The 
plants  were  fumigated,  and  the  soil  and  packing  burned  before 
delivery. 

On  February  28,  a  basket  of  lichee  trees  from  China  brought 
by  a  sailor  was  returned  to  the  ship.  On  one  leaf  we  found  a 
bag  worm,  a  very  serious  pest  known  to  do  great  damage  to 
fcHage  in  the  Orient. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  four  steamers,  two 
of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  88  lots  and  1623 
parcels  of  fruit  and  vegetables.  All  were  passed  as  free  from 
pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  six  steamers,  two  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  11  lots  and  451 
parcels  of  fruit  and  vegetables.  All  were  found  to  be  free  from 
pests. 

INTER-ISLAND   INSPECTION. 

Fifty-two  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests : 

Taro    650  bags 

Vegetables    211  packages 

Plants 65 

Fruit 22 

Rejected    2 

Total  shipments 950  packages 

Two  packages  of  plants  were  refused  shipment  on  account  of 
infestation  and  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 


E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


67 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  February  28,  1918. 

Doctor  A.  Norgaard, 

Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of  Animal  In- 
dustry, Honolulu. 

Sir  :  I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of 
February,  1918: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

Tested.  Passed.  Condemned. 

Desidero  Telles   3  2  1 

Thomas  Lee 5  4  1 

A.  N.  Campbell 1  1  0 

A  total  of  9  head  were  tested,  out  of  which  number  7  were 
passed  and  2  condemned  and  branded. 

Besides  the  above,  7  head  of  condemned  cattle  were  inspected 
at  the  local  abattoirs,  of  which  6  were  passed  for  beef  and  1  con- 
demned entirely. 

Septicemia  Hemorrhagica  or  Szvine  Plague. 

A  small  outbreak  of  swine  plague  occurred  at  Mr.  Bortf eld's 
piggery  and  a  total  of  9  pigs  vv^ere  injected  with  Septicemia 
Hemorrhagica  bacterin  with  excellent  results. 

Contagious  Epitlielioiiia  or  Sorehead. 

Small  outbreaks  of  this  disease  have  occurred  during  the  past 
month  among  turkeys  and  chickens,  and  about  1,000  c.c.  of  vac- 
cine have  been  distributed  among  the  various  poultry  raisers. 
Uniformly  successful  results  have  been  reported. 

Importation  of  Live  Stock. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :    1  dog,  14  crates  poultry. 
S.  S.  Columbia,  San  Francisco :     1  cat. 
S.  S.  Governor,  San  Francisco  :     1*  dog. 
S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco :    2  Shetland  ponies. 
S.  S.  Makura,  Sydney :     1  dog. 

S.  S.  President,  San  Francisco :  1  dog,  1  box  white  rats,  7 
crates  pigeons. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  Orient :     1  dog. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case. 
Asst.  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


68 

Marketing  Division 


Honolulu,  March  1st,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  report  of 
the  Territorial  Marketing  Division,  for  the  month  of  February, 
1918. 

During  the  month  the  Division  handled  large  quantities  of 
Maui  beans  and  a  large  number  of  consignments  of  other  produce. 
The  sales  of  produce  for  the  month  amounted  to  $19,948.25,  the 
largest  amount  for  any  one  month  to  date. 

Practically  all  of  the  Maui  red  beans  have  been  sold  but  there 
is  still  a  quantity  of  small  white  beans  on  hand  which  I  think  the 
Army  will  be  able  to  use  as  they  are  the  same  variety  as  issued 
by  the  commissary. 

All  produce  received  during  the  month  was  readily  disposed 
of  at  good  prices,  and  there  continues  to  be  a  big  demand  for  all 
island  produce  received  in  good  condition.  Farmers  should  pay 
more  attention  to  grading  and  packing  their  produce.  Instruc- 
tion to  producers  along  these  lines  should  be  given  more  time 
by  the  county  agents  on  the  different  islands. 

The  Division  has  a  quantity  of  beans  on  hand  which  wall  be 
difficult  to  dispose  of  until  they  are  graded.  It  will  cost  consid- 
erably more  to  clean  and  grade  these  beans  here  than  on  the 
farms  where  the  poorer  grades  could  be  used  for  feeding  stock. 

Very  little  beef  has  been  received  during  the  month.  The  Ray- 
mond Ranch,  which  has  been  our  largest  consignor  of  beef  in 
the  past,  is  not  shipping  to  us,  having  made  a  contract  wnth  the 
Mutual  Produce  Company  for  their  entire  output  of  beef.  This 
makes  it  difficult  for  us  to  obtain  enough  meat  to  supply  our 
customers.  The  Raymond  Ranch  was  a  great  help,  as  it  enabled 
the  Division  to  assure  customers  of  a  regular  supply  of  beef, 
and  at  the  same  time  helped  to  dispose  of  the  smaller  and  more 
irregular  shipments. 

The  books  are  in  better  condition  now^  than  they  have  been  for 
some  time.  Mr.  Ouderkirk,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Auditing 
Company  of  Hawaii,  has  been  able  to  balance  the  books.  We 
have  opened  a  consignors'  ledger  which  will  greatly  assist  in 
eliminating  many  of  the  errors  made  in  the  past. 

The  financial  statement  and  trial  balance  for  February  is  en- 
closed herewith. 

Respectfully, 

O.   B.  LiGHTFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 


69 

The  Hawaiian  Kamanl 

'^    {Calophylliim  inopJiylliim   L.) 


By  Vaughan  MacCaughey,  College  of  Hawaii,  Honolulu. 

One  of  the  most  characteristic  littoral  trees  in  the  Hawaiian 
archipelago  is  the  kamani,  CalophyUum  inophyllum  L.  It  is  dis- 
tinctive of  many  Polynesian  beaches,  and  of  the  picturesque 
native  settlements  that  formerly  clustered  along  the  lovely 
strands  of  Hawaii.  The  kamani  tree  was  valued  by  the  early 
Hawaiians  for  its  ample  and  refreshing  shade,  its  attractive  flow- 
ers, its  medicinal  resin,  its  copious  fragrant  oil,  and  its  beautiful- 
grained  w^ood.  It  is  today  reckoned  among  the  important  cabinet 
woods  of  Hawaii.  During  a  residence  of  ten  years  in  the 
Islands,  the  author  has  had  opportunity  to  study  this  interesting 
tree  of  Polynesia  and  the  Old  World  tropics.  The  present  paper, 
to  the  author's  knowledge,  is  the  first  extended  and  modern  ac- 
count in  the  literature. 

The  kamani  family,  Guttiferae,  is  so  called  from  the  Latin 
"drop-bearing."  in  allusion  to  the  resinous  exudation  which  char- 
acterizes many  of  its  members.  It  is  closely  related  to  the  Hy- 
pericaceae,  with  which  it  is  united  by  many  botanists.  It  com- 
prises 35  genera  and  about  370  species,  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  Garcinia,  with  150 
species  (Old  World),  and  Clusia,  with  80  species  (American), 
are  the  largest  genera.  Many  species  are  stately  tropical  trees, 
with  beautiful  foliage  and  useful  timber.  Most  species  of  Gutti- 
ferse  yield  a  yellow  or  greenish  resinous  juice  when  cut.  Com- 
mercial gamboge,  an  intensely  yellow  resinous  pigment,  is  de- 
rived from  Gavcinia  morella.  Various  clusias  have  juices  which 
are  purgative,  and  in  some  cases  are  used  as  varnish.  The 
mammee  apple  (Mammea  americana)  is  a  noteworthy  tropical 
fruit  that  is  plentiful  in  Hawaii.  The  mangosteen  (Garcinia 
Mangostana),  of  the  East  Indies,  is  one  of  the  very  finest  trop- 
ical fruits. 1  There  are  no  indigenous  Gutti ferae  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  The  kamani  was  introduced  in  early  times  by  the  prim- 
itive Hawaiians,  and  is  now  thoroughly  naturalized. 

The  genus  CalophyUum  comprises  55-60  species,  all  of  the 
Old  World  except  four  tropical  American  species.  The  Greek 
name,  "beautiful-leaved,"  refers  to  the  rich,  dark-green,  shining 
foliage,  which  is  indeed  handsome.  The  genus  is  closely  related 
to  Garcinia,  which,  however,  has  only  4-8  petals.  The  calophyl- 
lums  are  mostly  large  timber  trees,  rich  in  balsamic  resins,  with 
oily  seeds,  and  shining  foliage. 


1  See  MacCaus^liey,  Vaughan :  Mangosteen  in  Hawaii,  Hawaiian  Forester, 
14:125-6,  May,  1917. 

Forest  trees  of  the  Haw^aiian  Islands.     Bull.   Torrey  Bot, 

Club,  44:145-57,  March,  1917. 


70 

The  only  species  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  in  many  other 
parts  of  Polynesia,  is  C.  inophyUum,  the  Hawaiian  kamani.  In 
Tahiti  it  is  called  tamanu;  in  Samoa,  tefaii;  in  Fiji,  dilo;  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  palo  maria;  in  the  East  Indies,  pinagah  or 
"Borneo  mahogany";  in  Ceylon,  domba;  in  India,  iiiidi  or  "Alex- 
andrian laurel."  In  Malaya  the  name  bctan  or  bentangar  is  ap- 
plied indiscriminately  to  about  20  species  of  calophyllum.  In 
India  the  name  doon  is  given  to  various  species  of  calophyllum, 
which  are  used  for  masts  and  spars. 

The  kamani  ranges  throughout  Asia  and  Polynesia,  from  East 
Africa,  to  India,  Malaya,  Polynesia  and  Haw^aii.  The  Hawaiian 
Islands  represent  the  northernmost  Pacific  boundary  of  the  ka- 
mani's  range,  and  its  presence  in  these  Islands  is  undoubtedly 
due  to  human  agency. ^  In  the  Hawaiian  Islands  it  occurs  here 
and  there  along  the  shores  and  lowlands  of  all  the  large  islands 
of  the  group.  It  is  absent,  however,  from  the  little  isles  and 
atolls  that  are  scattered  along  an  axis  of  some  1500  miles  to  the 
westward  of  the  main  group,  and  is  also  absent  from  the  lesser 
isles  of  the  main  group  itself.  These  absences  are  not  due  pri- 
marily to  unfavorable  soil  or  climatic  conditions,  for  the  kamani 
thrives  on  dry,  sandy  beaches  where  little  else  will  grow.  The 
kamani  seeds  are  buoyant  and  admirably  adapted  for  dissemi- 
nation by  ocean  currents.  The  absence  of  self -planted  individ- 
uals or  groves  on  the  smaller  islands  above  mentioned  indicates 
clearly,  as  do  many  other  biological  evidences,  that  the  Hawai- 
ian currents  are  practically  non-effective  as  seed  carriers.  The 
kamani  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  is  found  only  where  it  has  been 
planted  (by  the  Hawaiians)  or  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  such 
settlements. 

It  grows  along  both  the  windward  and  leeward  beaches,  and  on 
lowlands  up  to  an  elevation  of  1000  feet.  Although  it  is  usually 
thought  of  as  a  littoral  tree,  it  is  not  strictly  so,  and  reaches 
noble  dimensions  in  the  lower  valleys  and  slopes.  It  will  grow 
on  very  dry  coasts,  but  strictly  xerophytic,  although  its  foliage 
shows  strong  xerophytic  characteristics.  It  grows  best  under 
conditions  of  moderate  rainfall  (20-60  inches),  relatively  high 
temperatures,  and  abundant  insolation.  It  is  not  tolerant  of 
shade,  even  in  its  juvenile  stages,  and  its  foliage  is  well  adapted 
to  withstand  the  brilliant  illumination  that  is  so  characteristic  of 
the  Hawaiian  strand.  The  kamani  was  formerly  much  more 
abundant  along  Hawaiian  coasts  than  at  present;  its  decimation 
has  been  due  to  a  variety  of  influences — the  disappearance  of  the 
native  Hawaiian,  the  ravages  of  cattle  and  goats,  the  felling  of 
the  trees  for  timber,  without  replanting,  and  the  constant  en- 
croachments of  civilization.^     A  famous  grove  of  kamani  still 


2  See  MacCaiigliey,   Yaughan :     Food  Plauts   of   the   Aueient   HaT^aiians. 
Scientific  Monthly,  4:75-80,  Jan.,  1917. 

3  See  MacCaughev,  A^anghan :    Survey  of  the  Hawaiian  Land  Flora,  Botan- 
ical Gazette,  64:89-114,  Aug.,  1917. 

Vegetation  of  Hawaiian  Lava  Flows.     Botanical  Gazette, 

64:386-420,  Nov.,  1917. 


71 

exists  at  the  mouth  of  Halawa  valley,  Molokai,  and  the  tree  is 
still  abundant  along  the  Puna  coast  of  Hawaii.  It  is  plentiful  in 
the  Honolulu  region,  and  occurs  scatteringly  along  other  coasts. 

The  tree  is  generally  low  and  broad,  with  a  short,  thick,  stocky 
trunk  and  a  globular  of  flattened  crown.  The  usual  height  of 
the  kamani  is  25-35  feet;  occasionally  trees  rise  to  40-60  feet. 
The  spread  of  the  crown  is  usually  greater  than  its  height,  ap- 
proximating 30-40  feet ;  very  old  trees  may  have  a  spread  con- 
siderably wider  than  this.  The  trunk  is  18-36  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  usually  only  4-8  feet  clear  to  the  first  branches.  The 
kamani  naturally  branches  close  to  the  ground.  Old  trees,  if 
unpruned,  have  large  horizontal  branches,  18  inches  in  diameter 
and  15-20  feet  long,  sweeping  close  to  the  ground.  The  trunk 
of  very  old  trees  may  be  4  feet  or  more  in  diameter.  Not  in- 
frequently there  are  two  or  three  trunks  arising  from  a  common 
base. 

The  trunk  of  old  trees  is  often  spreading  or  buttressed  at  the 
base,  with  numerous  large  radiating,  thick-barked  roots,  18  inches 
or  more  in  diameter.  These  roots  coalesce  about  the  base  of  the 
trunk,  forming  a  woody  network  or  platform,  10  feet  or  more 
in  diameter.  In  the  sandy  coastal  soil  the  roots  spread  hori- 
zontally near  the  surface  for  distances  of  30  feet  or  more  from 
the  trunk.  Like  many  other  littoral  trees,  the  kamani  is  usually 
wind-shaped.  The  crown  is  often  conspicuously  assymmetrical, 
with  most  of  its  growth  to  the  leeward  side  of  the  trunk.  The 
kamani  is  not  self-pruning,  and  in  old  trees  there  is  often  a  con- 
siderable accumulation  of  dead  branches  and  twigs. 

The  old  bark  is  rough,  scaly,  and  deeply  fissured;  its  thickness 
is  1-1.5  inches.  The  fissures  are  broad  and  coalescing,  and  break 
the  bark  into  coarse,  woody,  flaky  scales,  3-4  inches  wide  and 
8-18  inches  long.  The  scales  are  ^ray  or  dark  chocolate  brown, 
and  on  the  windward  side  of  the  trunk  are  usually  well  covered 
with  lichens  and  epiphytic  algae.  Seemann  states  that  in  Fiji 
the  trunk  is  usually  thickly  covered  with  orchids  and  ferns.  The 
bark  of  the  fissures  is  light  ashy-brown.  The  ground  around  the 
base  of  an  old  tree  is  generally  littered  with  a  considerable  ac- 
cumulation of  bark  scales.  The  bark  of  the  young  twigs  is  ashy 
or  blackish-brown. 

The  wood  is  of  medium  hardness,  closely  but  coarse-grained, 
and  of  a  reddish-brown  color.^  The  pigmentation  is  often  more 
or  less  irregularly  and  broadly  banded,  and  gives  to  the  timber 
a  handsome  wavy  pattern.  The  sap  wood  is  much  lighter  in  color 
than  the  heartwood.  Kamani  w^ood  is  very  strong  and  durable. 
Its  mechanical  characters  are  as  follows : 

Specific  gravity  =  .579-. 647. 

Weight  per  cubic  foot  =  63-85  lbs. 

4  See  MacCaug'hev,  Vaughan:  Economic  Woods  of  Hawaii,  Forestry 
Quarterly,   14:696-716,  Dec,   1916. 

Forests    of    Hawaiian    Islands,    Plant    World,    20:162-66, 

June,  1916. 


72 

Coefficient  of  elasticity  ^  755  tons  per  square  inch. 

Direct  cohesion  in  pounds  per  square  inch  ==  10,000- 14,700. 

Cohesion  compared  with  oak  as  1  =  1.3-1.9. 

In  India,  where  the  tree  is  common,  the  wood  is  used  for  cab- 
inet work,  machinery,  railway  ties,  and  spars.  In  Polynesia  and 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  it  was  employed  chiefly  in  the  making  of 
the  beautiful  wooden  bowls  or  calabashes,  umcke.  These  were 
hand-made,  with  stone  tools,  and  involved  great  skill  and  long 
periods  of  labor  for  their  completion.  The  art  is  today  extinct 
in  Hawaii.  A  genuine  hand-made  Hawaiian  umcke  of  kamani 
wood  has  a  sales-value  of  anywhere  from  S25  to  $300_,  depending 
upon  its  size  and  condition. 

The  foliage-bearing  twigs  are  .4-.6  inch  in  diameter,  and  12-24 
inches  long,  with  smooth  green  w^axy  bark,  which  turns  to  brown- 
ish. -The  lenticels  are  microscopic  and  practically  invisible.  On 
most  of  the  twigs  the  leaves  are  terminal,  and  the  basal  part  of 
the  twig  is  bare;  the  terminal  cluster  comprises  10-20  leaves. 
Rapidly-growing  new  shoots,  however,  may  be  clad  with  leaves 
throughout  their  length. 

The  kamani  leaves  persist  for  several  years  (2-4  years).  The 
bare  portion  of  the  twig  is  conspicuously  marked  by  the  petiole 
scars.  These  are  oblate,  .25  inch  in  diameter,  corky,  with  a  cen- 
tral crescent  of  fibro-vascular  bundle  scars.  There  are  no  stip- 
ular  scars  or  stipules.  The  lateral  buds  and  flower  cluster  scars 
are  small  and  inconspicuous.  The  terminal  bud  is  .25  inch  long, 
sharply  pointed,  conical,  chocolate-brown,  and  consisting  of  sev- 
eral pairs  of  minute  conduplicate  leaves. 

The  leaves  are  opposite  and  stand  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
the  twig.  They  are  4-8  inches  long  and  3-4  inches  broad.  The 
petiole  is  about  1  inch  long,  round  or  somewhat  flattened,  green 
or  yellowish  green,  and  tough.  Both  at  its  base  and  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  blade  it  possesses  well-defined  motile  or  growth- 
areas  (pulvini)  for  the  orientation  of  the  blade  with  reference 
to  the  light. 

The  blade  is  glabrous,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  faces,  thick 
and  coriaceous,  entire,  broadly  oblong  or  ovate,  and  with  rounded 
or  emarginate  apex,  and  rounded  base.  Its  color  is  rich  dark 
green,  often  turning  to  yellow  upon  senility.  The  midrib  and 
marginal  vein  are  bright  yellow-green,  contrasting  with  the  dark 
glossy  green  of  the  blade.  The  blade  is  finely  and  closely-veined 
at  right  angles  to  the  midrib.  In  recent  years  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  Honolulu  the  kamani  foliage  is  often  more  or  less  infested 
with  mealy-bugs  and  various  fungi.  The  latter  produce  discol- 
ored brown  dead  areas  in  the  blade.  In  general,  however,  the 
kamani  foliage  is  remarkably  clean  and  vigorous.  The  Hawai- 
ians  used  the  leaves  medicinally,  tearing  them  up  in  small  pieces, 
soaking  the  fragments  in  water  over  night,  and  then  using  the 
liquid  for  washing  inflamed  eyes. 

The  flowers  and  fruit  are  in  axillary  clusters  among  the  ter- 
minal leaves.     Flowers  and   fruit  are  produced  almost  continu- 


73 

ously  throughout  the  year.  The  flowers  are  polygamous,  race- 
mose; the  racemes  are  2-8  inches  long.  The  pedicels  are  1-1.5 
inches  long,  subtended  by  small  bracts  which  are  early  deciduous. 
The  pedicels,  bracts,  and  other  parts  of  the  inflorescence  are 
waxy  white.  The  flowers  are  .7S  inch  in  diameter  and  pure 
creamy  white,  fragrant.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  not  readily 
distinguishable  from  each  other;  the  inner  sepals  are  petal-like. 
There  are  4  sepals,  4-5  lines  long;  the  petals  are  4,  rarely  6-8, 
oblong,  7-8  lines  long.  The  flowers  open  one  at  a  time.  The 
stamens  are  many,  free  or  scarcely  united  at  the  base,  filiform, 
with  ovate  or  elongate  anthers ;  the  pollen  is  bright  yellow.  The 
pistil  is  2-3  lines  long;  ovary  1-loculed,  with  a  single  erect  ovule; 
style  long,  filiform;  stigma,  peltate.  The  ovary  is  pink  or  red. 
The  general  color  effect  of  the  flower  is  creamy-white,  with 
spots  of  yellow  and  pink.  There  is  an  abundance  of  nectar. 
The  flowers  are  attractive  to  bees  and  other  insects,  which  are 
present  in  great  numbers  in  the  crown. 

The  fruit  is  a  globuse  or  ovoid  drupe,  with  thin  sarcocarp  and 
crustaceous  seed-coats.  It  is  about  1  inch  in  diameter,  smooth, 
almost  fleshy,  and  yellow  when  mature.  The  embryo  is  thick, 
with  minute  cotyledons.  The  dry  fruit  contains  a  large  amount 
of  buoyant  tissue,  and  the  seed-coats  are  impervious.  The  seeds 
are  carried  by  the  currents,  and  are  often  cast  up  on  the  beaches 
in  great  quantities.  The  seeds  contain  the  well-known  domba 
oil,  which  is  used  extensively  in  India  and  the  East  Indies  for 
lighting  purposes.  This  oil  enjoys  a  great  reputation  among  the 
natives  of  Polynesia  ajid  Hawaii,  as  a  cure  for  rheumatism,  pains 
in  the  joints,  and  bruises.  In  tropical  Asia  it  is  also  known  as 
pinnay,  pun,  cashumpa,  or  zvoondel.  The  oil  is  yellow  green  to 
deep  green,  fragrant,  and  non-volatile ;  it  is  very  copious,  and  con- 
stitutes 30-60%  of  the  weight  of  the  fresh  seeds.  It  hardens 
when  cooled  below  50°  F.  The  Samoans  use  the  oil  as  a  remedy 
for  catarrhal  affections  of  the  eye.  In  Micronesia  it  is  used  for 
skin  diseases.  The  Fijians  use  it  for  greasing  their  bodies  and 
polishing  their  weapons. 

The  oil  should  not  be  confused  with  the  resin,  Tacainahac 
orienfale,  which  is  obtained  by  incising  the  younger  parts  of  the 
trunk.  This  resin  is  pale  yellow,  inclined  to  green,  slightly 
translucent,  soft  and  adhesive,  of  an  agreeable  odor,  and  an  aro- 
matic bitter  taste.  Its  medicinal  properties  are  analogous  to 
those  of  turpentine;  it  was  formerly  used  internally,  but  is  now 
used  only  in  ointments  and  plasters.  Both  the  oil  and  the  resin 
were  used  medicinally  by  the  primitive  Hawaiians ;  neither  is 
now  collected  commercially  in  the  Islands. 

Among  the  white  people  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  the  kamani 
is  coming  to  be  recognized  as  a  valuable  and  beautiful  strand  tree. 
Trees  now  standing  are  receiving  much  more  care  and  protec- 
tion than  formerly,  and  many  new  plantings  are  being  made. 
The  kamani  is  a  noteworthy  horticultural  asset,  and  will  be  used 
more  and  more  extensively  in  Hawaii's  landscape  gardening,  as 
well  as  a  source  of  handsome  timber. 


74 
A  NEW  FRUIT  FLY  BULLETIN. 


"The  Mediterranean  Fruit  Fly  in  Hawaii,"  by  E.  A..  Back  and 
C.  E.  Pemberton,  Bulletin  536  of  the  U.  S  Department  ^;f  Agri- 
culture, is  a  comprehensive  account  of  the  fly.  based  largely  on 
several  years  of  investigation  in  Hawaii,  in  the  interest  of  main- 
land horticulture.  Everyone  interested  in  any  way  iji  the  fly 
should  have  a  copy  of  this  bulletin  as  a  work  of  refej-cnce.  It 
describes  the  fly,  gives  its  origin  and  distribution,  its  mode  of  de- 
velopment, habits,  etc.,  tells  how  it  was  introduced  into  ]-fawaii 
and  how  it  spread,  details  its  destructiveness  to  l^orti-.  ulruial 
products,  and  treats  fully  the  different  means  of  control. 

Interest  is  likely  to  be  keen  in  regard  to  an  insect  of  such  j^reat 
economic  importance.  The  thoroughness  of  the  inquiry  is  there- 
fore most  gratifying.  Local  readers  will  be  particularly  interested 
in  the  long  list  of  fruits  affected.  While  most  of  the  soft  pulped 
fruits  are  named,  it  is  indicated  that  a  preference  is  shown  for 
some  while  others  are  often  nearly  or  entirely  neglected.  Some, 
like  the  citrus  fruits,  show  curious  dift'erences  in  susceptibility  to 
infestation.  These  facts,  while  interesting  in  themselves,  al  :o 
have  a  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  control  of  the  fly  by  natural 
enemies.  This  topic  will  probably  have  paramount  interest  to  res- 
idents of  Hawaii,  since  considerable  public  money  has  been  spent 
in  experimenting  with  natural  enemie?,  Avhich  had  to  be  sought 
in  far  distant  lands  and  brought  hither  over  thousands  of  miles 
of  ocean.  The  question  of  the  eff'ectiveness  of  these  parasitic 
insects  as  a  check  to  the  multiplication  and  destructiveness  of  the 
fly  is  treated  very  fairly.  While  maintaining  that  the  accom- 
plishment in  this  important  undertaking  has  fallen  short  of  the 
ideal,  it  is  admitted  that  it  has  brought  abcmt  a  vast  improvement 
in  a  situation  which  artificial  methods  coull  not  affect. — D.  T.  F. 


BEARS  DAMAGE  DOUGLAS  FIR  POLES. 


An  unusual  form  of  damage  to  young  growth  was  noticed  v\ 
the  upper  Wind  River  Valley,  in  southern  Washington,  during 
the  summer  of  1917.  The  bark  was  torn  from  the  trunks  of 
saplings  up  to  a  height,  in  some  cases,  of  twenty  to  twenty-five 
feet.  Saplings  from  four  to  eight  inches  d.b.h.  were  most  gen- 
erally attacked,  usually  on  the  uphill  side,  and  about  a  square  foot 
or  so  of  the  bark  torn  into  fragments.  In  some  cases  as  many 
as  a  third. to  a, half  of  the  poles  on  a  ten-acre  area  showed  either 
old  or  fresh  signs  of  this  injury.  The  importance  of  the  injury 
seems  to  be  greatest  as  a  possible  source  of  infection  by  fungi. 
Douglas  fir  appeared  to  be  the  only  species  attacked. 

Claw  and  tooth  marks  left  on  the  fresh  wood  surface,  and  claw 
marks  in  the  remaining  bark,  were  the  evidence  that  the  work 
was  done  by  bears  instead  of  porcupines,  to  which  similar  dam- 


75 

age  in  other  regions  is  usually  due.  It  is  asserted  by  old  hunters 
and  residents  of  the  mountains  that  bears  tear  off  the  fresh  bark 
and  eat  it  in  the  spring  during  their  breeding  season.  The  dam- 
age has  been  observed  in  several  other  locations  in  the  same 
State. 


BY  AUTHORITY. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN  that,  as  providea  by  law,  a  public  hear- 
ing will  be  held  by  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  and  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  on  Thursday,  the  4th  day  of  April, 
1918,  at  9:30  o'clock  a.  m.,  in  the  office  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Eorestry,  King  Street,  Honolulu  (Government  Nurs- 
ery), to  consider  the  withdrawal  from  the  Forest  Reserve  of  the  entire 
Island  of  Kahoolawe,  County  of  Maui,  now  known  as  the  "Kahoolawc 
Forest  Reserve. ' ' 

At  the  said  time  and  place  all  persons  who  so  desire  will  be  given  full 
opportunity  to  be  heard  upon  the  subject  matter  of  this  notice  and  to 
present  evidence  and  arguments  in  person,  by  proxy,  or  letter,  either  for 
or  against  the  withdrawal  of  the  aforesaid  Island  from  the  Forest  Re- 
serve. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 

The  Capitol,  Honolulu,  March  20,  1918. 


^iniiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiininiiniiiiiiiiinGiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniMEiBiiiiniiiii^ 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer—finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOE  FULL  PAETICULAES  APPLY  TO  S 

I  Castled  Cooke,  CtdJ 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


=  FOR  I 

i  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

I  AUTOMOBILE  AND  i 

I  TOURISTS' BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANCE  I 

|ea$(le$€ooke,  Ctd.| 

I  HONOLULU,  HA^VAII  | 

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^liiiiiiiiiiiisiiniiiiiiniDiiiiiiiisiniiiiiniiiienBinsiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'' 

I  F  J.  MEFER  &  CO.,  LID.  | 

I  IMPORTERS  I 

I   COMMISSION   AND    INSURANCE   AGENTS   AND  | 
I  SUGAR  FACTORS  | 

i  AGENTS  FOR  = 

=  Honokaa  Sugar  Company  Pacific   Sugar  Mill  E 

E  Hawaiian  Irrigation  Company,  Limited  E 

E  German  Lloyd  Insurance  Co.  (Marine)  E 

E  Magdeburg  Tire  Insurance  Co.  (of  Magdeburg,  Germany)  = 

=         Hamburg-Bremen  Fire  Insurance  Co.   (Hamburg,  Germany)  = 

E  Bremen  Board  of  Underwriters  E 

E  Hartford  Fire  Insurance  Co.    (of  Hartford,  Connecticut)  E 

E  Concordia  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  Milv/aukee,  Wisconsin  E 

S  Marine  and  Transportation  Department  ^ 

E  Delaware  Underwriters  of  the  Westchester  Fire  Insurance  Company  = 

E  (of  New  York)  E 

E  55  Merchant  Street,  corner  Kaahumanu  E 

E    Post  Office  Box  187  -  -  Cable  Address:  "Schaeferco"    E 

^!l!9linni!in!lllllilli!!ni!ll!!Biiin3Eli!l9inil!!taSi!IIEIII!EliniinniES9SEIB!ll!!El? 
i:illiEEBES9BEiEEIBIEB!BBEE9!EiiBlbn9SEEIii!9!BEiBIBIE9EEIE]BEISEB9IEBEEBE9EBiEBIEBEE9E9EEEEEEi 

lUfllON  FEEO  CO.,  LTD.) 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I         m  AND  GRAIN         | 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  = 

I        ALGAROBA  FEED        | 

S  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  | 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  = 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 

E  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468  E 
^SIIIIIBBBIBBBBBBBBBBBBIBBBBBBBBIBBBBBBBSBBBIBBBEBBEBBEBBBBBBBlBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBn 


^lllltlilBllilllllSlillSiBtilMBiinitllillSlillllEiiillilMIIISIiliniliilllililiMlliilllllllll!!: 

=                                                            OFFICERS  .  E 

E  E.  Faxon   Bishop,   President           Richard  Ivers,  Secretary  = 

S  Greo.    H.    Rohertson,    Vice-Pres.,    E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Treasurer  E 

E                          and  Manager                           D.  G.  May,  Auditor  E 

E                                                       DIRECTORS:  E 

E                    J.  R.  Gait,  Director      '           R.  A.  Cooke,  Director  E 

=                    Geo.  R.  Carter,  Director          A.  Gartley,  Director  E 

E                                        C.  H.  Cooke,  Director  E 


O.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 

SOGAR  FACIORS 

SHIPPING  AND  GOMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 
OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 

London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinburgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

Kapapala  Ranch 
Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha  S,  S.  Co. 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Thomas  Pineapple  Company 


=    Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.    Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Co. 


niiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniMiiiiisisiiiiiiiiiiiiMBiiisiiiniiiiiiiEniiiSHiiiigniiiiitnEiniiniiil 


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I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 


AGENT 


i 

OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


[ 


I    WESICHESra  FiRE  IMME  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

fiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiniiiiiBiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir: 
^uiiiB!!!SisiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiigni!iiiiiii!niiiiti3iii!inini!iiiiiiniiiiiiiiBiiiiiBiiiiiij: 

1  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 


E          To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  = 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  = 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers,  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.  | 

E                                 King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 
FiBIBBBBBBBBlBBBBBBBBIBBIEBBBilBBlBBBIBiBIBBBIBBiEIIBBIBBgBBIIBBBBBBBBBBIBBBBBBIBBIIBBBBBBBBBBli 


^iiiiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinngiiaiiiieiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii!!: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

E     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior  E 

i  IHE  PACiFIC  COANO  k  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

—   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.  = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  A  ND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    FertlBizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


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diiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPi: 


HOLSTEIIVS 


3 

BULLS 


No.  1— Born  March 
31,1917.  Almost 
white'.  His  dam 
made  322.6  lbs. 
milk,  12.5  lbs. 
butter,  in  7  days 
at  3yi  years. 


3 

BULLS 


No.  2— Born  April 
JO,  1917.  Almost 
white.  A.  R.  O. 
record  of  dam: 
18.9  lbs.  butter, 
438.6  lbs.  milk,  in 
7  days. 


All  sired  by  our 
herd  bull,  whose 
dam  at  26  months 
made  554.1  lbs. 
butter.  13,1171 
lbs.  milk  in  one 
year,  and  ivhose 


No.  3— Born  Oct. 
23,  1917.  A  real 
bull,  whose  dam 
made  13.8  lbs.  but- 
ter, and  326.9  lbs. 
milk  in  7  days. 


—  hall-brother  sold  at  public  sale  lor  $6,500.00. 

I  Agricultural  Dept.  KAMEHAMEHA  SCHOOLS    HONOLULU 

E  HEADQUARTERS   FOR 

=  HOLSTEIN  BULLS  BERKSHIRE  HOGS 


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^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMiiifiiinMiiiiieiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'J: 


|H.  HACKFELD  &  CO.,  LID.I 

=  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  = 

=    San  Francisco  Office 310   Sansome   Street   = 

E    New  York  Office 82  Wall  Street    r 

=  IMPORTERS  AND    GENERAL  = 

=  COMMISSION  AGENTS  = 


AGENTS   FOR 

China  Mail  SteamsMp  Company 

American-Hawaiian  Steamship  Company 

INSURANCE    COMPANIES 


Z  Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 

S  Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 

^  Phoenix    Insurance    Co., 

—  Colonial    Fire    Underwriters, 


Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
Allianz    Insurance    Co.,    Ltd.,   of   Berlin 
Tokio   Marine  Insurance   Co.,   Ltd. 
Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 


AGENTS    FOR 


~  Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 

S  The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 

:i  Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 

ZZ  Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

~  Grove    Farm    Plantation 


Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 

The    Waimea   Mill    Co.,  Ltd. 

Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Bice,  President 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dowsett 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OP  FOiiBSTBT, 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  aim 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 
Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Majfthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  EUo,  Eawaii. 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sui-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai. 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu* 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOQT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahulcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAI.  INDX7STEY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animal  Industry  and  TerritoriaM 

Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave). 
O.  B.  Shipman,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii. 
A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii. 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  MarTceting  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W.  G.  Moir,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  Midkiff,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  W.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

C.  H.  Durfee,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Oahu. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OP  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


TheHA\\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTUR1S^ 


APRIL,  1918 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial 85 

Division  of  Forestry 86 

Division  of  Entomology .....'  90 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 91 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 93 

Marketing  Division 103 

Territorial  Fair  Exhibit 104 

The  True  Mahogany  Tree  (illustrated) 105 

Withdrawal  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  Forest  Reserve 106 

Proclamation, 107 


VOL.  XV, 


PRICE,  TEN  CENTS  NO.  4 


Mh^. 


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Eimtt^i 


OFFICES 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING 
MEHLHORN  BUILDING 
82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -        - 
ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFICEBS    AND    DIEECTOBS: 

J.  P.  COOKE President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  B.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEBHOUSE   Treasurer 

JOHN   GUILD Secretary 

H.    A.   BALDWIN Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHERTON Director 

C.  B.  HEMENWAY Director 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian    Commercial   and    Sugar   Company 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paia    Plantation 

Maui  Agricultural  Company 

Hawaiian   Sugar  Company 

McBryde    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Kahuku   Plantation    Company 

Kanai   Fruit  and  Land   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahului   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand    Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Association 

Switzerland   Marine  Insuance   Company,  Ltd. 


tLiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin:- 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


MlllllllHlllllllllllllllllllllliiiliiiiiiiiililliiiliiliiiliiiiiiifiiilliiiiiiiiiiliillillliilli- 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constautly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2i/4  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,   Forest   Nurseryman,   Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailipg 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii.  ! 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol  XV.  Honolulu,  April.  1918.  No.  4 


The  plan  of  the  exhibits  which  the  several  Divisions  of  the 
Board  will  present  at  the  coming  first  Territorial  Fair,  June  10 
to  15,  which  will  show  their  chief  lines  of  activity,  is  printed 
elsewhere  in  this  issue. 


Those  who  desire  to  start  small  commercial  plantations  of  the 
true  mahogany,  described  in  this  issue,  for  future  returns  of  a 
highly-prized  cabinet  wood,  may  secure  seedlings  from  the  Gov- 
ernment Nursery,  provided  sufficient  advance  notice  is  given. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  in  the  current  report  of  the  Acting 
Superintendent  of  the  Marketing  Division  that,  with  favorable 
weather,  an  exceptionally  large  crop  of  corn  is  anticipated  and 
that  a  large  part  of  this  will  be  ground  into  corn  meal  for  local 
consumption. 


Of  the  total  number  of  3952  trees  planted  out  on  watersheds 
by  the  Division  of  Forestry  during  February  and  March  mainly 
for  the  conservation  of  water,  almost  one-half  consisted  of  the 
native  koa,  which  has  been  proved  suitable  for  this  purpose 
where  the  soil  is  well  drained. 


The  Territorial  Veterinarian  points  out  in  his  routine  report 
the  folly  of  purchasing  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  introduction 
into  the  Territory,  dairy  cows  from  herds  which  have  not  been 
proved  by  repeated  tests  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis,  and  advises 
closer  observance  of  the  accepted  laws  which  govern  the  spread 
of  bovine  tuberculosis  by  purchasing  only  from  uninfected  herds 
to  prevent  the  establishment  of  new  centers  of  infection  in  the 
Territory. 


The  work  of  extending  the  areas  of  forest  reserves  and  of 
placing  them  under  better  administration  so  that  they  will  serve 
their  purpose  as  water  conservers,  by  fencing  out  cattle,  exter- 
minating those  that  are  within  and  cannot  be  gotten  rid  of  in  any 
other  way,  by  preventing  other  trespass,  and  bringing  the  forest 
back  to  normal  by  reforestation,  continues  to  be  the  chief  activ- 
ities of  the  Division  of  Forestry. 


86 

The  Board  recently  voted  to  make  Ranger  Hippie  an  allow- 
ance for  the  feed  of  his  horse  which  he  uses  on  official  work  in 
patrolling  the  forest  reserve  in  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu 
\^alleys.  Ranger  Hippie  has  been  giving  his  horse  "Sure  Milk/' 
which  is  cheaper  than  barley  and  gives  good  results. 


The  report  of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  that,  after  a  thor- 
ough investigation  of  the  horse-stock  on  the  windward  coast  of 
Hawaii,  no  traces  of  glanders  were  found  and  that  the  very 
heavy  glanders  infection  which  had  persisted  in  this  district  for 
years  had  been  eradicated  completely  during  the  campaign  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  five  years  ago,  is  very  gratifying. 


In  his  routine  report,  printed  in  this  issue,  the  Territorial 
Veterinarian  indicates  the  advisability,  on  the  part  of  plantations 
and  other  owners  of  valuable  work-stock  on  the  windward  coast 
of  Hawaii,  of  providing  more  hygienic  and  sanitary  stables  in 
order  to  minimize  the  losses  from  epizootic  lymphangitis,  and 
emphasizes  the  great  need  of  taking  better  care  of  the  thousand 
work  animals,  upon  which  these  plantations  depend  for  their 
cultivation,  the  majority  of  which  animals  cannot  be  replaced  for 
less  than  $300.00  per  head. 


The  withdrawal  of  the  non-water-producing  Island  of  Kahoo- 
lawe  from  the  forest  reserve  and  the  return  of  it  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  described  in  this 
issue,  should  result  in  an  increase  in  the  meat  supply  in  two 
ways — the  placing  on  the  market  of  the  palatable  meat  of  the 
goats  which  the  new  lessee  will  be  required  to  remove,  and  the 
shipment  to  the  market  of  cattle  which  the  lessee  will  be  allowed 
to  fatten  on  the  acres  of  pili  grass  and  tons  of  algaroba  beans 
now  going  to  waste  on  Kahoolawe. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  April  17,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  months  of  February  and 
March,   1918: 

During  February  and  a  part  of  March  I  was  absent  from  the 
Territory  on  leave  in  order  to  undergo  a  large  amount  of  special 
dental  work. 


87 

TREE    PLANTING. 

Besides  the  usual  tree  planting  on  the  Honolulu  Water-shed 
forest  reserve  in  Makiki  Valley,  reported  on  by  the  Forest  Nur- 
seryman, which  consisted  of  the  setting  out  of  1226  koa  trees 
during  February  and  March,  there  were  planted  out  on  the  same 
reserve  in  Manoa  on  selected  areas  1251  Spathodea  campanulata, 
483  Ficus  religiosa,  294  koa,  236  Albizzia  moluccana  and  12 
Fictis  subtripblinervis.  The  planting  of  some  of  these  species  is 
merely  experimental  to  determine  their  adaptability  to  the  region. 
On  the  Kealia  forest  reserve,  Kauai,  Forest  Ranger  Lovell  plant- 
ed out  200  silk  oak  and  250  ironwood  trees  along  the  makai  boun- 
dary of  the  reserve  just  within  the  fence.  These  operations 
bring  the  total  plantings  on  forest  reserves  during  the  two  months 
up  to  3952  trees. 

In  accordance  with  the  standing  offer  for  rendering  assistance 
in  forest  matters,  at  the  request  of  Captain  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson, 
the  Division  of  Forestry  has  signified  its  willingness  to  assist  in 
every  way  possible  in  the  reforestation  of  certain  areas  on  the 
military  reservation  at  Schofield  Barracks  and  more  particularly 
by  preparing  a  definite  planting  plan  which  can  be  followed  in 
prosecuting  all  work  of  this  nature  in  the  future.  Field  work 
for  this  project  will  be  undertaken  as  soon  as  weather  permits. 

FOREST   FENCING. 

Forest  Ranger  Lindsay  on  Maui  has  submitted  measurements 
and  all  data  necessary  for  the  construction  of  needed  fencing 
along  parts  of  the  boundary  of  the  addition  to  the  Makawao 
forest  reserve,  Maui.  It  is  planned  to  undertake  this  as  soon 
as  the  addition  has  been  set  aside  by  proclamation. 

Forest  Ranger  Mackenzie  on  Hawaii  has  investigated  and 
reported  on  the  needs  of  certain  fence  repairs  along  the  makai 
boundary  of  the  Kau  forest  reserve,  Hawaii,  in  the  region  of  the 
Waiohinu  Springs  and  the  matter  will  be  taken  up  with  the 
Land  Commissioner  to  compel  the  holder  of  the  lease  to  give  it 
attention. 

The  fence  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Hilo  forest  reserve 
in  the  region  of  Piha,  Hawaii,  is  rapidly  nearing  completion.  All 
the  holes  have  been  dug,  posts  cut  and  dragged  to  the  fence  line, 
and  the  wire  is  on  the  ground,  but  the  heavy  rains  (23  inches 
during  February)  have  filled  up  the  holes  with  water  and  the 
posts  can  not  be  set  and  a  good  job  made  of  it  while  the  soil  is 
so  wet.  By  the  end  of  April,  however,  the  weather  should  per- 
mit of  the  completion  of  the  job. 

Informal  consent  was  given  to  the  project  of  moving  over  a 
mile  of  fence  along  the  boundary  of  the  Lihue-Koloa  forest 
reserve,  Kauai,  where  it  crosses  the  privately  owned  land  of 
Lawai,  to  a  location  further  makai  which  will  increase  the  area 
of  the  forest  reserve  by  about  150  acres  and  also  give  greater 


protection  to  the  source  of  supply  of  drinking  water  for  the  La- 
wai  homesteaders.  This  is  being  done  by  the  county  through  Mr. 
Walter  D.  McBryde  and  will  obviate  the  necessity  of  extending 
the  intake  half  a  mile  up  the  valley  at  an  almost  prohibitory 
expense. 

ENFORCEMENT   OF   RULE    III. 

During  the  latter  part  of  March  the  first  arrest  was  made 
under  Rule  III  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  which  prohibits 
trespassing  on  the  forest  re:-erve  in  upper  Nuuanu  Valley  in  the 
region  of  the  reservoirs.  The  offender  was  found  some  distance 
off  the  road  and  was  arrested  by  the  police. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


FOREST  NURSERYMAN'S  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  March  31,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  March : 

nursery. 
Distribution  of  Plants. 

Sold 135  pot  grown  plants. 

Gratis 251     " 

1075  transplant  boxes. 


Total ......1461 

COLLECTIONS. 

Goveniuient  Realizations. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  2.65 

Rent  building  Nursery  ground,  January 35.00 

Total $37.65 


89 
Preservation  Forest  Reserves. 

Collection  for  quarter  ending  March  13,  1918:. 

Rent  and  fees $  43.25 

283  loads  black  sand  at  25c 70.75 


Total $114.00 

Plantation   Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
60,000  in  seed  boxes,  1200  in  transplant  boxes  and  60  pot  grown, 
making  a  total  of  61,260. 

Makiki  Station. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  routine  work,  repairs  have  been  done 
on  road  and  a  new  shed  to  store  lumber  has  been  built. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

The  work  done  consisted  in  the  planting  of  776  koa  trees  on 
bare  land  at  the  top  of  Makiki  main  valley,  also  hoeing  and 
clearing. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  spent  two  days  assisting  in  the  judging  of  school 
gardens  and  home  gardens  at  the  request  of  the  management  of 
the  Honolulu  Star-Bulletin. 

At  the  request  of  Captain  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson,  the  writer  paid 
a  visit  to  Schofield  Barracks  for  the  purpose  of  giving  advice  in 
the  laying  out  of  a  nursery  and  the  planting  of  trees  around  the 
Post. 

Calls  made,  7 ;  advice  by  telephone,  12 ;  advice  given  at  Nur- 
sery, 6. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


90 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  April  13,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  March  the  insectary  han- 
dled 25,500  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred 
823  females  and  644  males  of  Op  ins  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as   follows: 

Opius  fletcheri. 

Females  Males 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu 193  148 

Moanalua 108  95 

Ewa 221  203 

Molokai :     Kamalo   45  30 

Hawaii :    Glenwood   250  209 

Diachasma  fullazuayi. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu 40  25 

Ewa 20  5 

Maui :     Hana   20  13 

DiacJiasuia  tryoni. 

Oahu :     Nuuanu   85  30 

Maui :     Hana   50  25 

Opius  Jill  mil  is. 

Maui : 

Hana 40  10 

Haiku 25 

Tetrastich  us  giffardian  us. 

Maui : 

Haiku 50 

Hana 30 

Galesus  silvestri. 

Hawaii :    Glenwood   700 


91 

Dirliinus  gijfardi. 

Hawaii :    Glenwood   200 

Paranagrus  osborni. 

Oahu : 

Kailua 7,800 

Makiki  Nursery  3,600 

Maui: 

Paia 1,400 

Haiku 12,800 

Molokai :     Pukoo 4,100 

Hawaii :     Kohala 500 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection. 


Honolulu,  March  31,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  March, 
1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  of  March  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Ho- 
nolulu 47  vessels,  of  which  19  carried  vegetable  matter  subject 
to  inspection,  which  was  disposed  of  as  follows : 

Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 604  14,957 

Fumigated 2  2 

Burned 47  47 

Returned 2  2 

Total  inspected 655  15,008 

Of  these  shipments  there  were  14,726  packages  of  freight,  143 
pacKages  of  mail  matter  and  139  packages  of  baggage  belonging 
to  passengers  and  immigrants. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  15,124  bags  of  rice  and  2338  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports.  After  careful  inspection 
they  were  found  free  from  pests. 


92 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  8490  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers 
and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  examined  and  from 
the  same  27  lots  of  fruit  and  20  lots  of  vegetables  were  seized  and 
destroyed  by  burning. 

On  March  8,  a  pot  of  ferns  from  Manila  was  fumigated  and 
the  soil  removed,  a  beetle  grub  and  a  slug  being  found  in  the  soil. 

On  March  15,  a  package  of  palm  seeds  from  Ceylon  by  mail 
for  the  Board  of  Agriculture  was  fumigated  to  destroy  a  few 
ants  found  in  the  packing. 

On  the  same  date  a  parcel  of  tree  peony  roots  in  the  mail. 
from  Japan  was  returned  as  unmailable. 

On  March  31,  a  package  of  seed  corn  by  mail  from  Manila 
was  burned,  being  a  prohibited  importation. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  no  vessels  for  the 
month  of  March.  Five  packages  of  seed  were  inspected  in  the 
mail. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  four  vessels,  two  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  12  lots  and  91 
parcels  of  fruit  and  vegetables.  All  were  found  to  be  free  from 
pests. 

INTER-ISLAND   INSPECTION. 

Fifty- two  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests : 

Taro 681  bags 

Vegetables 288  packages 

Plants 141 

Fruits 13 

Total  passed 1 123  packages 

Three  packages  of  plants,  on  account  of  infestation  and  un- 
desirable soil,  and  8  packages  of  pineapples  were  refused  ship- 
ment. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


93 

Division  of  Animal  Industry, 


Honolulu,  April  18,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  report  upon  the  investigation  of  a  sup- 
posed outbreak  of  glanders  in  the  Hamakua  district  of  Hawaii, 
as  well  as  upon  various  conditions  encountered  on  Hawaii  and 
pertaining  to  the  work  of  this  Division. 

During  the  month  of  January  a  letter  was  received  from  the 
manager  of  the  Hamakua  plantation  in  question  stating  that  two 
mules  had  died  from  a  disease  believed  to  be  glanders  and  that 
one  was  then  sick.  Previous  to  this  a  few  cases  had  occurred 
from  time  to  time,  two  of  which  had  been  diagnosed  by  the  deputy 
territorial  veterinarian  as  glanders.  However,  as  no  cases  of 
this  disease  has  been  observed  in  that  district  since  1913,  or  any- 
where else  in  the  Territory,  and  as  it  was  highly  improbable  that 
it  could  have  been  brought  in  with  imported  stock,  some  doubt 
was  felt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  diagnosis. 

A  disease  called  epizootic  lymphangitis  and  which  clinically 
resembles  glanders  or  farcy  to  a  great  degree,  was  described  and 
illustrated  in  the  annual  report  of  this  Division  for  1906. 

It  was  especially  prevalent  on  Maui  where  two  outbreaks 
occurred  each  of  which  caused  the  death  of  13  plantation  and 
road  board  mules.  But  also  on  Oahu  and  Hawaii  has  the  disease 
been  met  with  though  in  only  scattering  cases.  It  is  very  preva- 
lent in  China,  India  and  Japan,  and  is  frequently  referred  to  as 
Japanese  farcy.  In  these  countries,  however,  it  is  far  less  viru- 
lent than  is  the  case  here  and  many  cases  recover,  while  here  it 
invariably  proves  fatal. 

Epizootic  lymphangitis  is  a  virulent  transmissible  disease  char- 
acterized by  the  swelling  and  subsequent  suppuration  of  the 
superficial  lymph  vesels,  or  affecting  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  nose  in  glanders-like  fashion.  It  is  caused  by  a  specific 
micro-organism,  a  fungus  (saccharomyees  farciminosum)  and 
not  by  a  bacillus,  as  glanders  is.  That  it  is  difficult  to  distin- 
guish the  two  diseases  from  each  other  is  best  illustrated  by 
quoting  a  sentence  from  a  monograph  on  epizootic  lymphangitis 
by  Captain  Pallin  of  the  Army  Veterinary  Department  of  Eng- 
land.    Captain  Pallin  says : 

''The  disease  has  from  time  immemorial  been  invariably  con- 
founded with  glanders  (farcy)  and  ulcerative  lymphangitis,  in 
whatever  part  of  the  world  it  has  appeared,  and  even  with  the 
assistance  of  Mallein  and  modern  science,  veterinarians  of  near- 
ly every  nationality  still  continue  to  make  the  same  mistakes." 

In  certain  of  the  West  Indies  the  disease  is  said  to  decimate 
the  mule  population. 


94 


THE   HAMAKUA   OUTBREAK. 


By  direction  of  the  Board  I  left  for  Hawaii  the  latter  part  of 
January.  At  Hilo  I  was  met  by  Dr.  O.  B.  Shipman,  Acting  Dep- 
uty Territorial  Veterinarian,  who  informed  me  that  he  had  re- 
cently destroyed  a  typical  case  of  glanders  in  a  pack  mule  on  a 
plantation  a  dozen  miles  north  of  Hilo  (Pepeekeo)  ;  also  that 
this  animal  was  one  of  a  drove  of  more  than  fifty  head  which 
had  been  gathered  by  a  dealer,  presumably  in  the  Kohala  and 
Waimea  districts,  and  sold  off  in  small  bunches  to  many  of  the 
plantations  in  the  Hamakua  and  Hilo  districts.  This  necessitated 
a  thorough  inquiry  as  to  the  whereabouts  of  all  of  these  animals. 
They  were  all  located  and  no  further  cases  were  found  nor  did 
subsequent  investigations  at  their  place  of  origin  disclose  any- 
thing to  indicate  that  they  had  brought  any  disease  with  them. 
In  fact,  the  Pepeekeo  case  did  not  develop  until  several  months 
after  the  animal  had  been  bought. 

This  isolated  case  of  glanders  (  ?)  in  a  district  where  the  dis- 
ease had  not  been  known  for  years  at  first  suggested  that  we 
were  dealing  with  epizootic  lymphangitis  instead  of  glanders. 
This  suspicion  was  confirmed  when  we  reached  the  first  of  the 
Hamakua  plantations  in  question  (Honokaa).  There  w^e  found 
three  animals  isolated,  one  mule  and  two  horses.  The  mule  had 
but  a  slight  discharge  from  the  nose,  no  swelling  of  the  submax- 
illary glands,  but  extensive  worm-like  swelling  of  the  lymph 
vessels  on  the  inside  of  the  thighs,  from  the  tail  nearly  to  the 
hocks,  and  studded  with  rounded  nodules  the  size  of  pigeon  ^gg^. 
A  number  of  smaller  but  disconnected  nodules  were  scattered 
over  the  neck,  chest  and  flanks.  This  animal  was  mallein  tested 
twice,  intradermally,  but  failed  to  react. 

The  next,  a  gray  saddle  horse,  had  been  running  from  the  nose 
for  several  days.  The  discharge  was  not  profuse  but  was  blood 
stained,  and  formed  sticky,  brownish  crusts  around  the  nostrils. 
The  submaxillary  space  was  filled  by  a  diffuse  irregular  swelling 
with  soft  centers.  On  the  left  side  of  the  neck  was  a  corded 
lymphatic  with  a  few  small  nodules.  This  animal  was  also  mal- 
lein tested  twice  with  negative  result. 

The  third  animal,  a  horse  belonging  to  an  outsider,  had  been 
isolated  as  suspicious.  When  examined  it  showed  only  symp- 
toms of  Hawaiian  nose  disease  and  when  it  failed  to  react  to 
the  mallein  tests  it  was  released- 

The  two  other  animals  were  taken  to  the  bluff  overhanging 
the  ocean  and  shot. 

On  post-mortem  examination,  the  mule  showed  no  distinct 
lesions  in  the  nose,  but  the  corded  lymphatics  and  nodules  on  the 
hind  legs  and  body  were  found  to  contain  the  thick  creamy  white 
pus  characteristic  of  epizootic  lymphangitis,  some  of  them  being 
almost  ready  to  burst  open,  while  others  were  hard  and  in- 
durated. 

In  the  horse  the  lesions  in  the  nose  were  very  pronounced, 


95 

the  mucous  membrane  on  both  sides  of  the  septum  (the  partition 
between  the  nasal  chambers),  but  principally  on  the  right  side, 
being  covered  with  well  defined  ulcers  with  swollen  roundpd 
edges,  and  the  centers  in  two  places  almost  penetrating  the  cartila- 
ginous part  of  the  septum,  which  at  the  lower  end  was  thickened 
and  spongy.  On  the  right  side  the  ulcerations  extended  to  the 
upper  nasal  chamber  and  the  turbinated  bone,  the  latter  being 
covered  with  irregular  confluent  granulating  sores.  The  swell- 
ing in  the  submaxillary  space  and  the  nodules  on  the  neck  con- 
tained centers  of  thick  white  pus. 

The  stable  from  which  these  two  cases  had  been  removed  con- 
tained some  120  animals,  principally  mules  and  the  rest  saddle 
horses.  Since  November,  1917,  a  total  of  nine  cases  have  occur- 
red in  this  stable,  our  deputies  from  both  Kohala  and  Hilo  hav- 
ing diagnosed  them  as  glanders  or  farcy.  The  stable  is  located 
on  an  isolated  section  and  is  reached  by  a  fifteen  minutes  ride 
on  the  plantation  railroad.  After  each  case  the  infected  stalls 
had  been  thoroughly  disinfected  by  the  local  Board  of  Health 
agent,  and  all  wood  work  had  been  repeatedly  treated  with  creo- 
sote or  tar.  Individual  drinking  troughs  (soy  tubs)  had  been 
provided  in  the  mangers,  and  both  animals  and  stalls  were  plainly 
numbered  to  prevent  the  promiscuous  use  of  troughs  and  stalls. 

About  a  dozen  animals  were  segregated  at  one  end  of  the  stable 
as  either  exposed  or  suspicious,  but  the  weather  was  so  rainy 
and  cold  that  a  majority  of  the  mules  had  more  or  less  discharge 
from  the  nose.  All  of  the  120  animals  were  submitted  to  the 
intradermal  mallein  test,  but,  as  might  have  been  expected,  with- 
out a  single  reaction.  The  entire  stable  was  again  disinfected 
and  it  was  strongly  recommended  that  some  kind  of  flooring 
be  provided  for  the  stalls ;  as  it  were,  the  animals  were  standing 
either  on  rough  rocks  or  in  mud  holes,  and  as  the  mill  was  not 
running  and  the  weather  was  wet,  there  were  neither  bagasse  nor 
cane  strippings  available  for  bedding.  These  uncomfortable  con- 
ditions in  connection  with  a  pronounced  scarcity  of  feed — no 
barley,  no  cane  tops,  only  alfalfa  meal,  molasses  and  rank  grass 
(Natal  red  top) — would  naturally  tend  to  reduce  the  vitality  and 
power  of  resistance  of  the  animals  to  any  form  of  infection 
which  might  be  present,  but  which  under  normal  or  more  favor- 
able conditions  the  animals  would  be  able  to  throw  ofif.  That 
such  an  infection  is  present  cannot  be  doubted,  and  that  it  is 
one  which  is  far  more  persistent  than  that  of  glanders  is  undis- 
puted. In  its  favor  remains  the  fact  that  it  is  not  transmissible 
to  man,  that  it  cannot  be  transmitted  by  ingestion  of  either  in- 
fected water  or  feed  but  must  be  introduced  directly  into  an 
open  wound  or  to  the  susceptible  (catarrhal,  inflamed  or  wound- 
ed) mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  or  eye.  Where  the  disease  is 
known  to  occur  and  where  a  sharp  lookout  is  kept  for  swollen 
cords  and  nodules,  as  well  as  for  the  characteristic  sticky  dis- 
charge from  the  nose,  it  is  not  so  difficult  to  recognize  and  guard 


96 

against  as  glanders,  but  no  diagnostic  test — like  the  mallein  test 
— has  as  yet  been  evolved. 

During  the  beginning  of  February  a  call  was  received  from 
the  adjoining  plantation  to  the  north.  Upon  arrival  a  large  plan- 
tation mule  which  had  been  isolated  was  found  to  be  badly 
affected  with  both  the  nasal  and  cutaneous  form  of  the  disease. 
There  was  no  fever  and  no  submaxillary  swelling,  nor  did  the 
animal  react  to  either  the  intradermal  nor  the  ophthalmic  mal- 
lein test — three  facts  sufficient  to  establish  the  diagnosis  of 
epkootic  lymphangitis  when  considered  in  connection  with  the 
nasal  discharge  and  the  corded  and  noduled  lymph  vessels  on 
neck  and  hind-legs.  On  this  plantation  stable  and  feed  condi- 
tions were  even  worse  than  on  the  one  above  mentioned.  The 
stables  were  badly  located,  practically  no  drainage,  and  the 
floors  were  absolutely  prohibitive  against  an  animal  lying  down 
to  rest.  No  cane  tops,  and  grain  impossible  to  obtain.  Soggy 
rank  grass,  chopped,  alfalfa  meal  and  molasses  constituted  the 
feed  on  which  the  animals  were  supposed  to  work.  A  most  thor- 
ough disinfection  of  the  whole  stable  was  begun  at  once,  the 
disinfectant  recommended  by  the  Board  of  Health  being  em- 
ployed in  connection  with  quicklime  for  the  floors. 

The  next  case  developed  in  an  old  mule  which  was  kept  in  a 
sling  on  account  of  a  badly  injured  hind-leg.  Nodules  and  cords 
appeared  all  over  the  body  and  the  animal  was  shot.  There  were 
no  nasal  symptoms.  A  week  later  two  cases  developed  in  quick 
succession,  one  in  a  separate  stable  across  a  gulch  from  the  rest 
of  them  and  the  other  in  one  of  the  already  disinfected  stables. 
Both  were  immediately  segregated  and  mallein  tested  by  three 
distinct  methods,  the  intradermal,  the  ophthalmic  and  the  sub- 
cutaneous test,  but  neither  reacted  in  the  slightest  degree.  One 
of  these  cases  is  remarkable  in  that  it  recovered,  at  least  tem- 
porarily. The  right  hind  leg  was  diffusely  swollen  and  from  a 
wound  on  the  inside  of  the  thigh  flowed  a  profuse  creamy  white 
discharge,  mixed  with  streaks  of  blood.  As  there  were  no 
cords  or  nodules  and  as  it  was  a  valuable  animal,  treatment  was 
undertaken.  This  consisted  simply  in  repeated  ablutions  of  the 
wound  with  a  strong  disinfecting  solution,  and  the  application  of 
mercuric  ointment.  In  the  course  of  two  weeks  the  wound  had 
healed  and  while  there  still  remained  some  swelling  of  the  leg 
the  animal  was  able  to  go  to  work.  Whether  this  is  a  permanent 
cure  remains  to  be  seen.  On  the  other  hand  the  case  may  have 
been  one  of  simple  suppurative  lymphangitis  which  however  is 
not  likely  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  pus. 

Mule  No.  4  was  a  typical  case,  nasal  as  well  as  cutaneous.  In 
order  to  dispel  the  last  doubt  as  to  the  diagnosis  a  couple  of 
guinea  pigs  had  been  secured.  These  animals  are  highly  sus- 
ceptible to  glanders  and  will,  when  inoculated  with  the  nasal  dis- 
charge, develop  the  disease  in  from  6  to  11  days.  Both  were 
inoculated  intra-abdominally  with  a  syringe  full  of  the  nasal 
discharge  of  the  mule,  dissolved  in  normal  salt  solution.     With 


97 

exception  of  a  small  nodule  at  the  point  of  inoculation  no  symp- 
toms of  glanders  had  developed  three  weeks  after  inoculation, 
and  the  animals  were  eating  well  and  had  gained  in  weight.  The 
mule  had  in  the  meantime  been  shot,  the  case  becoming  general- 
ized and  highly  offensive  but  retaining  its  appetite  almost  to 
the  last. 

The  continuous  rains— from  5  to  10  inches  and  more  nearly 
every  day — and  the  unfortunate  feed  conditions  had  caused  a 
good  deal  of  sickness  and  several  deaths  of  a  non-specific  char- 
acter, and  had  the  mill  not  begun  grinding  and  cane  tops  become 
available,  most  of  the  field  work  would  undoubtedly  have  come 
to  a  stop.  A  number  of  visits  had  been  made  to  the  plantation 
first  mentioned  and  to  one  further  south,  but  no  more  cases  were 
met  with  after  cane  tops  and  some  barley  were  again  fed. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  last  authentic  case  of  glanders 
observed  in  the  Territory  had  occurred  in  Waipio  Valley  where 
40  head  were  destroyed  and  many  more  died  during  1912,  a 
thorough  investigation  of  that  locality  was  decided  upon.  All 
horse  stock  was  rounded  up,  171  head,  and  a  list  made  of  the 
names  of  the  owners  and  the  number  belonging  to  each.  After 
inspection,  the  valley  was  searched  for  additional  animals  and  a 
few  were  found,  but  none  showing  any  symptoms  of  disease. 
From  former  experiences,  the  possibility  of  diseased  animals 
being  hidden  in  the  gulches  beyond  Waipio  was  not  excluded, 
so  a  party  including  the  police  and  Board  of  Health  officers,  as 
well  as  Dr.  Shipman  and  myself,  undertook  to  search  this  very 
difficult  district.  All  of  the  nine  gulches  beyond  Waipio  and  in- 
cluding Waimanu  were  explored,  but  only  in  the  latter  did  we 
find  about  thirty  head  of  horse  stock  and  they  were  all  healthy. 
It  would  therefore  seem  safe  to  conclude  that  the  very  heavy 
glanders  infection  which  had  persisted  in  this  district  for  years 
had  been  eradicated  completely  during  the  1912-1913  campaign. 

The  difficulty  of  this  Division  dealing  with  a  sereve  outbreak 
of  disease  among  the  live  stock  in  the  Hamakua  district  is  mani- 
fest. Our  two  deputies  are  located,  one  at  Hilo  and  one  at  Ko- 
hala,  so  for  either  to  visit  Kukuihaele  for  instance,  and  return 
home,  would  require  their  traveling  from  100  to  150  miles  over 
bad  roads,  with  the  possibility  of  having  to  return  the  next  day 
to  diagnose  a  new  case.  A  plantation  manager  can,  of  course, 
quarantine  and  destroy  his  own  animals  if  he  deems  it  necessary, 
but  what  of  the  hundreds  of  animals  belonging  to  the  villagers, 
tradesmen  and  homesteaders,  who  will  take  no  such  measures 
unless  compelled  to.  And  it  is  these  animals  that  come  and  go 
and  are  sold  or  hidden  out  as  soon  as  they  show  any  suspicious 
symptoms,  which  are  a  constant  menace  to  the  plantation  and 
ranch  stock  in  any  district. 

Under  these  circumstances  an  effort  was  made  to  have  the 
principal  live  stock  owners  in  the  Hamakua  and  Waimea  dis- 
tricts provide  for  the  permanent  employment  of  a  first  class 
veterinarian,  to  be  invested  with  the  authority  of  a  deputy  ter- 


98 

ritorial  veterinarian  by  this  Board,  to  be  stationed  at  Honokaa, 
and  who  would  not  alone  act  officially  in  so  far  as  infectious  and 
contagious  diseases  were  concerned,  but  would  attend  to  all 
medical  and  surgical  cases  occurring  in  the  stables  or  on  the 
premises  of  those  contributing  to  his  salary.  This  project,  how- 
ever, met  with  so  little  encouragement  from  the  two  plantations 
which  would  seem  to  need  its  consummation  the  most  that,  even 
though  the  Parker  Ranch  had  already  pledged  its  participation, 
it  had  to  be,  at  least  temporarily,  abandoned. 

And  still,  to  judge  from  the  best  authorities  on  the  subject, 
it  is  very  unlikely  that  epizootic  lymphangitis  has  been  perma- 
nently suppressed  on  these  plantations  nor  is  it  likely  to  be  until 
at  least  more  hygienic  and  sanitary  stables  are  provided  and  re- 
currences guarded  against  by  constant  professional  supervision. 

As  a  substitute  measure  it  was  suggested  that  the  local  Board 
of  Health  agent  be  appointed  an  agent  or  live  stock  inspector  by 
this  Board.  The  officer  in  question,  who  is  also  invested  with 
police  authority,  had  been  active  inspecting  all  horse  stock  out- 
side the  plantation  stables  with  a  view  to  tracing  the  source  of 
infection.  His  report  to  the  chief  sanitary  inspector  at  Hilo 
pertaining  to  the  work  elicited  a  reply  containing  the  following 
lucid  comments : 

''As  an  agent  of  the  Board  of  Health,  your  authority  does 
not  extend  to  animal  quarantine  work.  We  are  at  all  times 
ready  and  willing  to  assist  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
desire  that  in  this  case  you  do  all  3'ou  can  to  assist  in  the  eradi- 
cation of  glanders.  You  are  cautioned  against  placing  any 
animals  in  quarantine  unless  such  animal  has  been  declared  to 
have  a  communicable  disease  b}^  a  Territorial  veterinarian. 
When  this  has  been  done,  if  you  are  asked  to  assist,  you  may. 
In  no  case  do  M^e  handle  the  matter.  We  work  with  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  Sec.  508,  E.  L.  1915,  provides  for 
quarantine  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  as  follows: 

"  'Quarantine:  Destruction  Diseased  Aniuials:  The  Board 
shall  have  the  power  to  quarantine  any  domestic  animal  known 
to  be  affected  with  or  to  have  been  exposed  to  any  contagious, 
infectious  or  communicable  disease,  and  to  destroy  the  same, 
when  in  the  opinion  of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian,  or  in  his 
absence,  a  duly  qualified  veterinary  surgeon,  such  measure  is 
necessarj"  to  prevent  the  spread  of  such  disease,  and  to  provide 
for  the  proper  disposition  of  its  hide  and -carcass;  and  to  dis- 
infect premises  where  any  such  disease  ma}'-  have  existed. ' 

*T  would  suggest  that  Dr.  Norgaard  give  you  a  commission  as 
agent  for  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry;  you  may  then 
act  for  him." 

This  spirit  of  cooperation  by  the  officers  of  the  Territorial 
Board  of  Health  is  thoroughly  appreciated  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  said  agent's  appointment  as  a  live  stock  inspector  of 
this  Board  would  add  to  the  scope  of  his  authority,  as  every 
section  of  Chapter  37,  R.  L.  1915,  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  per- 
taining to  this  work,  requires  the  dia.ijnosis  to  be  made  by  the 
Territorial  veterinarian  or  a  duly  qualified  veterinary  surgeon, 


99 

as  above  quoted.  Even  Section  505  pertaining  to  the  appoint- 
ment of  live  stock  inspectors  cannot  be  interpreted  to  invest 
such  inspectors  with  professional  ability  that  would  obviate  the 
veterinarian,  while  Section  513,  Reporting  disease,  makes  it  im- 
perative that  any  person  knowing  of  or  having  reason  to  believe 
that  an  animal  is  suffering,  etc..  shall  report  same  forthwith  to 
a  territorial  veterinarian,  etc.  It  would  therefore  seem  that  in 
case  this  dangerous  and  destructive  disease,  the  origin  of  which 
is  unknown,  should  persist  in  the  Hamakua  district,  and  perhaps 
spread  to  neighboring  districts,  the  employment  of  a  veterinarian 
will  become  imperative.  At  the  same  time  it  seems  incompre- 
hensible that  a  chain  of  plantations  with  perhaps  one  thousand 
work  animals,  upon  which  they  depend  absolutely  for  existence, 
and  the  majority  of  which  cannot  at  the  present  time  be  replaced 
for  less  than  $300.00  per  head,  should  be  willing  to  leave  their 
health,  that  is  their  working  capacity,  to  the  tender  mercies  of 
ignorant  stable  hands,  when  the  saving  of  one  or  two  per  cent 
of  the  animals  per  year  would  pay  for  the  services  of  a  compe- 
tent veterinarian. 

BOVINE    TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

From  a  large  number  of  tuberculin  tests  applied  by  myself,  or 
in  company  with  Dr.  Shipman,  it  would  appear  that  bovine  tuber- 
culosis is  far  from  being  as  prevalent  on  Hawaii  as  it  is,  or  has 
been,  on  Oahu.  Out  of  a  bunch  of  14  imported  Hereford  bulls 
at  Naalehu,  Kau,  one  had  died  and  the  organs  were  sent  to 
Hilo  for  diagnosis.  They -were  found  to  be  badly  affected  with 
tuberculosis,  and  fearing  that  the  remaining  bulls  might  infect 
the  entire  herd  of  several  thousand  cattle  on  a  ranch  where  the 
disease  had  never  been  knowai  before,  the  manager's  request  to 
have  them  tested  was  complied  with.  We  were  at  the  time  test- 
ing the  dairies  around  Glenwood,  where  five  reacters  were  found 
in  one  herd.  A  machine  was  sent  for  me  from  Naalehu  and 
subsequently  returned  me  to  the  Volcano  House.  One  of  the 
imported  bulls  in  question  reacted  to  the  tuberculin  test  and  was 
appraised  and  slaughtered.  It  was  but  slightly  affected  in  both 
lungs.  The  lesions  were  of  recent  origin  and  the  disease  must 
have  been  contracted  from  the  bull  that  had  died  first.  At  Pahoa 
we  tested  seventy  head  without  a  single  reacter,  nor  were  any 
found  in  the  Hamakua  district. 

Referring  to  the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial 
Veterinarian  suggesting  an  amendment  of  the  present  law  gov- 
erning the  payment  of  indemnification  for  cattle  which  have 
been  less  than  six  months  in  the  Territory,  it  will  appear  that 
the  last  sentence  in  Section  4,  which  reads : 

''Provided,  that  no  payment  shall  be  made  for  an  animal 
which  has  been  in  the  Territory  for  a  period  of  less  than  six 
months  prior  to   the  date  of  slaughter." 

might  be  effectively  altered. 


100 

The  aim  of  the  proviso  is  plainly  that  anybody  importing  an 
animal  affected  with  tuberculosis  shall  receive  no  compensation, 
if  the  same  is  found,  within  six  months  from  the  date  of  importa- 
tion, to  be  suffering  from  tuberculosis,  and  this  again  implies 
that  all  imported  dairy  cattle  shall  be  tested  prior  to  the  expira- 
tion of  that  term,  in  order  to  decide  their  qualifications  for  in- 
demnity. The  trafficking  in  tuberculosis  cattle  which  has  been 
carried  on  here,  and  the  importation  of  cattle  from  dairy  herds 
ni  California  which  upon  test  show  25%  reacters  (20  reacters 
out  of  79  tested),  and  of  which  the  'passed  as  healthy"  ones 
show  7  reacters  out  of  30  head  tested  after  they  have  been  in  a 
healthy  herd  in  the  Territory  for  less  than  four  months,  would 
seem  to  indicate  either  absolute  disregard  or  else  ignorance  of 
the  accepted  laws  which  govern  the  spread  of  bovine  tuberculosis, 
and  as  all  importers  of  dairy  stock  have  been  warned  time  and 
time  again,  by  word  of  mouth  and  through  published  reports 
and  articles  against  purchasing  stock  from  infected  herds — test 
or  no  test — it  is  not  likely  to  be  ignorance. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Bellina  has  for  years  kept  the  largest  dairy  herd 
in  the  Territory  practically  free  of  tuberculosis,  so  what  induced 
him  to  purchase  the  50  California  cattle,  after  20  reacters  had 
been  rejected  by  the  inspector,  and  in  addition  j)urchased  a  num- 
ber of  Mr.  Chas.  Bellina's  Halawa  herd,  is  not  easily  explained, 
unless  he  wanted  to  make  certain  of  infecting  his  own  herd.  No 
compensation  was  paid  for  the  imported  tuberculous  animals,  nor 
will  any  be  paid  by  sanction  of  this  office  whether  tested  before 
or  after  the  six  months  period,  so  long  as  post-mortem  evidence 
and  the  history  of  the  imported  cattle  indicate  that  they  were 
diseased  or  infected  at  the  time  of  purchase.  This  office  will 
continue  to  keep  en  rapport  with  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry  offices  in  San  Francisco,  Portland  and  Seattle,  and  all 
animals  purchased  from  infected  herds  will  be  tested  before  they 
have  been  here  six  months  and  the  reacters  destroyed  Vv^ithout 
compensation.  The  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Compensation  Act 
(Act  121,  S.  L.  1917)  authorizes  and  empowers  this  Board  to 
take  measures  "for  the  prompt  prevention,  suppression  and  eradi- 
cation of  bovine  tuberculosis"  and  if  there  has  been  any  doubt 
about  it  before,  it  is  now  stated  most  emphatically,  that  this 
office  will  not  temporize  with  any  efforts  to  continue  the  disease 
in  the  Territory. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


101 

REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT    VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  April  11,  1918. 

Dr.  V.  A.  NoRGAARD,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 

Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 
Sir  : — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of 
March,  1918: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

During  the  past  month  the  following  cattle  were  tested  for 
tuberculosis : 

Tested.  Passed.       Condemned. 

I.  A.  Cummings 9  8  1 

bahu  College   16  16  0 

College  of  Hawaii 17  17  0 

Mills  School   24  23  1 

K.  Mitsunaga   5  4  1 

C.  R.  Frazier 6  6  0 

James  Leach 1  1  0 

Lunalilo  Home    21  21  0 

W.  E.  Bellina 425  415  10 

O.  R.  &  L.  Co.  (Mokuleia)  554  551  3 

O.  R.  &  L.  Co.  (Kawailoa)  77  77  0 

Y.  Ogawa   9  9  0 

Antone  Martin   16  16  0 

S.  Hugisaka 6  6  0 

Out  of  a  total  of  1186  head  of  dairy  cattle  tested  during  the 
month  1170  were  passed  and  tagged  and  16  condemned  and 
branded. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  tests  disclosed  10  tuberculosis 
animals  in  Mr.  Bellina's  herd.  The  animals  w^ere  divided  as 
follows:  7  imported  California  cows  only  four  months  in  the 
Territory  and  2  heifers  and  1  cow  purchased  from  Mr.^  C.  H. 
Bellina.  Not  one  animal  in  the  original  herd  showed  signs  of 
tuberculosis  and  it  was  therefore  a  clean  herd  before  these  two 
purchases. 

Of  the  7  imported  cows,  4  have  been  slaughtered  and  lesions 
of  tuberculosis  found  in  all.  The  stage  and  condition  of  these 
lesions  demonstrated  beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  they 
were  present  in  these  animals  at  the  time  they  were  tested  on  the 
Mainland  and  for  some  reason  the  subcutaneous  test — the  method 
used  at  that  time— failed  to  detect  them.  At  the  time  of  retest 
here,  four  months  later,  they  gave  distinct  reactions  to  the  intra- 
dermal test,  the  approved  method  of  testing  in  this  Territory. _ 

The  above  cattle  were  open  to  no  chance  of  infection  during 
the  time  they  w^ere  in  the  Islands  as  they  w^ere  brought  into  a 
clean  herd  as  proved  on  recent  test,  therefore  the  conclusion  must 


102 

be  that  they  brought  the  disease  with  them  and  this  was  amply 
proved  by  a  close  examination  of  the  lesions  present  in  the  body. 
This  leads  us  to  a  consideration  of  the  degree  of  protection 
afforded  by  our  present  regulations  covering  the  importation  of 
cattle  into  the  Territory. 

In  this  connection  I  would  suggest  that  our  present  regulations 
on  the  subject  be  repealed  and  that  a  new  regulation  be  promul- 
gated providing  for  testing  of  all  cattle  whether  of  dairy  or  beef 
breeds  upon  their  arrival  in  the  Territory,  except  in  those  cases 
where  said  cattle  are  accompanied  by  a  certificate  signed  by  the 
Chief  Veterinarian  of  the  State  from  which  they  come,  to  the 
effect  that  said  cattle  come  from  a  herd  proved,  by  repeated 
tests,  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis  for  a  period  of  at  least  two 
years  immediately  preceding  date  of  shipment.  Such  a  regula- 
tion would,  I  believe,  be  of  great  assistance  at  the  stage  of  tuber- 
culosis control  and  eradication  which  we  have  now  reached ;  it 
would  minimize  to  the  last  degree  the  danger  of  the  spread  of 
the  disease  from  new  centers  of  infection  caused  by  the  importa- 
tion of  diseased  cattle  which  had  failed  to  show  a  reaction  to  the 
subcutaneous  test ;  it  would  conserve  our  indemnification  appro- 
priation, and  finally  it  would  put  a  premium  on  the  purchase  of 
cattle  from  accredited  tuberculosis-free  herds.  To  sum  up,  we 
would  have  a  much  better  control  of  the  situation  and  be  in  a 
better  position  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  the  disease  from 
abroad. 

Post-Mortem  Inspection  of  Condemned  Cattle. 

Fourteen  condemned  cattle  from  various  dairies  were  inspect- 
ed at  the  different  abattoirs.  All  presented  lesions  of  tubercu- 
losis in  varying  extent.  In  only  two  cases  w^ere  the  lesions  so 
extensive  and  the  carcasses  so  emaciated  as  to  necessitate  entire 
condemnation.  No  compensation  was  paid  on  four  head  as  they 
had  been  in  the  Territory  but  four  months. 

Importations  of  Live  Stock. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :  121  Holstein  cows,  1  Holstein 
bull,  C.  H.  Bellina;  1  Berkshire  boar.  This  shipment  is  notable 
in  the  fact  that  it  is  the  largest  individual  importation  of  dairy 
cattle  in  many  years  and  for  the  high  grade  of  the  animals  in- 
cluded in  it.  1  Holstein  cow,  E.  F.  Bishop;  50  Merino  rams 
(New  Zealand),  Parker  Ranch.  A  very  even  lot  of  rams  and  a 
good  representation  of  this  particular  type  of  Merino.  9  crates 
poultry. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco:  1  dog,  B.  F.  Lee;  6  crates  poul- 
try. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


103 

Marketing  Division 


Honolulu,  April  1st,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H.  | 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  report  of 
the  Territorial  Marketing  Division  for  the  month  of  March, 
1918: 

The  sales  for  the  month  amounted  to  $13,121.45,  which  is 
$6826.80  less  than  the  sales  for  the  previous  month,  but  this  is 
to  be  expected  as  we  received  very  few  large  consignments  dur- 
ing the  month.  Most  of  the  consignments  received  consisted  of 
pumpkins,  bananas  and  cabbage. 

The  bean  crop  is  about  cleaned  up  and  there  will  be  very  few 
large  consignments  received  until  the  corn  crop  is  harvested. 
Large  areas  of  land  have  been  planted  to  corn,  and  if  the  weather 
is  favorable  there  will  be  an  exceptionally  large  crop.  A  good 
portion  of  this  will  be  made  into  corn  meal  for  the  local  market. 

Very  few  sweet  potatoes  were  received  during  the  past  month, 
causing  the  price  to  advance  to  $1.75  a  hundred  pounds.  This 
price  will  not  remain  long  as  sweet  potatoes  will  be  plentiful  in 
about  four  to  five  weeks. 

Mr.  C.  C.  Conradt,  of  Molokai,  has  written  us  that  he  will 
have  about  one  thousand  bags  for  the  market  during  the  next 
three  months,  which  he  intends  to  ship  to  the  Division.  These 
potatoes  are  starting  to  come  in  now,  in  twenty-five  sack  ship- 
ments, and  we  find  them  exceptionally  good,  being  of  the  INladera 
variety  and  well  graded. 

The  Reo  truck  purchased  during  the  month  has  been  a  great 
help  to  the  Division.  We  have  been  able  to  make  prompt  deliv- 
eries, and  it  has  not  been  necessary  for  us  to  hire  outside  trucks. 

The  financial  statement  and  trial  balance  for  March  is  enclosed 
herewith. 

Respectfully, 

O.   B.  LiGHTFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 


104 

Territorial  Fair  Exhibit 


Plan  of  Exhibit  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  at 
the  First  Territorial  Fair,  June  10-15,  1918.  Approved  bv 
the  Board  on  April  24,  1918. 

Division  of  Forestry. 

I.     Forest  Extension. 

1,  Nursery  stock  of  seedlings  and  transplants  in  boxes,  pots, 
and  tubs. 

2.  Forest  and  ornamental  tree  seed  pods  and  seed. 

II.  Forest  Protection. 

1.  Working  erosion  model  showing  beneficial  effects  of  forest 
cover  and  runoff. 

2.  Standard  forest  reserve  monument,  cloth  posters,  list  and 
maps  of  forest  reserves. 

III.  Miscellaneous. 

1.  Stands  of  wood  specimens  of  introduced  and  native  trees. 

2.  Samples  of  bamboo  growing  in  Hawaii.     (At  the  special 
request  of  the  Fair  Commission.) 

Division  of  Animal  Industry. 

I.     Charts  showing : 

1.  List  of  animal  diseases  kept  out  of  Territory  by  inspection 
and  quarantine. 

2.  List  of  animal  diseases  which  have  gained  entrance. 

a.  Statistics   and   methods   showing   those   which   have   been 
eradicated. 

b.  Statistics  showing  methods  and  rate  at  which  others  have 
been  reduced. 

II.  Specimens   of   organs   resulting   from   diseases   listed    in 
I,  a.  and  b. 

III.  Photographs  of  stock. 

IV.  Miscellaneous. 

Marketing  D ivision. 

I.     Display  of  island  produce  showing  how  it  should  be  pro- 
perly graded  and  packed  for  shipment  to  market,  as  follows : 

a.  Bananas,  packed  in  leaves  for  shipment. 

b.  Beans,  packed  in  double  sacks  graded  and  in  single  sacks 
not  graded. 

c.  Cabbage,  packed  in  crates  and  in  bags. 

d.  Eggs,   stamped  and  packed   in  twelve   dozen   H.    D.   tgg 
crates  and  thirty  dozen  Standard  ^gg  crates. 

e.  Onions,  packed  in  crates  and  bags  and  a  few  onions  show- 
ing the  different  methods  of  curing. 


Mahogany  Trees  Five  Years  Old  ox  Kalakaua  Avenue 
Parking,  Honolulu. 


105 

f.  Pineapples,  packed  in  crates  for  shipping  to  the  Coast. 

g.  Potatoes,  graded  and  not  graded. 

h.  Poultry,  shipped  in  rough  crates  and  in  collapsible  chicken 
crates. 

i.     Strazvherries,  packed  in  quart  baskets  and  in  bulk. 

j.  Tomatoes,  packed  in  "Chinese  baskets,  berry  baskets  and 
tomato  crates. 

11.     Island  Corn  and  Beans. 

Sample  bottles  of  as  many  varieties  of  island  corn  and  beans 
as  can  be  obtained. 

Note: — Exhibits  for  the  Division  of  Entomology  and  Plant 
Inspection  have  already  been  planned  for  by  the  Economic  En- 
tomological Committee  of  the  Territorial  Fair  Commission. 


The  True  Mahogany  Tree 


By  C.  S.  JuDD,  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

The  term  "mahogany"  with  or  without  some  qualifying  word 
such  as  "Indian,"  "African"  or  "Philippine"  is  applied  to  many 
cabinet  woods  grown  in  widely  separated  parts  of  the  world. 
These  so-called  mahoganies  belong  to  67  distinct  species  of  41 
genera  and  they  are  scattered  through  18  families  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom.  Even  the  wood  of  the  native  koa,  Acacia  koa, 
has  been  placed  on  the  San  Francisco  market  as  "Hawaiian 
mahogany."  This  has  all  led  to  the  bewildering  ambiguity  of  the 
term  "mahogany"  and,  to  add  to  the  confusion,  true  mahogany 
has  many  names  and  several  more  or  less  distinct  varieties  are 
recognized  commercially. 

The  true  mahogany  is  produced  only  by  two  closely  related 
species  of  tree,  Szvietenia  mahogani  and  Szvietenia  macrophylla, 
both  natives  of  tropical  America.  The  former  grows  very  well 
in  these  islands  and  quantities  of  seedlings  are  raised  for  dis- 
tribution each  year  at  the  Government  Nursery  from  seed  pro- 
duced on  an  old  tree  on  King  street  near  Piikoi  street,  Hono- 
lulu. The  trees  in  the  center  parking  on  Kalakaua  avenue  on 
the  way  to  Waikiki  are  the  true  mahogany  and  recently  a  2^ 
acre  plantation  of  this  species  was  set  out  in  lower  Makiki  Val- 
ley to  test  out  its  habits  of  growth  under  close  planting  con- 
ditions. 


106 

Withdrawal  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  Forest 

.eserve 


R( 


Pursuant  to  the  published  notice,  which  appeared  in  the  last 
issue  of  The  Forester,  a  public  hearing  of  the  Governor  and  of 
this  Board  was  held  at  the  office  of  the  Board  on  King  street, 
Honolulu,  on  April  4,  1918,  to  consider  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Island  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  forest  reserve  in  order  to  return 
it  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  who 
alone  has  the  power  to  lease  government  lands,  so  that  the  de- 
mands for  increased  pasturage  for  fattening  cattle  for  the  mar- 
ket could  be  met. 

The  hearing  which  lasted  for  2)4  hours  was  well  attended  and 
much  interesting  information  concerning  the  past  history  of  the 
island  and  its  present  condition  was  revealed. 

It  was  brought  out  during  the  hearing  that  Kahoolawe  was 
not  one  of  the  water-producing  reserves  which  are  of  prime  im- 
portance to  the  main  industries  of  the  island  on  account  of  water 
conservation  and  w^as  therefore  a  side  issue  in  the  main  forest 
work  which  confronts  the  Territory ;  that,  so  far  as  the  reforesta- 
tion of  the  island  is  concerned,  the  algaroba  tree  has  been  spread 
by  stock  and  is  now  satisfactorily  established  by  the  thousands 
on  about  two-thirds  of  the  island  wherever  there  is  good  soil; 
that  it  would  be  a  foolish  waste  of  money  to  attempt  to  reforest 
the  bare  top  of  the  island ;  that  for  the  good  of  the  island  the 
remaining  sheep  and  goats  should  be  exterminated  or  entirely 
removed ;  that  the  Board  had  attempted  in  almost  every  possible 
way  to  accomplish  this  with  the  result  that  during  the  past  eight 
years  approximately  5000  goats  had  been  eradicated,  but  about 
1000  remained,  and  it  was  difficult  to  induce  anyone  to  clean 
these  up;  that  there  is  a  vast  area  of  pili  grass  valuable  for  fat- 
tening cattle  for  the  market  and  tons  of  algaroba  beans  on  the 
island  going  to  waste  annually;  that  under  a  carefully  prepared 
lease  of  the  island  with  due  restrictions  and  limitations  good  use 
could  be  made  of  these  and  at  the  same  time  the  goats  could  be 
required  to  be  exterminated;  and  that  only  the  Land  Office 
could  issue  such  a  lease. 

In  order  to  accomplish  this  it  was  necessary  to  change  the  sta- 
tus of  Kahoolawe  as  a  forest  reserve  and  return  it  to  the  list  of 
public  lands  which  may  be  leased. 

^  This  was  accomplished  by  the  promulgation  of  the  proclama- 
tion, appearing  in  this  issue,  which  was  signed  bv  the  Governor 
on  April  20,  1918. 

It  is  now  proposed  to  offer  a  lease  of  the  island  under  the  fol- 
lowing conditions  which  have  been  agreed  upon  by  the  Governor 
and  the  Land  Commissioner; 

"1.    The  extermination  immediately  of  all  goats  on  said  island. 

"2.     That  not  to  exceed  200  head  of  beef  cattle  be  pastured 


107 

on  the  island,  unless,  after  inspection,  the  Land  Commissioner 
decides  a  greater  number  can  be  properly  sustained. 

"3.  That  a  suitable  number  of  horses  be  kept  on  the  island  to 
spread  kiawe  beans  and  extend  the  forest  area. 

"4.  That  the  grass  or  beans  be  so  pastured  that  danger  of  lire 
will  be  reduced  to  the  minimum. 

"5.  That  rigid  restrictions  be  stipulated  against  the  use  of 
fire  and  matches. 

"6.  That  some  system  of  water  catchment  and  storage  of 
same  be  provided  for  by  the  lessee. 

"7.  That  the  land  commissioner  make  such  other  conditions 
that  seem  to  him  just  and  reasonable. 

"8.  That  the  interest  of  the  lease  is  primarily  to  conserve  and 
restore  the  island  to  its  utmost  value. 

"9.  That  the  present  purpose  of  the  lease  is  to  develop  the 
island  rather  than  to  extract  an  extreme  rental  that  would  tend 
to  force  exploitation." 


PROCLAMATION 

of 


WITHDKAWAL  FROM   THE  FOREST  RESERVE   OF   THE   ENTIRE 

ISLAND   OF   KAHOOLAWE,   COUNTY   OF   MAUI, 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 

Under  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM,  Governor 
of  Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  and  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Lands,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice  has  been  duly  given 
all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  hereby  withdraw  from  the  forest  reserve 
the  entire  island  of  Kahoolaw^e,  County  of  Maui,  Territory  of  Hawaii, 
which  was  set  apart  as  the  Kahoolawe  Forest  Reserve  by  Proclamation 
of  the  Governor  of  Haw^aii  on  August  25,  1910. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the  Great  Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Haw^aii  to  be  affixed.  Done  at  the 
Capitol  in  Honolulu  this  20th  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1918. 

(Seal)  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By   the   Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


LiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiaiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!^ 


OFFICERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 

DIRECTORS: 

C.  H,  Cooke,  Director 

E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


SUGAR  FACIORS 

SHIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


EEPEESENTIXG 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 
NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 
JOINT  SERVICE 
NIPPON  YUSEN  KAISHA 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
KiTauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinhurgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 
British  America  Assurance  Co. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


=    Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.     Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 


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I  The  Paper  They  All  Head  \ 

i  Circulation,  bdh  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  hy  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Adverl^iser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  moniig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  moniing — not  this  afternoon.  E 


=  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  E 

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t!iiisii!!inii!!siiiinne9S!niinfngi!!i!i!iniie!isiniiiin:!!i!iiniiii3iiiiiiiiiiEiiiiiii 

lONION  FEED  CO.,  LTD.f 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I         m  AND  GRAIN        \ 

=  and   Manufacturers   of  5 

I        ALGAROBA  FEED        | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

I  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  | 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  = 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
=      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      | 

IlllliniinilKliMliiEiliSlilSlllllllliinilSIIEillillliniflilliilllllllllllllllllllllBlllir: 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer—finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOE  FULL  PAETICULAKS  APPLY  TO  E 

I  Castled  Cooke,  Ctd.f 

E  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE, 
AUTOMOBILE  AND 
TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE 
NSURANCE 


I  Castle  $€ooke,CtdJ 

I  HONOLTJLXJ,  HAWAII  | 

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I  J.  Ivl.  DOAVSETT I 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HARTFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     | 

i  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  | 


I    ISTCHESe  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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^MIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllEllllllllllllllllllllii 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  | 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  = 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  = 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

=  our  stock  large.  = 

I  E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.  | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=      Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,    Excelsior      E 

I  li  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=    Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Trancisco,  Cal.         — 

i  MANUFACTURERS  A  ND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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IH.  HACKFELD  &  CO..  LID.I 


HONOLULU,   HAWAII 


San    Francisco    Office      .      .      .      . 
New  York  Office 


310    Sansome    St. 
.      82'  Wall   St. 


=        SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM- 
=  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS 


=   DEALERS    IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
=  DRY  GOODS  = 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu-.  Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sti-gar    Company.    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co..    Ltd. 
The  Wainiea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  Xorth  America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters    Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,   Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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>1  'Uu' 


4  K*ii  '  r< ' 


.M-  •■ 


;  i 


H' 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)minissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Bice,  Fresident 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dowsett 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OP  FOiiiESTEY. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  ais^ 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 
Joseph  P.  Kock,  CoTisulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Eilo,  Hawaii. 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Ka/uaL 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalu,s,  Oahu. 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu., 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOaT. 

David  T.  Pullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Eavai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animal  Industry  and  Territoriai 

Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave), 
O.  B.  Shipraan,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii* 
A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii. 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Eauai. 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  MarJceting  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W.  G.  Moir,  MarJceting  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  Midkiff,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  W.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

C.  H.  Durfee,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Oahu. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTURIS;^ 


MAY,  1918 


ill!  Ilil 


!il  l!i 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Forestry  as  applied  in  Hawaii,  by  C  S.  Judd,  Super- 
intendent of  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii  (illus- 
trated) ,.. 117-T33 


VOL.  XV. 


Price,  Ten  Cents 


NO.  5 


Abxantifr  $c  HalliuJtn, 


Sltmtt^i 


opricEs 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING 
MEHLHORN   BUILDING 
82  V/ALL  STREET        -        -        -        - 
ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFPICEBS    AND    DIEEOTOBS: 

J.  P.  COOKE . . . . , President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER First. Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  E.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEEHOUSE .Treasurer 

JOHN   GUILD Secretary 

H.   A.  BALDWIN ._ Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

0.  H.  ATHEETON Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Director 


AGEN7S    FOB 


Hawaiian   Coram ercial   ami    Sunar   Coaipany 

JSaiku  Sugar  Ojuii-feny 

Pain    Plant  B'Si-iu 

Maui  Aiiricttltaril  CompaA}^ 

HfcWftliau   Sujfai'  Oimpany 

McBryde   S^gajf   Carepany,   Lid. 

Ka&uku   Plantation   ComptiHj 

Kauai   Fmii;  and  Lasid  Coiapaajr,   Ltd. 

KttnJui    Rtllrcad    CScmpaay 


Kauai  Railway  Company,  Ltd« 

Houolua   Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  InBorsnce  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  Tork 

New    Zealand   Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Association 

Switxerlacd  Marine  Insuance  Company,  Ltd. 


t4untifiiiiijiiityuiiiHsuifiiii3iisiiiiiiiifiiiiiiniiiiiiiiieiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


iJiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM^. 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


\iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  21/4  cents  each,  except  a. 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of   Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  May,  1918.  No.  5 

FORESTRY  AS  APPLIED  IN  HAWAII* 


By  C.  S.  JuDD,  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hazvaii. 


I.     Forestry  In  General. 

FOREWORD. 


The  popular  conception  of  the  scope  of  forestry  is  varied  and 
it  is  often  difficult  to  disillusionize  some  rhinds  of  the  idea  that 
the  work  of  the  forester  is  simply  to  plant  tender  seedlings  or  to 
enjoy  aesthetic  ambulations  in  the  green  woods,  or  that  the 
forester  is  a  mere  botanist,  a  landscape  architect  or  a  mere 
orchardist. 

LIFE   AND   QUALIFICATIONS    OF    A    FORESTER. 

An  old  forest  officer  in  India  once  said :  "The  life  of  a  forester 
is  not  cast  on  a  bed  of  roses,  but  rather  a  bed  of  thorns.  An  iron 
constitution  and  a  good  conscience  may  enable  him  to  surmount 
all  his  difficulties." 

The  experiences  encountered  in  the  life  of  a  forester  are  so 
numerous  and  the  work  which  he  must  undertake  in  different 
regions  is  so  varied  that  it  were  possible  to  recount  but  a  small 
part  in  this  brief  paper.  His  work  often  takes  him  into  the  back- 
waters of  civilization.  He  must  have  the  capabilities  of  a  Jack- 
of-all-trades  and  be  able  to  mix  well  in  frontier  communities. 
From  the  Igorrote  forest  guard  on  his  beat  in  the  Philippine 
jungles  wearing  his  forest  badge  pinned  on  to  nothing  but  a  gee 
string,  to  the  forest  ranger  on  snowshoes  scaling  logs  in  the 
woods  of  Oregon  in  a  temperature  of  sixteen  degrees  below  zero, 
the  successful  forest  officer  of  well  rounded  experience  must 
have,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  the  faculty  to  learn  quickly  new 
regions,  the  ability  to  handle  men,  the  power  to  think  and  act  in 


*  Delivered  before  the  Social  Science  Association  of  Honolulu,  May  6, 
1918. 


118 

emergencies,  the   faculty  of   subordination  to  authority  and   of 
maintaining  discipline,  and  self-reliance. 

I  am  acquainted  with  rangers  in  Wyoming  who  are  experts 
in  the  cattle  range  business ;  I  have  hiked  with  rangers  through 
the  dense  forests  on  the  west  coast  of  Oregon  who  had  never 
been  on  a  horse,  and  the  ranger  in  Alaska  works  in  a-  region 
where  the  motor  boat  takes  the  place  of  the  saddle  and  pack 
horse;  hip  boots  and  a  slicker,  the  place  of  chaps,  and  it  is  much 
more  essential  that  he  knows  how  to  adjust  a  spark  plug  than  to 
be  able  to  throw  a  diamond  hitch. 

PUBLIC  SERVICE,   THE  SLOGAN  OF   THE  FORESTER. 

In  all  his  work  the  forester  must  bear  well  in  mind  the  fact 
that  the  welfare  of  the  people,  not  only  of  the  present  but  of  the 
future,  must  be  his  endeavor  and  that  the  forest  is  the  medium 
through  which  he  works. 

It  has  been  well  said  that  the  successful  forester  is  the  one 
whose  life  and  work  contribute  most  fully  to  the  necessity,  con- 
venience, and  pleasure  of  the  greatest  number  of  people.  Public 
service,  therefore,  is  the  byword  of  the  forester,  and  it  has  often 
been  asserted  that  the  forest  policy  of  the  National  Government 
is  the  longest  look  ahead  that  the  United  States  has  ever  taken 
in  any  direction. 

FORESTRY  DEFINED. 

To  come  to  a  definition  of  what  forestry  really  is,  we  may 
state  that  it  is  the  science  and  art  of  managing  forests  in  con- 
tinuity for  forest  purposes,  i.  e.  for  wood  supplies  or  forest  in- 
fluences and  it  is  in  the  latter  that  we  are  chiefly  interested  here 
in  Hawaii. 

THE  FORESIGHTEDNESS   OF   FORESTRY. 

The  central  idea  of  forestry  is  the  intelligent  and  foresighted 
use  of  a  great  natural  resource.  Forestry  is  distinct  from  arbori- 
culture, which  deals  with  individual  trees,  for  it  has  to  do  with 
single  trees  only  as  they  stand  together  on  some  large  area  whose 
principal  crop  is  trees. 

SUPPLY  FORESTS. 

Our  civilization  is  built  on  the  chief  product  of  the  forest 
which  from  the  cradle  to  the  coffin,  in  some  shape  or  other,  sur- 
rounds us  as  a  convenience  or  a  necessity.  The  uses  of  wood 
are  multifarious  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  99  per  cent  of  all  wood 
is  used  in  supplying  real  needs. 

Over  half  of  the  people  in  the  United  States  live  in  wooden 
houses  and  the  houses  of  the  other  half  require  wood  as  an  in- 
dispensable part  of  their  construction.  More  than  two-thirds  use 
wood  as  fuel  and  for  every  100  tons  of  coal  mined,  2  tons  of 
mining  timber  are  needed.     There  is  hardly  a  utensil,  a  tool,  or 


119 

even  a  machine,  in  the  construction  of  which  wood  has  not  played 
a  part,  were  it  only  to  furnish  the  handle,  or  the  mould  or  pat- 
tern. Even  with  the  increased  substitution  of  steel,  concrete, 
brick,  and  tile,  for  wood,  there  will  always  be  need  for  all  the 
wood  that  can  be  grown  in  the 'United  States,  where  the  annual 
consumption  per  capita  is  260  cubic  feet  which  is  ten  times  that 
of  France.  This  consumption  for  many  years  has  been  far  in 
excess  of  the  growth,  hence  the  strong  demands  on  the  forests 
for  wood. 

Water,  also,  may  well  be  considered  as  another  product 
of  the  forest  which  is  of  vital  importance  to  mankind.  "But  the 
intimacy  of  the  relation  of  the  forest  to  the  daily  life  of  the 
individual  now,  is  as  nothing  compared  to  what  it  will  be  when 
the  coal,  oil,  and  gas  are  exhausted ;  when  our  great  source  of 
power  and  heat  comes,  all  of  it  instead  of  a  part  of  it,  out  of  the 
forest,  and  when  the  daily  life  of  every  man  is  intimately  affect- 
ed by  the  resources,  revenues  and  utilities  produced  by  electricity 
derived  from  water  flowing  out  of  the  forests." 

PROTECTION   FORESTS. 

Apart  from  their  intrinsic  productive  value  as  briefly  outlined 
above,  to  maintain  which  in  perpetuity,  the  practice  of  forestry 
is  essential,  the  forests  have  an  influence  generally  beneficial  to  a 
country.  They  act  as  equalizers  of  the  flow  of  streams  by  dim- 
inishing in  general  the  frequency  and  violence  of  freshets  and 
increasing  the  low-water  flow  and  by  preventing  erosion  of  the 
soil.  Recent  investigations  in  India  have  shown  that  forest 
denudation  is  highly  injurious  to  regulated  stream-flow.  In  the 
United  States  on  account  of  forest  denudation  at  the  headwater 
of  streams  it  is  estimated  that  one  billion  tons  of  the  most  fertile 
soil  on  the  most  fertile  land  in  the  country  goes  annually  into  the 
ocean.    This  is  one*  of  the  largest  losses  that  the  nation  suffers. 

PREVENTION    OF   RUNOFF. 

The  forest  is  one  of  the  most  effective  means  of  preventing 
erosion  for  it  protects  the  soil  and  stores  the  water.  The  force 
of  the  rain  is  broken  by  the  trees,  the  underbrush,  and  the  litter 
on  the  ground  so  that  it  does  not  beat  upon  the  soil.  Much  of 
the  precipitation  reaches  the  earth  by  running  down  the  twigs 
and  branches.  In  a  heavy  rain  the  water  drips  down  so  quietly 
as  to  have  practically  no  beating  effect  upon  the  soil.  There  is 
no  perceptible  surface  run-off  until  great  quantities  of  rain  have 
fallen.  Instead,  the  water  is  soaked  up  by  the  organic  matter  or 
humus  in  the  upper  layers  of  the  soil  and  as  the  rain  falls  it  is 
absorbed  by  this  sponge-like  ground  cover,  is  then  passed  on  to 
the  reservoir  of  mineral  soil  beneath  and  finally  fed  out  gradual- 
ly to  the  springs  and  streams.  The  surface  run-off  is  also  check- 
ed by  the  mechanical  obstruction  offered  by  stumps,  fallen  twigs, 
moss,  and  branches,  and  even  whole  trees  and  percolation  of  the 


120 

water  into  the  soil  is  made  easier  by  the  network  of  small  roo^  • 
and  the  channels  left  by  the  decay  of  large  roots.     Such  is 
beneficial  influence  of  forests  on  run-off. 

INFLUENCE  OF  FORESTS   ON    CLIMATE. 

Other  forest  influences  of  a  beneficial  character  exist  but  are 
difficult  to  measure.  The  effects  of  forests  on  climate  have  been 
studied  in  Europe  and  while  ideas  as  to  the  elements  which  enter 
into  the  problem  have  been  cleared  up,  the  real  object  of  inquiry 
has  not  yet  been  finally  solved  because  methods  of  meteorological 
inquiry  and  instruments  are  as  yet  unsatisfactory.  For  instance, 
rain-gages  may  register  amounts  varying  from  7  to  40  per  cent 
according  to  their  construction  and  position  and  the  character 
of  the  wind  and  rain  during  the  same  storm.  The  problem  is 
too  complicated  for  our  present  means  to  be  settled  by  the 
mathematical  method. 

It  has  not  yet  been  proven  that  forests  produce  rain.  Because 
of  this  inefficiency  of  mathematical  measurements,  we  are  thrown 
back  on  the  method  of  general  observation  in  the  field  and  the 
conclusion  has  been  that  the  tendency  of  a  forest  cover  is  to 
reduce  extremes  of  high  and  low  temperatures  and,  on  account 
of  its  cooling  effect,  to  keep  the  air  within  the  forest  and  that 
above  it,  nearer  to  the  saturation  point  and  as  a  consequence  it 
might  occur  that  moisture  bearing  currents  passing  over  would 
precipitate  their  moisture  more  readily  above  or  near  the  forest 
growth. 

The  forest,  however,  positively  acts  as  a  windbreak  by  break- 
ing the  velocity  of  dry  winds  and  possibly  enriching  them  some- 
what with  moisture  and  reducing  the  rate  of  evaporation  over  a 
neighboring  field.    It  also  acts  as  a  protection  against  cold  winds. 

As  far,  then,  as  forest  influence  on  climate  is  concerned,  we 
must  admit  that  no  satisfactory  conclusions  -have  positively  been 
reached  excepting  as  to  this  favorable  wind-break  effect.  It  is 
reasonable  to  assume,  however,  that  wholesale  forest  destruction 
and  removal  must  change  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  denuded 
area. 

VALUE    OF    FOREST    FOR    RECREATION. 

There  are  other  beneficial  and  indirect  forest  influences  of 
minor  importance  and  one  of  these,  which  must  not  be  overlook- 
ed in  our  modern  economy  of  city  life,  is  "the  recuperation  of 
bodily  energy  and  of  spirit  which  an  occasional  sojourn  in  the 
cool,  bracing,  and  inspiriting  forest  air  brings  to  the  weary 
dweller  of  the  city.  This  is  an  element  in  the  general  health  con- 
ditions of  a  people  which  must  not  be  neglected." 

"From  every  point  of  view  the  forest  is  one  of  the  most  help- 
ful friends  of  man  and  perhaps  no  other  natural  agent  has  done 
so  much  for  the  human  race  and  at  the  same  time  has  been  so 
recklessly  used." 


?TwO 


^%m^ 


121 

EVOLUTION    OF   FORESTRY. 

"The  history  of  the  forest  in  all  forest  countries  shows  the 
same  periods  of  development. 

"First,  hardly  recognized  as  of  value  or  even  as  personal  prop- 
erty, the  forest  appears  as  an  undesirable  encumbrance  of  the 
soil  and  the  attitude  of  the  settler  is  of  necessity  inimical  to  the 
forest ;  the  need  for  farm  and  pasture  leads  to  forest  destruction. 

"The  next  stage  is  that  of  restriction  in  forest  use  and  protec- 
tion against  cattle  and  fire,  the  stage  of  conservative  lumbering. 
Then  some  positive  efforts  to  secure  regrowth  by  fostering  natu- 
ral regeneration  or  by  artificial  planting:  the  practice  of  silvicul- 
ture begins. 

"Finally,  a  management  for  continuity — organizing  existing 
forest  areas  for  sustained  yield — forest  economy  is  introduced." 

NEED  OF  FORESTRY. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  longer  a  country  is  inhabited,  the 
poorer  it  becomes  in  forest  growth  and  water.  Private  interest, 
private  enterprise,  as  a  rule  knows  only  the  immediate  future, 
has  only  one  aim  in  the  use  of  the  forest,  viz :  to  obtain  from  it 
the  greatest  possible  personal  and  present  gain.  A  lumberman 
is  a  dealer  in  trees,  with  an  eye  to  present  profit  and  compara- 
tively small  regard  for  future  conditions.  A  forester,  on  the 
other  hand,  aims  to  keep  the  land  productive,  to  treat  timber 
lands  so  that  they  will  produce  continuous  crops  of  wood.  This 
policy  necessitates  some  present  money  loss  and  calls  for  the 
avowed  intention  of  holding  land  as  an  investment. 

The  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  aggregate  against  those 
of  the  individual  necessitates  government  control  whenever  a 
communal  interest  would  suffer  by  the  unrestricted  exercise  of 
individual  rights. 

This  necessity  was  felt  early  in  the  world's  history  but  it  was 
not  until  about  1359  that  forestry  really  began  to  be  practiced  in 
continental  Europe.  Forest  protection  and  methods  of  silvicul- 
ture were  put  into  effect  which  involved  the  proper  age  at  which 
timber  should  be  cut,  methods  of  thinning  and  of  securing  repro- 
duction both  naturally  and  by  replanting.  The  science  of  deter- 
mining the  rotation  for  the  production  of  wood  has  now  been 
so  far  advanced  that  for  the  past  150  years  timber  has  been 
raised  in  the  same  manner  as  any  agricultural  crop  and  it  has 
been  possible  by  growth  and  yield  studies  to  predict  centuries  in 
advance  just  what  the  future  wood  crops  will  be. 

HISTORY  OF  FORESTRY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States  was  slow  to  take  up  forestry  because  it  was 
confidently  believed  that  the  forest  resources  in  the  vast  stretches 
of  country  in  the  middle  west,  south,  and  far  west  were  inex- 
haustible. 


122 

But  the  increasing  floods  and  the  shortage  of  wood  in  some 
places  by  the  conversion  of  heavy  virgin  forests  into  stretches  of 
waste  land  made  the  people  finally  wake  up  to  the  fact  that  some- 
thing had  to  be  done  before  it  was  too  late. 

The  first  real  forest  legislation  was  in  1876  and  in  1886  a 
Division  of  Forestry  was  created  in  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. In  1891  the  President  w^as  authorized  to  establish  forest 
reserves  and  many  were  set  aside  but  were  indifferently  managed 
with  an  inefficient  force. 

In  July,  1910,  this  Division  became  the  Bureau  of  Forestry, 
and  in  March,  1905,  changed  its  name  to  the  Forest  Service.  At 
this  time  it  also  took  over  from  the  Interior  Department  the 
reserves  which  they  then  began  to  call  National  Forests.  Many 
of  the  States  also  took  up  forest  work  accompanied  by  necessary 
legislation.  Private  interests  placed  many  stumbling  blocks  in 
the  progress  of  forestry  which  was  made  difficult  because  of  the 
fact  that  three-fifths  of  the  standing  timber  had  already  passed 
from  government  control  into  private  hands,  but  the  present  sys- 
tem of  National  Forests  which  were  created  to  produce  a  per- 
petual supply  of  timber  for  home  industry,  to  prevent  destruction 
of  the  forest  cover  which  regulates  the  flow  of  streams  and  to 
protect  local  residents  from  unfair  competition  in  the  use  of  the 
forest  and  range,  is  a  monument  to  tho^e  far-sighted  men  such 
as  Pinchot  who  fought  hard  and  valiantly  in  the  early  days  to 
place  the  whole  National  Forest  enterprise  on  the  basis  of  per- 
manence. 

NATIONAL   FOREST   ACTIVITIES. 

The  net  area  of  National  Forests  now  owned  by  the  people  is 
over  150  million  acres  and  the  activities  of  the  Forest  Service 
extend  from  the  xA.tlantic  States  to  the  Pacific  Coast  from  Mexico 
to  Alaska  and  an  efficient  organization  has  gradually  been  built 
up  to  handle  the  w^ork  of  protection  of  the  Forests  and  the  de- 
velopment of  their  resources. 

In  only  twelve  years  the  National  Forests  have  been  extended 
to  cover  an  area  more  than  four  times  that  of  all  the  forests  of 
the  German  Empire  and  the  Forest  Service  has  won  the  respect 
and  confidence  of  the  body  of  right-minded  people  all  over  the 
West  as  well  as  the  East. 

The  average  area  administered  by  a  Forest  Service  Ranger  on 
a  National  Forest  is  over  140  times  greater  than  the  area  admin- 
istered, until  recently,  by  a  man  of  equivalent  rank  in  a  German 
forest. 

The  activities  of  the  National  Forest  force  cover  a  wide  scope 
and  extend  from  protection  against  forest  fires,  which  is  always 
considered  the  work  of  paramount  importance,  to  the  construc- 
tion of  thousands  of  miles  of  roads,  trails  and  telephone  lines, 
the  extensive  planting  of  trees  to  reestablish  forests  destroyed  in 
part  by  fires,  the  carrying  on  of  research  and  experiments  to  aid 
in  the  development  of  the  best  methods  of  forestry,  the  survey  of 


123 

forest  resources,  classification  and  segregation  of  agricultural 
land,  the  selling  of  mature  timber  and  the  improvement  of  graz- 
ing areas  in  certain  forest  regions  where  the  supply  of  water  is 
not  involved  by  regulated  allotments  of  the  herds. 

An  appropriation  of  ten  million  dollars  to  become  available 
at  the  rate  of  one  million  a  year  was  recently  made  by  congress 
to  develop  roads  within  the  National  Forests  and  the  importance 
of  having  public  forests  at  the  headwaters  of  important  streams 
was  recognized  and  greatly  emphasized  through  the  appropria- 
tion in  1916  of  three  million  dollars  for  continued  purchases  of 
forest  lands  begun  under  the  Weeks  Law. 

In  this  manner  a  vast  area  on  the  mainland  is  now  managed 
with  a  view  to  the  most  general,  varied  and  harmonious  use. 
Through  successful  administration  the  permanence  of  the  Na- 
tional Forests  is  becoming  more  and  more  assured  and  they  are 
now  a  vital  part  of  the  economic  life  of  the  regions  which  use 
their  resources. 

THE  VALUE  OE  FORESTS  IN    MODERN    WARFARE. 

A  few  words  on  the  part  that  the  forests  and  the  United 
States  Forest  Service  are  playing  in  the  present  war  and  then  we 
shall  come  down  to  forestry  in  Hawaii. 

In  this  age  of  coal  and  iron^  wood  and  other  forest  products 
which  have  almost  innumerable  uses  in  modern  warfare  are  be- 
ing sought  more  eagerly  and  used  more  extensively  than  ever 
before.  In  the  trenches,  on  the  road,  in  the  air,  in  the  shipyard, 
in  the  munition  factory  and  chemical  laboratory  and  in  the  build- 
ing of  cantonments,  wood  has  become  a  dominant  factor  and 
never  before  has  the  demand  for  exact  knowledge  on  the  quaHty 
and  uses  of  wood  been  so  urgent. 

In  modern  warfare  forest  products  are  needed  in  large  quan- 
tities. The  average  trench  requires  alone  about  one  cubic  foot 
of  wood  to  10  feet  of  trench  or  about  60,000  board  feet  to  the 
mile  or  15  billion  feet  to  the  French  front  exclusive  of  that 
required  for  shelter,  artillery  screens,  block  houses  and  fuel. 

Forest  industries  which  were  on  the  decline  or  entirely  aban- 
doned have  been  revived  by  the  war  and  new  uses  for  wood 
products  developed. 

Wooden  ships  and  airplanes  call  for  special  materials.  Sitka 
spruce,  once  a  despised  material,  is  now  found  almost  indis- 
pensable for  airplane  construction  furnishing  long,  clear,  light, 
yet  strong  material  in  which  failure  is  far  less  common  than  in 
the  metal  parts.  In  fact,  the  demand  for  spruce  wood  is  now  so 
great  that  a  spruce-production  division  of  the  Signal  Corps  has 
been  formed  of  10,000  men  to  get  this  needed  commodity  from 
the  woods  to  the  airplane  factories. 

About  200  board  feet  of  wood  is  used  in  the  actual  construc- 
tion of  the  average  airplane.  To  obtain  this  material  it  is  ordin- 
arily necessary  to  work  over  about  1500  feet  of  select  lumber 


124 

which  often   represents   all   that  can  be   used    for   airplanes   of 
15,000  board  feet  of  standing  timber. 

FORESTERS   IN    WAR   WORK. 

The  forest  products  laboratory  of  the  Forest  Service  at  Madi- 
son, Wisconsin,  has  been  of  the  greatest  assistance  to  the  War 
Department  in  solving  many  of  the  problems  which  have  arisen 
from  the  increased  use  of  wood,  especially  in  connection  with  its 
seasoning  for  aircraft  material  and  much  assistance  has  also  been 
given  to  hardwood  distillation  plants  in  order  to  increase  the 
production  of  acetone  and  other  products  needed  for  munition 
making. 

A  forest  school  classmate  of  mine,  who  is  now  Assistant  Di- 
rector of  this  laboratory,  recently  wrote  me  as  follows : 

''The  Laboratory  seems  to  have  the  confidence  of  the  War 
Departm^ent  and  problem  after  problem  having  to  do  with  wood 
is  being  referred  here.  Our  force  has  been  increased  100  per 
cent.  Practically  all  work  is  war  work.  We  are  working  at  high 
tension;  some  of  the  sections  are  working  double  shifts  because 
we  can't  turn  out  the  work  as  fast  as  it  is  referred  to  us.  While 
the  desire  to  get  into  one  of  the  Forest  Regiments  w^as  strong 
within  me,  I  am  getting  some  mental  compensation  out  of  the 
fact  that  I  am  engaged  here  wholly  on  work  of  a  national  defense 
character." 

Of  men,  the  Forest  Service  and  the  lumber  industry  have  con- 
tributed thousands  who  have  been  over  in  France  now  for  some 
time  helping  the  Allies  in  cutting  and  getting  out  timber,  lumber, 
and  other  material  for  the  use  of  the  armies  and  in  building  rail- 
roads, roads  and  bridges. 

Forester  Graves  was  one  of  the  first  to  go  over  to  make  ar- 
rangements for  this  work  and  has  recently  been  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant  Colonel.  He  w^as  soon  followed  by  the 
first  regiment  of  woodsmen  numbering  about  1200  men  and 
designated  as  the  Tenth  Engineers  (Forest).  Over  300  qualified 
foresters  and  lumbermen  have  been  commissioned  to  serve  as 
officers  for  these  forest  battalions  and  of  these  two-thirds  are 
practical  lumbermen  or  saw-mill  opera.tors  and  one-third  are 
trained  foresters  with  long  woods  experience.  The  second  regi- 
ment called  the  Twentieth  is  now  being  formed  and  will  be  the 
biggest  regiment  in  the  world. 

II.    Forestry  In  Hawaii. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  the  battle  front  to  the  mountains  of  Ha- 
waii, but  it  is  here  that  are  found  the  forests,  which  conserve 
the  water,  which  irrigates  the  cane,  which  produces  the  sugar, 
which  goes  to  feed  the  armies  over  seas  and  the  many  people 
contributing  to  their  support. 


Native    Hawaiian    Forest   at    Mokuleia,    Oahu. 
Kukui  type  in  foreground,  ohia  lehua  type  in  background. 


125 


EXTENT  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  FORESTS. 

Originally  the  Hawaiian  forests  were  limited  no  doubt  only 
by  such  natural  conditions  as  lack  of  rainfall,  elevation,  and  lava 
flows.  The  extent  of  the  original  native  forest  is  not  known, 
but  that  it  was  much  greater  than  at  present  is  certain  from  the 
scant  evidence  that  remains.  Shells  of  land  molluscs  found  on 
Niihau  in  a  subfossil  state  indicate  a  once  heavy  forest  and  con- 
siderable moisture  on  that  island.  The  forests  on  Kauai  came 
much  further  down  than  they  do  at  present  and  on  Oahu  the 
Leilehua  plateau  between  the  Waianae  and  Koolau  ranges  was  no 
doubt  once  densely  forested.  The  few  insects,  peculiar  to  boggy 
uplands,  found  on  the  higher  forest  region  on  Lanai  indicate 
that  there  was  once  a  boggy  region  similar  to  the  wettest  part 
of  Molokai.  On  Molokai  and  Lanai  there  was  evidently  a  con- 
siderable growth  in  the  early  days-  of  koaia  and  koa  on  the  lower 
slopes  below  the  elevation  of  2000  feet,  but  these  have  been  killed 
out  entirely  on  Lanai  and  only  a  few  scattered  koa  trees  remain 
on  Molokai  outside  the  limits  of  the  true  forest. 

Even  in  the  region  on  the  dry  lower  slopes  of  the  leeward 
side  of  the  islands,  where  the  algaroba  is  now  predominant,  there 
was  once  more  or  less  open  forest  land,  for  Perkins  tells  us  that 
passerine  birds  regularly  descended  into  the  clumps  of  trees  of 
this  open  country  and  from  there  even,  in  Cook's  time,  they 
passed  still  downwards  and  several  species  were  found  frequent- 
ing the  coconut  tree  on  the  beach. 

PRESENT  FOREST  AREA. 

The  present  area  of  original  forest  lands  in  Hawaii  through 
various  agencies  has  been  reduced  until  now  it  covers  approxi- 
mately only  800,000  acres  or  20%  of  the  total  land  area,  tw^o- 
thirds  of  which  is  under  government  control. 

This  record  of  forest  destruction  is  beaten  only  in  countries 
or  islands  of  very  dense  population  such  as  Porto  Rico,  for  in- 
stance, which  was  once  completely  forested  but  on  which  the 
virgin  forest  area  has  been  so  materially  modified  by  the  acts  of 
man  and  beast  during  several  centuries  that  it  is  now^  reduced 
to  only  2  per  cent  of  the  total  land  area. 

The  destruction  of  the  Hawaiian  forest  in  the  past  was  deplor- 
able, but  that  it  should  continue  in  the  present  for  one  reason  or 
another  seems  inexcusable. 

FOREST  TYPES  IN  HAWAII. 

As  we  find  them  today,  what  remains  of  the  Hawaiian  forests 
together  wath  the  forest  of  introduced  trees,  may  be  divided  for 
the  purpose  of  convenience  in  forest  management  into  forest 
types.  Technical  botanists  have  classed  the  Hawaiian  flora  into 
different  groups  or  zones  based  on  physical  features  mostly  of 
elevation.     Hillebrand  gives  us  five  of  such  zones;  the  lowland, 


126 

lower  forest,  middle  forest,  upper  forest  and  the  bog  zone,  and 
Rock  has  added  to  these  one  more,  the  strand  type  or  zone. 

In  the  following  classification  the  bog  zone  is  omitted  alto- 
gether since  it  cannot  be  considered  a  forest  type  on  account  of 
the  general  absence  of  trees,  and  the  several  types  are  named, 
as  is  customary,  after  the  most  striking  tree  which  is  character- 
istic of  the  region.  This  classification  is  admittedly  rough  and 
several  species  such  as  the  ohia  and  naio  which  occur  from  sea 
level  up  to  7000  feet  will  be  found  in  one  or  more  types  and  in 
places  the  key  tree  may  sometimes  be  lacking.  But  these  types 
will  readily  be  recognized  in  the  field  and  will  serve  the  general 
purpose  of  the  forester. 

For  convenience  in  forest  management  then,  we  have  the  fol- 
lowing four  main  forest  types : 

1.  ALGAROBA  TYPE,  PvOSOpis  juUflora. 

This  corresponds  more  or  less  to  the  lowland  type  of  the 
botanist,  and  in  it  the  introduced  algaroba  is  now  the  pre- 
dominant tree  in  most  regions  and  particularly  on  the  leeward 
side  of  the  islands.  In  it  are  also  found  the  hau,  hala,  and 
prickly  pear  and,  near  the  shore,  the  kamani,  niilo  and  coeonut. 
This  type  is  usually  found  from  sea  level  up  to  1000  feet. 

2.  KUKui  TYPE,  Alcurites  nioluccana. 

This  corresponds  in  situation  to  the  lower  forest  type  of  the 
botanist,  and  in  it  the  kukui  strikes  the  eye  as  being  the  pre- 
dominant tree  in  most  situations,  more  especially  in  valleys  and 
lower  slopes. 

On  the  windward  side  of  the  island  the  trees  in  this  type 
constitute  a  wetter  forest  than  on  the  leeward  side  and  often 
koa  occurs  in  it  and  ohia  ai,  and  shrubs  such  as  ki,  ape  and 
ginger  and  the  ieie  vine. 

On  the  leeward  side  where  more  xerophytic  conditions  occur, 
the  kukui  is  confined  more  closely  to  the  moisture  gulches  and 
we  find  in  addition  a  great  wealth  of  dryland  trees  among  which 
the  ohe,  wiliwili,  halapepe,  and  olof)ua  are  leading  species.  In 
fact,  it  is  in  this  type  on  the  leeward  side  of  the  island  that, 
according  to  Eock,  60%  of  all  the  species  of  our  indigenous 
trees  are  found.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  with  the  excep- 
tion of  four  or  five  trees,  such  as  the  wiliwili,  which  have 
light,  soft  wood,  and  thin  bark,  all  of  the  trees  in  this  type  in 
the  drier  situations,  have  hard,  close-grained  wood  and  thick 
bark.  This  type  is  found  between  the  elevations  of  about  1000 
feet  to   2000 'feet. 

3.    OHIA  LEHUA  TYPE,  Metvosidcvos  coUina  polyuwrpha. 

This  corresponds  to  the  middle  forest  zone  of  the  botanist 
and  constituting  our  ''.rain"  or  water-producing  forest  is  conse- 
quently the  most  important  type,  Ohia  lehua  attracts  the  eye 
as  the  most  predominant  tree  although  almost  pure  stands-  of 
koa  and  a  variety  of  other  trees  may  be  found  in  it.  This  type 
is  found  usually  between  the  elevations  of  2000  to  5000  feet. 


127 

4.     MAMANi  TYPE,  Soplwra  chrysophylla. 

This  type  occurs  above  the  ohia  lehua  type  but  only  on  the 
islands  possessing  the  higher  elevations  of  from  5000  to  10,000 
feet.  It  corresponds  to  the  upper  forest  zone  of  the  botanist 
and  in  it  may  be  found  almost  pure  rather  open  stands  of  ma- 
mani  with  also  some  naio  and  occasionally  hoa  and  ohia. 

VALUE  OF  THE  FOREST  TYPES. 

From  the  viewpoint  of  forest  management,  the  value  of  these 
four  types  may  be  described  as  follows : 

1.  ALGAROBA  TYPE.     A  commercial  or  supply  forest  useful 

mainly  for  the  production  of  algaroba  wood,  and  beans  for 
stock  feed,  and  blossoms  for  bee  pasturage.  In  this  type 
other  introduced  trees  may  also  be  grown  for  fuel  and 
timber. 

2.  KUKUI   TYPE.     A  protection  forest,  valuable   chiefly  in  the 

scheme  of  water  conservation  as  a  protection  to  the  ohia 
lehua  type  im.mediately  above  and  also  for  the  production 
of  w^ood  in  its  lower  parts. 

3.  OHIA    LEHUA    TYPE.     An    absolute    protection    forest,    be- 

cause generally  it  is  water  producing  and  therefore  the 
most  important.  It  should  be  left  strictly  alone  without 
interference  by  man  or  beast. 

4.  MAMANI    TYPE.     A   protection   forest,   valuable    chiefly   for 

its  protective  influence  on  the  ohia  lehua  type  immediately 
below.  In  a  minor  way  it  may  some  day  be  considered  in 
parts  a  supply  forest  for  the  production  of  planted  com- 
mercial timber. 

CHIEF  VALUE  OF  THE    HAWAIIAN   FOREST. 

It  may  readily  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  classification  iliat 
the  prime  value  of  the  main  Hawaiian  forest  types  lies  not  in 
their  commercial  wood  products  but  in  their  ability  to  serve 
as  a  protection  to  the  watersheds  of  streams  and  springs  needed 
for  irrigation  and  domestic  purposes  and  to  watersheds  tributary 
to  artesian  basins  and  in  their  beneficial  forest  influences  in  re- 
gions where  the  people  depend  mainly  upon  the  rainfall  for  their 
water  supply. 

That  these  forests  are  intimately  connected  with  the  leading 
industry  in  the  islands — sugar  production — through  the  water 
which  they  conserve,  may  readily  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  of 
the  total  of  649,786  tons  of  sugar  produced  in  the  1917  crop  on 
an  aggregate  area  of  120.251  acres,  62%  of  the  tonnage  was 
secured  from  irrigated  fields  covering  62,979  acres.  In  addition 
to  actual  irrigation,  these  forests  supplied  water  for  domestic 
purposes,  for  the  development  of  electrical  energy  for  pumping 
and,  in  the  unirrigated  regions,  water  for  fluming  cane. 

FOREST    PROTECTION    THE    CHIEF    WORK. 

The  chief  value  of  the  forest  in  the  last  three  types,  therefore, 
is  the  effect  which  it  has  on  the  supply  of  water,  and  the  indus- 
tries of  the  Territory  demand  that  it  be  managed  chiefly  as  a 


128 

protection  forest.  Forestry  in  Hawaii  therefore  is  chiefly  con- 
cerned with  forest  protection. 

The  feasibiHty  of  treating  the  native  forest  on  the  leeward  side 
of  the  island  of  Hawaii,  where  there  are  no  permanently  running 
streams,  as  a  supply  or  commercial  forest,  has  been  advocated 
and  attempts  have  been  made  to  utilize  the  mature  timber  in 
these  forests  by  manufacturing  it  into  ties  and  lumber  and 
placing  it  on  the  market.  That  these  attempts  have  resulted  in 
failure  is  in  my  opinion  fortunate,  for  although  the  plan  of  ex- 
ploiting this  forest  included  a  scheme  for  immediate  reforestation 
after  logging  so  as  to  keep  a  forest  on  the  land,  I  believe  that 
our  knowledge  of  the  treatment  of  this  forest  so  as  to  insure  a 
second  crop  either  naturally  or  artificially  is  as  yet  so  imperfect, 
that  it  is  far  safer  to  preserve  it  in  its  original  form. 

The  practice  of  forestry  in  the  three  main  types  of  forest 
should  therefore  continue  to  be  forest  protection.  Forest  plant- 
ing for  the  production  of  fuel  wood  and  timber  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  kukui  type,  as  well  as  in  the  algaroba  type,  is  proper,  has 
been  going  on  for  some  time,  and  may  be  continued  on  selected 
areas  without  detriment  to  the  main  purpose  of  this  type,  pro- 
vided the  land  is  continually  kept  in  forest  by  coppice  growth  or 
by  replanting  immediately  following  cutting.  Forest  planting 
also  for  the  production  of  lumber  may  be  done  in  the  mamani 
type  provided  this  same  course  is  followed. 

HISTORY  OF  FOREST  DESTRUCTION. 

But  continued  efiforts  must  be  made  in  the  work  of  forest  pro- 
tection to  prevent  the  further  destruction  of  deleterious  agencies 
which  have  wrought  havoc  in  the  native  forest  in  the  past  and 
to  build  up  the  forest  and  restore  it  to  a  condition  of  greatest 
usefulness. 

These  destructive  agencies  probably  began  with  the  sandal- 
wood trade  when  the  woods  w^ere  stripped  of  this  valued  tree  but 
the  first  serious  damage  began  as  far  back  as  1815  when  cattle 
became  so  abundant  that  they  penetrated  the  accessible  forests 
and  gradully  worked  their  way  year  by  year  further  back  into 
the  native  jungle. 

The  susceptibility  of  the  Hawaiian  forest  to  injury  by  cattle 
is  too  well  known  to  need  description  here.  The  combination 
of  trees,  undergrowth,  vines  and  ferns  is  ideal  for  the  conserva- 
tion of  water,  but  this  combination  is  not  able  to  stand  up  against 
the  onslaughts  of  cattle  grazing.  You  must  have  either  the  in- 
digenous forest  intact  or  allow  cattle  in  the  forest  until  it  dwin- 
dles down  finally  to  nothing  but  a  waste  of  dead  trees  and  Hilo 
grass  producing  no  steady  supply  of  water. 

Goats  have  also  done  their  share  in  this  forest  destruction.  In- 
sects have  attacked  the  trees  in  their  weakened  condition,  intro- 
duced grasses  have  been  spread  by  stock  and  have  prevented  the 
forest  from  renewing  itself  by  natural  reproduction  and  what 
damage  has  not  been  done  by  these  agencies,  has  been  accom- 


129 

plished  by  destructive  fires  which  have  followed  long  dry  spells 
and  by  man  who  has  drawn  upon  the  native  forest  for  his  fire- 
wood. All  of  these  have  worked  tooth  and  nail  until  it  is  a  won- 
der that  we  have  left  a  forest  of  any  value. 

GRAZING    MOST    DETRIMENTAL    TO    NATIVE    FOREST. 

The  continued  grazing  of  cattle  today  in  the  native  forest  for 
the  pecuniary  benefit  of  a  few  to  the  detriment  of  the  future  wel- 
fare of  the  chief  industry  of  the  islands  and  of  the  community 
is  very  short-sighted.  If  this  one  element  of  damage  were  re- 
moved once  and  forever,  a  great  deal  will  have  been  accomplish- 
ed for  forest  protection  in  Hawaii.  Much  good  work  along  this 
line  has  of  course  been  done,  but  as  a  rule  it  has  not  been  started 
until  the  shoe  has  begun  to  pinch,  until  the  scarcity  of  water  for 
fluming  or  other  purposes  has  made  it  imperative  that  the  remain- 
ing local  forest  be  protected.  With  the  cattle  excluded  from  the 
forest  once  and  for  all  by  proper  stock-proof  fences,  appropriate 
steps  could  then  be  taken  toward  getting  the  forest  back  into 
a  satisfactory  normal  condition  for  water  conservation  by  a  care- 
ful study  and  solution  of  the  problems  which  confront  us. 

PROTECTION   OF    CITY   WATERSHEDS. 

Right  here  I  wish  to  digress  to  the  subject  of  the  protection 
of  city  watersheds  by  excluding  not  only  cattle  and  other  stock 
but  also  human  beings.  This  is  a  practice,  the  necessity  of  which 
is  becoming  more  apparent  on  the  mainland,  but  when  in  1916  a 
rule  which  forbid  trespassing  on  the  Honolulu  watershed  in  Nuu- 
anu  Valley  was  passed  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 
various  protests  were  then  and  have  continued  to  be  voiced  by 
those  who  place  their  own  personal  pleasure  above  the  health  of 
the  community  and  sanitation  of  the  city. 

The  city  of  Portland,  Oregon,  enjoys  a  continued  abundance 
of  the  purest  mountain  water  in  the  world,  and  this  is  assured 
only  by  the  absolute  forbidding  of  all  trespassing  on  the  Bull  Run 
watershed  which  was  set  aside  by  act  of  congress  in  1892.  This 
comprises  an  area  of  18  miles  by  22  miles,  in  extent,  containing 
142,080  acres,  or  little  smaller  than  the  com.bined  areas  of  Lanai 
and  Niihau. 

It  will  probably  be  advisable  in  the  near  future  to  place  other 
watersheds  in  the  Territory  under  a  similar  rule  and  for  the 
same  purpose. 

FOREST  DETERIORATION  DUE  TO  OTHER  CAUSES. 

Another  phase  of  the  deterioration  of  the  native  forest  has 
recently  been  discussed  and  this  involves  changes  in  soil  con- 
ditions. It  has  been  asserted  that  our  present  flora  is  a  new- 
soil  flora  which  is  not  able  to  persist  on  old  soils ;  that  our  native 
forests  are  doomed  and  are  dying  out  so  rapidly  that  within  50 
years  or  more  they  will  have  no  value  whatsoever  as  protective 


130 

coverings  for  our  watersheds ;  and  that  the  only  solution  is  to 
replace  the  native  flora  by  introducing  new  plants. 

Personally,  I  cannot  take  such  a  gloomy  view  of  the  situation 
but  feel  confident  that  when  given  adequate  protection  from 
further  injury  by  man  and  beast,  the  native  forest  in  most 
regions  will  in  large  measure  come  back  of  itself,  although  it 
may  be  advisable  to  supplement  the  process  with  introduced 
species,  carefully  suited  to  the  situation  by  adequate  tests. 

On  the  mainland  in  the  eastern  states  the  chestnut  blight  has 
within  the  past  few  years  wiped  out  practically  all  of  the  chest- 
nut trees.  In  the  west  it  has  been  asserted  that  the  dendroctonus 
beetle  does  as  much  damage  annually  to  the  pine  trees  as  do 
forest  fires,  but  other  trees  take  their  places  and  a  satisfactory 
forest  is  still  there. 

To  me  it  seems  foolish  to  predict  the  extinction  of  the  native 
forest  in  such  a  brief  space  of  time  as  50  years.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  flora  of  the  islands  as  a  whole  contains  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  endemic  plants  than  that  of  any  other  country 
of  the  same  size  and  that  the  richness  in  endemic  species  stands 
in  the  same  ratio  as  the  age  progression  of  the  various  islands 
which  is  from  east  to  west.  The  flora  of  Mauna  Loa  on  the 
newest  land,  which  indeed  is  still  in  the  process  of  formation, 
is  the  poorest  and  most  uniform,  while  Kauai,  the  oldest  island 
geologically,  is  not  only  the  richest  in  species  but  also  has  them 
on  the  whole  more  differentiated. 

Volcanic  activity  in  the  Waianae  Range  on  Oahu  according 
to  Doctor  Sereno  Bishop  ceased  at  least  700,000  years  ago  and 
from  evidence  of  extinct  Eocene  fossils  found  in  the  elevated 
coral  reefs,  this  volcanic  extinction  probably  occurred  much 
earlier,  since  the  dawn  of  Eocene  time  is  placed  by  geologists  at 
four  million  years  ago.  It  is  reasonable  to  assume,  therefore, 
that  Kauai,  which  is  older  than  Oahu,  had  forest  growth  on  it 
at  least  half  a  million  years  ago.  If  our  native  forest  belongs  to 
a  new-soil  flora  and  is  unsuccessfully  trying  to  persist  on  old 
soils,  and  soil  conditions  are  changing  so  rapidly  on  Maui,  for 
example,  that  aside  from  injuries  done  by  man  and  beast,  in  50 
years  there  will  be  no  native  forest  left,  it  appears  to  be  rather 
remarkable  that  we  still  find  any  forest  at  all  remaining  on  the 
much  older  soils  of  Kauai. 

From  evidence  in  the  wet  forest  region  of  Molokai  and  other 
places  where  the  native  growth  has  come  back  wonderfully  as  a 
result  of  complete  protection  against  stock,  I  believe  that  the 
balance  of  native  forests  if  given  this  complete  protection  will 
continue  to  serve  their  purpose  as  water  conservers  for  many 
many  years  after  we  and  our  descendants  have  been  forgotten. 

FOREST   PROTECTION    MUST  BE   SUPPLEMENTED. 

The  problem  of  getting  the  native  forest  back  to  normal,  how- 
ever, is  not  simply  a  matter  of  protection  against  damage.     It 


131 

involves  other  features  on  which  a  great  deal  of  experimentation 
must  take  place  before  the  cheapest  and  most  satisfactory  meth- 
ods are  determined. 

GETTING   RID  OF   THE   HILO   GRASS   IN    THE    FOREST. 

One  of  these  problems  is  getting  rid  of  Hilo  grass  which  has 
followed  cattle  grazing  into  the  forest  and  which  prevents  natu- 
ral reproduction  of  our  native  forest  trees.  Not  only  cattle  but 
pedestrians  have  been  responsible  for  carrying  the  seed  of  this 
forest  pest  into  the  innermost  sections  of  the  Hawaiian  woods. 
There  is  hardly  a  foot  of  the  trail  from  the  Waiahole  tunnel 
over  the  Koolau  Range  to  Waiawa  Valley  which  does  not  now 
contain  Hilo  grass  which  has  sprouted  from  seed  carried  on  the 
shoes  and  trousers  of  those  who  have  walked  over  the  trail.  It 
may  become  advisable  in  the  future  to  stop  all  travel  in  the  native 
forest  to  prevent  this  one  thing  alone. 

In  order  to  get  rid  of  the  vast  stretches  of  Hilo  grass  now 
found  on  the  borders  of  or  within  the  native  forest,  as  a  prelim- 
mary  to  reforestation,  it  will  likely  be  necessary  to  expend  con- 
siderable money.  What  seems  now  to  be  the  most  feasible 
method  of  accomplishing  this  is  one  which  is  in  vogue  in  the 
Philippines  where  over  40%  of  the  area  of  the  islands  is  covered 
with  cogon  grass  which  is  not  only  useless  for  grazing  and 
destroys  the  productivity  of  the  soil  in  which  it  grows,  but  is  a 
fire  menace  and,  worst  of  all,  is  the  breeding  place  of  the  destruc- 
tive locusts  which  yearly  swarm  over  the  islands.  This  method 
is  to  burn  the  cogon  grass  just  before  the  rainy  season  and  broad- 
cast the  seed  of  the  Ipil  ipil,  Leucaena  glauca,  which  is  also 
common  in  these  islands  where  it  is  known  as  haole  or  false  koa. 
It  has  been  found  that  this  small  tree  will  not  only  kill  out  the 
cogon  grass  within  two  years,  but  increase  the  value  of  the  soil 
by  the  fixation  of  nitrogen  and  remedy  the  toxic  effects  pro- 
duced by  cogon  so  that  reforestation  may  proceed.  No  doubt 
many  Hilo  grass  areas  in  Hawaii  could  well  be  reclaimed  by  a 
similar  method. 

TREE   INTRODUCTION. 

The  introduction  and  dissemination  of  exotic  trees,  shrubs, 
vines,  and  other  plants  to  supplement  our  native  flora  must  evi- 
dently be  done  in  the  most  careful  manner  so  as  to  avoid  the 
establishment  of  any  new  pest  such  as  the  lantana.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  different  species  of  banyan  of  the  genus  ficiis  has 
been  advocated,  but  it  has  not  yet  been  proved  that  they  are 
entirely  suitable  for  our  wet  forest  region.  It  is  questionable 
whether  the  desired  lower  story  of  bushes,  ferns,  and  under- 
growth will  come  up  under  their  dense  shade  and  if  their  natural 
spread  is  facilitated  and  hastened  by  the  introduction  of  a  flower- 
pollinating  wasp,  it  is  not  certain  that  they  will  not  become  a 
pest  in  localities  where  they  are  not  wanted. 


132 

PRECAUTION    SHOULD    BE    EXERCISED. 

It  is  imperative,  therefore,  that  the  greatest  of  care  be  exer 
cised  in  the  work  of  plant  introduction  for  the  replenishment  of 
the  native  forest.  A  few  successful  and  proper  introductions 
will  be  much  more  valuable  than  a  heterogeneous  accumulation 
of  plant  pests.  The  Division  of  Forestry  has  been  working  along 
this  line  and  has  done  what  it  could  with  its  limited  facilities, 
but  is  yet  not  prepared  to  announce  with  confidence  many  tree 
introductions  which  are  absolutely  reliable  for  this  purpose. 

OTHER   PHASES  OF  FORESTRY. 

Other  phases  of  forestry  in  Hawaii  could  be  mentioned,  if 
time  permitted.  Among  these  is  the  treatment  of  the  algaroba 
forest  which  is  susceptible  of  true  forest  management  on  a  regu- 
lar rotation.  The  work  of  thinning  the  algaroba  to  increase  the 
yield  of  pods  and  bee  pasturage  is  true  forestry  and  much  more 
along  these  lines  could  readily  be  accomplished.  The  work 
of  planting  trees  for  the  production  of  fuel  wood  and  timber 
which  is  now  carried  on  at  the  rate  of  about  1,000,000  trees  an- 
nually, largely  by  private  interests,  is  true  forestry  which  pro- 
duces comparatively  early  returns. 

PRESENT  STATUS  OF  FORESTRY  IN    HAWAII. 

The  history  of  government  forest  work  in  Hawaii  is  familiar 
to  most  of  you.  Except  for  some  introduction  and  tree  planting 
work  which  was  performed  by  the  government  previous  to  1903, 
and  the  protection  of  certain  forest  areas  by  private  owners,  the 
real  forestry  movement  began  with  the  creation  of  the  Division 
of  Forestry  under  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry.  The 
principal  work  of  this  Division  in  the  past  has  been  the  demarca- 
tion and  setting  apart  of  forest  reserves  and  the  raising  and  dis- 
tribution of  trees  for  planting.  The  first  has  almost  been  com- 
pleted so  that  now  there  are  39  reserves  having  a  total  area  of 
about  772,000  acres  of  which  68%  or  over  half  a  million  acres 
is  government  land. 

THE    FOREST   RESERVES. 

According  to  the  forest  axiom  that  all  land  should  be  put  to 
its  highest  use,  the  boundaries  of  these  reserves  have  been  drawn 
so  as  not  to  interfere  with  revenue-producing  land  or  areas  which 
may  be  developed  for  agriculture  except  where  stream  protec- 
tion and  forest  influence  are  unquestionably  more  important.  In 
other  words,  the  present  forest  reserve  land  is  confined  as  closely 
as  possible  to  areas  which  are  not  suitable  for  any  greater  econo- 
mic use.  It  would  have  been  better  had  the  reserves  originally 
included  more  land  so  as  to  secure  the  protective  benefit  of  wood- 
land belts  above  and  below  them.     To  make  appreciable  reduc- 


\,'^^-^A^^'^'k^  ^  '-^^E. 


Slope  Denuded  of  Forest  by  Cattle  at  Mokuleia,  Oahu. 

Heavy    native    forest    in    background    protected    from    the    ravages    of 

stock  by  a  steep  gulch. 


133 

tions  in  any  of  the  forest  reserve  areas  on  the  plea  of  increased 
stock  production  or  on  other  grounds,  would  be  disastrous  to  the 
main  purpose  for  which  they  were  created.  Where  adjacent 
private  lands  are  involved  in  these  reserves,  the  proclamation 
creating  reserve  applies  to  them  only  in  the  nature  of  a  recom- 
mendation that  such  private  lands  be  protected  and  held  by  the 
owner  as  a  forest  reserve.  In  some  cases,  such  lands  have  under 
the  law  been  turned  over  to  the  care  and  control  of  the  Division 
of  Forestry.  In  others,  the  owner  has  given  them  adequate  pro- 
tection. In  still  other  cases,  the  opposite  has  unfortunately  been 
true. 

FOREST  RESERVE  ADMINISTRATION. 

Of  recent  years,  an  attempt  has  been  made  with  the  available 
facilities  to  take  these  reserves  out  of  the  class  of  *'paper  re- 
serves" and  to.  place  them  under  true  forest  administration  and 
protection.  On  almost  50  miles  of  reserve  boundaries  fences 
have  been  built  or  repaired  where  it  was  necessary  to  keep  stock 
from  the  native  woods.  The  Division  of  Forestry  is  always 
ready  to  meet  the  adjacent  owners  half  way  in  the  cost  of  co- 
operative fences.  A  comprehensive  regulation  against  trespass 
on  the  reserves  has  been  passed  and  is  enforced  along  with  other 
regular  work  of  fence  building  and  repairing,  tree  planting,  and 
patrolling  for  forest  fires  in  the  dry  season,  by  six  forest  rangers 
who  are  constantly  on  duty  so  that  each  main  island  now  has 
at  least  one  forest  ranger  to  look  out  for  the  government's  inter- 
ests in  the  reserves. 

WATERSHED  PLANTING. 

In  reforestation,  special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  plant- 
ing up  of  watershed  areas.  Upper  Nuuanu  received  early  treat- 
ment and  more  recently  the  government  reserve  lands  in  Manoa 
and  the  Makiki  Valleys  have  been  reforested  with  native  species, 
mostly  koa  and  kukui,  with  great  success. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  public  sentiment  is  fortunately, 
favorable  on  the  whole  to  forestry  with  good  reason.  It  remains 
to  give  this  sentiment  still  further  substantiation  by  fortifying 
the  efforts  of  the  Territorial  Government  in  protecting  and  bring- 
ing back  to  normal  on  private  as  well  as  on  government  lands 
the  forest  which  conserves  and  maintains  the  agricultural  life 
blood  of  the  land.  To  do  this,  concerted  action  is  necessary  and 
is  confidently  expected. 


^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItniillllllinMMEIilllllllllilllMlllllillllllllllllllMlllllll!: 


OFFICERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


C.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dowsett 

A.  L;  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OP  FOJkESTET. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  oIm 

Executive  O^cer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 
Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Eilo,  Eofwaii. 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kawii, 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa^  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu, 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OP  ENTOMOLOGT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului^  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mangle,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAL  INDUSTRT. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animal  Industry  arid  Territorial 

Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian, 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave), 
O.  B.  Shipman,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinariari  for  East  Hawaii, 
A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii. 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Maui. 
Cyril  Goldmg,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W,  G.  Moir,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  Midkiff,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  W.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

C.  H.  Durfee,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Oahu. 

CLERICAL  STAFP  OP  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

AGRICULTURIST 


!   Ill 


JUNE,  il918 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The  annual  report '.: J43 

Division  of  Forestry- annual  report ■ -  jjg 

report  for  April Ho 

reforestation  project..., 154 

Division  of  Entomology -annual  report ]ol 

report  for  April loo 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection- annual  report 160 

report  for  April 164 

Division  of  Animal  Industry— annual  report 165 

report  for  April 169 

Marketing  Division— annual  report 172 

report  for  April l4«J 

Exhibit  at  Fair  , 174. 

By  Authority ■ i'5 

VOL.  XV.  PRICE,  TEN  CENTS  NO.  6 


i  ! 


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?lm\Ui 


OFFICES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING 

82  WALL  STREET 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEBS    AND    DIRECTORS: 

J.  P.  COOKE. President  and  Director /i 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER First  Vice-President  and  Director  \ 

J.  R.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director  j 

J.  WATERHOUSE  Treasurer  ' 

JOHN   GUILD Secretary 

H.   A.   BALDWIN Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHERTON Director 

C.  R.  HEMENWAY Director 


AQENTS    FOB 


Plawaiian    Commercial   and   Sugar   Oomp&&7 

Haiku  Sugar  Oompanjr 

Paia   Plantation 

Matii   AgricTLltnral  Gom^anj 

Havraiian   Sugar  Company 

MeBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahttku  Plantation   Company 

Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Kahttloi   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 

American  Centfal  Insurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand    Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Assoeiatlon 

Switzerland  Marine  Inauance  Company,  Ltd. 


LMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:- 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


w 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


^llllllliiiiliiiiiilillilllilillliiililiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOE 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVEENMENT   NUESEEY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  214  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2,50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box  207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for- relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

^  A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


LIBRARY 
NEW  YORK 
BOTANICAL 

GARDEN 

THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  June,  1918.  No.  6 

THE   ANNUAL   REPORTS. 


The  annual  reports  of  the  Superintendents,  printed  in  the  cur- 
rent issue,  set  forth  the  activities  of  the  five  Divisions  during 
the  calendar  year  1917.  The  Division  of  Forestry  has  continued 
its  two  main  lines  of  work — forest  protection  and  forest  exten- 
sion. Fence  building  and  repairing,  the  extermination  of  wild 
cattle  from  the  native  forest,  the  suppression  of  forest  fires,  the 
examination  and  survey  of  government  forest  lands  for  inclusion 
in  new  reserves,  and  protection  against  trespass  by  a  force  of  six 
forest  rangers  have  constituted  the  main  work  of  forest  protec- 
tion. Forest  extension  has  been  aided  by  the  distribution  from 
government  nurseries  of  over  350,000  tree  seedlings  for  general 
planting,  and  during  the  year  a  total  of  over  850,000  trees  was 
planted  throughout  the  Territory.  The  Division  has  confined  its 
own  planting  almost  exclusively  to  watershed  areas  and  set  out 
approximately  25,000  trees,  mainly  koa,  on  the  open  lands  of  the 
Honolulu  Watershed  forest  reserve  in  Manoa  and  Makiki  val- 
leys. 

The  Entomologist  has  done  good  work  in  the  rearing  of  bene- 
ficial insects  and  during  the  year  distributed  a  total  of  240,082 
to  combat  crop  pests  throughout  the  Islands.  The  work  of  Plant 
Inspection  has  been  strengthened  and  facilitated  by  new  Cjuarters 
and  equipment  of  modern  construction  near  the  waterfront. 
These  were  first  occupied  during  the  last  month  of  the  year. 

Excellent  work  was  done  by  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  and 
his  assistants  in  controlling  and  suppressing  the  outbreak  of 
anthrax,  new  to  the  Territory,  which  occurred  first  in  April  on 
Kauai,  and  later  on  Oahu  and  Maui.  By  the  prompt  disposal 
of  carcasses,  isolation  of  exposed  stock,  and  by  vaccination,  the 
losses  were  confined  to  a  minimum,  the  disease  stamped  out,  and 
the  Island  herds  saved  for  the  local  beef  supply.  Progress  was 
made  in  the  eradication  of  bovine  tuberculosis  and  this  was  ma- 
terially aided  by  the  compensation  act  passed  in  the  last  regular 
session  of  the  legislature.  Aside  from  these  two  diseases,  the 
live  stock  of  the  Territory  has  been  singularly  free  from  infec- 
tious  diseases  during  the  year. 

The  Marketing  Division,  transferred  to  this  Board  on  July  1, 
1917,  has  continued  to  serve  its  useful  purpose  of  finding  a  mar- 
ket for  the  produce  of   small   farmers,   old  accounts  have  been 


144 

straightened  out,  and  the  Division  put  on  a  businesslike  basis  by 
the  successful  installation  of  a  new  system  of  books. 


The  revised  regulations  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry 
governing  the  importation  of  live  stock  into  the  Territory,  ap- 
pearing in  this  issue,  conform  with  the  federal  regulations  now 
in  force  and  bring  up  to  date  the  regulations  of  the  Division  on 
this  subject  which  are  still  in  effect  with  the  addition  of  an  en- 
largement of  the  rule  pertaining  to  the  introduction  of  cattle  for 
dairy  and  breeding  purposes  in  order  to  prevent  the  establish- 
ment of  new  centers  of  bovine  tuberculosis  infection. 


The  new  plant  inspection  rules  recently  adopted  by  the  Board 
and  approved  by  the  Governor  on  June  8,  which  appear  in  this 
issue,  are  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  plant  inspection 
system  and  making  the  Territory  safer  against  the  introduction 
of  new  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases. 


The  Governor's  notice,  printed  in  this  issue,  calls  for  a  public 
hearing  at  the  office  of  the  Board  on  Wednesday,  June  19,  at  9 
o'clock  a.  m.,  to  consider  the  setting  apart  of  new  forest  re- 
serves on  Kauai,  Oahu,  Maui,  and  Hawaii,  and  of  the  elimina- 
tion of  small  areas  on  Oahu  for  the  purpose  of  exchanges  for 
road  construction.  These  new  reserves  total  1758  acres,  and 
with  the  inclusion  of  several  thousand  acres  in  other  new  re- 
serves, now  in  the  course  of  preparation,  the  demarcation  of  the 
general  forest  reserve  system  throughout  the  Territory  will  be 
completed. 


Rules  III  and  IV  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  have  been  more 
firmly  established  by  the  arrest  and  conviction  of  violators,  the 
announcement  of  which  is  made  in  the  April  report  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry  printed  in  this  issue. 


The  First  Territorial  Fair,  held  at  Kapiolani  Park,  Honolulu, 
on  June  10  to  15,  has  exceeded  all  expectations  in  its  quality 
and  magnitude,  and  has  been  a  very  fine  thing  in  bringing  to- 
gether live  stock  and  agricultural  products  for  the  purpose  of 
comparison  and  the  stimiiJation  of  friendly  rivalry  in  future  pro- 
duction. 


During  the  recent  special  session  of  the  Territorial  Legisla- 
ture provision  was  made  for  the  payment  of  back  bills  amounting 
to  $1757.11,  incurred  in  suppressing  the  anthrax  outbreaks,  and 
for  the  transfer  on  July  1,  1918,  of  the  Marketing  Division  to  a 
new  commission  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor. 


145 

Division  of  Forestry 


ANNUAL  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  June  3,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  brief 
report  covering  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the 
calendar  year  1917: 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  main  activities  of  this  Division  have  continued  to  be 
forest  protection  and  forest  extension.  Under  the  first  subject 
there  has  been  considerable  expansion,  and  much  progress  has 
been  made  in  placing  the  forest  reserves  under  better  administra- 
tion. In  the  work  of  forest  extension,  the  Division  has  con- 
tinued to  raise  and  distribute  tree  seedlings  at  cost  for  general 
planting  throughout  the  Territory,  and  in  the  tree-planting  scheme 
of  the  Division  particular  attention  has  been  given  to  the  refores- 
tation of  water-producing  areas. 

FOREST    PROTECTION. 

Forest  Fencing.  The  general  program  of  fencing  boundaries 
of  government  forest  reserve  lands  exposed  to  stock  has  been 
continued  although  not  so  extensively  as  had  been  planned 
owing  to  the  session  of  the  Legislature  and  the  anthrax  epi- 
demic, w^hich  required  my  personal  attention  for  more  than  half 
of  the  year.  In  cooperation  with  the  Kukaiau  Ranch  Company, 
a  start  was  made  on  the  construction  of  over  six  miles  of  fencing 
required  to  keep  stock  out  of  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Hilo 
forest  reserve,  Hawaii,  by  the  building  during  the  last  half  of  the 
year  of  2.78  miles  of  fence.  Under  a  general  lease  requirement 
1.35  miles  of  fence  wxre  built  on  the  boundary  of  the  Nanakuli 
forest  reserve,  Oahu,  and  at  Hauula,  on  the  same  island,  0.63 
mile  of  fence  was  constructed  by  homesteaders  under  an  agree- 
ment made  by  the  Land  Commissioner  on  the  boundary  of  the 
proposed  reserve  in  that  region.  Other  shorter  stretches  of 
fence  constructed  on  Oahu  and  Hawaii  brought  the  total  of  new 
fences  built  during  the  year  up  to  5.32  miles.  This,  with  the  0.37 
mile  of  fence  repaired  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  reserve  boun- 
dary, constituted  a  total  of  5.69  miles  of  forest  reserve  boundary 
made  stock-proof  during  the  year. 

Adfninistration.  The  six  forest  rangers  now  working  on  the 
several  islands  are  doing  good  w^ork  in  caring  for  the  interests 
of  the  forest  reserves  by  enforcing  the  rules  of  the  Board,  patrol- 


146 

ling  for  fire,  preventing  trespass,  repairing  and  building  fences 
and  planting  trees.  On  August  1,  Mr.  Hosea  K.  Lovell  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Kaina  D.  Lovell,  who  died  on  June  20,  as 
forest  ranger  for  windward  Kauai,  and  as  forest  ranger  for  Ha- 
waii Mr.  A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie  on  October  1  succeeded  Mr.  F.  B. 
Dodge,  who  resigned  on  June  20  to  enter  the  U.  S.  Navy. 

In  conjunction  with  the  fence  construction  in  the  Hilo  forest 
reserve,  mentioned  above,  a  special  effort  has  been  made  during 
the  year  to  rid  the  government  forest  lands  of  Piha  and  Laupa- 
hoehoe  of  wild  cattle.  Under  hunting  permits  issued  to  Mr.  H. 
Meyer  and  the  manager  of  the  Kukaiau  Ranch  and  his  em- 
ployees, over  30  head  have  been  eradicated  either  by  roping  or 
shooting  from  this  region  during  the  year. 

A  further  effort  was  made  during  the  last  part  of  the  year  to 
rid  the  Island  of  Kahoolawe  of  goats  by  terminating  the  rights 
and  privileges  which  Mr.  Eben  P.  Low  may  have  had  on  the 
island  and  by  giving  a  permit  to  Mr.  James  C.  Crane  to  remove 
the  goats   from  the  island. 

Many  other  permits  for  goat-hunting  and  other  privileges, 
consistent  with  the  main  purposes  for  which  the  reserves  were 
set  aside,  were  issued  under  Rule  II  during  the  year. 

Forest  Fires.  In  spite  of  a  very  dry  summer  season  during 
the  year  there  fortunately  were  only  a  few  forest  fires,  none  of 
which  did  any  extensive  damage.  The  first  occurred  on  June  25 
on  the  Koolau  Range  side  of  the  military  reservation  in  Waianae- 
uka,  Oahu,  and  was  extinguished  the  same  day  by  two  troops  of 
the  Fourth  Cavalry  and  ninety  prisoners  from  a  German  war- 
ship. About  50  acres  of  mostly  grass  land  were  burned  over. 
In  August  a  small  grass  fire  at  ]\Iaili,  on  the  Leilehua  plateau, 
Oahu,  was  extinguished  the  same  day  it  started.  During  the 
same  month  the  menace  of  homesteaders'  clearing  fires  and  the 
dry  condition  of  the  woods  at  Laupahoehoe,  Hawaii,  made  it  ad- 
visable to  appoint  Mr.  H.  S.  Rickard  as  assistant  fire  warden, 
and  he  rendered  valuable  services  in  preventing  many  small  forest 
fires  in  this  region.  During  August  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Pii- 
honua  woods,  Hawaii,  but  was  soon  put  under  control  by  em- 
ployees of  neighboring  plantations  working  under  Fire  Warden 
John  A.  Scott.  An  area  of  about  50  acres  was  burned  over. 
The  last  fire,  which  occurred  on  September  16,  burned  over  10 
acres  of  waste  brush  land  at  Waikapu,  Maui,  before  it  was  ex- 
tinguished by  a  fire  warden  and  his  assistants. 

Nezv  Forest  Reserves.  During  the  year  one  new  reserve  was 
set  aside  by  proclamation  of  the  Governor  on  April  11,  1917. 
This  was  the  Panaewa  forest  reserve,  in  the  land  of  Waiakea, 
district  of  South  Hilo,  Hawaii,  and  consisted  of  1750  acres  of 
forest  land.  This  brought  the  total  area  of  land  in  forest  re- 
serves up  to  800,094  acres,  of  which  68.5  per  cent,  or  over  half 
a  million  acres,  is  owned  by  the  Territory.  Much  work  was  also 
done  during  the  year  in  accomplishing  the  surveying  and  other 
field  work  necessary  for  the  setting  apart  of  additional   acres. 


147 

The  following  four  projects — the  Keauohana  reserve  on  Hawaii, 
the  addition  to  the  Makawao  reserve  on  Maui,  the  Waiahole  re- 
serve on  Oahu,  and  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  reserve  on  Kauai 
— have  already  received  your  approval  and  are  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  Governor  for  public  hearing  preliminary  to  the  issuance  of 
proclamation,  and  the  following  five  new  projects  are  almost 
ready  for  your  consideration :  the  Hauula,  Mokuleia,  and  addi- 
tion to  Makua-Keaau  reserves  on  Oahu,  and  the  Nonou  and  ad- 
dition to  the  Na  Pali-Kona  reserves  on  Kauai.  These  will  about 
complete  the  work  of  setting  apart  forest  reserves  in  the  Ter- 
ritory. 

FOREST    EXTENSION. 

Tree  Distribution.  During  the  year  there  was  raised  at  the 
four  government  nurseries  and  distributed  for  general  planting 
throughout  the  Territory  a  total  of  353,527  tree  seedlings.  Of 
this  amount,  80  per  cent  was  received  by  sugar  plantation  and 
ranch  companies  interested  in  tree  planting.  On  Arbor  Day  a 
total  of  12,111  trees  was  distributed  for  planting  on  this  occa- 
sion, which  fell  this  year  on  November  16. 

Tree  Planting.  Reports  received  from  tree  planters  through- 
out the  Territory,  which,  however,  are  probably  not  complete, 
show  that  during  the  year  in  all  851,053  trees  were  planted  out 
on  the  several  main  islands.  This  is  well  above  the  average 
number  planted  annually  during  the  past  ten  years.  One-half  of 
the  trees  w^ere  set  out  for  the  purpose  of  watershed  protection 
and  85  per  cent  was  planted  by  sugar  plantation  companies.  On 
account  of  the  importance  of  a  forest  cover  on  water-producing 
areas  the  Division  of  Forestry  has  concentrated  its  tree  planting 
on  such  areas  and  has  continued  reforestation  work  on  Kauai  and 
Oahu  by  the  planting  out  of  almost  25,000  trees,  mainly  koa, 
during  the  year,  with  the  result  that  the  planting  up  of  vacant 
government  land  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  forest  reserve  in 
Manoa  and  Makiki  valleys  is  about  completed. 

The  work  of  planting  a  few  trees  of  many  different  species 
on  the  Manoa  ranger  station  to  test  their  value  for  different  pur- 
poses was  completed  during  the  year,  and  in  time  much  useful 
information  will  be  available  as  a  result  of  this  experimental 
planting.  The  successful  planting  of  Jeffrey  pine  on  the  slopes 
of  Haleakala  assures  the  possibility  of  producing  timber  trees 
of  commercial  value  at  the  higher  elevations  of  this  island  group. 
During  the  year  2000  Australian  red  cedar  trees  were  planted 
out  in  dift'erent  situations  throughout  the  Territory.  This  is  a 
new  introduction  which  already  gives  promise  of  being  of  value, 
since  a  15-months-old  tree  on  the  Manoa  ranger  station  has 
already  grown  11  feet  in  height.  On  Tantalus,  at  an  elevation 
of  over  1200  feet,  20  different  species  of  important  timber  trees 
of  the  Philippines,  brought  to  the  Territory  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Rock, 
w^ere  planted  out  so  as  to  be  producers  of  seed  for  general  dis- 
tribution. 


148 

The  Division  of  Forestry  has  been  of  service  to  a  great  many 
people  interested  in  tree  planting  by  giving  advice  and  directions 
for  tree  planting  and  by  supplying  seedlings.  It  has  also  had 
general  direction  of  the  planting  of  street  trees  on  the  new  Dow- 
sett  Tract  in  Nuuanu  Valley,  and  has  assisted  in  the  planting 
scheme  for  the  Honolulu  Country  Club  in  the  same  valley. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

In  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  Rule  IV  of  this  Division, 
which  was  approved  by  the  Governor  on  July  28,  1917,  and  which 
provides  for  the  protection  of  bird,  animal,  and  vegetable  life  on 
seven  small  islands  off  the  shores  mainly  of  Oahu,  signs  have 
been  placed  on  some  of  the  islands  and  a  special  honorary  forest 
ranger  has  been  appointed  to  enforce  the  rule. 

During  September,  Botanical  Bulletin  No.  4,  "The  Ohia.Lehua 
Trees  of  Hawaii,"  a  revision  of  the  genus  Metrosideros  by  Con- 
sulting Botanist  J.  F.  Rock^  was  published  and  distributed. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden. 

REPORT  FOR  APRIL. 

Honolulu,  May  17,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report 
of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  April,  1918: 

TREE   PLANTING. 

During  the  month  the  planting  crews  on  the  Honolulu  Water- 
shed forest  reserve  have  been  engaged  almost  entirely  in  cleaning 
up  the  heavy  growth  of  weeds  and  grass  which  has  come  up 
around  the  trees  planted  in  Manoa  and  the  Makiki  valleys  as  a 
result  of  the  recent  heavy  rains. 

On  the  Kealia  forest  reserve,  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted 
out  150  silk  oak  trees. 

All  of  the  replies  from  tree  planters  throughout  the  Territory 
have  been  received  and  these  show  that  during  the  calendar  year 
1917,  851,053  trees  were  set  out  on  the  various  islands,  as  follows : 

Maui    458,348 

Oahu    154,911 

Hawaii   125,163 

Kauai    110,669 

Lanai   1,912 

Molokai    50 

Total    851,053 


149 

This  is  slightly  less  than  during  the  previous  two  years,  when 
the  trees  planted  totaled  878,328  in  1915  and  925,400  in  1916. 

A  quantity  of  seed  of  the  gum  arabic  tree,  Acacia  arabica,  is 
being  secured  and  seedlings  will  be  raised  for  experimental  plant- 
ing in  the  forest  reserve  on  the  dry  west  slope  of  the  Waianae 
mountains.  This  is  a  tree  which  readily  reproduces  itself  from 
seed  and  root-shoots  and  will  do  well  on  dry,  impoverished  soil. 
The  wood  is  excellent  for  fuel  and  is  very  suitable  for  posts  and 
ties  on  account  of  its  durability.  Seed  of  the  khair,  Acacia 
catechu,  another  valuable  tree  of  India,  has  also  been  secured 
locally  and  seedlings  will  be  raised  and  planted  at  the  same  place. 

FOREST   FENCING. 

The  forest  fence  at  Piha,  in  the  Hilo  forest  reserve,  Hawaii, 
where  the  work  has  been  delayed  by  the  heavy  rains,  is  nearing 
completion  and  will  now  be  finished  probably  by  the  middle  of 
May.  The  total  length  of  the  new  fences  in  this  region  which 
have  recently  been  built  in  cooperation  with  the  Kukaiau  Ranch 
to  keep  cattle  from  getting  onto  government  lands  in  this  re- 
serve is  6.20  miles. 

.  A  visit  to  Hauula,  Oahu,  on  April  5,  disclosed  the  fact  that 
0.63  mile  of  fence  had  been  built  by  the  homesteaders  on  the 
new  forest  reserve  boundary  under  the  understanding  made  by 
the  former  Land  Commissioner,  and  a  promise  was  secured  from 
them  that  the  remaining  0.25  mile  of  fence  would  be  completed 
at  the  earliest  practicable  date. 

For  repairing  the  fence  along  the  Waimea  side  of  the  Pupukea 
forest  reserve,  Oahu,  in  cooperation  with  the  ranch  department 
of  the  O.  R.  &  L.  Co.,  12  coils  of  wire  and  20  pounds  of  staples 
were  supplied  by  this  Division  on  April  18. 

In  the  new  lease  of  the  upper  grazing  land  of  Piihonua,  Ha- 
waii, above  the  mauka  boundary  of  the  Hilo  forest  reserve, 
which  was  recently  sold  to  Mr.  W.  H.  Shipman,  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Lands,  at  the  suggestion  of  this  office,  included 
the  following  clauses  for  the  protection  of  forest  interests  in  this 
region : 

"Unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Lands,  the  lessee  shall,  at  his  own  cost  and  expense,  maintain 
during  the  term  of  this  lease  in  good  stock-proof  condition  the 
present  fence  along  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  land,  herein  de- 
mised, shall  make  every  endeavor  to  keep  stock  from  getting 
through  such  fence  onto  the  land  to  the  east  of  such  fence,  and 
shall  remove  or  exterminate  at  once  any  stock  which  may  get 
through  such  fence  onto  the  land  to  the  east  of  said  fence. 

'Tf  any  land  is  withdrawn  from  this  lease  for  the  public  pur- 
post  of  forest  protection  along  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  land, 
herein  demised,  the  rent  shall  be  reduced  on  a  basis  which,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  is  equitable, 
and  the  lessee  shall  within  one  year  from  the  date  of  such  with- 


150 

drawal  at  his  own  cost  and  expense  construct  a  stock-proof  legal 
fence,  which  is  satisfactory  to  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry, 
along  the  western  boundary  of  such  withdrawn  land,  shall  main- 
tain such  fence  during  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  this  lease  in 
good  stock-proof  condition,  shall  make  every  endeavor  to  keep 
stock  from  getting  through  such  fence  onto  the  land  so  with- 
drawn and  s^iall  remove  or  exterminate  at  once  any  stock  which 
may  get  through  such  fence  onto  the  land  so  withdrawn/' 

FOREST    RESERVE    WITHDRAWALS. 

After  a  public  hearing  held  on  April  4,  at  which  the  matter 
was  fully  discussed,  the  Governor  on  April  20  signed  a  procla- 
mation withdrawing  the  Island  of  Kahoolawe  from  the  forest 
reserve.  The  reasons  for  this  action  were,  briefly,  as  follows : 
The  island  is  not  water-producing  and  it  would  be  foolish  to 
waste  money  in  the  almost  impossible  task  of  trying  to  reforest 
the  bare  top  of  the  island ;  the  algaroba  is  now  satisfactorily 
established  on  the  rest  of  the  island ;  although  approximately 
5000  goats  have  been  exterminated  on  the  island  during  the  past 
eight  years,  it  has  been  difficult  to  induce  anyone  to  eradicate  the 
remainder;  this  can  be  accomplished  by  turning  the  island  back 
to  the  Land  Commissioner,  who  only  can  make  a  lease  which  wall 
allow  someone  to  fatten  a  limited  number  of  cattle  on  the  acres 
of  pili  grass  and  tons  of  algaroba  pods  now  going  to  waste  on 
the  island  and  which  will  recjuire  that  the  goats  be  completely 
exterminated  within  a  fixed  period  of  time. 

The  project  of  withdrawing  three  small  parcels  of  land,  aggre- 
gating 1.76  acres,  on  Tantalus  Heights,  from  the  Honolulu 
Watershed  Forest  Reserve,  which  are  desired  by  the  Land  Com- 
missioner for  use  in  exchanging  land  for  road  purposes,  approved 
by  the  Board  on  April  24,  was  referred  to  the  Governor  on  the 
following  day  for  issuing  the  required  notice  of  public  hearing. 

NEW    FOREST   RESERVES. 

The  projects  of  setting  aside  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  re- 
serve, Kauai,  consisting  of  54  acres ;  the  Keauohana  reserve. 
Puna,  Hawaii,  comprising  271  acres,  and  the  addition  of  263 
acres  to  the  present  Makawao  forest  reserve,  Maui,  approved  by 
the  Board  on  January  18,  and  the  project  of  setting  apart  the 
Waiahole  forest  reserve,  Oahu,  approved  by  the  Board  on  April 
24,  were  on  April  25  referred  to  the  Governor  for  consideration 
and  issuance  of  the  notice  of  public  hearing. 

During  the  month  field  work  was  done,  in  cooperation  with 
the  Survey  Office,  in  obtaining  a  description  of  the  proposed  new 
Hauula  forest  reserve,  Oahu,  and  in  marking  on  the  ground  the 
boundary  of  the  proposed  new  Mokuleia  Forest  Reserve,  on  the 
same  island. 


151 

FOREST  RESERVE  ADMINISTRATION. 

During  the  month  temporary  permits  were  issued  under 
Rule  II  to  four  responsible  parties  to  hunt  unbranded  wild  cattle, 
pigs,  and  goats  on  unleased  government  lands  within  the  Na  Pali- 
Kona  forest  reserve,  Kauai,  on  the  stipulation  that  full  use  be 
made  of  all  meat  of  animals  so  killed.  In  this  way  it  is  hoped 
to  get  rid  of  all  destructive  agencies  on.  lands  within  this  forest 
reserve  which  have  recently  come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  this 
Board  by  lease  expiration. 

RULE  III. 

In  addition  to  the  arrest  made  by  the  police  in  March  on  the 
restricted  area  in  Nuuanu  Valley  for  violation  of  Rule  III  of  this 
Division  which  forbids  trespassing  on  the  watershed,  another  ar- 
rest was  made  in  February  for  the  same  reason.  Each  offender 
was  fined  $10  and  costs. 

RULE    IV. 

In  March  on  the  information  supplied  to  the  police  by  Hon- 
orary Forest  Ranger  Bruce  Cartwright,  Jr.,  thirteen  Japanese 
chauffeurs  were  arrested  for  killing  rabbits  and  robbing  birds' 
nests  of  eggs  on  Manana  (Rabbit  Island),  off  Makapuu  Point, 
Oahu,  in  violation  of  Rule  IV  of  this  Division.  Each  offender 
was  given  a  suspended  sentence  of  13  months. 

TRESPASS  ON   UNRESERVED  GOVERNMENT  LAND. 

On  April  1,  I  detected  and  stopped  the  cutting  of  large  guava 
trees  on  the  government  land  of  Waiahole,  Oahu,  which  is  within 
the  area  of  the  proposed  new  Waiahole  forest  reserve.  This  was 
being  done  by  three  Japanese  who  were  making  charcoal  for  the 
market,  to  the  detriment  of  the  adjacent  native  forest  on  account 
of  letting  the  sunlight  onto  the  ground  and  encouraging  the  spread 
of  Hilo  grass  in  addition  to  the  undesirable  lessening  of  the  forest 
cover.  The  matter  was  at  once  referred  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Lands,  who  still  has  jurisdiction  over  the  land,  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  offenders. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF   FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  April  30.  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  April : 


152 

NURSERY, 

Distribution  of  Plants. 


Seed 

Transplant 

Pot 

Boxes. 

Boxes. 

Grown. 

Total. 

Sold    

310 

310 

Gratis    

.4000 

300 

1160 

5460 

Total    4000  300  1470  5770 

COLLECTIONS, 

Government  Realizations. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  3.95 

Rent  Building  Nursery  Grounds,  February 35.00 

Total    $38.95 

Plantation   Companies  and   Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
1000  transplants.  We  have  received  orders  for  50,000  seedlings 
to  be  delivered  about  the  end  of  August. 

MAKIKI    STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  mostly  routine.  The  road 
to  the  station  has  been  repaired  and  the  buildings  have  also  been 
gone  over  and  repairs  made  where  required.  Six  hundred  feet 
of  ^-inch  water  pipe  has  been  added  to  the  former  supply  pipe 
and  laid  along  the  Makiki  Valley  to  a  natural  dam  many  feet 
higher  than  the  former  one ;  consequently  we  are  having  a  much 
better  supply  of  water  for  this  station. 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED    PLANTING. 

The  work  done  during  the  month  has  been  clearing  off  and 
hoeing.  The  koa  trees  planted  on  the  ridges  back  of  the  station 
a  few  months  ago  are  doing  remarkably  well. 

The  mahogany  trees  which  we  planted  near  the  station  in  the 
Makiki  Valley  are  also  looking  well.  In  the  bottom  of  Hering 
Valley  the  Juniperus  Australis,  Juniperus  Bermudiana,  Cupres- 
sus  Arizonia  and  Cryptomeria  Japonica  are  all  growing  splen- 
didly. 

Owing  to  the  dry  season  coming  on  it  will  be  necessary  to  sus- 
pend planting  and  attend  to  the  trails  as  a  protection  against  fires. 

The  area  which  Avas  infested  with  the  pest  Caesalpinia  bonduc 
will   require  to  be  gone  over  again  and  all  seedlings  and  root 


153 

shoots  dug  carefully  out.  The  opu  valley  has  been  cleared  of 
this  pest  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  seedlings  and  root 
shoots  that  may  come  up  from  time  to  time,  the  pest  is  now 
under  control  and  will  not  require  much  more  work  to  eradicate 
it  entirely. 

ADVICE    AND    ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  while  on  a  trip  to  Waianae  for  the  purpose  of 
judging  the  school  gardens  had  time  to  inspect  the  work  of  thin- 
ning the  algaroba  forest  which  is  being  done  by  Mr.  Gilbert  at 
Nanakuli.  The  work  is  being  done  in  a  satisfactory  manner, 
and  according  to  agreement. 

The  writer  has  been  called  upon  to  make  visits  and  otherwise 
give  advice  and  assistance  as  follows : 

Calls  made,  4 ;  advice  by  telephone,  8 ;  advice  by  letter,  3 ; 
advice  given  people  calling,  6. 

The  writer  has  been  asked  to  compile  a  list  of  trees  suitable 
for  planting  on  dry  and  exposed  lands  on  these  Islands.  For 
the  benefit  of  those  interested  in  the  matter  I  herewith  submit 
the  following  list: 

TREES    SUIT.\BLE    FOR    PLANTING    IN    DRY    AND    EXPOSED    LOCATIONS 
ON    THE    ISLANDS. 

The  following  list  is  not  compiled  from  botanical  books,  nor 
from  floras  of  countries  intended  principally  for  the  benefit  and 
guidance  of  the  people  living  in  the  countries  in  which  the  floras 
are  published.  The  trees  listed  have  been  selected  from  a  large 
number  of  species  growing  for  many  years  on  the  Islands.  The 
writer  has  been  constantly  employed  in  forestry  work  on  the 
Islands  for  nearly  thirty  years,  and  has  studied  the  species  and 
the  conditions  under  which  they  have  grown. 

The  list  is  not  complete  by  any  means,  and  additional  species 
will  be  added  when  we  have  sufficient  proof  that  they  can  with- 
stand the  drought  and  exposure  and  are  otherwise  adapted  to 
the  conditions : 

Alhizzia  lophantha, 

Alhizzia  lebhek, 

Pithecolohium  diilce  (Inga), 

Melia  a::edarach. 

Acacia  decurrens, 

Acacia  dealhata, 

Acacia  catechu, 

Enterolobolium  cyclocarpuni, 

Cassia  siamea, 

Eugenia  jamholcna. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla. 

Eucalyptus  corymhosa, 

Eryihrina  monospenna. 
The  Prosopis  juliflora   is   worthy   of   special   mention   for   its 


154 

great  resistance  against  drought  on  low  lands  near  the  beach  on 
the  leeward  sides  of  the  islands.  Otherwise,  the  tree  is  too  well 
known  to  require  further  comment  here. 

Leucaena  glattca.  Although  this  tree  does  not  attain  a  large  size 
when  full  grown,  it  is  a  valuable  plant  for  reclaiming  barren 
waste  land  and  is  drought  resistant  to  a  certain  extent.  It  bears 
abundance  of  seed  and  spreads  very  rapidly. 

The  S chin  us  molle  is  drought  resistant,  but  owing  to  it  being  a 
surface-rooter  and  easily  uprooted  during  heavy  winds,  cannot 
be  recommended  for  exposed  places. 

A  number  of  trees  apparently  drought  resistant  may  be  found 
in  gardens  in  and  around  Honolulu.  These,  however,  as  far  as 
the  writer  is  aware,  have  not  been  experimented  with  on  open 
and  exposed  lands  on  the  Islands.  A  few  of  these  species  are  as 
follows : 

Acacia  arahica, 

Berr\a  ammonilla   (valuable  timber  tree), 

Ptcrocarpus  indica, 

Afzelia  hijiiga, 

Celtis  occidcntalis, 

Guazama  tomentosa, 

Dalbergia  sessoo, 

Caesalpinia  coriaria, 

Caesalpinia  sap  pan. 
In  addition  to  the  above  lists  a  large  number  of  species  can 
be  found  in  Honolulu  represented  in  many  cases  by  only  one  or 
two  specimens. 

For  the  purpose  of  saving  what  we  have,  the  writer  would 
suggest  that  the  matter  of  propagating  a  limited  number  of 
each  species  be  commenced  with  the  idea  of  distributing  the  plants 
to  people  interested,  or,  better  still,  set  apart  a  portion  of  some 
nearly  forest  reserve  for  the  purpose  of  experimenting  with 
those  species  not  found  outside  of  gardens  in  Honolulu.  By 
doing  this  we  have  the  advantage  of  propagating  from  trees  more 
or  less  acclimated. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 

Forest  Nurseryman. 

REFORESTATION   PROJECT. 

Plan   for   Reforestation   in   Forest   Reserves,   Waianae   District, 
Oahu.     Approved  by  the  Board  June  6,  1918. 

Honolulu,  June  3,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — The  gang  of  five  Hawaiian  tree  ■  planters  em- 
ployed by  this  Division  completed  on  May  24  the  planting  up  of 


155 

all  open  government  land  in  Manoa  Valley  within  the  Honolulu 
Watershed  forest  reserve,  Oahu.  During  the  16  months  that 
they  were  on  the  job  they  planted  out  a  total  of  12,175  trees, 
mostly  koa,  on  approximately  63  acres.  These  have  grown  very 
rapidly  and  have  been  cared  for  by  periodic  weeding  until  the 
majority  of  them  have  passed  the  danger  point  of  being  smoth- 
ered by  further  rank  growth.  With  the  aid  of  two  local  Ha- 
waiian laborers  whom  I  plan  to  keep  at  the  job  of  weeding,  they 
will  be  cared  for  until  the  end  of  this  year,  when  the  trees  will 
need  no  further  attention. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  citizen  labor  for  tree-planting  work. 
The  planting  gang  in  Makiki  Valley  consists  of  older  Portuguese 
men.  It  is  impossible  to  get  the  younger  Portuguese  to  do  this 
kind  of  work. 

The  ^ang  of  Hawaiians,  which  has  just  completed  the  planting 
work  in  Manoa  Valley,  is  now  well  trained  to  the  work  and  is 
equally  competent  to  construct  satisfactory  fences.  For  this  rea- 
son I  desire  to  hold  the  men  together,  and  for  this  purpose  I  pro- 
pose, with  your  approval,  to  shift  them  to  the  Waianae  district, 
Oahu,  where  I  believe  a  start  should  be  made  in  reforesting,  in 
an  experimental  manner  at  first,  the  reserves  in  that  dry  region. 

The  need  for  reforestation  in  this  region  was  set  forth  by  my 
predecessor  in  his  report  of  August  9,  1912,  recommending  the 
creation  of  the  Nanakuli  forest  reserve,  as  follows : 

"One  essential  point  in  common  is  that  all  these  valleys  are  on 
the  lee  side  of  Oahu  and  hence  are  in  a  dry  district  where  every 
source  of  water,  present  or  prospective,  has  high  value.  The 
forest  problems  here  are  to  restore,  as  far  as  may  be  practi- 
cable, the  original  conditions  of  forest  cover  on  the  upper  slopes, 
where  appear  the  scanty  but  highly  valuable  springs,  and  to  ar- 
range for  the  extension  of  the  forest,  naturally  or  by  artificial 
planting,  on  such  sections  of  the  lower  slopes  as  cannot  to  good 
advantage  be  devoted  to  more  intensive  forms  of  agriculture. 
*  *  *  The  native  forest  should  be  assisted  to  come  back  and 
should  thereafter  be  there  maintained.  If  this  is  done  I  believe 
that  springs  that  are  now  irregular  and  that  flow  only  for  a  short 
time  after  rains  will  be  made  more  steady  and  dependable.  *  *  * 
The  first  move  in  such  a  program  is  to  get  the  forest  back.'" 

As  yet  the  government  has  done  nothing  in  this  line  in  this 
district,  and  by  starting  some  tree  planting  in  this  region  now  I 
wish  to  refute  the  statement  commonly  made  that  the  govern- 
ment puts  open  land  into  forest  reserves  and  never  plants  it  up. 
The  Waianae  Company  has  done  a  large  amount  of  tree  planting 
in  the  upper  part  of  Waianae  Valley  in  past  years  with  excellent 
results,  and  within  a  year  has  fenced  ofT  the  upper  part  of  Ma- 
kaha  Valley  as  a  private  forest  reserve  and  may  undertake  refor- 
estation there  also.  Both  of  these  valleys  produce  more  or  less 
water,  and  a  forest  at  their  heads  will  insure  the  steadiness  of  this 
water  supply. 

In  a  recent  trip  to  all  of  the  valleys  from  Xanakuli  to  Makua 


156 

I  was  impressed  by  the  apparent  increase  in  water  supplies  wher- 
ever the  forest  had  received  protection. 

The  Nanakuli  reserve  is  now  fenced,  but  needs  reforestation 
at  the  head  of  the  valley  to  insure  the  permanence  of  the  small 
stream  which  runs  there  for  most  of  the  year. 

The  Lualualei  reserve  is  all  fenced,  all  cattle  are  excluded,  and 
fairly  lively  streams  flow  down  from  Mikilua  and  Puhawai. 

The  Waianae  reserve,  which  has  not  only  been  fenced,  but  also 
almost  completely  reforested,  has  an  abundance  of  water  com- 
pared with  the  two  reserves  mentioned  above.  In  Makaha  there 
was  a  fairly  large  stream  flowing  a  long  distance  down  the  valley. 

The  Makua-Keaau  reserve,  nearer  to  the  dry  end  of  the 
island,  to  be  sure,  shows  little  signs  of  water.  The  boundary  has 
not  been  fenced,  and  cattle  still  do  damage  to  the  remnant  of 
native  forest. 

Nanakuli.  Lualualei  and  Makua,  therefore,  need  attention  in 
the  line  of  reforestation,  and  I  propose  to  start  at  Mikilua,  in  the 
Lualualei  reserve,  where  there  is  a  constant  stream  and  suitable 
location  for  a  nursery.  The  army  also  plans  to  construct  a 
wagon  road  over  the  mountain  at  this  point,  and  this  makes  it 
more  than  ever  desirable  that  this  small  stream  be  increased  if 
possible  by  reforestation.  On  the  upper  slopes  near  the  cliffs, 
kukui  and  koa  are  found,  and  should,  I  believe,  be  used  in  re- 
forestation work  where  they  are  suitable.  On  the  lower  slopes 
in  drier  country  other  species,  such  as  Acacia  arabica  and  Acacia 
catechu,  should  be  tried  out.  An  excellent  opportunity  is  prer 
sented  here  for  testing  advantageously  the  trees  which  are  best 
suited  to  the  drier  situations  in  these  Islands  and  for  obtaining 
knowledge  and  experience  along  this  line  which  at  present  are 
lacking. 

No  special  equipment  beyond  the  erection  of  a  rooming  shack 
for  the  men,  costing  in  the  region  of  $200,  will  be  necessary. 

If  this  plan  meets  with  your  approval,  the  men  will  begin  the 
work  toward  the  latter  part  of  this  month  and  commence  plant- 
ing at  the  higher  elevations,  where  the  trees  will  receive  mois- 
ture during  the  day  season. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


157 

Division  of  Entomology 

ANNUAL  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  May  2,   1918. 
Board  of  Commissoiners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — I  submit  herewith  in  accordance  with  the  law  a 
brief  report  of  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  for  the 
annual  period  1917-1918. 

No  new  work  has  been  undertaken  since  the  organization  of 
the  Division  at  the  beginning  of  the  biennial  fiscal  period,  July 
1,  1917,  owing  to  the  uncertainties  of  travel  caused  by  the  Euro- 
pean War.  The  beneficial  insects  previously  introduced  have 
been  propagated  and  distributed  without  interruption,  although 
there  is  abundant  proof  of  their  establishment.  It  is  considered 
that  this  practice  is  beneficial,  since  there  is  a  tendency,  in  isolated 
localities,  without  great  quantity  of  variety  of  fruit,  for  the  insects 
to  diminish  greatly  or  to  disappear  from  time  to  time  in  the  ab- 
sence of  their  hosts.  This  is  especially  true  of  those  species  with 
weak  flight,  like  Tetrastichus  and  Paranagrus.  The  latter  does 
not  seem  to  be  able  to  maintain  itself,  on  the  lowlands,  in  suffi- 
ciently large  numbers  to  be  serviceable,  and  the  practice  with  it 
has  always  been  to  stock  new  fields  of  corn  when  the  plants  are 
about  a  foot  high,  or  to  use  a  "catch  crop"  to  multiply  the 
parasite. 

The  distribution  of  the  different  parasites  since  January  1, 
1918  (the  date  of  the  last  report),  has  been  as  follows: 

TABULATION    SHOWING    THE    LIBERATION    OF    BENEFICIAL    INSECTS, 

1917. 

o 


Fruit-Fly  Parasites*  : 

TetrasticMis   gifardianus  7,913 

Diacliasma  fuUawayi   .  .  .  675 

DiacJiasma  tryoni 1,758 

Dirhinus   giffardi    1,800 

Opius  humilis    475 

Galesus  sUvestri   455 

Total    13,076       3,220       245     160       97       16,798 

Horn-Fly  Parasite  f : 
SpJangia  cameroni   60       60 


w 

^ 

% 

W 

^ 

>^ 

p 

c 

p 

p 

^ 

^ 

r 

c 

< 

p 

200 

55 

... 

■8,113 
730 

3,020 

190 

160 

62 
*35 

5,190 

1,800 

510 



... 

... 

455 

*  Liberated  at: — Oahu:  Honolulu,  Mokuleia,  Waiauae,  Pauoa.  Hawaii: 
Kohala.  Maui:  Hana,  Paia,  Wailuku.  Kauai  :  Liliue,  Homestea^l.  Laxai: 
Keomuku. 

t  Liberated  at: — Oahu:  Honolulu. 


158 

Melon-Fly  Parasite t : 
Opius   fletcheri   15,221  690       729     175      . .  .        16,815 

Corn  Leaf-hopper 
Parasite  § : 
Paranagrus    oshorni 59,776     23,350     5,100     21,250      ...      135     109,611 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  the  examination 
of  a  vast  quantity  of  fruit-fly  material  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
Entomology  office  in  Hawaii  shows  an  increase  of  about  ten  per 
cent  in  the  total  parasitism  in  the  fruit  fly  during  the  past  year, 
and  the  facts  brought  out  in  their  work  are  confirmed  by  the 
greater  abundance  of  fruits  in  the  markets,  i,  e.,  Kona  oranges. 

The  inability  to  undertake  new  work  has  afforded  leisure  for 
study,  and  many  of  the  problems  connected  with  the  control  of 
insect  pests  have  been  gone  over  afresh ;  it  has  also  allowed  the 
Entomologist  to  undertake  a  considerable  amount  of  systematic 
work  on  the  Board's  collection  of  insects,  which  has  been  greatly 
improved.  In  connection  with  this  work  three  papers  have  been 
published  by  the  Entomologist,  as  follows : 

''Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Spalangia"  (Proc.  Hawaiian 
Entomological  Soc.  Ill,  p.  202,  Dung  Fly  Parasite)  ;  "Notes  on 
Hawaiian  Prosopidae"  (in  course  of  publication)  ;  "A  New  Genus 
Pteroptricine  Aphelininae  (Mealy  Bug  Parasite)"  (in  course  of 
publication).  Papers  are  also  in  preparation  on  the  "Natural 
Enemies  of  Coccidae,"  and  on  "The  Collection  of  Braconidae 
Made  bv  Mr.  F.  ]\Iuir  During  the  Progress  of  the  Cane  Borer 
Work,  1907-1911." 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 

REPORT  FOR  APRIL. 

Honolulu,  May  22,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — During  the  month  of  April  the  insectary  handled 
20,300  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  818 
females  and  679  males  Opius  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 


t  Liberated  at: — Oahu:  Moiliili,  Niu,  Honolulu,  Mokuleia,  Waianae,  Pearl 
City,  Castiier.  Hawaii:  Paauliau.  Kauai :  Hanalei,  Lihue,  Kealia.  Maui: 
Hana,  Haiku. 

§  Liberated  at: — Oahu:  Honolulu,  Kailua,  Moiliili,  Waipio,  Pearl  City, 
Kaneohe.  Maui:  Kula,  Haiku,  Makawao.  Kauai  :  Lihue,  Kilauea,  Kapa'a, 
Kealia,  Waimea.     Lanai:    Keomuku. 


159 

Females.     Males. 

Opius  f  I  etc  her  i. 

Oahu: 

Moanalua    278  173 

Robinson    436  397 

Molokai :    Kamalo   115  70 

Opius  humilis. 

Oahu :   Robinson    18  10 

Hawaii:   Hilo    45  20- 

Diachasma  tryoni. 

Oahu :  Robinson  30  15 

Hawaii :   Hilo    65  20 

Maui :  Paia   50  10 

Diachasma  fiillazvayi. 

Oahu :    Robinson    25  15 

Hawaii:   Hilo 80  31 

Maui :  Paia   50  ZS 

Galesus  silvestri. 

Hawaii :  Mt.  View   720 

Spaiangia  earner oni. 

Maui:   Paia    320 

Paranagnis  osbiirni. 

Oahu :  Makiki  Nursery  16.700 

Hawaii :   Kohala    500 

Molokai : 

Kamalo    1,800 

Pukoo    ;1,400 

Maui: 

Haiku    32,600 

Paia   37,200 

Wailuku    500 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  T.  Fullawav. 

Entomologist. 


160 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


ANNUAL  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  December  31,  1917. 

Honorable  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  brief 
report  covering  the  various  lines  of  work  performed  by  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  during  the  calendar  year  1917. 

The  work  performed  by  the  chief  plant  inspector  and  his  as- 
sistants during  the  year  1917  consisted  of  the  following: 

1.  The  inspection  of  all  fruit,  vegetables  and  plants  coming 
into  the  Territory  from  foreign  countries  and  the  mainland  in 
order  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  pests  and  plant  diseases 
which  do  not  at  present  exist  in  Hawaii  and  which  are  injurious 
to  agricultural   interests   in   other  places. 

2.  The  inspection  of  all  fruit,  vegetables  and  plants  that  are 
shipped  from  the  port  of  Honolulu  to  all  ports  of  the  other 
islands.  The  purpose  of  this  inspection  is  to  prevent  the  spread 
to  adjacent  islands  of  any  pest  accidentally  introduced  on  Oahu, 
of  which  Honolulu  is  the  port  of  entry  and  consequently  the 
most  likely  place  for  an  accidental  introduction  to  make  its  first 
appearance. 

STAFF. 

Your  superintendent  has  continued  as  Chief  of  the  Division 
during  this  year  and  had  the  following  assistance  in  the  quaran- 
tine inspection : 

Mr.  D.  B.  Kuhns,  as  assistant  inspector,  whose  time  was  spent 
mostly  on  the  harbor  front  in  looking  after  all  vessels  arriving 
at  Honolulu.  Under  him  there  are  tvvo  assistants,  Messrs.  Ed- 
ward Drew  and  Isaac  Kahele.  \\'ith  this  force  of  men  I  am 
able  to  handle  all  inspections  of  outside  shipments  as  well  as  the 
inter-island  inspection.  In  connection  with  the  work,  Brother 
Matthias  Newell  has  continued  as  fruit  and  plant  inspector  at 
Hilo,  Hawaii.  On  January  1  Mr.  Will  Cooper  w^as  appointed 
plant  inspector  at  Kahului. 

The  following  gentlemen,  who  are  acting  as  honorary  inspec- 
tors at  various  ports  on  the  other  islands,  have  not  reported  any 
active  service  during  the  year.  In  fact,  it  seldom  occurs  that 
produce  goes  to  the  smaller  ports  of  the  other  islands  without 
first  passing  through  Honolulu. 

Honorary  inspectors:  Mr.  E.  E.  Madden,  Mahukona,  Ha- 
wai ;  Air.  Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Eleele,  Kauai ;  Mr.  G.  C.  Munro,  Keo- 
muku,  Lanai.  Mr.  AV.  D.  AIcBryde  resigned  as  honorary  inspec- 
tor in  Alarch,  and  Air.  Geo.  B.  Leavitt  was  appointed  to  succeed 
him. 


161 

INSPECTION. 

Owing  to  the  war  some  of  the  larger  freight  carriers  were 
taken  off  during  the  year  and  replaced  by  numerous  smaller 
boats,  some  of  which  carried  no  cargo  of  a  vegetable  nature, 
especially  those  in  transit,  yet  they  carried  quantities  of  fruit  and 
vegetables  for  their  own  consumption  and  required  our  atten- 
tion during  their  stay  in  port.  The  increase  in  the  number  of 
vessels  arriving  here  and  the  congestion  of  freight  on  board  as 
well  as  on  the  docks  caused  great  delay  and  made  it  necessary  to 
appoint  an  inspector  for  the  port  of  Kahului,  thereby  relieving 
us  of  the  inspection  at  Honolulu  of  coast  shipments  for  that 
port.  These  were  usually  badly  mixed  with  other  cargo  and 
made  thorough  inspection  here  difficult. 

During  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  a  law  was  passed 
giving  authority  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  to 
make  the  necessary  changes  in  reorganizing  the  Division  of  En- 
tomology by  separating  it  into  two  divisions,  viz :  the  Division  of 
Entomology  and  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection,  and  by  making 
appropriate  changes  in  the  law  to  govern  both  divisions. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
after  due  consideration  and  recommendation,  found  that  since 
the  work  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  was  along  the 
waterfront  it  would  be  best  for  efficiency  to  locate  the  office  in 
that  district,  and  accordingly  a  building  has  been  erected  on 
ground  set  aside  by  the  Governor  and  will  be  ready  for  occupancy 
January  1,  1918. 

The  building  and  its  equipment  has  been  carefully  planned  and 
every  precaution  taken  for  efficiency  and  convenience.  Fumiga- 
tion vaults  are  separate  from  the  main  building  and  are  so  placed 
that  an  extra  unit  may  be  added  when  found  necessary.  By 
making  use  of  two  small  fumigating  units  of  the  old  equipment, 
we  have  at  present  about  15,200  cubic  feet  of  space  for  fumi- 
gating purposes.  In  addition  to  the  building  we  have  an  incin- 
erator equipped  with  a  Ray  rotary  oil  burner.  With  this  outfit 
we  will  be  able  to  dispose  of  all  condemned  fruit,  plants  and  vege- 
tables as  well  as  to  subject  soil  to  a  sufficient  heat  to  kill  all  plant 
germs  and  bacteria.  The  destruction  of  condemned  materials 
has  been  one  of  the  most  annoying  problems  in  the  past,  and 
wnth  this  new  equipment  we  can  handle  such  materials  without 
risk.  The  laboratory  is  furnished  with  gas  and  electricity,  and 
the  necessary  instruments  for  thorough  work  have  been  pur- 
chased. 

It  is  not  our  intention  to  have  a  large  library,  as  we  will  have 
access  to  the  library  at  the  King  Street  office,  but  we  shall  en- 
deavor to  collect  certain  reference  books  pertaining  to  foreign 
insects  and  plants  and  to  assemble  as  complete  as  possible  a  file 
of  all  horticultural  laws  from  the  mainland  and  foreign  coun- 
tries. 


162 

WORK    PERFORMED. 

During  the  year  we  inspected  721  vessels  arriving  at  the  ports 
of  Honolulu,  Kahului  and  Hilo.  Of  these,  340  carried  vegetable 
matter  consisting  of  16,164  lots  and  325,346  packages.  Of  this 
amount  320,329  packages  were  fruits  and  vegetables,  mostly  from 
the  mainland  of  the  United  States  and  imported  for  food;  2668 
packages  were  seeds  of  plants,  flowers  and  vegetables ;  and  2439 
packages  were  plants.  Of  these  shipments  800  packages  were 
destroyed,  3075  packages  were  fumigated  before  delivery,  and 
67  packages  were  returned  to  the  shipper,  on  account  of  infes- 
tation or  for  being  contraband  under  rulings  of  the  Federal  Hor- 
ticultural Board. 

There  has  been  a  material  increase  in  the  number  of  vessels 
arriving  at  the  various  ports  in  the  Islands,  but  owing  to  the  war 
and  the  congestion  of  freight  on  the  Coast,  the  actual  shipments 
of  a  vegetable  nature  have  not  increased  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  arrivals. 


RICE   AND   BEAN   AND   GENERAL   SHIPMENTS. 

During  1917,  380,149  bags  of  rice  and  34,042  bags  of  various 
kinds  of  beans  were  shipped  into  the  Territory  through  the  ports 
of  Honolulu  and  Hilo  from  Japan  and  China.  Shipments  of 
this  nature  are  rigidly  inspected  for  cereal  pests,  and  it  is  gratify- 
ing to  note  that  no  rice  or  beans  were  held  for  infestation  during 
the  year.  The  establishment  of  plant  quarantine  stations  at 
various  Japanese  ports  and  strict  observance  of  rules  governing 
rice  and  bean  importations  have  produced  splendid  results. 

A  large  consignment  of  wheat  arrived  at  the  port  of  Hilo  direct 
from  Japan  and  was  found  infested  with  the  common  rice  weevil. 
As  the  facilities  at  Hilo  were  inadequate  for  the  handling  of  such 
a  quantity,  the  shipment  was  sent  to  Honolulu  and  was  fumi- 
gated in  our  large  chamber. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

During  1917  we  have  continued  the  inspection  of  horticultural 
products  shipped  from  Honolulu  to  all  other  island  ports.  Par- 
ticular care  was  taken  in  the  case  of  soil  attached  to  the  roots  of 
plants,  as  plant  diseases  and  insect  pests  are  readily  disseminated 
in  this  way. 

During  the  year  725  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and 
ports  of  the  other  islands  were  attended  to  and  11,227  packages 
of  plants,  fruit  and  vegetables  were  inspected.  Of  this  number, 
134  packages  were  rejected  either  on  account  of  infestation  or 
having  undesirable  soil  attached  to  the  roots  of  plants. 


163 


FEDERAL   INSPECTION. 


As  agents  and  collaborators  of  the  Federal  Horticultural 
Board,  we  are  greatly  assisted  in  the  inspection  of  foreign  im- 
portations. The  enforced  regulation  of  requiring  permits  for 
all  foreign  plant  shipments  has  been  a  big  factor  in  preventing 
the  promiscuous  lugging  in  of  plants  by  aid  of  the  ships'  crews. 
Importers  of  plants  with  the  required  permits  can,  however, 
ask  the  assistance  of  a  ship's  officer  if  some  rare  or  tender  plant 
requires  care  on  the  ocean  trip. 

A  decrease  is  noted  in  the  shipments  of  plants  by  parcels  post 
from  foreign  countries,  and  this  is  partly  due  to  the  war  as  well 
as  to  the  regulations  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  prohib- 
iting such  shipments  by  mail.  But  despite  the  fact,  many  people 
have  not  as  yet  become  acquainted  with  this  regulation,  even 
though  it  has  been  widely  published. 

INJURIOUS  INSECTS  AND   PLANT  DISEASES. 

During  the  year  the  usual  number  of  dangerous  insects  and 
plant  diseases  have  been  intercepted  in  course  of  inspection.  The 
following  table  shows  the  number  of  species  and  genera  found : 

Beetles   17  Genera  20  Species 

Butterflies  and  Moths 7        ''  7        " 

Ants    7        "  10 

Scale  Insects  10        "  15 

Plant  Lice   4        "  4 

Various   14        "  17        " 

Among  the  more  important  pests  destroyed  during  the  year 
were: 

The  Argentine  ant,  which  was  discovered  on  two  occasions. 
Other  species  of  ants  which  have  not  as  yet  gained  entrance,  as 
well  as  species  wdiich  are  already  established,  have  frequently 
been  found  in  plant  shipments. 

A  weevil,  the  larvae  of  which  are  very  destructive  to  roots  of 
plants,  was  taken  in  the  soil  about  the  roots  of  a  potted  plant 
from  Japan. 

Bagworms,  not  as  yet  known  in  the  Territory,  were  also  found 
on  plants  from  the  Orient. 

Cladosporium  citri,  a  very  dangerous  fungus  disease  of  citrus 
fruit,  has  in  numerous  instances  been  discovered  on  fruit  taken 
from  the  baggage  of  passengers  from  the  Orient. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 

Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


164 

REPORT  FOR  APRIL. 

Honolulu,  April  30,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  done 
by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  April,  1918, 
as  follows : 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  49 
vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter,  with  the  following 
results : 

Disposal.  Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 681  18,791 

Fumigated    14  50 

Burned   22  22 

Returned 3  3 

Total  inspected   720  18,866 

Of  these  shipments,  18,589  packages  arrived  as  freight,  181  pack- 
ages as  mail,  and  96  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  17,113  bags  of  rice  and  1310  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  5553  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  exam- 
ined, and  from  these  were  seized  and  destroyed  by  burning 
9  lots  of  fruit  and  14  lots  of  vegetables. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
various  sources : 

On  April  8  a  package  of  palm  seeds  in  the  mail  from  Egypt 
was  fumiigated  for  an  infestation  of  scale  insects,  and  passed. 

On  the  same  date  a  package  of  tree  seed  from  Japan  in  the 
mail  was  returned  as  unmailable. 

On  April  14  a  case  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  from  Japan 
was  fumigated  because  of  ants  in  the  packing.  The  case  was 
sprayed  with  kerosene  as  an  added  precaution. 

On  April  16  a  package  of  orchids  in  a  passenger's  baggage 
from  Manila  was  fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  ants  and  scale 
insects. 

On  April  29  a  parcel  of  sweet  potatoes  in  the  mail  from  Japan 
was  returned  as  unmailable. 


165 

During  the  month  we  have  mailed  214  notices  of  inspection 
rules  to  nurserymen  of  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries. 

HILO    INSPECTION., 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  six  steamers,  three 
of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  118  lots  and  2090 
parcels.  The  Anyo  Maru  arrived  direct  from  Japan,  bringing 
900  bags  of  rice,  539  bags  of  beans,  15  bags  of  peas  and  2  bags 
of  sesame  seeds,  making  a  total  of  1456  packages,  all  of  which 
were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  Maui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  three  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of 
which  brought  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  4  lots  and  185 
packages,  all  of  which  were  found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island 
ports  were  attended,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests : 

Taro    796  bags 

Vegetables    266  packages 

Plants    177 

Fruit    13 

Total  inspected   1252         " 

Two  packages  of  plants  were  refused  shipment  on  account  of 
infestation  and  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 

ANNUAL  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  May  1,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — The  year  1917  became  remarkable  in  the  Hawai- 
ian live-stock  annals  on  account  of  the  first  appearance  of  an- 
thrax among  the  cattle  and  horses  of  the  Territory.  This  fatal 
disease,  which  affects  all  classes  of  animals,  and  is  transmissible 
to  man,  4iad  never  been  known  here  before,  and  as  it  could  not 


166 

possibly  have  been  brought  here  by  infected  animals,  the  conclu- 
sion was  reluctantly  arrived  at  that  the  disease  had  been  intro- 
duced and  spread  maliciously. 

The  first  appearance  of  the  disease  occurred  on  a  ranch  at 
Hanalei,  on  Kauai,  and  unfortunately  a  considerable  number  of 
animals  had  died  before  the  diagnosis  of  anthrax  was  made  and 
many  carcasses  had  been  buried  in  shallow  graves.  Serum  vac- 
cine was  cabled  for  and  pending  its  arrival  every  measure  was 
taken  to  prevent  the  further  spread  of  the  disease.  The  cattle 
were  then  dying  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  day,  and  it  soon  became 
evident  that  nearly  all  the  paddocks  on  the  ranch  had  been  in- 
fected, so  nothing  could  be  gained  by  moving  the  cattle  around. 
A  strict  quarantine,  enforced  by  guards,  was  established,  and,  as 
soon  as  received,  the  entire  herd,  some  2400  head,  were  injected 
with  the  serum  simultaneous  anthrax  vaccine.  Up  to  this  time 
some  225  animals,  mostly  cows,  had  died,  and  a  large  force  of 
men  was  required  for  burning  the  carcasses  and  fencing  in  the 
graves  of  the  earlier  cases.  The  vaccination  did  not  stop  the 
losses  immediately,  so  it  became  necessary  to  revaccinate  the 
whole  herd  one  month  later,  when  a  total  of  about  300  head  had 
died.  The  disease  had  then  lasted  from  the  beginning  of  April, 
was  well  under  control  by  the  middle  of  May,  though  a  few 
scattering  cases  were  observed  as  late  as  August. 

How  the  disease  was  scattered  over  the  ranch  is  not  known 
to  this  day.  The  contents  of  the  salt  and  bonemeal  boxes  in 
the  infected  pastures  were  tested  by  animal  inoculations  without 
result.  Practically  all  the  paddocks  are  high  and  well  drained 
and  offer  little  or  no  opportunity  for  the  permanent  establish- 
ment of  the  anthrax  infection.  This  makes  the  sudden  appear- 
ance of  the  disease  in  that  isolated  district  so  much  more  re- 
markable. 

However,  the  end  was  not  yet.  During  the  middle  of  May, 
anthrax  suddenly  made  its  appearance  in  a  dairy  herd  almost  in 
the  heart  of  Honolulu.  Of  approximately  100  milch  cows,  one- 
third  died  in  the  course  of  48  hours.  The  place  was  quarantined 
and  the  remaining  animals  were  serum  vaccinated.  In  this  case 
the  disease  was  found  to  have  been  spread  by  means  of  a  bag  of 
beet  pulp,  which  was  found  to  be  heavily  infected  with  anthrax 
spores.  Only  this  bag  out  of  a  shipment  of  several  hundred 
proved  to  be  infected,  and  as  the  feed  room  at  the  dairy  was  left 
open  at  all  times,  the  matter  of  infecting  one  of  the  bags  of  feed 
by  pouring  an  anthrax  culture  over  it  would  meet  with  little  dif- 
ficulty. 

The  final  surprise  came,  however,  when  anthrax  was  reported 
from  the  Island  of  Maui.  There  in  the  course  of  ten  days,  dur- 
ing the  month  of  June,  no  less  than  seven  distinct  outbreaks  oc- 
curred in  widely  scattered  districts.  The  losses,  however,  were 
insignificant,  totalling  less  than  fifty  head  of  cattle  and  horses. 
Whoever  scattered  the  disease  in  this  case  had  evidently  been  in 
a  hurry,  as  well  as  being  ignorant  about  how  to  make  the  infec- 


167 

tion  do  the  most  damage.  As  in  the  other  outbreaks,  all  animals 
in  the  infected  pastures  were  immediately  serum  vaccinated, 
after  which  few  losses  occurred.  As  all  of  these  outbreaks  ap- 
peared in  pastures  contiguous  to  a  highway,  it  is  presumed  that 
the  fiend  who  scattered  the  disease  was  traveling  in  a  carriage  Or 
automobile,  and  simply  throwing  the  infected  material  into  the 
paddocks  as  he  passed  them.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  by  this 
time  the  cattle  raisers  and  live-stock  owners  all  over  the  Islands 
were  thoroughly  alarmed  and  unprecedented  measures  were 
adopted  to  protect  the  large  cattle  ranches  on  Hawaii  and  else- 
where. 

The  Territorial  Legislature  was  fortunately  in  session  when 
the  first  outbreak  of  anthrax  occurred,  and  an  appropriation  of 
$25,000  was  made  immediately  available,  with  which  to  fight  the 
disease.  Had  it  not  been  for  this  expeditious  measure  it  is 
doubtful  whether  the  disease  could  have  been  suppressed  so 
quickly  and  completely  as  was  the  case. 

The  serum  vaccine  used  for  this  purpose  is  of  quite  recent 
origin  and  would  not  have  been  available  had  the  outbreaks  hap- 
pened the  year  before.  Our  experience  with  it  has  demonstrated 
it  as  a  valuable  preventive  and  an  effective  cure  in  most  cases 
that  come  under  treatment  soon  enough.  It  is  still  rather  ex- 
pensive, costing  30  cents  per  dose,  but  it  is  expected  that  im- 
proved methods  of  manufacture  will  greatly  reduce  this  price. 
A  total  of  13,000  doses  was  used,  and  the  results  fully  justify 
the  expenditure.  The  greatest  item  of  cost  in  fighting  an  an- 
thrax epidemic  is  the  disposal  of  the  carcasses  by  cremation,  and 
unless  this  is  done,  and  done  thoroughly,  there  is  little  likelihood 
of  ever  getting  rid  of  the  disease,  as  the  anthrax  infection  can 
live  for  years  in  the  ground. 

BOVINE     TUBERCULOSIS     ERADICATION. 

For  the  purpose  of  eradicating  tuberculosis  from  the  dairy 
herds  of  the  Territory,  the  1917  Legislature  appropriated  the 
sum  of  $20,000  wherewith  to  reimburse  the  owners  of  tubercu- 
lous cattle  when  these  are  condemned  as  dangerous  to  the  public 
health.  Of  this  sum,  about  one-half  has  been  expended  on  the 
Island  of  Oahu  alone,  where  a  few  badly  infected  herds  were  still 
found.  On  the  other  islands  many  districts  are  completely  free 
from  the  disease  and  it  is  fully  expected  that  the  sum  appropri- 
ated will  prove  sufticient  for  the  purpose. 

The  efforts  of  the  Federal  Government  to  suppress  this  insid- 
ious disease  by  the  creation  of  a  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Control 
Division,  under  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  Washington, 
is  sufficient  guaranty  of  the  soundness  of  the  policy  pursued  by 
this  Division  for  the  past  seven  years. 


168 

OTHER    LIVE-STOCK    DISEASES. 

With  the  exception  of  anthrax  and  tuberculosis,  the  live-stock 
of  the  Territory  have  been  singularly  free  from  infectious  dis- 
eases during  the  past  year.  A  few  isolated  cases  of  glanders 
have  been  reported  from  the  Kohala  district,  but  a  similar  out- 
break recently  investigated  in  the  Hamakua  district  proved  not 
to  be  glanders,  but  epizootic  lymphangitis.  Hog  cholera  seems 
to  have  entirely  disappeared,  and  even  hemorrhagic  septicemia 
or  swine  plague  is  rarely  heard  of,  and  still  there  were  more  hogs 
raised  in  the  Territory  during  the  past  year  than  ever  before. 

Though  rabies  is  still  prevalent  in -the  Pacific  Coast  States,  the 
continued  four-months  quarantine  of  all  dogs  has  proved  effec- 
tive in  keeping  the  disease  out  of  the  Territory.  It  became  nec- 
essary during  the  year  to  enlarge  the  dog  quarantine  division  with 
twelve  additional  kennels. 

IMPORTATION    OF   LIVE-STOCK. 

During  1917  the  following  live-stock  arrived  in  the  Territory: 
Horses,  245 ;  mules,  244 ;  cattle,  272 ;  sheep,  68 ;  swine,  24 ;  dogs, 
67;  poultry,  489  crates. 

Of  these  animals,  the  greater  majority  of  the  horses  were  for 
the  military  forces  stationed  here.  The  mules  as  usual  were  for 
the  plantations.  The  cattle  were  nearly  all  milch  cows,  Holstein 
grades  with  a  few  pure-bred  bulls  and  cows  of  the  same  breed. 
There  were  also  30  head  yearling  Shorthorn  bulls,  pure-bred. 
Among  the  sheep  was  one  importation  from  New  Zealand  of  50 
pure-bred  Merino  rams.  The  swine  were  principally  Berkshire 
boars. 

RABBITS   AND   BELGIAN    HARES. 

The  1917  Legislature  passed  a  law  (Act  50)  forbidding  the 
keeping  and  breeding  of  rabbits  or  Belgian  hares  in  the  Terri- 
tory, except  on  permit  issued  by  this  Board.  In  accordance  with 
this  law,  which  principally  aims  at  keeping  these  animals  con- 
fined and  thereby  preventing  them  from  becoming  pests,  a  new 
rule  (Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Rule  XIII)  was  approved  by 
the  Governor  on  October  30,  1917,  since  which  date  39  permits  to 
keep  and  breed  rabbits  have  been  issued. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


169 
REPORT  FOR  APRIL. 

Honolulu,  May  29,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  a  report  covering  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  April, 
1918. 

In  preparing  an  exhibit  for  the  Territorial  Fair,  attention 
was  called  to  the  fact  that  our  supply  of  printed  regulations 
governing  the  importation  of  live-stock  and  other  animals  into 
this  Territory  had  been  almost  completely  exhausted.  As  the 
old  regulations,  effective  since  January  1,  1910,  were  badly  in 
need  of  revision,  several  rules  having  become  obsolete  or  been 
revoked  while  others  needed  additional  paragraphs  on  account  of 
more  recent  legislation,  both  Federal  and  Territorial,  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  reconstruct  and  make  more  concise  the  new 
edition.  It  was  also  considered  well  to  separate  the  regulations 
governing  importations  from  those  dealing  with  the  control  and 
suppression  of  animal  diseases  within  the  Territory.  These  lat- 
ter regulations  will  also  have  to  be  brought  up  to  date,  though 
several  of  them  may  be  retained  in  their  present  form. 

The  new  importation  rules  w^hich  are  submitted"^  herewith  for 
the  Board's  approval  have  been  made  to  conform  with  the  Fed- 
eral regulations  now^  in  force,  both  as  they  pertain  to  live-stock  in 
interstate  traffic  and  to  importations  from  foreign  countries.  The 
most  important  change,  to  which  the  Board's  attention  is  espe- 
cially called,  occurs  in  Rule  V  relative  to  the  introduction  of 
cattle  for  dairy  and  breeding  purposes  from  the  mainland  of  the 
United  States.  The  revised  rule  requires  that  such  cattle  shall 
not  alone  have  passed  the  tuberculin  test,  but  must  come  from 
herds  which  have  been  free  of  tuberculous  infection  for  one 
year.  Under  these  conditions  such  cattle  will  be  admitted  to 
the  Territory  without  further  restrictions.  On  the  other  hand, 
cattle  which  have  passed  the  tuberculin  test,  but  which  do  not 
come  from  herds  certified  to  have  been  free  of  tuberculous  infec- 
tion for  one  year,  must  on  arrival  go  to  quarantine  and  remain 
there  until  it  can  be  definitely  ascertained  that  they  do  not  carry 
the  infection  with  them.  This  added  restriction  became  impera- 
tive when  quite  recently  a  number  of  tuberculous  cattle  were 
found  among  an  importation  of  tuberculin-tested  dairy  cows. 
The  rule  may  appear  drastic,  but  unless  the  introduction  of  new 
centers  of  infection  with  imported  cattle  can  be  prevented,  our 
eft'orts  at  eradicating  the  disease  within  the  Territory  will  be 
wasted.  Besides,  the  rule  safeguards  the  purchaser  or  importer 
in  compelling  him  to  employ  reliable  officials  or  else  take  the 
risk  of  having  his  cattle  quarantined  upon  arrival  and  possibly 
destroyed  without  compensation. 

*  These  rules  are  printed  in  the  By  Authority  pages  of  this  issue. 


170 

Rule  VII,  pertaining  to  the  importation  of  hogs,  has  been 
strengthened  by  requiring  a  certificate  to  the  effect  that  the  hogs 
in  question  have  not  been  submitted  to  the  serum-simultaneous 
or  double  treatment  for  hog  cholera  within  30  days  prior  to  ship- 
ment. 

TERRITORIAL    FAIR    EXHIBIT. 

A  number  of  highly  interesting  specimens  of  diseased  organs, 
especially  from  tuberculous  cows,  have  been  mounted  for  pur- 
pose of  exhibition. 

In  view  of  the  agitation  that  is  now  being  created  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discrediting  the  eft'orts  of  this  office  at  eradicating  bovine 
tuberculosis,  it  may  have  a  salutary  effect  on  the  same  agitators 
to  get  acquainted  with  the  appearance  of  the  lungs,  livers  and 
milk  glands  of  some  of  the  cows  from  which  they  have  been  and 
are  proposing  to  continue  to  supply  milk.  The  specimens  may 
also  prove  of  interest  to  the  milk  consumers  and  help  them  to 
decide  whether  they  would  prefer,  in  the  future  at  least,  to  be 
able  to  obtain  milk  from  healthy  cows  or  whether  they  will  be 
satisfied  with  the  product  of  the  diseased  animals  from  which 
these  organs  were  taken,  pasteurized  or  otherwise. 

The  text  for  a  number  of  posters  illustrating  the  work  of  this 
Division  has  also  been  prepared  and  is  now  ready  for  the  sign 
painter. 

Tuberculin  testing  and  importations  of  live-stock  during  the 
past  month  are  dealt  with  in  the  report  of  the  Assistant  Terri- 
torial Veterinarian,  herewith  appended. 

Very  respectfully, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,   May  20,   1918. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of 
April,  1918: 


171 

TUBERCULOSIS   CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  past  month : 

Tested.  Passed.     Cond'm'd. 

W.   Meyers    32  29  3 

Ben   Mahi    16  16  0 

R.  McKeague   7  7  0 

Fred  Smith   2  2  0 

M.   Abrean    1  1  0 

James  Gibb   13  13  0 

M.   Souza   1  1  0 

Frank  Gerard 3  3  0 

F.   Johnson    7  7  0 

A.  C.  M.  Rasch 1  1  0 

J.  Schwank   9  9  0 

Fred  P.  Johnson 25  22  3 

M.   Iguchi    13  13  0 

S.  Kudema    13  13  0 

Dr.   McGettigan    2  2  0 

Frank   Andrade    42  42  0 

Gospel   Mission   Home 2  2  0 

C.  W.  Lucas 6  6  0 

W.  Meyer   27  26  1 

Leahi  Home   19  19  0 

From  the  above  tabulated  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of 
241  head  were  tested,  out  of  which  number  234  were  passed  and 
tagged  and  7  condemned  and  branded. 

Of  the  seven  condemned  cattle,  five  have  been  slaughtered 
and  lesions  of  tuberculosis  found  in  each  case.  The  carcasses 
were  passed  for  food.  Two  are  still  alive,  having  recently 
calved.     They  will  be  slaughtered  within  the  next  two  weeks. 

LIVE-STOCK    IMPORTATIONS. 

S.  vS.  Hyades,  San  Francisco:     1  ct.  poultry. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco:  2  dogs,  C.  W.  Lucas;  3  Hol- 
stein  cows,  1  dog,  R.  McCorriston;  10  mules.  Haiku  Fruit  and 
Packing  Co. ;   1  ct.  poultry. 

S.  S.  Columbia,  Orient:     1  leopard,  Horace  Golden. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco:  1  ct.  rabbits,  H.  McDuffie;  1  ct. 
pigeons,  9  cts.  poultry. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


172 

Marketing  Division 


ANNUAL  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  April  26,   1918. 

Board   of   Commissioners   of  Agriculture   and   Forestry,   Hono- 
lulu, T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — On  July  1,  1917,  the  Marketing  Division  was 
transferred  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  by  Act 
206  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1917.  The  books  were  audited,  and 
a  new  system  installed  by  the  Audit  Company  of  Hawaii.  The 
new  system  was  more  complicated  than  the  previous  one,  and  it 
has  taken  time  to  get  a  bookkeeper  who  could  keep  it  in  working 
order. 

The  note  for  $3000  owned  to  the  Bank  of  Hawaii  when  the 
Division  was  placed  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  has  been 
paid  out  of  the  earnings  of  the  Division.  Now  that  this  note 
has  been  paid  it  will  be  possible  to  work  up  a  cash  capital  with 
the  earnings,  which  will  enable  the  Division  to  make  more  prompt 
settlements  with  consignors,  and  when  necessary  advance  them 
money  on  non-perishable  produce  received  for  which  there  is  not 
a  ready  market 

Practically  all  of  the  pineapple  crates  have  been  sold,  and  as 
soon  as  the  weather  permits  the  crates  that  have  been  stored  at 
Wahiawa  and  Aiea  will  be  hauled.  All  the  crates  stored  in  Ho- 
nolulu have  been  sold.  As  soon  as  the  attorney  general  settles 
the  claim  against  Mr.  F.  E.  Haley  for  crates  sold  to  him,  and 
which  are  still  unpaid  for,  we  will  be  able  to  close  the  crate 
account.  In  closing  this  crate  account  there  will  probably  be  a 
small  loss  due  to  some  crates  rotting  while  in  storage  at  the 
Territorial  Liimigration  Station,  and  the  necessity  for  selling 
some  below  cost  in  order  to  dispose  of  them.  This  loss  can  be 
made  up  out  of  earnings. 

Due  to  the  lack  of  equipment,  poor  location  of  the  Division  for 
retailing,  and  the  uncertainty  of  the  supplies  that  could  be  sold  at 
retail,  the  retail  departments  did  not  pay  expenses  and,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Board,  they  were  closed  on  November  30.  The 
closing  of  the  retail  departments  has  in  no  way  affected  the  sale 
of  Island  produce  consigned  to  the  Division.  In  fact,  it  has 
given  the  Division  more  time  to  sell  Island  produce  to  whole- 
salers and  the  Army  at  less  expense  to  the  Territory  and  with 
as  good  returns  to  the  producer.  The  force  of  employees  has 
been  reduced  to  the  actual  needs  of  the  consignment  department. 

During  the  year  the  Division  received  a  large  number  of  con- 
signments of  produce  from  the  different  islands,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Kauai.  Practically  all  the  produce  received  was  readily 
sold  at  the  prevailing  market  prices.  Very  little  beef  was  received 


173 

during  December,  and  the  Division  was  unable  to  supply  all  its 
regular  wholesale  customers. 

A  record  crop  of  beans  was  harvested  on  Maui  this  year,  the 
largest  portion  of  which  was  handled  by  the  Division  and  sold  for 
very  good  prices.  As  there  was  a  very  limited  demand  in  the 
Honolulu  market  for  the  Maui  red  beans,  most  of  them  were 
shipped  to  the  Coast. 

About  400  bags  of  beans  from  Maui  were  received  in  very 
poor  condition,  and  are  hard  to  sell  at  any  price.  An  artificial 
drier  on  Maui  to  take  care  of  the  bean  and  corn  crops  this  year 
would  have  saved  many  hundred  dollars.  The  producers  also 
need  better  facilities  for  cleaning  and  grading  their  crops. 

There  was  not  as  great  a  demand  for  seed  from  the  Division 
as  was  anticipated  by  the  last  Legislature  when  it  made  an  ap- 
propriation of  $2500,  and  as  a  consequence  there  was  a  lot  of 
seed  left  on  hand  at  the  end  of  the  1917  planting  season.  With 
the  Governor's  approval,  $688.40  worth  of  seed  was  turned  over 
to  the  Army  for  the  post  garden  at  Wahiawa  on  the  understand- 
ing that  the  seed  was  to  be  paid  for  out  of  the  crops,  if  any, 
either  in  cash  or  produce.  A  report  has  been  requested  from 
the  Army  on  this  matter.  The  other  seed  on  hand  is  getting  old 
and  is  losing  its  germinating  powers. 

Very  respectfully, 

O.   B.   LiGHTFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 

REPORT  FOR  APRIL. 

Honolulu,  May  1,  1918 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu, 
T.  H. 

Gentlemen : — During  the  month  there  were  few  large  consign- 
ments received.  The  sales  for  the  month  amounted  to  $11,964.82, 
which  are  $1156.63  less  than  the  sales  for  the  month  of  March. 
A  few  small  consignments  of  Irish  potatoes  were  received  from 
Hawaii  and  this  island,  but  are  not  selling  very  fast,  as  the 
market  is  well  supplied  with  California  potatoes,  which  are  selling 
for  $1.90  per  hundred.  Island  potatoes  are  selling  from  $2  to  $3 
per  bag,  according  to  the  size. 

There  is  a  very  good  demand  for  sweet  potatoes,  which  are 
selling  at  $1.75  per  hundred.  The  Division  is  getting  regular 
shipments  of  sweet  potatoes  from  Molokai,  and  a  few  small 
shipments  from  this  island.  Due  to  the  shortage  of  taro,  and 
the  high  price  of  poi,  the  Hawaiians  are  using  more  sweet  pota- 
toes, and  there  are  not  enough  coming  in  to  the  market  to  supply 
the  demand. 


174 

The  Raymond  Ranch  is  again  shipping  beef  to  the  Division. 
A  shipment  received  on  the  15th  of  the  month  was  the  first  con- 
signment received  from  the  Raymond  Ranch  for  two  months. 
During  this  time  they  have  been  shipping  their  cattle  to  the 
Mutual  Produce  Company. 

Enclosed  herewith  is  a  statement  of  the  operations  for  the 
month  and  a  copy  of  the  general  ledger  trial  balance. 

Respectfully, 

O.   B.    LiGHTFOOT, 

Acting  Superintendent. 


Exhibit  at  Fair 


PLAN  OF  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE 
AND  FORESTRY  AT  THE  FIRST  TERRITORIAL 
FAIR,  JUNE  10-15,  1918,  APPROVED  BY  THE 
BOARD,  APRIL  24,  1918. 


DIVISION    OF    FORESTRY. 

I.     Forest  Extension. 

1.  Nursery  stock  of  seedlings  and  transplants  in  boxes, 

pots,  and  tubs. 

2.  Forest  and  ornamental  tree  seed  pods  and  seed. 
II.     Forest  Protection. 

1.  Working  erosion  model  showing  beneficial  effect  of 

forest  cover  on  runoff. 

2.  Standard    forest    reserve    monument,    cloth    posters, 

list  and  maps  of  forest  reserves. 
III.     Miscellaneous. 

1.  Stands  of  wood  specimens  of  introduced  and  native 

trees. 

2.  Samples   of  bamboo  growing   in   Hawaii.      (x\t   the 

special  request  of  the  Fair  Commission.) 

DIVISION   OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

I.     Charts  showing: 

1.  List  of  animal  diseases  kept  out  of  Territory  by  in- 

spection and  quarantine. 

2.  List  of  animal  diseases  which  have  gained  entrance. 

(a)  Statistics    and    methods    showing    those    which 
have  been  eradicated. 

(b)  Statistics  showing  methods  and  rate  at  which 
others  have  been  reduced. 

II.     Specimens  of  organs  resulting  from   diseases  listed  in  I, 
(a)  and  (b). 
III.     Photographs  of  stock. 
IV.     Miscellaneous. 


175 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

I.  Display  of  Island  produce  showing  how  it  should  be  prop- 
erly graded  and  packed  for  shipment  to  market,  as  fol- 
lows : 

(a)  Bananas,  packed  in  leaves  for  shipment. 

(b)  Beans,  packed  in  double  sacks  graded  and  in  single 

sacks  not  graded. 

(c)  Cabbage,  packed  in  crates  and  in  bags. 

(d)  Eggs,  stamped  and  packed  in  twelve  dozen  H.  D. 

egg  crates  and  thirty  dozen  Standard  egg  crates. 

(e)  Onions,  packed  in  crates  and  bags  and  a  few  onions 

showing  the  different  methods  of  curing. 

(f)  Pineapples,  packed  in  crates  for    shipping    to    the 

Coast. 

(g)  Potatoes,  graded  and  not  graded. 

(h)   Poultry,  shipped  in  rough  crates  and  in  collapsible 

chicken  crates, 
(i)     Strawberries,  packed  in  quart  baskets  and  in  bulk, 
(j)    Tomatoes,  packed  in  Chinese  baskets,  berry  bas- 
kets and  tomato  crates. 
II.     Island  Corn  and  Beans. 

Sample  bottles  of  as  many  varieties  of  Island  corn 
and  beans  as  can  be  obtained. 
Note : — Exhibits  for  the  Divisions  of  Entomology  and  Plant 
Inspection  have  already  been  planned  for  by  the  Economic  Ento- 
mological Committee  of  the  Territorial  Fair  Commission. 

The  exhibits  were  placed  substantially  as  planned,  and  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  crowds  of  interested  spectators.  The  in- 
sects were  of  particular  interest,  and  the  working  erosion  model, 
showing  the  beneficial  effect  of  a  forest  cover  on  the  runoff,  illus- 
trated admirably  the  lesson  which  is  of  vital  importance  in  these 
Islands. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Executive  Officer. 


BY  AUTHORITY. 


Notice  is  hereby  given  that  under  the  provisions  of  Chapter  37,  R.  L. 
H.  1915,  a  public  hearing  will  be  held  by  the  Governor  of  the  Territory 
and  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  on  Wednes- 
day, the  19th  day  of  June,  1918,  at  9  o'clock  a.  m,,  in  the  office  of  said 
Board  at  the  Government  Nursery,  King  Street,  Honolulu,  to  consider 
the  defining  of  the  limits  and  the  setting  apart  as  forest  reserves  of 
certain  government  and  other  lands,  more  particularly  as  follows: 

1.  Island  of  Kauai,  District  of  Kona,  Land  of  Kalaheo  (Papapahola- 
hola  Spring),  area  54  acres,  more  or  less. 

2.  Island  of  Oahu,  District  of  Koolaupoko,  Land  of  Waiahole  (Waia- 
hole),  area  1169  acres,  more  or  less. 

3.  Island  of  Maui,  District  of  Hamakuapoko,  Land  of  Makawao  (ad- 
dition to  Makawao  Forest  Eeserve),  area  263  acres,  more  or  less. 


176 

4.  Island  of  Hawaii,  District  of  Puna,  Land  of  Keauoliana  (Keauo- 
hana),  area  272  acres,  more  or  less;  and  to  consider  the  withdrawal  from 
the  existing  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Eeserve,  District  of  Honolulu, 
Island  of  Oahu,  of  three  small  parcels  of  land  on  Tantalus  Heights, 
having  areas  of  1.52,  0.137  and  0.103  acres  respectively. 

Maps  and  descriptions  of  the  said  lands  are  on  file  in  the  office  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  where  they  are  open  to  the  inspection  of  the 
public. 

At  the  said  time  and  place  all  persons  who  so  desire  will  be  given 
full  opportunity  to  be  heard  upon  the  subject  matter  of  this  notice  and 
to  present  evidence  and  arguments  in  person,  by  proxy,  or  by  letter, 
either  for  or  against  the  setting  apart  of  said  lands  as  forest  reserves 
or  the  elimination  of  said  lands  from  the  existing  reserve. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 

'The  Capitol,  Honolulu,  June  3rd,  1918. 


BY  AUTHORITY. 


TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


BOARD  or  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICUIiTURE  AND  FORESTRY. 


RULE  I.— DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 


The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  amends  Rule  I  of  the  Board  concerning  the  im- 
portation or  introduction  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  of  fresh  fruit 
from  East  or  West  Indies,  Asia,  Australasia,  Oceanica,  Malaysia,  Mexico, 
Central  and  South  America,  approved  by  the  Governor  of  Hawaii  on 
October  25,  1904,  so  as  to  read  as  follows  and  to  be  known  as  Rule  I — • 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection: 

Section  1.  For  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  introduction  into  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii  of  fruit  tlies  and  insects,  their  eggs,  larvae  or  pupae, 
and  all  diseases  of  plants,  fruits  or  other  vegetation  of  value,  all  per- 
sons, companies  and  corporations  are  hereby  prohibited  from  introducing, 
importing  or  bringing  in  baggage  or  otherwise  into  the  Territory  of  Ha- 
waii, or  into  any  of  its  ports  for  the  purpose  of  debarkation  into  the 
said  Territory,  any  fresh  fruit  from  East  or  West  Indies,  Asia,  Austra- 
lasia, Oceanica,  Malaysia,  Mexico,  Central  ?nd  South  America. 

Section  2.  All  plants,  cuttings,  scions,  buds,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers, 
seeds,  grains  or  cereals  may  be  imported  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
from  any  foreign  country,  provided,  however,  that  permission  has  been 
granted  by  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and 
that  such  permit  has  been  received  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  of  the 
Territory.  All  plants,  cuttings,  scions,  buds,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers, 
seeds,  grains  or  cereals,  including  those  from  the  mainland  of  the  United 
States,  are  subject  to  inspection  upon  arrival  into  the  Territory  of  Ha- 
waii. All  persons  and  corporations  are  hereby  prohibited  from  removing 
or  taking  any  of  the  above  articles  from  a  wharf  or  landing  place  with- 
out first  having  notified  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  of  the  arrival 
of  said  article  or  articles  and  having  received  permission  from  the  duly 
authorized  officer  to  remove  or  take  the  same. 

Section  3.  All  fruits,  vegetables,  plants,  parts  of  plants,  bulbs,  roots 
or  tubers,  seeds,  grains  or  cereals  from  the  United  States  of  America 
and  the  Dominion  of  Canada  that  are  not  prohibited  under  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
may  be  introduced,  imported  or  brought  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
either  by  freight,  express  or  as  packages  of  passengers,  provided,  how- 
ever,   that    all   such   Iruits,    vegetables,    plants,   parts    of    plants,   bulbs, 


177 

roots,  seeds,  grains  and  cereals  are  free  from  pests  and  diseases.  All 
persons  importing-^  introducing,  or  bringing  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
any  fruits,  vegetables,  plants,  or  parts  of  plants,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers, 
seeds,  grains  and  cereals  must  present  the  same  to  or  notify  the  Chief 
Plant  Inspector  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  before  land- 
ing any  of  these  articles. 

Section  4.  If  any  fresh  fruits,  vegetables,  plants,  cuttings,  scions, 
buds,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers,  seeds,  grains,  or  cereals  shall  be  imported, 
introduced  or  brought  in  baggage  or  otherwise,  into  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  or  into  any  of  its  ports  for  the  purpose  of  debarkation  into  said 
Territory,  contrary  to  law  or  this  regulation,  the  same  shall,  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  or 
its  duly  authorized  agent,  officer  or  inspector,  be  immediately  seized  and 
destroyed  or  deported  at  the  expense  of  the  importer  or  introducer,  and 
the  person  or  persons  or  corporation  introducing  or  importing  the  same 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  liable  to  the  penalty  or 
penalties  provided  by  law. 

Section  5.  This  rule,  as  amended,  shall  take  effect  upon  its  approval 
by  the  Governor. 

Approved  this  8th  day  of  June,  1918. 

LUCIUS   E.   PINKHAM, 

Governor   of  Hawaii. 

Honolulu,  T.  H. 


BY  AUTHORITY. 


TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY. 


RULE  III.— DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 


The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  amends  Eule  III  of  the  Board  concerning  the  im- 
portation of  rice,  approved  by  the  Governor  of  Hawaii  on  September  7, 
1906,  so  as  to  read  as  follows  and  to  be  known  as  Rule  III — Division  of 
Plant  Inspection. 

Section  1.  For  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  introduction  into  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii  of  insects,  their  eggs,  larvae  or  pupae,  and  fungus 
diseases,  injurious  or  liable  to  become  injurious  to  rice  either  growing  or 
stored,  all  persons,  companies  and  corporations  are  hereby  2:)rohibited 
from  introducing  or  importing  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  or  into  any 
of  its  ports,  any  rice  infested  with  such  insects. 

Section  2.  For  the  purpose  of  preventing  all  rice  shipments  from 
Japan  for  entry  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  from  being  infested  with 
insects,  their  eggs,  larvae  or  pupae,  or  fungus  diseases,  injurious  or 
liable  to  become  injurious  to  rice,  all  shippers  are  required  to  have  their 
shipment  fumigated  at  the  port  of  debarkation  in  Japan  under  govern- 
ment supervision  and  before  placing  same  on  board  the  vessel,  and  all 
shipments  must  be  accompanied  with  a  certificate  of  fumigation  signed 
by  the  proper  authorized  person. 

Section  3.  If  any  rice  infested  with  insects,  their  eggs,  larvae  or 
pupae,  injurious  to  rice,  growing  or  stored,  shall  be  imported  or  intro- 
duced into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  or  into  any  of  its  ports,  the  same 
shall,  in  the  discretion  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  or  its  duly  authorized  agent,  officer  or  inspector  be  imme- 
diately destroyed  or  deported  at  the  expense  of  the  importer  or  intro- 
ducer, and  the  person  or  persons  or  corporation  introducing  or  importing 
the  same  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  liable  to  the 
penalty  or  penalties  provided  by  law. 


178 

Section  -i.     This  rule,  as  amended,  shall  take  effect  upon  its  approval 
by  the  Governor. 

Approved  this  8th  day  of  June,  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Grovernor  of  Hawaii. 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 


TERRITORY   OF   HAWAII. 


BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY. 


Rule  XIX — Division  of  Plant  Inspection. 


Rule  and  Eegulation  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  concerning  the  Introduction  of  Pineapple  Plants,  Suckers, 
Sprouts  or  Fruit. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Hawaii  hereby  makes  the  following  Eule  and  Regulation: 

Section  1.  For  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  introduction  into  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii  of  serious  pests  and  diseases  of  the  pineapple  plant, 
all  persons,  companies  and  corporations  are  hereby  prohibited  from 
introducing  or  importing  or  receiving  as  freight  and  express  matter  or 
from  bringing  or  receiving  in  baggage  or  otherwise,  into  the  Territory 
of  Haw^aii  or  into  any  of  its  ports  for  the  purpose  of  debarkation  into 
said  Territory  any  pineapple  plant,  sucker  or  sprout  or  fruit  from  the 
"West  Indies,  Central  America,  including  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  or  any 
other  locality  where  said  serious  pests  and  diseases  exist  or  may  become 
knowm  to  exist. 

Section  2.  Any  person  or  persons  or  corporation  violating  the  above 
rule  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  punished  by  a  fine  not  to  exceed  Five  Hundred  ($500.00)  Dollars,  as 
provided  by  Section  529,  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915. 

Section  3.  This  rule  shall  take  effect  upon  its  approvel  by  the  Gov- 
ernor. 

Approved  this  8th  day  of  June,  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 


Governor   of   Hawaii. 


Honolulu  T.  H. 


TERRITORY   OF   HAWAII. 


BOARD    OF    AGRICULTURE    AND    FORESTRY— DIVISION    OF 
ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  THE  IMPORTATION  OF  LIVE  STOCK 
AND  OTHER  ANIMALS  INTO  THE  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


(Effiective  June  8,  1918.) 


Under  authority  of  Sections  503  to  509  inclusive  of  the  Revised  Laws 
of  Hawaii,  1915,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry issue  the  following  regulations,  the  same  to  supersede  all  previous 
regulations  on  the  same  subject  and  to  become  effective  upon  approval 
by  the  Governor. 

RULE  I.— DEFINITION  OF  TERMS. 

Whenever  in  these  regulations  the  following  words,  names  or  terms 
are  used  they  shall  be  construed  as  follows: 

Animals.  This  word  refers  particularly  to  pets,  zoological,  menagery 
or  wild  animals,  whether  mammals,  birds,  reptiles  or  fishes,  as  distin- 
guished from   domestic   animals,   or   live   stock,   and   poultry. 


179 

Domestic  Animals  or  Live  Stock.  These  words  refer  to  horses,  mules, 
asses,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  swine,  dogs  and  cats. 

Horses  or  Horse  Stock  refer  to  horses,  mules  and  asses. 

Poultry  refers  to  chickens,  ducks,  turkeys,  pigeons,  guinea  hens,  pea- 
cocks, etc. 

Inspector  or  Inspecting  Officer.  These  words,  unqualified,  refer  to 
veterinary  officers,  as  the  Territorial  Veterinarian,  the  Assistant,  and 
Deputy   Territorial   Veterinarians. 

Live  Stock  Inspector  refers  to  lay  inspectors. 

Transmissible  Diseases.  These  words  apply  to  all  infectious,  con- 
tagious or  communicable  diseases  of  animals. 

Territorial  Veterinarian  also  refers  to  and  includes  the  Assistant  Ter- 
ritorial Veterinarian  and  the  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarians  at  the 
various  ports  of  entry. 

The  above  definitions  are  not  intended  to  be  exclusive. 

RULE  II.— GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

All  importations  of  live  stock  and  other  animals  into  the  Territory 
of  Hawaii  from  foreign  countries  are  subject  to  the  Eegulations  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  permit  for  such  importa- 
tions must  be  obtained  from  Washington,  D.  C,  by  application  through 
the  office  of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  in  Honolulu. 

All  importations  of  live  stock  from  the  mainland  of  the  United  States 
into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  are  subject  to  the  regulations  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  governing  the  humane  hand- 
ling and  safe  transport  of  live  stock  in  interstate  trade  and  permit 
to  so  carry  stock  must  be  obtained  for  each  and  every  shipment  from 
the  proper  federal  official  at  the  port  of  shipment. 

RULE   III.— INSPECTION   OF   IMPORTED   LIVE    STOCK. 

Sec.  1.  In  order  to  prevent  the  introduction  into  this  Territory  of  in- 
fectious, contagious  and  communicable  diseases  among  live  stock  and 
other  animals,  local  managers  or  agents  of  steamship  and  navigation 
lines  or  the  commanding  officer  of  any  ship,  shall  notify  the  Territorial 
Veterinarian  immediately  upon  the  arrival  of  any  ship,  of  the  presence 
on  board,  if  any,  of  live  domestic  animals,  including  poultry  and  dogs, 
when  same  are  intended  to  be  landed  in  this  Territory,  and  shall  upon 
arrival  of  any  ship  furnish  the  inspecting  officer  with  a  list  of  the  num- 
ber and  kind  of  animals  taken  on  board  from  any  port  outside  of  this 
Territory,  the  number  and  kind  destined  for  the  Territory,  the  names 
of  the  owners  or  consignees,  and  a  report  as  to  the  condition  of  health 
and  cases  of  sickness  or  death  and  the  causes  thereof  among  the  animals 
while  on  board. 

Sec.  2.  If  necessary  to  remove  such  animals  before  the  arrival  of 
the  inspector  they  must  be  confined  on  the  pier  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
facilitate  inspection,  but  shall  in  no  case  be  turned  loose  on  the  pier. 
Hogs  and  sheep  shall  be  confined  in  temporary  pens  or  crates.  Cattle 
and  horses  shall  be  tied  on  the  pier.  No  animal  of  any  description 
shall  be  allowed  to  leave  the  pier  until  the  Territorial  Veterinarian 
has  issued  a  certificate  of  health  permitting  the  landing  of  the  animal 
or  animals  in  question. 

Sec  3.  In  no  case  shall  the  removal  of  live  animals  from  the  ship 
for  inspection  or  other  purposes,  constitute  an  entry  into  the  Territory 
until  a  certificate  of  health  for  such  animals  has  been  issued. 

RULE  IV.— HORSES,  MULES  AND  ASSES. 

Sec.  1,  All  horse  stock  intended  for  importation  into  the  Territory 
of  Hawaii  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  health,  issued  or 
approved  by  a  veterinary  officer  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal 


180 

Industry,  to  the  effect  that  the  animals  in  question  (tailtagged  or  other- 
wise identified),  have  been  tested  with  mallein  within  two  weeks  prior 
to  shipment  and  have  been  found  free  from  symptoms  of  glanders, 
farcy  or  any  other  transmissible  disease. 

Sec.  2,  All  horse  stock  arriving  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  and  com- 
ing from  or  through  the  State  of  California  shall  be  quarantined  at  the 
port  of  entry  for  a  period  of  twenty-one  days  counting  from  the  date  of 
departure  from  California. 

Sec.  3.  By  '' quarantine"  shall  be  understood  the  absolute  segrega- 
tion of  such  animals,  on  premises  provided  or  approved  by  the  Terri- 
torial Veterinarian. 

Sec  4.  If  at  the  end  of  the  stipulated  period  the  Territorial  Veter- 
inarian is  not  satisfied  that  the  animals  are  free  from  glanders  or  other 
contagious  diseases,  the  same  shall  be  either  subjected  to  the  mallein 
test  or  continued  in  quarantine,  or  both,  until  released  and  admitted 
to  this  Territory. 

Sec.  5.  All  expenses  in  connection  with  the  quarantining  of  horse 
stock  as  above  specified  shall  be  borne  b}'  the  owner,  importer  or  con- 
signee. 

RULE  v.— CATTLE  FOR  BREEDING  AND  DAIRY  PURPOSES. 

Sec.  1.  All  cattle  six  mouths  old  or  over  intended  for  importation 
into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of 
health  issued  or  approved  by  a  veterinary  ofiicer  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  or  by  the  State  Veterinarian  for  the  state 
or  district  where  the  cattle  in  question  are  located,  to  the  effect  (a) 
that  the  animals  are  free  from  bovine  tuberculosis  as  proved  by  the 
tuberculin  test  and  (b)  that  they  have  not  been  in  contact,  directly  or 
indirectly,  with  any  cattle  not  proven  by  the  tuberculin  test  to  have 
been  free  from  tuberculosis  for  at  least  one  year  prior  to  date  of  ship- 
ment. 

Sec.  2.  All  cattle  conforming  with  ^'a"  of  Sec  1,  but  failing  to 
qualify  for  ''b"  may  be  landed  in  quarantine  and  held  for  re-test 
and  further  disposal  by  the  Territorial  Veterinarian,  as  by  law  pro- 
vided for  animals  that  have  been  exposed  to  infection. 

Sec.  3.  Calves  less  than  six  months  old  and  not  accompanying  their 
dams  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  issued  or  approved  as  in 
Sec.  1  described,  and  to  the  effect  that  they  come  from  tuberculin  tested 
mothers  and  have  not  been  exposed  to  the  infection  of  tuberculosis 
since  birth.    Otherwise  they  shall  be  dealt  with  as  in  Sec.  2  provided  for. 

RULE   VI.— SHEEP. 

No  sheep  shall  be  admitted  to  this  Territory  unless  accompanied  by 
a  certificate  of  health  issued  or  approved  by  an  officer  of  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  and  to  the  special  effect  that  the 
animals  are  free  from  sheep  scab  and  have  been  shipped  in  accordance 
with  the  regulations  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
governing  the  transportation  of  live  stock  in  interstate  trade. 

RULE  VII.— SWINE. 

Sec.  1.  All  swine  intended  for  shipment  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  health  issued  or  approved  by 
an  officer  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  or  by  the 
State  Veterinarian,  to  the  effect  that  the  animals  have  passed  a  careful 
veterinary  inspection  and  are  free  from  any  indication  of  disease,  and 
that  neither  hog  cholera  nor  swine  plague  has  existed  within  a  radius 
of  5  miles  of  the  premises  on  which  they  have  been  kept  for  a  period 
of  six  months  immediately  preceding  the  date  of  shipment. 

Sec.  2.  The  owner  or  importer  must  present  an  affidavit  to  the  effect 
that  the  said  certificate  refers  to  the  swine  in  question,  that  the  same 
have  been   shipped  from   the   premises  mentioned   in   said   certificate   in 


181 

clean  and  disinfected  cars,  without  unloading  and  that  they  have  not 
been  submitted  to  the  serum  simultaneous  or  double  treatment  for  hog 
cholera  within  thirty  days  prior  to   shipment. 

Sec.  3.  Swine  arriving  in  the  Territory  without  such  certificate  and 
afiidavit  shall  be  subject  to  a  quarantine  of  two  weeks  at  the  expense 
of  the   owner  or  importer. 

RULE  VIII.— DOGS. 

Sec.  1.  All  dogs  arriving  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  and  coming  from 
or  through  any  country,  state  or  territory  where  rabies  is  known  to 
exist,  shall  be  kept  in  quarantine,  on  premises  provided  by  this  Board, 
for  a  period  of  120  days,  or  for  such  longer  period,  not  to  exceed  180 
days,  counting  fom  the  date  of  embarkation  as,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Territorial  Veterinarian,  shall  be  necessary. 

Sec.  2.  Dogs  belonging  to  tourists  or  temporary  visitors  shall  be 
taken  to  the  quarantine  station  and  held  there  until  the  departure  of 
the  tourist  or  visitor,  when  the  dog  will  be  delivered  on  board  by  the 
Territorial  Veterinarian,  all  expenses  to  be  paid  by  the  owner,  agent 
or  keeper. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner,  master  or  agent  of  any 
vessel  arriving  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to  immediately  notify  the 
Territorial  Veterinarian  of  the  presence  on  board  of  any  dog,  whether 
intended  for  disembarkation  here  or  not.  Such  dog  must,  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian,  be  removed  to  the  animal  quar- 
antine station  or  confined  on  board  in  such  a  manner  as  to  insure  that 
it  does  not  come  in  contact  with  any  other  dogs  or  animals  which  might 
transmit  the  disease  of  rabies. 

Dogs  which  belong  to  steamers  or  other  vessels,  their  ofiicers  or  crew, 
or  other  dogs  on  board  such  vessels  destined  for  a  further  port,  must 
be  securely  confined  as  directed  by  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  as  long 
as  the  steamer  or  vessel  remains  in  port.  No  other  dogs  shall  be  al- 
lowed on  board  unless  intended  for  exportation,  in  which  case  they  shall 
remain  on  board  when  once  brought  there,  and  must  be  confined  in  the 
same  manner  as  above  described. 

Sec.  4.  Until  further  notice  the  port  of  Honolulu  shall  constitute  the 
only  port  through  which  dogs  may  enter  into  the  Territory.  Dogs  ar- 
riving at  any  other  port  must  be  kept  confined  on  board  until  arrival  at 
Honolulu,  or  must  depart  with  the  vessel  when  it  leaves  the  Territory. 

Sec.  5.  All  expenses  in  connection  with  the  quarantining  of  dogs  en- 
tering the  Territory  must  be  borne  by  the  owner,  agent,  keeper,  or  con- 
signees and  no  dog  shall  be  released  from  quarantine  until  such  costs 
are  paid. 

RULE  IX— POULTRY. 

All  live  poultry  arriving  in  the  Territory  shall  be  held  for  inspection 
and  be  declared  on  the  list  of  live  stock  furnished  the  inspecting  officer 
on  the  arrival  of  any  steamer  or  vessel  in  the  Territory.  The  number 
of  deaths  or  cases  of  sickness  and  causes  thereof,  while  en  route,  shall 
also  be  noted.  Until  inspected  and  passed  by  the  territorial  Veterin- 
arian all  such  poultry  must  remain  on  board  or  be  kept  confined  on  the 
pier  awaiting  his  arrival. 

RULE  X.— WILD  ANIMALS,  PETS,  MENAGERY  AND  ZOOLOGICAL 
GARDEN  ANIMALS. 

The  traffic  in  this  class  of  animals  is  regulated  by. the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  but  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  must  be 
notified  of  the  arrival  of  all  such  specimens  as  it  is  possible  for  them 
to  carry  diseases  transmissible  to  domestic  animals  and  man. 


182 

These  rules  shall  take  effect  upon  approval  by  the  Governor. 
APPEOVED  this  8th  dav  of  June,  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Honolulu,  T.  H, 

LAWS   UPON   WHICH   THE    FOREGOING   REGULATIONS   ARE 

BASED. 

Extracts  from  Chapter  37,  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  as  amend- 
ed by  Section  8  of  Act  136  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1915. 

''Sec.  503.  RULES  AND  REGULATIONS.  Said  board  of  agricul- 
ture and  forestry  shall  have  power  and  authority  to  make  rules  and 
regulations,  and  to  amend  the  same  from  time  to  time  in  its  discretion, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  governor,  for  and  concerning  the  inspec- 
tion, quarantine,  disinfection  or  destruction,  either  upon  introduction 
into  the  Territory,  or  at  any  time  or  place  within  the  Territory,  of  ani- 
mals and  the  premises  and  effects  used  in  connection  with  such  animals. 
Included  therein  may  be  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  transpor- 
tation of  animals  between  the  different  islands  of  the  Territory  and 
along  the  highways  thereof,  and  also  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may 
be  approved  by  the  governor  requiring  the  owners  and  masters  of  any 
boat  or  vessel  engaged  in  inter-island  transportation  of  live  stock,  and 
the  managers  and  agents  of  railway  companies  carrying  live  stock 
within  the  Territory,  to  make  reports  of  the  number  and  class  of  live 
stock  carried,  names  of  owners  and  consignees,  the  places  to  and  from 
which  such  stock  is  shipped,  the  manner  of  handling  such  live  stock, 
the  number  of  deaths  or  injuries  to  live  stock  occurring  in  transit  or 
while  being  loaded  or  unloaded,  with  the  causes  of  such  deaths  or  in- 
juries and  all  other  matters  which  may  be  deemed  necessary  by  the 
board  for  a  full  and  complete  record  of  such  shipping  and  handling  of 
live  stock.  And  also  to  prohibit  the  importation  into  the  Territory  from 
any  foreign  country,  or  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  or  from  one 
island  within  the  Territory  to  another  island  therein,  or  to  one  locality 
from  another  locality  on  the  same  island  of  animals  known  to  be  in- 
fected with  a  contagious,  infectious  or  communicable  disease  or  known 
to  have  been  exposed  to  anv  such  disease. 

''Sec.  504.  TERRITORIAL  VETERINARIAN.  Said  board  of  ag- 
riculture and  forestry  shall  have  power  and  authority  to  appoint  a 
superintendent  of  animal  industry  who  shall  be  a  competent  veterinary 
surgeon  and  shall  be  known  as  the  '  Territorial  veterinarian '. 

"He  shall  have  charge,  direction  and  control  (subject  to  the  direction 
and  control  of  the  board),  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  inspection  of 
animals  and  the  prevention  and  eradication  of  contagious,  infectious 
and  communicable  diseases  among  animals  and  of  all  matters  relating 
to  animal  industry  mentioned  in  or  coming  within  the  scope  of  this 
chapter,  and  such  other  matters  as  the  board  shall  from  time  to  time 
direct.  He  shall  enjoy  all  the  powers,  rights,  privileges  and  immunities 
of  an  officer  of  the  board  of  health. 

"Sec.  505.  LIVE  STOCK  INSPECTORS.  Said  board  of  agriculture 
and  forestry  shall  have  power  and  authority  to  appoint  and  commission 
one  or  more  live  stock  inspectors  for  each  judicial  circuit  and  other 
employees  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  proper  carrying  into  effect  of  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  and  may  at  its  pleasure  remove  any  inspector 
or  employee  and  fix  their  compensation. 

' '  See.  '506.  ENTRY  OF  ANIMALS.  No  domestic  animal  shall  be 
allowed  to  enter  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  except  after  inspection  by 
the  Territorial  veterinarian  or  in  his  absence  by  a  live  stock  inspector, 
and  a  permit  issued  by  such  inspecting  officer  to  the  consignee  or  owner, 
provided,  however,  that  no  fees  for  inspection  shall  be  charged,  nor  de- 
lays caused  concerning  the  landing  of  any  domestic  animal  for  which 
a  certificate  of  health  has  been  issued  as  prescribed  by  an  act  of  con- 


183 

gress  approved  February  2nd,  1903,  and  entitled  "An  act  to  enable 
the  secretary  of  agriculture  to  more  effectually  suppress  and  prevent 
the  spread  of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  of  live  stock  and  for 
other  purposes'. 

*'Sec.  507.  LANDING  NOT  AN  ENTRY.  The  landing  of  any  ani- 
mal for  the  purpose  of  inspection  or  quarantine  shall  not  be  construed 
to  be  an  entry  into  the  Territory  for  any  purpose  whatsoever,  except  as 
herein  provided,  and  if  in  the  opinion  of  the  inspecting  officer  it  shall 
be  necessary  or  proper  to  quarantine  any  such  animal,  he  shall  have 
authority  so  to  do  at  the  expense  of  the  owner  or  consignee, 

"Sec.  508.  QUARANTINE.  The  board  shall  have  the  power  to 
quarantine  any  domestic  animal  known  to  be  affected  with  or  to  have 
been  exposed  to  any  contagious,  infectious  or  communicable  disease, 
and  to  destroy  the  same,  when  in  the  opinion  of  the  territorial  veter- 
inarian, or  in  his  absence,  a  duly  qualified  veterinary  surgeon,  such 
measure  is  necessary  to  prevent  the  spread  of  such  disease,  and  to 
provide  for  the  proper  disposition  of  its  hide  and  carcass;  and  to  dis- 
infect premises  where  any  such  disease  may  have  existed. 

"Sec.  509.  MASTER  OF  VESSEL  TO  NOTIFY  INSPECTORS.  The 
master  of  any  vessel  on  which  there  shall  have  been  shipped  live  ani- 
mals for  any  port  in  this  Territory  shall  immediately,  upon  arrival, 
cause  the  inspecting  officers  to  be  notified,  and  shall  not  permit  the 
animals  to  be  taken  from  the  wharf  or  landing,  nor  any  portion  of  the 
food  or  water,  nor  any  effects  connected  therewith  or  provided  for  their 
use  during  the  voyage,  to  be  removed  from  the  wharf  or  landing  until 
the  inspecting  officer  shall  have  inspected  and  passed  the  same." 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett  W.  M.  Giffard. 

H.  M.  Von  Holt  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer 


DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui, 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 


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OrnCERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Galt^  Director 


C.  H.  Cboke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


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'£llllllllllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli 

I  J.  M.  DOA\^SETT  I 


AGENT 


HARIFOUD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 

WESTCHESTER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO, 

OF  NEW  YORK 


=  Merchant  Street                                   HONOLULU,  T.  H.   = 
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^HiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiL| 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  | 

=  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools      E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-      E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the      E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We      = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-      E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,      E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-      E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed      E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and      E 

E  our  stock  large.                                                                             E 

I  E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu                                  E 


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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     A  B  C  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      = 

I  IH[  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

E   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  S 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


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|H.  HACKFELD  &  CO.,  LTD.| 

I  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

5  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

=  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  E 

=        SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-        E 
=  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  E 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO    AND    - 
=  DRY  GOODS  '  E 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu  Sugar  Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa, 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America  S 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co.  Zi 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency  Z 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine  Z 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIONEBa 

Arthur  H.  Eic«,  President 
Walter  M.  Giffard  J.  M.  Dowaett 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  H.  M.  von  Holt 

DIVISION  OF  rOisESTRY. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden;  <i2m 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 
Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai. 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 
E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 
John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu., 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOOT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PliANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mangle,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDTJSTET. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  of  Animal  Industry  and  Terriioriai 

Veterinarian. 
L.  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii  (on  leave). 
O.  B.  Shipman,  Acting  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  East  Hawaii. 
A.  B.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii. 
J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  Mam. 
Cyril  Golding,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

af  AEKBTDTO  DIVISION. 

O.  B.  Lightfoot,  Acting  Superintendent. 

J.  M.  Watt,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Maui. 

W.  W.  G.  Moir,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  E.  Hawaii. 

John  Midkiff,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  W.  Hawaii. 

A.  H.  Case,  Marketing  Demonstrator,  Kauai. 

C.  H.  Durfee,  Marketing  Demonstrator;  Oahd. 

CLEBIOAIi  STAFF  OP  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


THEHA\^AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

tolCULTURISH 


JULY,  1918 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial 193 

New  Forest  Reserves ■• 193 

Division  of  Forestry 194 

Division  of  Entomology.... . 206 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 207 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 209 

Marketing  Division.. 212 

By  Authority., - 213 


VOL.  XV. 


PRICE.  TEN  CENTS  NO.  7 


JS 


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OPPICES: 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING 
MEHLHORN  BUILDING 
82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -        - 
ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFICI!BS    AND    DIBEOTOES: 

J.  P.  COOKE President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE .First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  E.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEEHOUSE Treasurer 

JOHN   GUILD    Secretary 

H.   A.   BALDWIN Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHEETON Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY. Director 


Sugar  ^vitUvB, 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian   Commercial   end    Sugar   Oomp&ny 

Haiku  Sugar   Conpany 

Paia    Plantation 

Maui   Agriculturnl  Compk&j' 

Ha-rmiian  Sugar  Company 

McEryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahuka  Plantation   Company 

Kauai  Fruit  und  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Kakului   Railroad    Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Banch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  InBoranea  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Horns  lasurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand   Insurance   Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance   Association 

Switzerland  Karine  Insaanee  Company,  Ltd. 


iJllllilllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPj: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


m 


I 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


^iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT  NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^4  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  the  Territory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

^  A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


LmkARY 

NEW  YOKK 

BOTANICAL, 

GARDEN 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  July,  1918.  No.  7 


As  set  forth  by  the  reports  and  proclamations  printed  in  this 
issue,  progress  is  being  made  in  winding  up  the  work  of  setting 
apart  forest  lands  as  forest  reserves.  With  the  creating  of  a  few 
more  reserves,  data  on  which  are  now  being  assembled,"  this  im- 
portant Territorial  work  will  be  completed  and  close  attention 
can  then  be  paid  to  placing  these  reserves  in  a  condition  in  which 
they  will  serve  their  greatest  usefulness. 


By  Act  25  of  the  Special  Session  of  the  Legislature,  approved 
by  the  Governor  on  May  31,  1918,  the  Territorial  Marketing 
Division,  on  July  1,  passed  out  of  the  control  of  this  Board. 
Since  this  latter  date  the  Division  has  been  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  Territorial  Market  Commission  appointed  by  our  new  Gov- 
ernor. 


Strict  compliance  with  the  regulations  of  this  Board  concern- 
ing the  importation  of  live  stock  into  the  Territory,  especially  on 
the  part  of  the  masters  and  agents  of  vessels  which  carry  such 
Hve  stock,  is  necessary  at  a  time  like  the  present  when  the  Ter- 
ritory can  not  well  allow  its  food-producing  powers  to  be  impair- 
ed by  the  introduction  of  diseases  among  its  live  stock. 

A  forest  ranger  from  the  State  of  Washington  now  serving  in 
France  with  one  of  the  regiments  of  forest  engineers  writes  that 
the  woods  where  he  is  working  are  full  of  wild  hogs,  and  that  in 
the  French  forests  there  is  ten  times  as  much  game,  such  as 
deer,  wolves,  foxes  and  pigs,  as  there  was  at  home. 


New  Forest  Reserves, 


Following  a  public  hearing  on  June  19,  1918,  Governor  Lucius 
E.  Pinkham  on  the  same  day  signed  proclamations  creating  on 
the  different  islands  three  new  forest  reserves,  adding  an  area  to 
an  existing  reserve,  and  eliminating  small  areas  from  an  exist- 
ing reserve.     These  were  as  follows  : 

Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve,  Kauai.  Area  54  acres. 
Approved  by  the  Board  on  January  18,  1918. 

Waiahole  Forest  Reserve.  Oahu.  Area  1169  acres.  Ap- 
proved by  the  Board  on  April  24,  1918. 


194 

Keauohana  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii.  Area  272  acres.  Ap- 
proved by  the  Board  on  January  18,  1918. 

Addition  to  Makawao  Forest  Reserve,  Maui.  Area  263 
acres.     Approved  by  the  Board  on  January  18,  1918. 

Withdrawals  from  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Re- 
serve, Oahu,  for  road  exchange  purposes.  Area  1.76  acres.  Ap- 
proved by  the  Board  on  April  24,  1918. 

The  setting  apart  of  these  new  reserves  brings  the  present 
total  number  of  forest  reserves  in  the  Territory  up  to  42,  with  a 
total  area  of  773,951  acres,  of  which  521,557  acres,  or  69  per 
cent.,  is  government  land. 

According  to  custom  the  reports  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry  on  these  individual  projects  are  printed  herewith,  as  are 
also  the  Governor's  proclamations. 


Division  of  Forestry 


PROPOSED   PAPAPAHOLAHOLA  SPRING  RESERVE, 

KAUAI. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  27,  1917. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  the  government  land  at  Kalaheo, 
Kauai,  formerly  known  as  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserva- 
tion, consisting  of  54.4  acres. 

This  area  was  originally  reserved,  at  the  time  the  Kalaheo 
homesteads  were  opened  for  settlement,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
tecting the  original  water  supply  for  these  homesteads.  At  the 
point  marked  "Spring"  on  the  attached  map  there  is  a  small 
reservoir  from  which  there  is  a  pipe  extending  down  to  the  home- 
steads supplying  them  with  water  for  domestic  purposes.  The 
county  owns  the  water  works  and  has  expended  approximately 
S20,060  on  the  system. 

At  the  time  this  area  was  originally  reserved  it  was  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  then  Superintendent  of  Public  Works,  but 
on  September  25,  1908,  he  turned  the  control  of  this  land  over 
to  this  Board  so  far  as  its  care  and  tree  planting  was  concerned. 
Since  then,  Mr.  Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  the  sub-nursery 
of  this  Board,  has  consistently  planted  up  the  area  with  trees  for 
water  conservation  purposes  and  has  cared  for  them  so  that 
today  more  than  three-quarters  of  the  area  is  well  covered  with 
a  dense,  healthy,  young  forest. 

The  setting  apart  of  this  land  as  a  regular  forest  reserve  would 
not  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  use  of  the  water  which  is  de- 
rived from  it,  but  by  making  it  a  permanent  forest  reserve  the 
preservation  and  improvement  of  forest  conditions  on  the  water- 


195 

shed  and  the  increase  of  the  source  of  water  supply  would  be 
fostered. 

The  present  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  is  heartily  in 
favor  of  the  project  of  having  this  land  permanently  set  aside  and 
Mr.  McBryde  strongly  recommends  that  it  be  created  as  a  forest 
reserve. 

The  area  is  well  protected  by  a  strong  fence  and  the  two 
laborers  employed  by  this  Board  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Bryde are  constantly  caring  for  the  trees  and  extending  the  plant- 
ings. 

For  the  reasons  set  forth  above,  I  recommend  that  the  Board 
rpprove  the  creation  of  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve  and 
that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land  to  be  so  set 
apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


WAIAHOLE  FOREST  RESERVE,  OAHU. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  15,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  certain  forest  lands  in  the  region  of 
Waiahole,  District  of  Koolaupoko,  Oahu. 

LANDS  INCLUDED. 

The  area  proposed  to  be  reserved  covers  a  total  of  1,168.55 
acres  and  includes  the  government  forest  lands  of  Makawai  at 
the  upper  end  of  the  main  Waiahole  Valley,  the  private  land  of 
Hanakea,  and  the  adjacent  government  forest  lands  of  Kapiko- 
kau  and  Waianu  I  to  the  north.  On  the  north  is  the  private  land 
of  Waianu  H,  on  the  east  or  makai  side  are  various  private 
grants  and  open  public  land,  on  the  south  is  the  private  land  of 
Kaalaea,  and  the  west  or  mauka  boundary  is  the  main  Koolau 
ridge.  Various  small  kuleanas,  given  in  the  list  at  the  end  of 
this  report,  are  so  situated  in  the  valley  bottoms  that  they  could 
not  very  well  be  excluded  in  describing  the  boundaries  of  this 
proposed  reserve  which  follow  the  most  logical  lines  on  the 
ground.  A  techical  description,  C.  S.  F.  2906,  has  been  supplied 
by  the  survey  office  and  the  boundaries  of  this  reserve  are  shown 
in  red  on  the  attached  blue  print  map. 

FOREST  DESCRIPTION. 

The  upper  Waiahole  and  Waianu  valleys  are  typical  of  the 


196 

windward  forests  of  Oahu.  The  cliffs,  steep  slopes,  gentle 
reaches  and  valley  bottoms  are  densely  clothed  with  the  usual 
wet-forest  cover  consisting  of  not  only  the  indigenous  native 
trees  such  as  koa,  ohia  lehua,  kukui,  ohia  ai,  etc.,  but  also  of 
vines,  ferns,  undergrowth,  and  mosses.  The  value  of  such  a 
cover  for  holding  the  run-off  and  conserving  the  fallen  rain  is 
too  well  known  to  need  further  comment  here,  and  it  is  especial- 
ly important  that  it  be  protected  and  kept  intact  in  this  region 
because  of  the  high  value  of  the  pure  mountain  water  which 
emanates  from  it  in  various  springs  and  streams. 

PAST   HISTORY. 

Along  the  makai  boundary  of  the  proposed  reserve  there  has 
been  some  damage  done  to  the  edge  of  the  forest  in  the  past  by 
cattle  with  the  result  that  the  lower  native  forest  is  partly  gone 
and  has  been  replaced  to  a  small  extent  by  Hilo  grass  and  guava. 

Charcoal  burners  have  also  trespassed  on  the  land  and  cut  the 
large  guava  trees  in  the  main  Waiahole  Valley  until  very  recently 
when  I  stopped  all  operations  and  referred  the  matter  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  for  prosecution.  The  practice 
of  removing  any  trees  here  tends  to  favor  the  spread  of  Hilo 
grass  to  the  detriment  of  the  indigenous  trees  and  undergrowth 
and  must  be  absolutely  prohibited.  ^ 

The  object,  therefore,  of  this  reserve  is  to  put  it  under  proper 
forest  administration  and  protection  so  that  all  damage  by  stock 
and  man  will  be  prevented  and  the  native  forest  made  to  serve 
its  function  of  conserving  the  water.  One  of  the  first  steps  along 
this  line  will  be  the  building  of  a  stock-proof  fence  on  the  makai 
boundary  of  this  reserve  to  keep  out  the  cattle  which  now  run 
at  large  in  Waiahole  Valley. 

WAIAHOLE   TUNNEL. 

Waiahole  is  probably  best  known  on  account  of  the  tunnel 
which  has  been  constructed  at  the  head  of  the  valley  to  take  local 
water  and  water  from  as  far  as  Kahana  Valley  through  the  Koo- 
lau  Range  to  the  cane  fields  in  the  Ewa  basin.  This  was  begun  in 
January,  1913,  and  completed  in  May,  1916,  at  a  cost  of  approxi- 
mately $2,300,000,  and  it  is  the  largest  hydraulic  engineering 
project  ever  completed  in  the  Territory.  The  north  portal  of 
this  main  tunnel,  which  is  2.76  miles  long,  is  750  feet  above  sea 
level.  The  side  tunnels  which  bring  water  from  Kahana,  Wai- 
kane,  Waianu  and  Waiahole  valleys  have  a  total  length  of  4.66 
miles. 

The  construction  and  operating  of  this  tunnel  on  government 
land  was  authorized  on  December  14,  1912,  by  water  license  No. 
810  to  the  Waiahole  Water  Co.,  Ltd.,  issued  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Public  Lands.  This  license  among  other  things  authorizes 
the  company  to  take  the  government  water  from  Waiahole  and 
Waianu  valleys  for  which  it  pays  the  Territory  annually  $15,000 


197 

for  the  first  30  years,  and  thereafter  at  reappraised  rates  to  be 
adjusted  every  10  years,  up  to  a  maximum  period  of  60  years. 
The  company  is  allowed  to  take  rock  and  other  material,  to 
establish  camps  and  to  open  and  maintain  necessary  roads  and 
trails,  and  the  creation  of  the  reserve  will  naturally  be  subject 
to  the  existing  rights  granted  by  this  license. 

It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  besides  the  usual  reason  for 
protecting  this  forest  for  the  conservation  of  water  for  general 
use,  there  is  a  special  reason,  on  account  of  the  sale  of  this  pure 
mountain  water  which  brings  in  a  large  annual  income  to  the 
Territory. 

OWNERSHIP    OF    LAND. 

The  total  area  proposed  to  be  reserved  is  1168.55  acres,  of 
which  1128.63  acres,  or  96.5%,  is  government  land,  as  follows: 

Name  of  Land  Owner  Acreage 

Makawai Territory  of  Hawaii .  .  .   888.75 

Kapikokau Territory  of  Hawaii .  .  .     53.70 

Hi   of  Waianu  I Territory  of  Hawaii.  .  .    186.18 

L.  C.  A.  7656,  Apanas  1,  2  &  3,  Makawai.. L.  L.  McCandless 3.25' 

L.  C.  A.  10625,  Apanas  1  &  2,  Makawai. .  .L.  L.  McCandless 1.11 

L.  C.  A.  8787B,   Apana   2,   Makawai ...L.  L.  McCandless 89 

L.  C.  A.  8052,  Apana  3,  Waianu  I {  ks^'ue'?"!'!";';^  }       !•«« 

{.Jas.  Cullen   Mi) 
D.  H.  Lani Id  I       1.62 
Kalani  Lani    ,Vi  i 

L.  C.  A  8603,  Mahele  2,  Hi  of  Hanakea..L.  L.  McCandless 32.05 


RECOMMENDATION. 

For  the  reasons  above  set  forth,  I  recommend  that  the  Board 
aprove  the  project  of  creating  the  Waiahole  Forest  Reserve,  as 
described  above,  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  toward  this  end. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.    JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


PROPOSED  KEAUOHANA  FOREST  RESERVE,  PUNA, 

HAWAII. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  27,  1917. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I   have   the   honor   to    recommend   the   setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  a  portion  of  the  government  land  of 


198 

Keauohana,  Puna,  Hawaii,  consisting  of  a  net  area  of  271.60 
acres. 

This  is  an  area  of  dense  forest  land  near  the  junction  of  the 
Upper  Puna  road  and  the  road  that  turns  oft'  to  go  down  to  Ka- 
lapana  and  is  north  of  and  adjacent  to  the  Kikala-Keokea  home- 
steads. The  forest  consists  of  tall,  slim  ohia  lehua  trees  on  the 
straight  trunks  of  which  delicate  ieie  vines  are  entwined  and  is 
one  of  the  most  charming  spots  that  greets  the  eye  of  the  traveler 
along  the  road  to  Kalapana. 

This  land,  along  with  the  adjacent  lands  of  Kehena  and  Kee- 
kee,  had  early  in  the  year  been  advertised  for  a  general  lease, 
but  on  the  protest  of  some  of  the  Hilo  residents,  who  feared  that 
such  a  lease  would  result  in  the  destruction  of  this  forest  if  cattle 
were  allowed  to  run  in  it  or  the  trees  cut  down  to  allow  the 
growing  of  awa,  and  pointed  out  the  advisability  of  retaining 
this  particular  piece  of  native  forest  intact  along  the  road,  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  referred  the  matter  to  me  with 
the  suggestion  that  the  heavily  forested  part  be  created  a  forest 
reserve. 

In  addition  to  its  attractive  scenic  value  the  retention  of  this 
forest  and  its  protection  is  very  advisable  on  account  of  the 
general  beneficial  effect  which  this  forest  exerts  on  the  rainfall 
in  this  region  where  the  inhabitants  depend  upon  the  rain  for 
their  supply  of  domestic  water. 

In  running  out  the  boundaries  of  this  reserve  the  outer  limits 
have  been  extended  sufficiently  so  that  any  destruction  which 
may  take  place  outside  of  the  area  will  not  have  a  detrimental 
influence  on  the  forest  desired  to  be  protected. 

In  leasing  any  adjacent  land  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands 
has  agreed  to  insert  suitable  clauses  in  the  lease  which  will  re- 
quire the  lessee  to  construct  a  stock-proof  fence  along  whatever 
boundaries  of  the  area  are  in  need  of  protection. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  is  in  the  best  position  to  give  this 
forest  the  necessary  care  and  protection  and  since  it  is  advisable 
to  retain  it  intact,  for  the  reasons  given  above,  I  recommend  that 
the  Board  approve  the  creation  of  the  Keauohana  Forest  Reserve 
and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land  to  be  so  set 
apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


PROPOSED  ADDITION   TO   MAKAWAO   FOREST   RE- 
SERVE, MAUI. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  11,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  that  an  area  of 
263  acres  of  government  land  be  added  to  the  present  Makawao 


199 

Forest  Reserve  on  Maui.  This  area,  as  shown  by  the  red  Hnes 
on  the  attached  blue  print  map,  is  adjacent  to  and  makai  of  the 
present  Makawao  Reserve  which  was  set  aside  on  April  21, 
1908,  and  consists  of  the  balance  of  the  government  land  in  the 
Piiholo  section  of  the  Haleakala  tract. 

The  government  land  to  the  southwest  has  been  surveyed  into 
lots  and  will  shortly  be  opened  up  for  homestead  entry.  The 
boundary  between  the  homesteads  and  this  proposed  addition  is 
.the  Kahakapao  gulch,  which  is  a  deep,  well  forested  gulch,  and 
forms  for  the  most  part  a  natural  barrier  between  these  two 
lands.  At  the  northwest  end  of  this  tract  the  boundary  runs 
along  a  private  grant.  The  land  of  Haiku  to  the  northeast  is 
privately  owned  and  is  separated  from  this  proposed  addition  by 
the  Waiohiwi  stream,  the  banks  of  which  form  in  places  a  natu- 
ral barrier  to  stock. 

The  forest  on  this  remnant  of  goverment  land  consists  of  koa 
and  kukui  along  the  steep  gulches  and  ohia  lehua  on  the  gulch 
slopes.  On  the  tops  of  the  flat  ridges  within  the  tract  the  forest 
is  more  open  on  account  of  wood  cutting  and  grazing  in  past 
years  and  consists  of  halapepe  and  olopua  trees  interspersed 
with  the  waiawi  guava.  The  forest  on  this  addition  can  readily 
be  protected  by  the  construction  of  short  stretches  of  fences 
where  natural  barriers  do  not  exist  and  since  this  area  is  a  natu- 
ral part  of  the  adjacent  land  already  set  aside,  it  is  well  worth 
while  to  prevent  further  forest  destruction  and  include  it  with 
the  other  lands  which  have  already  been  reserved  in  this  region 
for  the  purpose  of  water  conservation. 

For  these  reasons  I  recommend  that  the  Board  approve  the 
creation  of  this  addition  of  263  acres  to  the  Makawao  Forest 
Reserve  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land 
to  be  so  set  apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


WITHDRAWAL  OF  LAND  FROM  HONOLULU  WATER- 
SHED FOREST  RESERVE. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  27,  1917. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  as  follows,  a  re- 
port recommending  the  withdrawal  of  four  small  parcels  of  land 
on  Tantalus  Heights  from  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest 
Reserve,  Oahu. 

These  four  parcels  of  land,  aggregating  4.19  acres,  are  desired 


200 

by  the  Territory  as  the  basis  of  exchange  for  other  lands  needed 
by  the  government  and  this  recommendation  is  made  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Commissioner  of  Pubhc  Lands  which  is  contained 
in  the  attached  copies  of  correspondence. 

The  four  parcels  of  land  desired  to  be  withdrawn  from  the 
Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve,  and  returned  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Land  Commissioner  for  exchange  purposes,  are  as 
follows : 

1.  Lot  1,  to  Trustees  H.  P.  Baldzvin  Estate.    Area  L52  Acres. 

This  is  situated  just  within  the  boundary  of  the  Honolulu  Wa- 
tershed Forest  Reserve,  east  of  Sugar  Loaf,  between  the  new 
Round  Top  road  and  the  edge  of  the  Manoa  Valley  cliffs.  It  is 
open  land  covered  with  Hilo  grass  and  scrub  guava.  This  is 
part  of  an  area  which  has  been  granted  in  exchange  for  land 
that  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Round  Top  road  and  its 
withdrawal  from  the  reserve  is  now  requested  in  order  to  clear 
up  the  records. 

2.  Lot  2,  to  Trustees  H.  P.  Baldzvin  Estate.    Area  0.137  Acre. 

This  is  a  very  small  area  within  the  same  reserve  northeast  of 
Sugar  Loaf  adjacent  to  the  present  new  road  which  was  granted 
in  exchange  for  land  that  was  needed  by  the  Territory  in  the 
construction  of  the  Round  Top  road  and  its  withdrawal  now  is 
requested  for  the  same  reason  given  above. 

3.     Unnumbered  lot.     Frear  Exchange.     Area  0.103  Acre. 

This  is  an  area  of  only  4485  square  feet  at  the  turn  of  the 
Round  Top  road  near  the  corner  of  Grant  4577  to  W.  F.  Frear. 
It  is  on  a  bank  at  the  edge  of  the  cliff  and  is  only  open  grass  land. 
The  Land  Commissioner  desires  to  use  this  as  a  basis  of  exchange 
for  a  piece  of  land  of  approximately  equal  area  in  the  above 
grant  which  was  taken  and  used  in  the  construction  of  the  new 
road. 

*  4.     Lot  7B.     Szvanzy  Exchange.     Area  2.43  Acres. 

This  is  an  area  further  mauka  between  the  top  of  Tantalus 
and  Manoa  cliffs  adjacent  to  Lot  7 A,  Grant  4864,  to  E.  H.  Wode- 
house.  The  northwest  portion  of  this  lot  is  open  land  covered 
with  Hilo  grass  and  guava  bushes,  while  the  eastern  portion, 
covered  with  native  forest  trees,  is  a  narrow  sloping  strip  adja- 
cent to  the  Manoa  cliffs  and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  privately 
owned  land.  No  portion  of  this  lot  is  needed  for  administrative 
purposes  and  its  withdrawal  will  not  be  a  detriment  to  the  re- 
serve, surrounded  as  it  is  by  private  land  on  all  but  the  north- 
west side.    This  area  of  2.43  acres  is  desired  by  the  Land  Com- 

"*  Not  approved  by  the  Board. 


201 

missioner  to  be  used  along  with  37.57  acres  of  government  land 
(not  in  a  forest  reserve)  on  Hawaii  in  exchange  for  40  acres  of 
land  at  Kaaawa,  Oahu,  belonging  to  Mrs.  F.  M.  Swanzy  which 
the  U.  S.  Army  desires  to  acquire  for  camping  purposes. 

Blue  print  diagrams  of  these  four  lots  are  herewith  attached. 

Since  these  parcels  of  land  are  needed  for  perfecting  govern- 
ment exchanges  of  land  and  their  withdrawal  from  the  Hono- 
lulu Watershed  Forest  Reserve  will  not  be  a  detriment  to  the 
reserve  nor  have  any  influence  on  existing  watercourses,  I  recom- 
mend that  the  Board  approve  their  withdrawal  and  that  the  Gov- 
ernor be  requested  to  take  the  necessary  further  action  to  perfect 
this. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


REPORT  FOR  MAY. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  15,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Fqrestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  May,  1918: 

PROPOSED    MOKULEIA    FOREST    RESERVE. 

During  the  first  part  of  the  month  I  spent  seven  days  on  the 
north  slope  of  the  Waianae  Range,  back  of  Mokuleia,  Oahu, 
with  government  surveyors  and  completed  the  field  work  on  the 
proposed  new  forest  reserve  in  this  region  which  consists  of 
6290  acres  of  unleased  government  forest  land.  This  work  con- 
sisted of  locating  on  the  ground  the  north  line  of  the  reserve 
which  stretches  from  the  Kuaokala  Reserve  near  Kaena  Point 
for  a  distance  of  about  7 .Z7  miles  over  very  rough  country  to 
Puu  Pane  on  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  Military  Re- 
servation of  Waianae-uka,  and  of  placing  19  forest  reserve  monu- 
ment pipes  with  flags  at  prominent  points  on  the  boundary  line 
which  abuts  private  land.  Owing  to  the  presence  of  dairy  and 
ranch  cattle  which  wander  at  large  on  the  government  forest  land 
with  destructive  results,  it  will  be  necessary  to  construct,  by  ar- 
rangement with  the  cattle  owners,  a  fence  approximately  five 
miles  long  on  this  marked  boundary.  The  area  to  be  included  in 
the  reserve  is  important  as  a  conserver  of  water  which  is  neces- 
sary for  the  agricultural  crops  on  the  lower  lands  below.  Here 
are  located  one  of  the  largest  banana  producing  sections  in  the 
islands,  and  large  areas  of  rice  and  sugar  cane,  all  of  which  are 
irrigated  by  water  from  21  wells  sunk  into  the  artesian  basin 


202 

which  depends  upon  this  mountain  slope  for  its  supply  of  water. 
A  full  report  on  this  new  reserve  with  recommendations  for  set- 
ting it  apart  will  be  submitted  at  an  early  date. 

OTHER    NEW   RESERVES. 

During  the  month  an  examination  was  also  made  of  103.85 
acres  of  vacant  unleased  government  land  adjacent  to  the  present 
reserve  in  Makua  Valley,  Oahu,  which  it  is  proposed  to  add  to 
the  forest  reserve.  This  project  had  already  been  presented  to 
and  approved  by  you  and  now  awaits  a  public  hearing  to  be  held 
in  the  near  future. 

The  other  five  new  forest  reserve  projects,  mentioned  in  my 
last  report,  which  have  already  received  your  approval,  will  be 
considered  at  a  public  hearing  to  be  held  at  the  Government  Nur- 
sery on  Wednesday,  June  19,  at  9  o'clock  a.  m.,  published  notice 
of  which,  signed  by  the  Governor,  is  now  running  in  the  daily 
papers. 

INSPECTION    OF    WAIANAE    FOREST    RESERVES. 

From  May  20  to  22  I  made  a  three-day  inspection  of  the  four 
forest  reserves  on  the  lee  slope  of  the  Waianae  range,  Oahu,  in 
company  with  Ranger  Pililaau.  As  a  result  of  this  trip,  a  special 
report  on  the  need  of  reforestation  in  these  reserves,  which  in- 
cludes the  plan  of  beginning  the  work  by  the  establishment  of  a 
forest  nursery  at  Mikilua  in  the  Lualualei  Reserve,  has  already 
been  submitted  to  you  and  has  already  received  your  approval. 
Other  matters  investigated  during  the  same  trip  were  as  follows : 

In  the  Nanakuli  Reserve  the  fence  on  the  forest  boundary  built 
last  summer  by  lease  requirement  was  found  to  be  in  good  con- 
dition except  at  one  point  at  the  head  of  the  valley  where  it  was 
not  stock-proof  because  of  loose  wires  and  where  an  obstruction 
of  bars  in  the  stream  bottom  had  broken  down.  A  flock  of  at 
least  30  goats  was  also  observed  in  the  forest  reserve.  Both  of 
these  matters  were  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Land  Commis- 
sioner so  that  he  could  take  them  up  with  the  holder  of  the  lease 
which  requires  the  fence  to  be  maintained  in  stock-proof  condi- 
tion and  the  goats  to  be  kept  out  of  the  reserve. 

In  the  Lualualei  Reserve  I  found  the  fence  on  the  boundary 
all  in  good  stock-proof  condition  with  no  cattle  within  the  re- 
serve. The  beneficial  results  of  keeping  cattle  out  are  already 
showing  in  the  increased  growth  of  native  trees  and  in  several  of 
the  smaller  valleys  abundant  streams  were  flowing.  In  fact  the 
supply  of  water  is  sufficient  to  justify  the  laying  of  several  miles 
of  large  pipe,  on  the  part  of  the  adjacent  land  owner,  to  watering 
troughs  in  the  Lualualei  Valley. 

In  the  Waianae-kai  Forest  Reserve  conditions  are  excellent 
and  the  benefits  of  protection  against  stock,  coupled  with  the  tree 
planting  that  has  been  done  there  in  past  years,  are  very  apparent 
with  the  result  that  floods  have  been  greatly  lessened  and  the 


203 

small  streams  now  run  more  continuously  throughout  the  year, 
in  order  to  keep  out  of  the  forest  the  Geo.  Holt  cattle  which 
swarm  over  the  highways  in  this  region  and  occasionally  break 
through  the  side  fences  along  the  old  road  within  the  reserve, 
a  stretch  of  about  1200  feet  of  fence  will  soon  be  constructed  on 
the  lower  reserve  boundary  with  a  gate  across  the  road  at  the 
power  house,  permission  for  the  construction  of  which  has  al- 
ready been  granted  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors. 

On  a  visit  to  Makaha  Valley  the  private  forest  reserve,  fenced 
within  the  year  to  keep  cattle  out  of  the  native  forest,  was  viewed 
with  great  satisfaction. 

An  inspection  of  the  Makua-Keaau  Reserve  disclosed  the  same 
conditions  which  were  found  on  a  similar  inspection  made  over 
a  year  ago,  viz.,  the  fence  on  the  forest  reserve  boundary  requir- 
ed to  be  built  by  the  holder  of  General  Lease  No.  730  has  not 
yet  been  constructed  and  cattle  are  free  to  wander  at  will  into 
the  native  forest  with  destructive  results.  This  condition  has 
already  been  reported  to  you  and  appropriate  action  to  correct 
it  has  been  taken. 

Several  hours  were  spent  in  designating  for  thinning  algaroba 
trees,  on  unreserved  government  land  near  Waianae  village  un- 
der a  license  issued  by  the  Land  Office.  This  was  done  by  select- 
ing and  marking  the  best  trees  which  are  to  remain  uncut. 

An  inspection  was  also  made  of  similar  cuttings  on  govern- 
ment land  in  Lualualei  near  the  sea,  and  the  only  unsatisfactory 
condition  found  here  was  the  dangerous  accumulation  of  large, 
dry  brush  piles  near  the  trees  to  be  left  standing.  The  matter 
has  been  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Land  Commissioner  with 
the  suggestion  that  the  brush  be  removed  to  more  open  places 
before  burning,  and  that  in  future  cuttings  the  brush  be  burned 
green  over  small  hot  fires  of  dry  wood.  The  suggestion  was  also 
made  to  the  Land  Commissioner  that  in  future  algaroba  licenses 
a  higher  stumpage  price  than  $2.50  to  $2.75  per  cord,  the  present 
rates,  be  charged.  The  present  rates  allow  an  unreasonable 
profit  to  the  licensee  and  it  would  appear  only  just  that  the  gov- 
ernment receive  the  benefit  of  the  present  market  price  from 
wood  in  this  region  where  private  algaroba  stumpage  has  sold 
as  high  as  $8.00  per  cord. 

FOREST  FENCING. 

The  fence  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve, 
Hawaii,  which  has  been  constructed  in  cooperation  with  the  Ku- 
kaiau  Ranch  to  keep  cattle  out  of  the  government  forest  reserve 
lands  of  Piha  and  Laupahoehoe  and  which  is  6.20  miles  in 
length,  was  completed  on  May  9,  and  will  be  inspected  on  my 
next  trip  to  Hawaii.  During  the  past  18  months  over  30  head 
of  wild  cattle  have  been  removed,  either  by  roping  or  shooting, 
from  this  part  of  the  reserve. 

Upon  the  receipt  of  a  report  from  Ranger   Lovell  that  the 


204 

fence  along  a  part  of  the  Moloaa  Forest  Reserve  boundary  was 
out  of  repair  and  cattle  were  continually  getting  into  the  reserve 
from  the  adjacent  leased  government  land,  the  Land  Commis- 
sioner was  requested  to  notify  the  holder  of  General  Lease  No. 
792  to  put  the  fence  into  stock-proof  condition  at  once. 

FOREST   PLANTING. 

During  the  month  the  planting  gang  in  Makiki  set  out  240 
koa  trees  and  also  planted  one  acre  in  the  lower  valley,  next  to 
the  mahogany  plantation,  with  yellow  poinciana,  Peltophorum 
inerme,  an  excellent  hardwood  tree  whose  growing  abilities  un- 
der the  close  spacing  of  8  by  8  feet  it  is  desired  to  ascertain. 

The  planting  gang  in  Manoa  Valley  completed  the  reforesta- 
tion of  all  open  government  forest  reserve  lands  in  the  valley  by 
setting  out  1253  koa  trees  during  the  month.  During  June  the 
men  will  clean  up  around  all  planted  trees  and  early  in  July  will 
move  to  the  Waianae  region  to  start  the  reforestation  work 
there  under  the  plan  already  approved  by  you. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

On  May  25,  I  visited  the  island  of  Kapapa  on  the  Kaneohe 
Bay  outer  reef  and  set  up  a  painted  wooden  sign  bearing  in  the 
English,  Hawaiian  and  Japanese  languages  the  gist  of  Rule  IV 
of  this  Division  covering  the  protection  of  animal  and  bird  life. 
On  the  same  day  I  also  planted  on  the  island  two  sprouted  coco- 
nuts, 5  milo  trees  and  9  ironwoods,  and  sowed  several  pounds 
of  milo  seed. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  month  I  issued  to  Mr.  C.  H.  Bellina 
a  temporary  permit  to  cut  honohono  and  panicum  grass  from 
the  lower  part  of  the  reserve  in  Nuuanu  Valley  below  the  reser- 
voir and  the  area  restricted  by  Rule  III  on  the  understanding 
that  in  return  he  would  construct  the  fence  on  the  forest  reserve 
boundary  at  Kuliouou  which  is  required  by  the  terms  of  General 
Lease  No.  837  which  he  holds. 

On  May  6,  I  delivered  a  paper  on  ''Forestry  as  Applied  in  Ha- 
waii" before  the  Social  Science  Association  of  Honolulu.  This 
will  appear  in  the  June  "Forester,"  and  also  as  a  reprint  on  the 
recommendation  of  this  Association  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
President  of  this  Board,  because  of  the  many  propagandistic 
facts  in  favor  of  forestry  which  it  contains  and  which  should  be 
made  generally  known. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


205 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  28,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work  done 
during  the  month  of  May : 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

Sold 170  pot  grown  plants. 

Gratis 1,050  transplants  in  boxes. 

"       285  pot  grown  plants. 


Total 1,505  plants. 

COLLECTIONS. 

On  account  of  plants  sold $  5.70 

Rent  of  Office   Building,   Nursery  Grounds,   for 

March   35.00 


Total $40.70 

PLANTATION   COMPANIES   AND  OTHER   CORPORATIONS. 

The  distribution  of  trees  under  this  heading  amounted  to  1000 
in  seed  boxes  and  200  pot  grown,  total  1200. 

MAKIKI  STATION. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine. 
We  are  now  busy  getting  ready  to  propagate  large  quantities  of 
trees  for  the  coming  planting  season. 

HONOLULU   WATERSHED   PLANTING. 

In  Makiki  main  valley  we  planted  686  Peltophonim  incrme 
and  240  koa.  The  Peltophorums  were  planted  on  lower  side  of 
mahogany  grove  on  mauka  side.     ■ 

ADVICE    AND    ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  been  called  upon  to  give  advice  and  assistance 
as  follows :  Calls  made,  9 ;  advice  given  by  telephone,  6 ;  advice 
by  letter,  4;  advice  given  at  Nursery,  8. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 

Forest  Nurseryman. 


206 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  13,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  May  the  insectary  handled 
30,300  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  925 
temales  and  744  males  Opiiis  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opius  humilis. 

Females  Males 
Oahu : 

Honolulu 60  25 

Manoa 55  20 

Kaimuki 12  8 

Wahiawa 20  14 

Diachasma  tr\oni. 
Oahu : 

Honolulu 130  45 

Kaimuki 170  85 

Manoa 42  14 

Wahiawa 35  10 

DiacJiasina  fullawayi. 
Oahu : 

Kaimuki 60  44 

Manoa 28  16 

Wahiawa 40  27 

Spalangia  cameroni. 
Maui: 

Haiku 50 

Paia 1000 

Opius  fletcheri. 
Oahu : 

Kaimuki 110  104 

Moanalua 447  318 

Wahiawa 102  101 

Galesus  sihestri. 
Hawaii : 

Glenwood 150 


207 

Paranagnis  osborni. 
Oahu : 

Kailua 600 

Makiki  Nursery 5800 

Kaimuki ; 400 

Maui : 

Paia 700 

Haiku •..  6300 

Hawaii : 

Kau 500 

Parker  Ranch 500 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  May, 
1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  44 
vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  with  the  follow- 
ing results  : 

Disposal  Lots         Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 382  9421 

Fumigated .20  48 

Burned 41  41 

Returned 4  4 

Total  inspected 477  9514 

Of  these  shipments  9,339  packages  arrived  as  freight,  97  pack- 
ages as  mail  and  78  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  60,177  bags  of  rice  and  975  bags  of  beans 


208 

arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  and  with  the  exception 
of  15  bags  of  Chinese  rice,  which  was  fumigated  for  an  infesta- 
tion of  the  larvae  of  a  moth,  Paralipsca  nwdcsta,  all  was  fomid 
free  from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  5243  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  of  passengers 
from  foreign  countries  were  examined  and  from  these  were  seiz- 
ed and  destroyed  by  burning  22  lots  of  fruit  and  19  lots  of 
vegetables. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  seeds  and  plants  from 
various  sources : 

On  May  6,  a  package  of  rice  paddy  in  the  mail  from  Manila 
was  fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  weevils. 

On  May  14,  a  package  of  cotton  seed  in  the  baggage  of  an 
mimigrant  from  Manila  was  burned. 

On  May  16,  six  ornamental  plants  in  the  baggage  from  Japan 
was  fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  ants. 

On  the  same  date  six  plants  in  the  baggage  from  Japan  were 
fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  released.  Also  15  bags  of  Chi- 
nese rice  were  fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  Paralipsea 
iiwdesta. 

On  May  20,  six  boxwood  trees  from  California  were  found 
infested  with  the  boxwood  payllid,  and  fumigated  before  de- 
livery. 

On  May  30,  ants  were  found  in  the  soil  on  the  roots  of  eleven 
maple  trees  in  the  baggage  from  Japan.  These  were  fumigated 
and  the  soil  removed. 

On  the  same  date  two  ornamental  trees  in  the  baggage  from 
Japan  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

The  following  were  returned  by  the  post  office  as  immailable : 
May  6.  one  package  of  palm  nuts  from  Manila.  May  13,  a  par- 
cel of  "chiotes"  from  Sydney.  May  16,  a  package  of  cuttings 
from  Manila.   May  28,  one  package  of  violet  plants  from  Sydney. 

HILO    INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  five  steamers,  two 
of  wdiich  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  82  lots  and  1890 
parcels,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  Maui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  five  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  three  of 
which  brought  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  50  lots  and  657 
packages,  all  of  which  were  found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Sixty-one  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 


209 

ports  were  attended,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests : 

Taro 782  bags 

Vegetables 197  packages 

Plants 184  packages 

Pineapples 16  crates 

Total  passed 1 179  packages 

Refused 7  packages 

Total  inspected 1186  packages 

Three  packages   of   plants   and    four   packages   of    fruit   were 
refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  and  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.   M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  8,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  Mav, 
1918. 

RULES   AND   REGULATIONS. 

The  revised  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  importation 
of  live  stock  and  other  animals  into  this  Territory  from  the 
mainland  of  the  United  States  and  from  foreign  countries,  and 
to  which  reference  was  made  in  my  report  for  April,  were  re- 
ferred to  the  Attorney  General  for  legal  approval.  After  mak- 
ing such  corrections  as  suggested  by  him,  the  regulations  were 
approved  by  this  Board  at  its  regular  monthly  meeting,  after 
which  they  were  referred  to  the  Governor  for  his  approval  and 
signature. 

The  revision  of  the  regulations  pertaining  to  the  control  and 
eradication  of  diseases  of  live  stock  within  the  Territory  is 
well  under  way  and  will  be  submitted  to  the  Board  at  an  early 
date. 

Considerable  annoyance  has  been  experienced  during  the  last 
lew  months  on  account  of  laxity  on  the  part  of  certain  steam- 


210 

ship  companies  in  making  their  officers  or  agents  comply,  with 
the  regulations  of  the  Board.  Even  though  these  regulations, 
and  especially  those  pertaining  to  the  importation  of  live  stock 
from  the  mainland,  can  be  said  to  be  neither  onerous  nor  diffi- 
cult of  complying  with — in  most  cases  resolving  themselves  into 
iidvising  the  prospective  shipper  of  live  stock  to  get  into  com- 
munication with  the  office  of  the  federal  Bureau  of  Animal  In- 
dustry— a  number  of  omissions  have  occurred,  in  somewhat 
quick  succession,  which,  were  it  not  for  the  multiplicity  of 
restrictions  engendered  by  war,  could  not  be  tolerated.  The 
Territory  cannot  be  served  by  having  its  food-producing  powers 
impaired  by  the  introduction  of  diseases  among  its  live  stock, 
especially  when  it  can  be  avoided  by  complying  with  the  Board's 
regulations,  and  when  these  regulations  do  not  call  for  the  ex- 
penditure of  one  cent  on  the  part  of  the  carrier,  beyond  the  cost 
of  a  call  to  the  federal  office  in  question,  and  that  call,  whether 
by  telephone  or  in  person,  can  be  made  to  devolve  upon  the 
shipper.  The  whole  problem  revolves  itself,  in  so  far  as  the 
carrier  is  concerned,  into  refusing  to  accept  shipments  of  his 
stock  until  the  consigner  has  complied  with  the  regulations  of 
this  Board ;  and  to  emphasize  such  compliance  the  carrier  need 
only  refer  to  the  $500.00  penalty  which  attaches  to  the  carrying 
of  live  stock  or  other  animals  to  this  Territory  in  contravention 
of  the  rules  aforesaid,  and  for  which  the  Territory  will  hold  the 
carrier  responsible.  When,  therefore,  repeated  omissions,  some 
of  which  have  caused  this  office  serious  embarrassment,  have 
recently  occurred,  the  revision  of  the  rules  and  regulations  in 
question  is  confidently  expected  to  obviate  recurrences  of  the 
same  nature,  as  the  revised  edition  emphasizes  the  duties  of  the 
carrier. 

The  printing  and  distribution  of  these  regulations  in  a  suffi- 
cient number  to  allow  the  carriers  to  provide  them  freely  to  all 
shippers  of  live  stock  to  these  islands  is  therefore  recommended 
as  an  economical  measure  in  the  enforcement  of  the  territorial 
statutes  which  impose  on  this  Board  the  exclusion  of  diseased 
live  stock. 

ANTHRAX    CONTROL    WORK    ON    KAUAI. 

Since  August  of  last  year  only  two  cases  of  anthrax  have  oc- 
curred on  Kauai.  One,  a  mule,  died  during  February,  and  the 
other,  a  horse,  on  the  ninth  of  this  month.  Both  cases  occurred 
m  the  stable  pasture  of  the  Princeville  Plantation  Company,  a 
small  enclosure  where  the  work  animals  are  kept  and  where 
one  of  the  vaccinating  chutes  is  located.  This  enclosure  became 
heavily  infected  during  the  outbreak  last  summer,  but  as  all 
cases  were  burned  where  they  fell,  and  as  all  the  work  animals 
have  been  repeatedly  vaccinated,  it  w^as  considered  safe  to  con- 
tinue its  use.  When,  however,  the  second  case  occurred,  all 
stock  was  removed  and  revaccinated.     When  recently  in  Hono- 


211 

lulu,  the  manager  assured  me  that  not  alone  the  enclosure  in 
question,  but  also  the  surrounding  paddocks,  would  be  plowed 
deeply  and  planted  with  a  fertilizing  crop,  which  eventually  will 
be  turned  under,  disced,  harrowed  and  again  seeded  with  pas- 
ture grass. 

Dr.  Golding,  the  deputy  territorial  veterinarian  stationed  at 
Hanalei,  reports  that  he  has  finished  revaccinating  all  the  live 
stock  on  the  Princeville  Plantation  as  well  as  the  outside  ani- 
mals in  the  quarantined  area  including  the  rice  planters'  work 
animals.  For  this  purpose  the  Board  has  supplied  Dr.  Golding 
with  2400  doses  of  serum  vaccine,  in  addition  to  the  600  he  had 
on  hand.  There  now  remains  at  our  disposal  only  the  1000 
doses  which  the  Board  deposited  with  the  Parker  Ranch,  and 
which  I  have  had  returned  to  Honolulu  as  the  time  limit  for  its 
effectiveness  was  approaching.  Hanalei  Valley  still  remains  in 
quarantine,  the  four  guards — two  at  either  end — being  provided 
by  the  County  of  Kauai  though  in  direct  charge  of  Dr.  Golding. 
This  continuation  of  quarantine,  enforced  by  guards,  is  in  my 
opinion  an  exaggerated,  not  to  say  unnecessary  measure,  the 
cost  of  which,  $3000.00  per  annum,  might  be  applied  to  better 
advantage  by  securing  the  services  of  Dr.  Golding,  permanently. 
Dr.  Golding  has  since  January  1st,  1918,  acted  as  deputy  ter- 
ritorial veterinarian  for  the  County  of  Kauai  in  the  place  of  Dr. 
A.  R.  Glaisyer,  resigned.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  arrange- 
ment can  be  made  whereby  the  Kauai  Planters'  Association  can 
render  the  same  support  to  Dr.  Golding  that  they  have  in  the 
past  given  to  our  former  representative. 

A  detailed  report  of  the  routine  work  in  tuberculin  testing 
and  inspection  of  imported  live  stock  by  the  Assistant  Territorial 
Veterinarian  is  herewith  appended. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  20,  1918. 

Dr.  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the   following  report   for 
the  month  of  May,  1918: 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

Tested.        Passed.         Condemned. 
Chas.  Lucas  154  152  2 


212 

Besides  the  above,  638  head  of  cattle  were  injected  with  tuber- 
cuHn  for  the  O.  R.  &  L.  Co.  Ranch  at  Kunia,  the  results  of 
which  will  appear  in  the  June  report. 

IMPORTATIONS    OF    LIVE    STOCK. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :  2  horses,  U.  S.  Q.  Dept. ;  1 
horse,  Angus  McPhee;  1  dog,  O.  N.  Cronk;  5  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  Orient:  2  monkeys,  Dr.  S.  Yamashiro; 
1  cat. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.   Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


Marketing  Division 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June   1,   1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — The  sales  for  the  month  amounted  to  $14,188.- 
08,  which  is  $2223.26  more  than  the  sales  for  the  previous 
month. 

A  larger  number  of  shipments  of  beef  were  received  during 
the  month  than  have  been  received  for  some  time  and  a  good 
portion  of  it  was  from  small  shippers  on  Molokai,  Hawaii,  and 
Oahu. 

The  few  shipments  of  small  white  beans  received  from  Maui 
are  not  selling  very  fast,  as  they  are  not  as  clean  as  the  beans 
which  are  imported.  The  Maui  demonstrator  has  been  instruct- 
ed to  try  to  get  the  farmers  who  have  been  planting  small  white 
beans  to  plant  the  Maui  Red,  or  the  Calico  beans,  which  are 
better  sellers  and  easier  handled  than  the  small  white,  with  the 
crude  equipment  found  on  most  of  the  small  farms  on  Maui. 

Island  Irish  potatoes  are  more  plentiful  than  they  have  been 
for  some  time.  The  island  potatoes  are  smaller  than  the  im- 
ported potatoes,  but  they  are  in  better  condition,  and  are  selling 
for  $2.50  per  hundred.  The  Division  is  receiving  large  ship- 
ments of  sweet  potatoes  which  are  being  readily  sold  for  very 
good  prices. 


213 

Enclosed  herewith  is  a  statement  of  the  operations   for  the 
month,  and  a  copy  of  the  general  trial  balance. 

Respectfully, 

O.    B.   LlGHTFOOT^ 

Acting  Superintendent. 


By  Authority 


PAPAPAHOLAHOLA  SPRING  RESERVE,  KAUAI. 


PEOCLAMATION    OF    FOREST    EESERVE,    DISTRICT    OF    KONA, 
ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  KAUAI,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


Under  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM,  Governor 
of  Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which 
notice  has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  SET 
APART  as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  PAPAPAHOLAHOLA 
SPRING  RESERVE,  subject  to  existing  rights,  a  portion  of  that  certain 
piece  of  government  land  called  Kalaheo,  in  the  District  of  Kona,  Island 
and  County  of  Kauai,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  containing  an  area  of  54.4 
acres,  more  or  less,  more  particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made 
by  the  Government  Survey  Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii, 
which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey  Department  marked 
Government  Survey  Reg.  Map  No.  2378  and  ''Papapaholahola  Spring 
Res."  and  a  description  accompanying  the  same  numbered  C.  S.  F., 
1941,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department,  is 
as  follows: 

PAPAPAHOLAHOLA  SPRING  RESERVE, 

Kona,  Kalaheo,  Kauai. 

C.  S.  F.  1941. 

Beginning  at  a  +  on  a  stone  at  the  North  corner  of  Lot  88  of  the 
Kalaheo  Homesteads,  the  Northwest  corner  of  Lot  90  and  the  West 
corner  of  Lot  91,  from  which  ''Papapaholahola"  Government  Survey 
Trig.  Station  is  by  true  azimuth  and  distance  83°  13'  300.0  feet,  as 
shown  on  Government  Survey  Registered  Map  No.  2378,  and  running 
by  true  azimuths: 

21'  426.8  feet  along  Lot  91  to  +  on  a  stone; 

57'  522.7  feet  along  Lot  91  to  +  on  a  stone  at  road; 

18'  334.6  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

11'  175.0  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

47'  223.1  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

24'     49.1  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 


1. 

235' 

2. 

195 

3. 

147' 

4. 

149' 

5. 

155' 

6. 

105' 

214 

7.  76°  25'  181.4  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

8.  82°  51'  205.5  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

9.  89°  27'  338.8  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

10.  93°  06'     81.6  feet  along  road  to  -(-  on  a  stone; 

11.  156°  57'  249.3  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

12.  120°  34'     73.9  feet  along  road  to  -f  on  a  stone; 

13.  33°  33'  131.4  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

14.  39°  55'     93.8  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

15.  85°   12'     32.0  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

16.  114°  20'     61.0  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 

17.  151°  44'     54.8  feet  along  road  to  +  on  a  stone  on  the  boundary  of 

Kalaheo  and  Wahiawa; 

18.  10°   18'  797.5  feet    along   Wahiawa   to    1%"    galvanized   iron   pipe 

cemented  in  large  rock  called  Kapuna; 

19.  13°  23'  698.9  feet   along  Wahiawa  to    +    on   a    stone   on   bank   of 
ditch; 

240.8  feet  along  ditch  and  Lot  9  to  +  on  a  stone; 
192.6  feet  along  ditch  and  Lot  9  to  +  on  a  stone  at  road; 

31.2  feet  across  end  of  road  to  +  on  a  stone; 
184.6  feet  along  Lot  87; 

605.9  feet  up  side  of  Papapaholahola  and  along  Lot  87  to 
+  on  a  stone; 

63.2  feet  along  Lot  87  to  +  on  a  stone; 
290.4  feet  along  Lot  88  to  the  point   of  beginning. 

AEEA,  54.4  Acres. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the   Great   Seal   of   the    Territory   of   Hawaii   to   be   affixed. 

(SEAL)  DONE  at  the  Capitol,  in  Honolulu,  this  19th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


20. 

283° 

40' 

2L 

342° 

39' 

22. 

312° 

48' 

23. 

240° 

07' 

24. 

261° 

23' 

25. 

303° 

08' 

26. 

254° 

47' 

WAIAHOLE  FOREST   RESERVE,   OAHU. 


PROCLAMATION  OF  FOREST  RESERVE  IN  THE  DISTRICT  OF 
KOOLAUPOKO,  CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  HONOLULU,  ISLAND 
OF  OAHU,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


Under  and  by  virtue  of  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions  of 
Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every  other 
power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM,  Governor  of 
Hawaii,  with  tb^  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice 
has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  RECOM- 
MEND and  APPROVE  as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  WAIAHOLE 
FOREST  RESERVE,  those  certain  pieces  of  government  and  privately 
owned  land  in  the  District  of  Koolaupoko,  City  and  County  of  Hono- 
lulu, Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  may  be  described 
roughly  as  embracing  most  of  the  higher  forested  portion   of  the  land 


215 

of  Waiahole  and  containing  an  area  of  1,168.55  aeres,  more  or  less,  more 
particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey 
Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file 
in  the  said  Survey  Department,  marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Maps 
Nos.  312  and  2196  and  ''Waiahole  Forest  Reserve,"  and  a  description 
accompanying  the  same,  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2906,  which  said  description 
now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

WAIAHOLE  FOREST  RESERVE. 

Including  the  Government  lands  of  Makawai,  Waianu  I,  and  Kapikokau, 
and  the  Hi  of  Hanakea  (L.  C.  A.  8603  to  Kaniau). 

Waiahole,  Koolaupoko,  Oahu. 

C.  S.  F.  2906. 

Beginning  at  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Makikiki, "  the  true 
azimuth  and  distance  to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Puu  Kau- 
ai" being  290°  19'  50"  7232.3  feet,  as  shown  on  Government  Survey 
Registered   Map  No.   312,   and   running  by  true   azimuths: 

1.  337°  40'  1038.4  feet  along  Grant  4111  to  L.  L.  McCandless  to  a  + 

on  stone  at  the  Northeast  corner  of  Hanakea,  L.  C. 
A.  8603   to  Kaniau; 

2.  347°  29'     565.7  feet    along   East   boundary    of   Hanakea,    L.    C.    A. 

8603  to  Kaniau,  and  West  boundary  of  Grant  4111 
to  L.  L.  McCandless  to  a  +  on  stone  on  top  of  ridge; 

3.  335°  06'     378.0  feet   along   Grant   4111   to   L.   L.   McCandless   to    a 

point  on  North  bank  of  Waiahole  Stream;  passing 
over  a  4-inch  pipe  filled  with  concrete  near  the 
North  corner  of  a  taro  patch  at  322.5  feet; 

4.  18°  40'     106.8  feet   across  Waiahole   Stream   to   Redwood  Post   at 

Northwest  corner  of  L.  C.  A.  8187B,  Apana  1,  to 
Kuhia; 

5.  58°  26'     100.3  feet  along  L.  C.  A.  8187B,  Apana  1,  to  Kuhia,  to  a 

Redwood   Post; 

6.  321°   36'     330.0  feet  along  L.  C.  A.  8187B,  Apana  1,  to  Kuhia,  to  a 

pipe; 

7.  37°  36'     340.4  feet  along  Lot   5   of  the  Waiahole   Homesteads   to 

pipe; 

8.  252°   13'  1061.4  feet  along  Lot  5  of  the  Waiahole  Homesteads  to  a 

pipe; 

9.  294°  05'  30"  891.0  feet  along  Lot  5  of  the   Waiahole   Homesteads 

to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Kualele" 
marked  by  a  +  on  stone; 

10.  326°  57'     448.6  feet    along    Lot    5    of    the    Waiahole    Homesteads 

hill  known  as  Kuolani,  the  co-ordinates  from  Gov- 
ernment Survey  Trig.  Station  ' '  Puu  Kauai, ' '  being 
472.4  feet  South  and  4138.4  feet  West; 

11.  Thence  along  the  ridge  between  Waiahole  and  Kaalaea,  the  direct 

azimuth  and  distance  being:    12°  20'  2100  feet; 

12.  Thence  still   along  the   ridge   between   Waiahole   and  Kaalaea,   the 

direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  94°  50'  1042 
feet; 

13.  Thence   still  along  the  ridge  between  Waiahole   and   Kaalaea,   the 

direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  70°  05'  2927 
feet; 

14.  Thence  still  along  the  ridge  between  Waiahole  and  Kaalaea,  to  the 

junction  of  said  ridge  with  the  central  or  Koolau 
range,  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  29° 
47'  1520  feet; 


216 

15.  Thence  following  along  the  Koolau  range,  the   direct  azimuth  and 

distance  being:    105°  30'  4360  feet; 

16.  Thence  still  along  the  Koolau  range  to  the  point  where  the  boundary 

between  Waianu  I  and  Waianu  II  touches  it,  the 
direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  173°  50'  4585 
feet; 

17.  241°   12'  2800.0  feet  along  Waianu  II,  L.  C.  A.  5936  to  Puuki; 

18.  267°  00'     450.0  feet  along  Waianu  II,  L.  C.  A.  5936  to  Puuki; 

19.  255°  00'  3170.0  feet  along  middle   of  Waianu   Stream;    a   flat   rock 

on  South  edge  of  stream  being  marked  with  +; 

20.  21°  40'  1376.0  feet   along  Kapuakea,   Grant  2874  to   Kaopulupulu, 

to  top  of  ridge; 

21.  245°55'  1518.0  feet   along    Kapuakea,    Grant   2874    to    Kaopulupulu, 

along  top  of  ridge; 

22.  267°  00'     198.0  feet  along  Kapuakea,   Grant  2874   to   Kaopulupulu, 

along  top  of  ridge  to  the  point  of  beginning. 

AEEA  1168  55/100  Acres. 

AEEAS. 

Acres. 
L.  C.  A.     7656,  Apanas  1,  2  and  3,  to  Keakini  in  Kaululoa,  Maka- 

wai 3.25 

L.  C.  A.  10625,  Apanas  1  and  2,  to  Paikau,  Kaululoa,  Makawai..       1.11 

L.  C.  A.     8787B,  Apana  2,  to  Kuhia,  in  Makawai 89 

L.  C.  A.     8052,  Apana  3,  to  Ehu,  in  Waianu  1 1.00 

L.  C.  A.     7659,  portion  of,  to  Kupihea,  in  Waianu  1 1.62 

L.  C.  A.     8603,  Mahele  2,  to  Kaniau,  Hi  of  Hanakea 32.05 

Government  land  of  Makawai 888.75 

Government  land  of  Kapikokau 53.70 

Government  Hi  of  Waianu  1 186.18 

Total ; 1168.55 

And  as  provided  by  law,  subject  to  existing  rights,  I  do  hereby  SET 
APART  as  parts  of  the  WAIAHOLE  FOREST  RESERVE,  those  por- 
tions of  the  government  lands  of  Makawai  (888.75  acres),  Kapikokau 
(53.70  acres),  and  Hi  of  Waianu  I  (186.18  acres),  altogether  an  area  of 
1,128.63  acres,  more  or  less,  that  lie  wnthin  the  metes  and  bounds  of  the 
above  described  WAIAHOLE  FOREST  RESERVE. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the   Great   Seal   of   the    Territory   of   Hawaii   to   be    affixed. 

(SEAL)  DONE  at  the  Capitol,  in  Honolulu,  this  19th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


217 
KEAUOHANA  FOREST  RESERVE,  HAWAII. 


PEOCLAMATION    OF    FOEEST    EESEEVE,    DISTEICT    OF    PUNA, 
ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  HAWAII,  TEEEITOEY  OF  HAWAII. 


UNDEE  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Eevised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM,  Governor 
of  Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which 
notice  has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  SET 
APAET  as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  KEAUOHANA  FOEEST 
EESEEVE,  subject  to  existing  rights,  a  portion  of  that  certain  piece  of 
government  land  called  Keauohana,  in  the  District  of  Puna,  Island  and 
County  of  Hawaii,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  containing  a  net  area  of  271.60 
acres,  more  or  less,  more  particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by 
the  Government  Survey  Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which 
said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey  Department  marked  Gov- 
ernment Survey  Eeg,  Map  No.  2589  and  '^Keauohana  Forest  Eeserve, " 
and  a  description  accompanying  the  same  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2755,  which 
said  description  now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department,  is  as  follows: 

KEAUOHANA  FOEEST  EESEEVE. 

Keauohana,  Puna,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  F.  2755. 

Beginning  at  the  West  corner  of  this  tract^  at  a  post  and  pile  of  stones 
marking  the  North  corner  of  Lot  1  of  the  Kikala-Keokea  Homesteads, 
the  co-ordinates  of  said  point  of  beginning  referred  to  Government  Sur- 
vey Trig.  Station  ''Hakuma,"  being  26039.9  feet  North  and  7828.1  feet 
East,  as  shown  on  Government  Survey  Eegistered  Map  No.  2589,  and 
running  bytrue   azimuths: 

1.  324°  20'  3834,5  feet  along  Lot  1  of  the  Kikala-Keokea  Homesteads; 

2.  304°   16'     136.8  feet  along  a  50-foot  road  reserve; 

3.  324°  20'  1030.6  feet  along  a  50-foot  road  reserve; 

4.  214°  16'  1947.0  feet  along  Government  land  to  an  ahu  and  an  ohia 

marked  F.  E.; 

5.  150 '33'  5991.2  feet  along  Government  land  to  an  ahu  and  post; 

6.  136°  30'     317.1  feet  along  Government  land  to  an  ahu  and  post  on 

the  East  or  makai  side  of  the  upper  Puna  road; 

7.  Thence    along    said    road    to    the    point    of    beginning,    the    direct 

azimuth  and  distance  being:    16°   15'  3152.1  feet. 

AEEA  277  10/100  Acres. 

Excepting  and  reserving  therefrom  that  portion  of  the  Kalapana  Eoad 
passing  through  this  tract,  LEAVING  A  NET  AEEA  OF  271  60/100 
ACEES. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEEEOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the   Great   Seal   of  the   Territory   of   Hawaii   to   be   aflSxed. 

(SEAL)  DONE  at  the  Capitol,  in  Honolulu,  this  19th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CUETIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  ©f  Hawaii. 


218 
ADDITION  TO  MAKAWAO  FOREST  RESERVE,  MAUL 


PKOCLAMATION  OF  MODIFICATION  OF  BOUNDARY  OF  THE 
MAKAWAO  FOEEST  RESERVE,  DISTRICT  OF  HAMAKUAPOKO, 
ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  MAUI,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


Under  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM,  Governor 
of  Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which 
notice  has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby 
MODIFY  the  boundary  and  increase  the  area  of  the  Makawao  Forest 
Reserve,  in  the  District  of  Hamakuapoko,  Island  and  County  of  Maui, 
Territory  of  Hawaii,  created  and  set  apart  by  proclamation  of  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Hawaii,  on  April  21,  1908,  and  modified  and  enlarged  by  proc- 
lamation of  the  Governor  of  Hawaii,  on  June  5,  1909,  and  as  provided 
by  law,  I  do  now  and  hereby  SET  APART  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
Makawao  Forest  Reserve,  subject  to  existing  rights,  that  certain  por- 
tion of  the  Haleakala  Government  Tract,  situated  between  Kahakapao 
Gulch  and  Waiohiwi  Stream,  containing  an  area  of  263  acres,  more  or 
less,  in  the  land  of  Makawao,  District  of  Hamakuapoko,  Island  and 
County  of  Maui,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  more  particularly  described  by  and 
on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey  Department  of  the  Territory 
of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey  Depart- 
ment marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Map  No.  2394  and  '^  Addition  to 
Makawao  Forest  Reserve,  Portion  of  Haleakala  Government  Tract,  Ma- 
kawao, Hamakuapoko,  Maui,"  and  a  description  accompanying  the  same 
numbered  C.  S.  F.  2754,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  said  Sur- 
vey Department  is  as  follows: 

Addition  to 

MAKAWAO  FOREST  RESERVE. 

Portion  of  Haleakala  Government  Tract,  Makawao,  Hamakuapoko,  Maui. 

C.  S.  F.  2754. 

Beginning  at  a  +  on  a  rock  on  the  Pali-a-ka-Moa  Falls,  at  the  East 
corner  of  this  piece  and  the  North  corner  of  the  MAKAWAO  FOREST 
RESERVE,  said  marked  rock  being  on  the  boundary  of  this  tract  and 
the  land  of  Haiku,  the  co-ordinates  of  said  point  of  beginning  referred 
to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Piiholo, "  being  3773.9  feet  South 
and  7410.0  feet  East,  as  shown  on  Government  Survey  Registered  Map 
No.  2394,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 

1.  34°  39'  4874.0  feet  along  the  Makawao  Forest  Reserve  to  a  Forest 

Reserve  monument  on  the  West  edge  of  the  Kaha- 
kapao Gulch; 

2.  Thence  along  the  top  edge  of  Kahakapao  Gulch  along  Lot   130  of 

the  Haleakala  Homesteads,  the  direct  azimuth  and 
distance  being:    193°  51'  1298.5  feet  to  a  pipe; 

3.  Thence  still  along  the  top  edge  of  Kahakapao  Gulch  along  Lot  131 

of   the   Haleakala   Homesteads,   the    direct   azimuth 
and  distance  being  174°  35'  853.6  feet  to  a  pipe; 

4.  Thence  still  along  the  top  edge  of  Kahakapao  Gulch  along  Lot  132 

of  the   Haleakala   Homesteads,    the   direct   azimuth 
and  distance  being  183°  48'  824.2  feet  to  a  pipe; 


219 

5.  Thence  still  aloug  the  top  edge  of  Kahakapao  Gulch  along  Lot  133 

of  the  Haleakala  Homesteads,  the  direct  azimuth 
and  distance  being  119°  08'  759.5  feet  to  a  pipe; 

6.  Thence  still  along  the  top  of  Kahakapao  Gulch  along  Lot   134  of 

the  Haleakala  Homesteads,  the  direct  azimuth  and 
distance  being  145°   53'  800.2  feet  to  a  pipe; 

7.  54°  45'     192.0  feet  across  a  small  gulch  along  Lot  134  of  the  Hale- 

akala Homesteads  to  a  pipe  on  the  top  edge  of  the 
gulch; 

8.  Thence  along  the  top  edge  of  the  gulch  along  Lot  135  of  the  Hale- 

akala Homesteads  to  a  point  on  the  South  boundary 
of  Grant  2885  to  Kauwe;  the  direct  azimuth  and 
distance  being  155°   50'  694.2  feet; 

9.  267°  36'     297.0  feet  along  Grant  2885  to  Kauwe  to  a  mamane  post 

at  the  bottom  of  the  Kahakapao  Gulch; 

10.  178°   10'     584.0  feet  along  Grant  2885  to  Kauwe; 

11.  154°  30'  1142.0. feet  along  Grant  2885  to  Kauwe  to  the  Wai-o-Hiwi 

Falls; 

12.  Thence  up  along  the  middle  of  Waiohiwi  Stream  along  the  land  of 

Haiku  to  the  point  of  beginning,  the  direct  azimuth 
and  distancj  being  296°   20'  4746.0  feet. 

AEEA  263  32/100  Acres. 

Excepting  and  reserving  therefrom  a  right-of-way  for  pipe  line  across 
this  tract  and  also  that  portion  of  the  Piiholo  Eoad  within  this  tract 
(area  32/100  acre),  LEAVING  A  NET  AREA  OF  263  ACRES,  more  or 
less. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the    Great   Seal   of  the    Territory   of   Hawaii   to   be   affixed. 

(SEAL)  DONE  at  the  Capitol,  in  Honolulu,  this  19th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


WITHDRAWALS    FROM    HONOLULU   WATERSHED 
FOREST  RESERVE,  OAHU. 


PROCLAMATION  OF  WITHDRAWAL  OF  CERTAIN  LANDS  FROM 
THE  HONOLULU  WATERSHED  FOREST  RESERVE,  DISTRICT 
OF  HONOLULU,  CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  HONOLULU,  ISLAND 
OF  OAHU,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


UNDER  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provi- 
sions of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of 
every  other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 
Governor  of  Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of 
which  notice  has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby 


220 

withdraw  and  eliminate  from  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Eeserve 
in  the  District  of  Honolulu,  City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of 
Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  created  and  set  apart  by  proclamation  of 
the  Acting  Governor  of  Hawaii,  on  October  13,  1913,  those  three  certain 
pieces  of  government  land  on  Tantalus  Heights,  containing  1.520,  0.137 
and  0.103  acres,  more  or  less,  respectively,  in  the  District  of  Honolulu, 
City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  more 
particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey 
Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  hie 
in  the  said  Survey  Department  marked  Government  Survey  Eeg.  Map 
No.  2397,  ''Government  Lots  1  and .  2,  within  Honolulu  Watershed  Ee- 
serve, granted  to  Trs.  H.  P.  Baldwin  Est.,  Tantalus  Heights,  Honolulu, 
Oahu,"  and  ''Exchange,  Territory  of  Hawaii  and  W.  F.  Frear,  Tantalus 
Heights,  Honolulu,  Oahu,"  respectively,  and  descriptions  accompany  the 
same  in  three  parts  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2927,  2675,  and  2849,  respectively, 
which  said  descriptions,  now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department,  are  as 
follows: 

Portion  of  Lot  1,  of  Grant  6730,  to  Trustees,  H.  P.  Baldwin 
Estate,  within  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Eeserve,  Opu,  Tan- 
talus Heights,  Honolulu,  Oahu. 

C.  S.  F.  2927. 

Beginning  at  a  li/^-inch  j)ipe  at  the  North  corner  of  L.   C.  A.  11029, 
Part  1,  to  J.  Stevenson,  said  point  of  beginning  being  by  true  azimuth 
and   distance  310°    17'  1099.0  feet  from   Government  Survey   Trig.   Sta- 
tion "Kakea, "   as  shown   on  Government   Survey   Eegistered   Map   No. 
2397,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 
1.     136°  35'  220.8  feet  along  remaining  portion  of  Lot  1,  along  bound- 
ary of  Honolulu  Watershed  Eeserve; 
05'     70.9  feet  along  same  to  the  South  side  of  road; 
48'  161.0  feet  along  the  South  side  of  road; 
49'     78.3  feet  along  the  South  side  of  road; 
16'  176.0  feet  along  Government  land; 
00'     70.0  feet  along  Government  land; 
33'  209.5  feet  along  Government  land; 

13'     75.0  feet  along  L.  C.  A.  11029,  Part  1,  to  J.   Stevenson, 
to  the  point  of  beginning. 

AEEA  1.52  Acres. 


2. 

141 

3. 

261 

4. 

226 

5. 

309' 

6. 

360 

7. 

26' 

S. 

131 

Government  Lot  2,  Tantalus  Heights,  Honolulu,  Oahu. 

Grant  6730,  to  the   Trustees   of   H.   P.  Baldwin   Estate,   within 
Honolulu  Watershed   Forest   Eeserve. 

C.  S.  F.  2675. 

Beginning  at  the  Northeast  corner  of  the  "Olindita"  property,  the 
co-ordinates  of  said  corner  referred  to  "Kakea"  Trig.  Station  being 
261.7  feet  North  and  463.4  feet  East,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 

1.  319°  30'  146.5  feet  along  the  "Olindita"  property; 

2.  221°   15'     32.7  feet  along  the  H.  P.  Baldwin  Estate; 

3.  282°     7'     39.6  feet  along  H.  P.  Baldwin  Estate; 

4.  130°  00'     55.0  feet  along  new  road; 

5.  136°   00'     83.2  feet  along  same; 

6.  89°  55'     55.5  feet  to  the  point  of  beginning. 


221 

AKEA  137/1000  Acre. 


Territory  of  Hawaii  to  W.  F.  Frear, 

Portion  of  Government  land,  Tantalus  Heights,  Honolulu,  Oahu. 

C.  S.  F.  2849. 

Beginning  at  a  pipe  at  the  East  corner  of  this  piece  and  the  South 
corner  of  Grant  4577  to  W.  F.  Frear,  the  co-ordinates  of  said  point  of 
beginning  referred  to  Government  Survey  Trig  Station  ''Tantalus,"  be- 
ing 4039.2  feet  South  and  269.6  feet  East,  as  :ihown  on  Government 
Survey  Eegistered  Map  No.  2397,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 
92.0  feet  along  West  edge  of  Manoa  Valley; 

55.6  feet  along  Government  land; 

35.7  feet  along  the  East  side  of  Tantalus  road; 

27.3  feet  along  the  East  side  of  Tantalus  road; 

24.4  feet  along  the  East  side  of  Tantalus  road; 
61.6  feet  along  the  Northeast  side  of  Tantalus  road; 

26'  112.0  feet  along  Grant  4577  to  W.  F.  Frear  to  the  point 
of  beginning. 

AREA  4485  Square  Feet. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEEEOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused 
the   Great   Seal   of  the   Territory   of   Hawaii   to   be   affixed. 

(SEAL)  DONE  at  the  Capitol,  in  Honolulu,  this  19th  day  of  June, 
A.  D.  1918. 

LUCIUS  E.  PINKHAM, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


1. 

17° 

45' 

2. 

121° 

26' 

3. 

217° 

30' 

4. 

202° 

30' 

5. 

168° 

10' 

6. 

130° 

00' 

7. 

301° 

26' 

LiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


OFFICERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R,  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


Gr.   R.   Carter,  Director 
J.  R.  Galt^  Director 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 

DIRECTORS: 

C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 

E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


C.  BREWER  &  CO.  Ltd. 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


SUGAR  FACTORS 

SHIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC  STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 
NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 
JOINT  SERVICE 
NIPPON  YUSEN  KAISHA 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinhurgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 
British  America  Assurance  Co. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


=   Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.    Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 


illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllinillllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllSIIIIIIIIIIr 


^uiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I  The  Paper  They  All  Head  | 

E  Circulation,  toth  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

E  advertising  patronage,  makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  husiness  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  hy  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  momig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news^ — ^24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 


[  I 


PRINTEES— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 
Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant 


;;lllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllIlllllllllligiSliniIllillllllllllEiiiiiiiiigitiliiiiT: 
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FEED  CO..  LTD.! 


5  Dealers  in  E 

I  HAY  AND  GRAIN  | 

=  and   Manufacturers   of  5 

I  ALGAROBA  FEED  | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

I  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  = 

E  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
I      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  | 

|ea$tle$0ooke,Ct(lJ 

E  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE, 
AUTOMOBILE  AND 
TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE 
NSURANCE 


|ea$tle$eooke»CtdJ 

I  HONOLULU,  HAAVAII  | 

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^iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiy 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT  | 


AGENT 


HARTFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


I    WESTCHESTER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    I 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiniT 


^MiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:' 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 


=         To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  = 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers,  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  = 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  = 

E  our  stock  large.  = 

I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.  | 

5                                 King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  = 
'illllllllllllllillllllllllllMllllllllllllllillilllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllillli: 


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E  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"                                            = 

E  Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior     E 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

E  Honolulu,  T.  H.                   Los  Angeles                   San  Francisco,  €al.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN                                      = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  WiUow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


:illlllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllilll|||||||lll|||||||||||llllllllllllllllr 


±llllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillll!lllllllllliill!llllllllilllllllllllllllllllillllllllil|P^ 

IH.  HACKFELD  &  CO.,  LTD.| 

i  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  E 

=  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  E 

E        SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-        E 
=  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=    DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
E  DRY  GOODS  E 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekalia    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers  Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia  Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


rinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiui: 


^^^^^m^^miXMmm. 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmissioner8 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOlVCVtlSSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Kice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffaid, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Ofieer. 

DIVISION  OF  FOiHiESTET. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden; 

Executive  Officer  of  Board. 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 
Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Hxto,  Ha/waii, 
Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauc^ 
David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 
B.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nwtan/u,  Oahu, 
John  PilHaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu, 
Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 
A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 
James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OP  ENTOMOLOOT. 

David  T.  FuUawaj,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Flant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector, 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii, 
Grco.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANiaiAI.  INDTTSTBT. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  E.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J .  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Eiehard,  Livestoch  Inspector. 

OLBBIOAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  ClerJt  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Dasiel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


HA\AI1AN 

FORESTER 


AND 


AGRICULTURIST 


^% 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

i        Editorial 231 

I        Division  of  Forestry f;^^ 

S        Division  of  Entomology f^ 

^        Division  of  Plant  Inspection '^ 

ii        Division  of  Animal  Industry 238 

Marketing  Division 244 

Report  of  Board  of  Commissioners 245 

Dressed  Carcass  Contests 251 

Kokee  Camps 260 

By  Authority— fire  wardens 264 

—district  foresters 265 


VOL.  XV.  PRICE.  TEN  CENTS  NO.  8 


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^xmxtth 


OFFICES 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING 
MEHLHORN  BUILDING 
S2  WALL  STREET        -        .        -        . 
ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFICERS    AND    DIEECTORS: 

J.  P.  COOKE President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER. First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  R.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE Treasurer 

JOHN   GUILD Secretary 

H.   A.   BALDWIN Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Di.eetor 

C.H.  ATHERTON Director 

C.R.  HEMENWAY Bisector 


(Enmmxmxnn  Mntl^mU  mi 
Mnmtnntt  Agents 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian    Commercial   and   Suffar   Companj 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paia   Plantation 

Maui   Agricultural  Oompanjr 

Hatraiian  Sugar  Company 

McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Kauai  Pruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Kahului   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 

American  Central  Lisurance  Company 

The  Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand    Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Association. 

Switzerland  Marine  Insuance  Company,  Ltd. 


Jlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'ls 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  CO,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


raiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


232 

desire  to  ascertain  along  what  lines  their  productions  may  be  im- 
proved. 

The  opportunity  of  obtaining  a  permit  to  occupy  a  definite 
camp  site  in  the  high  mountain  region  of  Kauai,  where  one  may 
be  refreshed  by  the  cool  climate,  entertained  by  the  song-  of  wild 
birds,  allured  by  the  nimble  wild  goat  and  inspired  by  the 
grandeur  of  a  great  variety  of  scenery,  is  now  offered  by  the 
Division  of  Forestrv. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  24,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 
Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  June,  1918. 

NEW    FOREST    RESERVE. 

At  the  public  hearing  of  the  Governor  and  this  Board  held  at 
the  Government  Nursery,  Honolulu,  on  June  19,  no  objections 
were  raised  against  the  creation  of  the  following  new  forest  re- 
serves and  the  Governor,  therefore,  on  the  same  day  signed  the 
proclamations  setting  them  apart : 

Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve,  Kauai Area, 

Waiahole  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu " 

Keauohana  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii '' 

Addition  to  Makawao  Forest  Reserve,  Maui ...     '' 

Total  area  of  new  reserves 1,758     ^' 

At  the  same  time  1.76  acres  on  Tantalus  Heights  were  elimi- 
nated from  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu, 
for  the  purpose  of  perfecting  certain  necessary  exchanges  for 
land  needed  for  the  new  Round  Top  road. 

These  new  projects,  including  the  28,260  acres  of  Kahoolawe 
which  were  eliminated  from  the  forest  reserve  on  April  20,  1918, 
leave  at  the  present  date  a  total  net  area  of  773,951  acres  in  tlie 
42  forest  reserves  throughout  the  Territory.  Of  this  area, 
521,557  acres  or  69  per  cent,  is  government  land. 

FOREST   RESERVE  FENCING. 

Preparations  were  made  during  the  month  for  the  immediate 
fencing  of  the  boundaries,  where  needed,  of  the  new  addition 


54  acres 

1,169 

'■'■ 

272 

(( 

263 

(C 

233 

to  the  Makawao  Forest  Reserve  on  Alaui  under  the  supervision 
of  Ranger  Lindsay.  Natural  barriers  keep  stock  from  a  part 
of  the  forest,  but  about  4,500  feet  of  fence  is  needed  to  give  the 
forest  complete  protection. 

The  resolution  passed  by  the  Board  on  June  6,  requesting  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  to  enforce  i-he  requirements  in 
General  Lease  No.  730  concerning  the  fencing  of  the  boundaries 
of  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  was  duly  delivered 
but,  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  no  action  has  been  taken  up  to 
this  date. 

ELIMINATING  STOCK  FROM   FOREST  RESERVES. 

During  the  month  several  permits  were  issued  for  hunting  un- 
branded  wild  cattle  and  wild  goats  on  unleased  government  lands 
on  the  forest  reserves  of  Kauai  and  Oahu,  provided  as  full  use 
as  possible  is  made  of  the  animals  that  are  killed.  By  issuing 
such  permits  to  responsible  parties  it  is  believed  that  much  pro- 
gress can  be  made  in  ridding  the  forests  of  a  large  amount  of 
wild  stock. 

On  the  advice  of  the  President,  on  June  12,  I  addressed  simi- 
lar letters  to  Dr.  J.  H.  Raymond  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Rice,  advising 
them  to  remove  from  the  Kula  Forest  Reserve,  Maui,  whatever 
cattle  they  claimed  ownership  to,  by  August  1,  1918,  and  that 
after  that  date,  Rule  II  in  regard  to  cattle  grazing  on  the  forest 
reserve  would  be  strictly  enforced.  Amenable  replies  have  been 
received  from  both  of  these  gentlemen  who  have  expressed  the 
intention  of  complying  with  the  above  rule. 

FOREST    PLANTING. 

The  planting  gangs  in  Manoa  and  Makiki  devoted  the  month 
to  cleaning  the  weeds  and  grass  from  around  planted  trees  and 
in  replanting  blanks.  On  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  out  226 
silk  oak  trees  on  the  Kealia  Reserve. 

TERRITORIAL  FAIR. 

The  forestry  exhibit  at  the  First  Territorial  Fair  held  on  June 
10  to  1.5,  at  Kapiolani  Park,  Honolulu,  as  a  part  of  the  Board's 
exhibit,  attracted  a  great  many  interested  visitors.  Of  special 
interest  was  the  collection  of  large  bamboos  kindly  furnished 
by  Dr.  B.  D.  Bond  of  Kohala,  Hawaii,  and  the  working  erosion 
model  which  actually  demonstrated  in  a  very  telling  and  simple 
manner  the  beneficial  efifects  of  a  forest  cover  in  retarding  the 
runoff  and  in  preventing  excessive  erosion. 

CAMPING    SITES. 

From  June  20  to  29,  I  was  on  Kauai,  with  a  government  sur- 
veyor marking  on  the  ground  the  camping  sites  for  which  ap- 


234 

plications  have  been  made  in  the  Kokee  region  of  the  Na  Pali- 
Kona  Forest  Reserve.  A  full  report  of  this  subject  will  be  sub- 
mitted as  soon  as  the  map  of  the  region  is  received.  At  the  same 
time  the  boundaries  of  the  proposed  new  Puukapole  Forest  Re- 
serve were  marked  on  the  ground  and  surveyed. 

RULE  IV. 

On  June  2,  nine  Chinese  and  Hawaiians  made  an  unauthorized 
visit  to  Manana  off  Makapuu  Point,  Oahu,  and  killed  rabbits 
without  a  permit  in  violation  of  Rule  IV  of  this  Division.  These 
were  arrested  by  the  police  the  following  day  and  on  June  4  all 
nine  appeared  in  court,  pleaded  guilty  and  were  given  a  sus- 
pended.sentence  of  13  months. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  17,  1918. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  June : 


NURSERY 

Distribution 

of 

Plants. 

Sold 

Gratis 

Seed 
Boxes 

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.     2400 

Ti 

-ansplant 
Boxes 
50 
1650 

Pot 

Grown 

126 

691 

Total 

176 

4741 

Total  .    .    ., 

2400 

1700 

817 

4917 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  ReaJizations. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $3.-15 

Preservation  Forest  Reserves. 

Collections  for  quarter  ended  June  30,  1018: 
Sale  of  black  sand: 

7  loads  @  $25  cents $  1.75 

92  loads  @  50  cents 46.00 

Rent  premises  Half-way  House,  Tantalus 30.00 

Fee  for  use  of  land  and  gathering  ti  leaf,  Pauoa  Valley.  .  .    12.50 


Total  .    $90.25 


235 

PLANTATION     COMPANIES     AND     OTHER     CORPORATIONS. 

We  have  on  file  orders  for  60,000  plants  in  seed  boxes  and 
vS^OOO  in  transplant  boxes  to  be  delivered  at  the  end  of  August. 

MAKIKI   STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine  consist- 
ing of  mixing  and  sterilizing  soil,  transplanting  and  potting 
plants,  etc. 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED    PLANTING. 

The  work  under  this  heading  has  been  confined  to  clearing 
and  repairing  trails  and  making  holes  for  trees. 

ADVICE   AND   ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  been  asked  to  call  and  otherwise  give  advice 
as  follows  : 

Calls  made 6 

Advice  by  telephone 7 

Advice  by  letter 2 

Advice  given  at  Nursery 10 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  19,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  June  the  insectary  handled 
26,500  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  1,332 
females  and  1,014  males,  Opiiis  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opiiis  fletcheri. 

Females.        Males. 
Oahu : 

Heeia 360  300 

Kaimuki 600  460 

Maui : 

Hana 100  50 

Hawaii : 

Waimea 306  215 


236 

Opius  hinnilis. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 100  80 

Nuuanu 80  25 

Diachasma  tryoni. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 400  150 

Nuuanu 135  50 

Tetrastich  us  giffardian  us. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 200  .... 

Hawaii : 

Waimea 1000  

Spalangia  cameroui. 

Maui : 

Paia  .    .  ■ 4200 

Parana grus  oshorni. 

Oahu : 

Manoa 1100  

Makiki  Nursery 2500  

Heeia 1700  

Aiea 2200 

Hawaii : 

Waimea 4400  

Maui : 

Paia 5600 

Kauai : 

Kahaheo 1600  

Molokai : 

Pukoo 1700  

Respectfully  yours, 


David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


237 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  30,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemex  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  June, 
1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu  38 
vessels  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  with  the  following 
results : 

Disposal.  Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 574  10,063 

Fumigated 7  97 

Burned 23  23 

Returned 1  2 

Total  Inspected 605  10,185 

Of  these  shipments  9,936  packages  arrived  as  freight,  85  pack- 
ages as  mail  and  164  packages  as  baggage, 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENtS. 

During  the  month  12,125  bags  of  rice  and  1,238  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED.    ' 

Approximately  2,807  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  ex- 
amined and  from  these  were  seized  and  destroyed  by  burning  23 
lots  of  fruit. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
various  sources : 

On  June  4,  a  case  of  plants  from  the  mainland  was  fumigated 
for  scale  insects  and  released. 

On  June  7,  two  plants  from  Manila  brought  by  a  member  of 
the  ship's  crew  were  returned  to  the  ship. 

On  June  18,  a  package  of  corn  in  the  mail  from  IMexico  was 
fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  weevils  and  the  Angumois  Grain 
]\Ioth. 

On  June  25,  a  case  of  Orchids  from  Manila  were  fumigated  as 
a  precaution. 

On  June  27,  four  packages  of  tree  seed  from  Sydney  in  the 
mail  were  fumigated  as  a  precautionary  measure  and  passed. 


238 

HII.O  INSPECTION. 


Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  four  steamers,  one  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  107  lots  and  2,470 
parcels.     All  of  these  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI    INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  Maui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  2  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  both  of 
which  brought  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  52  lots  and  607 
packages,  all  of  which  were  found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended,  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests  : 

Taro 756  bags 

Vegetables 195  packages 

Plants 162 

Fruit 19 

Total  Inspected 1,132 

Three  packages  of  plants  and  three  packages  of  fruit  were  re- 
fused shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry. 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  19,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  June. 
1918. 

territorial  fair. 

The  principal  part  of  the  past  month  was  taken  up  with  prepa- 
ration for  and  attendance  at  the  Territorial  Fair.      One  exhibit 


239 

of  pathological  specimens,  and  especially  those  from  condemned 
tuberculous  cows,  attracted  much  attention. 

As  far  as  the  live  stock  was  concerned,  the  writer  acted  as 
judge  in  the  dressed  carcass  contest  of  the  blue  ribbon  winners 
in  the  fat  steer  and  fat  hog  classes,  while  Doctor  Case  acted  as 
superintendent  of  the  entire  beef  cattle  exhibit. 

BLACKLEG   ON    MAUI. 

The  absence  of  Doctor  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veteri- 
narian for  Maui,  from  the  Fair,  was  due  to  an  outbreak  of  black- 
leg, first  suspected  and  reported  to  be  anthrax  among  a  bunch 
of  calves  and  yearlings  in  Kula,  Maui.  The  true  nature  of  the 
disease  was  soon  established  and  a  cable  to  Washington  resulted 
in  the  receipt  of  1,000  doses  of  blackleg  vaccine  in  the  record 
time  of  twelve  days.  Five  hundred  doses  were  sent  to  Doctor 
Fitzgerald,  who  reports  that  no  more  deaths  have  occurred  since 
the  six  cases  first  reported.  How  this  disease  has  gained  en- 
trance into  the  Territory  remains  a  mystery.  It  will  be  recalled 
that  a  single  case  occurred  in  Kalihi  Valley,  Honolulu,  about  two 
years  ago.  That  was  the  first  and  only  case  recorded  in  the 
Territory  up  to  the  Maui  outbreak. 

Blackleg  is  a  fatal  infectious  disease,  afifecting-  only  young 
cattle — from  six  months  to  two  years  old.  It  is  easily  controlled 
by  vaccination,  but  unless  all  carcasses  are  burned  the  infection 
will  remain  effective  for  years. 

GLANDERS    (?)    ON    OAHU    AND    MAUI. 

The  chief  of  the  local  army  veterinarians  informed  this  office  that 
he  was  in  receipt  of  a  report  that  glanders  had  been  diagnosed 
among  the  horses  of  one  of  the  remaining  cavalry  troops.  As 
glanders  has  not  occurred  here  for  several  years  and  as  it  did 
not  seem  possible  that  the  disease  could  have  been  brought  in 
with  the  few  officers'  chargers  which  have  arrived  here  during 
recent  years,  a  visit  was  made  to  the  barracks  without  delay. 
One  horse  had  been  isolated,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
stables,  where,  at  the  time  of  our  arrival,  it  was  being  "fenced 
in." 

The  animal  was  a  powerful  cavalry  moiuit,  in  good  condition, 
which  exhibited  on  the  left  hind  leg,  mostly  below  the  hock,  and 
principally  on  the  inside,  a  number  of  nodules,  none  of  them 
more  than  a  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  While  some  of  these 
seemed  to  be  arranged  in  a  line,  they  were  not  connected  by 
swollen  lymph  vessels.  A  few  looked  as  if  they  had  broken  open, 
discharged  their  contents  and  healed  again,  but  no  farcy  ulcers 
were  observed.  While  the  leg  was  slightly  enlarged  below  the 
hock  there  was  no  approach  to  that  diffuse  swelling  which  char- 
acterizes either  true  farcy  or  epizootic  lymphangitis.      Contrari- 


240 

wise,  however,  the  animal  had  given  typical  reaction  to  the  offi- 
cial (ophthalmic)  mallein  test,  and  so  had  about  a  dozen  other 
mounts  from  the  troop,  even  though  none  of  them  showed  any 
clinical  symptoms  of  glanders  or  farcy. 

In  order  to  test  the  effectivenesss  of  the  mallein  which  had 
been  used  consent  was  obtained  to  submit  the  affected,  as  well  as 
the  reacting  animals,  to  an  intradermal  injection  with  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry  mallein,  which  had  been  brought  along.  This 
was  done,  but  when  visited  the  next  day,  none  of  the  injected 
animals  had  reacted.  It  was  further  learned  that  the  affected 
animal  had  been  subject  to  similar  attacks  for  at  least  three 
years.  The  diagnosis  of  true  (glanders)  farcy  was  therefore 
excluded,  while  that  of  epizootic  lymphangitis  was  highly  improb- 
able. There  remained  that  of  ulcerative  lymphangitis  (Preis 
Nocard)  or  perhaps  an  atypical  form  of  the  common  strepto- 
coccic cellulitis. 

While  there  was  ample  grounds  upon  which  the  animal  could 
have  been  destroyed,  having  for  instance  given  typical  reaction 
to  the  official  mallein  test,  it  was  suggested  that  the  horse  be  sent 
to  our  quarantine  station  for  observation  and  experimental  treat- 
ment. During  the  two  weeks  required  for  this  transfer  another 
horse  developed  similar  symptoms  and  was  destroyed.  On  post 
mortem  examination,  I  am  informed,  no  symptoms  of  glanders 
were  found. 

The  fact  that  these  various  forms  of  lymphangitis  have  come 
to  play  a  very  important  role  among  the  horse  stock  on  the  vari- 
ous war  fronts,  and  as  we  have  but  recently  had  a  severe  out- 
break of  similar  nature  among  the  plantation  animals  in  the 
Hamakua  district,  there  is  every  reason  to  avail  ourselves  of  any 
opportunity  to  study  the  nature,  cause,  prevention  and  treatment 
of  these  obstinate  and  very  frequently  fatal  diseases.  While  it  is 
probable  that  the  animal  now  at  the  quarantine  station  could  be 
treated  with  local  applications  effecting  an  apparent  cure,  it  is 
equally  certain  that  only  constitutional  treatment  could  result  in 
a  permanent  cure,  and  to  this  end  experiments  are  now  under 
way. 

During  the  month  Doctor  Fitzgerald  cabled  for  a  supply  of 
mallein  and  reported  that  he  had  diagnosed  glanders  in  a  horse 
in  the  ]\Iakawao  district.  As  the  horse  was  old  and  of  little 
value,  it  was  destroyed  and  post  mortem  examination  seemed  to 
bear  out  the  clinical  diagnosis.  Upon  receipt  of  the  mallein  sent 
him  he  tested  all  horse  stock  which  had  been  in  contact  with  the 
case  for  the  past  six  months  but  failed  to  find  a  single  reactor. 
He  came  to  the  conclusion  that  some  other  disease  than  glanders, 
possibly  epizootic  lymphangitis,  had  been  the  cause.  There  has 
been  no  glanders  in  that  district  for  seven  years,  but  the  doctor 
points  out  that  the  case  was  only  one  mile  removed  from  the  six 
cases  of  blackleg  above  referred  to. 


241 

BOVINE    TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

Referring  to  the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial 
Veterinarian,  especial  attention  is  called  to  the  very  low  percent- 
age of  reactors  to  tuberculin  now  found  outside  of  the  city  limits 
of  Honolulu.  The  railroad  ranches  are  quoted  with  two  re- 
actors out  of  638  tested  during  this  month ;  one  of  these  was 
found,  v/hen  butchered,  not  to  be  afifected  with  tuberculosis,  leav- 
ing but  one  reactor  out  of  638  animals.  When  added  to  the  631 
head  with  3  reactors  already  reported  on  we  get  for  the  railroad 
ranches  a  total  of  1269  head  with  4  reactors  or  0.31  y^.  Atten- 
tion is  also  called  to  the  standing  of  the  two  dairies  which  furnisli 
practically  all  the  milk  to  Castner  and  Schofield  Barracks — J.  A. 
Templeton  with  ^7  cows  and  C.  Toat  with  28.  In  neither  stable 
was  a  single  reactor  found. 

SWINE  PLAGUE. 

This  disease  has  occurred  in  at  least  two  piggeries  in  the  Ka- 
lihi  district  as  well  as  at  Waipahu  and  on  the  Island  of  ]Maui. 
The  proper  name  for  swine  plague  is  hemorrhagic  septicemia  of 
hogs,  and  as  such  it  comes  under  the  special  anthrax  appropria- 
tion act  of  1917.  This  disease  in  most  cases  is  easily  checked 
by  means  of  vaccination,  the  cost  of  the  vaccine  being  from  one 
to  two  dollars  per  dozen  treatments,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
animals  and  the  severity  of  the  outbreak.  The  anthrax  appro- 
priation being  exhausted  it  is  unfortunate  that  a  revolving  fund 
for  the  purchase  of  hemorrhagic  septicemia  vaccine  was  not  es- 
tablished in  time,  as  it  has  been  reported  that  a  number  of  Orien- 
tals are  losing  pigs  now  and  then,  in  the  same  district,  but  are 
reluctant  to  report  or  admit  it  for  fear  of  quarantine  and  cost. 
If  the  Board  could  see  its  way  to  expend  about  $350.00  we 
could  keep  on  hand  about  2,000  doses  (167  dozen  at  $2.00 — ■ 
$324.00)  and  the  vaccination  could  be  enforced  whenever  neces- 
sary while  payment  or  restitution  of  the  amount  used  could  be 
exacted  from  those  realizing  the  benefit  derived  from  the  treat- 
ment. We  furnished  to  Maui's  deputy  $68.00  worth  of  vaccine 
last  month  and  under  a  recent  date  he  reports  "it  is  the  best 
stuff  we  have  used  here  and  it  has  saved  the  county  many  thou- 
sand pounds  of  pork."  The  manufacturers  are  opposed  to  al- 
lowing druggists  to  handle  the  vaccine. 

COST    OF   ANTHRAX    SERUM    VACCINE. 

It  has  just  been  learned  that  the  anthrax  serum  vaccine  for 
which  this  Board  last  year  paid  34  cents  per  dose  (list  price  40 
cents)  has  been  reduced  to  25  cents  (list  price). 

VIOLATION    OF    LIVE    STOCK    IMPORTATION    RULES. 

A  steamer  from  San  Francisco  arrived  in  Honolulu  with  ten 


242 

mules  on  board,  consigned  to  a  plantation  on  Kauai.  This  office 
was  not  notified  of  either  the  arrival  of  the  steamer  nor  of  the 
fact  that  it  had  live  stock  on  board.  The  latter  is  a  direct  viola- 
tion of  the  rules  in  question.  The  steamer  remained  here  nearly 
three  days — with  the  mules  on  board — then  proceeded  with  them 
to  Port  Allen,  Kauai,  another  direct  violation  of  the  rules  which 
forbid  the  landing  of  horse  stock  from  California  at  any  place 
except  Honolulu,  Hilo  and  Kahului. 

Upon  arrival  at  Port  Allen  the  captain  of  the  vessel  in  ques- 
tion, who  has  carried  live  stock  to  these  islands  for  years,  seemed 
to  realize  his  mistake  and  wired  the  Honolulu  agents  of  the  plan- 
tation to  which  the  mules  were  consigned,  asking  how  he  was  to 
dispose  of  them.  The  agents  notified  this  ofhce  and  a  wireless 
was  sent  to  Kauai  directing  Doctor  Golding  at  Hanalei  to  pro- 
ceed to  Port  Allen  and,  in  case  the  mules  were  accompanied  by 
the  requisite  certificates  of  health,  to  arrange  for  their  quarantine 
at  the  point  of  landing;  otherwise  he  was  to  refuse  a  permit  to 
land,  the  mules  to  be  brought  back  to  Honolulu  for  mallein  test- 
ing and  quarantine.  The  latter  contingency  was  fortunately 
avoided,  the  captain  having  the  mallein  test  certificates  with 
him,  and  the  mules  appeared  to  be  healthy.  They  were  quar- 
antined in  a  lumber  yard  near  the  landing,  but  Doctor  Golding, 
who  just  then  had  his  hands  full  at  Hanalei,  had  to  travel  from 
there  to  Port  Allen  three  times,  an  aggregate  of  more  than  300 
miles,  at  the  expense  of  this  Board. 

The  revised  rules  and  regulations  pertaining  to  the  importa- 
tion of  live  stock  are  now  being  printed  and  will,  when  dis- 
tributed, be  accompanied  by  a  circular  letter  memorializing  the 
agents  of  stock  carrying  vessels  of  the  necessity  of  adhering  more 
strictly  to  the  requirements  of  this  Board. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERIXARIAX. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  19,  1918. 

Dr.  Victor  A.   Norgaard,   Chief,  Division   of  Animal   Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir: — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the 
month  of  June,  1918: 


243 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

Tested.        Passed.        Condemned. 

O.  R.  &  L.  Co 638  636  2 

Salvation  Army  Home 11  11  0 

F.  H.  Kilbey 22  20  2 

A.  Rodriques 5  5  0 

F.  Khristiens 3  3  0 

H.  Kobelansky 4  4  0 

Ah  Fong  Akiona 1  1  0 

V.  Soiiza 7  7  0 

M.  H.  Saunders 1  1  0 

J.  A.  Templeton 87  87  0 

C.  Toat 28  28  0 

Frank  de  Mello 18  18  0 

K.  Okomoto 9  9  0 

Matsuitaro  Saito 8  8  0 

K.  Hirau 2  2  0 

Waianae  Plantation 95  92  3 

From  the  above  tabulated  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of  939 
head  of  cattle  were  tested,  cut  of  which  number  932  were  passed 
and  7  condemned  and  branded.  Of  the  condemned  animals,  6 
have  been  slaughtered  and  disposed  of  according  to  Act  121  of 
the  1917  Session  Laws, 

SORE   HEAD   IN    CHICKENS. 

About  1,000  cc.  of  chicken  pox  vaccine  and  300  cc.  of  turkey 
pox  vaccine  have  been  put  up  in  the  laboratory  and  distributed 
to  various  poultry  raisers  for  use  among  their  flocks  where  this 
disease  has  broken  out.  The  results  were  uniformly  successful 
in  those  cases  where  the  vaccine  was  used  in  the  beginning  of 
the  outbreak. 

SWINE  PLAGUE. 

Two  small  outbreaks  of  Septicemia  Hemorrhagica  or  Swine 
Plague  were  reported  during"  the  past  month.  The  losses,  all 
told,  amounted  to  only  four  animals.  In  one  case  Swine  Plague 
vaccine  was  administered  with  notedly  beneficial  results.  When 
obtainable,  this  vaccine  has  proven  a  great  value  in  controlling 
outbreaks  of  this  disease.  A  large  amount  of  Swine  Plague 
vaccine  has  been  ordered  from  the  mainland  and  will  soon  be 
available  in  checking  further  outbreaks. 

LIVE  STOCK  IMPORTATIONS. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco:      4  horses,  Angus  McPhee ;  10 


244 

mules,  Wailuku  Sugar  Company;  1  Holstein  bull,  C.  W.  Lc. 
1  ct.  chickens,  G.  W.  Weller ;  1  pkg.  live  birds,  W.  F.  X.  Co.    - 

S.  S.  Alanoa,  San  Francisco:      1  Berkshire  hog,  John  Water- 
house. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


Marketing  Division 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  15,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu, 
T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  consignments  of  corn,  beans, 
grapes,  bananas,  beef  and  other  island  products  were  received  by 
the  Division,  most  of  which  were  readily  sold  at  good  prices. 
Several  large  shipments  of  grapes  were  received  from  Hawaii, 
but  due  to  their  having  been  shipped  between  decks,  instead  of 
on  deck  as  instructed  by  the  shipper,  they  arrived  at  the  Division 
in  very  poor  condition  and  only  a  small  portion  of  the  shipments 
were  fit  to  be  sold. 

The  sales  for  the  month  amounted  to  $13,158.08,  which  are 
$1,030.00  less  than  the  sales  for  the  month  of  May. 

The  books  have  been  gone  over  carefully  and  all  bad  accounts, 
with  the  exception  of  the  pineapple  accounts,  have  been  written 
ofif.  An  inventory  of  the  pineapple  crates  on  hand  was  taken  and 
the  difference  as  shown  by  the  books  has  been  written  off  to  profit 
and  loss. 

Enclosed  herewith  is  a  statement  of  the  operatic  is  for  the 
month  and  a  copy  of  the  general  trial  balance. 

Respectfully, 

O.  B.  LiGHTFOOT. 

Acting  Superintendent. 


245 


Report  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agri- 
culture  and   Forestry   for   the   Fiscal 
Year  Ended  June  30,  1918. 


Under  the  changes  of  reorganization  made  by  the  1917  legis- 
lature, the  Board  carried  on  its  important  activities  in  the  inter- 
ests of  auxiliary  agriculture,  during  the  fiscal  year,  under  the 
following  five  divisions — forestry,  plant  inspection,  entomology, 
animal  industry,  and  marketing. 

FORESTRY. 

In  the  interest  of  conserving  an  adequate  and  steady  supply 
of  water  for  use  in  these  islands  where  the  main  industries  largely 
depend  upon  water  for  irrigation,  the  Division  of  Forestry  has 
continued  actively  to  protect  the  forests  and  extend  them. 

During  the  year  new  fences  on  established  forest  reserve  boun- 
daries to  keep  stock  from  injuring  the  native  forest  have  been 
constructed  at  Piha,  Laupahoehoe,  and  Olaa,  on  Hawaii,  and  at 
I\ound  Top,  Hauula,  and  Nanakuli,  on  Oahu,  and  on  Oahu  exist- 
ing fences  have  been  repaired,  rendering  a  total  length  of  9.11 
miles  of  forest  boundary  impassable  to  injurious  stock. 

In  the  administration  of  the  forest  reserves  on  the  several 
islands  the  six  forest  rangers  have  rendered  efficient  service  in 
preventing  fire  and  trespass  by  stock  and  man,  in  fence  building 
and  repairing;,  in  tree  planting,  and  in  their  usual  routine  work. 
The  elimination  of  wild  cattle  from  the  reserves  has  been  pressed 
and  in  one  forest  region  alone  on  Hawaii  30  head  of  wild  cattle 
have  been  eradicated  by  shooting  and  roping. 

The  Territory  has  been  very  fortunate  during  the  year  in  the 
matter  of'  forest  fires,  in  spite  of  a  very  dry  summer.  Only 
three  fires  were  reported.  One  small  grass  fire  at  Maili  on  O-ahu 
and  a  small  brush  fire  at  Waikapu  on  Maui,  did  almost  no  dam- 
age and  were  immediately  extinguished.  A  fire  at  Piihonua  on 
Hawaii  which  broke  out  in  August  damaged  the  native  forest  on 
50  acres  but  was  soon  put  under  control. 

The  work  of  extending  the  forest  reserve  system  has  pro- 
gressed during  the  year  by  creating  three  new  reserves  and  add- 
ing to  the  area  of  an  existing  reserve.  The  whole  Island  of 
Kahoolawe,  consisting  of  28,260  acres,  of  non-water-producing 
land,  was  also  withdrawn  from  the  forest  reserve  so  as  to  return 
it  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Land  Commissioner  who  by  law  is 
in  the  only  position  to  issue  a  license  whereby  the  destructive 
goats  on  the  island  can  be  removed  and  the  feed  thereon  utilized 


246 

for  fattening  cattle  for  the  market.  The  new  reserves  consisted 
of  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  on  Kauai  of  54  acres,  the  Waia- 
hole  on  Oahu  of  1,169  acres,  and  the  Keauohana  on  Hawaii  of 
272  acres,  and  263  acres  were  added  to  the  Makawao  Reserve  on 
Maui.  This  brings  the  total  number  of  forest  reserves  in  the 
Territory  up  to  42,  with  a  total  area  of  773,591  acres,  of  which 
521,557  acres  or  69  per  cent,  is  government  land.  With  the 
formal  setting  apart  of  four  new  reserves,  data  on  which  are  now 
almost  ready,  the  general  forest  reserve  system  for  the  Territory 
will  be  completed. 

Tree  planting  has  progressed  during  the  year  at  the  usuah 
satisfactory  rate  and  especial  attention  has  been  given  to  refor- 
estation on  water-producing  areas.  As  an  example,  this  Divis- 
ion has  succeeded  in  completing  the  reforestation  of  all  open 
government  land  in  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve  in 
Manoa  Valley,  Oahu,  and  in  May  finished  the  planting  out  of 
12,175  koa  trees  on  63  acres.  The  reforestation  of  the  open  area 
on  the  same  watershed  in  the  Makiki  Valleys  has  likewise  been 
completed,  the  native  koa  tree  being  used  with  great  success.  A 
great  number  of  new  trees  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  some  suit- 
able for  watershed  cover  and  some  suitable  for  the  production  of 
timber,  have  been  planted  out  in  favorable  localities  to  determine 
how  well  they  will  grow  here. 

During  the  past  calendar  year  the  four  government  nurseries 
under  the  control  of  this  Division  raised  and  distributed  for  gen- 
eral planting  throughout  the  Territory  a  total  of  353,527  tree 
seedlings.  On  Arbor  Day  12,111  trees  were  distributed  for 
planting.  Reports  received  from  all  tree  planters  throughout 
the  Territory  show  that  during  the  same  period  851,053  trees 
were  planted  out  on  the  several  main  islands.  This  is  well  above 
the  average  number  planted  annually  during  the  past  decade. 
One  half  of  these  were  set  out  for  the  purpose  of  water  conserva- 
tion and  sugar  plantation  companies  planted  85  per  cent,  of  them. 

Under  special  authority  granted  to  the  Division  by  the  last 
legislature  a  campaign  for  the  protection  of  bird,  animal  and 
vegetable  life  on  the  small  islands  off  the  windward  coast  of 
Oahu  was  begun.  Trespass  signs  have  been  placed  on  the  islands 
and  to  date  22  trespassers  have  been  arrested  and  convicted. 

PLANT    INSPECTION. 

The  work  performed  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  and  his  as- 
sistants during  the  past  fiscal  year  consisted  of  the  following : 

1.  The  inspection  of  all  fruits,  vegetables  and  plants  coming 
into  the  Territory  from  foreign  countries  and  the  mainland  of 
the  United  States,  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  pests  and  plant 

-diseases  liable  to  become  injurious  to  the  various  agricultural  in- 
dustries of  these  islands. 

2.  The  inspection  of  all   fruits,  vegetables  and  plants  going 


247 

from  the  port  of  Honolulu  to  the  ports  of  all  other  islands  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  the  spread  of  any  pest  now  existing 
on  Oahu,  as  well  as  any  future  introduction  of  pests  or  fungi, 
from  Honolulu,  the  only  port  of  entry  for  plants  and  plant  pro- 
ducts from  foreign  countries. 

The  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  was  transferred  to  the  new 
quarters  on  Kekuanaoa  street  about  January  1,  1918.  All  plant 
importations  are  now  brought  to  the  new  building  immediately 
upon  arival  in  the  Territory,  thus  doing  away  with  the  old  method 
of  opening  these  shipments  on  the  various  docks.  The  eciuipment 
is  now  such  that  the  danger  of  introducing  new  pests  has  been 
reduced  to  a  minimum. 

During  the  fiscal  period  713  vessels  arrived  at  the  ports  of 
Honolulu,  Hilo  and  Kahului,  the  only  ports  in  the  Territory  where 
shipments  of  fruit  and  vegetables  can  enter  directly,  and  at  which 
places  local  inspectors  are  stationed.  Of  these  vessels,  294  car- 
ried vegetable  matter  consisting  of  299,077  packages  of  fruit 
and  vegetables  and  3,880  packages  of  plants  and  seeds.  Of  this 
amount  1,099  packages  were  fumigated  because  of  infestations 
of  various  kinds.  654  packages  were  destroyed  by  burning  either 
on  account  of  serious  infestation  or  of  being  contraband,  and  34 
packages  were  returned  to  the  original  shipper  as  contraband 
or  unmailable. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  number  of  packages  of  the  more  im- 
portant fruits  and  vegetables  which  arrived  in  the  Territory  dur- 
ing the  fiscal  year : 

Oranges 31,277 

Lemons 5,432 

Cabbage 1,295 

Celery 1,623 

Onions 27,377 

Potatoes 118,503 

Apples ■  70,203 

The  inspection  of  horticultural  produce  leaving  Honolulu  for 
ports  on  the  other  islands  has  been  continued  on  similar  lines  to 
those  of  last  year.  During  the  fiscal  period  685  steamers  were  at- 
tended and  12,477  packages  of  plants,  fruit  and  vegetables  in- 
spected. Of  this  number  89  packages  were  seized  and  refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  of  having  undesirable  soil 
attached  to  the  roots  which  was  liable  to  carry  pests  or  diseases. 

ENTOMOLOGY. 

Xo  new  work  in  the  way  of  exploring  for  and  introducing 
beneficial  insects  has  been  undertaken  since  the  organization  of 
the  division  on  July  1,  1917,  as  it  is  believed  by  those  in  authority 
tiiat  the  disturbed  conditions  caused  by  the  war  are  unfavorable 


248 

to  the  prosecution  of  such  work.  The  beneficial  insects  previ- 
ously introduced— including  the  fruit  fly,  melon  fly,  dung  fly 
and  corn  leaf-hopper  parasites — have  been  propagated  and  dis- 
tributed without  interruption,  although  there  is  no  question  about 
their  establishment  in  the  islands.  The  reason  for  the  continued 
distribution  of  the  parasites  is  the  necessity  of  re-establishing  or 
renevving  the  parasites  in  particular  localities  where  through  de- 
pletion or  disappearance  of  the  host  the  parasites  become  dimin- 
ished or  disappear,  and  with  the  reappearance  of  the  host  are 
not  present  in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  an  effective  check  to  its 
destructiveness.  This  is  especially  true  in  the  case  of  those 
species  with  weak  flight,  like  Tefrastichus  and  Paranagrns.  The 
latter  parasite  requires  frequent  renewal  on  the  lowlands  on  ac- 
count of  the  discontinuity  in  the  corn  crop.  The  distribution 
of  the  different  parasites  during  the  year  was:  fruit  fly,  13,505; 
melon  fly,  16,288;  dung  fly,  5,570;  corn  leaf-hopper,  264,800,  or 
a  total  of  300,163. 

It  is  gratifying  to  have  confirmation  of  the  increasing  eft'ective- 
ness  of  the  fruit  fly  parasites  in  the  investigations  of  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Entomology  office  in  Hawaii,  and  the  excep- 
tionally large  corn  crop  of  this  year  testifies  to  the  effectiveness 
of  the  leaf-hopper  control  when  managed  by  progressive  farmers. 
Within  a  few  days  it  has  been  learned  that  an  introduction  of 
1917,  a  wasp  brought  from  the  Philippines  to  prey  upon  cock- 
roaches, has  become  established  in  the  islands. 

The  inability  to  undertake  new  work  has  afforded  leisure  for 
study,  and  many  of  the  problems  connected  with  the  control  of 
insect  pests  have  been  gone  over  afresh.  It  has  also  allowed  the 
entomologists  to  undertake  a  considerable  amount  of  systematic 
work  on  the  Board's  collection  of  insects,  which  has  been  greatly 
improved  and  on  which  four  papers  have  been  published  and  two 
others  are  in  the  course  of  preparation. 

ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

During  the  fiscal  year  there  has  been  the  same  steady  progress 
in  the  development  of  the  different  classes  of  live  stock  and  the 
suppression  of  contagious  diseases  within  the  Territory  which  has 
been  noted  in  past  years.  The  rules  and  regulations  cover- 
ing the  importation  of  live  stock  have  proven  effective  in  pre- 
venting the  introduction  of  the  many  animal  scourges  which  are 
causing  enormous  animal  losses  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
This  effectiveness  has  been  greatly  enhanced  by  recent  revision 
and  addition  thereto. 

Live  stock  importations  have  practically  been  confined  to  pure- 
bred registered  animals  of  the  different  classes  for  the  continued 
improvement  of  the  herds  here.  That  considerable  has  been  ac- 
complished in  this  direction  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  the  Terri- 
tory is  now  self-supporting  as  far  as  beef  and  pork  is  concerned 


249 

and  will  soon  become  so  as  regards  mutton.  This  improvement 
was  further  demonstrated  by  the  unusually  large  and  high  class 
exhibits  of  imported  and  island  bred  animals  of  all  classes  at  the 
recent  Territorial  Fair. 

The  work  in  connection  with  the  control  and  eradication  of 
animal  diseases  may  be  summed  up  as  follows : 

Glanders  has  been  entirely  eradicated ;  Epizootic  Lymphangitis, 
of  which  a  small  outbreak  occurred  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  is 
under  complete  control ;  Tuberculosis  has  been  reduced  from 
31.25  per  cent  to  2  per  cent  and  with  the  great  help  of  the  Com- 
pensation Law  which  became  effective  last  April,  the  complete 
eradication  of  this  disease  is  now  in  sight ;  Anthrax,  which  made 
its  appearance  last  year  on  Kauai  and  was  rapidly  followed  by 
one  outbreak  on  Oahu  and  seven  distinct  outbreaks  on  Maui,  all 
of  which  were  doubtless  due  to  malicious  plants^  is  now  under 
complete  control.  Total  eradication  has  been  accomplished  on 
the  Islands  of  Oahu  and  Maui.  Due  to  the  effective  methods 
of  control  immediately  instituted,  the  disease  was  entirely  con- 
fined to  the  orig'inal  points  of  outbreak. 

MARKETING  DIVISION. 

The  past  year  has  been  the  most  successful  in  the  history  of 
the  Division.  Twenty-two  hundred  and  thirty-nine  consign- 
ments of  different  kinds  of  island  products  were  received  and 
sold  for  $172,391.76,  an  increase  of  $50,878.85  over  last  year's 
sales,  which  were  $54,534.96  greater  than  the  sales  for  1915- 
1916.  This  would  indicate  that  the  Division  is  becoming  of  more 
service  to  the  producers  of  the  Territory. 

With  the  aid  of  the  Revolving  Fund  all  consignors  were  paid 
within  30  days  after  their  produce  had  been  sold.  The  number 
of  complaints  have  been  very  few.  During  the  months  of  Febru- 
ary and  March  beans  were  very  plentiful  which  made  it  neces- 
sary for  the  Division  to  store  most  of  the  beans  received  during 
these  two  months.  As  it  would  take  some  time  to  dispose  of 
these  beans  advances  were  made  from  the  Revolving  Fund  of 
$3.00  per  bag  to  the  bean  consigTiors. 

The  bean  crop  last  year  was  the  largest  the  islands  have  pro- 
duced. Most  of  these  beans  were  marketed  through  the  Division 
at  very  satisfactory  prices.  As  the  Flonolulu  market  was  flooded 
with  beans,  most  of  the  red  beans  were  shipped  to  the  coast. 
The  small  white  beans  were  in  rather  poor  condition  and  it  was 
recommended  that  more  red  beans  be  planted  in  their  stead. 

On  the  first  of  the  year  bananas  w^ere  very  plentiful  in  Hono- 
lulu due  to  the  shortage  of  shipping  space  and  the  planters  were 
losing  hundreds  of  large  bunches  in  the  fields.  In  order  to  assist 
the  producers,  the  Division  cooperated  with  the  Banana  Consum- 
ing Propaganda  Committee  of  the  Hawaiian  Vigilance  Corps  in 
creating   a   local   demand   for   all   bananas   which   could   not   be 


250 

shipped  to  the  coast.  The  campaign  proved  successful,  but  in  a 
short  time  more  shipping  space  was  available  and  the  larger 
number  of  bunches  shipped  to  the  coast  left  very  few  bananas  for 
the  newly  created  demand  in  Honolulu. 

The  retail  meat  and  vegetable  departments  were  discontinued 
on  November  30,  1917,  with  the  permission  of  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry  under  whose  jurisdiction  the  Division  has 
been  operated  during  the  past  fiscal  year.  These  departments 
were  losing  money  due  to  the  uncertainty  of  supplies  and  on  ac- 
count of  lack  of  equipment  and  poor  location  were  not  able  to 
carry  on  the  business  in  a  satisfactory^  manner. 

As  the  demand  for  seed  purchased  from  the  Special  Seed  Ap- 
propriation of  the  Division  was  not  as  great  as  expected,  a  large 
quantity  was  left  on  hand  most  of  which  has  lost  its  vitality.  A 
quantity  of  this  seed  when  fresh  was  turned  over  to  the  army 
with  the  understanding  that  it  should  be  paid  for  out  of  the 
products  of  the  post  farm. 

Some  of  the  pineapple  crates  purchased   from  the   1915  Re- 
count will  soon  be  closed, 
volving  Fund  are  still  on  hand,  but  it  is  expected  that  this  ac- 

The  purchase  of  a  new  truck  greatly  facilitated  the  delivery 
of  produce  and  the  hauling  to  and  from  the  wharves. 

The  Marketing  Demonstrators  employed  by  the  Division  in  co- 
operation with  the  Territorial  Food  Commission  have  done 
good  work  with  the  farmers  on  the  different  islands,  but  a  great 
part  of  their  work  has  been  devoted  to  planting  and  other  work 
for  the  Food  Commission  and  not  enough  attention  has  been 
given  to  marketing  demonstrations. 

Due  to  the  complicated  bookkeeping  system  installed  last  July, 
the  Division  has  had  considerable  trouble  in  obtaining  a  book- 
keeper who  could  keep  the  accounts  straight  and  the  auditing 
bills  have  been  out  of. all  proportion  to  the  amount  of  business 
done.  If  an  arrangement  could  be  made  by  which  the  Terri- 
torial Auditor  could  audit  the  Division's  books  a  great  saving 
would  be  made. 

At  the  special  session  of  the  Legislature  early  in  1918,  pro- 
vision was  made  to  transfer  the  Division  to  a  new  Territorial 
Marketing  Commission  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  the 
above  transfer  to  take  place  on  July  1,  1918. 

Mr.  A.  T.  Longley,  who  has  been  in  charg-e  of  the  Division 
for  the  last  five  years  and  under  whose  management  the  sales  of 
the  Division  have  increased  from  a  few  thousand  dollars  a  year 
to  over  one  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  dollars,  has  been 
granted  a  leave  of  absence  for  the  duration  of  the  war  to  serve 
in  the  army.      He  has  been  succeeded  by  Mr.  O.  B.  Lightfoot. 


251- 


Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at  the  First  Terri- 
torial Fair  and  Their  Value  in  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Live  Stock  Industry. 


By  Dr.  Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

It  may  be  stated  without  fear  of  contradiction  that  there  is  no 
better  way  of  demonstrating  the  actual  improvement  in  any 
class  of  meat-producing  animals  than  a  comparison  of  their 
records  on  the  block.  These  records  show  at  once  what  the 
producer  has  done  in  the  way  of  improving  his  herd  and  what 
remains  to  be  done  to  reach  the  final  goal,  i.  e.,  the  early  matur- 
ing animal  having  the  largest  percentage  of  most  valuable  cuts. 

In  this  age  of  conservation  and  "hooverism"  it  should  be  and 
is  the  aim  of  every  breeder  of  meat-producing  animals  to  double 
his  output  without  increasing  his  range,  to  grow  more  and 
better  feed  on  the  same  amount  of  land  and  to  produce  an  ani- 
mal which  will  mature  in  half  the  time  it  formerly  took. 

The  vast  improvement  which  has  taken  place  in  the  live  stock 
industry  of  this  Territory  in  the  past  ten  or  twelve  years  was 
amply  demonstrated  at  the  last  Territorial  Fair.  Such  an  ex- 
hibition would  not  have  been  possible  a  number  of  years  ago. 
But  how  does  this  visible  improvement  compare  with  the  actual 
increased  value  of  these  animals  as  food  producers ;  is  this  in- 
creased value  of  these  anima:ls  at  all  commensurate  with  the  time 
and  expense  of  improvement;  is  the  producer  justified  in  turning 
grain  into  meat  at  the  present  market  prices  and  system  of  mar- 
keting? These  are  questions  which  can  be  answered  only  at  the 
killing  floors  and  when  the  carcass  is  on  the  block. 

STEER    CONTEST. 

For  many  years  on  the  mainland,  both  purebred  and  grade 
steers  have  been  entered  in  live  stock  fairs  as  exhibitions  of 
breeding  and  feeding  and  eventually  these  steers  have  been 
s'laughtered  and  valuable  data  obtained  from  the  cut  carcass. 
This  has  been  done  primarily  for  the  education  of  the  stock 
raisers  and  to  emphasize  those  points  upon  which  he  should  fix 
his  attention  and  those  methods  of  breeding  and  feeding  most 
likely  to  bring  about  the  highest  results.  A  standard  of  ex- 
cellence as  to  form  in  the  live  animal  and  balance  in  the  dressed 


252 

carcass  has  thus  been  created  and  also  the  methods  most  efficient 
in  bringing-  about  a  reaUzation  of  these  standards. 

To  obtain  the  best  results  the  breeder  should  have  before  him 
certain  standards  and  work  continually  toward  their  attainment. 
They  may  be  of  two  kinds:  first,  a  standard  of  uniformity  to 
type  in  the  particular  breed  with  which  he  is  working,  and  sec- 
ond, a  standard  of  excellence  in  the  dressed  carcass.  In  the 
first  case,  he  has  the  standards  evolved  by  the  various  breed 
associations ;  in  the  second  case,  he  has  to  form  a  standard  based 
upon  the  slaughter  house  records. 

In  the  past  the  breeders  here  have  known  little  or  nothing  of 
the  records  of  their  cattle  at  the  abattoir  beyond  the  fact  that 
the  fatter  they  were  the  heavier  they  weighed  and  consequently 
the  more  money  they  received.  The  condition  and  appearance 
of  the  carcass,  the  distribution  of  fat  and  lean  and  the  percent- 
age of  valuable  cuts  has  never  entered  into  their  system  of  breed- 
ing. No  improvements  in  this  direction  could  be  made  because 
no  data  on  these  points  was  available.  Nothing  was  known 
about  it  and  consequently  no  standard  of  excellence  could  be 
formed. 

That  this  aspect  of  breeding  has  been  overlooked  and  has 
been  considered  of  little  importance  by  the  breeder  can  be  at- 
tributed almost  entirely  to  the  system  of  marketing  here.  Be 
the  steer  young  or  old,  lean  or  fat,  well  balanced  or  otherwise, 
with  a  high  percentage  of  offal  or  low  percentage,  high  percent- 
age of  valuable  cuts  or  low  percentage,  prime  quality  or  low 
quality,  the  price  is  practically  the  same.  Dairy  cows  have  been 
sold  at  a  price  equal  to  and  higher  than  prime  steers.  Such 
a  condition  is  ridiculous.  The  breeder  has  had  no  incentive  to 
raise  a  higher  quality  of  meat.  He  receives  no  adequate  reward 
for  his  labors  in  producing  an  early  maturing  carcass  of  prime 
quality  carrying  the  highest  percentage  of  valuable  cuts.  And 
yet  these  are  points  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  production 
of  beef,  mutton  and  pork. 

These  conditions  will  gradually  be  corrected  as  more  interest 
is  taken  in  the  animal,  from  the  time  it  is  slaughtered  to  the 
time  it  is  placed  before  the  consumer  and  nothing  is  more  calcu- 
lated to  stimulate  this  interest  than  lively  competition  in  dressed 
carcass  contests  such  as  were  inaugurated  at  the  last  Territorial 
Fair.  It  puts  before  the  eye  of  the  breeder  in  concrete  form  the 
results  of  his  efforts  at  improvement;  it  enables  him  to  form  a 
standard  of  excellence  in  the  carcass  itself  and  shows  him  where 
improvement  is  necessary  and  desirable.  If  he  is  grain  finishing 
his  stock  it  gives  him  a  certain  basis  of  calculation  as  to  whether 
he  is  feeding  at  a  profit  or  at  a  loss. 

The  great  development  already  registered  in  the  live  stock 
industry  of  this  Territory  has  yielded  millions  of  pounds  of  meat 
and  put  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars   into  the  pockets  of 


253 

the  producers;  it  has  helped  more  than  any  other  one  thing  to 
make  these  islands  self-supporting,  but  it  has  been  accomplished 
by  large  outlays  of  money  and  the  untiring  efforts  of  the  breed- 
ers and  they  will  only  receive  the  fullest  returns  on  their  invest- 
ments when  they  are  paid  on  a  basis  of  quality  in  the  meat  wdiich 
they  produce. 

It  is  very  doubtful  whether  at  the  present  time  the  most  eco- 
nomical methods  of  feeding  are  being  followed.  Certain  it  is 
that  the  results  of  the  dressed  carcass  contests  recently  held 
clearly  demonstrate  that  corn,  at  the  present  market  prices, 
cannot  be-  profitably  converted  into  meat.  Considering  that  the 
best  grass  fed  cattle  here  compare  very  favorably  with  the 
best  stall  fed  cattle  on  the  mainland,  both  in  dressing  percent- 
age and  quality  of  flesh,  and  considering  the  great  demand  for 
wheat  substitutes,  it  is  hardly  justifiable  to  feed  grain  for  meat 
production. 

The  ultimate  object  of  every  breeder  of  market  animals  is  the 
production  of  more  and  better  meat ;  to  be  able  to  market  two 
animals  of  higher  quality  where  one  was  marketed  before.  This 
is  to  be  accomplished  not  by  carrying  a  larger  number  of  animals 
but  by  raising  heavier,  earlier-maturing  animals  showing  a  high 
degree  of  quality  and  this  will  naturally  follow  rigid  selection 
of  breeding  stock.  Only  those  sires  should  be  used  whose  sym- 
metry to  form  and  outstanding  points  of  quality  and  pure  breed- 
ing fill  the  eye  of  the  breeder  and  who  have  above  all  the  ability 
to  transmit  these  points  to  the  largest  number  of  his  offspring. 
Theoretically,  the  progeny  should  inherit  its  characters  in  equal 
proportion  from  each  parent,  but  practically  this  rarely  if  ever 
happens  and  it  is  the  sire  we  look  to  for  the  upbuilding  and  im- 
provement of  the  herd. 

The  measure  of  the  breeder's  success  will  be  accurately  re- 
corded in  the  performance,  if  this  term  may  be  so  used,  of  his 
stock  at  the  abattoir  and  on  the  block.  Here  it  will  be  noticed 
whether  excessive  waste  has  been  eliminated  and  whether  or 
not  an  evenly  balanced,  well  nourished  carcass  carrying  a  high 
percentage  of  most  valuable  cuts  has  been  produced.  It  will 
also  show  the  lines  along  which  improvement  should  be  made. 
These  records  should  not  be  overlooked  by  breeders  as  they  offer 
a  most  valuable  help  in  the  improvement  of  the  herd.  There  is 
an  old  saying  that  "the  proof  of  the  pudding  is  in  the  eating," 
and  it  is  equally  true  that  the  proof  of  the  improvement  in  the 
market  class  of  live  stock  is  in  the  quality  of  the  dressed  carcass 
produced. 

A  beginning  has  already  been  made  in  the  collection  of  data 
on  the  above-mentioned  points  upon  which  a  standard  of  ex- 
cellence may  be  based  and  interesting  results  have  even  now  been 
obtained.  As  time  goes  on  much  valuable  data  will  be  obtained 
which  should  be  taken  advantage  of  by  every  breeder. 


254 

In  the  last  carcass  contest,  comparison  in  the  steer  class  was 
confined  to  two  entries,  one  a  practically  pure  bred  polled  angus 
and  the  other  a  grade  diirham.  One  has  been  grain  finished 
for  the  market  and  the  other  was  from  range  pasturage.  The  re- 
sults were  as  follows : 

STEER   CARCASS   NO.    I. 

Breed Grade — Durham 

Age 4  years 

Feeding. Grass  fed 

Live  weight 1239  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 765  lbs.- 

Dressing  percentage 61.743% 

Dressed  weight  after  48  hrs.  chilling 75.2  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 13  lbs. 

Percentage  in  shrinkage 1.8% 

Weight  of  caul  fat 10      lbs. 

"  tripe 27.5     " 

"  liver 11.5     " 

''  tongue 7 

"        "  cheek  meat 8 

''  heart  meat 4 

"  green  hide 94 

"        "  tail 2.5     '' 

"        ''  suet  and  kidneys 6        " 

"        "  hind  quarters 341.5     " 

"  fore  quarters 410.5     " 

Weight  of  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Rounds 190      lbs.  25.2  % 

Chucks 156       "  20.7  % 

Loins 122.5     "  16.2  % 

Plates 106.5     "  14.1  % 

Cross  ribs  and  shanks 76.5     "  10.17% 

Ribs 65        "  8.6  % 

Flanks 18        "  2.39% 

Skirt  steaks 6.5     "  0.86%. 

Tail,  suet  and  kidneys 8.5     "  1.13% 

STEER  CARCASS  NO.   11. 

Breed Polled  Angus 

Age 4  years 

Feeding Stall  fed,  principally  corn 

Live  weight 1 572  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 977  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 62.15% 

Dressed  weight  after  48  hrs.  chilHng.  .  .962  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 15  lbs. 

Percentage  of  loss  in  shrinkage .  1.6% 


255 

Weight  of  caul  fat 34      lbs. 

"    tripe 36 

''    liver 19 

tongue o 

"        "    cheek  meat 7.5     " 

"        "    heart  meat 6 

"    tail 2.75  " 

"        "    suet  and  kidneys 20.5 

"    green  hide 86 

'\       "    hindquarters 452        " 

"        "    fore  quarters 410        '' 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.                                         Weight.  Percentage. 

Rounds 212.5  lbs.  22.03% 

Chucks 184.5     "  19.177o 

Loins 183.5     "  19.07% 

Plates 137        "  14.24% 

Cross  ribs  and  shanks 87.5     "  9.09% 

Ribs 91.5     "  9.51% 

Flanks 28.75  "  2.98% 

Skirt  steaks 9.25  "  0.96% 

Tail,  kidneys  and  suet 23.25  "  2.41% 

The  weights  and  percentages  above  tabulated  clearly  demon- 
strate the  superiority  of  Steer  No.  2.  The  dressing  percentage 
while  good  does  not  show  as  high  as  should  reasonably  be  ex- 
.pected  in  a  grain  finished  animal.  The  carcass  was  very  well 
balanced,  the  difference  in  weight  between  the  quarters  being 
placed  in  the  hind  quarters  where  it  should  be.  In  Steer  No.  1 
this  difference  of  weight  was  placed  in  the  fore  quarters.  A 
comparison  of  these  weights  reveals  the  fact  that  while  the  fore 
quarters  in  each  animal  weighed  practically  the  same  the  hind 
quarters  of  Steer  No.  2  w^ere  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds  heavier. 
In  other  words,  there  was  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds  more 
flesh  placed  on  that  part  of  the  carcass  containing  the  most 
valuable  cuts  which  was  the  direct  result  of  superior  breeding-. 

A  comparison  of  weights  of  the  heart  and  tripe  showed  Steer 
No.  2  to  be  a  distinctly  superior  animal  in  constitution  and 
powers  of  assimilation,  two  factors  o'f  utmost  importance  to  the 
breeder  in  deciding  whether  or  not  an  animal  can  be  maintained 
at  a  profit.  This  animal  showed  a  well  turned  carcass,  even 
distribution  of  cover  fat  and  a  well  marbled  condition  of  the 
meat ;  the  flesh  was  of  fine  quality,  all  of  which  goes  toward 
producing  a  high  degree  of  palatability. 

Steer  No.  1  was  considerably  coarser  throughout ;  there  was 
little  evenness  in  the  distribution  of  fat  and  lean  and  considerable 
waste  through  large  coarse  bones.  Not  near  as  profitable  an 
animal  from  the  consumer's  standpoint.  Yet  from  the  present 
system  of  marketing,  the  producer  received  the  same  price  per 


256 

pound.  This  will  be  corrected  in  time,  otherwise  the  breeder 
will  never  receive  the  full  remuneration  his  efforts  deserve. 

Both  steers  should  have  been  marketed  as  three-year-olds  or 
younger  and  the  breeders  would  have  realized  an  additional  profit 
by  so  doing.  The  market  here  demands  a  younger  and  lighter 
weight  animal  than  Steer  No.  2.  The  preference  is  given^to 
carcasses  two  and  a  half  to  three  years  old  dressing  from  750 
to  800  pounds.  Steer  No.  1  met  these  requirements  in  weight 
only  and  had  it  had  the  superior  quality  incident  upon  good 
breeding,  so  evident  in  carcass  No.  2,  it  would  have  been  the 
more  desirable  animal. 

Markets  everywhere  are  showing  preference  for  the  early 
maturing,  medium  weight  carcass  showing  a  high  degree  of 
excellence  in  balance  and  even  distribution  of  fat  and  lean  and 
every  breeder  should  aim  to  produce  such.  It  means  the  pro- 
duction of  more  and  better  meat  without  increased  cost. 

SWINE   CONTEST. 

In  the  swine  class,  competition  was  much  keener.  Three 
breeders  represented  by  a  total  of  six  entries  competed.  Two 
of  the  entries  were  swill  fed,  the  balance  grain  fed.  Three 
breeds  were  represented — Berkshire,  Hampshire  and  Duroc-Jer- 
sey — all  being  pure  bred  with  the  exception  of  Entry  No.  6, 
which  was  a  Buroc-Berkshire  cross. 

The  carcasses  presented  a  very  uniform  appearance  right 
through  and  offered  a  problem  for  the  exercise  of  keen  judgment. 

The  weights,  cuts  and  percentages  of  these  entries  are  given 
below : 

HOG  CARCASS,  NO.  I. 

Breed Duroc- Jersey 

Feeding Corn  fed 

Live  weight 193  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 163  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 84.4% 

Weight  after  48  hours  chilling 159  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 4  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 2.5% 

Weight  of  the  different  .cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 
Cuts. 

Hams (2) 

Loins (1) 

Bellies (3) 

Shoulders    .    .  .  (4) 

Head (8) 

Spare  ribs   .    .  .  ( 5 ) 4.75 

Leaf  lard (6) 

Back  fat (7) 

Feet (8) 4.0     "  2.05%> 


Weight. 
32     lbs. 
32.5     " 

Percentage. 
20.12%^ 
20.44% 

19.5     '' 
14.75  " 

12.26% 

10.77% 

14.25  " 
4.75  " 

9.00% 
2.09% 

7.75  " 
28.05  " 

4.08% 
18.0  % 

257 

HOG   CARCASS,    NO.   II. 

Breed Hampshire 

Feeding- Corn  fed 

Live  weight 182.5  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 151  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 82.7% 

Weight  after  48  hours  chilling 148.5  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 2.5  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 1.5% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight.  PerceiifaQe. 

Hams 32  lbs.  21.5  %'^ 

Loins 34.5  "  23.25%; 

Bellies 20.5  "  13.8  % 

Shoulders 13.5  "  9.09% 

Head 11.5  "  7.8  % 

Spare  ribs 4.0  "'  2.7  % 

Leaf  lard 8.5  ''  5.7% 

Back  fat 20.5  "  13.6% 

Feet 4.0  '"  2.7  % 

HOG  CARCASS,    NO.   III. 

Breed * Berkshire 

Feeding Corn  fed 

Live  weight 186.5  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 153  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 82% 

W^eight  after  48  hours  chilling 151.5  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 1.5  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 3.3% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 28      lbs.  18.5  % 

Loins 36       "  24.15% 

Bellies 25.5     "  16.83% 

Shoulders 13.25  ''  8.74% 

Head 13.5     "  8.91% 

Spare  ribs 4.0     "  2.64% 

Leaf  lard 8.25  "  5.11% 

Back  fat 18.5     "  12.2  % 

Feet 3.75  *'           •  2.4  % 


258 


HOG   CARCASS,    NO.   IV. 


Breed Duroc-Jersey 

Feedinof Corn  fed 


'& 


Live  weisfht 219  lbs. 


Dressed  weight 182  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 83.0% 

Weight  after  48  hours  chilling 179  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 3  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 1.7% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same: 

Cuts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 34.5  lbs.  19.27% 

Loins 45.5     "  25.42% 

Bellies 26       "  14.25% 

Shoulders 15.5     ''  8.6%- 

Head 16.0     "  8.9  % 

Spare  ribs 4.25  "  2.37% 

Leaf  lard 8.75  "  4.88% 

Back  fat 23.0     "  12.38% 

Feet 4.25  ''  2.37% 

HOG   CARCASS,    NO.   V. 

Breed • Duroc-Jersey 

Feeding Swill  fed 

Live  weight 219.5  lbs. 

Dressed  weight 184  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 84.3% 

Weight  after  48  hours  chilling 182  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 2  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 1.1% 


Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same: 

Cuts.                                        Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 37      lbs.  20.33% 

Loins 40.5     "  22.25% 

Bellies 22.5     "  12.36% 

Shoulders 18.5     "  10.16% 

Head 17.5     "  9.6  % 

Spare  ribs 4.75  "  2.6  % 

Leaf  lard 9.25  "  5.08% 

Back  fat 26.5     "  14.6% 

Feet 4.75  "  2.6  % 


259 

HOG   CARCASS,    NO.   VI. 

Breed Berkshire  cross 

Feeding- Swill  fed 

Live  weight .193.5  lbs. 

Dressed  weig-ht 165  lbs. 

Dressing  percentage 85.27% 

Weight  after  48  hours  chilling 163  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 2  lbs. 

Percentage  shrinkage 1.25% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cttts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 32      lbs.  20.00% 

Loins 39.5     "  24.23% 

Bellies 24.5     "  15.03% 

Shoulders 14.75  ''  9.05% 

Head 14.75  "  9.05% 

Spare  ribs 4        "  2.4  % 

Leaf  lard 5.25  "  322% 

Back  fat 23.25  "  14.1   % 

Feet 3.5     "  2.16% 

In  stndying  the  above  tabulations  the  closeness  of  the  con- 
test is  very  evident.  All  awards  were  based  upon  the  dressed 
weight  percentage  and  the  percentage  of  the  three  most  valu- 
able cuts,  i.  e.,  hams,  loins  and  bellies. 

That  the  first  award  fell  to  a  swill  fed  hog  was  a  surprise 
and  entirely  unexpected,  yet  this  animal  showed  a  better  profit 
to  the  breeder,  even  at  an  equal  food  cost,  and  a  better  profit  to 
the  market.  Figures  conclusively  demonstrate  that  larger  profits 
accrue  to  both  breeder  and  market  from  the  medium  weight 
hogs.  Carcasses  dressing  from  150  to  165  pounds  are  in  greater 
demand  because  of  the  larger  profits  realized  by  the  market  and 
the  earlier  and  cheaper  these  weights  can  be  attained  together 
with  less  waste  through  dressing  the  greater  will  be  the  profits 
to  the  breeder. 

In  comparing  the  above  percentages  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
swill  fed  hogs  dressed  out  better,  that  is,  there  were  less  amounts 
of  offal,  and  showed  less  loss  through  shrinkage  in  cooling  which 
speaks  liighly  for  this  class  of  hog.  They  also  stood  high  in 
amount  of  cuts. 

We  have  no  data  at  hand  from  which  to  compile  statistics 
giving  the  actual  profit  realized  by  the  breeders  of  the  six  car- 
casses entered  in  this  contest,  but  there  is  no  question  that  the 
above  weights  were  produced  most  cheaply  in  the  swill  fed  ani- 
mals.     It  is  to  be  hoped  that  in  future  contests  of  this  nature 


260 

such  data  as  above  referred  to  will  be  at  hand  for  it  is  of  in- 
estimable value  to  the  feeder  as  a  basis  for  estimating  his  profit 
or  loss.  Unless  he  knows  the  actual  cost  of  his  feed  and,  in 
the  case  of  grain,  its  market  value  as  such  and  also  the  amount 
of  pork  a  certain  amount  of  such  feed  will  produce,  he  is  in  the 
dark  and  it  might  be  costing  him  fifty  cents  to  produce  that  for 
which  he  is  only  receiving  twenty-seven  cents. 

We  confidently  expect  to  see  a  larger  number  of  breeders  enter 
stock  in  these  contests  next  year,  as  it  is  through  such  means 
that  breeders  can  best  demonstrate  their  ability  to  supply  the 
demands  of  this  Territorv  with  a  high  class  article. 


Kokee  Camps 


In  his  speech  on  the  occasion  of  the  inauguration  of  Hon.  C.  J. 
McCarthy  as  Governor  of  Hawaii  on  July  22,  1918,  Hon.  Frank- 
lin K.  Lane,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  said  in  part  as  follows : 

"When  the  old  kings  gave  up  their  lands  to  their  chiefs  they 
ran  the  property  lines  from  the  sea  to  the  mountain.  This  was 
their  easiest  and  perhaps  their  only  way  of  dividing  the  lands. 
It  has,  however,  a  peculiar  suggestion  for  us.  Those  who  live 
in  lower  altitudes  need  the  change  in  air  that  comes  with  the 
ascent  to  the  mountains,  and  I  am  in  hope  that  out  of  your  pub- 
lic lands,  and  out  of  the  generosity  of  those  who  have  so  much 
and  have  given  so  much  toward  public  purposes  in  this  terri- 
tory, there  will  be  reserved  on  every  island  mountain  a  public 
park  where  those  may  resort  who  come  from  the  lands  belov/, 
where  the  transient  may  pass  the  night,  or  those  who  wish  may 
have  their  cottages,  which  should  be  held  under  license  which 
will  prevent  the  park  from  becoming  absorbed  into  private  owner- 
ship. As  the  man  of  wealth  now  wisely  has  his  hill  house  and 
his  seaside  house,  so  should  there  be  reserved  for  those  of  more 
modest  means  some  opportunity  to  gain  the  advantages  of  the 
rarer,  cooler  air  of  higher  altitudes.  This,  however,  should  not 
be  attempted  at  haphazard,  but  under  plans  carefully  thought 
out  and  under  a  management  and  control  that  will  be  wise,  inde- 
pendent and  public  spirited." 

This  Board  has  attempted  to  plan  out  just  such  a  scheme  in 
the  high  mountain  region  back  of  the  Waimea  Canyon  on  lands 
in  the  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  which  came  into  the 
control  of  the  Board  last  December  by  lease  expiration  and  is 
now  prepared  to  issue  temporary  permits  of  not  more  than  five 
years'  duration  for  camping  privileges  under  certain  terms  and 
conditions. 

The  need  for  an  available  locality  in  a  cooler  climate  amidst 


261 


HalxmaI 


f-/ary^aii   "Terrr/or-y   Survey 

K/fuAt 
^"  3ca/e  / t'rr-  '/ooo  /^ 

^t/r-ray  ty  7TB.  Buc/r^Ju^ /<frf 


262 

pleasant  surroundings  where  those  hving  in  the  low  lands  may- 
go  for  the  recuperation  of  bodily  energy  and  of  spirit  has  been 
recognized  and  it  is  believed  that  the  plan  which  has  been  evolved 
will  permit  of  this  without  interference  with  the  main  purposes 
for  which  the  forest  reserve  in  this  region  was  set  aside. 

Along  the  small  streams  of  Kokee  and  Halemanu  a  series  of 
47  camp  sites  have  accordingly  been  surveyed  out,  and  these 
vary  in  size  from  .3  to  2.0  acres.  As  a  rule  they  are  situated 
in  open  meadow  land  at  the  bottom  of  the  shallow  valleys  which 
dissect  this  high  plateau  region  at  the  general  elevation  of  3,500 
feet  above  the  sea.  The  rainfall  here  is  not  excessive  and  on  ac- 
count of  the  elevation  the  nights  as  a  rule  are  quite  cool. 

A  great  variety  of  scenery,  from  picturesquely  colored  and 
curiously  eroded  cliffs  in  the  adjacent  Waimea  Canyon  to  miles 
and  miles  of  heavy  native  forest,  surrounds  the  Kokee  Camps 
whicli  may  now  be  reached  by  automobile  if  the  rider  is  not 
particular  as  to  the  smoothness  of  road  travel. 

For  unimproved  camp  sites  an  annual  rental  on  the  basis  of 
twenty-five  dollars  per  acre  is  charged.  With  the  permit  each 
occupant  will  be  required  to  furnish  a  bond  in  the  sum  of  five 
hundred  dollars  to  insure  faithful  compliance  with  the  conditions 
required  to  be  observed  by  the  permit. 

In  addition  to  the  camp  sites  under  permit  there  are  additional 
areas  where  transients  may  camp  for  a  night  or  two. 

A  sample  copy  of  the  permit  form  is  printed  herewith  for  the 
information  of  the  public  as  well  as  a  map  showing  the  situation 
of  the  camp. 

Further  information  and  application  forms  for  the  permits 
may  be  obtained  from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  P.  O.  Box 
207,  Flonolulu. 


TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 

BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND 
FORESTRY,  DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

CAMPING  PERMIT. 

Permission  is  hereby  granted  to 

of to  occupy  camp  site  No 

of  the  Kokee  Camps  within  the  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve, 
Kauai,  as  shown  on  the  attached  blueprint  map,  for  a  period  of 

five  (5)   years  from ,  subject  to 

the  following  conditions  and  regulations : 

1.     The  permittee  shall  pay  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and 

Forestry  in  consideration  for  this  occupancy,  the  sum  of 

for  the  period  from 


263 

to  December  31,    ,  and  thereafter  annually,   on  the  first 

day  of  January,  the  sum  of 

2.  The  charges  for  this  use  may  be  readjusted  whenever 
necessary,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of  Ag'riculture  and  For- 
estry, to  place  this  permit  on  a  basis  consistent  with  the  charge 
to  other  permittees  for  like  privileges  or  for  any  other  reason. 

3.  Occupancy  or  use  under  this  permit  shall  begin  within 
six  (6)  months  and  shall  be  exercised  at  least  14  days  each  year, 
unless  the  time  is  extended  or  shortened. 

4.  •  Improvements  to  the  value  of  One  Hundred  Dollars  ($100) 
shall  be  made  on  the  premises  within  eighteen  months  and 
maintained  in  good  order  and  repair  during  the  term  of  this 
permit. 

5.  Upon  the  abandonment,  termination  or  revocation  of  this 
permit,  and  in  the  absence  of  an  agreement  to  the  contrary  the 
permittee,  if  all  the  rental  charges  due  the  Government  have 
been  paid,  may,  within  thirty  (30)  days  or  such  further  time  as 
may  be  granted  by  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  remove  all 
structures  which  have  been  placed  on  the  premises  by  him,  since 
the  date  of  issuance  of  this  permit,  except  where  the  permitted 
material  was  secured  from  the  local  forest,  but  upon  failure  to  re- 
move the  structures  within  that  period  they  shall  become  the 
property  of  the  Government. 

6.  The  permittee  shall  comply  with  all  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  and  with  all  laws  of 
the  Territory  of  Hawaii  applicable  to  Forestry,  shall  observe  all 
sanitary  laws  and  regulations  applicable  to  the  premises  and  shall 
keep  the  premises  in  a  neat,  orderly  and  sanitary  condition. 

7.  The  permittee  shall  take  all  reasonable  precaution  to  pre- 
vent and  suppress  forest  fires. 

8.  The  peniiittee  shalll  not  cut  or  destroy  any  live  timber 
without  first  obtaining  a  permit  from  the  Superintendent  of  For- 
estry, and  no  houses  or  cabins  shall  be  constructed  of  green  logs. 

9.  The  permittee  shall  pay  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry  for  any  damage  resulting  from  this  occupancy. 

10.  All  refuse  shall  be  burned  in  a  safe  place  or  shall  be  de- 
posited in  a  pit  dug  in  the  ground,  at  least  150  feet  from  any 
stream.  These  pits  to  be  covered  with  earth  before  leaving  the 
camp  for  any  length  of  time. 

11.  A  sanitary  and  fiy-proof  privy  vault  and  a  thoroughly 
sealed  cesspool  of  adequate  size  to  care  for  all  bath,  sink  and 
vraste  waters  shall  be  constructed  by  the  permittee  on  a  suitable 
location  which  shall  be  not  less  than  150  feet  from  any  stream. 

12.  No  plant  life  of  any  nature  or  seeds  for  planting  shall  be 
brought  into  this  forest  reserve  except  by  special  permission 
from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  who  shall  have  the  same 
inspected  and,  if  necessary,  fumigated  before  being  taken  into 
the   forest  reserve.      The  permittee  shall   clear  and  keep   clear 


264 

this  camp  site  of  lantana  and  other  tall  and  obnoxious  weeds. 

13.  No  horse  or  milch  cow  shall  be  turned  loose  for  graz- 
ing in  the  forest  reserve,  but  shall  be  either  tethered  out  in  open 
areas  or  pastured  in  existing  enclosures. 

14.  No  trails  shall  be  cut  or  dug  through  the  forest  except 
by  special  permission  from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

15.  A  general  right-of-way  is  hereby  reserved  across  this  lot 
for  travel  on  the  most  convenient  route. 

16.  This  permit  may  be  transferred  with  the  approval  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  subject  to  such  conditions  as  may 
be  imposed  at  the  time  of  transfer.  It  shall  terminate  upon 
breach  of  any  of  the  conditions  herein  or  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry.  Upon  the  termination  of  this  per- 
mit all  rights  and  privileges  given  or  granted  thereby  or  there- 
under shall  forthwith  cease  and  terminate,  except  as  herein 
otherwise  provided. 


Honolulu,  T.  H. 


Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


By  Authority 


APPOINTMEiNT  OF  FIRE  WARDENS. 


Notice  is  hereby  given  tliat  under  the  provisions  of  Chapter  37  of  the 
Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  the  following  persons  were,  on  July 
16,  1918,  appointed  District  Fire  Wardens: 

KAUAI. 

L.  D.  LAESEN,  in  and  for  the  District  of  Koolau,  excepting  the  land 
of  Anahola.      To  replace  J.  R.  Myers,  resigned. 

E.  Mi.  CHEATHAM,  in  and  for  the  portion  of  the  Districts  of  Koolau 
and  Puna;  extending  from  the  land  of  Anahola  to  the  land  of  Olohena, 
inclusive.      To  replace  G.  P.  Wilcox,  moved  away. 

C.  H.  WILCOX,  in  and  for  the  portion  of  the  District  of  Puna,  south 
of  and  including  the  land  of  Wailua.     To  replace  F.  Weber,  moved  away. 

B.  D.  BALDWIN,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Kona 
lying  between  and  including  the  Wlaimea,  Poomau,  and  Kauaikinana 
Valleys  on  the  west  and  the  Hanapepe  Valley  on  the  east.  To  replace 
Francis  Gay,  resigned. 

OAHU. 

W.  H.  CLEGHORN,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Koo- 


265 

laupoko,  extending  from  the  Koolauloa  District  line  to  the  land  of 
Heeia.      To  replace  Frank  Pahia,  resigned. 

^^M.  HENHY,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Koolaupoko, 
extending  from  and  including  the  land  of  Heeia  to  the  land  of  Kailua. 
To  replace  Otto  Ludloff,  moved  away. 

WM.  WEINEICm,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Ewa 
lying  to  the  west  of  the  main  government  road.  To  replace  W.  F.  Dil- 
lingham, resigned. 

MAUL 

A.  Wt.  COLLINS,  in  and  for  the  District  of  Lahaina.  To  replace  L. 
Weinzheimer,   moved   away. 

C.  E.  S.  BURNS,  in  and  for  the  District  of  Wailuku.  To  replace 
Andrew  Gross,  moved  away. 

HAW  AIL 

A.  W.  CARTER,  in  and  for  the  District  of  South  Kohala.  To  replace 
O.  L.  Sorenson,  moved  away. 

iW.  P.  NAQUIN,  in  and  for  the  western  part  of  the  District  of  Hama- 
kua  extending  to  the  west  from  the  boundary  of  the  land  of  Paauhau 
to  the  boundary  of  the  land  of  Kukaiau.  To  replace  Alexander  Morri- 
son, moved  away. 

JAMES  CAMPSIE,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Kau 
extending  from  the  Puna  District  line  to  and  including  the  land  of 
Punaluu.      To  replace  W.  G.  Ogg,  deceased. 

R.  A.  McW]AYNE,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Kona 
extending  from  the  Kau  District  line  to  and  including  the  land  of  Kaa- 
puna.      To  replace  R.  von  S.  Domkowicz,  moved  away. 

L.  P.  LINCOLN,  in  and  for  that  portion  of  the  District  of  Kona  ex- 
tending from  the  land  of  Hookena  to  and  including  the  land  of  Kaawa- 
loa.      To  replace  J.  D.  Paris,  deceased. 


BY  AUTHORITY. 


APPOINTMENT   OF  DISTRICT   FORESTERS. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  under  the  provisions  of  Chapter  37  of  the 
Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  the  following  persons  were,  on  July  16, 
1918,  appointed  District  Foresters: 

KAUAL 

L.  D.  LARSEN  to  replace  J.  R.  Myers,  moved  away. 
C.  H.  WILCOX  to  replace  F.  Weber,  moved  away. 
B.  D.  BALDWIN  to  replace  Francis  Gay,  resigned. 

IVIAUL 

A.  W.  COLLINS  to  replace  L.  Weinzheimer,  moved  away. 

HAWAIL 

W.  P.  NAQUIN  to  replace  A.  Ahrens,   moved  away. 
JAMES  CAMPSIE  to  replace  Julian  Konsarrat,  resigned. 


milllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllfllillllllilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!^ 

:  OrnCERS:  = 

=    E.  r.  Bishop,  President  A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and   = 

:    G.  H.  Rotertson,  Vice-Pres.  Manager  = 

:    E.  A,  R.  Ross,  Secretary  R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President  = 

=    C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor  D.  G.  May,  Treasurer  E 

:  DIRECTORS:  | 

E   G.  R.   Carter,  Director  C  H.  Cooke,  Director  = 

=  J.  R.  GaJt,  Director  E.  I.  Spalding,  Director  = 

I  G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd.  I 

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I  MERCHANTS  I 


EEPRESENTING 


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JOINT  SERVICE 
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Hilo  Sugar  Company  London  Assurance  Corporation 

Onomea  Sugar  Company  ^^^y^  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 

Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinburgh 


Honomu  Sugar  Company 
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Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 


Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 

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rillllllllllllllllllllllllillllillllllllllllllllllliliilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliliillllllr 


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=  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS                       E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant             E 

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 
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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
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5  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LIO.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

FilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllT 


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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"                                            = 

E  Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      = 

I W  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=  Honolulu,  T.  H.                   Los  Angeles                   San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  A  ND  DEALERS  IN                                      « 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Stilphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  WiUow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


Fflllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllillllllllllllll'R 


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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  I 

=  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

=  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

E  Kew  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  = 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    E 
E  DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


—  Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 

—  The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 

—  Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 

~  Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

~  Grove    Farm    Plantation 

=  Waiahole    Water   Co.,    Ltd. 

=  The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

ZZ  Fire   Association    of   Philadelphia 

~  Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 

ZZ  Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 

^  The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America  ~ 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co.  S 

Hibernia    Underwriters   Agency  ~ 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine  ZZ 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 

DIVISION  OF  FOiiESTEY. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chi^  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Eilo,  Hawaii, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kawti, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  OahtL 

John  PilUaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu* 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui, 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector.  Kahuluif  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MaliuTcoTia,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  E.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

3.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Eichard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  ClerTc  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographs, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


SEF^TEMBER,  1918 


CONTENTS 


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VOL.  XV 


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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  0.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


\iilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiv 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2i/^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2,50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind,  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  1  T  -^^^itory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

_  A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  September,  1918.  No.  9 


The  Division  of  Forestry  continues  to  pursue  its  campaign  of  '^f>fy, 

fencing  forest  reserve  boundaries  where  needed  to  prevent  stock  ^^O/i, 

from  damaging  the  native  woods.      This  includes  the  enforce-  ^''^Oj  *^-^ 

ment  of  fencing  required  by  Government  leases  as  will  be  seen  ^^^    '^^^•^ 

by  the  current  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry.  ^f't 


The  Division  of  Entomology  is  assisting  the  small  farmer  in 
the  Territory  by  breeding  and  distributing  beneficial  insects  which 
prey  on  the  crop  pests. 


The  trimming  out  of  trees  along  the  Tantalus  road  in  the 
eucalyptus  forest  has  allowed  the  sun  to  reach  the  roadbed  with 
the  result  that  this  highway  is  once  more  passable  for  motor  cars. 


The  work  of  eradicating  bovine  tuberculosis   from  the  dairy 
herds  in  the  Territory  continues  with  good  results. 


The  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  County  of  Kauai  have  gener- 
ously come  to  the  aid  of  this  Board  by  continuing  financial  as- 
sistance in  such  a  manner  that  the  anthrax  infested  area  can  be 
watched  satisfactorily. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August  26,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  July,  1918: 

FOREST    FENCING. 

Ranger  Lindsay  on  July  17  began  the  construction  of  the  for- 
est fence  where  needed  on  the  boundary  of  the  new  addition  to 
the  Makawao  Forest  Reserve  on  Maui.      This  new  fence  when 


376 

completed  will  be  .85  mile  long,  and  in  addition  an  existing  fence 
will  be  repaired  so  as  to  keep  cattle  from  getting  into  the  reserve. 

On  the  makai  boundary  of  the  Waianae-kai  Forest  Reserve, 
Oahu,  a  fence  .22  mile  long  was  completed  during  the  month 
so  as  to  keep  the  George  Holt  cattle  from  getting  into  the  re- 
serve. This  work  included  the  placing  of  a  gate  across  the  road 
at  the  power  house,  permission  for  the  erection  of  which  was 
iirst  obtained  from  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  County. 

The  attention  of  the  Land  Commissioner  was  called  to  the  fact 
that  the  fence  at  Kiolakaa  on  the  boundary  of  the  Kau  Forest 
Reserve,  Hawaii,  required  to  be  kept  in  good  repair  by  General 
Lease  No.  550  to  the  Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.,  had,  on 
advice  received  from  Ranger  Mackenzie,  not  yet  been  repaired. 

The  makai  boundary  of  the  Kuliouou  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu, 
was  located  on  the  ground  with  the  aid  of  a  government  sur- 
veyor and  forest  reserve  monuments  were  placed  on  the  two 
corners  between  which  a  fence  is  required  to  be  built  by  General 
Lease  No.  837  to  Club  Stables,  Limited,  but  which  has  not  yet 
been  constructed. 

As  instructed  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Board,  I  called  on 
Governor  McCarthy  and  laid  before  him  the  present  situation  in 
regard  to  fencing  requirements  in  general  leases  of  the  Territory 
which  had  not  been  fulfilled.  He  appeared  to  be  disposed  to 
correct  the  situation  and  said  that  if  a  few  of  the  leases  were  can- 
celled for  non-compliance  with  the  fencing  clause  the  other  lease- 
holders would  promptly  come  to  time.  In  accordance  with  his 
request,  I  set  forth  the  present  situation  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  a 
copy  of  which  is  herewith  presented. 

NEW    RESERVES. 

Several  days  were  spent  with  a  government  surveyor  running 
out  the  line  of  the  proposed  new  Hauula  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu, 
where  it  crosses  the  private  lands  of  Kahana.  This  completes 
the  field  work  on  this  project  which  will  he  presented  for  ap- 
proval at  an  early  date. 

A  government  surveyor  has  been  running  out  the  makai  bound- 
ary line  of  the  Lihue-Koloa  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  where  it 
crosses  the  government  land  at  Wailua  to  determine  the  location 
of  the  forest  fence  and  the  official  boundary  with  a  view  to  chang- 
ing the  latter  to  the  actual  fence  line. 

TREE  PLANTING. 

On  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  298  swamp  mahogany  and 
97  silk  oak  trees  on  the  Kamalomaloo  flats. 

The  Mikilua  nursery  house  in  the  Lualualei  Forest  Reserve, 
Oahu,  was  completed  during  the  month  and  preparations  were 
completed  for  beginning  the  planting  work  early  in  August. 


Z77 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

The  Makiki  planting  gang  spent  several  days  in  trimming  out 
the  trees  which  overhang  the  Tantalus  road  in  the  eucalyptus 
forest  and  in  making  minor  repairs  to  the  road  so  as  to  make  it 
passable  for  our  work.  In  this,  assistance  was  rendered  by  sev- 
eral grass  cutters  who  are  allowed  to  take  honohono  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  forest. 

Assistance  and  advice  was  given  by  the  Forest  Nurseryman 
and  myself  to  Mrs.  A.  G.  M.  Robertson  who,  as  the  representa- 
tive of  the  Outdoor  Circle,  has  undertaken  to  begin  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Round  Top  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  by  setting  out 
with  prison  labor  trees,  shrubs  and  vines,  a  part  of  which  have 
been  furnished  by  the  Government  Nursery. 

One  day  was  spent  in  inspecting  the  improvement  thinnings 
in  the  algaroba  forests  at  Nanakuli  and  Lualualei,  Oahu,  which 
are  under  license  from  the  Land  Office  to  the  Sandwich  Islands 
Honey  Co.  The  cuttings  were  found  to  be  satisfactory  and  the 
new  method,  which  I  suggested,  of  burning  the  brush  while  still 
green,  is  working  out  very  well. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


FENCING  CLAUSE  IN  GENERAL  LEASES. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August  6,  1918. 

Hon.  Charles  J.  McCarthy, 
Governor  of  Hawaii, 
Honolulu. 

Sir: — In  accordance  with  my  verbal  promise  to  you  of  Julv 
29,  and  as  directed  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  at  its  meeting  of  July  16,  I  have  the  honor  to  pre- 
sent to  you  on  behalf  of  this  Board  the  following  situation  in 
regard  to  the  non-fulfillment  of  fencing  clauses  in  General  Leases 
of  the  Territorial  Land  Office  and  to  request  your  assistance  in 
remedying  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition. 

There  are  four  of  such  cases  which  have  particularly  come  to 
the  attention  of  this  Board  and  these  are  as  follows : 

1.  GENERAL  LEASE  NO.  730  to  L.  L.  McCANDLESS  of 
all  the  Government  Remnants  of  the  lands  of  Makua,  Ka- 
hanaiki  and  the  Government  interest  in  Keawaula,  Waianae, 
Oahu.  Fencing  adjoining  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Re- 
serve not  vet  built. 


378 

2.  GENERAL  LEASE  NO.  837  to  CLUB  STABLES,  LIMIT- 
ED, of  all  the  Kuliouoii  Pasture  Land,  Oahii.  Fence  adjoin- 
ing the  Kulioiiou  Forest  Reserve  not  yet  built. 

3.  GENERAL  LEASE  NO.  792  to  CHAS.  A.  RICE  of  Pas- 
ture Lot  No.  1,  Papaa-Moloaa  Tract,  Kawaihau,  Kauai. 
Fence  adjoining  the  Moloaa  Forest  Reserve  built  but  not 
maintained  in  good  repair. 

4.  GENERAL  LEASE  NO.  550  to  the  HUTCHINSON 
SUGAR  PLANTATION  COMPANY  of  the  lands  of  Kiola- 
kaa-Puueo.  Fence  on  the  Kau  Forest  Reserve  boundary 
built  but  not  maintained  in  good  repair.  — 

1.  The  situation  at  IMakua  is  covered  rather  fully  on  pages 
2  to  5  of  the  enclosed  copy  of  a  letter  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry  of  June  3,  1918,  to  this  Board.  The  resolution  referred 
to  was  duly  passed  by  the  Board  at  its  meeting  of  June  6,  and 
transmitted  to  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  the  same  day, 
but  upon  recent  inquiry  of  said  Commissioner  I  was  informed 
that  practically  nothing  has  been  done  to  enforce  the  fencing 
requirement  since  the  receipt  of  this  resolution. 

As  stated  in  the  enclosed  letter  of  June  3.  every  drop  of  fresh 
water  at  Makua  is  at  a  premium  and  this  will  be  especially  true 
when  in  the  future  the  land  may  be  homesteaded.  At  the  present 
time  there  is  a  good  crop  of  sweet  potatoes  gTowing  on  the  large 
flat  near  the  middle  of  Alakua  Valley  on  the  leased  land,  which 
would  indicate  the  possibility  of  using  this  land  for  homestead 
purposes.  At  the  present  time.  Mr.  IMcCandless  also  has  a  pipe 
line  which  conveys  water  from  the  forest  reserve  to  this  culti- 
vated flat. 

Enclosed  herewith  are  some  photographs  showing  the  native 
forest  in  the  INIakua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve  which  is  being  dam- 
aged by  Mr.  McCandless'  cattle,  which  being  unrestrained  by 
any  fence  on  the  forest  reserve  boundary  run  at  will  in  the  ac-' 
cessible  places.  It  is  important,  therefore,  on  account  of  this 
water  situation  to  protect  the  native  forests  by  insisting  upon  the 
building  of  this  fence  in  order  to  protect  what  is  left  of  the  forest 
and  to  encourage  its  increase  by  natural  means. 

2.  The  situation  at  Kiliouou  is  quite  similar  in  that  the  forest 
reserve  fence  has  never  been  built.  The  distance  of  the  neces- 
sary fence  on  the  makai  boundary  of  the  Kuliouou  Forest  Re- 
serve is  only  1917  feet,  and  was  required  to  be  built  by  the  fol- 
lowing clause  in  General  Lease  No.  837 : 

"The  Lessee  shall  construct  at  his  own  expense  within 
one  year  from  November  4,  1913,  a  lawful  fence  as  defined 
by  Sec.  407,  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii,  along  the  entire  boun- 
daries of  the  land,  herein  demised,  and  adjoining  the  Forest 
Reserve  and  maintain  said  fence  in  good  repair  during  the 
■  term  of  this  Lease." 
The  Kuliouou  Forest  Reserve  was  proclaimed  on  February  13, 


379 

1914,  and  on  account  of  the  absence  of  this  fence  the  cattle  pas- 
turing on  the  adjacent  leased  lands  are  continually  trespassing 
on  the  forest  reserve  and  are  doing"  damage  to  the  native  for- 
ests. This  situation  was  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Lands  on  April  9,  1917,  and  soon  thereafter  he 
communicated  with  the  Club  Stables,  Limited,  the  present  holders 
of  this  lease,  and  requested  them  to  comply  with  the  conditions 
of  their  lease  immediately.  I  have  just  returned  from  an  inspec- 
tion of  this  line  and  find  that  absolutely  nothing  has  been  done 
toward  the  building  of  this  fence. 

3.  The  fence  on  the  boundary  between  the  land  covered  by 
General  Lease  No.  792  and  the  Moloaa  Forest  Reserve  was  ori- 
ginally constructed,  as  required  by  the  following  clause : 

The  Lessee  shall  construct  at  his  own  expense  Vv^ithin 
one  year  from  November  1,  1912,  a  lawful  fence  as  defined 
by  Sec.  407,  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii,  along  the  entire  boun- 
daries of  the  land  herein  demised,  and  adjoining  the  Forest 
Reserve,  and  maintain  said  fence  in  good  repair  during  the 
term  of  this  Lease." 

In  the  construction  of  this  fence  local  material  was  used  for 
posts  and  a  recent  inspection  disclosed  the  fact  that  a  great  many 
of  the  posts  had  rotted  and  that  the  fence  was  flat  on  the  ground 
allowing  cattle  to  wander  at  will  into  the  reserve.  This  situa- 
tion was  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Lands  on  May  28,  1918,  with  the  request  that  he  require  the 
lessee  to  maintain  this  fence  in  good  condition,  but  so  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  ascertain  recently  the  only  step  that  has  been 
taken  to  remedy  the  situation  has  been  the  driving  out  of  the 
cattle  from  the  reserve.  In  order  to  protect  the  forest  ade- 
quately the  fence  should  be  repaired  at  once  and  maintained  in 
good  stock-proof  condition. 

4.  Only  a  short  stretch  of  fence  is  involved  in  this  case  and 
this  consists  of  repairing  an  existing  fence  on  the  Kau  Forest 
Reserve  boundary.  The  clause  in  General  Lease  No.  550  requir- 
ing the  maintenance  of  this  fence  is  as  follows: 

"It  is  also  further  provided,  that  the  Lessees,  their  execu- 
tors, administrators  and  assigns  will  not  suffer  to  be  made 
any  fires  on  said  lands  which  will  injure  or  endanger  the  for- 
est thereon,  and  will  use  every  endeavor  to  protect  and  en- 
courage the  growth  of  forest  and  underbrush  now  upon  said 
land,  and  renew  same  in  places  where  it  is  absent  or  shall 
appear  to  be  in  process  of  diminution,  and  will  not  permit 
any  live  stock  to  run  at  large  on  said  land,  and  at  their  own 
cost,  and  expense  within  a  reasonable  time  after  the  date 
hereof,  shall  build  and  maintain  a  fence  along  its  boundary, 
as  above  described ;  excepting  such  courses  and  distances  as 
described  in  Sections  9,  10  and  11,  hereof,  but  shall  continue 
said  fence  line  along  the  boundaries  of  the  Ahupuaa  of  Ka- 


380 

huku,  Kau,  and  the  public  lands  of  Waiohinu  and  Hionaa 
and  to  connect  with  the  present  fence  of  the  Hawaiian 
Agricultural  Co.  at  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  land  of  Kaa- 
laiki." 

The  matter  was  first  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Lands  on  September  24,  1917,  and  again  on 
April  17,  1918,  but  the  latest  report  from  my  forest  ranger,  dated 
July  1,  1918,  is  to  the  efifect  that  this  fence  has  not  yet  been  re- 
paired. Proper  fencing  in  this  region  is  important  because  of 
the  fact  that  the  water  supply  of  Waiohinu  Village  is  involved 
and  should  be  protected  from  damaging-  stock. 

Enclosed  herewith  also  is  a  copy  of  a  reprint  which  gives  the 
basic  reasons  why  the  native  forest  in  the  reserve  should  be  pro- 
tected from  stock,  and  why  this  Board  is  so  vigorously  insisting 
on  the  compliance  by  the  holders  of  government  leases  with 
fencinq;  clauses  contained  therein. 


't> 


Very  respectfully, 


C.  S.  JUDD, 

Executive  Ofificer. 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August  30,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  July: 


NURSERY, 

Sold  .    . 
Gratis   . 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  transplant 

boxes. 

50 

1  .SQO 

Pot 

grown. 

183 

496 

679 

Total. 
233 

1886 

1440 

2119 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collectio: 
Rent  of 
Ma\ 

ns 
O 

on  account  of 
ffice  Building, 

plants  sold 

Nursery  grounds 

for  April 

.  ...$  5.20 
and 

70  00 

$75.20 


381 

PLANTATION    COMPANIES    AND  OTHER    CORPORATIONS. 

Under  the  above  heading  300  pot  grown  plants  were  dis- 
tributed. We  received  orders  during  the  month  for  40,000  seed- 
Hngs  to  be  dehvered  during  the  month  of  September. 

MAKIKI   STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine.  We 
are  collecting  logs  of  all  the  different  kinds  of  trees  to  be  found 
around  Honolulu  on  Tantalus.  The  logs  will  be  cut  up  into  fence 
posts,  box  shooks,  laths,  etc.,  and  will  be  tested  in  regard  to  dura- 
bility.     Wood  specimens  w^ill  also  be  cut  for  reference  purposes. 

HONOLULU    W^VTERSHED    PLANTING. 

A  commencement  has  been  made  to  cut  out  and  trim  the  trees 
along  the  Tantalus  road  that  runs  through  the  Makiki  forest. 
Complaints  have  been  made  by  people  using  the  road  that  the 
dense  shade  caused  by  the  trees  kept  the  road  always  wet  and 
consequently  unfit  for  ordinary  traffic.  We  have  started  at  the 
bottom  of  the  forest  and  intend  carrying  the  work  right  through 
to  the  top.  Whfn  we  get  finished  there  will  be  no  cause  left  for 
complaint,  as  far  as  the  trees  are  concerned,  and  it  will  be  up  to 
the  County  officials  to  put  the  road  in  good  condition. 

ADVICE  AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  wTiter  has  been  requested  to  make  calls  and  otherwise  give 
advice  and  assistance  as  follows : 

Calls  made 7 

Advice  by  letter 4 

Advice  by  telephone 8 

Advice  at  Nursery 10 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August  9,  1918 


Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — E>uring  the  month  of  July  the  insectary  handled 
21,900  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  2,311 
females  and  2,072  males,  Opius  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 


382 

Opius  huinilis. 
Oahii :    • 

Females.        Males. 

Manoa 60  25 

Kaimuki 35  10 

Maui : 

Haiku 30  30 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 95  30 

Diaehasma  tryoni. 
Oahu: 

Kaimuki 360  125 

Manoa 165  90 

Maui: 

Haiku 50  20 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 250  80 

Spalangia  cameroni. 
Maui : 

Paia 1,550 

Opius  fletchcri. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 250  95 

Moanalua 1,150  980 

Aiea 315  210 

Makiki 350  200 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 100  40 

Kapoho 100  70 

Tetrastichus. 
Oahu: 

Manoa 100 

Paranagrus  Osborni. 

Oahu : 

Makiki  Nursery 8,900 

Aiea 200 

Maui : 

Wailuku 2,400 

Paia ; 3,900 

Hawaii :  "" 

Kapoho 1,900 

Kauai : 

Kalaheo 3,800 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Fullaw^ay, 

Entomologist, 


383 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Julv, 
1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  forty- 
nine  vessels,  of  which  19  carried  vegetable  matter  with  the  fol- 
lowino"  results : 


't> 


Disposal.  Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 577  11,187 

Fumigated 6  6 

Burned 33  33 


Total  inspected 616  11,226 

Of  these  shipments  11,031  packages  arrived  as  freight,  119 
packages  as  mail  and  76  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  42,524  bags  of  rice  and  2,486  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  4,758  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  were  examined  and  from  which  were 
seized  and  destroyed  by  burning,  13  lots  of  fruit  and  17  lots  of 
vegetables. 

The  following  disposal  was  made  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
various  sources : 

On  July  2,  a  case  of  orchids  from  Manila  was  fumigated  with 
H.  C.  N.  for  some  ants  found  in  the  packing. 

On  July  8,  a  bag  of  seed  corn  in  the  mail  from  Mexico  was 
fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  July  9,  a  case  of  banana  sprouts  and  a  case  of  Discorea 
yams  from  Manila,  consigned  to  Wells  Fargo  Express  Co.  for 
the  Hawaii  Experiment  Station,  were  found  to  be  infested  with 
a  large  colony  of  Termites  (White  ants).  Immediate  precau- 
tions were  taken  and  the  cases  were  securely  wrapped  in  a  tar- 
pauHn  and  transferred  to  the  fumigating  room  where  they  were 
subjected  to  fumigation  with  carbon  bisulphide  for  24  hours. 
Subsequent  examination  proved  that  all  of  the  insects  were  killed. 


384 

The  entire  shipment  with  cases  and  packing  were  destroyed  by 
burning. 

This  termite  will  probably  prove  to  be  the  same  species  that  is 
doing  serious  damage  to  the  timber  of  the  various  docks  and 
buildings  throughout  the  city. 

On  July  9,  a  package  of  rice  paddy  from  ^lanila  by  mail  was 
fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  July  16,  a  package  of  tree  seed  in  the  mail  from  Java  was 
fumigated. 

Oil!  the  same  date  two  packages  of  tree  seed  in  the  mail  from. 
]\Ianila  were  fumigated  as  a  precautionary  measure. 

On  July  22,  a  case  of  peaches  in  baggage  from  San  Francisco 
infested  with  Peach  ]\Ioth  were  sorted  and  the  infested  fruit 
burned. 

On  July  30,  a  package  of  dried  insects  from  Samoa  was  found 
to  contain  two  sticks  of  sugar  cane  which  were  confiscated  and 
burned. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Xewell  reports  the  arrival  of  five  vessels,  one  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  119  lots  and  2,216 
parcels.     All  of  these  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI   INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Plant  and  Fruit  Inspector  for  IMaui,  re- 
ports the  arrival  of  five  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  two  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  50  lots  and  343 
packages,  all  of  which  were  found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND   INSPECTION. 

Fifty-seven  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other 
island  ports  were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were 
passed  as  free  from  pests : 

Taro 646  bags 

A^egetables 208  packages 

Plants -  85 

Fruit '  63 

Total  passed 1002 

Six  packages  of  plants  and  one  package  of  pineapples  were 
refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector: 


385 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  10,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honohilu, 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work 
of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  July,  1918: 

THE    ANTHRAX    SITUATION    ON    KAUAI. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  month  a  week  was  spent  on  Kauai 
for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the  quarantine  restrictions  at  Hana- 
lei  in  a  way  satisfactory  to  all  concerned.  In  a  special  report 
dated  July  15th,  I  have  already  detailed  the  results  of  these  ef- 
forts, and  though  the  same  will  not  be  consummated  until  next 
month,  it  may  be  stated  here,  that  the  rigid  quarantine  as  hither- 
to enforced  by  guards  will  be  discontinued  in  so  far  as  certain 
unfenced  districts  and  highways  are  concerned,  while  all  fenced 
pastures  and  premises  w^here  anthrax  has  occurred  will  be  plainly 
posted  with  penalty  signs  Avarning  against  trespassing.  In  dis- 
pensing with  the  guards  it  is  expected  that  the  supervisors  will 
continue  the  appropriation  thereby  saved  ($250.00  per  month) 
as  part  compensation  for  the  continued  services  of  the  Deputy 
Territorial  Veterinarian  and  for  the  employment  of  a  mounted 
patrolman. 

As  already  explained  the  complete  expenditure  of  the  anthrax 
appropriation  would  have  necessitated  that  Dr.  Golding's  ser- 
vices be  dispensed  with  after  July  31st.  To  continue  the  guards 
at  Kalihi-wai  and  Hanalei  bridge  without  any  official  supervision 
v^rould  be  futile.  It  was  therefore  pointed  out  to  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  that  it  was  far  more  important  to  retain  Dr.  Golding 
than  the  guards ;  that  the  frequent  deaths  of  cattle  and  horses  on 
the  Princeville  Plantation  required  the  presence  of  a  veterinarian 
to  determine  the  cause  of  death  and  supervise  the  disposal  of  the 
carcasses ;  that  no  -live  stock  should  enter  or  leave  the  infected 
district  without  official  inspection ;  and  finally  that  vaccination 
would  have  to  be  continued  for  an  indefinite  period. 

These  suggestions  were  subsequently  embodied  in  a  letter  to 
the  Board  of  Supervisors  and  a  reply  received  that  the  matter 
would  be  considered  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  Board,  on 
August  7th. 

While  on  Kauai  I  went  w^ith  Dr.  Golding  to  examine  the  car- 
cass of  a  horse  on  the  Princeville  Plantation,  some  four  miles 
mauka  of  the  plantation  stables.  The  horse  belonged  to  an  em- 
ployee of  the  Kauai  Electric  Company  and  had  been  vaccinated 
some  six  weeks  before.  The  owner  had  telephoned  the  manager 
of  the  ranch  reporting  the  horse  sick,  and  as  Dr.  Golding  was 
vdth  me  at  Waimea,   he   had   the  horse  brought   down   to  the 


386 

stables,  where  he  injected  it  with  100  cc.  anti-anthrax  serum 
and  sent  it  back  mauka.  The  horse  died  a  few  hours  after,  be- 
tween midnight  and  morning. 

When  I  reached  the  ranch  the  manager  had  already  visited 
the  carcass  and  taken  blood  smears  for  microscopic  examination. 
These  proved  to  contain  a  very  few  bacilli  strongly  resembling 
anthrax,  whereas  there  should  have  been  millions  had  the  animal 
actually  died  from  this  disease.  It  was  therefore  decided  to  ex- 
amine the  carcass.  Here  again  a  number  of  contrasting  condi- 
tions wxre  found.  Though  the  animal  had  then  been  dead  at 
least  six  hours,  the  carcass  was  in  a  condition  of  extreme  rigor 
mortis.  There  was  no  bloody  discharge  from  the  natural  open- 
ings. These  two  conditions  would  generally  be  considered  suffi- 
cient to  pronounce  a  negative  diagnosis — not  anthrax.  The 
jugular  vein  was  severed,  and  very  dark  blood  containing  dis- 
tinct clots  flowed  out.  Here  again  the  first  condition  spoke  for 
anthrax,  the  second  against.  So  when  the  carcass  was  opened. 
The  system  was  enlarged  but  not  soft.  There  were  some  gela- 
tinous exudations  but  not  sufficient  to  be  of  diagnostic  value  or 
appearance.  Smears  w^ere  taken  for  microscopic  examination 
and  the  carcass  was  then  burned  where  it  lay.  The  subsequent 
examination  showed  a  very  few  anthrax-resembling  bacilli.  Had 
the  animal  died  from  an  ordinary  case  of  anthrax  the  blood 
would,  six  to  eight  hours  after  death,  have  been  a  seething  mass 
of  bacteria. 

I  have  gone  into  detail  in  describing  this  case  to  show  how 
difficult  the  diagnosis  of  anthrax  can  be  at  times.  Also  to  show 
the  inadvisability  of  taking  a  horse  four  miles,  mostly  up  hill, 
after  injecting  100  cc.  of  anti-anthrax  serum. 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS  WORK. 

From  Hawaii  Dr.  Elliot,  who  has  returned  from  the  Coast 
much  improved  in  health  and  who  has  resumed  his  duties  with 
this  Board,  reports  that  he  has  tested  all  dairy  animals  in  Hilo 
and  vicinity,  some  320  head,  and  found  12  reactors.  These 
have  been  appraised,  destroyed  and  compensation  paid  in  the 
usual  way. 

From  Maui,  Dr.  Fitzgerald  reports  2  cows  condemned  at  La- 
haina. 

On  Kauai  Dr.  Golding  will  test  the  dairy  stock  on  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  island,  but  until  final  arrangement  has  been  made 
for  his  retention  it  has  not  been  considered  advisable  for  him  to 
be  absent  from  the  Hanalei  district  for  anv  len.sfth  of  time. 


'ts' 


Respectfully  submitted, 


V^ICTOR   A.    NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 


387 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  x\ugust  21,  1918. 

Doctor  \^ictor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of 
July,  1918. 

TUBERCULOSIS   CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  past  month: 

Tested.  Passed.  Condemned. 

Waianae  Plantation  Co ?>2  31  1 

H.  Hackfeld  &  Co 5  5  0 

Kamehameha  Schools  ....     47  47  0 

A  total  of  84  head  were  tested  out  of  which  number  83  were 
passed  and  1  condemned  and  branded. 

Besides  the  above,  post-mortem  examinations  were  made  on 
three  cows  condemned  the  month  previous. 

CONTAGIOUS    EPITHELIONA. 

Several  small  outbreaks  of  this  disease  occurred  among  chick- 
-ens  and  turkeys  during  the  month  and  a  total  of  54  chickens  and 
40  turkeys  were  given  the  vaccine  treatment.  1000  cc.  of  chicken- 
pox  vaccine  was  made  up  in  the  laboratory  and  distributed  among 
the  poultry  raisers. 

LIVE  STOCK  IMPORTATIONS. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco :  1  English  bulldog.  Wells 
Fargo  Express  Co. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco:  1  dog  (D'achshund),  Airs. 
Wisadeider. 

S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco:  2  dogs  (collies).  Wells  Fargo 
Express  Co. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  \'eterinarian. 


388 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction. 
Period  L     The  Period  of  Discovery. 

1.  Probable  Arrival  of  Shipwrecked  Spaniards 1527 

2.  Discovery  by  Juan  Gaetano 1555 

3.  Discovery  by  Captain  James  Cook 1778 

4.  Ledyard's  Expedition  into  the  Kona  Forests 

5.  Visit  of  Portlock  and  Dixon 1786 

6.  Visit  of  La  Perouse 1786 

II.     The  Eaxly  Period. 

7.  Beginning  of  the  Sandalwood  Trade 1791 

8.  Coming    of    Marin 1791 

9.  The  Three  Visits  of  Vancouver  and  Menzies 1792-4 

10.  The  Two  Visits  of  Captain  Broughton 1796 

11.  The   First   Distilleries 1800 

12.  Maximum  of  the  Sandalwood  Trade 1810-25 

13.  Visit  of  Kotzebue  and  Chamisso 1816 

III.  The  Middle  Period. 

14.  Visit   of  Freycinet   and   Gaudichaud 1819 

15.  The   Pioneer   American   Missionaries 1820 

16.  Tour  of  Hawaii  by  William  Ellis 1823 

17.  Visit  of  Macrae 1824-26 

18.  Visit   of  Lord  Byron 1825 

19.  Visit  of  Lay  and  Collie 1826-27 

20.  Visit   of   David   Douglas 1833 

21.  The  United  States  Exploring  Expedition 1840 

22.  Visit  of  the  Galathea  and  Didrichsen 1845-7 

23.  The  Voyage  of  the  Herald;  Berthold  Seemann 1848 

24.  Explorations  by  Jules  Eemy 1853 

25.  Exploration  by  Mann  and  Brigham 1864-5 

26.  Explorations  by  Wawra 1869 

IV.  The  Latter  Period. 

27.  William  Hillebrand,  Hawaii's  Greatest  Botanist 1850-86 

28.  John  M.  Lydgate  and  Other  Local  Students 1873 

29.  Explorations   by   Heller 1896 

30.  Schauinsland    on    Laysan 1896-7 

31.  Visit  of  Miss  Tilden 1900 

The  Twentieth  Century. 

INTRODUCTION. 

There  is  probably  no  other  region,  of  equal  area,  that  has  a 
history  of  scientific  exploration  and  investigation  more  interest- 


389 

ing  than  that  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Since  the  English  discov- 
ery of  this  isolated  archipelago  by  Captain  Cook  in  1778,  the 
islands  have  been  repeatedly  visited  and  explored  by  men  of 
science  from  many  countries  and  of  many  interests. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  the  present  paper  to  chronicle  briefly  the 
salient  incidents  in  the  history  of  botanical  exploration  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  from  the  earliest  known  time  down  to  the 
beginning  of  the  twentieth  century.  Particular  attention  is  given 
to  the  visits  of  the  earlier  voyagers  and  investigators,  as  they 
possess  the  fresh  charm  of  pioneer  work.  This  characteristic 
compensates  for  their  lack  of  comprehensiveness.  The  later 
work  was  more  technical  and  intensive,  but  not  so  replete  with 
human  interest.  The  writer  does  not  attempt  an  exhaustive  his- 
torical dissertation,  but  to  enumerate  only  the  significant  and 
outstanding  facts  concerning  each  explorer.  The  data  have  been 
collected  from  a  wide  range  of  sources,  many  of  which  are  rela- 
tively inaccessible. 

The  observation  is  pertinent  at  this  place  that  the  primitive 
Hawaiians  were  the  first  botanical  explorers  of  the  islands.  They 
not  only  introduced  a  considerable  number  and  variety  of  Poly- 
nesian economic  plants  from  their  migration  home  in  the  South 
Pacific,  but  also  became  intimately  familiar  with  the  indigenous 
flora.  They  possessed  or  devised  specific  names  for  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  indigenous  species.  Their  nomenclature  exhibits  the 
rudimentary  stages  of  the  binomial  system.*  The  primitive  Ha- 
waiian was  an  accurate  observer,  and  there  are  at  the  present 
time  many  evidences  of  an  extensive  plant-lore  that  is  almost 
wholly  forgotten  by  the  modern  native. 

PERIOD  I.    THE  PERIOD  OF  DISCOVERY. 

1.     Probable  Arrival  of  Shipwrecked  Spaniards. 

1527.  Noveinhcr. 

The  history  of  the  Hawaiian  Archipelago,  from  the  standpoint 
of  European  exploration  and  the  scientific  researches  that  later 
accompanied  it,  begins  with  the  year  1527.  The  following  quota- 
tion from  a  scholarly  paper  by  Professor  W.  D.  Alexander,  of 
ITonolulu,  entitled  ''The  Relations  Betzveen  the  Ha-a'aiiaii  Islands 
and  SpaiiisJi  America  in  Early  Times/'  (read  before  the  Hawaii- 
an Historical  Society,  Jan.  28,  1892,  and  published  by  the  So- 
ciety), supplies  the  detailed  statement: 

" Hernando  Cortez,  immediately  after  his  conquest  of 

Mexico^  fitted  out  an  expedition  on  the  western  coast  to  reinforce 
his  countrymen  at  the  Moluccas.  The  little  squadron,  consisting 
of  three   small  vessels,   carrying   110  men,   and   commanded   by 


*   See  also  J.  F.  Eock,  List  of  Hawaiian  Plant  Names,  Bur.  Agric.  & 
Forest.  Bot.  Bull.  2,  1913.    Honolulu. 


390 

Don  Alvarado  de  Saavedra,  sailed  from  Zacatula,  Mexico,  Oct. 
31,  1527.  The  narrative  of  the  voyage  is  preserved  in  Herrera's 
vv^ork,  (Herrera,  decada  3,  Hbro  1,  cap.  6),  and  also  in  Burney's 

''Discoveries  in  the  South  Seas''  (Vol.  1,  p.  148) When  the 

squadron  was  about  a  thousand  leagues  from  port  it  was  scat- 
tered by  a  tempest.  The  two  smaller  vessels  were  never  heard 
from  again,  but  Saavedra  pursued  the  voyage  alone  in  the  Florida 
to  the  Moluccas,  touching  at  the  Ladrone  Islands  on  his  way. 

"Now  a  well-known  Hawaiian  tradition  relates  that  in  the 
reign  of  Keliiokaloa,  son  of  Umi,  a  foreign  vessel  was  wrecked 
at  Keei,  South  Kona,  Hawaii.  According  to  the  tradition,  only 
the  captain  and  his  sister  reached  the  shore  in  safety.  From  their 
kneeling  on  the  beach  and  remaining  a  long  time  in  that  posture* 
the  place  was  called  Kulou,  as  it  is  unto  this  day.  The  natives 
received  them  kindly  and  placed  food  before  them.  These  strang- 
ers intermarried  with  the  Hawaiians,  and  were  the  progenitors 
of  certain  well-known  families  of  chiefs,  as  for  instance,  that  of 
Kaikioewa,  former  Governor  of  Kauai."  Professor  Alexander 
continues,  demonstrating  the  likelihood  of  these  foreigners  being 
the  survivors  of  two  lost  vessels. 

2.     Discovery  by  Juan  Gaetano. 

1555. 

Quoting  further  from  Professor  Alexander's  paper,  *'An  offi- 
cial letter  from  the  Spanish  Hydrographical  Department,  dated 
Madrid,  February  21,  1865,.  .  .  .  states  that  an  ancient  manuscript 
chart  was  found  in  the  archives  of  that  office,  in  which  this  group 
is  laid  down  as  in  the  chart  of  the  Spanish  galleon,  with  the  name 
'Tslas  de  Mesa,"  and  a  note  declaring  that  they  were  discovered 
and  named  by  Juan  Gaetano  in  1555.     Unfortunately  no  record 

of  that  voyage  has  been  found "     There  is  other  evidence  to 

show  that  the  Spanish  officials,  for  commercial  reasons,  kept  the 
discovery  secret. 

3.    Discovery  by  Captain  James  Cook. 

1778.   Jan.  18. 

The  renowned  English  navigator,  Captain  James  Cook,  made 
three  famous  voyages  of  discovery.  (1)  1768-1771,  to  Tahiti, 
New  Zealand^  Australia,  New  Guinea,  and  the  East  Indies;  (2) 
1772-1775,  to  the  South  Pacific;  (3)  1776-1778,  in  quest  of  the 
long  sought  "Northwest  Passage"  between  the  Pacific  and  At- 
lantic. David  Nelson  was  the  botanist  on  Cook's  third  voyage, 
and  was  the  first  botanist  in  the  Hawaiian  Archipelago.  From 
the  Society  Islands  he  sailed  northward,  toward  the  northwest 
coast  of  America,  and  on  Jan.  18th,  discovered  the  Island  "of 
Oahu,  and  50on  afterwards  saw  Kauai.     On  the  nineteenth  Nii- 


391 

hau  was  sighted.     A  landing  was  made  at  Waimea,  Kauai,  and 
trading"  was  carried  on  with  the  natives. 

Excursion  up  JVaiinea  Valley. 

Captain  Cook,  to  quote  from  his  narrative,  "made  an  excursion 
into  the  countr}-  u])  the  valley,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Anderson 
and  Air.  Webber  (the  surgeon  and  the  artist  of  the  expedition — 

ed.)     A  numerous  train  of  natives  followed  us "     He  visited 

a  heiaii,  of  which  he  gives  a  description  and  a  drawing.      No 
mention  is  made  of  the  plant  life  of  the  region. 

Introduction  of  the  First  European 
Live-stock  and  Vegetables  {on  Niihau). 

On  the  twenty  ninth  he  visited  Niihau,  where  water  and 
provisions  were  taken  aboard.  Before  departure  Captain 
Cook  presented  the  natives  with  "a  ram-goat  and  two  ewes, 
a  boar  and  sow-pig  of  the  English  breed,  and  the  seeds  of  melons, 
pumpkins,  and  onions,  being  very  desirous  of  benefiting  these 
poor  people  by  furnishing  them  with  some  additional  articles 
of  food."  He  further  states  that  "The  ground  through  which  I 
passed  was  in  a  state  of  nature,  very  stony,  and  the  soil  seemed 
poor. 

First  Account  of  Haivaiian  Plant  Life. 

It  was,  however,  covered  with  shrub  and  plants,  some  of 
which  perfumed  the  air  with  a  more  delicious  fragrancy  than  I 
had  met  at  any  of  the  other  islands  in  this  ocean."  In  describing 
the  natives  and  their  mode  of  life  Cook  mentions  the  breadfruit, 
sweet  potato,  banana,  kalo  or  taro,  paper  mulberry,  gourd,  azi'a 
and  kou."^ 

On  Feb.  2nd  Cook  sailed  northward  and  devoted  the  next 
months  to  exploring  the  coasts  of  Alaska,  Bering  Straits,  and  the 
Arctic  Ocean.  Blocked  by  the  ice,  he  finally  decided  to  return 
to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  the  winter. 

On  Nov.  26th  the  Island  of  Maui  was  discovered.  The  natives 
came  out  in  their  canoes,  bringing  quantities  of  breadfruit,  sweet 
potatoes,  taro,  bananas,  and  pigs,  which  were  traded  for  iron  and 
tools.  Cook  also  procured  a  quantity  of  sugar  cane.  The  month 
of  December  was  spent  in  beating  along  the  eastern  and  southern 
sides  of  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  and  on  Jan.  17th,  1779,  he  finally 
anchored  in  Kealakekua  Bay,  on  the  Kona  Coast. 


*  See  also:    W.  A.  Bryan,  Natural  History  of  Hawaii.    Honolulu,  1915. 


392 
4.    Expedition  Into  the  Kona  Forests. 

Attempted  Ascent  of  Mauna  Loa 
by  John  Ledyard  and  Party. 

Inasmuch  as  Cook  met  his  death  at  this  place,  the  official  ac- 
count of  the  events  that  transpired  here  is  very  full.  The  only 
feature  of  botanical  interest  was  the  attempt  made  by  John  Led- 
yard and  a  party  of  sailors  to  ascend  Mauna  Loa.  This  is  the 
first  recorded  expedition  into  the  interior  of  a  Hawaiian  island. 

Ledyard  was  born  in  Connecticut  and  was  educated  at  Dart- 
mouth College  for  missionary  work  among  the  Indians.  Upon 
finding  this  type  of  work  distasteful,  he  became  a  wanderer, 
("The  American  Traveller").  Among  many  other  adventures 
he  visited  England,  joined  the  British  navy  and  chanced  to  obtain 
a  position  in  Cook's  last  expedition.  Selections  from  Ledyard's 
journals  and  correspondence  form  the  basis  for  a  biography  by 
Jared  Sparks,  published  by  Hilliar  and  Brown,  Cambridge,  1828. 
Ledyard  had  been  stationed  on  shore  at  Kealakekua,  with  a  com- 
pany of  marines  to  protect  the  tents  and  astronomical  equipment. 
He  "formed  the  design  of  ascending  the  high  peak.  .  .  .called  by 
the  natives  Mouna  Roa .  .  .  . "  From  his  station  at  the  tents,  Led- 
yard sent  a  note  on  board  the  Resolution  to  Captain  Cook,  asking 
permission  to  make  this  journey,  for  the  double  purpose  of  ex- 
ploring the  interior,  and,  if  possible,  climbing  to  the  top  of  the 
mountain.  The  request  was  granted.  The  botanist,  David  Nel- 
son, and  the  gunner  of  the  Resolution,  were  deputed  by  the  com- 
mander to  accompany  him.  "Natives  were  also  engaged  to  carry 
the  bag-gage,  and  serve  as  guides  through  the  woods....  On 
first  leaving  the  town,  their  route  lay  through  enclosed  plantations 
of  sweet  potatoes.  .  .  .  Now  and  then  a  patch  of  sugar  cane  was 
seen.  Next  came  the  open  plantations,  consisting  chiefly  of 
breadfruit  trees,  and  the  land  iDegan  to  ascend  more  rapidly." 

"We  continued  up  the  ascent/'  he  writes,  "to  the  distance  of  a 
mile  and  a  half  further,  and  found  the  land  thick  covered  with 
wild  fern,  among  which  our  botanist  found  a  new  species.  It 
was  now  near  sunset,  and  being  upon  the  skirts  of  these  woods, 
that  so  remarkably  surrounded  this  island  at  a  uniform  distance 
of  four  or  five  miles  from  the  shore,  we  concluded  to  halt,  espe- 
cially as  there  was  a  hut  hard  by,  that  would  afford  us  a  better 
retreat  during  the  night,  than  what  we  might  expect  if  we  pro- 
ceeded.   When  we  reached  that  hut,  we  found  it  inhabited  by  an 

elderly  man,  his  wife  and  daughter They  were  somewhat 

discomposed  at  our  appearance  and  equipment,  and  would  have 
left  their  house  through  fear,  had  not  the  Indians   (Hawaiians 

— ed.)  who  accompanied  us,  persuaded  them We  sat  down 

together  before  the  doon  and  from  the  height  of  the  situation  we 
had  a  complete  retrospective  view  of  our  route,  of  the  town,  of 
part  of  the  bay,  and  one  of  our  ships,  besides  an  extensive  pros- 


393 

pect  on  the  ocean,  and  a  distant  view  of  three  of  the  neighboring 
islands. 

'*As  we  had  proposed  remaining  at  this  hut  through  the  night, 
and  were  wilHng  to  preserve  what  provisions  we  had  ready  dress- 
ed, we  purchased  a  httle  pig,  and  had  him  dressed  by  our  host, 
who  bestirred  himself  and  soon  had  it  ready.  As  soon  as  the  sun 
was  set,  we  found  a  considerable  difference  in  the  state  of  the 
air.  At  night  a  heavy  dew  fell,  and  we  felt  it  very  chilly,  and  had 
recourse  to  our  blankets,  notwithstanding  we  were  in  the  hut. 
The  next  morning  we  found  there  had  been  a  heavy  rain, 
though  none  of  it  had  approached  us,  notwithstanding  we  were 
within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  skirts  of  the  forest.  And  it 
seemed  to  be  a  matter  of  fact,  both  from  the  information  of  the 
natives  and  our  own  observations,  that  neither  the  rain  nor  the 
dews  descended  lower  than  where  the  woods  terminated?  unless 
at  the  equinoxes  or  more  periodical  conjuncture,  by  which  means 
the  space  between  the  woods  and  the  shore  is  rendered  warm, 
and  fit  for  the  purposes  of  culture,  and  the  vegetation  of  tropical 
production. 

"We  traversed  these  woods  by  a  compass,  keeping  a  direct 
course  for  the  peak,  and  was  so  happy  the  first  day  as  to  find  a 
footpath  that  tended  nearly  our  due  course,  by  which  means  we 
travelled  by  estimation  about  fifteen  miles,  and  though  it  would 
have  been  no  extraordinary  march,  had  circumstances  been  dif- 
ferent, yet,  as  we  found  them,  we  thought  it  a  very  great  one  ; 
for  it  was  not  only  excessively  miry  and  rough,  but  the  way  was 
mostly  an  ascent,  and  we  had  been  unused  to  walking,  and 
especially  to  carry  such  loads  as  we  had.  Our  Indian  companions 
were  much  more  fatigued  than  we  were,  though  they  had  noth- 
ing to  carry,  and,  what  displeased  us  very  much,  would  not 
carry  anything.     Our  botanical  researches  delayed  us  somewhat. 

"The  sun  had  not  set  when  we  halted,  yet  meeting  with  a  situa- 
tion that  pleased  us>  and  not  being  limited  as  to  time,  we  spent 
the  remaining  part  of  the  day  as  humor  dictated,  some  in  botaniz- 
ing, and  those  who  had  fowling-pieces  with  them  in  shooting. 
For  my  part  I  could  not  but  think  the  present  appearance  of  our 
encampment  claimed  a  part  of  our  attention,  and  therefore  set 
about  some  alterations  and  amendments.  It  wa's  the  trunk  of  a 
tree,  that  had  fallen  by  the  side  path,  and  lay  with  one  end 
transversely  over  another  tree,  and  had  fallen  before  in  an  oppo- 
site direction,  and  as  it  measured  twenty-two  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  lay  four  feet  from  the  ground,  it  afforded  very  good 
shelter  except  at  the  sides,  which  defect  I  supplied  by  large  pieces 
of  bark,  and  a  good  quantity  of  boughs,  which  rendered  it  very 
commodious.  We  slept  through  the  night  under  it  much  better 
than  we  had  done  the  preceding,  notwithstanding  there  was  a 
heavy  dew,  and  the  air  cold. 

"The  next  morning  we  set  out  in  good  spirits,  hoping  that  day 
to  reach  the  snowy  peak ;  but  we  had  not  gone  a  mile,  before  the 
path,  that  had  hitherto  so  much  facilitated  our  progress,  began 


394 

not  only  to  take  a  direction  southward  of  west,  but  had  been  so 
little  frequented  as  to  be  almost  effaced.  In  this  situation  we  con- 
suited  our  Indian  convoy^  but  to  no  purpose.  We  then  advised 
among  ourselves,  and  at  length  concluded  to  proceed  by  the  near- 
est route  without  any  beaten  track,  and  went  in  this  manner  about 
four  miles  further,  finding  the  way  even  more  steep  and  rough, 
than  we  had  yet  experienced,  but  above  all  impeded  by  such  im- 
penetrable thickets,  as  rendered  it  impossible  for  us  to  proceed 
any  further.  We  therefore  abandoned  our  design,  and  returning 
in  our  own  track,  reached  the  retreat  we  had  improved  the  last 
night,  having  been  the  whole  day  in  walking  only  about  ten  miles, 
and  we  had  been  very  assiduous  too. 

"We  found  the  country  here,  as  well  a\3  at  the  seashore,  univer- 
sally overspread  with  lava,  and  also  saw  several  subterranean 
excavations,  that  had  every  appearance  of  past  eruption  and  fire. 
Our  botanist  today  met  w^ith  great  success,  and  we  had  also  shot 
a  number  of  fine  birds  of  the  liveliest  and  most  variegated 
plumage,  that  any  of  us  ever  met  with,  but  we  heard  no  melody 
among  them.  Except  these  we  saw  no  other  kind  of  birds  but 
the  screech-owl ;  neither  did  we  see  any  kind  of  quadruped,  but 
we  caught  several  curious  insects.  The  woods  here  are  thick 
and  luxuriant,  the  largest  trees  being  nearly  thirty  feet  in  the 
girth>  and  these  with  the  shrubbery  underneath,  and  the  whole 
interBected  with  vines,  render  it  very  umbrageous. 

''The  next  day,  about  two  in  the  afternoon,  we  cleared  the 
woods  by  six  o'clock,  reached  the  tents,  having  penetrated  about 
twenty-four  miles,  and,  we  supposed,  within  eleven  of  the  peak. 
Our  Indians  were  extremely  fatigued,  though  they  had  no  bag- 
gage." 

Cook  was  killed  in  a  quarrel  with  the  natives,  and  Captain  King 
brought  the  expedition  back  to  England.  The  collections  of 
David  Nelson  are  now  in  the  Kew  Herbarium,  that  of  the  Lin- 
naean  Society  of  London,  and  that  of  the  British  Museum. 

5.     Visit  of  Portlock  and  Dixon. 

1786.   May  24///. 

After  the  fateful  discovery  of  the  islands  by  Captain  Cook  the 
next  vek3sels  to  visit  the  ''Sandwich  Islands"  were  the  ''King 
George"  (Captain  Nathaniel  Portlock)  and  the  ''Queen  Char- 
lotte" (Captain  George  Dixon).  They  sailed  together  from  Lon- 
don, to  engage  in  fur  trade  with  the  Indians  along  the  northwest 
coast  of  America.  Cook's  third  voyage  had  demonstrated  the 
profitableness  of  this  trade.  They  arrived  at  Hawaii  May  24, 
1786;  came  to  Oahu,  Waialae  Bay,  June  3rd,  and  later  touched 
at  Kauai  and  Niihau.  They  returned  from  the  North  in  Novem- 
ber,^ 1786,  and  spent  the  winter,  mostly  at  Waialae,  Oahu,  and 
Waimea,  Kauai.  No  scientific  or  botanical  explorations  were 
made;  work  of  this  character  was  not  provided  for  by  the  expe- 
dition. 


395 

Trip  up  Waimea  Valley,  Kauai. 

One  of  Dixon's  men  made  a  short  trip,  occupying  part 
of  one  day,  up  Waimea  Valley.     He  describes  the  taro  patches, 

paper-mulberry  plantations,  and  other  features  of  native  life  and 
agriculture.  In  the  "Natural  History"  appendix  of  Dixon's  nar- 
rative, there  are  descriptions  and  plates  of  a  crab,  a  snail  shell, 
and  a  "yellow-tufted  bee-eater,"  but  no  botanic  notes. 

6.    Visit  of  La  Perouse. 

1786.   May  2Sth. 

Four  days  after  the  arrival  of  Portlock  and  Dixon,  and  in  eri- 
tire  ignorance  of  their  presence,  the  famous  and  ill-fated  La 
Perouse,  with  his  two  frigates  ''La  Boussolc"  and  "L'  Astrolabe," 
sighted  the  snow-covered  peaks  of  Hawaii.  On  the  29th  his  ships 
stood  in  the  channel  between  Maui  and  Hawaii,  and  considerable- 
trading  was  done  with  the  nativeis,  who  came  out  in  canoes. 

First  European  Landing  on  Maui. 

On  the  30th  he  and  a  large  party,  in  two  boats>  made  a  land- 
ing at  Honua-ula,  East  Maui.  Thus  the  first  landing  by  Euro- 
peans on  Maui,  (aside  from  the  possibility  of  unknown  Spanish 
landings),  was  made  by  the  French.  La  Perouse  and  his  party 
visited  several  villages  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  He  describes 
the  large  gourd  calabashes,  kapa  cloth,  etc.,  but  gives  no  detailed 
or  even  general  Statement  of  the  vegetation.  Lie  re-embarked 
at  noon,  and  sailed  toward  Molokai.  Without  touching  at  any  of 
the  islands  save  the  one  landing  on  Maui,  by  June  first  his  ships 
stood  clear  to  the  windward  of  Oahu  and  Molokai  and  continued 
to  the  Alaskan  Coast. 

Life  and  Voyage  of  La  Perouse. 

Although  adding  nothing  to  botanical  knowledge  of  the  islands, 
the  great  voyage  of  La  Perouse  and  its  my'.sterious  termination, 
did  much  to  attract  scientific  attention  to  the  Pacific  and  its 
island  worlds.  Jean-Francois  de  Galaup  La  Perouse  (Comte 
de),  was  born  Aug.  22,  1741.  His  youth  was  spent  in  various 
naval  expeditions  during  the  war  with  England. 

On  Aug.  1,  1785,  he  sailed,  under  command  of  the  French 
Government,  in  the  ship'.5  already  named,  to  search  for  the  tradi- 
tional North-West  Passage,  vainly  attempted  by  Cook  in  his  last 
voyage,  from  the  Pacific  side.  His  commands  included  extensive 
explorations  in  the  Pacific,  as  well  as  to  report  upon  the  whale 
fisheries  and  the  fur  trade.  His  large  fetafif  of  scientists  included 
a  naturalist,  a  botanical  draughtsman,   and  a  bctanjc  gardener. 


396 

He  arrived  at  Hawaii,  as  has  been  described,  his  last  stop  having 
been  at  Easter  Island,  where  much  exploration  was  done. 

Necker  Island. 

After  leaving  Hawaii  he  reached  Alaska  in  June,  1786.  After 
six  week*;  of  exploration  he  was  driven  away  by  stormy  weather, 
and  sailing  southwest,  encountered  the  leeward  islands,  and  on 
Nov.  5,  1786,  discovered  Necker  Island.  He  continued  to  the 
Asiatic  coast,  and  most  fortunately  decided  to  send  Lesseps  back 
to  Europe  by  an  overland  route.  Le^sseps  left  the  expedition  at 
Kamchatka,  and  took  with  him  all  the  valuable  journals,  notes, 
and  other  scientific  data  that  had  been  made  up  to  that  date. 

A  part  of  the  ''Astrolabe"  crew  was  murdered  by  Samoans>  at 
Mauna,  in  December,  1787.  La  Perouse  continued  the  eventful 
voyage,  and  was  in  Botany  Bay,  Australia,  in  January,  1788.  After 
leaving  this  port  nothing  more  was  heard  of  him  or  his  squadron. 
Several  searching  parties  and  relief  expeditions  were  sent  out, 
without  'success.  In  1826  Captain  Peter  Dillon  found  the  wreck- 
age of  the  vessels  on  Vani-koro,  a  small  island  to  the  north  of  the 
New  Hebrides.  In  1828  Dumont  d'Urville  visited  this  island 
and  erected  there  a  monument  commemorating  La  Perouse  and 
his  unfortunate  voyage. 

(To  be  continued.) 


'lllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIillllllilllllillllllllllllllllllllllillllllillllllllL 


OrnCERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,  Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &.  GO.  Ltd. 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


SUGAR  FACTORS 

SHIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 
NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 
JOINT  SERVICE 
NIPPON  YUSEN  KAISHA 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Klilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinburgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 
British  America  Assurance  Co. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


=   Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.    Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 


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[  The  Paper  They  All  Head  \ 

E  Circulation,  "both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  S 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  = 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  hy  house,  = 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  moniig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

~  news — this  morning — not  tliis  afternoon.                .  E 


iC 


E  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  = 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  E 

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jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

^  FEED  CO.,  LTD.  I 

E  Dealers  in  = 

I         HAY  AND  GRAIN         | 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  = 

I         ALGAROBA  FEED         | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

E  PARTICULAR  ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  = 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  = 

E  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  = 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

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MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPj: 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

E  FOR  FULL  PAETICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

I  Castled  Cooke,  Ctd.| 

i  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


=  FOR  = 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

I  AUTOMOBILE  AND  I 

I  TOORISTS'  BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANGE  | 

jeastk^eooke,  CtdJ 

I  HONOLULU.  HAWAII  | 

iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiT 


^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 


AGENT 


HARTFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


ECO. 


OF  NEW  YORK 


=   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   E 

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Eniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  | 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

=  ers,  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

=  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

rilillllllllllllillllilllliiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllin 


^MIilllllllllilllllllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIiintlll!!illlli!llllllllllilillllllllllllillilllllllllllllll!: 


=  Cable  Address:     "GUANO"  = 

=      Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      = 

I  li  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERIILIZER  CO.  I 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

5  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  5 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


riiiniiiiiiiiiiiiigilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllliillllllllllllllii 


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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

=  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  = 

i  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

=  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

i  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  = 

=  MISSION  MERCHANTS^INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=   DEALERS   IN: 


HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO    AND    = 
DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu  Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  P£ 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiinr 


Officers  and  Staff  ol:  tine  Board  d:  CormiuiK): oiit  i !. 
of  Agriculture  ami  Forestry 


\'ny) 


:Af.  voa  II:: 


I»&Ticl  Haiigha,  Forest  'Murs^ry,   :  x 
Joseph  F.  Bock;  Covi^wrttnif  iJin;     /  J. 
tJro.  Matthiafi  Kewell,  in  c/wni7«'  of  Suiy-Nunt-n/  tit  ,'Jio, 
Walfcer  t).  McBiytle,  in  eharg<i  of  Suh-Nurserp  at  Um^sst 
D8.md  KB.j)ihe,  Forest  Manger  for  'TantalUs,  Oahi^, 
E.  H.  'Bi^plej  J?9re.it  JRanjcr  fcr  Palolp,  Manoa.  i  < ;       ,  :•:- 
JolmVililaiiii,  Forest  liahgcf  for  Widanae^  t9;i<n. 
Hoaea  "K.l^oyeil,  Forest  Bangor  for  Jjlari^i, 
^.,  J.  W.  Mfic^'.'rzio/  Fciv^-i  Jian^yer  for  'Ro-nv 


r  Bir^joMOicoar. 


■■:  ■       i^_  ■     ';,  -'    :  ntory  AsiiiSt- 

I).  B.  3Iuhus,  ^s«J5fc7Jt  Pk:r*i 
Bro,  M.  i^eyrell,  Fruit  and  FU 

vr:n  J.  C^vr-cr,  Fruit  (md^  Plw 

'      '  i    ;,  Honorary  Fkiv 

-  \  *      ■  '■   '1  '.  Honorarv  F'tar. 


\^  V 


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.Riia  .,:.:/ 

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r.'/.'uh!:     '. 

i'  .  ' :  •  (i; 

Ah:.]uy,'r, 

i.;::.cr  ar 

riu  ',  .  . 

r  :■  ■:ry  Plant  nispct^U^r  <it  Mau'ih,   I 


ii,  L*.  i:iilii^i',  iJ^.i'jty  Ttrn''-^  '  :<'■'.  ■  .ni,  j^u^t  ii';.:* 
A,  E.:Uov,'at,  D&pMt'tf-  Ttr-  ' : .  :  '  ,,  an^^JVest:  Eo 
.7.  G.  Fitz><)ratld,  Beputy  1  ;■;■  •    :  ■  -  '    •  ■  arian,  'Mai.' 

JMiia  M.  Ti  Kelly,  iTlerk  arnJ  t-iin,:><na¥/!er.  ^ 

Miss  !F2orerc3  A.  White,  iu'jrir.iri  (si^^  lUisiu'j'OYiiphifi 

DfL!?iul  Ij«ifan^  FcUtor  of  tha  Fount (W 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTEE 

AND 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial -^ f^ 

Division  of  Forestry.. ^^ 

Division  of  Entomology - ^J^ 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection ■ ^09 

Division  of  Animal  Industry ^j;f 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 417 


Alfxani^r  $c  lalbtuttt. 


HmxUh 


OFPIOES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING 

82  WALL  STREET 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG. 


HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFPIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

J.  P.  COOKE President  and  Director 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEB First  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  E.  GALT Second  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH • Third  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEBHOUSE Treasurer 

JOHN  GUILD .Secretary 

H.   A.   BALDWIN. Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE Director 

C.  H.  ATHEBTON Director 

C.  B.  HEMENWAY Director 


AGENTS    FOB 


Hawaiian    Commercial   and   Sugar   Company 

Haiku  Sugar  Company 

Paia   Plantation 

Maui   Agricultoral  Comptatf 

HawBJian  Sugar  Company 

McBryde    Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Kauai   Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Kabnlui   Railroad   Company 


Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Honolua  Ranch 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company 

American  Central  Insurance  Company 

The  Horns  Insurance  Company,  New  York 

New    Zealand    Insurance    Company 

German    Alliance    Insurance    Association 

Switzerland  Marine  Insoance  Company,   Ltd. 


iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnniiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiininiiii 


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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


^UlllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllillllinillllllllllillilliililllllllllllilllllllllllNllllillih 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TEEE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOE 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVEENMENT   NURSEEY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  coustantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,   Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  "^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulation:*,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  October,  1918.  No.  10 


In  the  forest  planting  being  undertaken  on  the  slopes  of 
the  Waianae  Mountains,  Oahu,  a  variety  of  trees  of  a  xero- 
philous  nature  will  be  tried  out  in  order  to  determine  those 
which  are  best  suited  for  this  dry  region. 


The  Government  Nursery  is  supplying  trees  at  a  generous 
rate  to  those  who  desire  them  for  reforestation  purposes. 


The  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  fumigated  2707  bags  of 
rice,  corn,  corn  flour  and  rolled  oats  for  local  merchants  dur- 
ing August  and  thus  saved  for  human  consumption  a  quantity 
of  foodstuffs  which  otherwise  would  have  been  lost. 


The  supplementary  rules  of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian 
for  the  anthrax-infected  area  on  Kauai,  printed  in  this  issue, 
will  enable  the  local  veterinarians  to  prevent  the  spread  of  this 
disease  in  the  most  efficient  manner. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  14,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  August,  1918: 

FOREST   FENCING. 

The  new  fence  on  the  boundaries,  where  needed,  of  the  addi- 
tion recently  made  to  the  Makawao  forest  reserve,  Maui,  was 
completed  on  August  31,  under  the  direction  of  Ranger  Lindsay, 
together  with  repairs  to  the  existing  old  fence. 

A  part  of  the  old  fence  on  one  side  of  the  right-of-way  leading 
from  Lualualei  over  Kolekole  Pass  to  Waianae-uka,  Oahu,  was 
shifted  near  the  trail  so  as  to  afford  greater  area  for  tree  planting. 

On  August  20  work  was  begun  on  the  construction  of  a  fence 
on  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  new  Waiahole  forest  reserve. 


406 

Oahu,  .where  no  land  exchange  is  involved,  so  as  to  begin  the 
immediate  protection  of  the  forest  from  the  further  raids  of 
wandering  stock.  This  section  of  the  fence  will  be  approximately 
0.64  mile  long  and  goes  from  the  northeast  corner  of  the  reserve 
down  to  the  impassable  stream  bank  in  the  bottom  of  the  main 
valley.  It  is  planned  to  fence  the  remaining  boundary  after  the 
proposed  land  exchange  with  Mr.  McCandless  has  been  settled. 
Three  standard  forest  reserve  monuments  were  also  placed  at 
important  corners  of  the  Waiahole  reserve. 

In  response  to  my  conference  with  Governor  McCarthy,  which 
was  followed  up  by  my  letter  to  him  of  August  6,  a  copy  of  which 
was  transmitted  to  you  with  my  July  report,  action  has  been 
taken  by  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  to  require  the  build- 
ing and  repairing  of  the  fences  described  in  my  letter.  Among 
these  is  the  fence  on  the  boundary  of  the  Makua-Keaau  reserve, 
Oahu,  which  Mr.  McCandless  has  promised  the  Governor  and 
Land  Commissioner  he  will  build  at  once. 

KOKEE    CAMPS. 

Following  the  approval  of  the  general  plan  for  granting  per- 
mits for  camps  at  Kokee,  in  the  Na  Pali  Kona-  forest  reserve, 
Kauai,  which  was  given  at  the  Board  meeting  of  August  13, 
notices  were  sent  to  all  applicants  of  the  amount  of  the  first  pay- 
ment and  of  the  method  of  securing  a  camping  permit.  To  date 
no  replies  have  been  received  except  from  two  of  the  prospective 
permittees,  who  have  withdrawn  their  applications,  and  unoffi- 
cially I  have  heard  that  the  applicants  are  dissatisfied  with  the 
high  rates  charged. 

FOREST    PLANTING. 

On  August  19  the  planting  of  koa  trees  was  begun  in  the  Lua- 
lualei  forest  reserve,  Oahu,  at  the  top  of  Kolekole  Pass,  where 
this  native  tree  formerly  was  found.  The  frequent  showers  at 
this  high  elevation  made  conditions  Cjuite  favorable  for  tree  plant- 
ing. Progress  was  also  made  in  starting  the  germination  of  seed- 
lings of  various  species  at  the  Mikilua  Nursery  for  future 
planting. 

On  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  198  swamp  mahogany  trees 
on  the  Kealia  forest  reserve. 

ABSENCE    OF    FIRES. 

Owing  to  favorable  weather  conditions  no  grass  or  forest  fires 
have  been  reported  or  observed  this  year  to  date,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  season  will  be  passed  through  in  this  fortunate  manner. 

KAHOOLAWE  TRIP. 

On  August  31,  at  the  request  of  the  Governor,  I  began  with 
him  and  Land  Commissioner  Rivenburgh  a  two-day  visit  to  the 


407 

Island  of  Kahoolawe  in  order  to  acquaint  them  with  actual  con- 
ditions on  the  island  preliminary  to  issuing  a  lease  for  the  use  of 
the  island  under  certain  restricted  conditions. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  13,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu, 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  August,  1918: 

NURSERY.— DISTRIBUTION    OF    PLANTS. 

Seed  Transplant  Pot 

Boxes.  Boxes.  Grown.  Total. 

Sold 100  79  179 

Gratis  3000  1700  570  5270 


3000      1800      649      5449 

COLLECTIONS. — GOVERNMENT   REALIZATIONS. 

Collection  on  account  plants  sold $  3.00 

Rent  office  building,  Nursery  Ground,  June 35.00 


$38.00 

PLANTATION    COMPANIES    AND   OTHER    CORPORATIONS. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
49,000  in  seed  boxes  and  62  pot  grown,  making  a  total  of  49,062 
plants. 

MAKIKI   STATION. 

The  work  done  at  this  Station  has  been  principally  routine, 
namely,  mixing  and  sterilizing  soil,  potting  and  transplanting 
plants  into  boxes,  etc. 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED    PLANTING. 

We  have  had  the  men  employed  on  the  watershed  cutting  and 
trimming  the  trees  along  the  road  running  through  the  planted 


408 

forest,  also  hoeing  and  clearing  away  grass  and  vines  from  the 
young  trees  in  Makiki  Valley. 

The  cutting  and  trimming  of  the  trees  will  greatly  improve  the 
road  and  a  great  deal  of  the  best  of  the  timber  can  be  cut  up  at 
Makiki  Station  and  used  for  fence  posts,  boxwood,  etc.  We  are 
gradually  getting  a  large  quantity  of  this  wood  to  Makiki,  and  we 
will  later  have  it  sawed  up  and  used  for  different  purposes.  We 
are  also  opening  up  vistas  which  will  prove  attractive  for  tourists 
and  others  when  the  road  is  repaired. 

ADVICE    AND    ASSISTANCE. 

The  following  number  of  visits  were  made  and  advice  given 
e.t  the  request  of  people  in  and  around  Honolulu : 

^^isits  made,  6;  advice  by  telephone,  8;  advice  by  letter,  3  ; 
advice  to  people  calling,  10. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Aug.  31,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  August  the  insectary 
handled  25,500  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  1844  females  and  1571  males  Opius  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Females.  Males. 

OPIUS  FLETCHERI. 

Oahu : 

Makiki    180  130 

Nuuanu  450  375 

Hawaii : 

Kapoho    150  80 

Hilo  1195  860 

DIACHASMA   TRYO.NI. 

Oahu :    Nuuanu 275  300 

Hawaii :    Kamuela   110  50 


409 

SPALANGIA   CAMERONI. 

Maui :    Paia    2700 

TETRASTICHUS    GIFFARDIANUS. 

Oahu :    Nuuanu 300 

GALESUS    SILVESTRI. 

Hawaii :    Glenwood   300 

PACHYCREPOIDEUS  DUBIUS. 

Maui :    Paia 900 

PARANAGRUS   OSBURNI. 

Oahu : 

Aiea   2300 

Makiki  Nursery   18,000 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 3600 

Kapoho    3200 

Maui : 

Paia   4900 

Wailuku  3700 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Fullaway 


Entomologist 


t." 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Aug.  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu, 
T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Au- 
gust, 1918,  as  follows : 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  61 
vessels,  of  which  23  carried  vegetable  mattfer,  with  the  following 
results : 


410 

Disposal.  Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 527  18,825 

Burned   32  189 

Fumigated 3  10 

Returned 0  0 


Total   inspected 562  19,024 

Of  these  shipments,  18,736  packages  arrived  as  freight,  216 
packages  as  mail,  and  72  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  72,389  bags  of  rice  and  l^yj  bags  of  beans 
arrived  from  Japan  and  Oriental  ports,  all  of  which  were  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  2073  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  were  examined  and  from  which  were 
seized  and  destroyed,  by  burning,  15  lots  of  fruit  and  12  lots 
of  vegetables. 

Following  are  the  more  important  interceptions  during  Au- 
gust: ^    • 

On  August  1,  a  package  of  tree  seed  from  Java  was  fumigated 
as  a  precaution. 

On  August  3,  ten  cases  of  Bartlett  pears  from  the  mainland 
were  burned,  being  infested  with  codling  moth. 

On  August  9,  a  bag  of  coconuts  from  Fanning  Island  was 
fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  August  10,  a  package  of  Otaheite  orange  trees  in  the  mail, 
from  Pennsylvania,  infested  with  scale  insects,  was  fumigated 
and  released. 

On  August  25,  a  shipment  of  pineapple  plants  from  Florida  in 
the  mail  was  found  to  be  infested  with  the  Florida  pineapple 
mite  {Stigmaea  floridanus).  This  mite  is  a  serious  pest  in  itself, 
besides  being  responsible  for  the  entrance  of  dangerous  fungus 
diseases  into  the  tissues  of  the  plants  through  the  punctures  which 
it  makes.  To  avoid  the  possibility  of  introducing  a  new  pest, 
the  entire  shipment  was  burned  at  once. 

For  the  accommodation  of  local  merchants,  the  following 
cereals  were  fumigated  during  August : 

1500  bags  rice,  612  bags  corn,  241  bags  corn  flour,  and  354  bags 
rolled  oats,  making  a  total  of  2707  bags. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  seven  steamers,  three 
of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  132  lots  and 
2329  parcels.     In  addition  to  this,  a  steamer  arrived  from  Japan 


411 

direct,  bringing  2281  bags  of  rice,  596  bags  of  beans,  6  bags  of 
peas,  5  bags  of  peanuts  and  4  cases  of  vegetable  seeds.  All  of 
these  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION, 

Mr.  Will  Cooper,  Plant  Inspector  for  Maui,  reports  the  ar- 
rival of  six  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  three  of  which  carried 
vegetable  matter  consisting  of  11  lots  and  144  packages,  all  of 
which  were  found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION, 

Forty-seven  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other 
Island  ports  were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were 
passed  as  free  from  pests : 

Taro    349  bags 

Vegetables   218  packages 

Fruit    341  packages 

Plants    7Z  packages 

Sugar  cane  transshipped 250  bags 

'  Total   passed    1221  packages 

Two  packages  fruit,  three  packages  plants  and  one  hundred  bags 
cane  seed  were  refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  and 
undesirable  soil. 

Through  an  oversight  on  the  part  of  the  Inter-Island  Steam 
Navigation  Company,  100  bags  of  cane  seed  were  allowed  aboard 
one  of  their  freight  boats  without  our  certificate,  and  this  cane 
came  from  Ewa  Plantation,  which,  with  Oahu  and  Honolulu 
Plantations,  is  placed  in  a  quarantine  area  on  account  of  the 
Anomala  beetle.  We  notified  the  shippers  and  the  consignee 
(Kohala  Plantation)  to  either  return  or  destroy  the  shipment. 
As  the  shipment  had  already  arrived  at  the  plantation,  the  man- 
ager had  the  hundred  bags  burned  in  the  furnace. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


412 

Division  of  Animal  Industry. 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  16,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work 
of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  August, 
1918. 

ANTHRAX    ON    KAUAI. 

On  the  9th  instant  the  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Dr. 
Golding,  reported  that  he  had  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  Supervisors  at  Lihue  on  the  7th  instant.  The  attached  letter, 
addressed  by  the  President  of  the  Board  to  the  Chairman  of  the 
said  Board  of  Supervisors,  was  read  and  submitted  for  action. 

Dr.  Golding  further  reported  that  the  Board's  recommenda- 
tions were  adopted  unanimously,  but  with  the  proviso  that  this 
Board  take  entire  charge  of  the  anthrax  control  work  on  Kauai 
and  especially  issue  such  rules  and  regulations  that  would  insure 
against  the  further  spread  of  the  disease  after  the  removal  of  the 
guards.  Also  that  in  order  to  allow  time  for  the  promulgation 
and  publication  of  such  rules  the  guards  would  be  continued  to 
the  end  of  the  fiscal  month,  that  is,  August  25th,  while  Dr.  Gol- 
ding's  salary  would  begin  with  August  1st. 

Besides  this  information,  which  was  accepted  as  an  official 
reply  in  lieu  of  any  direct  communication  from  the  Board  of  Su- 
pervisors, Dr.  Golding  submitted  a  large  number  of  practical  as 
well  as  hypothetical  contingencies  which  he  desired  covered  by 
unequivocal  regulations,  without  which  he  foresaw  difficulties  re- 
quiring endless  referring  to  this  office  for  adjustment. 

In  attempting  this  problem  it  soon  became  evident  that  in  order 
to  be  effective  and  at  the  same  time  just  to  all,  such  rules  and 
regulations  could  not  be  made  in  Honolulu,  but  would  have  to  be 
constructed  where  all  the  conflicting  interests  could  be  consulted 
at  short  notice  and  where  the  conditions  to  be  dealt  with  were  at 
hand. 

I  therefore  asked  and  obtained  permission  from  this  Board  to 
again  visit  Kauai.  Under  authority  of  Section  2  of  Rule  X  of 
the  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  pertaining  to  anthrax  on  Kauai, 
and  approved  by  the  Governor  on  April  20,  1917,  it  was  decided 
that  the  new  regulations  would  need  no  further  approval  by  this 
Board  or  by  the  Governor,  but  would  become  effective  upon 
their  publication  over  the  signature  of  the  Territorial  Veteri- 
narian.    The  said  section  reads : 

"Sec.  2.  That  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  shall  proclaim  spe- 
cial quarantine  on  such  sections  of  the  Island  of  Kauai  where 
these  diseases  are  prevalent.     Such  special  quarantine  to  be  en- 


413 

forced  in  accordance  with  the  direction  of  the  Territorial  Veteri- 
narian." 

I  left  for  Kauai  on  the  15th  and  was  met  by  Dr.  Golding  at 
Lihue  the  next  morning.  The  same  day  a  conference  was  held 
wath  Supervisor  Menefoglio,  in  whose  district  the  anthrax  in- 
fected area  is  located,  and  to  whose  active  interest  the  final  satis- 
factory arrangement  is  largely  due.  The  whole  situation  was 
gone  over  thoroughly  and  a  tentative  set  of  rules  prepared.  These 
were  discussed  vv^ith  the  vice-president  of  the  Princeville  Planta- 
tion Company  and  with  the  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors, and  finally  the  ranch  was  visited.  The  conclusion  had 
been  arrived  at  that  the  unfenced  lands  of  Kalihi-kai  and  Kalihi- 
wai  should  be  released  from  quarantine.  Only  two  cases  of  an- 
thrax had  occurred  there,  and  these  were  undoubtedly  due  to 
infection  carried  by  surface  water  from  the  upper  pastures  when 
the  outbreak  was  at  its  highest,  more  than  a  year  past.  Nor 
could  any  necessity  be  seen  for  restrictions  on  travel  along  the 
main  road  from  Kalihi-wai  to  Hanalei  bridge,  though  the  de- 
sirability of  keeping  this  road  as  free  from  estrays  as  circum- 
stances would  permit  of,  was  recognized. 

The  main  preventive  measure,  however,  was  conceded  to  be  the 
absolute  exclusion  of  non-vaccinated,  susceptible  animals  from 
the  heavily-infected  pastures  and  premises,  and  to  this  end  pro- 
vision must  be  made  to  insure  that  all  the  enclosing  fences  be  kept 
absolutely  stock-proof,  that  the  gates  be  kept  closed,  and  that 
fences  and  pastures  be  regularly  ridden. 

The  removal  of  vaccinated  healthy  stock  from  the  quarantined 
area,  as  well  as  the  butchering  of  cattle  for  the  local  market, 
must,  as  hitherto,  continue  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the 
representative  of  this  Board,  who  will  also  see  to  the  vaccination 
of  the  increase  in  the  breeding  paddocks  as  well  as  of  outside 
animals  that  it  may  be  necessary  to  bring  into  the  quarantined 
district  and  its  immediate  neighborhood.  It  was  further  deemed 
advisable  to  prohibit  the  removal  of  grass  seed,  grass  roots  and 
turf  from  the  infected  paddocks,  as  no  method  of  rendering  such 
material  innocuous  without  destroying  its  viability  is  known. 

Under  date  of  August  20,  the  following  rules  were  published  in 
The  Garden  Island : 

BY  AUTHORITY. 


TEEEITORY  OF  HAWAII.— BOARD  OY  AGRICULTURE  AND 
FORESTRY. 


OFFICE  OF  TERRITORIAL  VETERINARIAN. 


IN  RE  THE  REMOVAL  OF  THE  QUARANTINE  GUARDS  AT  KA- 
LIHI-WAI AND  HANALEI  BRIDGE  AND  RESTRICTING  THE 
ENTRANCE  OF  LIVE  STOCK  INTO  THE  QUARANTINED  AREA. 


Section  I.  Rule  X  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  pertaining  to 
Anthrax  on  the  Island  of  Kauai,  with  subsequent  amendments,  remains 
in  force. 


414 

Section  II.  The  removal  of  the  quarantine  guards'  from  Kalihi-wai 
and  Hanalei  Bridge  does  not  constitute  a  removal  of  the  quarantine  of 
the  infected  district,  except  as  hereinafter  specified. 

Section  III.  All  fenced  and  anthrax-infested  pastures,  enclosures  or 
premises  remain  quarantined  in  so  far  as  the  admission  to  them  of  un- 
vaccinated  animals  is  concerned,  and  such  pastures,  enclosures  or  premises 
must  be  kept  so  fenced  as  to  prevent  absolutely  entrance  of  stray  live- 
stock from  adjoining  highways  and  districts. 

Section  IV.  All  gates  opening  on  public  roads  or.  non-infected  prem- 
ises shall  be  securely  fastened  and  be  provided  with  a  sigh  forbidding  the 
admission  of  unvaccinated  live  stock  to  anthrax-infected  districts,  and 
stating  the  penalty  for  the  violation  of  the  rules  and  regulations  gov- 
erning the  same. 

Section  V.  The  Kalihi-kai  and  Kalihi-wai  districts,  and  the  public 
highway  leading  from  the  latter  to  Hanalei  bridge,  shall  be  considered 
free  from  anthrax  infection  and  no  longer  quarantined  after  the  date 
these  regulations  become  effective;  but  the  local  representative  of  this 
Board  shall  reestablish  such  quarantine,  in  full  or  in  part,  whenever  in 
his  opinion  it  becomes  advisable. 

Section  VI.  The  removal  of  the  vaccinated  live  stock  in  the  quaran- 
tined district  shall  be  in  direct  charge  of  the  local  representative  of  this 
Board,  who  shall  in  each  case  decide  upon  and  superintend  the  application 
of  such  precautionary  measures  as  he  may  deem  requisite  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  infection. 

Section  VII.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  person  to  report  without 
delay  to  the  local  representative  of  this  Board  the  sickness  or  death  of 
any  animal  in  or  near  the  infected  district,  as  well  as  the  presence  of 
any  unvaccinated  live  stock  in  the  quarantined  area. 

Section  VIII.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  anyone,  directly  or  indirectly, 
to  transfer  or  carry  from  any  pasture,  enclosure  or  premises,  where  an 
animal  has  died  from  anthrax,  or  where  deaths  of  animals  have  occurred 
which  might  be  attributed  to  anthrax,  any  soil,  sod,  earth,  grasses,  grass 
seed,  grass  roots  or  any  other  substance  which  might  possibly  carry  the 
infection  of  anthrax. 

Section  IX.     These  rules  shall  go  into  effect  on  August  26th,  1918. 

By  direction  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry: 

VICTOR  A.  NOEGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Any  violation  of  these  rules  is  punishable  by  a  fine  not  to  exceed  $500. 
(Section  529,  R.  L.  H.  1915.) 

In  order  to  carr}^  out  these  regulations  it  became  necessary 
to  have  a  sign  painted  for  each  gate — a  total  of  sixteen.  These 
signs  read  as  follows : 

ANTHRAX.  KAPU.  KEEP  THIS  GATE  CLOSED.  Any  person 
found  trespassing  on  these  anthrax-infected  premises  or  admitting  to 
them  unvaccinated  live  stock  will  be  prosecuted  to  the  full  extent  of  the 
law.     Penalty  not  to  exceed  $500.00. 

By  order  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 

Before  dismissing  the  guards,  Dr.  Golding  inspected  all  the 
fences  and  took  steps  to  have  the  defective  places  repaired.  He 
also  attended  to  the  placing  of  the  signs  and  has  secured  the 
services  of  a  mounted  patrol  man.  The  few  estrays  that  have 
wandered  in  on  the  road  have  been  returned  to  their  owners 
with  instructions  to  keep  them  secured.  Dr.  Golding  feels  confi- 
dent that  the  new  arrangement  will  prove  effective  and  much 
more  satisfactory  to  all  concerned. 


415 

In  conclusion  I  would  suggest  that  the  new  rules  be  officially 
approved  by  the  Board  in  session. 

The  revised  rules  and  regulations  pertaining  to  the  importation 
of  live  stock,  a  copy  of  which  is  attached,  have  been  distributed 
to  the  local  steamship  and  navigation  companies  with  the  ap- 
pended circular  letter. 

BOVINE   TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

The  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial  V^eterinarian  again 
shows  a  very  high  percentage  of  reacting  cows  in  the  dairies  of 
Mr.  Isenberg  and  Mr.  Bellina.  These  herds  will  now  be  tested 
every  three  months  until  the  disease  is  stamped  out. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

NOTIFICATION  TO  SHIPPERS,  ETC. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  11,  1918. 

To  the  Agents  of  Steamship  and  Navigation  Companies,  Hono- 
lulu, T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — Enclosed  please  find  copy  of  ''Regulations 
Governing  the  Importation  of  Live  Stock  and  Other  Animals  into 
the  Territory  of  Hawaii,"  wdiicli  became  effective  on  June  8, 
1918,  and  were  published  in  the  June  number  of  the  Hawaiian 
Forester  and  Agriculturist. 

You  are  respectfully  requested  to  familiarize  yourself  with 
these  regulations  and  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  insure  that 
the  officers  and  employees  of  any  vessel  carrying  live  stock  or 
other  animals  to  this  Territory,  and  for  which  you  are  respon- 
sible as  agents,  factors  or  managers,  are  familiarized  with  these 
regulations  and  instructed  to  comply  with  them. 

Your  attention  is  especially  called  to  Sec.  1  of  Rule  HI,  per- 
taining to  the  notification  of  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  of  the 
presence  of  live  stock  on  board  incoming  vessels,  their  retention, 
on  board  or  on  the  pier,  until  arrival  of  the  inspecting  officer,  and 
to  the  list  of  the  same  to  be  furnished  him.  This  list  should  be 
made  out  and  signed  by  the  responsible  officer — purser  or  freight 
clerk — whether  there  are  animals  on  board  or  not — and  should 
be  taken  to  the  freight  office  on  the  pier  where  the  ship  docks, 
and  where  the  inspecting  officer  will  call  for  it. 

Attention  is  also  called  to  Sec.  4  of  Rule  VIII,  which  makes 
Honolulu  the  only  port  through  which  dogs  may  enter  the  Ter- 
ritory. 

To  avoid  mistakes  and  insure  compliance  with  these  regula- 
tions it  is  suggested  that  you  request  your  representatives  on  the 


416 

Pacific  Coast  and  elsewhere  that  they  accept  for  shipment  to  this 
Territory  no  live  stock  mentioned  in  Rules  IV-VII  inclusive,  until 
the  consignor  has  obtained  from  the  local  representative  of  the 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  the  required  certificates  of 
health. 

If  you  will  notify  me  of  the  number  of  copies  of  these  regula- 
tions you  will  require,  the  same  will  be  forwarded  to  you  without 
delay. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Victor  A.   Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  13,  1918. 

Doctor  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month 
of  August,  1918: 

TUBERCULOSIS     CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tuberculin  tested  during  the 
month  : 

Tested.  Passed.  Condem'd 

C.  W.  Lucas  3  2  1 

C.  H.  Bellina   131  122  9 

C.  H.  Belhna    59  54  5 

Waialae  Dairy    431  394  37 

The  above  tabulated  list  gives  a  total  of  624  head  tested,  of 
which  572  were  passed  and  52  condemned  and  branded. 

Besides  the  above,  post-mortem  examinations  were  made  at 
the  various  abattoirs  on  56  condemned  cattle,  all  of  which  pre- 
sented lesions  of  tuberculosis. 

IMPORTATIONS   OF   LIVESTOCK. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :  2  dogs,  W.  F.  X.  Co. ;  2  crates 
rabbits ;  2  dogs,  John  Kelly ;  1  crate  poultry,  D.  C.  Lindsay, 
Kahului. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco:    1  dog,  W.  F.  X.  Co. 

S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco:  5  crates  poultry,  F.  C.  Ather- 
ton ;  2  crates  poultry,  7  crates  pigs,  Hawaii  Meat  Co. ;  8  cows, 
C.  W.  Lucas;  1  bull. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Asst.  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


417 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 


{Continued.) 

PERIOD  II.    THE  EARLY  PERIOD. 

7.    Beginning  of  the  Sandalwood  Trade. 

1791.    October. 

The  beginning  of  the  sandalwood  trade  marked  the  opening 
of  a  new  epoch  in  Hawaiian  history,  and  had  a  distinct  influence 
upon  the  movement  of  shipping  and  of  visitors  from  abroad,  to- 
ward the  islands.  Captain  Kendrick,  in  the  sloop  "Lady  Wash- 
ington'' left  three  sailors — Coleman,  Williams  and  Rowbottom — 
on  the  Island  of  Niihau.  They  were  instructed  to  collect  quanti- 
ties of  sandalwood  and  pearls,  and  to  have  them  in  readiness 
upon  Kendrick'is  return  from  New  England.  Eor  a  period  of 
many  years  following  this  small  beginning,  the  sandalwood  tree 
was  the  motif  in  the  outside  world's  relations  with  Hawaii ;  just 
as  at  a  subsequent  period  the  whale  was  dominant ;  and  during 
the  present  epoch,  the  sugar  cane. 

8.     The  Coming  of  Marin. 
1791. 

This  year  was  signalized  by  the  quiet  arrival  of  a  Spaniard, 
Don  Francisco  de  Paula  Marin,  from  Andalusia.  He  remained 
in  Hawaii  until  his  death  in  1837,  and  exerted  a  marked  influence 
upon  the  local  horticulture  and  agriculture.  He  was  a  practical 
gardener  of  no  small  degree  of  skill  and  enthusiasm,  and  intro- 
duced, cultivated,  and  distributed  many  useful  plants.  He  was 
known  to  the  Hawaiians  as  "Manini,"  and  his  gardens  in  Pauoa 
Valley,  near  Honolulu,  were  famous  for  their  fruits,  flowers,  and 
vegetables.  To  this  day  a  number  of  varieties  of  fig,  grape,  pine- 
apple, citrus  fruits,  etc.,  are  called  ''Manini''  by  the  Hawaiian 
natives. 

9.    The  Three  Visits  of  Vancouver. 

The  next  event  of  note  from  the  botanical  standpoint  was  the 
coming  of  the  sagacious  and  kindly  English  seaman,  Vancouver. 
His  repeated  visits  made  possible  a  series  of  explorations  of 
greater  thoroughness  and  scientific  value  than  any  which  pre- 
ceded them.  It  has  been  truly  stated  that  "The  three  visits  of 
Vancouver  form  an  era  in  the  history  of  these  islands,  and  his 
name  is  justly  cherished  as  that  of  a  wise  and  generous  bene- 
factor to  the  Hawaiian  people. 

"Captain  George  Vancouver  was  sent  by  the  British  Govern- 


418 

ment  to  receive  the  cession  of  Nootka  Sound  and  the  adjoining 
country  from  a  commissioner  of  Spain ;  and  to  make  a  complete 
survey  of  the  northwest  coast.  He  had  under  his  orders  the  ship 
'Discovery'  and  the  armed  tender  'Chatham'." — Alexander. 

First  Visit  Mar.  2  to  16,  1792. 
Presents  of  Useful  Plants. 

They  sailed  north  from  Tahiti,  and  on  March  2nd  arrived  at 
the  Kona  side  of  Hawaii.  Trading  was  begun,  and  Vancouver 
mentions  the  'Very  excellent  water-melons."  No  landing  was 
made,  but  Kaiana  visited  Vancouver,  who  presented  him  with 
"some  vine  and  orange  plants,  some  almonds,  and  an  assortment 
of  garden  seeds,  to  all  of  which  he  promised  the  most  particular 
care  and  attention."  \^ancouver  later  states :  'Tt  was  a  great 
pleasure  to  observe  the  avidity  with  which  all  the  chiefs  who  had 
visited  the  ship  sought  after  the  vegetable  productions  we  had 
brought ;  which,  if  attended  to,  will  in  future  add  to  their  present 
abundant  production."  At  Kawaihae  Bay  he  gave  presents  of 
"some  fine  orange  plants  and  a  packet  of  different  garden  seeds ; 
and  likewise  a  goat  and  kid." 

OaJiH. 

Sailing  on  toward  Oahu,  he  remarks  the  "apparent  sterility" 
and  "few  scattered  miserable  habitations"  on  Lanai.  Anchoring 
at  Waikiki  Bay,  trading  was  resumed,  and  excellent  musk  and 
water-melons  were  received.  The  plain  and  valleys  around  Wai- 
kiki were  observed  to  be  in  "a  high  state  of  cultivation  and  fer- 
tility." Vancouver  and  a  party  (including  Menzies,  the  botanist), 
landed,  in  quest  of  water  for  the  ships,  and  went  a  mile  inland. 
He  describes  the  numerous  taro  patches,  and  contrasts  the  labor- 
ious cultivation  observed  here  with  the  spontaneous  crops  of 
Tahiti.  Fresh  water  not  being  readily  obtainable  at  Waikiki,  he 
set  sail  for  Kauai,  and  arrived  at  Waimea  on  March  9th. 

Kauai  and  NiiJiau. 

A  landing  was  made,  temporary  quarters  established,  and  with 
several  men,  including  Menzies,  Vancouver  made  a  short  trip 
across  the  Waimea  lowlands.  He  remarks  the  extensive  taro 
lands,  and  plantings  of  sugar-cane  and  sweet  potatoes.  Several 
other  short  excursions  were  made,  none  occupying  more  than 
part  of  a  day.  Among  other  presents,  a  pair  of  goats  were  given. 
On  the  14th  Vancouver  sailed  for  Niihau,  where  a  plentiful  sup- 
ply of  yams  and  other  provisions  were  obtained;  he  gave  many  . 
useful  articles  of  Captain  Kendrick's  sandalwood  collectors,  in- 
cluding garden  seeds,  orange  and  lemon  trees ;  and  on  the  six- 
teenth sailed  for  America. 

Prominence  has  been  given  to  the  first  introduction  of  Euro- 


419 

pean  live-stock  and  plants,  because  of  the  profound  effect  of 
these  alien  agencies  upon  the  indigenous  vegetation.  The  wild 
goats  and  cattle  multiplied  with  almost  incredible  rapidity,  and 
before  many  years  had  passed,  they  had  done  irreparable  damage 
to  the  Hawaiian  forests.  The  pronounced  depletion  of  the  for- 
ests in  all  regions  to  which  these  herbivorous  pests  had  access,  the 
extinction  of  numerous  plant  species,  and  the  conspicuous  cur- 
tailment of  the  ranges  of  many  others  may  all  be  traced  to  the 
destructive  influences  of  wild  goats  and  cattle  running  at  large 
through  the  mountains  and  waste  lands. 

Similarly,  thousands  of  acres  formerly  occupied  by  the  native 
vegetation  is  now  in  the  possession  of  ruderals — weeds  cosmo- 
politan throughout  the  tropics  having  displaced  the  less  vigorous 
indigenous  forms.  There  is  probably  no  region  that  manifests 
with  greater  clearness  than  Hawaii  the  rapid  action  and  far- 
reaching  influences  of  alien  organisms  upon  an  insular  fauna  and 
flora.  The  innumerable  introductions — both  intentional  and  un- 
intentional— of  plants  and  animals  from  many  other  regions  has 
entirely  changed  the  phyto-geography  of  all  Hawaii  save  the 
comparatively  inaccessible  mountain  fastnesses. 

Second  Visit  of  Vancouver — 
Feb.  14  to  March  30,  1793. 
Botanical  Excursion  at  Kazvaihae. 
First  Cattle  Introduced. 

Vancouver  returned  to  Hawaii  from  the  California  coast,  and 
anchored  at  Kawaihae  Bay,  Feb.  14,  1793.  A  landing  was  made ; 
and  four  sheep  presented  to  '-Kahowmotoo  (Keeaumoku),  who 
had  taken  the  greatest  care  of  the  goats  I  had  presented  him  with 
on  a  former  occasion."  Menzies  made  a  botanical  excursion  of 
several  hours,  "in  pursuit  of  new  vegetable  productions.  He 
returned  in  the  evening,  after  receiving  much  hospitable  civility 
from  the  natives."  On  the  19th  a  bull  was  landed  (the  first  cattle 
introduced  into  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  A  cow  was  also  sent,  but 
died  during  passage  from  the  ship  to  the  land. 

Upon  removing  to  Kealakekua,  where  Kamehameha  visited  the 
ships,  the  remaining  live  stock,  five  cows  and  three  sheep  were 
landed.  Vancouver  remained  at  this  harbor  until  March  7th, 
and  established  a  shore  station  for  astronomical  observations. 
Menzies  took  advantage  of  this  opportunity  and  made  a  four- 
day  trip  into  Kona,  attended  by  a  midshipman  and  nine  natives. 

Excursion  to  the  West  Maui  Ad' oun tains. 

On  March  12th  Vancouver  anchored  off  Lahaina,  Maui;  on 
the  14th  Menzies  and  a  party  of  sailors  and  natives  made  a  trip 
into  the  mountains  back  of  Lahaina,  returning  on  the  evening  of 
the  following  day.  Vancouver  describes  the  cultivated  portions 
of  the  Lahaina  plain,  mentioning  the  bread-fruit  groves,  and  the 


420 

ravaged  aspect  of  the  country  due  to  the  native  warfare.  Some 
goats  were  presented,  ''these  being  the  first  foreign  animals  im- 
ported into  Maui." 

Outrigger  Canoe  of  ''Northzvesf  Pine. 

After  visiting  Oahu  Vancouver  proceeded  to  Kauai ;  en  route 
he  passed  a  number  of  canoes,  one  of  which  "proved  to  be  with- 
out exception  the  finest  canoe  we  had  seen  amongst  these  islands. 
This  vessel  was  sixty-one  feet  and  a  half  long  ....  made  out  of 
an  exceedingly  fine  pine-log  [Pseudotsuga]."  The  natives  told 
him  that  the  log  had  drifted  ashore  on  Kauai,  "in  a  perfectly 
sound  state."  He  further  states  that  "the  circumstance  of  fir 
timber  being  drifted  on  the  northern  sides  of  these  islands  is  by 
no  means  uncommon,"  especially  on  Kauai. 

Third  Visit  of  Vancouver, 
Jan.  9  to  March  15,  1794. 

Vancouver  left  the  Islands  on  March  30th,  and  sailed  to  the 
American  coast;  returning  on  January  9,  1794>  he  anchored  in 
Hilo  Bay.  More  cattle  and  sheep  were  landed,  and  a  tabu  for 
ten  years  was  laid  upon  them.  Vancouver  then  sailed  to  Keala- 
kekua,  where  the  ships  remained  six  weeks. 

E.vcursion  to  Hualahn. 

On  the  16th  of  January  Menzies  and  a  party  started  "on  an  ex- 
cursion into  the  interior  part  of  the  country.  .  .  .  The  party  ac- 
companying Mr.  Menzies  returned  with  him  on  Saturday,  the 
25th,  after  having  had  a  very  pleasant  excursion,  though  it  had 
been  somewhat  fatiguing  in  consequence  of  the  badness  of  the 
paths  in  the  interior  country,  where  in  many  places  the  ground 
broke  in  under  their  feet.  Their  object  had  been  to  gain  the 
summit  of  Mowna  Roa,  which  they  had  not  been  able  to  effect 

but  they  had  reached  the  top  of  another  mountain called 

by  the  natives  Worroray  [Hualalai] on  its  summit  was  a  vol- 
canic crater"....  An  excellent  plate  of  this  crater  appears  in 
Vancouver's  "Voyage  of  Discovery." 

Menzies'  Narrative  of  the  Hualalai  Expedition. 

_  In  Thrum's  Hawaiian  Annual  for  1910  is  reproduced  an  exten- 
sive "Extract  from  A.  Menzies'  Journal  of  Vancouver's  Voyage, 
1790-1794;  British  Museum,  MSS.  Department."  This  is  said 
to  be  the  first  time  this  account  appears  in  print.  The  narrative 
of  this,  the  second  fully  recorded  scientific  trip  made  by  Euro- 
peans m  Hawaii,  contains  much  of  interest,  as  the  following 
quotations  will  demonstrate : 

"Being  very  desirous  of  examining  the  mountains  and  interior 


421 

parts  of  the  islands  for  plants  and  other  natural  productions,  and 
particularly  for  making  a  good  collection  of  seeds  to  send  home 
for  His  Majesty's  Gardens,"  etc. 

The  party,  including  many  native  hangers-on,  left  Kailua  on 
the  morning  of  January  17th  ;  and  ascended  to  the  upper  limit  of 
the  villages  and  native  plantings,  where  the  night  was  spent  in 
"3.  few  scattered  huts."  The  evening  of  the  second  day  found 
them  well  up  in  the  forest  zone,  near  the  upper  edge  of  the 
woods.  Camp  was  made  here,  and  a  messenger  sent  back  to  Kea- 
lakekua,  to  carry  tidings  of  the  trip  and  to  fetch  ''some  little 
things  we  wanted." 

An  early  start  was  made  the  morning  of  the  third  day,  nine- 
teenth, and  at  half  past  eight  the  summit  was  reached.  As  the 
weather  was  clear  the  party  had  a  magnificent  view  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Menzies  describes  the  scene,  summit,  and 
craters  and  continues : 

"In  my  rambles  I  collected  every  plant  I  met  with,  either  in 
flower  or  seed,  which  I  was  sorry  to  find  did  not  amount  to  a 
very  numerous  catalogue,  on  account  of  the  dormant  state  of 
vegetation  in  these  upper  regions  at  this  season  of  the  year,  but 
from  the -variety  I  saw  of  small  plants  and  low  shrubs,  in  appear- 
ance quite  new  to  me,  I  consider  this  peak  as  a  very  interesting 
tract  for  a  botanist  to  explore  in  the  summer  months  when,  I 
have  no  doubt,  every  steep  and  cleft  will  be  adorned  with  flowers 
innumerable. 

''Amongst  the  plants  in  flower  at  this  time  w^as  the  Sophora 
tetraptera,  which  did  not  exceed  the  size  of  a  small  shrub  though 
lower  down  the  mountains,  and  particularly  on  some  of  the  other 
islands  it  grows  to  a  pretty  large  tree;  from  the  wood  of  which, 
the  natives  informed  me,  they  made  their  spears,  and  from  the 
fine  polish  it  bears  it  almost  equals  in  hardness  and  density  of 
grain  the  most  beautiful  mahogany. 

"The  Dodonca  viscosa  grew  here  very  plentifully  and  seemed 
to  thrive  equally  well  as  down  at  the  seaside,  where  it  is  not  un- 
common. I  also  found  here  a  small  shrubbery  geranium,  quite  a 
new  species,  and  I  believe  the  only  one  of  that  genus  which  has 
hitherto  been  found  in  any  of  the  island?  of  the  Pacific  Ocean." 
(Geraniuni  cuneaturn,  Hooker.) 

The  remainder  of  the  day,  and  the  next  (fourth)  day,  were 
spent  on  the  summit  "traversing  the  peak  in  various  directions" ; 
on  the  morning  of  the  fifth  day  the  descent  was  begun.  The  route 
chosen  lay  toward  the  hollow  between  Hualalai  and  Mauna  Loa ; 
the  party  was  much  fatigued  by  the  rough  lava,  and  at  night 
camped  in  a  valley  between  the  two  mountains. 

The  next  morning  (sixth  day)  Menzies  resolved  to  also  ascend 
Mauna  Loa,  and  the  day  was  expended  in  a  futile  attempt,  amid 
the  protests  of  the  natives.  Nightfall  found  the  weary  party  back 
in  their  valley  cave  again.  On  the  seventh  day  the  homeward 
descent  was  continued,  and  by  evening  time  the  party  was  within 
nine  or  ten  miles  of  Kealakekua.    They  "came  to  a  village  among 


422 

the  upper  plantations  where  we  took  up  our  residence  for  the 
night."  The  next  day  was  spent  in  leisurely  travel ;  they  stayed 
overnight  at  a  village  close  to  Kealakekua,  and  on  the  ninth  day 
returned  aboard  the  ''Discovery." 

Excursion  to  Manna  Loa. 

During  the  long  stay  at  Kealakekua  Menzies  and  a  large  party 
made  "another  excursion  into  the  country  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
cending Mowna  Roa ;"  this  trip  occupied  a  number  of  days. 

After  concluding  with  Kamehameha  the  political  business  of 
the  voyage  (see  Alexander),  Vancouver  sailed  to  Kauai  and 
Niihau,  and  left  the  Islands,  after  discovering  Bird  Island  (Ni- 
hoa),  on  March  fifteenth. 

Summary  of  Vancouver's  Life 

George  Vancouver  was  born  1758;  entered  the  English  navy  at 
the  age  of  thirteen;  and  accompanied  Captain  Cook  on  Cook's 
second  and  third  voyages  of  discovery.  In  April,  1791,  Vancou- 
ver began  his  great  expedition  to  the  northwest  coast  of  -America. 
He  visited  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Tahiti  and  Hawaii.  The 
Hawaiian  visits  have  been  described.  After  the  third  exploration 
of  the  northwest  coast  he  returned  to  England,  October,  1794,  and 
reached  tlie  Thames  Oct.  20,  1795.  He  immediately  set  about  the 
publication  of  his  narrative,  but  died  May  10,  1798.  His  brother 
John,  assisted  by  Captain  Puget,  completed  and  published  the 
"Voyage  of  Discovery"  in  1798. 

Menzies  Botanical  Work. 

The  collections  made  by  Menzies  were  deposited  in  the  her- 
barium of  the  British  Museum  and  in  the  Kew  Herbarium;  some, 
by  exchange,  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  His  name  is 
perpetuated  in  the  scientific  names  of  a  number  of  Hawaiian 
plants — Ahntilon  Menziesii;  Asplenium  Menziesii;  Astelia  Men- 
ziesiana;  Bonamia  Menziesii;  Brezveria  Menziesii;  Cibotium 
Menziesii;  Coprosma  Menziesii;  Coreopsis  Menziesii;  Cyrtandra 
Menziesii;  Kadua  Menziesiana;  Lyco podium  Menziesii;  Panda- 
ntis  Menziesii;  Raillardia  Menziesii;  Scaevola  Menziesiana; 
Schiedea  Menziesii;  Selaginella  Menziesii;  Sida  Menziesiana. 

10.    The  Two  Visits  of  Captain  Broughton. 

Arrival  at  Kealakekua  Jan.  8,  1796. 
More  Domesticated  Plants  and  Animals. 

The  British  sloop  "Providence,"  commanded  by  Captain  Wil- 
liam Robert  Broughton,  followed  Vancouver  in  the  Pacific. 
Broughton's    route    of    exploration    which    included    the    Asiatic 


423 

coast,  brought  him  twice  to  Hawaii.  In  his  narrative  of  the  visit 
to  Kealakekua  he  writes :  "The  cattle  left  here  by  Vancouver 
had  bred  and  were  in  excellent  order ;  it  is  probable  that  they  will 
stock  the  island,  as  a  taboo  is  placed  upon  them  for  ten  years. 
The  goats  multiply  prodigiously;  I  added  a  male  and  female  to 
their  number,  leaving  them  under  the  care  of  Young,  with  a 
breed  of  geese  and  ducks ;  the  first  lieutenant  also  spared  them 
his  pigeons.  Some  grapevines  from  Port  Jackson  and  vegetable 
seeds  were  planted  and  sown  during  our  stay.  Pumpkins  and 
melons  were  in  no  great  plenty,  though  we  had  excellent  cab- 
bages weighing  near  two  pounds." 

Native  Agriculture  at  Laliaina. 

At  Lahaina  Broughton  writes :  "Our  excursions  on  shore  were 
frequent  and  the  natives  civil.  The  cultivation  was  excellent ;  and 
the  extent  of  ground  made  use  of  for  that  purpose  reminded  us 
of  the  scenery  of  our  native  country.  There  were  the  various 
productions  of  taro,  sweet  potatoes,  melons,  sugar-cane,  gourds, 
and  pumpkins,  amidst  groves  of  the  breadfruit  trees  and  cocoa- 
nuts,  which  universally  afforded  us  shady  walking." 

Departure  and  Return.  Second  Visit.  July  6-13,  1796. 

The  "Providence"  departed  from  Niihau  for  Nootka  Sound 
February  22nd;  the  following  July,  returning  from  Monterey 
Bay,  she  touched  at  Kealakekua  for  water  and  provisions.  "The 
garden  seeds  had  failed  through  inattention ;  some  roots  of  horse- 
radish were  in  high  vegetation,  and  the  cabbages  were  reported 
to  us  as  flourishing  considerably  in  the  interior."  Broughton 
sailed  northwestward,  touching  Oahu,  Kauai  and  Niihau,  and 
left  Niihau  on  July  31st. 

The  botanist  of  Broughton s  voyage  was  Alexander  Bishop, 
but  Broughton's  narrative  contains  no  specific  statement  of  bo- 
tanical investigations  in  Hawaii. 

11.     First  Distilleries. 
About  1800. 

"The  art  of  distilling  was  introduced  by  some  Botany  Bay  con- 
victs before  the  year  1800.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  practised 
here  by  a  William  Stevenson,  from  New  South  Wales.  The  root 
of  the  Ki  plant  (Cordyline  terminalis)  was  first  baked  for  days 
in  the  ground,  after  which  it  became  very  sweet.  It  was  then 
macerated  in  a  canoe  with  water  to  ferment,  and  in  five  or  six 
days  was  ready  for  distillation.  The  rude  still  was  made  of  iron 
pots,  procured  from  ships,  with  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  tube  to 
conduct  the  vapor.  The  liquor  obtained  in  this  way,  okolehao, 
was  nearly  pure  alcohol.  At  one  time  almost  every  chief  had  his 
still." — Alexander. 


424 

12.  Maximum  of  Sandalwood  Trade. 
1810-1825. 

"The  sandalwood  trade  with  China  reached  its  height.  While 
it  lasted,  this  wood  was  a  mine  of  wealth  to  the  kings  and  chiefs^ 
by  means  of  which  they  were  enabled  to  buy  guns  and  ammuni- 
tion, liquors,  boats,  and  schooners,  as  well  as  silks  and  other 
Chinese  goods,  for  which  they  paid  exorbitant  prices ....  This 
trade  greatly  increased  the  oppression  of  the  common  people, 
multitudes  of  whom  were  obliged  to  remain  for  months  at  a  time 
in  the  mountains  searching  for  the  trees ;  felling  them,  and  bring- 
ing them  down  on  their  backs  to  the  royal  store  houses." — Alex- 
ander. 

References. 

Two  excellent  accounts  of  the  Sandalwood  Epoch  occur  in 
Thrum's  Hawaiian  Annual  for  1905  and  1915,  one  by  Thrum, 
the  other  by  Lydgate. 

13.  Visit  of  Kotzebue  and  Chamisso. 

1816,  Nov.  24. 

This  date  marks  the  arrival  of  Captain  Kotzebue  at  Kawaihae 
Bay  in  the  Russian  discovery-ship  "Rurick."  The  naturaHsts 
who  accompanied  this  expedition  were  Chamisso  and  Worms 
Kiold.  Chamisso  may  be  classed  as  one  of  the  great  pioneer 
botanists  of  Hawaii.  A  number  of  plants  have  been  named  in  his 
honor:  Viola  Chauiissoniana,  Giwgins ;  Tetramolopium  CJiamis- 
sonis,  Gray;  Scaevola  CJiamissoniana,  Gaud.;  Cibotiiim  Chamis- 
soi,  Kaulf.  In  company  with  von  Schlechtendahl  (Diedrich 
Franz  Leonhard),  Chamisso  described  in  ''Linnaea"  a  number 
of  Hawaiian  plants.  The  life  of  Chamisso  is  of  much  interest, 
for  he  was  an  army  officer,  and  a  man  of  letters,  as  well  as  a 
botanist.  The  following  brief  epitome  will  indicate  the  main 
events  of  his  life. 

Life  of  CJiainisso. 

Born  at  Chateau  of  Boncourt,  France^  Jan.  30,  1838.  His  fam- 
ily driven  from  France  by  the  Revolution  and  settled  in  Berlin. 
Young  Chamisso  entered  the  Prussian  army;  he  studied,  wrote 
poetry,  became  lieutenant  in  1801,  and  obtained  release  from  the 
army  in  1807.  His  parents  dead,  he  was  "homeless,  without  a 
profession,  disillusioned  and  despondent."  He  lived  in  Berlin 
until  1810,  at  which  time  he  received  teaching  post  in  French 
high  school.  Chamisso  studied  botany  in  Switzerland,  and  return- 
ed to  Berlin  in  1812,  where  in  1813  he  wrote  his  most  famous 
book  ''Peter  Schlemihl,"  the  man  who  sold  his  shadow. 


425 

In  1815  Chamlsso  was  appointed  botanist  to  the  Russian  ex- 
ploring expedition  round  the  world,  commanded  by  Otto  von 
Kotzebue,  in  the  ''Rurikf'  His  Hawaiian  and  other  botanical 
results  were  published  in  "Linnaea."  He  returned  to  Europe  in 
1818,  and  was  made  custodian  of  Berlin  botanical  gardens.  He 
married  in  1820,  and  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  poetry 
and  literature. 

Kotzebue  s  Trip  to  Pearl  Harbor. 

Kotzebue  conferred  with  Kamehameha  and  then  sailed  to  Ho- 
nolulu. Here  he  remained  for  two  weeks.  During  this  interval, 
to  quote  from  Kotzebue's  narrative  he  "resolved  to  undertake  a 
short  excursion  on  foot  to  the  stream,  called  by  the  English  Pearl 
River,  which  lies  about  half  a  day's  journey  to  the  west  of  Hana- 
rura  (Honolulu).  The  pearl  fishery  is  here  forbidden,  on  pain  of 
death;  only  the  king  takes  advantage  of  it.  Some  pearls,  out  of 
this  river,  which  Kareimoku  gave  me,  were  very  beautiful.  In 
the  meantime,  Mr.  Chamisso  made  an  excursion  to  the  interior." 

Kotzebue's  party,  consisting  of  himself,  Dr.  Eschscholz,  the 
second  mate,  and  two  natives,  started  early  on  the  morning  of 
Dec.  8th.  "The  road.  .  .  lay  toward  the  west,  through  a  beauti- 
fully cultivated  valley  (Nuuanu),  bordered  in  the  north  by  a 
romantic  wilderness,  formed  by  wood-crowned  heights ;  and  on 
the  south  by  the  sea.     The  luxuriant  taro  fields ....    attracted 

my  attention In  the  spaces  between  the  fie4ds,  which  are 

between  three  and  six  feet  broad,  are  pleasant  shady  walks,  plant- 
ed on  both  sides  with  sugar  cane  or  bananas .  .  .  . " 

"Sugar  plantations,  taro  fields,  and  far-scattered  plantation  suc- 
ceeded each  other  on  our  road,  and  we  had  inadvertently  travelled 
five  miles  to  the  great  village  Mauna  Roa  (Moanalua),  situated 
in  a  pleasant  valley,  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill.  A  boisterous  rivu- 
let, of  the  same  name,  falls  here  into  the  sea.  Before  the  village, 
consisting  of  small,  neat  thatched  houses,  lay  two  groves  of  cocoa 
(palm)  and  breadfruit  trees,  through  which  we  passed,  in  order 
to  rest  on  a  hill  on  the  other  side ....  Opposite  the  village  is  a 
convenient  harbor,  which,  however,  has  a  dangerous  entrance,  be- 
tween reefs  (Kalihi)." 

"After  we  had  rested  sufficiently,  we  continued  our  journey, 
left  the  shore,  and  crossed  a  promontory,  extending  far  into  the 
sea,  where  the  road  led  us  over  a  high  mountain ....  We  noticed 
here  several  tapa-plantations,  a  tree  from  whose  bark  the  natives 
make  their  cloth.  .  .  .  Our  road  led  us,  after  two  hours'  walk, 
into  a  charming  valley,  where  we  sat  down  under  the  shade  of 
breadfruit  trees,  on  the  bank  of  a  salt-lake  (Salt  Lake  Crater), 
whose  owner.  .  .  .  derives  a  considerable  revenue  from  the  bank 
of  this  lake  being  covered  with  the  most  beautiful  salt.".  . .  . 

"After  having  refreshed  ourselves  a  little;  we  passed  over  a 
high  hill,  and  soon  came  into  a  beautifully  cultivated  plain  (Ha- 
lawa  and  Aiea)  ....     The  country  is  here  indescribably  beautiful ; 


426 

fieids  and  villages  are  intermixed  with  cocoa  (palm)  and  bread- 
fruit plantations.  ...  At  five  o'clock  we  reached  the  place  where 
we  intended  to  stay  that  night,  six  miles  straight  from  Hana- 
rara.  It  was  a  pretty  village.  .  .  .  which  took  its  name,  Waujau 
(Waiau),  from  a  quick  running  rivulet  that  here  falls  into  the 
sea.  I  directed  my  attendants  to  procure  me  a  boat  to  go  the 
next  morning  to  Pearl  River,  from  which  we  were  not  far  off; 
but  their  endeavors  were  in  vain,  the  inhabitants  having  left  the 
coast  for  some  days,  on  a  fishing  expedition.".  .  .  . 

The  natives  gave  Kotzebue  and  his  party  a  good  supper  of 
roast  pig,  taro,  sweet  potatoes  and  fresh  fish  and  "prepared  clean 
mats  for  our  beds ;  but  the  liveliness  of  the  gnats,  which  danced 
merrily  over  our  faces,  deprived  us  of  sleep;  and  the  next  morn- 
ing, being  unable  to  get  a  boat,  we  were  obliged  to  return  with- 
out having  seen  Pearl  River.  ...  In  the  evening  we  safely  ar- 
rived on  board." 

The  collections  of  Chamisso  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal 
Botanical  Gardens,  Berlin. 

PERIOD  III.    THE  MIDDLE  PERIOD. 

14.    Visit  of  Freycinet. 

Aug.  8,  1819.     Kailua. 

The  next  event  of  botanical  and  scientific  interest  in  Hawaii 
was  a  visit  by  the  distinguished  French  circumnavigator,  Frey- 
cinet. Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de  Freycinet  was  born  in  Monteli- 
mart,  Aug.  7,  1779.  He  entered  the  French  Navy  in  1792.  In 
1800  he  and  his  brother  joined  the  expedition  sent  out  under  Cap- 
tain Bandin  in  the  "Naturaliste''  and  ''Geographe"  to  explore  the 
south  and  southwest  coasts  of  Australia.  In  1805  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  was  entrusted  by  the  government  with  the  work  of  pre- 
paring the  maps  and  plans  of  the  expedition.  He  also  completed 
the  narrative,  and  the  entire  work  appeared  under  the  title  ''Voy- 
age dc  dccouvertcs  aux  terres  australes,"  Paris,  1807-1816. 

In  1817  Freycinet  commanded  the  "Uranie'  in  which  Arago 
and  others  went  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  to  take  a  series  of  pendulum 
measurements.  This  was  part  of  a  comprehensive  plan  for  col- 
lecting scientific  data  along  many  lines.  For  three  years  Frey- 
cinet cruised  about,  visiting  Australia,  Marianne,  Hawaiian  and 
other  Pacific  Islands,  South  America,  and  other  places.  Not- 
withstanding the  loss  of  the  "Uranie"  in  the  Falkland  Islands 
during  the  homeward  voyage,  he  returned  to  France  with  excel- 
lent collections  in  all  branches  of  natural  history,  and  with  volu- 
minous notes  and  drawings. 

The  results  of  this  great  voyage  of  exploration  and  research 
were  published  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Freycinet  in  1824- 
44.  The  title  was  ''Voyage  aiitour  dii  monde  siir  les  corvettes 
Uranie  et  la  Physicienne/'  in  thirteen  quarto  volumes  and  four 


427 

folio  volumes  of  fine  plates  and  maps.  In  1825  Freycinet  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  later  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Paris  Geographical  Society.  He  died 
at.  his  estate,  Freycinet,  on  Aug.  18,  1882. 

Visit  to  Hazvaii. 

In  Hawaii  Freycinet  visited  Kailua  on  August  8th,  sailed  across 
the  channel  to  Lahaina,  Maui,  on  the  15th,  and  remained  there 
until  the  26th.  At  this  station  a  series  of  pendulum  observations 
were  made.  He  then  proceeded  to  Honolulu,  and  sailed  for 
Port  Jackson  on  August  30th.  His  stay  in  the  islands  was  less 
than  three  weeks. 

Gaiidicliaud. 

The  botanist  of  Freycinet's  expedition  was  Charles  Gaudi- 
chaud-Beaupre,  generally  known  as  Gaudichaud.  He  was  born 
at  Angouleme,  France?  Sept.  4,  1789,  and  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  16, 
1854.  He  studied  botany  and  pharmacy  at  Cognac  and  Paris. 
In  1810  he  was  appointed  as  dispenser  in  the  military  marine,  and 
from  1811  to  1814  served  at  Antwerp.  In  1817  he  joined  the 
corvette  ''Uranie''  as  pharmaceutical  botanist  to  the  circumpolar 
expedition  commanded  by  De  Freycinet.  The  wreck  of  the  ves- 
sel on  the  Falkland  Islands,  at  the  close  of  1819,  deprived  him  of 
more  than  half  the  botanical  collections  he  had  made  in  various 
parts  of  the  world.  In  1830-33  he  visited  Chile,  Peru,  and  Bra- 
zil. In  1836-37  Gaudichaud  was  botanist  of  ''La  Bonite"  during 
its  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  and  returned  to  Hawaii,  but  the 
only  record  of  his  collections  consists  of  a  few  plates,  with  no 
adequate  notes.  Besides  accounts  of  his  voyages,  Gaudichaud 
wrote  various  treatises  upon  plant  morphology  and  organ- 
ography. His  Hawaiian  botanical  material  was  published  in  the 
"Botanique  dii  Voyage  de  I'Uranie." 

A  number  of  Hawaiian  plants  have  been  named  in  his  honor ; 
for  example — Cassia  Gaudichaudii,  Flook.  &  Arn. ;  Cheirodendron 
Gaiidichaiidii,  Seem.;  Lobelia  GaudieJiaudii,  DC;  Clermontia 
Gaiidichaiidii,  Hillebr. ;  Scaevola  GaudieJiaudii,  Hook.  &  Arn.; 
Exoearpus  Gaudichaudii,  A.  DC. ;  Pritehardia  GaudieJiaudii,  H. 
Wendl. ;  GaJinia  GaudieJiaudii,  Steud. 

Several  Hawaiian  plants  have  been  named  in  honor  of  Frey- 
cinet, for  example — Santalum  Freyeinetianum,  Gray,  and  Frcy- 
cinetia  Arnotti,  Gaud. 

The  botanical  labors  of  Gaudichaud,  both  in  Hawaii  and  else- 
where, were  substantial  and  noteworthy  in  character,  and  added 
greatly  to  the  taxonomic  knowledge  of  his  times. 

15.    The  Pioneer  American  Missionaries. 

MareJi  31,  1820.   KoJiala. 

The  next  landmark  in  the  scientific  history  of  Hawaii  was  the 
coming  of  the  first  American    (Protestant)   missionaries.    They 


428 

established  mission  stations  at  Honolulu,  Kailua,  and  other  island 
ports.  For  a  complete  account  see  Dibble,  ''History  of  the  Sand- 
wicJi  Islands;'  or  Alexander. 

In  April,  1822,  a  deputation  of  English  missionaries,  headed 
by  Rev.  William  Ellis,  arrived  in  Honolulu,  and  remained  four 
months,  after  most  cordial  reception  from  both  the  native  chiefs 
and  the  American  missionaries. 

16.    Tour  of  the  Island  of  Hawaii  by  Ellis. 

1823.   July-Sept. 

In  April,  1823,  a  reinforcement  to  the  mission  arrived  from 
America  and  plans  were  made  to  extend  the  work.  Ellis,  accom- 
panied by  Messrs.  Thurston,  Bishop  and  Goodrich,  undertook  a 
tour  of  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  to  ''select  the  most  eligible  places 
for  missionary  stations.  These,  though  the  principal,  were  not 
the  only  objects  that  occupied  our  attention  during  the  tour.  We 
availed  ourselves  of  the  opportunities  it  afforded,  to  make  obser- 
vations on  the  structure  of  the  island,  its  geographical  character, 
natural  scenery,  productions,  and  objects  of  curiosity." 

Summary  of  Botanic  Observations. 

Ellis'  very  interesting  ''Narrative  of  a  Tour  Through  Haivaii' 
was  published  in  London,  1825,  and  consists  of  fifteen  chapters 
packed  full  of  accurate  and  engaging  information.  The  following 
list  of  topics  (fourth  edition  used  for  pagination)  will  serve  to 
indicate  the  character  of  Ellis'  observations  with  special  refer- 
ence to  botany — native  plantations  around  Kailua  (46)  ;  ascent 
of  Hualalai  (54)  ;  native  agriculture  at  Lahaina,  Maui  (61)  ; 
copious  account  of  wauke  (paper  mulberry)  plant,  and  the  mak- 
ing of  Kapa  (bark  cloth)  (93-98)  ;  method  of  cooking  taro, 
(204-5)  ;  wili-zvili  tree,  (212)  ;  the  ohelo  berry,  (223-4)  ;  the  ti 
plant,  (255-7)  ;  Sandalwood,  (300-1)  ;  construction  of  the  Ha- 
waiian house,  (313-20)  ;  vegetation  around  Hilo,  (336-7)  ;  native 
canoes,  (341-3)  ;  the  calabash  gourd.  (376-7)  ;  the  kiikui  nut, 
(377-9)  ;  the  azva  plant,  (386-7)  ;  sandalwood,  (402-3)  ;  Mauna 
Kea,  (409-11). 

Account  of  the  Kukui,  by  Ellis. 

As  representative  of  Ellis'  interesting  and  fruitful  style,  the 
following  selections  concerning  the  Kukui  tree  may  be  taken  as 
typical : 

''Large  quantities  of  kukui,  or  candle  nuts,  hung  in  long  strings 
in  different  parts  of  Arapai 's  dwelling.  These  are  the  fruit  of  the 
aleurites  triloba;  a  tree  which  is  abundant  in  the  mountains,  and 
highly  serviceable  to  the  natives.  It  furnishes  a  gum,  which  they 
use  in  preparing  varnish  for  their  tapa,  or  native  cloth.     The  inner 


429 

bark  produces  a  permanent  dark-red  dye,  but  the  nuts  are  the  most 
valuable  part;  they  are  heart-shaped,  about  the  size  of  a  walnut, 
and  are  produced  in  abundance.  Sometimes  the  natives  burn  them 
to  charcoal,  which  they  pulverize,  and  use  it,  tatauing  their  skin, 
painting  their  canoes,  surf -boards,  idols,  or  drums;  but  they  are 
generally  used  as  a  substitute  for  candles  or  lamps.  When  designed 
for  this  purpose,  they  are  slightly  baked  in  a  native  oven,  after 
which  the  shell,  which  is  exceedingly  hard,  is  taken  off,  and  a  hole 
perforated  in  the  kernel,  through  which  a  rush  is  passed,  and  they 
are  hung  up  for  use,  as  we  saw  them  at  this  place.  When  employed 
for  tishing  by  torch-light,  four  or  five  strings  are  enclosed  in  the 
leaves  of  the  pandanus,  which  not  only  keeps  them  together,  but 
renders  the   light  more  brilliant. 

''When  they  use  them  in  their  houses,  ten  or  twelve  are  strung  on 
the  thin  stalk  of  the  [rib  of  a]  cocoa-nut  leaf  [leaflet],  and  look  like 
a  number  of  peeled  chestnuts  on  a  long  skewer.  The  person  who  has 
charge  of  them  lights  a  nut  at  one  end  of  the  stick,  and  holds  it 
up,  till  the  oil  it  contains  is  consumed,  when  the  flame  kindles  on 
the  one  beneath  it,  and  he  breaks  off  the  extinct  nut  with  a  short 
piece  of  wood,  which  serves  as  a  pair  of  snuffers.  Each  nut  will 
burn  two  or  three  minutes,  and,  if  attended,  give  a  tolerable  light. 
We  have  often  had  occasion  to  notice,  with  admiration,  the  merciful 
and  abundant  provision  which  the  God  of  nature  has  made  for  the 
comfort  of  those  insulated  people,  which  is  strikingly  manifested  by 
the  spontaneous  growth  of  this  valuable  tree  in  all  the  islands;  a 
great  convenience  is  hereby  secured,  with  no  other  trouble  than 
picking  up  the  nuts  from  under  the  trees.  The  tree  is  large,  the 
leaves  and  wood  remarkably  white;  and  though  the  latter  is  not 
used  by  the  Sandwich  Islanders,  except  occasionally  in  making 
fences,  small  canoes  are  frecpieutly  made  of  it  by  the  Society  Island- 
ers. In  ad<Ution  to  the  above  purposes,  the  nuts  are  often  baked  or 
roasted  as  an  article  of  food,  which  the  natives  eat  with  salt.  The 
nut  contains  a  large  portion  of  oil,  which,  possessing  the  property 
of  drying,  is  useful  in  painting;  and  for  this  purpose  quantities  are 
carried  by  the  Russian  vessels  to  their  settlements  on  the  north- 
west  coast   of   America." 

(To   be  continued.) 


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OFFICERS: 


E.  r.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


SUGAR  FACIORS 

SKIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 
NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 
JOINT  SERVICE 
NIPPON  YUSEN  KAISHA 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 
Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honorau  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Ktlauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
Caledonian  Ins.  Co.,  of  Edinhurgh 
Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 
British  America  Assurance  Co. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


=   Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.     Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 


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^uiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I    The  Paper  They  All  Head  \ 

E  Circulation,  both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  r 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  momig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news^ — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 

1 1  Paic  Comircial  Mm  I 

E  PEINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  E 

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FEED  CO.,  LTD.] 

Dealers  in  = 

HAY  AND  GRAIN         I 


E  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

I  ALGAROBA  FEED  | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

i  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  i 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  = 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  = 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  = 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  = 

E  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468  E 

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:^iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiriiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiji 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  I 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

E  FOE  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  .  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE, 
AUTOMOBILE  AND 
IflURISTS'  BAGGAGE 
NSURANCE 


|ea$fk$eooke,  CfdJ 

I  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  | 

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^Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllillillllllllllllllllllllllllllilliilllllj 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HMFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     | 

I  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  | 

I    WESICHESe  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   | 

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HiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiL' 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  | 

S         To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  cornplete  Hne  of  every-  = 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  5 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  = 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  = 

I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LID.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  = 

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•Jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

E     Codes  Used:     A  B  C  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western   Union,    Excelsior      E 

I  li  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

E   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  A  ND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Sod?. 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME   STREET 


^llllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllilllllllllllltllllllllillllillllllllllillllllilllllllllllllllilllllll?. 


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AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  I 

HONOLULU,   HAWAII  | 

San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  | 

MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


DEALERS    IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO    AND    = 

DRY  GOODS  = 

Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water   Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Oren.stein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,   Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters    Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,   Ltd.,   Fire  &  Marine 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)nunissionars 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 

DIVISION  OP  rOidSSTBY. 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  KoMai^ 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 

John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui, 

DIVISION  or  ENTOMOIiOOT. 

David  T.  Pullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  VOlaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OP  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector, 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MaJiukona,  Hawaii, 
Geo,  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at'Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAI.  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorinl  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAI.  STAPP  OP  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

\mmm\st\ 


NOVEMBER,  1918 

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

EdiLrial 439 

The  Hawaiian  Sumach  (Judd) 441 

Division  of  Forestry- 
Report  for  September  442 

Report  for  October 446 

Report  for  November  451 

Division  of  Entomology- 
Report  for  September 454 

Report  for  October 455 

Report  for  November 457 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection- 
Report  for  September 458 

Report  for  October 460 

Report  for  November 461 

Division  of  Animal  Industry- 
Report  for  September.  ... 463 

Report  for  October 469 

Report  for  November 472 


VOL.  XV. 


Price,  Ten  Cents      no.  11 


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OFFICES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU.  T.  H 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASh! 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE ^.President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Direct(» 

J.  WATEEHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH. 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  B.  CASTLE Director 

G.  H.    ATHEETON Director 


fllummtsstott  iii^rrliantB  nnh 
Snsuranr^  Ag^ttts 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian   Commercial   and   Sugar  Company  McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Paia   Plantation  K^uai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Company  Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company  Honolua  Ranch 

Eahului  Railroad   Company 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,   Ltd.,   Hongkong. 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of   New  York,  New  York,   N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire   and  Marine  Insurance   Company,    Springfield,    Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.    Z. 
American  Alliance   Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,   Newark,   N.   J. 
Switzerland   Marine   Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


^illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllij: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 
HAWAIIAN  GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 
Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


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Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  imi^ortant  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.i  T-'ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri« 
bution  (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

,   Applications    for    publications    should    be    addressed    to    the    Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XV.  Honolulu,  November,  1918.  No.  11 


A  perusal  of  the  live  stock  sanitary  laws  of  the  states  and 
territories  on  the  mainland  indicates  that  Hawaii  stands  high  in 
the  character  of  such  laws  and  in  their  enforcement. 


Koa  trees  are  being  used  by  the  Division  of  Forestry  in  re- 
foresting the  bare  areas  which  were  formerly  covered  with  this 
tree  at  Kolekole  Pass  in  the  Waianae  Range,  Oahu. 


The  Forest  Nurseryman  distributed  a  total  of  10,500  trees 
for  planting  throughout  the  islands  on  Arbor  Day,  which  this 
year  was  celebrated  on  November  22. 


Now  that  the  tree  planting  season  has  arrived,  the  Forest 
Nurseryman  is  busily  engaged  in  sending  out  large  orders  of 
trees  mainly  to  the  plantation  companies. 


It  is  noted  in  the  report  of  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  that 
wheat  from  Australia  and  rice  from  Siam  have  recently  been 
imported  to  meet  the  demands  for  food  in  this  Territory. 


The  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  has  assisted  in  the  saving 
of  food  by  lending  its  fumigating  facilities  to  rid  rice,  barley, 
wheat,  corn,  beans  and  rice  bran  of  infestation. 


Kahoolawe  is  to  be  leased  again,  but  only  under  conditions 
which  will  assure  the  revegation  of  the  island  which  has  been 
much  maltreated  in  the  past  by  overgrazing. 


A  publication  on  the  corn  leaf-hopper  describing  this  pest  and 
the  beneficial  insects  which  prey  upon  it,  prepared  by  Entomol- 
ogist D.  T.  Fullaway,  will  soon  be  issued  with  illustrations  as 
Bulletin  No.  4  of  the  Division  of  Entomology. 


The  proposed  setting  apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  over  20,000 
acres  of  ohia  forest  in  Olaa,  Hawaii,  to  prevent  its  becoming  a 
waste  of  dead  trees  and  Hilo  grass  is  a  step  in  the  right  direc- 
tion of  conservation. 


440 

Progress  in  the  protection  of  our  native  forest  in  the  reserves 
is  announced  in  the  reports  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry, 
printed  herewith,  by  the  construction  of  new  boundary  fences 
and  the  repairing  of  existing  fences  at  Hauula  and  Waiahole  on 
Oahu,  at  Makawao  on  Maui,  and  at  Glenwood  on  Hawaii. 

The  use  of  reenforced  concrete  posts  on  the  new  forest  reserve 
fence  at  Glenwood,  Hawaii,  will  present  an  interesting  compari- 
son of  the  serviceability  of  this  material  as  against  native  fence 
posts  made  of  the  ohia. 

The  successful  raising  of  the  Benguet  pine  of  the  Philippines 
(Pinus  insularis)  at  the  Keanakolu  Nursery  at  an  elevation  of 
6000  feet  on  the  slopes  of  Mauna  Kea,  Hawaii,  gives  promise  of 
the  possibility  of  raising  at  least  a  part  of  our  own  lumber  supply 
in  the  future. 


The  inadvisability  of  cutting  trails  on  the  steep  slopes  of  our 
forested  mountains  is  proved  by  actual  observations  described 
in  the  October  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry.  It  is 
far  better  to  follow  the  old  Hawaiian  custom  of  keeping  to  the 
tops  of  ridges. 

On  October  14,  1918,  the  Governor  by  executive  order  set 
aside  for  the  exclusive  use  of  this  Board  6.51  acres  of  govern- 
ment land  in  Waiakea,  Hawaii,  for  the  animal  quarantine  station 
and  1988  square  feet  of  government  land  on  the  Wailoa  River 
in  the  town  of  Hilo  for  plant  fumigation  purposes. 


The  five  new  forest  reserves  on  Kauai,  Oahu  and  Hawaii, 
which  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry  has  just  recommended 
for  setting  apart,  aggregate  a  total  area  of  41,231  acres  and, 
except  for  minor  changes  on  the  boundaries  of  existing  reserves, 
will  complete  the  forest  reserve  system  for  the  Territory. 


Stock  raisers  and  plantation  stablemen  through  the  Territory 
should  be  careful  not  to  feed  any  moldy  corn  to  their  horses  or 
mules.  This  causes  forage  poisoning  for  which  there  is  no  treat- 
ment and  which  usually  results  in  a  mortality  of  ninety  per  cent. 


The  difficulties  which  confront  the  deputy  territorial  veteri- 
narians in  testing  cattle  for  bovine  tuberculosis  in  the  outlying 
country  districts  are  well  set  forth  in  the  September  report  of 
the  Territorial  Veterinarian  printed  in  this  issue.  The  coopera- 
tion of  the  Board  of  Health  officials  in  this  work  is  very  much 
appreciated. 


Of  the  7426  head  of  dairy  cattle  tested  for  tuberculosis  during 
the  year  ended  September  30,  1918,  a  total  of  6991  head,  or  94.2 


441 

per  cent,  were  found  to  be  free  of  the  disease.  The  bovine  tuber- 
culosis compensation  act  passed  by  the  1917  Legislature  has 
greatly  assisted  in  the  suppression  of  this  disease  which  it  is 
hoped  will  in  time  be  entirely  eradicated  from  this  Territory. 


During  September,  October  and  November,  the  Division  of 
Entomology  reared  and  distributed  for  liberation  a  total  of  92,- 
294  beneficial  insects  as  follows:  16,150  parasites  on  the  melon 
fly,  11,794  parasites  on  the  fruit  fly,  8350  parasites  on  the  horn 
fly,  and  56,000  parasites  on  the  corn  leaf  hopper.  Any  of  these 
parasites  will  be  sent  on  application  to  those  who  are  troubled 
with  the  insect  pests  enumerated  above. 


The  article,  "History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii," 
the  first  two  instalments  of  which  appeared  in  the  September 
and  October  numbers,  is  by  Professor  Vaughan  MacCaughey, 
of  the  College  of  Hawaii.  The  third  instalment  is  crowded  out 
of  this  number. 


The  Haw^aiian  Sumach 


By  C.  S.  JuDD,  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

The  Hawaiian  sumach  or  Neneleau,  Rhus  seuiialata  Murr.  var 
sandwicensis  Engl.,  belongs  to  a  genus  which  has  over  100  species 
widely  distributed  over  the  world,  but  which  is  most  abundant 
in  subtropical  and  temperate  regions,  chiefly  in  South  Africa. 
In  the  United  States  the  sumach  is  represented  by  16  species 
widely  scattered  of  which  four  attain  the  habit  of  small  trees. 
These  are  most  conspicuous  in  the  fall  of  the  year  when  their 
turning  foliage  brightens  the  landscape  with  colors  of  fire. 

The  resin-canals  in  the  bark  of  the  sumach  are  in  general 
filled  with  a  milky  juice  and  the  bark  and  leaves  abound  in  tannin 
which  is  used  in  dressing  leather.  Some  of  the  sumachs  are 
poisonous,  even  to  the  touch,  and  the  acrid  poisonous  juice  of 
Rhus  vernieifera  D.  C.  of  China  furnishes  the  black  varnish 
used  in  China  and  Japan  in  the  manufacture  of  the  much  prized 
lacquer  ware. 

The  species  of  which  our  sumach  is  a  variety  is  a  small  tree 
which  is  found  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains  of  India  up  to  7000 
feet  and  in  China  and  Japan.  In  India  the  fruit  is  eaten  by 
Nepalese  and  Pepchas  who  also  make  a  vegetable  wax  of  it  called 
Omlii. 

The  Hawaiian  sumach,  which  reaches  a  height  of  at  least  25 
feet,  occurs  in  isolated  clusters  at  the  lower  elevations  and  is 
found  at  Makaweli,  Kauai,  at  Nuuanu  and  Hakipuu  on  Oahu, 
at  Kailua,  Auahi,  Waiehu  and  lao  on  Maui,  and  in  the  Kohala 
mountains,  Hamakua,  North  Kona,  and  Hilo  Districts  on  Ha- 
waii.   Ordinarily  it  is  not  a  very  gainly  tree  but  when  in  blossom 


442 

the  large  panicles  of  fragrant  white  or  pale  yellow-green  flowers 
are  very  attractive. 

The  wood  of  the  Neneleau  although  soft  and  light  and  coarse- 
grained is  very  tough  and  durable  in  the  soil.  It  has  been  used 
to  advantage  as  ox  yokes  and  has  been  found  very  serviceable 
as  fence  posts.  The  trunks  of  sumach  trees  on  the  Hamakua 
Coast  on  Hawaii  have  been  found  large  enough  to  split  into  four 
fence  posts  and  when  used  for  this  purpose  they  have  the  quality 
of  being  easy  to  split  on  account  of  their  straight  grain  and 
easy  to  transport  on  account  of  their  light  weight. 

With  the  idea  of  starting  a  small  experimental  plantation  of 
tlie  Hawaiian  sumach  for  the  production  of  fence  posts,  a  re- 
quest was  sent  to  Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  Nursery  Agent  at  Hilo, 
for  some  seed.  His  instructive  reply,  which  is  as  follows,  calls 
attention  to  the  presence  of  a  fungus  disease  which  has  dam- 
aged the  sumach  and  has  been  responsible  for  its  decadence  in 
many  regions : 

"I  received  your  letter  in  which  you  ask  for  sumach  seed.  It 
is  practically  impossible  to  procure  such  seeds  for  they  are  ex- 
tremely rare.  For  many  years  I  have  looked  for  some  but  so 
far  have  seen  but  very  few  and  that  only  in  one  instance.  Some 
years  ago  the  sumach  had  been  attacked  by  a  fungus  disease 
which  killed  all  the  old  trees  and  still  is  destroying  many  of 
the  younger  plants  every  year.  Were  it  not  for  the  sumach 
reproducing  by  the  roots,  which  are  not  attacked,  there  would 
be  none  left  by  this  time.  The  disease  attacks  the  trunks  and 
branches,  killing  not  at  once  but  little  by  little. 

'T  could  send  many  young  plants  that  come  up  from  the  roots 
but  that  w^ould  not  be  advisable  on  account  of  the  fungus. 

"The  sumach  growls  extensively  on  Maui,  especially  in  the  lao 
Valley,  where  I  have  seen  trees  thirty  and  more  feet  high. 
Whether  the  disease  has  reached  there,  I  cannot  tell,  but  it  would 
be  well  for  you  to  investigate." 

Since  the  Hawaiian  sumach  may  be  propagated  by  layers, 
root  cuttings,  or  slips,  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  start  the  pro- 
posed plantation  in  this  manner  rather  than  by  the  use  of  seed- 
lings. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  13,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine 
reports  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  September 
1918: 


443 

FOREST  FENCING. 

The  following  fencing  projects,  aggregating  a  total  length  of 
3.06  miles  along  forest  reserve  boundaries,  have  recently  been 
completed : 

On  the  boundary  of  the  new  addition  to  the  Makawao  Forest 
Reserve  on  Maui,  under  the  supervision  of  Ranger  Lindsay,  the 
construction  of  .89  mile  of  new  fence  and  the  repairing  of  .S3 
mile  of  existing  fence  were  completed  on  the  last  day  of  August. 

On  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  new  Waiahole  Forest  Re- 
serve, Oahu,  the  construction  of  .59  mile  of  new  fence  was  com- 
pleted on  September  18. 

On  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  proposed  new  Hauula  Forest 
Reserve,  Oahu,  across  the  government  land  of  Hauula,  the  con- 
struction of  a  new  fence  begun  on  August  6,  1917,  by  voluntary 
homestead  labor  under  an  agreement  made  by  the  Land  Commis- 
sioner was  completed  on  September  28.  The  length  of  this  fence 
on  the  boundary  is  .S7  mile  and  in  addition  to  this  by  special 
arrangement  an  additional  length  of  .18  mile  was  constructed  to 
prevent  cattle  from  crossing  on  to  government  forest  land  from 
the  adjacent  private  land  of  Kaipapau. 

In  addition  to  the  above  and  not  previously  reported  1.19  miles 
of  fence  on  the  boundary  of  the  Pupukea  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu, 
was  repaired  in  cooperation  with  the  Ranch  Department  of  the 
O.  R.  &  L.  Co. 

I  have  also  been  informed  that  several  of  the  fences  required 
to  be  built  or  kept  in  repair  by  general  leases  and  to  which  the 
attention  of  the  Land  Commissioner  was  recently  called  are  be- 
ing constructed,  viz.,  the  renewing  of  the  fences  on  a  part  of 
the  boundary  of  Moloaa  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  and  the  Kau 
Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii.  Material  for  the  Makua  fence,  Oahu, 
has  been  assembled  at  Lualualei,  but  has  not  yet  been  hauled 
over. 

New  padlocks  have  been  placed  on  the  gates  of  the  boundary 
fence  of  the  Lihue-Koloa  Forest  Reserve  where  it  crosses  the 
government  land  of  Wailua,  Kauai,  and  during  the  past  few 
months  over  60  head  of  wild  cattle  have  been  removed  from 
the  reserve  by  the  Lihue  Plantation. 

During  the  middle  part  of  the  month  on  a  two-day  trip  to 
Molokai  I  inspected  the  fences  of  the  Molokai  Forest  Reserve 
where  they  cross  government  land,  and  upon  my  return  sent 
to  the  Land  Commissioner  fencing  clauses  to  be  inserted  in  the 
new  leases  of  these  lands  soon  to  be  offered  for  sale. 

VISIT  TO   MANANA. 

On  September  6,  in  company  with  two  Boy  Scouts,  I  visited 
the  island  of  Manana,  commonly  called  Rabbit  Island,  oft  Ma- 
kapuu  Point,  Oahu,  and  set  up  two  wooden  painted  signs  to 
warn  people  against  any  infringement  of  Rule  IV  which  protects 


444 

bird,  animal,  and  vegetable  life  on  the  island.  Birds  on  the 
island  were  found  in  plenty  and  did  not  seem  to  have  been  dis- 
turbed for  some  time.  An  attempt  was  made  to  reach  the  adja- 
'cent  smaller  island  of  Kaohikaipu,  but  on  account  of  the  rough 
sea  it  was  not  possible  to  land. 

FOREST   PLANTING. 

During  the  month  on  the  Lualualei  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  at 
Kolekole  Pass,  the  planting  gang  set  out  a  total  of  2444  koa  trees 
on  the  slopes  near  the  spring.  In  addition  to  this  a  few  trees  of 
miscellaneous  species  were  planted  to  find  out  whether  they 
would  do  well  in  the  region. 

HAWAII  TRIP. 

On  September  21,  I  left  for  Hawaii  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  the  month  and  a  part  of  the  next  in  touring  the  island  with 
the  Governor  and  the  Land  Commissioner.  A  part  of  the  island 
was  seen  to  advantage  and  some  new  lands  visited.  Several  land 
and  forest  matters  along  the  \"olcano  Road  in  Olaa,  and  in  Kona 
were  looked  into. 

At  Keanakolu  it  was  a  pleasure  to  see  in  the  nursery  1500 
seedlings  of  the  Benguet  pine,  Pinits  insularis,  which  were  start- 
ed for  this  Division  by  Mr.  Alfred  W.  Carter  two  years  ago, 
and  are  now  from  one  to  two  feet  high  and  about  ready  to  plant 
out.  Arrangements  will  soon  be  made  to  set  these  out  at  dif- 
ferent elevations  on  the  slopes  of  Mauna  Loa  in  suitable  spots 
to  determine  where  they  will  grow  the  best. 

In  this  same  region  the  fences  constructed  in  cooperation  with 
the  Kukaiau  Ranch  on  the  boundaries  of  government  lands  in 
the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve  at  Piha  and  Laupahoehoe  were  inspect- 
ed and  found  to  be  well  built  and  in  good  condition. 

Parts  of  two  days  were  spent  in  examining  the  upper  portion 
of  the  government  land  of  Piihonua  now  occupied  by  the  Puu 
Oo  Ranch  as  well  as  the  boundary  of  the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve 
in  this  region.  This  boundary  was  found  to  be  securely  fenced 
against  stock  and  the  fence  kept  in  good  condition.  No  running 
streams  occur  above  the  boundary  on  this  land  except  after 
heavy  rains,  and  a  part  of  the  land  is  covered  by  an  open  forest 
of  ohia  and  koa.  The  question  of  whether  additional  land  should 
in  the  future  be  added  to  the  reserve  at  this  locality  is  a  matter 
in  which  concerted  action  should  be  taken  with  the  owners  of 
privately  owned  lands  to  the  north. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


445 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  23,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  September : 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  seed  In  trans-            Pot 

boxes  plant  boxes  grown  Total 

Sold ....               133  133 

Gratis 2600  250      570  3420 

2600      250      703     3553 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  Realizations. 

Collections  on  account  of  plants  sold $  3.00 

Preservation  Forest  Reserves. 

Collections  for  quarter  ended  Sept.  30,  1918 — 

Rents  and  fees $42.50 

Sale  of  52  loads  of  black  sand  at  50c  per  load.  26.00 

Total $68.50 

Plantation  Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
40,000  in  seed  boxes  and  5,000  in  transplant  boxes,  making  a 
total  of  45,000. 

Makiki  Station. 

A  commencement  has  been  made  to  utilize  the  trees  which  we 
cut  a  short  time  ago  along  the  Tantalus  road.  The  Monkeypod 
we  are  cutting  up  into  seed  and  transplant  boxes.  The  different 
species  of  eucalyptus  are  being  cut  into  fence  posts,  and  will  be 
tested  with  the  object  of  finding  out  the  durabifity  of  each 
species.  We  have  in  stock  large  quantities  of  trees  now  ready 
for  the  coming  planting  season  and  Arbor  Day. 


446 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

The  cutting  and  pruning  of  the  trees  along  the  Tantalus  road 
running  through  the  planted  forest  occupied  most  of  the  time 
during  the  month.  The  work  is  now  finished  and  should  the 
county  officials  see  their  way  clear  to  do  a  little  repair  work  on 
the  road  it  would  greatly  benefit  those  who  have  to  travel  over  it. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  has  made  visits  and  otherwise  given  advice  and  as- 
sistance as  follows : 

Calls  made,  6 ;  advice  bv  telephone,  8 ;  advice  given  at  Nursery, 
10. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 

REPORT  FOR  OCTOBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  18,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  October,  1918: 

Hawaii  Trip. 

From  the  first  of  the  month  to  October  8,  I  was  still  on  Ha- 
waii with  the  Governor's  party  making  an  inspection  of  govern- 
ment lands.     The  following  received  my  special  attention : 

In  company  with  County  Engineer  A.  C.  Wheeler  I  looked 
over  the  lower  boundary  of  the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve  on  the  gov- 
ernment land  of  Piihonua.  The  koa  trees  which  were  reported 
to  have  been  attacked  during  the  previous  summer  by  a  defoliat- 
ing moth  had  entirely  recovered  and  were  in  apparently  good 
condition.  Several  miles  of  the  boundary  were  examined  and 
it  was  ascertained  that  additional  land  too  high  for  cane  and  too 
heavily  forested  for  homesteads  could  well  be  added  to  the  re- 
serve. During  the  next  dry  season  it  is  planned  to  have  the 
boundary  on  Piihonua  relocated  by  a  Government  surveyor  so 
as  to  include  these  lands  in  the  reserve  and  ascertain  just  where 
fencing  will  be  needed.  This  is  an  important  project  because 
the  area  is  all  tributary  to  the  domestic  water  supply  of  the  town 
of  Hilo. 

With  Forest  Ranger  A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie  I  made  arrange- 
ments for  fencing  up  the  pieces  of  land  in  Sec.  C.  of  the  Olaa 


447 

Forest  Park  Reserve  on  the  Volcano  Road  between  Glenwood 
and  approximately  23^  Miles.  On  these  small  strips,  which 
are  only  150  feet  deep  adjacent  to  both  sides  of  the  road,  there 
remain  in  places  some  attractive  bits  of  native  tree  fern  and 
ohia  forest  which  always  receive  the  interested  attention  of  those 
passing  along  the  road  to  visit  the  Volcano.  These  pieces  of 
forest  are  gradually  diminishing  on  account  of  the  dairy  cattle 
which  wander  at  large  through  them  and  unless  they  are  pro- 
tected now  they  will  soon  disappear  entirely.  On  this  fencing 
which  will  amount  to  about  14,532  feet  in  length  an  opportunity 
has  been  presented  to  test  the  efficiency  of  reenforced  concrete 
posts,  a  supply  of  wdiich  I  was  able  to  purchase  already  made  in 
Hilo  at  60  cents  each  which  is  cheaper  than  the  present  price  of 
redwood  posts.  This  fence  will  probably  be  completed  before 
the  end  of  the  year  after  which  it  is  planned  to  fill  in  the  blank 
spaces  with  native  loulu  palms  and  other  suitable  trees. 

Two  days  were  also  spent  in  examining  a  large  tract  of  govern- 
ment forest  land  in  upper  Olaa  with  the  idea  of  placing  it  in  a 
new  reservation  to  be  called  the  Olaa  Forest  Reserve.  This  will 
probably  comprise  about  25,000  acres  and  embraces  a  tract  of 
dense  ohia  forest  which  has  been  surveyed  for  homesteads  in 
the  past,  but  on  which  after  repeated  attempts  homesteading  has 
proved  to  be  a  failure,  mainly  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of 
the  soil.  In  the  past  few  years  a  few  general  leases  have  been 
made  of  parts  of  this  tract  for  grazing  a  few  head  of  scrubby 
cattle,  but  rather  than  to  have  the  forest  destroyed  in  this  man- 
ner and  become  a  waste  of  Hilo  grass  and  dead  trees  it  is  my  aim 
to  include  it  all  in  a  reserve  and  to  protect  it  by  the  necessary"" 
fencing.  At  present  a  government  surveyor  is  on  the  ground 
obtaining  the  courses  of  a  few  lines  necessary  to  complete  the 
description  and  the  project  will  soon  be  presented  for  your 
approval. 

Maui  Trip. 

From  October  16  to  24  I  was  on  the  island  of  Maui  inspecting 
government  lands  in  company  with  the  Governor  and  Land 
Commissioner.  All  portions  of  the  island  with  the  exception  of 
the  very  eastern  end  were  visited.  The  native  forest  between 
Keanae  and  Kailua,  which  had  died  down  over  10  years  ago,  is 
still  coming  back  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner  and  the  young 
ohia  and  other  native  trees  will  soon  replace  those  which  suc- 
cumbed to  the  previous  trouble. 

Trail  Inspection. 

On  October  11,  in  company  with  Entomologist  Fullaway,  I 
made  an  inspection  of  the  trail  which  was  constructed  some 
years  ago  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve  beginning 
at  the  head  of  Pauoa  Valley  and  running  toward  Konahuanui 


448 

and  then  across  Olympus  and  down  the  ridges  to  Woodlawn, 
with  the  idea  of  ascertaining  whether  it  was  the  primary  cause 
of  landshdes. 

The  forest  in  this  whole  region  is  in  excellent  condition  w^th 
the  exception  of  where  the  earth  on  steep  slopes  has  slipped, 
and  this  naturally  has  caused  the  trees  to  be  uprooted  and  car- 
ried down.  A  count  was  made  of  all  the  slides  on  a  strip  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide  on  both  sides  of  the  trail  and  it  was  found 
that  of  the  total  of  46  slides,  32  or  70%  were  in  no  way  caused 
by  the  construction  of  the  trail,  most  of  them  being  far  distant 
from  it.  The  other  14  slides  along  the  trail  were  caused  either 
by  the  direct  effect  of  undermining  the  bank  so  deep  as  to  cause 
an  overhang  and  consequent  fall  of  earth  or  by  the  indirect 
effect  of  the  trail  forming  a  ditch  from  wdiich  the  water  poured 
over  the  slope  below,  washed  down  the  dirt,  and  kept  the  vegeta- 
tion from  growing.  No  recent  slides  were  observed  and  the 
older  slides  have  been  rather  rapidly  grown  over  with  low  vege- 
tation. In  some  places  the  trail  is  very  narrow,  but  since  further 
cutting  into  the  bank  wjth  the  consequent  forming  of  more 
overhang  will  probably  result  in  further  slides  of  earth,  trail 
repairing  will  not  be  permitted  neither  will  the  construction  of 
new  trails  on  any  slopes  in  this  region  be  allowed. 

Nezv  Lease  of  KaJwolazve. 

At  the  request  of  the  Land  Commissioner  I  prepared  a  series 
of  clauses  to  be  inserted  in  the  new  lease  of  the  island  of  Ka- 
hoolawe  from  a  term  of  21  years  from  January  1,  1919,  which 
will  be  offered  for  sale  on  December  10.  These  require  first 
that  all  goats  and  sheep  must  be  removed  or  exterminated  during 
the  first  year  and  that  when  this  is  accomplished  the  lessee  may 
graze  300  head  of  beef  cattle  on  the  island  for  fattening  pur- 
poses and  maintain  20  head  of  riding  and  pack  animals. 
Troughs  are  to  be  placed  so  as  to  keep  the  stock  in  the  grassed 
areas,  every  effort  is  to  be  made  to  prevent  and  suppress  fires 
and  a  monthly  record  of  the  rainfall  on  the  island  is  to  be  kept. 
The  lessee  is  to  plant  and  care  for  trees  and  to  fence  them  in  as 
a  protection  against  stock  on  locations  to  be  selected  by  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  and  up  to  5  acres  each  year  are  to 
be  planted  in  this  manner.  Strict  compliance  with  all  of  these 
conditions  will  be  required  and  it  is  believed  that  the  vegetation 
of  the  island  will  advance  under  these  new  conditions. 

Kokee  Camps. 

You  have  already  been  furnished  with  a  copy  of  the  letter  of 
October  18  from  the  Kauai  Chamber  of  Commerce  protesting 
against  the  rates  to  be  charged  for  the  Kokee  Camps  in  the  Na 
Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve  and  against  the  requirement  of  a  bond 
with  the  permit  and  asking  for  a  reconsideration  of  the  regula- 


449 

tions.  A  special  committee  of  the  Chamber  has  been  looking 
further  into  the  subject  and  a  report  is  expected  from  them  after 
the  next  regular  meeting  of  this  Chamber  to  be  held  in  December. 

Forest  Planting. 

During  the  month  Ranger  Lovell  planted  200  swamp  maho- 
gany trees  on  the  Kealia  Reserve,  Kauai,  and  the  other  planting 
gangs  cleared  new  land  for  planting  and  dug  holes  for  trees.     . 

A  supply  of  12  lbs.  of  seed  of  the  New  Zealand  karaka  tree, 
Corynocarpiis  laevigate,  which  makes  a  good  watershed  cover, 
was  obtained  from  Kauai  through  Ranger  Hardy  and  3  lbs.  were 
hajided  over  to  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  for  use  in  reforestation  work  in 
their  Kohala  unit  of  forest  operations.  The  remainder  was  dis 
tributed  to  Rangers  Mackenzie  and  Lindsay  for  planting  on 
reserves  and  to  interested  tree  plante'rs  living  at  the  higher  eleva- 
tions on  Hawaii. 

Sugar  Loaf  Forest. 

On  October  28,  I  took  Governor  McCarthy  along  the  trails  on 
Sugar  Loaf  and  showed  him  the  koa  forest  planted  by  this  Divi- 
sion five  years  ago.  The  trees  which  were  planted  14  by  LS 
feet  apart  now  form  a  complete  crown  canopy  over  the  ground 
and  compose  as  charming  a  young  forest  as  one  would  wish  to 
see.  The  Governor  was  very  much  delighted  with  it  and  much 
enlightened  as  to  the  suitability  of  our  native  koa  for  reforesta- 
tion purposes. 

Arbor  Day. 

On  Friday,  November  22,  the  annual  celebration  of  Arbor 
Day  will  be  observed.  In  preparation  for  this,  the  Forest  Nur- 
seryman has  prepared  a  stock  of  trees  for  distribution  to  those 
who  desire  to  plant  on  this  day. 

Nezv  Forest  Reserves. 

During  the  month  reports  on  five  proposed  new  forest  reserves 
were  completed  and  are  submitted  at  this  time  for  your  consid- 
eration. They  are  the  Nonou  and  Puu  Ka  Pele  on  Kauai,  the 
Mokuleia  and  Hauula  on  Oahu  and  the  Olaa  on  Hawaii. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry, 


450 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  November  14,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear   Sir: — The   following  report  gives   the  principal   work 
done  during  the  month  of  October: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

Sold 52  pot  grown  plants. 

Gratis 100  in  transplant  boxes. 

"      .* 859  pot  grown. 


Total 1011  plants. 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  in  account  of  plants  sold $  1.30 

Rent  of  office  building.  Nursery  grounds,  for  July  '35.00 


Total $36.30 

Plantation   Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
100  pot  grown  plants. 

Makiki  Station. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  has  been  as  follows : 
Mixing  and   sterilizing  soil,   potting  and   transplanting   trees, 
cutting  up  wood  for  boxes,  also  laths  for  making  crates,  etc. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

The  work  on  the  watershed  has  been  confined  to  clearing  ofif 
and  making  holes  for  trees,  clearing  trails,  etc. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  made  two  trips  to  Schofield  Barracks  at  the  request 
of  Captain  Atkinson  and  General  Heard.  Advice  was  given  on 
the  planting  and  laying  out  of  grounds  around  the  General's 
headquarters. 


451 

Other  calls  were  made  at  the  request  of  people  in  and  around 
the  city. 

Calls  made,  6;  advice  by  telephone,  8;  advice  to  people  call- 
ing, 7. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 

REPORT  FOR  NOVEMBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  5,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port Of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  November, 
1918: 

FOREST  FENCING. 

Ranger  Mackenzie  reports  that  up  to  November  23,  he  had 
completed  over  lYz  miles  of  the  new  fence  around  parts  of  the 
Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve  along  the  Volcano  Road  near  Glen- 
wood,  Hawaii. 

On  Maui,  the  Haleakala  Ranch  Company  during  the  month 
repaired  1.31  miles  of  the  fence  on  the  boundary  of  the  Maka- 
wao  Forest  Reserve  near  Olinda. 

During  the  month  I  made  an  inspection  of  the  Hauula  and 
Waiahole  Forest  Reserve  fences  on  Oahu  and  arranged  for  the 
repair  of  the  old  fence  on  the  boundary  of  the  Waiahole  Reserve 
adjacent  to  Kaalaea. 

FOREST   PLANTING. 

The  planting  gang  at  Mikilua  on  the  Lualualei  Forest  Reserve, 
Oahu,  planted  out  during  the  month  on  the  drier  locations  the 
following  trees : 

Gum  Arabic,  Acacia  arabica 228 

Black  locust,  Robinia  pseudacacia 100 

Yellow  poinciana,  Peltophonim  inenne 73 

Kassod  tree,  Cassia  siainca 125 

Logwood,  Haematoxylum  cainpechianum 538 

1,064 

These  are  trees  which  it  is  believed  will  succeed  in  the  drier 
regions  of  which  this  locality  is  typical  besides  being  useful  for 
cover  and  other  purposes,  and  it  is  planned  to  test  them  out 
here  before  planting  them  out  very  extensively. 


452 

Instructions  were  sent  to  Ranger  Lindsay  to  prepare  for 
planting  this  winter  on  the  Waihou  Spring  Reserve,  Maui,^  a 
small  reserve  of  84  acres  on  the  slopes  of  Haleakala  of  which 
74  acres  are  government  land. 

ARBOR  DAY. 

Arbor  Day  was  celebrated  on  November  22,  and  for  planting' 
on  this  occasion  the  Forest  Nurseryman  distributed  10,500  trees 
throughout  the  Territory. 

FOREST  FIRE. 

On  November  8,  a  grass  and  brush  fire  occurred  from  causes 
unknown  on  the  military  reservation  on  the  South  Fork  of  the 
Kaukonahua  River,  Waianae-uka,  near  the  pipe  intake^ of  the 
U.  S.  Reservoir,  on  the  same  area  as  the  fire  of  June  25,  1917. 
About  25  acres  were  burned  over  before  it  was  extinguished  in 
two  hours  by  a  troop  of  cavalry  assisted  by  a  shower  of  rain. 

REMOVAL    OF    STOCK. 

Notice  was  sent  to  the  Knudsen  Brothers  of  Kauai  to  remove 
a  number  of  horses  which  they  were  pasturing  on  unleased  gov- 
ernment land  on  Kumuwela  Ridge  within  the  Na  Pali-Kona 
Forest  Reserve. 

ADVISORY  COMMITTEE. 

On  November  29,  I  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Advisory  Com- 
mittee on  Forestry  of  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  at  wdiich  plans  were  dis- 
cussed for  cooperative  work  in  the  protection  and  reforestation 
of  watersheds  in  which  sugar  plantations  and  the  government 
are  both  interested. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.   JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 
REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  6,  1918. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir: — I  hereby  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  November : 


453 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

Sold    

Gratis  .  .  .  . 

Pot         In  trans- 
grown    plant  boxes 

2S2             1700 

157             

Total 

1952 

157 

409  1700  2109 

The  total  number  of  trees  distributed  for  Arbor  Day  plant- 
ing, November  22,  1918,  amounted  to  10,500.  The  attached 
table  gives  the  number  of  trees  sent  to  each  island. 

Collections. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  4.50 

Rent  of  office,  Nursery  grounds  for  August  and 

September ! 70.00 


Total $74.50 

Plantation   Cojupanies  and  Other  Corporations. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to 
1000  in  transplant  boxes  and  5000  in  seed  boxes. 

Makiki  Station. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine. 
Slight  damage  was  done  to  our  roads  and  trails  by  heavy  rains. 
Repairs  have  been  made  and  they  are  again  in  fairly  good  con- 
dition. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

During  the  month  685  koa  trees  were  planted.  Other  work, 
consisted  of  making  holes  and  hoeing  trees. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  has  been  called  upon  to  give  advice  to  people  in 
and  around  the  city,  as  follows : 

Advice  given  by  telephone,  4;  advice  given  people  calling,  6; 
visits  made,  6. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs. 
Forest  Nurseryman, 


454 

ARBOR  DAY,  NOVEMBER  22,  1918. 

Table  giving  the  number  of  applications   received  and   trees 
distributed  for  Arbor  Day. 

Applications  Applications 

Schools  Trees  Others     Trees  Total 

Oahu 12  329  207        3999  4328 

Hawaii 7  540  140        3362  3902 

Maui 6  130  54         1080  1210 

Kauai 6  a04  35           832  936 

Molokai 1  124           124 

32        1227  436        9273      10,500 

Included  in  the  total  number  of  trees  given  out,  788  children 
called  at  the  Nursery  on  Arbor  Day  and  each  received  one  tree. 


Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  30,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  September  the  insectary 
handled  23,400  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  2,264  females  and  1,816  males  Opiiis  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opius  fletcheri. 

Females  Males 
Oahu: 

Wahiawa 200  140 

Moanalua 1200  800 

Makiki  Nursery 300  160 

Hawaii : 

Kapoho 330      240 

Hilo 300      220 

Diachasina  fullazvayi. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 15  10 

Kalihi  Valley   56  45 

Hawaii :    Hilo 20  5 


455 

TetrasticJius  giffardianus. 

Oahu : 

Kaimuki 100 

Kalihi  Valley  1100 

Hawaii : 

Kapoho 200 

Hilo 300 

Diachasuia  tryoni. 

Oahu: 

Kaimuki 75  160 

Kalihi  Valley 400  220 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 160  95 

Kohala 100  65 

Kapoho 250  200 

Philip  pill  c  Ptcroramalid. 

Maui :    Paia 700 

Spalangia  earner oni. 
Maui :    Paia 1300 

Paranagnis  osborni. 

Oahu:     Makiki  Nursery 14,000 

Hawaii : 

Kamuela 5,000 

Kohala 900 

Respectfully   submitted, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 

REPORT  FOR  OCTOBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  October  the  insectary 
handled  30,100  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  2,662  females  and  2,249  males  Opiiis  flete fieri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 


456 

Opius  fletcheri. 

Females  Males 
Oahu : 

Manoa 870  900 

Makiki  Nursery 145  170 

Hawaii : 

Honokaa 920  775 

Kamuela 395  540 

Hilo 1865  1730 

Opius  humilis. 

Oahu : 

Manoa : 30  45 

Kalihi 40  50 

D  iach  asm  a  fullaivay  i. 

Oahu : 

Manoa 58  17 

Kalihi 70  46 

Diachasina  tryoni. 

Oahu : 

Manoa 55  30 

KaHhi  Valley  540  327 

Tetrastich  us  giffardianus. 

Oahu:     Kalihi  Valley 2,300 

Spalangia  camcroni. 

Hawaii :    Kohala 700 

Maui :    Paia 3,400 

Galesus  silvestri. 

Hawaii :    Mt.  View 700 

Paranagrus  oshorni. 

Oahu: 

Makiki  Nursery   11.400 

MoiliiH \ 800 

Hawaii : 

Kohala 2,300 

Kamuela 5,300 

Respectfully   submitted, 


David  T.  Fullaway. 

Entomologist. 


457 
REPORT  FOR  NOVEMBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  6,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  November  the  insectary 
handled  22,700  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were 
bred  1,885  females  and  1,442  males  Op  ins  fletchcri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

Opius  fletchcri. 
(Melon  Fly  Parasite.) 

Females         Males 

Oahu : 

Manoa 700  725 

Moiliili 495  450 

Paumalu 300  195 

Hawaii : 

Kamuela 120  70    . 

Honokaa 475  400 

Diachasuia  tryoni. 
(Fruit  Fly  Parasite.) 

Oahu :     Kalihi  Valley 745  410 

Maui :     W'ailuku   110  80 

Diachasuia  fiilla zvay i . 
(Fruit  Fly  Parasite.) 

Oahu :     Kalihi  Valley 195  90 

Maui :     \\'ailuku  35  20 

Opius  humilis. 
(Fruit  Fly  Parasite.) 

Oahu :     Kalihi  Vallev 395  305 

Maui :    Wailuku  .  .  .' 80  95 

Tetrastich  us  giffardianus. 
(Fruit  Fly  Parasite.) 

Oahu:     Kalihi  Valley 1,150 

Maui :    \\'ailuku  .  .  /. 200 

Spalangia  camcroni. 
(Horn  Fly  Parasite.) 

Maui :    Paia 1,750 


458 

Philippine  Ptero  malid. 
(Horn  Fly  Parasite.) 

Maui :    Paia 500 

Paranagnt^   osborni. 
(Corn  Leaf  Hopper  Parasite.) 

Oahu : 

Makiki  Nursery   16,300 

Moiliili 2,700 

Kailua 3,900 

Hawaii :    Kamuela 3.400 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  30,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  As^riculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 


•-&' 


Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember, 1918,  as  follows : 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu  53 
vessels,  of  which  21  carried  vegetable  matter,  one  carried  sand 
and  one  vessel  came  via  the  Panama  Canal.  The  following  dis- 
posal was  made  of  the  various  shipments : 

Disposal  Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 287  8,963 

Fumigated 3  703 

Burned 20  22 

Returned 3  3 

Total  inspected 313  9,691 

Of  these  shipments  9,560  packages  arrived  as  freight,  82  as 
mail  and  49  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE   AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  22,244  bags  of  rice,  6,130  bags  of  beans  and 
700  bags  of  wheat  arrived  from  foreign  ports,  including  a  ship- 
ment of   10,000  bags  of  rice  from  Siam.     The  rice  and  beans 


459 

were  apparently  free  from  pests.  The  wheat,  which  came  from 
Australia,  was  infested  with  several  species  of  weevil  which 
infest  stored  grain  and  was  fumigated  before  delivery, 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  6,662  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  were  examined.  From  this  baggage 
14  lots  of  fruit  and  9  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and  burned. 

On  September  8,  a  package  of  peach  pits  in  the  mail  from 
Japan  was  returned  by  the  postal  authorities  as  unmailable. 

On  September  21,  a  package  of  fruit  in  the  mail  from  Japan 
was  also  returned  as  unmailable. 

On  September  30,  a  package  of  orchids  in  the  mail  from  Mex- 
ico being  prohibited  was  burned  at  the  request  of  the  consignee. 

For  the  accommodation  of  local  merchants  we  have  fumigated 
during  the  month  of  September  the  following  infested  cereals : 
4,903  bags  rice;  600  bags  barley;  1,144  bags  wheat;  656  bags 
corn ;  9  bags  beans  and  148  bags  rice  bran,  making  a  total  of 
7,460  bags. 

HILO    INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  six  vessels  at  the 
Port  of  Hilo,  two  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting 
of  121  lots  and  1,795  parcels.  All  were  found  apparently  free 
from  pests  and  passed. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  five  vessels  at  the 
Port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  matter  subject  to  inspec- 
tion consisting  of  four  lots  and  58  packages,  all  of  which  were 
found  to  be  free  from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
])orts  were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests : 

Taro 537  bags 

Vegetables 331  packages 

Fruit 12 

Plants 106 

Total  passed 986 


460 

Five  packages  of  plants  and  seven  packages  of  fruit  were 
refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

REPORT  FOR  OCTOBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,   1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  Octo- 
ber, 1918,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu  58 
vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspec- 
tion and  one  carried  sand.  The  following  disposal  was  made  of 
the  various  shipments : 

Disposal  Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 436  22,987 

Fumigated 2  9 

Burned 6  6 

Returned 0  0 

Total  inspected 444  22,995 

Of  these  shipments  22,883  parcels  arrived  as  freight,  76  pack- 
ages as  baggage  and  33  packages  as  mail. 

RICE  AND  BEAN   SHIPAIENTS. 

During  the  month  12,925  bags  of  rice  and  907  bags  of  beans 
from  foreign  ports  were  inspected  and  found  apparently  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  2,797  pieces  of  foreign  baggage  belonging  to 
passengers  and  immigrants  were  examined.  From  this  baggage 
4  lots  of  vegetables  and  1  lot  of  fruit  were  taken  and  burned. 

On  October  23,  a  package  of  sugar  cane  in  the  baggage  from 
China  was  burned.  On  October  26,  two  parcels  of  acorns  and 
chestnuts  in  the  mail  were  fumigated  for  weevils. 

During  October  we  fumigated  the  following  cereals,  etc.,  for 
the  accommodation  of  local  merchants:  1,500  bags  rice,  458 
bags  corn,  4,000  bags  flour,  480  bags  middling,  7  bags  barley,  44 


461 

bags  corn  meal,  35  bags  beans,  8  bags  algaroba  beans  and  19  bags 
dried  awa  root,  making  a  total  of  6,551  bags. 

HILO   INSPECTION. 

Brother  Newell  reports  the  arrival  of  5  steamers  at  the  port 
of  Hilo,  3  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  112 
lots  and  2373  packages.  With  the  exception  of  2  palms  in  the 
mail  which  were  fumigated  for  mealy  bug,  all  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests.  The  Anyo  Maru  arriving  direct  from  Japan 
brought  3,561  bags  of  rice,  beans  and  seeds,  all  of  which  were 
passed. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  three  vessels  at  the 
Port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consist- 
ing of  29  lots  and  285  packages,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free 
from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Sixty-one  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  w^ere  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as 
free  from  pests : 

Taro 610  bags 

Vegetables 260  packages 

Fruit 162 

Plants 62 

Total  passed 1,094 

Three  packages  of  plants  and  two  packages  of  fruit  were  re- 
fused shipment  on  account  of  infestation  and  of  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

REPORT  FOR  NOVEMBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  7,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  ending 
November  30,  1918,  as  follows: 


462 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  port,  of  Honolulu  48 
vessels,  of  which  19  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspec- 
tion. Two  vessels  arrived  via  Panama.  The  following  disposal 
was  made  of  the  various  shipments : 

Disposal  Lots  Parcels 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 628  30,720 

Fumigated 4               505 

Returned 4               878 

Burned 24                 24 

Total  inspected 660  32,127 

Of  these  shipments  31,995  parcels  arrived  as  freight,  95  parcels 
as  mail  and  2)7  parcels  as  freight. 

RICE   AND  BEAN   SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  46,553  bags  of  rice  and  2,838  bags  of  beans 
from  foreign  ports  were  inspected  and  found  apparently  free 
from  infestation.  496  bags  of  wheat  from  Australia  were  found 
infested  with  a  cosmopolitan  grain  weevil  and  fumigated  before 
delivery. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  2,409  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passen- 
gers and  immigrants  from  foreign  ports  were  examined,  from 
wdiich  12  lots  of  fruit  and  8  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and 
destroyed  by  burning. 

On  November  7,  12  packages  of  seeds  in  the  mail  from  Ma- 
nila, consigned  to  the  Hawaii  Experiment  Station  and  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 
Included  in  shipment  were  two  packages  of  Job's  tears  and  two 
packages  of  citrus  seeds,  which  were  burned,  being  prohibited 
by  regulation  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board. 

On  November  12,  a  parcel  of  flower  seed  in  the  mail  from 
New  Zealand  was  fumigated  before  delivery  as  a  precaution. 

On  November  24,  one  package  of  tree  seed,  one  package  of 
peony  roots  and  one  package  of  chestnuts  in  the  mail  from 
Japan  were  refused  entry  by  the  United  States  Post  Office  as 
unmailable. 

On  the  same  date  a'  consignment  of  875  fruit  trees  from  Japan 
were  refused  entry  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  importer  to  comply 
with  the  regulations  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  which 
requires  shipments  of  plants  from  foreign  countries  to  bear  a 
certificate  of  inspection. 

For  the  accommodation  of  local  merchants  we  have  fumigated 
the  following  cereals  during  November : 

Barley   1  bag;  beans  61  bags;  corn  591  bags;  corn  meal  22 


463 

bags;  middlings  1,049  bags;  rice  1,105  bags,  and  wheat  992  bags, 
making  a  total  of  3,821  bags. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  four  vessels  at  the 
port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consist- 
ing of  20  lots  and  520  packages,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free 
from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island 
ports  were  attended  to  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests : 

Taro 814  bags 

Vegetables 117  packages 

Fruit 32 

Plants 101 

Total  passed 1,064         *' 

Four  packages  of  fruit  and  nine  packages  of  plants  were  re- 
fused shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  28,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and   Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work 
of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  Septem 
ber,   1918: 

BOVINE   TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

From  the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veteri- 
narian it  will  be  seen  that  57  dairies,  all  in  Honolulu,  were  tested 
during  the  month.    Of  these  dairies  44,  with  an  aggregate  of  522 
.    cattle,  were  found  free  of  tuberculosis,  while  13,  aggregating  300 


464 

head,  contained  29  reactors.  Of  these  13,  6  with  a  total  of  141 
head,  contained  but  one  reactor  each,  with  the  removal  of  which 
and  the  disinfection  of  the  premises,  the  same  may  be  classified 
as  clean.  Of  the  remaining  7  infected  herds,  Yamashita's,  with 
7  reactors  out  of  54,  shows  a  decided  improvement  over  last 
year,  when  he  had  33  reactors  out  of  67. 

BOVINE    TUBERCULOSIS    COMPENSATION    ACT. 

Owing  to  the  anthrax  epidemics  of  last  year  the  enforcement 
of  the  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Compensation  Act  could  not  be  taken 
up  until  the  more  dangerous  disease  had  been  brought  under  con- 
trol. As  the  actual  testing  under  the  new  law  was  begun  the  first 
week  of  October,  1917,  it  might  be  of  interest  to  see  wdiat  has 
been  accomplished  during  the  year  ending  September  30th,  1918, 
and  how  much  of  the  appropriation  of  $20,000  has  been  expended 
during  this  period. 

NUMBER  OF  CATTLE  TP:STED,   PASSED,  CONDEMNED.   API'KAISED. 
SLAUGHTERED.    OCT.    IsT.    1917,   TO   SEPT.    30tH.    1918. 

No.  of  cattle  tested 7,426 

"     "       "      passed 6,991 

"  "  "  condemned,  appraised  &  slaughtered  435 
"  "  carcasses  found  afifected  with  tuberculosis  433 
"     "         "  not  affected  with  tuberculosis ...  2 

"     "         "  totally  condemned 15 

"     "         "  partly  condemned 12 

."     "         "  passed  for  food  after  removal  of 

lesions 414 

Appraised  value  of  435  condemned  cattle.  . .  .$39,060.00 
Beef  value  received  for  433  condemned  cattle.   16.723.78 

Compensation  paid  owners  by  Territory 14,206.37 

Total  value  received  by  owners 30,930.15 

Average  appraised  value $90.75 

beef  value 39.00 

"        compensation 33.00 

"        value  to  owner  (beef  and  com- 
pensation)      72.00 

SUMMARY. 

Total  appropriation,  Act  121,  Ses.  Laws  1917  $20,000.00 

Compensations  paid $14,206.37 

Appraisers 210.00 

Incidentals 99.75       14,516.12 

Balance  Sept.  30th,  1918 $  5,483.88 

The  owner's  compensation  is  compounded  on  the  basis  of  the 


465 

appraised  value  and  in  accordance  with  the  extent  to  which  the 
condemned  animal  is  found  to  be  affected  with  the  disease  when 
butchered.  If  no  disease  is  found  the  owner  receives  from  the 
Territory  the  full  appraised  value  less  the  market  value  he 
receives  for  the  carcass.  In  only  two  cases  out  of  435  animals 
reacting  to  the  test  were  no  tuberculosis  lesions  found  on  post 
mortem   examination. 

If  an  animal  is  found  to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis  but  the 
lesions  are  of  such  nature  that  the  carcass  is  passed  for  food,  the 
owner  receives  eighty  per  cent  of  the  appraised  value,  less  the 
market  value  of  the  carcass,  which  he  receives  from  the  butcher. 
If  the  carcass  is  condemned  as  unfit  for  food  the  owner  receives 
fifty  per  cent  of  the  appraised  value,  less  what  he  can  sell  the 
hide  for. 

This  arrangement  is  very  fair  and  is  approved  by  the  federal 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  as  well  as  by  practically  all  state  and 
municipal  authorities  now  engaged  in  bovine  tuberculosis  control 
work.  It  is,  however,  obvious  that  the  actual  amount  of  com- 
pensation to  be  paid  depends,  to  a  certain  extent  at  least,  upon 
the  price  obtained  for  the  carcasses  wdiich  are  passed  for  food, 
and  while  the  law^  specifies  that  ''the  owner  shall  sell  the  same 
(the  carcass),  including  all  accompanying  parts,  at  a  fair  market 
price."  it  is  equally  obvious  that  the  owner  is  in  no  way  interested 
in  what  the  carcass  brings,  as  he  will  be  no  better  off  w^hether  it 
sells  for  12  cents  or  15  cents  per  pound.  We  have  therefore 
made  it  a  rule  to  notify  a  number  of  butchers  of  the  tinie  and 
place  when  reacting  cattle  are  to  be  appraised,  and  have,  espe- 
cially during  the  recent  shortage  of  beef,  obtained  for  the  owner 
prices  w^hich  could  never  have  been  realized  at  a  private  sale.  At 
the  last  appraisal,  for  instance,  four  different  firms  overbid  each 
other  on  a  small  bunch  of  very  ordinary  milch  cows,  until  the 
owner  accepted  17^  cents  per  pound.  We  have  thereby  obtained 
for  the  owners  of  condemned  cattle  the  sum  of  $30,930.15  at  a 
total  expenditure  to  the  Territory  of  only  $14,516.12,  and  leaving 
an  unexpended  balance  of  $5,483.88,  which  is  believed  to  be 
ample  for  all  purposes  until  the  next  legislature  shall  meet. 

While  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  appropriation  so  far  ex- 
pended has  been  used  right  here  in  Honolulu,  it  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  not  alone  is  the  majority  of  all  the  dairy  cattle  in 
the  Territory  located  right  here,  but  also  that  this  is  the  hotbed 
of  the  disease  we  are  fighting. 

And  when  it  is  further  considered  that  out  of  435  head  of 
cattle  condemned  this  past  year  alone,  almost  two-thirds,  or  281 
head,  have  come  from  three  dairies,  or  that  more  than  half  of 
them,  or  241  head,  have  come  from  two  local  dairies,  then  it  is 
obvious  that  Honolulu  is  the  place  where  the  appropriation  can 
be  spent  to  best  advantage.  At  the  same  time  nearly  ninety  per 
cent  of  all  dairy  cattle  on  Oahu  have  been  tested  under  Act  121 
at  least  once,  while  many,  and  especially  the  most  Infected  dairies, 
have  been  tested  twice. 


466 

On  the  other  islands,  where  our  deputies  have  to  make  a  Hving 
as  practicing  veterinarians,  and  at  the  same  time  attend  to  their 
official  duties  much  less  testing  has  been  done.  Regular  dairy 
herds  are  maintained  in  very  few  places,  the  greater  part  of  the 
milk  production  in  both  rural  and  urban  districts  and  communi- 
ties coming  from  the  so-called  family  cows.  In  towns  like  Hilo, 
Wailuku,  Lahaina,  Lihue  and  W^aimea,  there  is  of  course  more  or 
less  actual  dairy  business,  while  practically  every  plantation  main- 
tains either  a  dairy  herd  or  else  a  bunch  of  cattle  from  which 
fresh  cows  are  brought  in  for  gentling  as  well  as  for  milking 
purposes.  When,  therefore,  one  practicing  veterinarian  has  to 
inject  and  examine  all  of  the  dairy  animals  on  an  island  like 
Maui  or  Kauai,  or  on  half  of  an  island  like  Hawaii,  the  examina- 
tion to  be  made  on  the  third  day  after  injection,  the  reactors  then 
to  be  branded,  an  appraiser  appointed  and  brought  to  the  prem- 
ises where  are  the  reactors,  a  butcher  to  be  found  who  possibly 
(in  rural  districts,  probably)  will  kill  only  one  animal  per  week, 
the  veterinarian  to  be  present  at  all  these  functions,  the  scene  of 
which  may  be  laid  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  miles  from  where 
he  lives,  not  counting  the  islands  of  Molokai  or  Niihau,  then  it 
will  be  seen  that  there  are  difficulties  in  administering  Act  121, 
outside  of  this  island,  which  are  not  easily  overcome.  The  plan- 
tation herds  and  regular  dairies  can  be  attended  to  without  much 
difficulty  so  long  as  there  is  a  desire  to  cooperate  and  get  the 
work  done.  It  is  the  numerous  family  cows,  one,  two  or  three  to 
the  stable  (shed,  back  yard  or  pen),  which  are  out  all  day  find- 
ing their  feed  along  highways,  ditches  or  any  unfenced  land, 
and  which  come  home  with  a  little  milk  in  the  evening,  receive 
some  feed  and  are  turned  out  again  as  soon  as  they  are  milked  in 
the  morning.  Then  there  are  always  some  calves,  yearlings  and 
other  young  stock  which  are  rarely  seen  by  the  owner  from  the 
time  they  are  branded  until  the  heifers  calve.  To  get  word  to 
these  owners — all  of  them  in  any  one  district — on  a  given  day 
to  not  alone  keep  up  the  cows  until  the  doctor  arrives,  but  to 
round  up,  bring  home  and  hold  all  the  young  stock,  dry  cows 
and  bulls,  to  make  them  understand  that  unless  all  are  tested 
the  disease  may  remain  and  again  spread  from  a  single  untested 
animal — that  the  doctor  cannot  come  back  the  next  day  to  inject 
those  not  kept  up,  as  he  will  then  be  testing  another  district — 
that  it  will  cost  as  much  in  miles  traveled  and  time  wasted  to 
come  back  to  do  one  cow  as  to  do  all  the  cows  in  that  neighbor- 
hood— to  convev  all  of  this  to  many  small  milk  producers  of 
various  nationalities,  some  of  them  day  laborers,  all  of  them  with 
their  day's  work  laid  out  before  them — requires  patience  and  tact, 
and  sometimes  firmness.  But  it  can  be  done.  From  the  August 
and  September  reports  of  the  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian 
at  Hilo  the  following  is  quoted : 

"Two  weeks  testing  has  only  yielded  about  112  tests. 
Also  the  8  Hilo  dairies.  Sometimes  a  convenient  loss  of 
memory — "did  not  know  the  doctor  was  coming  today" 


— or  "gate  pilikia,  six  cows  run  long  way  outside"  and 
the  patient  doctor  sits  for  a  couple  of  hours  in  the  hot 
sun  while  a  dozen  Japanese  chase  all  over  the  pastures. 
''The  law  works  admirably — no  trouble  with  owners, 
and  usually  they  are  satisfied. 

"Tests  are  working  out  fairly  well.  Twenty-five  re- 
actors out  of  560  tested  for  160  owners.  Have  still  to 
cover  upper  Olaa,  Glenwood,  Kau  and  Hamakua  road 
from  Pepeekeo  to  Kukuihaele,  a  large  herd  in  Kaumana 
and  some  dairy  retests. 

"Compensation  puts  an  entirely  different  aspect  into 
testing.  It  is  a  pleasure  now  instead  of  a  worry. 
"Off  for  Kau  Monday,  testing  expedition." 
As  already  stated  the  notification  of  the  owners  to  have  the 
cattle  in  at  a  given  time  is  not  the  least  difficult  part  of  testing. 
This  part,  however,  has  been  assumed  almost  entirely  by  the 
Board  of  Health.  The  "Sanitary  Code"  of  the  Territory  re- 
quires tuberculin  testing  of  dairy  cattle  before  the  issuance  of  a 
milk  license.  The  said  Board  has  at  its  disposal  local  agents, 
sanitary  inspectors,  and  patrol  men  in  practically  every  district  in 
the  Territory,  men  who  can  be  reached  by  telephone  and  who 
know  every  cow  owner,  in  their  respective  locations.  This  co- 
operation of  the  Board  of  Health,  through  its  local  officers  and 
employees,  has  therefore  -assisted  materially  in  carrying  into 
effect  the  aim  of  Act  121,  that  is,  the  eradication  of  bovine  tuber- 
culosis, and  this  does  not  apply  to  the  Hilo  district  alone,  but  may 
be  counted  on  whenever  the  various  deputies  of  this  office  are 
ready  to  take  up  tuberculin  testing. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  30,  1918. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 

Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the 
month  of  September: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  past  month: 

Tested.  Passed.  Condemned. 

C.W.Lucas 9  9  0 

S.I.Shaw 25  23  2 

A.  Rodriques 13  13  0 

A.F.Cooke 5  5  0 


468 

Tested.        Passed.       Condemned. 

A.  Reinecke 3  3  0 

Capt.  Hartman 3  3  0 

Fred  Luning   ZZ  29  4 

A.  Pacheco   12  12  0 

K.  Yamashita 54  47  7 

F.  Nabarita 1  1  0 

John  Gonzallas   16  16  0 

M.  T.  Brazon 52  51  1 

S.  Tsudo 34  34  0 

T.  Nakamura 13  12  1 

M.  S.  Teixeira 12  9  3 

A.  Compos 11  11  0 

Joe  Rego 8  8  0 

R.  Compos 1  1  0 

F.  Fugisue 23  23  0 

M.  Salado 18  18  0 

R.  A.  Franco 15  15  0 

M.G.Lopez.. 6  4  2 

Pedro  Diaz 21  20  1 

T.  Domingo 4  4  0 

*|.  Pedro  Alias 6  6  0 

A.  Bonizo  6  6  0 

T.  Simon 36       -         36  0 

S.  Shimidzu 19  19  0 

S.  Hiarata 41  40  1 

Pedro  Martina 17  17  0 

S.  Saiki 13  12  1 

M.  Nishimoto   17  17              •  0 

C.A.   Long 12  12  0 

Girls'  Industrial  School. .  10  10  0 

M.  Nee 25  22  3 

K.  Liouye  33  33  0 

T.  F.  Farm 30  30-  0 

C.  Ikeda 20  20  0 

L  Otohey 4  2  2 

P.  Miyakawa   12  12  0 

J.  E.  Monte 10  10  0 

T.  Maldanado 11  11  0 

k.  Kailianu 1  1  0 

M.  Quintal 10  10  0 

Wm.  Medeiros 1  1  0 

T.  B.  Medeiros 1  1  0 

M.  Costa 1  1  0 

M.  F.  Callistro 6  6  0 

M.  Robinson 1  1  0 

S.  Tsumoto 13  13  0 

R.  Kapena 3  3  0 

H.  Hickey 1  1  0 

M.  Kuwamura 7  7  0 


469 

Tested.  Passed.  Condemned. 

Antone  Joe 12  12  0 

K.  Sato  27  27  0 

A.  Pires 16  16  0 

C.M.Cooke 7  7  0 

The  above  list  gives  a  total  of  822  cattle  tested  out  of  which 
number  793  were  passed  and  29  condemned,  branded  and  slaugh- 
tered. 

Importations  of  Live  Stock. 

S.  S.  Winber,  San  Francisco :  1  dog,  W.  F.  X.  Co. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco :    2  dogs,  T.  V.  King. 

S.  S.  Wasco,  San  Francisco :  2  berkshire  hogs,  W.  F.  X.  Co. ; 
1  ct.  pigeons,  Amer.  Factors,  Ltd. 

S.  S.  Siberia  Maru,  Orient:  1  dog,  W.  M.  Peterson;  1  dog, 
M.  Mathews. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco:     1  dog,  K.  A.  McGuire. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  FOR  OCTOBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work 
of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  Otcober, 
1918. 

forage  poisoning. 

During  the  latter  part  of  this  month  the  Deputy  Territorial 
Veterinarian  for  Maui  reported  that  four  mules  had  died  in  one 
of  the  plantation  stables  on  that  island,  with  symptoms  of  cere- 
bro  spinal  meningitis.  He  also  forwarded  samples  of  corn  stover 
which  had  been  fed  in  the  said  stables  and  which  had  been  grown 
at  Haiku. 

An  examination  of  this  corn  stover  showed  both  stalks  and 
leaves  to  be  heavily  infested  with  mold  fungi,  and  this  undoubt- 
edly must  be  considered  the  cause  of  the  death  of  these  mules. 

Forage  poisoning,  caused  by  moldy  corn,  has  been  very  pre- 
valent throughout  the  United  States  this  fall,  practically  all  the 
states  in  the  corn  belt  reporting  heavy  losses  from  the  disease. 


470 

A  number  of  articles  on  the  subject  have  appeared  in  various 
veterinary  magazines  as  well  as  in  the  special  bulletins  issued  by 
a  number  of  federal  experiment  stations.  There  is  no  treatment 
for  the  disease,  the  mortality  being  about  ninety  percent.  The 
only  remedy,  therefore,  is  to  see  to  it  that  no  moldy  corn  is  used 
for  feed,  at  least  for  horses  and  mules ;  cattle  are  more  resistant 
but  are  known  to  become  affected  when  large  quantities  of  infest- 
ed corn  are  fed  to  them. 

IMPORTATIONS   OF   LIVE  STOCK. 

There  arrived  during  the  month  a  shipment  of  22  head  of 
high  class  breeding  stock,  among  which  must  be  mentioned  one 
of  the  best  Hereford  bulls  in  the  United  States,  ''Paragon 
Twelfth,"  which  was  consigned  to  the  Parker  Ranch. 

Mr.  Robert  Hind  of  Puuwaawaa  received  10  young  Hereford 
bulls,  all  splendid  animals. 

For  the  Princeville  Plantation  and  for  Mr.  G.  N.  Wilcox 
of  Kauai,  there  were  2  Hereford  bulls  and  8  heifers,  while  the 
dairy  at  the  Kamehameha  School  received  a  young  Holstein  bull. 

All  these  cattle  came  from  Kentucky,  Wisconsin  and  Kansas, 
and  had  all  been  tuberculin  tested.  The  animals  for  Kauai,  were, 
however,  the  only  ones  accompanied  by  a  certificate  showing 
that  they  came  from  a  state  accredited  tuberculosis  free  herd  and 
were  therefore  allowed  to  proceed  to  their  destination  without 
further  restrictions.  The  remaining  animals,  while  all  tuberculin 
tested,  were  not  from  such  herds  and  were  therefore  retested 
before  being  reshipped. 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

There  were  tested  during  the  past  month  622  head  of  cattle,  of 
which  number  21  reacted.  Nine  of  these  reacting  belong  to  the 
Laie  Plantation  Company  and  six  to  Mr.  W.  E.  Bellina.  Of 
these  latter  six,  five  were  imported  animals  and  belonged  to  the 
same  importation  which  made  it  necessary  to  alter  the  regulations 
so  as  to  require  certificates  to  the  effect  that  the  animals  must 
come  from  clean  herds  or  be  retested  immediately  upon  arrival. 
Eighteen  of  the  twenty-one  herds  tested  during  the  month  were 
found  to  be  free  from  tuberculosis. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


471 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,  1918. 

Dr.  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the 
month  of  October: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 


Tested. 

Waimanalo  Plantation  .  .  100 

J.  A.  Vierra 2 

A.  L.  C.  Atkinson 40 

T.  Sumikawa 17 

J.  Faria 11 

J.  Alexander   2 

J.  B.  Coholo 11 

Fred  Johnson 25 

O.  R.  &L.  Co 1 

K.  Kiyaba 7 

Parker  Ranch 1 

Hind  Rolph 10 

Judge  Paele 2 

Alfred  Roach 7 

James  Cullen 9 

Frank  Leialoha 1 

L.  L.  McCandless 1 

Laie  Plantation  Co 29 

Kahuku  Plantation  Co.  ..  18 

Boys'  Industrial  School.  .  29 

F.  S.  Lyman 58 

Ben  Mahi 21 

Wm.  Meyer 1 

O.  R.  &  L.  Co 1 

W.  E.  Bellina 228 


^assed. 

Condemned. 

100 

0 

2 

0 

40 

0 

16 

1 

1 

0   . 

2 

0 

9 

2 

25 

0 

1 

0 

7 

0 

1 

0 

10 

0 

2 

0 

7 

0 

9 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

20 

9 

18 

0 

29 

0 

57 

1 

21 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

222 

6 

From  the  above  tabulated  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of 
622  cattle  were  tested,  out  of  which  number  601  were  passed  and 
21  condemned  and  branded.  Of  the  21  condemned  animals,  15 
have  been  slaughtered  and  examined  at  local  abattoirs  and  lesions 
of  tuberculosis  found  in  each  case. 

Live  Stock  Importations. 

S.  S.  Ventura,  San  Francisco :     1  English  bull  dog. 
S.    S.   Hyades,    San   Francisco :     2   Hereford  bulls,   8   Here- 
ford heifers,  American  Factors,  Ltd. ;  10  Hereford  bulls.  Hind 


472 

Rolph  &  Co. ;  1  Herefonl  bull,  Parker  Ranch;   1  Holstein  bull, 
Kamehameha  Schools;  8  cts.  poultry. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco :     1  goat,  J.  H.  McKeague. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  Orient:     1  ct.  Japanese  games,  S.  Sheba. 

S.  S.  Wahkiakum,  San  Francisco:  3  dogs.  Wells  Fargo  Ex- 
press Co. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  FOR  NOVEMBER. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  6,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  No- 
vember, 1918. 

LIVE   STOCK   SANITARY  LAWS. 

Before  proceeding  with  the  revision  of  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions pertaining  to  the  control  of  diseases  of  animals  within  the 
Territory,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  secure  up  to  date  data 
on  this  class  of  work  in  the  various  states  and  territories  of  the 
country. 

The  immense  progress  which  recent  years  have  witnessed  in 
the  perfection,  application  and  manufacture  of  various  kinds 
of  serum  and  vaccine,  and  the  amplification  of  preventive  meas- 
ures with  a  better  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  nearly 
all  transmissible  diseases  have  caused  a  majority  of  the  States  to 
revise  their  live  stock  sanitary  laws  as  well  as  to  provide  means 
for  their  enforcement. 

A  circular  letter,  enclosing  a  copy  of  our  recently  revised  live 
stock  importation  rules,  was  therefore  addressed  to  all  State 
veterinarians  or  live  stock  sanitary  boards,  requesting  copies  of 
the  laws,  rules  and  regulations  under  which  they  are  operating. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  state  that  satisfactory  replies  were  received 
promptly  from  all  of  them  together  with  an  amount  of  live  stock 
sanitary  literature  which  it  has  been  difficult  to  peruse  and 
classify. 

As  these  various  .live  stock  sanitary  statutes  of  the  several 
States  contain  many  valuable  suggestions,  some  of  which  might 
to  advantage  be  incorporated  into  our  laws,  we  have  found  the 
time  too  short  to  formulate  recommendations,  but  expect  to 
have  the  same  ready  for  the  next  meeting  of  the  Board. 

Very   respectfully, 

Victor  A,  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


473 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  5,   1918. 

Doctor  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month 
of  November : 

Tiihcrculosk  Control. 

The  work  in  this  line  has  been  confined  to  post-mortem  exam- 
inations on  cattle  condemned  for  tuberculosis  during  the  previous 
month  and  the  compilation  of  data  on  tubercular  tests  made  dur- 
ing the  entire  year. 

Fourteen  autopsies  have  been  made  during  the  month  at 
various  abattoirs  and  in  all  cases  positive  lesions  of  tuberculosis 
were  found. 

The  testing  of  dairy  herds  in  the  City  and  County  of  Hono- 
lulu is  practically  finished  for  this  year,  and  the  data  so  far 
compiled  shows  a  decided  decrease  in  the  amount  of  tuberculosis 
in  said  herds,  in  fact  a  decrease  of  about  four  (4)  per  cent. 

With  the  enforcement  of  the  new  regulations  covering  the  im- 
portations of  cattle  from  abroad  a- still  further  decrease  of  tuber- 
culosis among  the  herds  here  may  be  expected. 

Szvine  Plague. 

One  small  outbreak  of  swine  plague  was  reported  the  latter 
part  of  the  month,  one  animal  having  died.  Autopsy  revealed 
typical  lesions  of  this  disease.  The  remaining  hogs  were  vac- 
cinated at  once.    No  further  losses  have  been  reported. 

Importation  of  Live  Stock. 

The  following  livestock  has  been  received  at  the  port  of  Hono- 
lulu during  the  month : 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco :  2  dogs,  W.  F.  X.  Co. ;  1  Hamp- 
shire hog,  Harold  Rice. 

S.  S.  Harvard,  Panama :     1  dog.  Captain  Foster. 

S.  S.  Enterprise,  San  Francisco :  1  crate  pigeons,  Alexander 
&  Baldwin ;  2  crates  rabbits,  1  crate  poultry,  W.  F.  X.  Co. ;  44 
mules,  Hawaiian  Preserving  Co. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


i^llllllllllllllllllllllllllIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIilllllllllllllllllllllllilillilllllllllllllllllllllji 


OFFICERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R,  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &.  GO.  Ltd. 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


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SHIPPING  AND  COMMISSION 

MERCHANTS 


REPRESENTING 


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JOINT  SERVICE 
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SUGAR  PLANTATIONS 

Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
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Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
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American  &  Foreign  Marine 

Insurance  Company 
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of  London 
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GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


—   Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.    Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 


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^tlllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllilllllllllillllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu: 

I  The  Paper  They  All  Tjead  \ 

E  Circulation,  "both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

E  advertising  patronage,  makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  mornig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  = 


P 


■n 


r  i 


PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 
Everything  connected  with  a  Eirst-class  Printing  Plant 


^lllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllMMIMIIIigillllllllllllllMlllilMIMIIIISIIIIIIIIIIIliiilii?: 

Lniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 

JUNION  FEED  CO.,  LTD.| 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I         HAy  AND  GRAIN         | 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

I         ALGAROBA  FEED         | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

E  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine,  | 

=  FOE  FULL  PAETICULAKS  APPLY  TO  E 

|ea$tle$eooke,  CtdJ 

E  HONOLULU  AGENTS  E 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

i  AUIOMOBILE  AND  I 

i  TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANCE  I 

I  Castle  $eooke,CtdJ 

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Jlilllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT  | 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HMFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     | 

I  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  | 


I    WESICHESe  Fi  INSORANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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^MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiigiiniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 

=         To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.  j 

E                                 King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 


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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      = 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  A  ND  DEALERS  IN  1 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


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^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'i 

I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

I  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  = 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  E 

E  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  = 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=   DEALERS    IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
=  DRY  GOODS  = 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu  Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The  Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein- Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


~  Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 

n  Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 

^  Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 

ZZ  The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 
Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 
Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 
Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Mar 


riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiin: 


*5f 

1 

,.^ 

^^mimm^M 

I  ^^ 

Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mimssiona8 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTBY 

Charlea  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  SawoO, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Hornestead,  ICouoi. 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 

John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu» 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOaT. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 
,Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kilo,  Hawaii. 
Win  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuJcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDXJSTET. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  E.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui, 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Eichard,  LivestocTc  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OP  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Klelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librariafi  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


-TV 


THEHA^AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTl]RISIl 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

New  Forest  Reserves 483 

Division  of  Forestry  484 

Recreation  in  the  National  Forests 494 

By  Authority— Forest  Reserves 496 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii  (Continued)...  508 


VOL  XV.         PRICE.  TEN  CENTS 


NO.  12 


^ 


Al^xanJi^r  $c  Muihmm, 


HxmxUh 


OFFICES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y, 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIO£BS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director; 

C.  R.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director- 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  R.  CASTLE Director 

C.   H.   ATHERTON Director 


Mnnvunn  Agents 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian   Commercial  and   Sugar  Company         McBryde   Sugar  Company,   Ltd. 
Haiku  Sugar  Company  Eahuku  Plantation   Company 

Paia   Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Oompaay  Eauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company  Honolua  Banch 

Eahulxii   Railroad   Company 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 

Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Springfield,  Mass. 

New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,  Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.   Z.  / 

American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 

Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Switzerland  Marine  Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 

Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


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Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornaniental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  Uad  for  2^^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2,50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or.  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T-^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE  Hawaiian  forester 

AND   AGRICULTURIST 


Vol.  XV. 


Honolulu,  December,  1918. 


No.  12 


New  Forest  Reserves 


The  work  of  examining  and  setting  apart  the  general  forest 
reserve  system  in  the-  Territory  of  Hawaii  was  completed  on 
December  31,  1918,  when  Governor  C.  J.  McCarthy  signed  proc- 
lamations creating  five  new  forest  reserves  and  thereby  adding 
41,355  acres  to  the  area  of  forested  lands  already  reserved  for 
protection  as  water  conservers.  At  the  same  time  a  small  area 
of  deforested  land,  less  than  an  acre,  was  eliminated  in  order  to 
make  a  desirable  exchange  for  a  similar  area  of  forested  land. 

These  new  reserves  consisted  of  the  Nonou  in  the  Puna  dis- 
trict, Kauai,  embracing  818  acres  of  government  land;  the  Puu 
Ka  Pele,  in  Waimea,  Kauai,  4900  acres  of  government  land; 
the  Mokuleia,  in  Waialua,  Oahu,  6290  acres  of  government 
land;  the  Hauula,  in  Koolauloa,  Oahu,  consisting  of  1143  acres 
of  government  land  and  8050  acres  of  private  land;  an  addition 
of  104  acres  of  government  land  to  the  existing  Makua-Keaau 
Forest  Reserve,  in  Waianae,  Oahu ;  and  the  Olaa  Forest  Reserve, 
in  Puna,  Hawaii,  consisting  of  20,030  acres  of  government  forest 
land.  From  Section  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve,  Olaa, 
Puna,  Hawaii,  30,000  square  feet  of  land  without  forest  on  it 
was  eliminated  for  the  exchange  of  an  equal  area  bearing  a 
heavy  forest. 

According  to  custom,  the  reports  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry  on  these  new  projects,  together  with  the  official  procla- 
mations of  the  Governor,  are  printed  herewith. 

The  new  reserves  bring  the  present  total  area  of  government 
forest  lands,  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  for  protection  and  administration,  up  to  554,842 
acres,  and  the  total  area  of  all  lands,  including  those  privately 
owned,  recommended  to  be  treated  in  the  same  manner,  up  to 
814,926  acres.  Of  this  total  area,  68  per  cent  belongs  outright 
to  the  Territory. 

The  work  of  forestry  in  these  Islands,  however,  does  not  con- 
sist merely  in  the  setting  aside  of  these  reserves  on  paper  by 
official  proclamation.  This  demarcation  is  the  essential  first 
step  in  the  beginning  of  forest  protection  and  administration,  but 
during  the  past  few  years  it  has  gone  hand  in  hand  with  actual 


484 

protection  work  in  the  field.  This  will  be  seen  to  have  been  the 
case  from  the  following  facts : 

From  1910  to  date  the  Division  of  Forestry  by  its  own  efforts 
and  through  the  cooperation  of  the  Land  Office  by  means  of 
general  leases  adjacent  to  forest  reserves  constructed  new  stock- 
proof  fences  on  40.26  miles  of  forest  reserve  boundaries  and 
repaired  17.85  miles  of  such  existing  fences,  making  a  total 
boundary  length  of  58.11  miles  impervious  to  stock.  Through  co- 
operation with  local  residents,  hundreds  of  wild  cattle,  pigs  and 
goats  have  been  removed  from  the  forest  reserve  lands. 

A  force  of  seven  forest  rangers  are  now  on  active  duty  on 
these  reserves  and  patrol  for  forest  fires  and  trespass  of  all 
kinds,  repair  old  and  build  new  fences,  plant  trees,  and  take 
general  care  of  the  forest  lands  in  the  reserves. 

Tree  planting  by  special  gangs  of  tre?  planters  is  performed 
on  open  areas  in  the  reserves,  more  particularly  on  watershed 
areas  back  of  settlements,  in  order  to  conserve  the  water  supply. 

\\'ith  the  work  of  examining  new  lands  for  forest  reserves  now 
accomplished  and  out  of  the  way,  greater  efforts  will  be  made  to 
complete  the  fencing  that  remains  to  be  done  and  to  extend  the 
work  of  reforesting  open  areas  in  need  of  a  forest  cover. 


Division  of  Forestry 


NONOU  FOREST  RESERVE. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Oct.  15,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  portions  of  the  government  lands  of 
Wailua  and  South  Olohena  and  portions  of  the  acquired  lands 
of  North  Olohena  and  W^aipouli,  in  the  district  of  Puna,  Island 
of  Kauai,  consisting  of  a  total  area  of  818  acres,  as  shown  on 
the  attached  blueprint  map. 

The  area  consists  of  a  ridge  called  "Nonou,"  1200  feet  high, 
which  runs  approximately  parallel  to  the  coast  and  is  from  one 
to  two  miles  inland  from  the  shore  line.  This  ridge  begins  at 
the  W'ailua  River,  where  the  river  cuts  through  a  gorge  to  the 
sea,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  government  land  of  Wailua, 
and  runs  north  about  two  miles  on  to  the  lands  of  South  and 
North  Olohena  and  Waipouli. 

The  area  is  bounded  on  the  northwest  by  Lots  127  to  135  of 
the  Kapaa  Homesteads  Second  Series,  on  the  southwest  by  the 
new  Wailua  Homesteads  about  to  be  given  out,  on  the  south 
by  the  Opaikaa  Stream,  Wailua  River  and  government  land,  on 
the  southeast  by  leased  government  land,  and  on  the  northeast 


485 

by  privately-owned  land,  and  consists  of  the  following  lands,  all 
of  which  belong  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii : 

Name  of  Land.  Acreage. 

^^'aipouli   and  North   Olohena,   L^ease   No.   72)7  to   Makee 
Sugar  Co.,  expires  January  14,  1921 42 

South  Olohena,  L,ease  No.  7Z7  to  Makee  Sugar  Co.,  ex- 
pires  January   14,    1921 201 

\\' ailua   ( Uka) ,  unleased   214 

Wailua  (Kai),  Lease  No.  171  to  E.  Lindermann,  expires 
July  1,  1921    361 

Total  acreage    818 

In  the  early  days  the  whole  ridge  was  undoubtedly  covered  wnth 
a  heavy  forest  of  koa,  sandalwood,  kukui,  hala,  and  other  indige- 
nous trees  which  occupy  similar  situations,  but  the  inroads  made 
by  cattle  and  fire  have  driven  the  forest  back  to  the  inaccessible 
parts  of  the  ridge.  On  the  landward  side  where  the  forest  is 
still  heavy,  a  small  stream  and  several  springs  run  down  from 
the  slopes,  and  these,  it  is  needless  to  say,  it  is  important  to 
encourage  and  foster  by  forest  protection.  It  is  desirable  also 
eventually  to  reforest  the  whole  ridge,  including  the  seaward 
side,  because  it  lies  direcily  across  the  path  of  the  moisture- 
laden  winds  coming  off  the  ocean  and  if  the  ridge  is  covered  with 
forest  once  more  the  tendency  will  be  to  increase  the  precipi- 
tation. 

The  boundaries  of  this  new  reserve  have  been  run  so  as  to 
include  only  the  steeper  slopes  and  in  such  a  manner  that  a  mini- 
mum of  fencing  for  its  protection  will  be  required. 

For  the  reasons  set  forth  above,  I  recommend  that  the  Board 
approve  the  creation  of  this  area  as  the  Nonou  Forest  Reserve 
and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land  to  be  so 
set  apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.   JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

PUU  KA  PELE  FOREST  RESERVE,  KAUAI. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Oct.  16,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  a  portion  of  the  government  land 
of  Waimea,  Island  of  Kauai,  consisting  of  4900  acres,  as  shown 
on  the  attached  blueprint  map. 

This  area  is  just  south  of  the  existing  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest 


486 

Reserve,  and  consists  topographically  of  two  pdits,  an  upland 
plateau  from  3500  to  2000  feet  in  elevation  running  from  the 
Puu  Ka  Pele  Ridge  westward,  cut  up  by  rather  shallow  gulches, 
and  deep  canyon  country  embracing  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
upper  Waimea  Canyon. 

The  upland  plateau  has  since  1898  been  fenced  off  and  treated 
as  a  horse  paddock,  the  country  being  very  difficult  to  drive 
cattle  in.  As  a  consequence,  young  koa  trees  are  coming  up 
piolifically  over  a  large  part  of  the  area  and  are  supplementing 
the  original  heavy  forest  which  is  still  found  in  the  bottom  of 
the  gulches.  The  forest  on  this  part  of  the  new  reserve  is  sim- 
ilar to  that  on  the  land  to  the  north,  already  set  aside,  and  well 
deserves  protection.  The  boundary  at  the  southeast  end  swings 
south  so  as  to  include  additional  land  along  the  Puu  Ka  Pele 
ridge  which  is  suitable  for  camp  sites.  The  west  end  of  this 
area  is  protected  naturally  by  inaccessible  valleys  and  cliffs  and 
most  of  the  south  side  is  protected  by  a  fence  built  in  1898  by 
the  Estate  of  V.  Knudsen,  which  holds  General  Lease  No.  164 
of  this  land,  which  expires  on  June  1,  1920. 

The  remaining  portion  of  this  new  reserve  consists  of  un- 
leased  government  land.  It  includes  the  most  scenic  part  of  the 
W^aimea  Canyon  by  taking  in  the  \A' aiahulu  and  Poomau  Stream 
valleys.  They  consist  of  narrow  streambeds  from  which  the 
canyon  walls  rise  precipitately,  in  many  cases  for  several  hun- 
dred feet  sheer,  while  in  the  remainder  of  the  two  thousand  or 
more  feet  to  the  top  of  the  ridges  the  cliff's  are  hardly  less  steep. 
In  many  places  the  steep  side  ridges  are  sharply  cut  by  erosion 
into  pinnacles  and  castellated  outposts,  which,  with  the  distant 
waterfalls  and  the  variety  of  brilliant  hues  furnished  by  outcrop- 
ping strata,  the  red  volcanic  soil,  and  the  green  vegetation,  make 
the  section  one  of  very  great  scenic  interest.  It  is  eminently 
fitting  that  such  an  area  be  retained  permanently  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Territory  and  its  delights  made  available  to  the 
public. 

Wild  goats  in  this  section  have  in  the  past  done  much  damage 
by  destroying  the  scanty  vegetation  on  the  steep  canyon  sides 
and  exposed  ridges,  thus  allowing  erosion  to  take  place  more 
rapidly,  with  the  result  that  more  debris  continually  falls  into 
the  valleys  and  the  side  gulches  work  back  faster  into  the  upland. 
If  the  goats  are  not  kept  down  by  hunting  they  will  increase 
rapidly  and  work  back  farther  into  the  forested  regions.  Gov- 
ernment control  over  this  area  so  as  to  allow  unlimited  goat 
hunting  is  desirable,  therefore,  and  an  additional  reason  why  it 
should  be  included  in  the  reserve. 

In  the  past  approximately  25  head  of  cattle  and  a  few  horses 
have  grazed  in  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  in  this  area,  but  it  is 
believed  that  the  damage  which  they  have  done  to  the  vegetation 
and  steep  slopes  by  hastening  erosion  has  been  much  greater 
than  any  benefit  which  has  accrued  from  their  being  there. 

For  the  above  reasons,  I  recommend  that  the  Board  approve 


487 

the  creation  of  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve,  and  that  the 
Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land  to  be  so  set  apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

MOKULFIA  FOREST  RESERVE,  OAHU. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Oct.  16,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  portions  of  the  government  lands 
of  Kealia,  Kawaihapai,  Mokuleia  and  Kamananui,  in  the  district 
of  W^aialua,  Island  of  Oahu,  consisting  of  6290  acres,  as  shown 
on  the  attached  blueprint  map. 

The  entire  area  consists  of  unleased  government  land  on  the 
high  north  slope  of  the  Waianae  Mountains,  starting  from  Kaala, 
the  highest  point  on  the  island,  and  the  United  States  Military 
Reservation  of  W^aianae  Uka  on  the  east  and  the  main  ridge  to 
the  west  as  'far  as  the  Kuaokala  Forest  Reserve,  and  running 
northward  down  to  the  line  of  privately-owned  grants  at  an  ele- 
\ation  of  approximately  1500  feet.  This  slope  is  cut  up  toward 
the  lower  end  by  very  steep  and  precipitous  valleys  which  become 
shallow  as  they  near  the  top  of  the  main  range.  As  a  rule,  the 
valley  bottoms  are  heavily  covered  with  native  trees  such  as  the 
kukui,  while  on  the  ridges  the  native  forest  of  koa,  olopua  and 
lehua  has  receded,  on  account  of  the  presence  of  stock  which  has 
unrestrainedly  roamed  over  the  lower  part  of  the  area  in  the 
past,  until  it  is  only  toward  the  top  of  the  main  range  that  the 
heavy,  undisturbed  native  forest  is  encountered. 

The  protection  and  extension  of  the  forest  on  this  whole  area 
is  one  of  importance  and  should  be  undertaken  at  once  because 
the  land  drains  naturally  toward  the  lower  agricultural  section  to 
the  north  and  the  cane,  rice  and  banana  crops  which  are  grown 
there  are  partly  dependent  for  irrigation  on  the  twenty-one  arte- 
sian wells  sunk  in  this  basin  which  depend  upon  the  mountain 
slope  for  its  supply  of  water.  The  seventeen  pumping  plants  in 
this  lower  area  attest  the  value  attached  to  the  water.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  wells,  there  are  four  springs,  the  flow  of  which 
would  be  benefited  by  additional  forest  back  on  the  mountain. 

The  lower  line  of  this  reserve  has  been  located  on  the  ground 
and  marked  with  the  usual  pipes,  and  it  is  my  plan  to  undertake, 
in  cooperation  with  the  owners  or  lessees  of  the  adjacent  lands, 
the  construction  of  a  fence  on  this  line  wherever  it  is  needed  to 
keep  stock  from  getting  on  to  the  government  land  and,  as  oppor- 
tunity affords,  to  reforest  the  present  open  areas  with  suitable 
trees. 

On  account  of  the  importance  of  this  area  for  water  conser- 


488 

vation  and  the  beneficial  influence  which  it  will  exert  on  the 
flow  of  water  at  the  lower  levels  below  it,  I  recommend  that  the 
Board  approve  the  creation  of  the  Mokuleia  Forest  Reserve  and 
that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  cause  the  land  to  be  so  set 

apart. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

HAUULA  FOREST  RESERVE,  OAHU. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Nov.  25,  1918. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  certain  forest  lands  in  Koolauloa, 
Oahu,  being  portions  of  the  government  land  of  Hauula  and  of 
the  privately-owned  lands  of  Makao,  Kaluanui,  Waiono,  Makaua, 
Punaluu  and  Kahana,  consisting  of  a  total  area  of  9193  acres 
more  or  less,  as  shown  on  the  attached  blueprint  map. 

The  boundary,  starting  on  the  Kaipapau-Hauula  ridge,  runs 
south  approximately  paralleling  the  coast  at  distances  varying 
from  one-fourth  to  two  miles  from  the  shore  as  far  as  the 
Kahana-Kaaawa  Ridge,  then  runs  mauka  on  this  ridge  over  Puu 
Ohulehule,  to  the  main  Koolau  Range,  thence  northerly  to  and 
down  the  Kaipapau-Hauula  Ridge  and  in  general  follows  the 
edge  of  the  heavy  forest  on  the  seaward  side. 

The  area  includes  land  which  supports  a  'Svater-bearing  forest" 
composed  of  the  usual  native  trees  such  as  koa,  ohia,  kukui, 
hala,  hau  and  their  plant  associates  of  ferns,  vines  and  under- 
growth which  combine  to  make  up  the  ideal  ground  cover  for 
conserving  the  water  run-off.  This  forest  in  general  is  in  a  very 
healthy  condition  with  very  few  dead  trees. 

Many  industries  are  dependent  on  the  water  emanating  from 
this  forest,  viz. :  the  sugar  cane  in  Lower  Kaluanui,  Punaluu 
and  Kahana  valleys,  the  rice  in  Punaluu  Valley,  and  from  the 
headwaters  of  the  main  Kahana  Stream,  at  an  elevation  of  about 
750  feet,  water  is  taken  by  tunnel  south  along  the  mountain,  then 
through  the  main  Waiahole  tunnel  to  far  distant  cane  fields  in 
the  upper  Ewa  basin.  The  importance  of  protecting  and  main- 
taining the  forest  on  this  area  for  the  conservation  of  water  is 
therefore  apparent. 

While  of  the  total  area  of  9193  acres,  shown  on  the  following 
list,  only  1143  acres,  or  a  little  over  12.4  per  cent  (the  land  of 
Hauula),  belongs  to  the  government,  the  owners  of  the  other 
large  portions  have  been  consulted  and  have  raised  no  objection 
to  their  land  being  included  in  the  recommended  reserve. 


Am 

Name  of  Land.  Owner.  Acreage. 

Hauula Territory  of  Hawaii 1,143 

Makao Estate  of  M.  V.  Carter 24 

Kaluanui Bishop  Estate 1,033 

Waiono,  Gr.  3025 .  .  .  Laie  Plantation 47 

Makaua,  Gr.  1306 :2.  .  Ben  Kaoao 48 

Punaluu Bishop  Estate 2,950 

L.C.A.'s  in  Punaluu. .  V'arious  owners 28 

Kahana Mary  E.  Foster 3,920 


Total  Area  9,193 

On  the  lower  boundary  across  the  government  land  of  Hauula, 
which  is  cut  up  by  six  narrow  valleys,  the  Hauula  homesteaders 
have  recently  completed  the  construction  of  a  fence  which  now 
keeps  their  cattle  from  getting  into  the  forest.  The  building  of 
this  fence  was  done  under  an  arrangement  made  with  the  home- 
steaders by  the  Land  Commissioner  in  1913,  but  it  was  only  by 
my  personal  efforts  in  keeping  after  them  and  assisting  by  fur- 
nishing durable  wire  and  a  few  posts  that  the  project  was  finally 
accomplished. 

No  cattle  are  at  large  near  the  forest  boundary  where  it  crosses 
other  lands,  so  that  at  present  no  additional  fencing  is  necessarv. 

In  Kaluanui,  Punaluu  and  Kahana,  pineapples  have  been 
raised  in  the  past  near  the  forest  boundary,  but  cultivation  of  this 
crop  here  has  recently  been  given  up. 

This  reserve  includes  Kaliuwaa,  commonly  called  "The  Sacred 
Valley,"  which  is  famous  in  Hawaiian  legendary  history,  and  is 
a  unique  picturesque  valley  with  precipitous  walls,  much  visited 
by  the  venturesome  lover  of  nature. 

For  the  reasons  above  set  forth,  I  recommend  that  the  Board 
approve  the  project  of  creating  the  Hauula  Forest  Reserve,  as 
described  above,  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  toward  this  end. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.    S.   JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

ADDITION    TO    MAKUA-KEAAU    FOREST    RESERVE, 

OAHU. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  3,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart,  as  an  addition  to  the  present  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Re- 
serv^e,  of  an  area  of  103.85  acres  adjacent  to  the  above  reserve 


490 

at  the  head  of  Makua  Valley,  district  of  Waianae,  Oahu.  The 
land  all  belongs  to  the  Territory  and  is  not  now  under  lease. 

When  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve  was  set  apart  by  proc- 
lamation of  the  Governor  on  June  4,  1913,  it  was  evidently  in- 
tended by  my  predecessor  to  include  in  the  reserve  the  area  under 
discussion,  but  for  some  reason  or  other  the  official  line  was  put 
further  mauka.  What  this  was,  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascer- 
tain, and  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why  this  area  of 
103.85  acres  should  not  now  be  added  to  the  reserve,  and  this 
plan  meets  with  the  aproval  of  the  Acting  Land  Commissioner. 

The  land  is  situated  at  the  upper  end  of  the  bottom  of  Makua 
Valley.  It  is  dissected  by  the  main  valley  stream-bed  and  several 
lateral  gulches,  all  of  which  are  filled  with  kukui  trees.  The 
ridges  for  the  most  part,  while  clothed  no  doubt  with  a  heavy 
native  forest  in  the  early  days,  are  now  covered  with  grass,  guava 
and  lantana,  and  in  places  have  been  badly  eroded  as  the  result 
of  overgrazing.  Up  to  the  present  time  there  has  been  no  barrier 
to  prevent  cattle  from  wandering  up  from  the  leased  land  makai 
on  to  this  area,  a  condition  which  it  is  most  advisable  to  stop  at 
the  earliest  possible  date.  With  this  area  properly  protected  from 
grazing  and  with  the  aid  of  a  little  artificial  reforestation  it  can 
be  made  of  much  greater  value  than  it  is  at  present  by  the  restor- 
ation of  forest  conditions  for  the  protection  of  local  sources  of 
water.  Every  drop  of  fresh  water  in  this  region  is  at  a  premium 
during  the  dry  season,  and  this  condition  will  be  even  more  so  in 
the  future  when  the  lands  adjacent  to  and  makai  of  this  area  are 
homesteaded. 

For  this  reason  it  seems  logical  to  me  that  everything  possible 
should  now  be  done  to  make  the  sources  of  water  supply  in  this 
valley  more  dependable,  and  in  order  to  make  a  start  toward  this 
end,  I  do  now  recommend  that  the  Board  approve  the  project  of 
setting  apart  the  area  of  103.85  acres  of  government  land  at  the 
head  of  Makua  Valley,  as  shown  on  the  attached  map,  as  an 
addition  to  the  present  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Waianae,  Oahu,  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to 
take  the  necessary  steps  toward  this  end. 

While  I  am  on  this  subject  I  consider  it  my  duty  to  call  once 
more  to  your  attention  the  unfulfilled  fencing  requirement  in  this 
region  and  to  make  the  following  recommendation  in  the  effort 
to  secure  the  construction  of  this  fence,  which  is  necessary  for 
the  protection  of  the  native  forest  in  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest 
Reserve. 

\\'hen  General  Lease  No.  730  of  "all  of  the  Government  rem- 
nants of  the  lands  of  Makua,  Kahanaiki  and  the  Government 
interest  in  Keawaula,  Waianae,  Oahu,"  amounting  to  1914  acres, 
was  advertised  for  sale,  the  notice  which  appeared  in  the  Pacific 
Commercial  Advertiser  of  January  22,  1910,  contained  the  fol- 
lowing sentence :  "This  lease  will  contain  conditions  requiring 
fencing  of  all  boundaries  of  forest  reserve."  The  lease  was  sold 
on  February  21,  1910,  to  Mr.  L.  L.  McCandless  for  the  annual 


491 

rental  of  $451  and  runs  for  ten  years  from  that  date,  or  until 
February  21,  1920.  The  lease  contains  the  usual  clause  provid- 
ing for  the  withdrawal  of  any  part  or  parts  of  the  land  demised 
for  homestead,  settlement,  reclamation,  forestry  and  other  pur- 
poses, and  also  the  following  special  fencing  clause : 

"The  Lessee  shall  construct  at  his  own  expense  within  one 
year  from  Proclamation  of  Forest  Reserve,  a  lawful  fence  as 
defined  by  Section  407,  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii,  along  the  entire 
boundaries  of  the  land,  herein  demised,  and  adjoining  the  Forest 
Reserve,  and  maintain  said  fence  in  good  repair  during  the*  term 
of  this  lease." 

The  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  which  contains  parts  of  the 
above  lands,  was  set  apart  by  proclamation  on  June  4,  1913.  The 
holder  of  Lease  No.  730,  therefore,  had  until  June  4,  1914,  for 
the  construction  of  the  fence,  approximately  five  and  a  half  miles 
in  length,  wherever  the  leased  land  is  adjacent  to  the  Makua- 
Keaau  Forest  Reserve.  This,  to  date,  he  has  not  done,  neither 
did  he  build  the  fence  around  the  Kuaokala  Forest  Reserve 
which  was  required  by  General  Lease  No.  739,  which  he  held  and 
which  expired  on  January  1,  1916,  and  on  the  land  of  which  he 
is  still  allowed  by  the  Land  Office  to  run  cattle  as  a  tenant  at 
will. 

Soon  after  June  4,  1914,  my  predecessor  began  to  urge  the 
then  Land  Commissioner  to  require  the  holder  of  Lease  No.  730 
to  build  this  fence  and  continued  his  urgings  until  he  resigned, 
when  I  took  up  the  cudgel  and  have  urged  the  present  Land 
Commissioner  every  few  months  to  enforce  this  requirement  of 
the  lease.  All  of  these  efforts  have  met  with  no  success  to  date, 
and  I  now  wish  to  force  the  issue. 

Mr.  McCandless  was  fully  informed  of  this  fencing  require- 
ment before  he  bid  on  the  lease  by  the  sentence  in  the  publisiicd 
notice  of  sale  of  the  lease,  quoted  above,  and  signed  the  lease 
with  this  fencing  clause  plainly  written  into  it.  I,  therefore,  can- 
not see  how  he  can  have  any  excuse  for  not  building  the  fence, 
neither  can  I  comprehend  why  the  Land  Commissioner  has  not 
required  compliance  with  this  fencing  clause,  the  disregardance  of 
which  is  sufficient  cause  for  the  cancellation  of  the  lease.  By 
not  enforcing  it,  an  injustice  is  done  to  holders  of  other  leases 
who  have  complied  with  similar  fencing  clauses. 

The  fence  should  have  been  built  four  years  ago,  and,  unless 
prompt  action  is  taken  now,  the  lease  will  expire  as  did  the 
Kuaokala  L,ease  without  the  fencing  requirement  being  fulfilled. 

The  fence  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  protection  of  the 
native  forest  in  the  forest  reserve,  which  is  now  being  damaged 
by  the  cattle  which  wander  at  will  into  it  from  the  adjacent  leased 
land. 

I,  therefore,  have  the  honor  to  recommend  that  in  order  to 
expedite  matters,  a  resolution  along  the  following  or  similar  lines 
be  adopted  by  the  Board  and  that  copies  be  forwarded  to  the 


492 

Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  the  Attorney  General,  and  the 
Governor  of  Hawaii : 

''Whereas,  General  Lease  No.  730  of  the  government  lands 
of  Makua.  Kahanaiki  and  the  government  interest  in  Keawaula, 
W^aianae,  Oahu,  sold  on  February  21,  1910,  to  Mr.  L.  L.  Mc- 
Candless,  required  the  lessee  to  build  a  lawful  fence  along  the 
boundary  of  the  leased  land  adjacent  to  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest 
Reserve,  which  fence,  by  the  requirement  in  the  lease,  was  to 
have  been  completed  by  June  4,  1914; 

"Whereas,  Over  four  years  have  now  expired  and  the  fence 
has  not  yet  been  built; 

"Whereas,  Said  fence  is  necessary  and  essential  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  native  forest  in  the  adjacent  forest  reserve  as  a 
barrier  against  the  cattle  which  now  wander  at  will  from  said 
leased  land  into  said  forest  reserve  with  disastrous  results ; 

"Be  it  Resolved,  That  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry  places  itself  on  record  as  being  strongly 
opposed  to  this  non-compliance  with  this  fencing  requirement 
and  hereby  recommends  that  every  necessary  step  be  taken  by 
the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  to  force  the  holder  of  Gen- 
eral Lease  No.  730  to  fulfill  this  requirement  forthwith." 

Respectfully  yours, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

OLAA  FOREST   RESERVE. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Nov.  26,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  the  setting 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve  of  a  portion  of  the  government  land 
of  Olaa,  Puna,  Hawaii,  consisting  of  20,030  acres,  more  or 
less,  as  shown  on  the  attached  blueprint  map. 

The  w^hole  area  is  covered  with  a  heavy  forest  of  native  trees 
such  as  the  ohia,  olapa,  koa,  loulu  palm  and  tree  ferns  with 
their  accompaniment  of  a  heavy  undergrowth  of  ferns  and  vines 
and  is  situated  between  the  Upper  Waiakea  Forest  Reserve  on 
the  north,  the  Upper  Olaa  Forest  Reserve  on  the  west,  and 
Section  A  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve  and  homestead  lots 
on  the  south.  It  includes  a  vast  wilderness  of  heavy  forest, 
situated  between"  the  elevations  of  1700  and  3800  feet,  which  is 
impenetrable  except  for  the  roads  and  trails  which  have  been  cut 
through    it. 

Over  fifteen  years  ago  the  tract  was  surveyed  into  homestead 
lots  with  the  idea  that  they  would  be  settled  upon  by  coffee 
planters.     Coffee   cultivation   was   a   failure   here   owing  to   the 


493 

shallowness  of  the  soil  and  other  unfavorable  factors,  and  al- 
though homesteads  have  repeatedly  been  taken  up  in  this  region 
and  a  lot  of  money  spent  in  improving  them,  no  one  has  been 
successful  in  raising  any  crops. 

With  this  demonstration  in  view,  and  with  the  idea  of  making 
some  use  of  the  land,  four  leases  have  been  made  during  the 
past  two  years  by  the  Land  Office  of  a  part  of  the  land  at  the 
lower  or  makai  end.  consisting  of  a  total  of  8<S(S6  acres,  at  nom- 
inal rentals,  with  the  idea  that  cattle  could  be  raised  on  the 
land.  All  of  these  leases  are  held  by  Japanese,  who  are  about 
the  only  people  who  will  live  in  this  wet  region.  In  connection 
with  one  of  these  leases,  the  largest,  consisting  of  8589  acres, 
portions  of  the  land  have  been  subleased  to  four  other  Japanese. 
These  men  are  making  an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  raising  a  few 
head  of  scrubby  cattle  in  the  forest.  At  the  time  the  first  lease 
was  assigned  to  a  second  party  in  April,  1918,  175  head  of  cattle 
were  supposed  to  have  been  turned  over  with  the  lease,  but  on 
account  of  the  heavy  growth  of  forest  the  assignees  have  been 
able  to  find  only  100  head. 

Recently  an  application  was  made  for  a  lease  of  the  balance 
of  this  forest  land  for  grazing  purposes,  but  at  my  request  the 
application  has  been  held  up.  If  further  extended  grazing  is 
permitted  on  the  land  it  will,  in  time,  become  similar  to  adjacent 
lands  makai — a  useless  waste  of  dead  trees,  fallen  logs  and  Hilo 
grass.  Such  a  large  stretch  of  forest  cannot  help  but  exert  a 
favorable  influence  on  the  surrounding  climate,  and  this  is  of 
importance  to  the  Olaa  Sugar  Plantation  just  below,  which  suf- 
fered from  the  effects  of  drought  two  summers  ago. 

As  stated  above,  the  soil  throughout  the  region  for  the  most 
part  is  shallow  and  is  best  suited  to  forest  growth.  Continued 
grazing  in  the  region  on  any  scale  will  in  time  reduce  the  forest 
to  a  useless  waste. 

Sufficient  land  has  been  left  out  of  the  area  recommended  to 
be  set  aside  to  provide  for  the  need  of  additional  homesteads  at 
the  makai  or  lower  end  where  soil  conditions  are  more  favorable, 
and  a  sufficient  area  at  the  high  elevation  near  the  upper  end,  not 
far  from  the  Volcano  House,  has  been  reserved  for  additional 
summer  lots. 

For  the  reasons  above  set  forth,  I  recommend  that  the  Board 
approve  the  project  of  creating  the  Olaa  Forest  Reserve,  as 
described  above,  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  toward  this  end. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


494 

WITHDRAWAL  OF  LAND  FROM  OLAA  FOREST  PARK 

RESERVE. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Nov.  27,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  the  honor  to  submit,  as  follows,  a  report 
recommending  the  withdrawal  of  30,000  square  feet  or  0.69  acre 
of  land  from  a  part  of  Section  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Re- 
serve on  the  Volcano  Road  above  Glenwood,  in  Olaa,  Puna, 
Hawaii,  for  the  purpose  of  exchange  with  Mr.  F.  G.  Snow  for 
an  equal  area  of  privately  owned  forest  land  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  which  it  is  desired  to  include  in  the  above  reserve.  The 
two  areas,  each  200  feet  by  150  feet  in  size,  are  shown  on  the 
attached  maps. 

This  section  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve,  which  was  set 
aside  on  August  20,  1914,  consists  of  narrow  strips  of  land,  nnly 
150  feet  deep,  fronting  on  both  sides  of  the  Volcano  Road.  On 
some  of  the  homestead  lots  these  reserve  strips  occupy  most  of 
the  frontage  and  in  some  cases  have  caused  great  inconvenience. 

In  this  case,  the  piece  desired  by  Mr.  Snow  is  opposite  his 
frontage  area  across  the  road,  and  he  desires  to  use  it  as  a  drive- 
way between  his  two  opposite  lots.  There  is  only  a  scant  cov- 
ering of  dying  tree  ferns  and  dead  ohia  trees  on  this  piece, 
whereas  on  the  piece  of  equal  size  which  he  desires  to  give  the 
government  in  exchange,  and  which  is  already  protected  by  a 
fence,  there  is  a  heavy  forest  of  ohia  and  tree  ferns  in  good 
condition. 

The  government  will  thus  benefit  by  the  exchange  and,  for 
this  reason,  I  recommend  that  the  Board  approve  the  withdrawal 
of  the  30,000  square  feet  and  that  the  Governor  be  requested  to 
take  the  necessary  further  action  to  perfect  the  exchange. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


Recreation  in  the  National  Forests 


How  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  on  the  mainland  caters  to  the 
recreational  needs  of  the  public  and  how  the  public  respects  the 
camping  privileges  may  be  seen  in  the  following  news  item  issued 
by  the  Portland,  Oregon,  Forest  Service  Office  concerning  the 
Eagle  Creek  Camp  Grounds  on  the  famous  new  Columbia  High- 
way in  the  Oregon  National  Forest. 


495 

While  most  of  the  lands  in  the  Hawaiian  forest  reserves  are 
not  susceptible  of  such  a  use  because  of  the  fact  that  they  are 
covered  with  forests  whicji  must  be  absolutely  protected  from 
damage  by  man  and  beast  for  the  conservation  of  water,  there 
are  a  few  areas  in  the  non-water-bearing  regions  where  similar 
camping  privileges  could  be  granted  with  safety  were  the  areas 
accessible  by  passable  roads. 

The  news  item  is  as  follows : 

"Seventeen  thousand,  four  hundred  fifty-seven  visitors  regis- 
tered at  Eagle  Creek  Camp  Grounds,  on  the  Oregon  National 
Forest,  between  April  15  and  November  15,  1918,  according  to 
a  report  received  by  Forest  Supervisor  T.  H.  Sherrard  from 
Ranger  Wiesendanger.  This  is  about  four  hundred  less  than 
registered  during  the  summer  of  1917.  Since  about  one  visitor 
in  five  registers,  the  total  attendance  at  the  camp-grounds  for  the 
past  season  was  about  eighty-five  thousand. 

"Every  state  in  the  union  was  represented  among  the  visitors 
registered  during  the  season.  People  also  registered  from  eight 
provinces  of  Canada,  from  Mexico,  and  nine  other  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

"The  Sunday  night  preceding  Labor  Day  three  hundred  cars 
were  parked  at  the  camp  grounds  overnight,  and  just  after  noon 
on  L,abor  Day  six  hundred  fifteen  cars  were  counted  in  the 
park.  The  crowd  on  the  grounds  at  this  time  was  estimated  at 
thirty-five  hundred. 

"The  extensive  use  of  these  grounds  by  the  public  made  it 
necessary  to  open  up  new  camping  sites  on  the  west  side  of 
Eagle  Creek,  and  one-half  mile  of  new  trail  was  constructed 
leading  to  these  sites.  Water  has  also  been  piped  to  this  side 
of  the  creek. 

"During  the  present  season  a  ranger  station  in  keeping  with 
the  surroundings  has  been  constructed  on  the  camp  grounds 
from  plans  donated  by  Architect  A.  E.  Doyle  of  Portland.  The 
parking  place  and  loop  road  have  been  macadamized,  and  six- 
teen new  camp  stoves  constructed  at  convenient  camping  spots. 
There  were  no  serious  accidents  reported  as  having  occurred  in 
the  park  or  along  the  Eagle  Creek  trail. 

"All  the  picnic  tables  used  on  the  grounds  have  been  taken 
down  and  placed  in  the  storehouse  for  winter.  None  of  them 
had  been  defaced  or  injured  more  than  by  natural  wear  and 
tear,  in  spite  of  the  almost  constant  use  they  received  during  the 
season.  The  Forest  Service  plans  to  add  fifty  new  tables  to  the 
equipment  next  year. 

"The  public  has  furnished  splendid  cooperation  during  the 
present  season,  both  in  keeping  campsites  clean  and  putting  out 
campfires  before  leaving.  During  the  season,  sixteen  parties  were 
requested  by  the  ranger  in  charge  to  come  back  and  clean  up 
their  campsites  and  put  out  the  fires  which  they  had  left. 

"The  last  month  a  gasoline  drag  saw  has  been  in  use  cutting 
up  a  large  number  of  dead  snags  on  the  camp  grounds  to  provide 


496 

firewood  for  the  use  of  campers  next  year.  This  wood  was 
placed  at  convenient  intervals  where  it  is  readily  accessible  from 
the  various  campsites  on  the  grounds. 

''During  the  huckleberry  season  many  of  the  visitors  at  Eagle 
Creek  Camp  Grounds  climbed  the  Wauna  Point  trail — which 
leaves  the  Columbia  River  Highway  near  Eagle  Creek— for  the 
purpose  of  gathering  berries.  The  register  kept  at  the  head  of 
Wauna  Point  trail  shows  that  over  one  hundred  eighty-five 
campers  climbed  to  the  point."  C.  S.  J. 

By  Authority 

FOREST  RESERVE  HEARING. 


Notice  is  hereby  given  that  under  the  provisions  of  Chapter  37,  R.  L. 
H.  1915,  a  piiblic'^  hearing  will  be  held  by  the  Governor  of  Hawaii  and 
the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  on  Tuesday, 
the  31st  day  of  December,  1918,  at  10  o'clock  a.  m.,  in  the  office  of  said 
Board  at  the  Government  Nursery,  King  Street,  Honolulu,  to  consider 
the  defining  of  the  limits  and  the  setting  apart  as  forest  reserves  of 
portions  of  certain  government  and  other  lands,  more  particularly  as 
follows: 

1.  Island  of  Kauai,  District  of  Puna,  Lands  of  Wailua,  North  and 
South  Olohena  and  Waipouli  (Nonou) ;  area  818  acres. 

2.  Island  of  Kauai,  District  of  Waimea  (Puu  Ka  Pele) ;  area  4900 
acres. 

3.  Island  of  Oahu,  District  of  Waialua,  Lands  of  Kealia,  Kawaiha- 
pai,  Mokuleia  and  Kaniananui  (Mokuleia);  area  6290  acres. 

4.  Island  of  Oahu,  District  of  Koolauloa,  Lands  of  Hauula,  Makao, 
Kaluanui,  Waiono,  Makaua,  Punaluu  and  Kahana  (Hauula) ;  area  9193 
acres. 

5.  Island  of  Oahu,  District  of  Waianae,  Land  of  Makua  (addition 
to  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeserve);    area   103.85   acres. 

6.  Island  of  Hawaii,  District  of  Puna,  Land  of  Olaa  (Olaa),  area 
20,030  acres;  and  to  consider  the  withdrawal  from  Section  C  of  the 
existing  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve,  Olaa,  District  of  Puna,  Island  of 
Hawaii,  of  30,000  square  feet  of  land. 

Maps  and  descriptions  of  the  said  lands  are  on  file  in  the  office  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  where  they  are  open  to  the  inspection  of 
the  public.  At  the  said  time  and  place  all  persons  who  so  desire  will 
be  given  full  opportunity  to  be  heard  upon  the  subject  matter  of  this 
notice  and  to  present  evidence  and  arguments  in  person,  by  proxy,  or 
by  letter,  either  for  or  against  the  setting  apart  of  said  lands  as  forest 
reserves  or  the  elimination  of  said  land  from  the  existing  reserve. 

c.  J.  McCarthy, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
The  Capitol,  Honolulu,  T.  H.,  December  10th,  1918. 


PROCLAMATION    OF    FOREST    RESERVE    IN    THE    DISTRICT    OF 

PUNA,    ISLAND   AND    COUNTY    OF    KAUAI, 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


UNDER  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C.  J.  McCARTHY,   Governor  of 


497 

Hawaii,  with  tlie  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice 
has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laAvs  provided,  do  herebv  set  apart 
as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  NONOU  FOREST  RESERVE,  sub- 
ject to  existing  riglits,  portions  of  the  government  lands  of  Wailua  and 
South  Olohena  and  portions  of  the  acquired  lands  of  North  Olohena  and 
Waipouli  in  the  District  of  Puna,  Island  and  County  of  Kauai,  Territory 
of  Hawaii,  containing  an  area  of  818  acres,  more  or  less,  more  particu- 
larly described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey  Depart- 
ment of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the 
said  Survey  Department  marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Map  No. 
2591  and  ''Nonou  Forest  Reserve"  and  a  description  accompanying  the 
same  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2870,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  said 
Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

NONOU  FOREST   RESERVE,  PUNA,   KAUAI, 

Including  portions  of  the  Government  Lands  of  Wailua  and  South  Olo- 
hena,  and   portions   of  the   acquired   Lands   of  North 
Olohena  and  Waipouli. 

C.  S.  F.  2870. 

Beginning  at  a  1%-inch  galvanized  iron  pipe  on  the  East  boundary  of 
this  Reserve  and  on  the  North  boundary  of  the  land  of  Wailua,  from 
w^hich  "Haleilio, "  marked  by  a  +  on  rock  is  by  true  azimuth  and 
distance  128°  27'  693.0  feet,  the  coordinates  of  said  point  of  beginning- 
referred  to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Nonou"  being  502.9  feet 
North  and  2889.0  feet  East,  as  show^n  on  Government  Survey  Registered 
Map  No.  2591,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 

19'  1610.1  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 
31'  1819.7  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 
51'     815.2  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 
29'  2369.7  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 
11'     828.7  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 

6.  Thence   along  top   edge   of  the  pali   on   the   South   side   of   Opaekaa 

Stream,    the    direct    azimuth    and    distance    being: 
75°    11'   2373.4  feet; 

7.  131°   58'     938.4  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 
Monument; 

1433.8  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument; 
1795.7  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument ; 
3829.4  feet  within  the  land  of  Wailua  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument    at    the    Southeast    corner    of    Lot    135, 

Kapaa  Homesteads,  2nd  Series,  on  the  North  boun- 

darv  of  Wailua; 

11.  191°   06'  1125.6  feet   along   Lots    135    and    134,   Kapaa   Homesteads, 

2nd   Series,   within    the   land    of   South   Olohena,    to 
a   +   on  stone; 

12.  207°   53'  1235.4  feet    along  Lots    133    and    132,    Kapaa    Homesteads, 

2nd   Seri'es,   within   the   land   of   South    Olohena,    to 
a    +   on   stone; 

13.  181°   29'     961.5  feet    along   Lots    131    and    130,    Kapaa    Homesteads, 

2nd   Series,   within   the   land   of   South   Olohena   and 
North  Olohena,  to  a  +  on  large  rock; 


1. 

72° 

2. 

341° 

3. 

26° 

4. 

43° 

5. 

328° 

8. 

168°  44' 

9. 

133°  45' 

0. 

224°  35' 

498 

14  226°   30'  1007.0  feet  along  Lot  129,  Kapaa  Homesteads,  2n(l  Series, 

within  the  land  of  North  01ohena,.to  a  +  on  stone; 

15  226°   10'     310.0  feet  along  Lot   128,  Kapaa  Homesteads,  2nd  Series, 

within  the  land  of  North  Olohena,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

16  217°   07'     477.5  feet  along  Lot  128,  Kapaa  Homesteads,  .2nd  Series, 

within  the  land  of  North  Olohena,  to  a  pipe; 

17.  245°   29'     581.0  feet  along  Lot  127,  Kapaa  Homesteads,  2nd  Series, 

within  the  land  of  Waipouli,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

18.  353°   25'  1668.1  feet  within  the  land  of  Waipouli  and  North  Olohena 

to  the  North  boundary  of  South  Olohena. 

19.  331°   06'  3428.7  feet  along  Grant  5264  to  E.  P.  Spalding  within  the 

land  of  South   Olohena; 

20.  30°   29'       72.5  feet  within  the  laud  of  South  Olohena  to  point  of 

beginning. 
Area,   818   acres. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEEEOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and 
caused  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to  be 
afl&xed. 
(Seal.)  DONE   at   the    Capitol   in   Honolulu  this   31st    day   of 

December,  A.  D.  1918. 

C.  J.  McCAETHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Bv  the  Governor: 

CUETIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


PROCLAMATION  OF  FOREST  RESERVE,  DISTRICT   OF  WAIMEA, 
ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  KAUAI,  TERRITORY  CF  HAWAII. 


UNDEE  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Eevised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C.  J.  McCAETHY,  Governor  of 
Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice  has 
been  dulv  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  set  apart  as  a 
forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  PUU  KA  PELE  FOEEST  EESEEVE, 
subject  to  existing  rights,  a  portion  of  the  government  land  of  Waimea 
in  the  District  of  Waimea,  Island  and  County  of  Kauai,  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  containing  an  area  of  4900  acres,  more  or  less,  more  particularly 
described  by  and  on  majis  made  by  the  Government  Survey  Dej^artment 
of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said 
Survey  Department  marked  Government  Survey  Eeg.  Map  No.  2602  and 
"Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Eeserve"  and  a  description  accompanying  the 
same  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2990,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  said 
Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

PUU  KA  PELE  FOEEST  EESEEVE,  WAIMEA,  KAUAI. 

C.  S.  F.  2990. 

Beginning  at  Kahililoa  Peak,  the  true  azimuth  and  distance  to  Govern- 
ment Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Puu  Ka  Pele"  being  69°  38'  10"  8266  feet, 
as  shown  on  Government  Survey  EegistereTl  Map  No.  2602,  and  running 
as  follows: 

1.     In  a  westerly  direction  to  the  junction  of  the  Poomau  and  Waiahulu 
Streams; 


499 

2.  Thence  in  a  southwesterly  direction  up  the  cliffs  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument,  on  the  main  AVaimea  Canyon  Ridge,  the  true 
azimuth  and  distance  from  said  monument  to  Govern- 
ment Survey  Trig.  Station  "Puu  Ka  Pele"  being:  16;i° 
16'  30",  2778.4  feet; 

3.  Thence     68°   39'   (True)   1548.2  feet  to  a  Forest  Reserve  Monument 

on  the  ridge  between  Nohomalu  and  Kaanamahuna 
Valleys; 

4.  Thence  125°  39'  (True)  3209.3  feet  crossing  Kaanamahuna  and  Ka- 

luanamaulu  Valleys,  to  a  %-inch  galvanized  iron  pipe 
on  Mana  Ridge; 

5.  Thence  171°  58'  (True)   1661.8  feet  to  a  Forest  Reserve  Monument 

at  the  Pun  Ka  Pele  fence  on  Lapa  Ridge,  the  true 
azimuth  and  distance  from  sai<l  monument  to  Govern- 
ment Survey  Trig.  Station  * '  Puu  Ka  Pele"  being: 
274°   46'  30",  3495.5  feet; 

6.  Thence   down    along   the   Puu  Ka   Pele   fence   on   Lapa   Ridge,   in    a 

Westerly  direction,  approximately  13,750  feet,  to  a  point 
on  said  fence,  at  the  edge  of  the  pali  at  Kepapa  Spring; 

7.  Thence  in  a  Northerly  direction  across  Haeleele,  Polihale  and  Kaa- 

weiki  Ridges,  approximately  10,750  feet  to  the  end  of 
the  Kauhao  fence  at  the  pali,  adjoining  the  NA  PALI- 
KONA  FOREST  RESERVE; 

8.  Thence  in  an  Easterlv  direction,  along  the  NA  PALI-KONA  FOR- 

EST RESERVE,  following  up  along  the  Kauhao  fence, 
approximately  11,160  feet,  to  a  point  on  the  Waimea 
Canyon  Ridge  called  ' '  Puu  Hiiiahina, ' '  as  shown  on 
Government  Survey  Registered  Map  Nos.  2246  and 
2375; 

9.  Thence  still  along  the  NA  PALI-KONA  FOREST  RESERA'E,  in  an 

Easterly  direction  to  the  junction  of  the  Ilalemanu  and 
Nawaimaka  Valleys; 

10.  Thence  along  same  in  a  Southeasterly  direction  to  the  head  of  the 

Waipoo  Falls; 

11.  Thence   along  same  in  a  Southeasterly  direction  to   a  point  known 

as  Kaou  on  the  Kumuwela  Ridge,  the  true  azimuth  and 
distance  from  said  point  (Kaou)  to  Government  Survey 
Trig.  Station  ''Puu  Ka  Pele"  being:  23°  11'  10", 
8665.1    feet; 

12.  Thence  along  same  in  an  Easterly  direction  to  the  Awini  Falls; 

13.  Thence  along  same  in  a  Southerly  direction  to  the  point   of  begin- 

ning. 
Area,  4900  acres,  more  or  less. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have   hereunto  set   my   hand   and 
caused    the    Great    Seal    of    the    Territory    of    Hawaii    to    be 
affixed. 
(Seal.)  DONE    at    the    Capitol    in    Honolulu,    this    31st    day    of 

December,    A.    D.    1918. 

c.  J.  McCarthy, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Bv  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary   of   Hawaii. 


PROCLAMATION    OF    FOREST    RESERVE    IN    THE    DISTRICT    OF 

WAIALUA,   CITY  AND   COUNTY   OF   HONOLULU,   ISLAND 

OP    OAHU,    TERRITORY   OF    HAWAII. 


UNDER  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  'M  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other   power   me   hereunto   enabling,   I,   C.   J.    MeCARTHY,    Governor    of 


500 

Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice 
has  been  dulv  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  set  apart 
as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  MOKULEIA  FOREST  RESERVE, 
subject  to  existing  rights,  portions  of  the  government  lands  of  Kealia^ 
Kawaihapai,  Mokuleia,  and  Kamananui,  in  the  District  of  Waialua,  City 
and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  contain- 
ing an  area  of  6290  acres,  more  or  less,  more  particularly  described  by 
and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey  Department  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey 
Department  marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Map  No.  1533  and  '' Moku- 
leia Forest  Reserve"  and  a  description  accompanying  the  same  num- 
bered C,  S.  F.  2642,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  said  Survey 
Department  is  as  follows: 

MOKULEIA  FOREST  RESERVE, 

Including  portions  of  the  Lands  of  Kealia,  Kawaihapai,  Mokuleia  and 
Kamananui,    Waialua,    Oahu. 

C.  S.  F.   2642. 

Beginning  at  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  "Hakakoa"  at  an  angle 
in  the  boundary  of  this  reserve  and  the  KUAOKALA  FOREST  RE- 
SERVE, said  point  being  by  true  azimuth  and  distance  59°  55'  30" 
17,676.6  feet  from  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Mokuleia,"  as 
shown  on  Government  Survey  Registered  Map  No.  1533,  and  running  by 
true   azimuths: 

1.  169°  50'  61.0  feet  along  the  KUAOKALA  FOREST  RESERVE 

to  a  forest  reserve  monument; 

2.  284°   36'  19,433.0  feet   along   the   upper   boundary    of   the   Mokuleia 

Grants  to  the  Northwest  corner  of  Lot  2,  of  Grant 
1976,  to  Haalilo,  to  a  forest  reserve  monument; 

3.  22°  36'     2,409.0  feet  along  Lot  2,  of  Grant  1976,  to  Haalilo,  to  a 
forest  reserve  monument; 

2,414.0  feet  along  same; 

1,980.0  feet  along  same; 

8,864.0  feet  along  the  upper  boundary  of  the  Kamananui 
Grants  to  a  forest  reserve  monument  at  the  South- 
east corner  of  Grant  1642,  to  Kahui; 
570.0  feet  along  Grant  1782,  to  Pekelo; 

2,718.0  feet  along  Grants  1782  and  1788; 

6,023.0  feet  along  Grants  1799  and  1789,  to  a  pipe  monu- 
ment on  the  summit  of  Puu  Pane  (Puu  Koa); 

10.  Thence  up  the  ridge  along  the  U.  S.  Military  Reservation  (Waianae- 

uka),  to  a  pipe  monument  on  the  summit  of  Ka- 
maohanui  Peak,  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance 
being:    76°   55'  44"   7095.1   feet; 

11.  Thence    still    up    the    ridge    along   the    U.    S.    Military   Reservation 

(Waianae-uka)  to  the  junction  of  the  boundaries 
of  the  lands  of  Waianae-uka,  Waianae-kai,  and 
Makaha,  on  Mount  Kaala,  the  direct  azimuth  and 
distance  being  approximately  73°   40'  5370.0  feet; 

12.  Thence  along  the  divide  of  the  Waianae  Range  to  the  junction   of 

the  boundaries  of  the  lands  of  Makaha  and  Makua, 
the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being  approxi- 
mately: 117°  10'  9600.0  feet; 

13.  Thence  still  along  the  divide  of  the  Waianae  Range  to  the  junction 

of  the  boundaries  of  the  lands  of  Mokuleia  and 
Kawaihapai,  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being 
approximately:  136°  15'  10,870.0  feet; 


4. 

270° 

57' 

5. 

171° 

06' 

6. 

284° 

36' 

7. 

14° 

36' 

8. 

284° 

36' 

9. 

328° 

20' 

501 

14.  Thence  still  along  the  divide  of  the  Waianae  Range  to  the  South- 

east angle  of  the  KUAOKALA  FOREST  RE- 
SERVE on  the  land  of  Kaena,  the  direct  azimuth 
and  distance  being  approximately:  111°  00'  7070.0 
feet; 

15.  207°  49'     1,348.4  feet  along  the  KUAOKALA  FOREST  RESERVE; 

16.  173°   00'        900.0  feet  along  the  KUAOKALA  FOREST  RESERVE 

to  the  point  of  beginning. 
Area,  6290  acres;  consisting  entirely  of  Government  laml. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEREOF,   I  have  hereunto   set  my  hand 
and  caused  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to 
be  affixed. 
(Seal)  DONE  at  the  Capitol  in   Honolulu,  this  31st   day  of 

December,   A.  D.   1918. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 


PROCLAMATION    OF    FOREST    RESERVE    IN    THE    DISTRICT    OF 

KOOLAULOA,   CITY  AND   COUNTY   OF   HONOLULU, 

ISLAND  OF  OAHU,  TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


UNDER  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C,  J.  McCARTHY,  Governor  of 
Hawaii,  with  the  api)roval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice 
has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  recommend 
and  approve  as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  HAUULA  FOREST 
RESERVE,  portions  of  the  government  and  privately-owned  lands  of 
Hauula,  Makao,  Kaluanui,  Waiono,  Makaua,  Punaluu,  and  Kahaua,  in 
the  District  of  Koolauloa,  City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of  Oahu, 
Territory  of  Hawaii,  containing  an  area  of  9193  acres,  more  or  less, 
more  particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government 
Survey  Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are 
now  on  file  in  the  said  Survev  Department,  marked  Government  Survey 
Reg.  Maps  Nos.  114,  311,  1500  and  2220,  and  ''Hauula  Forest  Reserve," 
and  a  description  accompanying  the  same,  numbered  C.  S.  F.  2994,  which 
said  description  now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

HAUULA  FOREST  RESERVE, 

Including  portions  of  the  Lands  of  Hauula,  Makao,  Kaluanui,  Waiono, 
Makaua,  Punaluu  and  Kahana,  Koolauloa,  Oahu. 

C.  S.  F.  2994. 

Beginning  at  an  iron  pin  at  the  North  corner  of  this  reserve  on  the 
ridge  between  the  lands  of  Kaipapau  and  Hauula,  the  coordinates  of 
said  point  of  beginning  referred  to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station 
''Kaipapau"  being  4653.5  feet  South  and  988.0  feet  West,  as  show^n  on 
Government  Survey  Registered  Maps  Nos.  114,  311,  1500  and  2220,  and 
running  by   true   azimuths: 

1.  305°   26'     465.0  feet  across  gulch   to  a  galvanized  spike  on   top  of 

ridge; 

2.  290°   49'     979.0  feet  across  gulch  to  an  iron  pin  on  top  of  ridge; 

3.  315°  55'     379.0  feet   down   slope  to   a   galvanized   spike   at  bottom 

of  gulch,  on  the  Northwest  side  of  the  stream  bed; 


502 

4.  245°  33'     290.7  feet  across  stream  to  a  galvanized  spike  on  slope; 

5.  287°  32'     114.6  feet  up  slope  to  an  iron  pin  on  brow  of  ridge; 

6.  308°   12'  1369.4  feet   across   gulch   to   an   iron   pin   on   top   of   ridge 

near  a  large  boulder; 

7.  301°  56'     778.7  feet  across  gulch  to  an  iron  pin  on  top  of  ridge; 

8.  302°  15'     918.8  feet  across  gulch  to  a  galvanized  spike   on  top  of 

ridge,  on  the  boundary  between  the  lands  of  Makao 
and  Hauula; 

9.  Thence  Southeasterly  along  top  of  ridge,  along  the  land  of  Makao, 

the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  34°  25'  1790 
feet,  more  or  less; 

10.  310°  00'     830.0  feet,  more  or  less,  across  gulch  to  Waiahilahila  peak 

at  the  head  of  the  land  of  Kapaka; 

11.  344°   40'  2554.0  feet   to   prominent  point   on   spur   from   main   ridge, 

on  West  side  of  river; 

12.  290°  27'  1018.0  feet   down   ridge   and  across   stream; 

13.  295°  40'     786.0  feet  across  a  sharp  rocky  ridge,  and  to  a  prominent 

rocky  peak  on  next  ridge; 

14.  277°  50'     350.0  feet  down  ridge  and  across  small  valley; 

15.  230°  15'     458.0  feet  crossing  foot  of  spur; 

16.  301°  15'     272.0  feet  up  slope; 

17.  232°  10'     168.0  feet  across  swale  between  ridge; 

18.  183°  38'     159.0  feet  across  same; 

19.  156°  35'     174.0  feet  down  ridge; 

20.  232°  00'  1240.0  feet  to  liigh  conspicuous  peak   (on  Kaluanui) ; 

21.  322°  20'  1280.0  feet  to  sharp  peak  on  boundary  of  land  of  Papaa- 

koko; 

22.  33°   15'     535.0  feet  up  along  ridge,  along  land  of  Papaakoko; 

23.  43°   10'     795.0  feet  along  top  of  ridge  to  a  IH-inch  pipe,  known  as 

Papa  Trig.  Station  (E.  D.  Baldwin); 

24.  11°  45'  5099.4  feet  across  the  lands  of  Waiono,  Makaua  and  Puna- 

luu,  to  an  iron  pin; 

25.  285°   18'  30"  2989.0  feet  across  land  of  Punaluu  to  ditch  intake; 

26.  300°  45'  3000.0  feet,  more  or  less,  up  side  of  steep  mountain,  to  a 

very  conspicuous  peak  called  ''Piei  Peak"; 

27.  340°  43'  3136.0  feet  down  slope  and  across  small  gulches  to  a  1^/4- 

inch  pipe  on  small  ridge; 

28.  15°  20'  30"  2629.0  feet  across  small  gulches  to  a   Va-inch  pipe,  on 

small  ridge  East  of  a  Hau  grove; 

29.  31°  43'  3829.0  feet  across  small  gulches  to  a  1^4 -inch  pipe,  near  the 

top  of  a  prominent  grassy  hill; 

30.  312°  46'  30"  2589.0  feet  across  valley  and  stream  to  a  li4-inch  pipe 

on  small  knoll; 

31.  225°  06'  2430.0  feet  down  slope  and  across  small  valley  to  a  1-inch 

iron  bolt  on  edge  of  flat; 

32.  352°   18'  2470.3  feet  up  along  the  Western  side  of  flat,  to  a  IVi-inch 

pipe   at   end   of  said  flat; 

33.  Thence  down  along  the  Southeastern  edge  of  said  flat  to  a  l^/l-inch 

pipe,  the   direct  azimuth   and   distance  being:    200° 
10'  30"  1936  feet; 

34.  Thence  down  along  the  Eastern  edge  of  said  flat  to  a  1^4 -inch  pipe, 

the    direct    azimuth    and    distance    being:    157°    13' 
30"  828.0  feet; 

35.  225°  26'  1697.7  feet    across    small   valley    and   Kawa    Stream,    to    a 

1^/4 -inch  pipe  on  prominent  ridge; 

36.  191°  00'  2286.5  feet  across   gulch  to  a  li/4-inch  pipe   on  prominent 

ridge.  East  of  a  stream  crossing; 

37.  221°  30'  30"  5676.0  feet  across  several  small  gulches   to   a   y2-inch 

pipe,  on  a  small  ridge  East  of  Huilua  Fishpond; 


503 

38.  Thence  up  and  along  middle  of  small  ridge  to  a  point  in  the  middle. 

of  the  Kahana-Kaaawa  ridge,  the  direct  azimuth  and 
distance  being:  301°  58'  1536  feet; 
Thence  Southerly  along  the  middle  of  the  Kahana-Kaaawa  ridge  on 
the  following  direct  azimuths  and  distances: 

39.  17°   17'  1837.4  feet  to  a  sharp  peak; 

40.  30°  40'  3475.0  feet  to  a  peak; 

41.  357°  30'  4580.0  feet  to  a  sharp  peak  called  ''Mauamana"; 

42.  13°  25'  4120.0  feet  to  the  junction  of  the  lands  of  Kahana-Kaaawa 

and  Hakipuu; 

43.  Thence  along  the  middle  of  the  Kahana-Hakipuu  ridge,  to  the  Gov- 

ernment Survey  Trig.  Station  '■ '  Puu  Ohulehule, ' ' 
the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  46°  25'  2633 
feet; 

44.  Thence  along  the  middle  of  the  Kahana-Waikane  ridge  to  a  peak 

called  '*Puu  Koiele, "  the  direct  azimuth  and  dis- 
tance being:   97°   01'  2994.6  feet; 

45.  Thence  still  along  the  middle  of  the  Kahana-Waikane  ridge,  to  a 

peak  called  *'Kaaumakua"  on  the  main  Koolau 
range,  at  the  junction  of  the  lands  of  Kahana,  Wai- 
anae-uka,  Waipio  and  Waikane,  the  direct  azimuth 
and  distance  being:  46°  00'  6425  feet; 

46.  Thence  Northerly  along   the   top   of   the   main   Koolau   range,   along 

the  lands  of  Waianae-uka,  Wahiawa,  Paalaa  and 
Kawailoa,  to  a  +  on  stone  at  the  head  of  the  land 
of  Kaipapau; 

47.  193°  59'  30"  1438.6   feet   along  ridge,   along  Kaipapau   to   a    +    on 

stone;   ^ 

48.  189°  30'  1135.2  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

49.  153°  33'  2276.5  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

50.  176°  20'  2641.8  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

51.  162°   09'  402.0  feet  along  same,  to  a  -f  on  stone; 

52.  177°  06'  30"  3296.2  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

53.  173°  21'  30"  639.9  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

54.  231°  25'  592.0  feet  along  same,  to  a  +  on  stone; 

55.  210°  42'  3059.0  feet   along   ridge   along   Kaipapau   to   the   point   of 

beginning. 
Total  area,  9193  acres,  more  or  less. 
AEEAS. 

Acres. 

Hauula    1143 

Makao  24 

Kaluanui 1033 

Waiono,  Gr.  3025 47 

Makaua,  Gr.  1306:2   48 

Punaluu 2950 

L.  C.  A.  's  in  Punaluu 28 

Kahana   3920 

Total    9193 

AND,  as  provided  by  law,  subject  to  existing  rights,  I  do  hereby 
set  apart  as  part  of  the  HAUULA  FOEEST  EESEEVE  that  certain 
portion  of  the  said  government  land  of  Hauula,  containing  an  area  of 
1143  acres,  more  or  less,  which  lies  within  the  metes  and  bounds  of  the 
above  described  HAUULA  FOEEST  EESEEVE. 

IN  WITNESS   WHEEEOF,  I  have  hereunto   set  my  hand 
and  caused  the  Great   Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
to  be  affixed. 
(Seal.)  DONE  at  the  Capitol  in   Honolulu,  this  31st  dav  of 

December,  A.  D.  1918. 

C.  J.  AIcCAETHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Bv  the  Governor: 

CUETIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of   Hawaii. 


504 

PROCLAMATION    OF    MODIFICATION    OF    BOUNDARY    OF    THE 

MAKUA-KEAAU  FOREST  RESERVE,  DISTRICT  OF  WAIA- 

NAE,  CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  HONOLULU,  ISLAND 

OF    OAHU,    TERRITORY    OF    HAWAII. 

UNDEE  and  bv  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Eevised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every  other 
power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C.  J.  McCAETHY,  Governor  of  Hawaii, 
with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice  has  been 
duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  modify  the  boundary 
and  increase  the  area  of  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeserve,  in  the  District 
of  Waianae,  City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  created  and  set  apart  by  proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  Hawaii 
on  June  4,  1913,  and  as  provided  by  law,  I  do  now  and  hereby  set  apart 
as  an  integral  part  of  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeserve,  subject  to  exist- 
ing rights,  that  certain  portion  of  the  government  land  of  Makua  con- 
taining an  area  of  103.85  acres,  more  or  less,  in  the  District  of  Waianae, 
City  and  County  of  Honolulu,  Island  of  Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  more 
particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey 
Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file 
in  the  said  Survey  Department  marked  Government  Survey  Eeg.  Map 
No.  2407  and  ''Addition  to  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeserve"  and  a  descrip- 
tion accompanying  the  same  numbered  C.  S.  F,  2974,  which  said  descrip- 
tion now  on  file  in  said  Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

ADDITION   TO   MAKUA-KEAAU   J^OEEST   EESEEA'E, 
WAIANAE,    OAHU. 

Portion    of    the    Government    Land    of    Makua. 

C.  S.  F.  2974. 

Beginning  at  a  1%-inch  pipe  at  the  Northeast  corner  of  this  piece,  on 
the  mauka  boundary  of  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeservation,  the  co- 
ordinates of  said  point  of  beginning  referred  to  Government  Survev 
Trig.  Station  ''Kepuhi"  being  19,049.0  feet  North  and  11,799.0  feet 
East,  as  shown  on  Government  Survey  Eegistered  Map  No.  2407  and 
running  by  true  azimuths: 

1.  22°  26'  3811.1  feet  across  Makua  Valley,  along  Makua-Keaau  For- 

est Eeserve  to  a  1%-inch  pipe; 

2.  79°  46'  30"  880.3  feet  along  same  to  a  li^.-inch  pipe; 

3.  183°  43'  2993,5  feet  along  government  land  to  a  1%-inch  pipe; 

4.  252°  00'  2237.2  feet  along  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Eeserve  to  the  point 

of  beginning. 
Area,    103    85/100    acres. 

IN  WITNESS   WHEEEOF,   I   have  hereunto   set   my   hand 
and  caused  the  Great  Seal  of  the   Territory  of   Hawaii 
to  be  afiixed. 
(Seal.)  DONE  at  the  Capitol  in  Honolulu,  this  31st  day  of 

December,  A.  D.  1918. 

C.  J.  McCAETHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii, 
By  the  Governor: 

CUETIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretarv  of  Hawaii. 


505 

PROCLAMATION    OF    FOREST    RESERVE    IN    THE    DISTRICT    OF 

PUNA,    ISLAND    AND    COUNTY    OF    HAWAII, 

TERRITORY   OF  HAWAII. 


UNDEE  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions 
of  Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C.  J.  McCARTHY,  Governor  of 
Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice 
has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  set  apart 
as  a  forest  reserve  to  be  called  the  OLAA  FOREST  RESERVE,  subject 
to  existing  rights,  a  portion  of  that  certain  piece  of  government  land 
called  Olaa,  in  the  District  of  Puna,  Island  an(l  County  of  Hawaii,  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii,  containing  an  area  of  20,030  acres,  more  or  less,  more 
particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made  by  the  Government  Survey 
Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file 
in  the  said  Survey  Department  marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Map 
No.  2250  and  "Olaa  Forest  Reserve"  and  a  description  accompanying 
the  same  numbered  C.  S.  F.  3026,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in 
said  Survey  Department,   is   as   follows: 

OLAA  FOREST  RESERVE. 

Portion  of  the  Government  Land  of  Olaa,  Olaa,  Puna,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  F.  3026. 

Beginning  at  the  West  corner  of  this  reserve,  and  the  North  corner  of 
UPPER  OLAA  FOREST  RESERVE,  the  true  azimuth  and  distance  from 
Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Kulani"  being  243°  20'  12,694  feet, 
as  shown  on  Government  Survey  Registered  Map  No.  2250,  and  running 
by  true   azimuths: 

1.  243°  20'  50,151.7  feet  along  WAIAKEA  FOREST  RESERVE; 

2.  318°  39'  30"  1848.9  feet  along  government  land; 

3.  48°  39'  30"  12,070.0  feet  along  Lots  229  to  214  inclusive,  Olaa  New 

Tract,  to  the  West  corner  of  Lot  214; 

4.  38°  41'  50.5  feet  across  Road  No.   2,  to  the  North   corner  of  Lot 

213,  Olaa  New  Tract; 

5.  48°  32'  30"  3010.9  feet  along  Lots  213  to  210  inclusive,  Olaa  New 

Tract,  to  the  West  corner  of  Lot  210; 

6.  138°   32'  30"     724.9  feet  along  Lot  264,  Olaa  New  Tract 

7.  48°   32'  30"  3055.0  feet  along  Lot  264,  Olaa  New  Tract,  and  across 

Road  No.  3,  to  the  North  corner  of  Lot  265,  Olaa 
New  Tract; 

8.  318°   32'  30"  6583.2    feet    along   West   side    of   Road    No.    3    to   the 

North  corner  of  Lot  119A,  Olaa  New  Tract; 

9.  48°   32'  30"  18,130.0  feet  along  Lots  119A,  118,  117,  116,  115,'  120, 

121,  129  and  130,  Olaa  New  Tract,  and  across  Road 
No.  6,  to  the  East  corner  of  Lot  53,  Olaa  New  Tract; 

30"  3.6  feet  along  Southwest  side  of  Road  No.  6: 

5759.2  feet  along  Southwest  side  of  Road  No.  6,  to  the 
North  corner  of  Lot  99,  Olaa  New  Tract; 

30"  11,016.5  feet  along  Lots  99  to  85  inclusive,  Olaa  New 
Tract; 

30"  2998.0  feet  along  Lot  85,  Olaa  New  Tract; 

30"  384.0  feet,  more  or  less,  along  Northwest  side  of  a 
road; 

5539.0  feet,  more  or  less,  across  road,  and  along  the  South- 
west side  of  a  30-foot  road; 

1230.0  feet  across  a  30-foot  road,  and  along  Lot  387,  Olaa 
Reservation  Lots; 


10. 

318° 

32' 

11. 

302° 

21' 

12. 

34° 

08' 

13. 

318° 

32' 

14. 

34° 

08' 

15. 

304° 

12' 

16. 

214° 

12' 

506 

17      304°   12'  2069.0  feet  along  Lots  380  and  381,  Olaa  Eeservation  Lots; 
18!       34°   12'  1230.0  feet  along  OLAA  FOEEST  PAEK  EESEEVE,  and 
across  a  30-foot  road; 

19  304°   12'  3930.0  feet,  more  or  less,  along  Southwest  side  of  a  30-foot 

road,  to  the  West  corner  of  said  30-foot  road  and 
Volcano  Eoad; 

20  Thence  along  the  Northwest  side  of  Volcano  Eoad,  the  direct  azi- 

muth and  distance  being:  45°   10'  1644.0  feet,  more 

or  less; 
21.     149°   16'     602.7  feet  along  government  land; 
22!       88°  00'     573.7  feet  along  same; 

23.  117°  47'  1244.6  feet  along  same; 

24.  134°   18'     507.3  feet  along  same; 

25.  69°  01'     860.7  feet  along  same; 

26.  87°  39'     911.9  feet  along  same; 

27.  87°  35'     421.9  feet  along  same; 

28.  87°  55'     400.2  feet  along  same; 

29.  57°  22'  424.1  feet  along  same; 

30.  160°  31'  30"  213.3  feet  along  same,  and  across  Kilauea  Eoad  to  the 

South  corner  of  Lot  2B,  Brughelli  Settlement  Asso- 
ciation; 

31.  59°  31'  13,218.0  feet  along  the  Northwest  side  of  Kilauea  Eoad,  to 

the  North  corner  of  said  Kilauea  and  Hinano  Eoads; 

32.  149°  31'  15,000.0   feet   along   the   Northeast   side    of   Hinano   Eoad, 

and  along  the  Kilauea  Settlement  Association  Lots 
and  UPPEE  OLAA  FOEEST  EESEEVE; 

33.  239°   31'  5858.0  feet  along  UPPEE  OLAA   FOEEST  EESEEVE; 

34.  329°  31'  3000.0  feet  along  same; 

35.  239°  31'  4492.0  feet  along  same; 

36.  138°  32'  30"  26,210.0    feet    along    UPPEE    OLAA    FOEEST    EE- 

SEEVE, to  the  point  of  beginning. 
Area,  20,030.0  acres,  more  or  less. 

IN  WITNESS  WHEEEOF,   I  have  hereunto   set   my   hand 
and  caused  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to 
be  affixed. 
(Seal.)  DONE  at  the  Capitol  in  Honolulu,  this  31st  day  of 

December,  A.  D.  1918. 

C.  J.  McCAETHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CUETIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


PROCLAMATION    OF   WITHDRAWAL    OF    CERTAIN   LAND    FROM 

THE    OLAA    FOREST    PARK   RESERVE,    DISTRICT    OF 

PUNA,  ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  HAWAII, 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 


UNDEE  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provi- 
sions of  Chapter  37  of  the  Eevised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915,  and  of  every 
other  power  me  hereunto  enabling,  I,  C.  J.  McCAETHY,  Governor  of 
Hawaii,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  having  held  the  hearing  of  which  notice  has 
been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws  provided,  do  hereby  withdraw  and 
eliminate  from  Section  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Eeserve,  in  the  District 
of  Puna,  Island  and  County  of  Hawaii,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  created  and 
set  apart  by  Proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  Hawaii  on  August  20,  1914, 
that  certain  portion  of  the  government  land  called  Olaa,  containing 
30,000  square  feet,  in  the  District  of  Puna,  Island  and  County  of  Hawaii, 


507 

Territory  of  Hawaii,  more  particularly  described  by  and  on  maps  made 
by  the  Government  Survey  Department  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  which 
said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  sai<l  Survey  Department  marked  Govern- 
ment Survey  Keg.  Map  No.  2577  and  ' '  Territory  of  Hawaii  to  F.  G. 
Snow,  Portion  of  the  Forest  Eeserve  Between  the  Volcano  Road  and  Lot 
328  of  the  Olaa  Reservation  Lots,"  and  a  description  accompanying  the 
same  numbered  C.  S.  F.  3027,  which  said  description  now  on  file  in  the 
said  Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII  TO  F.   G.  SNOW, 

Portion  of  the  Forest  Reserve  between  the  Volcano  Road  and  Lot  328, 
of  the  Olaa  Reservation   Lots,   Olaa,   Puna,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  F.  3027. 

Beginning  at  the  South  corner  of  this  piece,  on  the  Northwest  side  of 
Volcano  Road,  said  point  being  214°  12'  660.8  feet  from  the  North  cor- 
ner of  Volcano  Road  and  a  30-foot  side  road,  the  coordinates  of  said  point 
of  beginning  referred  to  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  "Olaa"  being 
42,654.  Ofeet  South  and  34,468.3  feet  West,  as  shown  on  Government 
Survey  Registered  Map  No.  2577,  and  running  by  true  azimuths: 

1.  124°   12'  150.0  feet  along  Forest  Reserve  (government  land); 

2.  214°   12'  200.0  feet  along  Lot  328,  Olaa  Reservation  Lots; 

3.  304°   12'  150.0  feet  along  Forest  Reserve   (government  land); 

4.  34°   12'  200.0  feet  along  Volcano  Road  to  the  point  of  beginning. 

Area,  30,000  square  feet. 

IN  WITNESS   WHEREOF,  I  have   hereunto   set   my  hand 
and  caused  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Tet-ritory  of  Hawaii 
to  be  affixed. 
(Seal.)  DONE  at  the  Capitol  in  Honolulu,  this  31st  day  of 

December,  A.  D.  1918. 

c.  J.  McCarthy, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By    the    Governor: 

CURTIS  P.   lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


508 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 


By  Prof.  Vaughan  MacCaughey,  College  of  Hawaii. 

(Continued.) 

17.    The  Visit  of  Macrae. 

An  enthusiastic  naturalist,  who  made  extensive  collections  of 
botanical  and  other  natural  history  material  in  the  Pacific  region, 
was  James  Macrae.  During  the  years  1824  to  1826  he  botanized 
in  various  parts  of  South  America  and  in  the  Islands  of  the  Paci- 
fic, including  Hawaii.  His  collections  have  been  widely  distribut- 
ed by  exchange,  and  now  appear  in  private  and  institutional  her- 
baria in  many  parts  of  the  world.  A  number  of  Hawaiian  plants, 
and  plants  in  other  regions  where  he  collected  have  been  named 
in  his  honor. 

18.    Visit  of  Lord  Byron  in  the  ''Blonde." 

''Blonde''  Arrived  May  4,  1825. 
Botany  and  Natural  History. 

In  1823  Liholiho  and  the  Queen,  with  several  others?  voyaged 
to  England,  where  both  the  King  and  his  wife  succumbed  to  the 
measles.  The  frigate  ''Blonde/'  commanded  by  Lord  George  An- 
son Byron,  cousin  of  the  famous  poet,  was  commissioned  to  con- 
vey the  bodies,  and  the  remainder  of  the  party,  back  to  their 
native  land.  The  "Blonde"  3.vrwtd  off  Lahaina,  May  4,  1825. 
Proceeding  to  Honolulu,  impressive  ceremonies  were  performed. 
Under  May  9,  the  narrative  states:  "This  day  our  botanist  and 
naturalist  have  begun  their  researches."  In  the  preface  is  stated, 
"For  the  few  notices  concerning  natural  history  which  the  w^ork 
contains,  it  is  chiefly  indebted  to  the  zealous  attention  of  Mr.  A. 
Bloxam,  brother  to  the  Chaplain  of  the  Blonde.  ...  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  the  practiced  collector  of  botanical  specimens  who 
went  in  the  Blonde  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  should  not  have 
furnished  any  account  of  the  plants,  useful  or  curious,  which  he 
collected  for  the  Horticultural  Society  ....  it  is  acknowledged  by 
all  the  foreign  navigators,  that  the  collection  made  during  the 
Blonde's  voyage  is  one  of  the  most  curious  in  Europe." 

Hilo  and  Kilaiiea.  June  7- July  7. 

On  June  7th  Byron  sailed  for  Hilo,  where  he  stayed  for  one 
month.  An  accurate  survey  was  made  of  the  bay  ("Byron's 
Bay")  ;  the  crater  of  Kilauea  was  visited  and  carefully  studied; 
an  excursion  made  to  the  summit  of  Mauna  Kea ;  and  other  trips 
along  the  coast  and  into  the  forest. 


509 

Byron  returned  to  Honolulu  for  four  days,  sailed  to  Kealake- 
kua  Bay  and  erected  a  memorial  to  Captain  Cook,  and  then  sailed 
for  England. 

Several  Hawaiian  plants  were  named  in  honor  of  Lord  Byron. 
The  indigenous  holly,  ka-wait,  (Ilex  saiidicicherisis  (Endl. 
Loes.),  was  originally  named  Byronia.  Spodiopogon  Byronis, 
Trin.,  was  also  named  for  him. 

19.  Visit  of  Lay  and  Collie. 
1826-1827. 

George  T.  Lay  and  Alexander  Collie  were  botanical  collectors 
who  accompanied  Captain  Beechey  on  the  voyage  of  the  "Blos- 
som." These  two  men  secured  the  material  from  which  Hooker 
and  Arnott  made  their  report  upon  the  botany  of  Captain 
Beechey's  voyage,  which  was  published  in  1830-1841.  A  very 
considerable  number  of  new  Hawaiian  plants  were  collected  by 
Lay  and  Collie,  and  were  described  for  the  first  time  by  Hooker 
and  Arnott.  The  names  of  the  two  latter  workers  have  become 
specific  names  for  several  indigenous  plants. 

20.  Visit  of  David  Douglas. 
1833.  ^ 

David  Douglas  was  sent  out  by  the  London  Horticultural  So- 
ciety, to  make  collections  of  noteworthy  plants.  He  made  valu- 
able collections  of  the  Hawaiian  flora,  which  are  preserved  in  the 
herbaria  of  Hooker,  Bentham,  and  Lindley.  Douglas  died  as  a 
martyr  to  the  science  which  had  engrossed  his  life.  During  a 
botanizing  expedition  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  he  fell  into  a  cat- 
tle-trap— a  pit  designed  to  entrap  wild  cattle,  and  set  with  wood- 
en spikes — and  was  killed.  His  name  is  immortalized  as  the 
specific  name  of  a  number  of  Hawaiian  ferns. 

21.    The  United  States  Exploring  Expedition. 
Sept.,  1840,  to  April,  1841. 

The  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  commanded  by  Com- 
modore Charles  Wilkes,  spent  a  number  of  months  at  the  Hawai- 
ian Islands,  in  1840-41.  As  stated  by  Alexander,  "Their  inter- 
course with  the  King  and  people  was  of  the  most  friendly  nature, 
while  their  researches  have  proved  to  be  of  great  value  to  science. 
An  observatory  was  built  on  the  summit  of  Mauna  Loa,  and  occu- 
pied for  three  weeks  in  the  middle  of  winter,  and  surveys  were 
made  of  the  principal  craters  on  Hawaii  as  well  as  of  all  the  im- 
portant harbors  of  the  group." 

Life  of  Wilkes. 

Charles  Wilkes,  American  naval  officer  and  explorer,  was  born 
in  New  York  City,  April  3rd,  1798.     Entered  American  Navy  in 


510 

1818.  In  1838  he  was  appointed  to  command  an  exploring  and 
surveying  expedition  through  the  oceans  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. The  expedition,  including  a  large  staff  of  scientists, 
was  carried  by  the  "Vincennes/'  'Teacock/'  'Tor poise,''  "Relief 
and  two  tenders.  They  left  Hampton  Roads  Aug.  18,  1838; 
visited  Madeira,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Tierra  del  Fuego,  Chile,  Peru, 
the  Paumotus,  Samoa,  and  Australia. 

From  Sydney  they  sailed  into  the  Antarctic,  and  Wilkes  had 
the  honor  of  discovering  the  Antarctic  continent.  Wilkes  Land 
was  later  named  for  him.  They  visited  Fiji  and  Hawaii  in  1840; 
explored  the  west  coast  of  the  United  States  in  1841,  and  return- 
ed by  way  of  the  Philippines,  Sulu,  Borneo  and  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  reaching  New  York  on  June  10,  1842.  From  1844-1861 
Wilkes  was  chiefly  engaged  in  preparing  the  report  of  the  expe- 
dition. Twenty-eight  volumes  were  planned?  but  only  nineteen 
were  published.  Of  these  Wilkes  wrote  the  narrative.  Hydro- 
graphy and  Meteorology ;  Professor  James  D.  Dana  wrote  the 
three  reports  on  Zoophytes,  Geology,  and  Crustacea;  and  Asa 
Gray  wrote  the  botanical  reports.  \\'ilkes  participated  in  the 
Civil  War.  In  1866  he  was  given  rank  of  rear-admiral  and 
placed  on  the  retired  list.     He  died  at  Washington,  Feb.  8,  1877. 

Botanical  Work.  ^ 

Numerous  expeditions  were  made  by  various  parties  of  the 
Wilkes'  staff  to  many  points  on  Kauai,  Oahu,  Maui  and  Hawaii. 
The  high  mountains  were  ascended,  and  extensive  botanical  col- 
lections resulted  from  the  thorough  field  work. 

The  botanical  results  of  the  expedition  (Phanerogamia)  were 
prepared  for  publication  by  the  celebrated  botanist  Asa  Gray. 
He  described  a  large  number  of  new  species  from  Hawaii,  and  a 
number  of  new  genera.  His  work  was  published  in  a  large 
quarto  of  nearly  eight  hundred  pages,  together  with  a  folio  atlas 
of  one  hundred  plates  (1854).  A  number  of  Hawaiian  plants 
were  named  by  him  in  honor  of  the  naturalists  of  the  expedition, 
for  example — Cyrtandra  Pickeringii,  Hibiscus  Brackenridgei, 
and  the  genus  W  ilk  e  si  a. 

{To   be   continued.) 


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I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT  | 

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OrnCERS: 


E.  r.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


G.   R.   Carter,  Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 

DIRECTORS: 

C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 

E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 


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Olowalu  Company 
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Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
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The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
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Kekaha    Sugar    Companj%    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water   Co.,'  Ltd. 
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Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe   &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
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Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,*  W.  M.  Giflfard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  AtkinBon. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Ofieer, 


DIVISION  or  FOEESTBY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Nawell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Hawaii, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub -Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Sanger  for  Palolo,  Uanoa,  and  NuuoflMi,  Oahu, 

John  Pililaan,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu, 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  v.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kmcai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui, 

DIVISION  or  ENTOMOLOar. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insect ary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector, 

D.  B.  Kuhns,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector, 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MdhuTcona,  Hawaii, 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAI.  INDTJSTBT. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  K.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kaum. 

Joseph  Eichard,  LivestocJc  Inspector. 

OLEBICAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


n 


13 he 


fiawaiian  forester 


AND 


Jlgriculturist 


ISSUED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 


VOLUME  16— NUMBERS  1  TO  12  INCLUSIVELY 


EDITOR 

DANIEL  LOGAN 


1919 


HONOLULU 
ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD. 

1920 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1919) 
COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  U.  Giffard, 

H.   M.  von   Holt,'  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 


DIVISION   OF   FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief   Fire   kVarder^ 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  ^f  Sub-Nurseiy  at  Eilo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kaiui^ 

David  Kapihe,  F'orest  Banger  for  ^Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Kanger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  JVaianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Haivaii. 

Charles  E.  Stone,  Forest  Banger  for  Kau  and  South  Kona,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant, 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward   M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Laugford,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Me  well,   Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 
Miss  Ruth  Seybolt,  Inspectors'  Clerl-. 

DIVISION   OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial   Feterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  LivestocTc  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer. 

Daniel  Lcgan,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Airplane  in  Agriculture,  The 66 

Airplanes  Find  Forest  Fires 200 

Algaroba,  a  Volume  Table  for  ( Judd) 64 

Alien  Plant  Fnemies  as  Stowaways 66 

Animal  Industry,  Division  of  (monthly  reports)    

^.  .15,  73,  113,  135,  150,  184,  206,  234,  261,  317 

Army's  Aircraft  to  Combat  Fires 138 

Bird  Sanctuaries   198 

Bovine  Tuberculosis   •. 87 

Book  Review F^  1 

By  Authority — 

Amendment  to  entomology  rule  xiii 187 

Amendment  to  plant  inspection  rules 162 

Hearing  on  forest  land  withdrawal 7 2 

Further  .amendment  to  plant  inspection  rules 329 

Proclamation  of  land  withdrawal 117 

City  \\^atershed  Protection 198 

Clean  Milk  Utensils  Thoroughly 88 

Concrete  Fence  Posts 47 

Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at  the  Second  Territorial 


Fair,  The 


ii 


Editorial 3,  63,  85,  127,  149,  173,  197,  219,  245,  307 

iMitomologv,  Division  of  ( monthly  reports ) 

.'. 11,  71,  108,  132,  156,  182,  203,  232,  258,  314 

Eucalyptus  Plantation,  report  on  the  experimental  (Judd)     20 

Fire  Danger,  The 152 

Forest  Reserve  Areas 89 

Forestry,  Division  of  (monthly  reports ) 

...' 6,  69,  101,^129,  152,  180.  201.  229,  253,  311 

Forestry  in  Hawaii  (Judd) 

I.     The  Beneficial  Effects  of  Forests 271 

IL     The  Xative  Hawaiian  Forests 279 

HI.     Methods  of  Forest  Protection 288 

Forest  Service  and  Grazing 199 

For  the  Dairyman  (Borden) 

Eight  Reasons  for  Keeping  I\Iilk  Records,  Etc 17 

Influence  of  the  Purebred  Registered  Sire 18 

Cow  Testing  Association  for  Hawaii,  A 19 

For  the  Farmer  (Henke) 

Corn  at  the  College  of  Hawaii  Farm \ 40 

"The  Head  of  the  Herd'' 45 

Grass   ( Ingalls )    139 

History     of     Botanical     Exploration     in     Hawaii     (Alac- 

Caughey  ) 25,  49 

Hunting  \\\\d  Fowls  in  Planes  Forbidden 67 

Im])roving  Hogs  in  Hawaii  (Borden ) 246 

Koa  Seed  Secured 220 


IV 

Page 

Kokee  Camps ^ 

Kiikui  or  Candlenut  Tree,  The  (  Juddj 222 

Maui  County  Fair,  1919— dressed  carcass  contest 248 

Livestock  Section  Awards 321 

Morning  Glory  A\'eed 4 

New  Botanical  Bulletins 149 

New  Federal  Plant  Quarantine 174 

New  Fire  A\'ardens  Appointed 220 

Xew  Plant  Inspection  Rule 150 

New  Quarantine  on  Plants 67 

Notice  to  Applicants  for  Trees 174 

One  Government   Reserve — Kulani   lands   described 39 

Original  Algaroba  Tree  Gone 308 

Past  Year's  Activities 175 

Plant  Inspection,  Division  of  (monthly  reports) 

.13,  72,  110,  133,  137,  183,  205,  233,  259,  315 

Plant  Inspection  Rule  Amended 310 

Purchase  of  Forest  Lands 200 

Puu  ka  Pele  Park,  The 86 

Rules  for  Bird  Importations 220 

Territorial    Fair,  The — fitting   cattle   and   hogs   for    show 

purposes  (Borden)    37 

Why  I  Should  Show  My  Livestock  (  Henke) 128 

A\^ood  for  Handles 5 


INDEX 

Page 

Acacia  koa   220 

Acacia  confusa    101,  153 

Acacia  koa•hawaiioll^is 10.").   1.14,  254 

Acacia  koa  kauaieiisis 105 

A<lenantheva  pa vonia    311 

A^uiar,   Antone    P 86,  311 

Airplane  in  Aoriculture,  The 66 

Airplanes  Find  Forest  Fires 200 

Albizzia  niontana    311 

Aleurites  fordii   311 

Aleurites  moluccana    , 222 

Alewa  improvement  club 155,  181 

Aljj'aroba,  A  Volume  Table  for 64 

Alien  Plant  Enemies  as  Stowaways 66 

amendment   to   pineapple   shipment    rule 187 

* '  American  Forestry  "   5 

Animal  Industry,  Division  of — 

animal  quarantine  station 261 

anthrax 85,  113,  136,  159,  184 

bovine  tuberculosis  control 15,  16,  74,  114, 

116,  137,  159,  161,  179,  185,  186,  197,  206,  234,  236,  261,  317,  320 

bovine  tuberculosis  control,  federal  indemnification 15,  73 

bovine   tuberculosis   control,  territorial   indemnification 135 

bovine  tuberculosis  legislation 135 

contagions  epitheliona 114,   137,  161,  209^,  23j3 

dairy  industry   17,  179 

deputy  veterinarian  resigns 113 

deputy  veterinarian  reappointed '.  .  .  307 

dog  quarantine   137 

dressed  carcass  contests 245,  246 

epizootic  Ivmphangitis   170 

glanders  .  " 1 79,  207 

hemorrhagic   septicemia    208 

Hilo  animal  quarantine  station 86,  311 

hog  raising   179,  246 

legislation , 135 

livestock  importations 

16,  74,  113,  114,  116,  137,  160,  179,  187,  209,  262,  320 

Maui  county  fair 224,  245,  248,  318,  321 

monthly  reports    (see   table   of  contents) 

necrotis  enteritis 179 

new  regulations    113 

past  year 's  activities 179 

poultry  and  egg  industry 179 

rabies 160 

sorehead  in  chickens   (see  contagious  epitheliona) 

swine  epidemic 114,  179,  197,  208 

territorial  fair 37,  186,  223 

anthribid  beetles 158 

aphis 205 

Arbor  day   307 

Arborescent  Indigenous  Legumes  of  Hawaii,  The 149,  154,  181,  197 

Armour,  J.  Ogden 129 

Army's  Aircraft  to  Combat  Fires 138 

Atkinson,  Capt.  A.  L.  C 103,  131,  160 

attorney  general 8,  15 

Australian  fern  weevil 24.5,  254,  259 

Australian   red   cedar 307 


VI 

Page 

Bachelot,  Father   ^^^ 

Bailey,  Edward ^^ 

Baker,  Secretary    ^^^ 

Baldwin,  Asa   ^^l 

Baldwin,  Barbara    -^j^ 

Bal.lwiu,  Mrs.  B.  D IJJ^ 

Baldwin,  D.  D ^1 

Baldwin,  Dwight    ^^\ 

Baldwin,  F.  F 32^ 

Baldwin,  Mrs.  F.  F •"'-2,  325,  326 

Baldwin,  H.  A ?22 

Baldwin,  Lawrence    322,  327 

Baldwin,  Ricliard    322 

BaldAvin,  8.  A 319,  322,  326 

Baldwin,  "Dr.  W.  D 326 

Barnes,  Potter  and 199 

Bellina,  Charlie    "159 

beneficial  insects 85,  127,  177,  197 

Benguet  pine   • 229 

Bernice  Pauahi  Bishop  museum 51,  52 

bindweed     (morning    glorv) ,  ,  •  • 4 

biological  survey ". 219,  220 

bird  importations    220 

Bird   Sanctuaries    198,  307 

Bishop,  Key.  Edward 51 

Blackbutt  eucalyptus 8 

board  of  agriculture  and  fisheries  (England) 160 

Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  5,  8,  9,  15,  20.  41,  52,  iV.\,  75,  86,  96, 

117,  150,  152,  162,  174,  175,  187,  19S,  220,  235,  289,  291,  295,  310,  329 

— biennial   report    of 63 

— report  for  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1919 175 

Bockus,  Mrs ^ 202,  257 

Book  Reyiew   151 

Borden,  Ralph  .7 4,  17,  18,  19,  37,  45,  245,  246 

botanical  bulletins    149,  154,  180,  197 

Botanical   Explorations   in   Hawaii,   History   of 25,  49 

— bibliography  of   52 

boys '  camp 154 

Brackenridge 25 

Brandt,  T '. 102 

Brassaia  actinophylla   311 

Brecht,  Ernest   .  . '. 220 

Breeders'  Gazette    249,  251 

Brown,  E.  A 44 

Browne,  H.  N 102 

bruchids ' 158 

Bruchus  pisorum    205 

bureau  of  animal  industry 15,  87,  160,  234,  235,  261,  318,  319 

By  Authority — 

amendment  to  entomology  rule  xiii 187 

amendment  to  plant  inspection  rules 162 

hearing  on  forest  land  withdrawal 75 

further  amendment  to  plant  inspection  rules 329 

proclamation  of  land  withdrawal 117 

California  national  forests 200 

California  packing  corporation 201 

California  state  commissioner  of  horticulture 177 

Campsie,  James 105 

canaries     221 

Case,  Capt.  L.  E 207 


Vll 

Page 
Case,  Leonanl  y .  .  .  .W,  74,  114,  IIG,  IMS,  161,  1S7,  209,  228,  2:',6,  262,  820 

Castle  &  Cooke,  Lt.l 160 

Catarama  Mexieana    206 

cattle  and  bogs  for  show .'57 

Cheatham,  E.  M 180 

Cheirodendron  gaudichnudii    254 

Citv  Watershed  Protection 198 

ClaVk,   W.  A 821,  322 

Clean  Milk  Utensils  Thoroughly 88 

Club  Stables,  Ltd 7 

Cockett,  P 323,  327 

College  of  Hawaii 40,  52,  256,  271,  811,  325,  328 

Concrete  Fence  Posts 47 

Conradt,  C.  C 220 

conservation  of  food .") 

Convolvulus  arvensis  4 

Cooper,  Will  J 1-t,  "2,  HI,  112,  158,  184,  817 

corn  at  college  farm 40 

Cow  Testing  Association  for  Hawaii,  A 19 

Crawford,  Prof.  D.  L 42 

Crenshaw  Brothers  Seed  Co 43 

Curculionid  beetle    14 

Crook,  Rose  E 326 

Crvptophlebia  illepida   129 

Cycas  revoluta • 205 

dairyman,  for  the 17 

Danford,  William 102 

David  Douglas,  Botanist,  at  Hawaii 157 

decay  mites  205 

delegate  to  congress 15,  73 

department  of  agriculture 

66,  88,  138,  174,  199,  200,  219,  221,  251,  307,  318,  319 

department  of  interior 199 

Diell,  Rev.  J 25 

Do  Rego,  M.  F 322 

doves 221 

Drei  ^Nlonate  auf  einen  Korallen  Inseln 51 

dressed  carcass  contests,  etc 223 

Duvauchelle,  E.  K 220 

Fames,  A.  W 197,  201 

editorial 3,  63,  85,  127,  149,  178,  197,  219,  245,  307 

Ehrhorn,  E.  M 

14,  41,  78,  111,  113,  127,  138,  149,  175,  184,  206,  220,  221,  284,  261,  317 

Eichinger,  P.  W 321 

Elliot,  Dr 113,  137 

entomological   bulletin    3 

Entomology,  Division  of — 

amendment  of  rule  eighteen 173,  187 

corn  leaf  hopper  egg  parasite   (Paragranus  osborni) 

12,  71,  108,  110,  133,  157,  183,  204,  315 

dung  fly  parasite   (Spalangia  cameroni) 12,  108,  110,  133 

fruit  fly  parasites  (Diachasma  fullawayi,  Diachasma  tryoni, 
Dhirinus  giffardi,  Galesus  silvestri,  Opius  humilis,  Tetras- 
tichus  giffardianus) .  .11,  108,  109,  132,  156,  182,  204,  232,  258,  315 

horn  fly  parasite  Philippine  pteromalid  (Pachyerepoideus  dubius)    157 

melon  flv  parasite  (Opius  fletcheri) 

.  .  ." 11,  71,  108,  109,  182,  156,  182,  208,  282,  258,  314 

monthly  reports   (see  table  of  contents). 

past  year 's   activities 177 

eucalyptus  bulletin    23 


vin 

Page 

Encalvptus  Plantation,  Rcj-ort  on  the  Experimental 20 

?aE^""^'!''"^:::■■■■■••■■^^-^^ 

Farmers'  Bulletin   ^ol 

SSaf  ii^ticuiturai  boani ;;;  .■;;:;::::: :  :i>^  iso;  it^;  "175;  310;  V29, 330 

federal  forest  service l-^^j  ^i!^ 

federal  plant  quarantine -^'^ 

Fernandez,  L.  P 1^- 

f  ems        

fern  weevil 245,  254,  259 

iiucnes "^-^ 

fire  wardens   220 

Fitzgerald,  Dr.  J.  C 114,  137,  248,  321,  326 

' '  Flora  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  " 50 

Forestry,  Division  of — 

advice  and  assistance 

11,  71,  103,  107,  131,  155,  181,  203,  231,  258,  313 

animal  extermination 8,  85,  149,  176,  201,  255 

bird  life  protection 69,  198,  202 

botanical  bulletins 23,  127,  149,  154,  180 

collection  of  seed 173,  203,  219,  220,  254 

collections 10,  70,  103,  107,   131,  155,  181,  202,  231,  256,  313 

disposal  of  wood 8,  69 

distribution  of  plants.  10,  70,  103,  106,  130,  155,  181,  202,  231,  256,  313 

fair  exhibit   180 

fencing 3,  6,  47,  69,  86,  102,  104,  153,  176,  202,  229,  245,  256 

f.res 127,  130,  138,  153,  180,  197,  201,  219,  229,  254,  257 

forest  nurseries 85,  129,  153,  176,  220 

forest  protection 8,  10],  105,  129,  154,  176,  180,  254,  310 

Forest  Reserve  Areas — A}»ril  ],  1919:    island  of  Hawaii  97,  island 

of  Kauai  89,  island  of  Maui  95,  island  of  Molokai  93,  island 

of   Oahu    91,    summarv    all   islands    100,    106;    areas    at    end 

of  1918:   3,  9.  ' 

forest  reserve  hearing  75,  forest  reserve  maps  69,  forest  reserve 

withdrawal  117. 
forest  reserves — Ewa  91;  Halelea  90,  254;  Hamakua-Pali  97; 
Hana  96;  Hauola  98;  Hauula  7,  9,  92,  129,  176;  Honolulu 
Watershed  7,  11,  69,  91,  105,  152,  155,  180,  245,  312;  Honua- 
ula,  100,  230;  Hilo  7,  98,  254;  Kaipapau  92;  Kau  69,  99,  104, 
106,  311;  Kealia  7,  69,  89,  105,  153,  254;  Keauohana  99; 
Kipahulu  96;  Kohala  Mountain  97;  Koolau  96;  Kuaokala 
91,  102,  104;  Kula  95,  149,  153,  198,  307,  311,  312;  Kulani 
39;  Kuliouou  7,  91;  Lihue-Koloa  89,  104,  255;  Lualualei  3, 
7,  69,  91,  101,  153,  180,  201,  229,  311;  Makawao  7,  96;  Makua- 
Keaau  6,  7,  9,  69,  91,  102,  104,  176;  Manoa  Ranger  91,  Mauna 
Kea  98;  Mokuleia  9.  92,  176;  Moloaa  90,  104;  Molokai 
93;  Nanakuli  91;  Na  Pali-Kona  5,  8,  89,  102,  107,  173;  No- 
nou  9,  89,  176;  Olaa  9,  99,  101,  176,  229;  Olaa  Forest  Park 
6,  7,  99,  153,  254,  311;  Panaewa  99,  230;  Papapaholahola 
89,  255,  311;  Puna  99;  Pupukea-  7,  92,  102,  154;  Puu  Ka 
Pele  9,  63,  75,  86,  89,  105,  106,  117,  176;  Round  Top  91,  312; 
South  Kona  100;  Upper  Olaa  99,  107;  Upper  Waiakea  98, 
106;  Waiaha  Spring  100,  230;  Waiahole  7,  92,  180,  253;  Wai- 
anae-kai  7,  91;   Waihou  Spring  95;   West  Maui  95. 

forestrv  course  for  soldiers 245 

Hawaii   trip 106,    130,   230,  312 

Honolulu   watershed   work 

11,  71,  103,  107,  131,  155,  181,  203,  231,  258,  313 

inter-island  shipment  of  plants 101 


IX 

Forestry,  Division  of — Continued. 

Page 

Kauai  trip   254 

Kokee  camps .3,   10:2,  1U7,   141),   154,   17;',,   180,  202,  256 

lectures  on  forestry 159,  154,  173,  202,  230,  256,  312 

Makiki  station  work 10,  70,  103,  107,  202,  231,  257,  313 

iwonthly   reports    (see   table   of   contents). 

plantation  companies,  etc.,  supplied 

10,   70,   103,    107,   202,  231,  257,  313 

Schofiel.l  Barracks  work 131 

new  forest  reserves 3,  9 

past  year 's  activities l'J'5 

pheasant  hunting   312 

tree  planting S,  20,  69,  85,  101,  103, 

105,  127,  129,  131,  149,  152,  155,  176,  177,  180,  201,  229,  253,  311 

wind  storm   8 

Forestry  in  Hawaii  (.hidd) 271 

I.  The  Beneficial  Effects  of  Forests — classification  -271,  history 

of  treatment  of  277,  influences  273,  luxury  forest  272,  pre- 
vention of  erosion  276,  protection  forest  272,  purity  of 
w^ter  277,  stroamflow  regulation  274,  supply  forest  271, 
value  of  forests  278,  windbreaks  274. 

II.  The  Native  Hawaiian  Forests  279 — causes  of  decrease  280, 

character  of  indigenous  forests  283,  fire  danger  280,  288, 
forest  protection  286-288,  forest  types  282,  formation  of 
ohia  forests  284,  origin  279,  original  extent  280,  present 
forest  281,  sandalwood  trade  damage  280,  susceptibility  of 
native  forest  286,  wood  cutting  damage  280. 

III.  Methods  of  Forest  Protection  288 — cooperation  necessary 
292,  damage  by  animals  288,  293;  damage  by  fire  288,  293; 
damage  by  insects  and  fungi  281,  damage  by  man  288,  289; 
exclusion  of  stock  295,  fencing  294,  forest  extension  295, 
lands  in  reserves  291,  modification  of  reserves  292,  proc- 
lamation of  reserves  291,  rule  and  regulation  289,  supply 
forests  297,  surrender  of  lands  292,  table  of  reserves  291, 
threefold  damage  288,  timber  cutting  law  290. 

Forest  Service  and  Grazing 199 

For  the  Farmer — 

Corn  at  the  College  of  Hawaii 40 

' '  The  Head  of  the  Herd  " 45 

Foster,  Mrs.  Mary  E 70 

Foudia " 221 

Fringillidae 221 

Fullaway,  David  T 3, 

12,  41,   71,   109,   110,   133,  135,   157,   159,   183,   204,   232,  259,   312,  315 

GifTard,  Commissioner  (W.  M.) 8,  101,  259 

Gignoux,  Mrs.  A.  .1 ... 202,  257 

Glaisyer,  Dr.  A.  R 102 

Gluud,  Captain    207 

Goffart,  T 105 

Golding,  Dr 115,  136,  137,  159,  160,  185,  186 

government  insectary   245 

Grass   (tribute  of  Senator  Iiigalls) 139 

Gray,  Asa   25,  27 

Grove  ranch 224,  249,  319,  321,  322,  323,  325,  328 

Groves,  H.  G 47 

Gurrey,   Eichard   B 202,  257 

Haleakala  Ranch  Co 224,  249,  321,  322,  323,  324,  327,  328 

Hall,  E.  P 249 

Hardy,  Ranger 8,  9,  104,  229 

Harpullia  pendula    153 


X 

42 

^^,  B^ia::u:7i;  wK  wo,  ■io/;i29;  i^i;  155;  ■i82;208;  2:^1;  2V8, 312 

Hawaiian  agricultural  experiment  station ....  ....  •  •  •  ._•  •  ._•      o^ 

Hawaiian  Commercial  &  Sugar  Co 321,  322,  323,  32.3,  32  ^  328 

Hawaiian  Ferns,  a  synopsis -  ■■■  •  •  • ;  '  ' '  ••  ^^i 

Hawaiian  genus  kokia 1-^0,  ^^^,  18.1,  197 

Hawaiian  Planters'  Kecord •  •  •  •  •  •  •        * 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Association 52,  lo4,  159,  206,  2o4,  2o6 

Hawaiian  trail  and  mountain  club 102,  180 

Hawaii  slighted   ^ 

Hawkins,  Captain 1^^ 

Head  of  the  Herd,  The 4o 

heavy  beef  cattle 1- ' 

Heller,  A.  A 51 

H.enke,  Prof.  L.  A 40,  128 

Hibiscadelphus  giffardiauus 254 

Hillebrand,  AVilliam    49,  105 

Hillebrand,  W.  F 50 

Hilo  grass 20 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 25,  49 

Hodges,  Brig.-general  H.  C 206 

Hogg,  Jr.,  J.  A 154 

Honolua  ranch 326,  327,  328 

Hooker,   Sir  William   Jackson 151 

Hosmer,  Prof.  Ealph  S 20 

Houston,  Secretary 199 

Hunting  Wild  Fowl  in  Planes  Forbidden 67 

laukea,  Curtis  P.,  Secretary  of  Hawaii 117 

Ignacio,  Joe  J 180 

ie  ie  vine , 286 

Illustrations — 

Kukui  grove  at  Kilauea,  Kauai opposite  222 

Kulaui  forest  reserve  lands opposite     41 

Kulani   forest    scene opposite     39 

Kulani  forest  tree  ferns opposite     40 

Original    algaroba    tree 308,  309 

imports  of  fruit  and  vegetables 178 

Improving  Hogs  in  Hawaii 246 

influence  of  purebred  registered  sire 18 

Ingalls,  Senator 139 

insectary 245 

Israel,  E.  D 180 

Japanese  beetle 133 

Java  sparrows   221 

Judd,  C.  S.  . 9,  48, 

64,  70,  102,  106,  130,   152,   154,  174,  181,   202,  222,   256,  271,  310,  312 

Kahoolawe  ranch  328 

Kalanianaole,  Delegate   73 

Kamehameha  Schools  325 

Kansas  pasture  rentals 127 

Kapahu,  Daniel  102 

Kauai   board   of   supervisors,   chamber   of   commerce,    planters'   asso- 
ciation        86 

Kawaiahao  church    151 

Kemoo  farm 207 

Kiernan,  Dr.  J.  A 87 

Kinney,  Henry 104 

Knudsen,  Mrs.  Annie  S 154 

Knudsen,  Augustus  F 154 

Knudsen,  Eric  A 154 


XI 

Page 

Knu'lsen,  Valdemar    ^1 

Koa  Seed  Secured 22^ 

Krause,  Fred ^-^ 

Krauss,  F.  G ^^ 

Krauss,   Noel _•  •    '^7* 

Tvukaiau  ranch   l'^"^?  ■^'^^' 

Kukui  or  Candleiiut  Tree,  The 222 

Kulaui  reserve  lands '^" 

Kula  Sanitarium   -"^^o,  326,  828 

Kumuwela  camping  club 102 

Lake,  George  E .  .  .^ 44 

land   crab    23.3 

Langford,  Daniel  B 137,  221 

Lane,  Secretary 199 

Laupalioehoe  sugar   plantation 180 

lepidopterous  larvae   233 

Libby,  McNeill  &  Libby 8,  154 

Lihue  plantation  company 255 

Lindsay,  Ranger  James. '. 101,  129,  151,  174 

London  Times    160 

Lovell,  Ranger   7,  105 

Lvdgate,  John  ^l 50 

Macalister,  D.  S 230,  254 

]\racCaughey,  Yaughan   25,  49 

]\[acfarlane  &  Robinson 8 

Mackenzie,  Ranger   101,  254,  312 

Madagascar  weaver  birds 221 

Maguire,  John  A 220 

Mahelona  memorial  hospital 153 

Mann,  Horace    27 

Margolin 23 

Marketing  division 175 

Matson  Navigation  Co 160 

Maui   Agricultural  Co 322,  323 

Maui  County  Fair,  1919 248 

Maui  county  fair  winners  of  awards — Baldwin,  Asa,  327;  Baldwin, 
Barbara,  322;  Baldwin,  Dwi^ht,  321;  Baldwin,  F.  F.,  322;  Bald- 
win, Mrs.  F.  F.,  322.  325,  326;  Baldwin,  H.  A.,  322;  Baldwin, 
Lawrence,  322,  327;  Baldwin,  Richard,  322;  Baldwin,  S.  A.,  322; 
Baldwin,  Mrs.  S.  A.,  326;  Baldwin,  Dr.  W.  D.,  326;  Bechert,  J., 
328;  Clark,  W.  A.,  321,  322;  Cockett,  P.,  323,  327;  College  of 
Hawaii,  325,  328;  Crook,  Rose  E.,  326;  Do  Rego,  M.  F.,  322; 
Eichinger,  P.  W.,  321;  Fitzgerald,  J.  C,  321,  326;  Grove  Ranch, 
321,  322,  323,  325,  328;  Haleakala  Ranch  Co.,  321,  322,  323,  324, 
326,  327,  328;  Hawaiian  Commercial  &  Sugar  Co.,  321,  322,  323, 
325,  327,  328;  Honolua  Ranch,  326,  327,  328;  Kahoolawe  Ranch 
Co.'  328;  Kamehameha  Schools,  325,  328;  Krause  Jr.,  Fred,  328; 
Krauss,  Noel,  328;  Kula  Sanitarium,  325,  326,  328;  Maui  Agri- 
cultural Co.,  323,  326;  McPhee,  Angus,  321,  322;  New  Era  Herd 
Farm,  326,  327;  Pioneer  Mill  Co.,  328;  Raymond,  J.  H.,  321,  322; 
Rice,  H.  W.,  321,  323,  324.  326,  327,  328;  Robinson,  Foster,  321; 
Shiroma,  321;  Sloggett,  H.  D.,  326;  Smith,  L.  K.,  323;  Thomp- 
son Charles,  325;  von  Tempsky,  L..  321;  Waialae  Ranch,  325; 
Wailuku   Sugar   Co.,   322,  323,   32.5,  327. 

Maxwell,  Huo-h    .• ^ 

McBryde,  W.  D 104,  129 

McCandless,  L.    L 7,  201 

McCarthy,  Governor  C.  J 75,  105,  117,  150,  163,  330 

McKinley,    President    128 

McLean,  Professor   128 


Xll 

Pa  ire 


.248,  321,  322 
248 


McPhee,  Angus   

Metropolitan  meat  inarket 

Meyer,  F -;2 

milk  records  at  Kamehameha  schools  farm •  •  ■  •  y 

milk   straining  bulletin ^^8 

Minnesota  Botanical  Studies ' 51 

Mohler,  J.  R ''•^  319 

Molokai  ranch    — "' 

mongoose 1^^ 

Monomorium   pliaraonis    ^•'>,  158 

Moore,  Edwin  C 184,  206 

Moritzon,  Adolph    310 

Morning   Glory   Weed 4 

moth  borer    129,  173 

Muir,  Frederick    221 

Munia 221 

Xakamura 159 

national  forests 200 

Nelson,  E.  W 221 

New  Botanical  Bulletins 149 

Newell,  Bro,  Matthias 

14,  72,  105,  107,  111,  112,  134,  150,  158,  174,  184,  206,  233,  260 

New  Era  herd  farm 326,  327 

New  Federal  Plant  Quarantine 174 

New  Fire  Wardens  Appointed 220 

New  Plant  Inspection  Rule 150 

New  Quarantine  on  Plants 67 

New  Zealand  apples ;!07,  310 

New  Zealand  Journal  of  Agriculture 47 

Norgaard,  A'ietor  A 

16,   73,  74,  114,  116,  137,  160,  186,   208,  224,  235,  261,  319 

Notice  to  Applicants  for  Trees .  .  . 174 

Nye,  Lieut.   (Dr.  E.  L.) 207 

One  Government  Forest 39 

Original  Algaroba  Tree  Gone   308 

Padda  oryzivora    221 

Parker  ranch   85,  113,  230 

parrots 221 

Paspalum  coujugatum   20 

Past  Year 's  Activities 175 

Pelea  sp 254 

pheasants 198,  221,  307 

Pililaau,  John   102 

Pinkham,  Gov.  L.ucius  E 290 

Pinus  insularis    229 

Pioneer  Mill  Co 328 

Plant  Inspection,  Division  of — 

disposal  of  shipments.  13,  72,  110,  111,  133,  157,  183,  205,  233,  259,  316 

fumigation  of  foodstuffs 3,  14,  111,  112,  134,  158 

Hilo  inspection 14,  72,  111,  112,  134,  158,  184,  206,  233,  260,  317 

inspection  rule  amended 310,  329 

inspector  on  vacation 127,  149 

inter-island  inspection 

14,  72,  111,  112,  134,  158,  184,  206,  234,  260,  317 

Kahului  inspection   (same  pages  as  inter-island), 
monthly  reports    (see  table   of  contents). 

new  federal   plant  quarantine 173,  174 

new   inspection    rule 149,  150 

past  year's  activities 177 

pests 'intercepted.  13,  72,  110,  112,  134,  158,  183,  197,  205,  233,  260,  316 
rice    and   bean    shipments    (same    as   pests    intercepted    omitting 
197). 


Page 

Plant  Inspection  Rule  Amendeil 310 

plant  inspection  rules 149,  197 

plant  quarantine   67 

Ploceidae 221 

Potter  and  Barnes 199 

Prenolepis  longicornis    158 

Princeville  plantation 115,  159,  185,  186 

Prosopis  juliflora    64,  308 

Purchase  of  Forest  Lands 200 

Puu  Ka  Pele  Park 86,  105,  117 

Puunene  meat  market 248 

quail 221 

Rankin,  G.  F  .• 102 

Raymond,   J.    H 321,  322 

Remy,  Jules   26 

Rice',  President  (A.  H.) 254,  312 

Rice,  Chas.  A 154 

Rice,  H.  W 224,  249,  321,  323,  324,  326,  327,  328 

Rice,  Philip  L 257 

rice  bird    221 

Rickard,  H.   S .  . 180 

Rita,    Joe 255 

Robinson,  Foster   321 

Rock,  J.  F 105,  111,  127,  149,  154,  197,  311 

Romberg,  Ernest   41 

Rowat,  Dr.  A.  R 307 

Royal  botanical  museum 50 

Rules  for  Bird  Importations 220 

Ryder,  Major    197    201 

Sadleria  cyatheoides   254 

Sanborn,  Fire  Warden, 254 

Schauisland,  H 51 

secretary  of  agriculture 173 

Sequoia  sempervirens    229 

Shiroma 321 

silver  sword  fern 151 

Sloggett,  H.  D 326 

Smith,  L.  K 323 

Sophora  chrysophylla    .  .  .  .  ; 63 

Sperry,  Lieut.   .  .  .^ 207 

Star  Bulletin 131 

Stillman,  Arthur  J 220 

Stokes,  J.  F.  G 69 

Stone,    Charles    E 245,    311 

Syagrius  f ulvitarsis 254,  259 

Taiwania  cryptomerioides   105 

termites l'~ 

territorial  fair  exhibits 180 

Territorial  Fair,  The 37 

territorial  summer   school 154,  202 

The  Timberman   (journal) 154 

Thompson,  Charles   325 

Thot,  Karsten 206 

Thrum 's  Hawaiian  Annual 52 

Thuya  orientalis   14,  233 

Tilden,   Miss  Josephine 51 

tortricid  moths   220 

Trail  and  mountain  club 102,  105,  180 


XIV 

Page 
ti-ees— acacia  153,  254,  308;  alani  25-i;  algaroba  3,  8,  64,  282,  308; 
arauearia  297;  bloodwood  311;  camphor  311;  cedar  307,  311; 
eucalyptus  3,  8,  20,  296,  311;  hau  kuahiwi  254;  ironwood  253, 
311;  karaka  296;  kassod  3;  koa  3,  7,  152,  154,  253,  283;  kukui 
222,'  283;  logwood  311;  mahogany  7,  153,  253,  311;  mamani  63, 
282^  283;  molave  153,  311;  monkey  pod  311;  naio  254,  283;  ohia 
lehua  282,  283,  284;  olapa  254;  pine  229,  254,  297,  311;  poinciana 
3,  153,  229;  red  gum  229,  253;  redwood  229;  sandalwood  280, 
311;  silk  oak  152,  219;  swamp  mahogany  7,  311;  ti  leaf  286; 
timber  105;  tulipwood  153;  walnut  222;  wiliwili  3,  7;  wood  oil 
311. 

True,   Prof 128 

Tuttle,  Dr.  George  B 202,  257 

U.  S.  cavalry 160 

United  stockmen 's  association 199 

University  of  British  Columbia 128 

University  of .  California 128 

University  of  Minnesota 51 

Yitex  parviflora   153,  253 

von  Tempsky,  L 321 

Wall,  W.  E 311 

Waialae  ranch    234,  325 

Wailuku   Sugar   Co 322,  323,  325,  327 

Wawra,  Dr.  Heinrich  W 28 

weaver  birds 221 

Weekly  News  Letter 67 

Wesster,  P.  J 203 

white  ants   177 

White,    H.    A 197,  201 

Why  I  Should  Show  My  Livestock 128 

AVilcox,  Anna  C 154 

Wilcox,  C.  H 154 

Wilcox,  Elsie  H 180 

Wilcox,  Mabel  1 180 

Wilson,  A.  A 197,  201 

Wilson,  W.  F -. 151 

Wisconsin  state  dairymen  's  association i:-t 

Wood,  E.  F .' 154 

Wood  for  Handles 5 

Woodward,  Captain    312 

Worthington,  Lieut 207 

Year  Book,  department  of  agriculture 219 

Y.  W.  C.  A 154 

Zembik,  Joseph 311 


i!!:!ii!i.:;ii 


TheHAaAIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTURISI1 


CONTENTS 


Editorial 

Morning  Glory  Weed 

Kokee  Camps. 

Wood  for  Handles.... 

Division  of  Forestry 

Division  of  Entomology 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 

For  the  Dairyman- 
Eight  Reasons  for  Keeping  Milk  Records,  etc. 

Influence  of  the  Purebred  Registered  Sire 

Cow  Testing  Association  for  Hawaii,  A 

Eucalyptus  Plantation,  report  on   experimental 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii  


VOL.  XVL 


PRICE.  TEN  CENTS 


NO.  1 


^ 


Alp^eani^r  $c  ^al&witi 


WxmxUh 


OPriOES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -          HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING          -  -        -          SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -  -        -        NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.  -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEES    AND    DIREOTOES: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director  ^ 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE. 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GITILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  E.  CASTLE Director  . 

C.   H.   ATHEETON Director 


ittBurattr?  Ag^ntB 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian   Commercial   and   Sugar   Oompsnj  McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd, 

Ilaiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Paia    Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Maui   Agxiculturftl  Oompiuix  Kauai   Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Ha-vralisu   Sugar  Company  Hoholua  Banch 

Kahului   Railroad   Company 

INSURAHCE  COMPANIES  EEPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

UiioR  Insurance   Society  of  Canton,   Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Gommon-virealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
c.,.;,  „-,T,T   -I-,-,,..   ,,  .|   T\jarine  Insurance   Company,    Springfield,   Mass. 

.nee   Company,   Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.    Z. 
American  AiAancb   Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,   N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine  Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


^«1IIIIIII1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIH"I"'"""""""""""""""""""""""^= 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

HAWAIIAN   GAZETTE  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


i;iiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin' 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT  THE  GOVERNMENT  NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constautly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  grov^ing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,   Forest   Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
hy  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th. ,  T  -ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  January,  1919.  No.  1 


An  interesting  experiment  in  the  relative  durability  and 
strength  of  reenforced  concrete  and  ohia  posts  has  been  initiated 
in  forest  reserve  fencing  just  completed  near  Glenwood,  Hawaii. 


During  December  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  assisted  in 
the  conservation  of  food  and  for  the  accommodation  of  local 
people  fumigated  over  twelve  thousand  bags  of  flour,  rice,  corn 
and  beans. 


The  work  of  protecting  forest  reserve  lands  against  damage  by 
stock  was  advanced  during  the  year  just  ended  by  the  construc- 
tion of  9.73  miles  of  new  fences  and  repairing  3.84  miles  of  exist- 
ing fences  on  forest  reserve  boundaries. 


The  new  forest  reserves  set  apart  by  the  Governor  on  the  last 
day  of  1918,  added  41,335  acres  to  the  general  reserve  system  and 
brought  the  total  acreage  of  the  47  reserves  up  to  814,926  acres, 
of  which  68  per  cent  is  government  land.  ' 


Among  the  trees  which  are  being  planted  in  the  Lualualei  For- 
est Reserve,  Oahu,  in  a  comparatively  dry  region  in  the  Waianae 
Mountains  in  order  to  reestablish  the  forest  cover  are  the  native 
wiliwili  and  koa,  and  the  kassod,  yellow  poinciana,  and  gum 
arabic. 


The  lessons  from  the  severe  windstorm  of  December  3,  1918, 
are  that  it  is  not  well  to  have  shallow  rooted  trees  near  one's 
house,  and  that  to  save  large  algaroba  trees  they  should  be  topped 
every  few  years.  The  native  forests  in  the  mountains  seem  to 
have  come  through  the  storm  with  comparatively  no  damage. 


The  progress  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry  on  the 
yield  of  the  eucalyptus  trees  in  the  Nuuanu  experiment  after  five 
years  of  growth  shows  that,  while  on  the  whole  the  trees  have  not 
done  very  well,  the  blackbutt,  Eucalyptus  pilularis,  is  a  suitable 
tree  to  plant  in  similar  situations  where  the  annual  rainfall  is  175 
inches. 


Bulletin  No.  4  of  the  Division  of  Entomology,  "The  Corn  Leaf 
Hopper,"  by  Entomologist  D.  T.  Fullaway,  was  issued  on  De- 


cember  27,  1918.  This  bulletin,  which  contains  16  pages,  and  is 
well  illustrated,  should  be  of  material  assistance  to  corn  growers 
throughout  the  Territory,  and  a  copy  will  be  mailed  to  anyone 
who  applies  to  this  Board. 


This  Board  would  appreciate  prompt  notice  of  the  presence  of 
any  new  plants  of  a  suspicious  nature  found  by  anyone.  In  spite 
of  all  precautions,  new  plant  pests  are  apt  to  gain  entrance  in  the 
Territory.  An  instance  of  this  is  the  morning  glory  weed  found 
recently  on  Maui  and  reported  on  in  this  issue.  Only  by  prompt 
measures  at  the  early  stage  of  introduction  can  such  chance  in- 
troductions be  prevented  from  becoming  established  here. 

The  welcome  articles  printed  in  this  issue  on  dairy  subjects  by 
Prof.  Ralph  J.  Borden  of  the  Kamehameha  Schools  will,  it  is 
hoped,  inspire  other  dairymen  in  the  Territory  to  adopt  more 
modern  methods  which  will  result  in  improvement  in  the  produc- 
tion of  milk.  Similar  articles  on  any  agricultural  subject  which 
will  interest  the  farmers  and  ranchers  in  the  Territory  are  so- 
licited and  will  gladly  be  given  space  on  the  pages  of  The 
Forester. 


Hawaii  has  again  been  slighted  in  a  federal  appropriation  act 
simply  because  the  word  "Territories"  was  not  included  in  the 
bill  which  provides  for  federal  indemnities  for  tuberculous  cattle. 
The  matter  has  been  taken  up  with  our  Delegate  to  Congress  who 
has  given  us  assurance  that  he  will  do  all  in  his  power  when  the 
new  appropriation  bill  is  enacted  to  have  Hawaii  included  to  re- 
ceive the  benefits  to  which  she  is  justly  entitled  on  account  of  the 
long  continued  efforts  of  this  Board  at  eradicating  bovine  tuber- 
culosis in  the  Territory. 


MORNING  GLORY  WEED. 


Attention  was  called  in  the  Hamaiian  Planters'  Record  of  No- 
vember, 1918,  to  the  unwelcome  appearance  of  a  weed,  new  to 
the  Territory,  which  was  discovered  lately  on  Maui.  This  is  the 
Morning  Glory  or  Bindweed  {Convolvulus  arvensis),  originally 
a  resident  of  Europe  and  Eastern  Asia  which  has  become  natur- 
alized in  old  fields  through  the  Atlantic  States  and  California, 
where  it  is  a  very  troublesome  weed.  It  was  a  bad  pest  in  Engw 
land  even  100  years  ago  because  it  wandered  over  whole  fields 
and  could  not  be  eradicated  except  by  repeated  plowings  in  dry 
weather,  and  then  picking  out  the  roots  and  burning  them.  The 
roots  run  very  deep  into  the  ground  and  have  caused  the  plant  to 
be  called  "devil's  guts." 

If  allowed  to  spread  in  these  Islands  where  there  is  no  annual 
frost  to  check  its  growth,  it  would  doubtless  become  a  very  great 
pest  and  all  residents  are  strongly  urged,  if  it  should  ever  come 
to  their  attention,  to  dig  it  out  part  and  parcel  and  burn  every  bit 


of  it,  since  any  piece  of  root  or  stem  may  sprout  and  form  new 
plants. 

So  far,  it  has  been  found  fortunately  in  only  two  places  on 
Maui,  along  the  Kahului  Railway  on  land  controlled  by  the  Paia 
Plantation,  and  every  effort  has  been  made  by  the  plantation  peo- 
ple to  eradicate  it  completely.  One  of  the  patches  where  it  has 
been  dug  out  is  only  7  by  20  feet  in  size  and  the  fact  that  each 
patch  is  found  along  the  railroad  track  leads  one  to  believe  that  it 
came  into  the  Territory  in  baled  hay  or  along  with  some  similar 
feed  material. 

Chance  introductions  such  as  this,  of  an  undesirable  nature,  are 
apt  to  occur  in  spite  of  all  precautions,  but  this  should  make  us 
all  the  more  alert  in  detecting  them  and  preventing  by  all  pos- 
sible means  their  establishment  in  the  Islands. 

C.  S.  J. 


KOKEE    CAMPS. 


In  response  to  suggestions  made  by  the  Kauai  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  at  a  meeting 
held  on  January  21,  1919,  reconsidered  certain  phases  of  the 
camping  privileges  to  be  given  in  the  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Re- 
serve, Kauai,  with  the  following  results : 

The  annual  charge  for  camping  permits  on  unimproved  sites 
has  been  reduced  from  $25  to  $10  per  acre. 

For  the  present  a  bond  with  each  permit  will  not  be  required 
but  the  Board  reserves  the  right  to  require  a  bond  of  each  per- 
mittee on  the  first  breach  of  the  conditions  set  forth  in  the  per- 
mit on  the  part  of  any  permittee. 

The  term  for  which  the  permits  will  be  issued  is  lengthened 
from  five  to  ten  years.  I  It  is  believed  that  this  change  will  ob- 
viate the  necessity  of  including  any  renewal  clause  in  the  permit 
and  will  induce  permittees  to  put  in  camps  which  will  be  com- 
fortable. 

Applications  for  these  camps  will  be  received  now  at  any  time 
by  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  will  receive  attention  in 
the  order  of  their  receipt. 

A  good  opportunity  is  offered  here  to  those  who  are  fond  of 
camping  and  seek  recreation  and  rest  at  an  elevation  where  the 
climate  is  invigorating  and  there  is  a  great  variety  of  most  inter- 
esting scenery. 

C.  S.  J. 


WOOD  FOR  HANDLES. 


The  annual  demand  for  wood  by  handle  makers  in  the  United 
States  approximates  280  million  feet,  consisting  of  33  kinds,  is 
the  statement  made  in  an  article  by  Hu  Maxwell  in  American 
Forestry  for  November,  1918.  Nearly  all  of  the  handles  are 
made  of  hardwoods,  but  certain  softwoods    fill    definite  wants, 


such  as  the  cheap  hemlock  wooden  handle  for  buckets  and  the 
aspen  wood  handle  for  the  oysterman's  shucking  knife,  which 
when  made  of  this  wood  does  not  slip  when  in  contact  with 
oysters. 

A  large  amount  of  foreign  woods  such  as  cocobola,  mahogany 
and  ebony  is  used  in  the  tool  trade.  These  woods  are  expensive 
and  when  used  for  making  knife  handles  may  cost  thirty  or  forty 
cents  a  square  foot.  But  such  woods  are  used  in  very  small 
pieces  on  each  knife  as  a  thin  splint  on  each  side.  A  board  foot 
of  such  wood  will  therefore  supply  enough  handles  for  a  hundred 
pocket  knives. 

Ash  is  the  leading  wood  for  farm  tool  handles  and  hickory  is 
unsurpassed  for  the  elastic  handles  required  for  axes  and  sledge 
hammers.  The  accepted  wood  for  a  handsaw  handle  is  apple- 
wood  and  the  yearly  demand  for  such  wood  is  over  150,000  feet. 
It  comes  from  the  old  apple  orchards  where  trees  are  cut  to  make 
way  for  improvements. 

C.  S.  J. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry^  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  re- 
port of  the  Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  December, 
1918: 

FOREST  FENCING. 

The  repairs  to  the  old  fence  on  the  part  of  the  boundary  of  the 
new  Waiahole  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  adjacent  to  Kaalaea,  were 
completed  on  December  16,  and  a  total  distance  of  .81  mile  of 
boundary  was  made  impassable  to  stock. 

The  new  fence  around  parts  of  Sec.  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park 
Reserve,  between  Glenwood  and  23V2  Miles  in  Olaa,  Hawaii,  was 
completed  on  December  28.  The  total  length  of  this  new  fence 
is  3.56  miles,  and  since  concrete  posts  were  used  in  its  construc- 
tion it  should  last  a  very  long  time  and  should  serve  well  its  pur- 
pose of  keeping  the  wandering  dairy  stock  from  doing  any 
further  damage  to  the  attractive  tree  fern  and  ohia  forests  within 
its  bounds. 

On  December  16  a  visit  was  made  to  that  part  of  the  Makua- 
Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  which  is  adjacent  to  Lot  1  of  the 
Keaau  Homesteads,  and  it  was  found  that  no  fence  on  this  boun- 
dary kept  the  homesteaders'  cattle  from  entering  the  forest  re- 
serve. The  homesteader  has  agreed  to  cooperate  in  building  the 
half  mile  of  fence  that  will  be  needed  to  protect  the  reserve  at: 
this  point  and  the  work  will  be  undertaken  in  January. 


On  December  8,  during  a  visit  to  the  Kuliouou  Forest  Reserve 
in  which  six  goats  were  killed  out  of  a  flock  of  nine,  which  was 
found  at  the  edge  of  the  forest  in  the  reserve,  itj  was'  ascertained 
that  the  Club  Stables,  Ltd.,  holder  of  General  Lease  No.  837,  had 
not  done  anything  toward  constructing  the  required  fence  which 
the  lease  specifies  to  have  been  built  on  November  4,  1914.  This 
default  has  been  repeatedly  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Land 
Commissioner  and  I  once  more  notified  that  official  that  this  re- 
quirement had  not  yet  been  fulfilled.  I  also  notified  him  that  L. 
L.  McCandless,  holder  of  General  Lease  No.  730,  had  not  yet 
built  the  required  fence  on  the  boundary  of  the  Makua  Forest 
Reserve  which  should  have  been  completed  on  June  4,  1914,  and 
he  reports  that  the  lessee  has  promised  to  begin  the  construction 
of  this  fence  early  in  January. 

During  the  month  Ranger  Lovell,  in  addition  to  planting  trees, 
has  been  repairing  a  few  sections  of  the  fence  on  the  boundary  of 
the  Kealia  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  which  were  damaged  by  storm. 

A  summary  of  the  fencing  work  done  during  1918  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

Existing  fences  on  forest  reserve  boundaries  repaired — 

Oahu,  Pupukea  Reserve 1.19  miles 

Maui,  Makawao  Reserve 53      " 

Maui,  Makawao  Reserve   1.31      " 

Oahu,  Waiahole  Reserve   81      " 


Total  length  of  fences  repaired 3.84  miles 

New  fences  constructed  on  forest  reserve  boundaries — 

Hawaii,  Hilo  Reserve  3.42  miles 

Oahu,  Waianae-kai  Reserve   22 

Maui,  Makawao  Reserve 89 

Oahu,  Waiahole  Reserve   59 

Oahu,  Hauula  Reserve 1.05 

Hawaii,  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve 3.56 


Total  length  of  new  fences  constructed 9.73  miles 


Total  length  of  reserve  boundaries  made  impas- 
sable to  stock   13.57  miles 

FOREST   PLANTING. 

The  Division  performed  the  following    tree    planting  during 
December : 
Oahu,  Honolulu  Watershed  Reserve,  Makiki — Koa.  .    185  trees 

Oahu,  Lualualei  Reserve,  Mikilua — Koa 607     " 

— Wiliwili 414     " 

Kauai,    Kealia    Reserve,    Kamalomalo,    Swamp    Ma- 
hogany        76     " 


Total   1282  trees 

The  new  nursery  at  Mikilua  was  supplied  with  about  10,000 


8 

small  seedlings  of  the  following  species  which  were  transplanted 
and  will  be  held  in  the  nursery  until  ready  for  final  planting: 
Koa,  wiliwili,  yellow  poinciana,  kassod,  gum  arable  and  monkey- 
pod. 

With  the  Forest  Nurseryman  one  day  was  spent  in  inspecting 
the  planting  of  trees  on  Water  Reserve  A,  Pupukea,  Oahu,  which 
is  being  done  by  L)ibby,  McNeill  &  Libby  under  the  agreement 
between  this  Board  and  Macfarlane  &  Robinson  of  March  18, 
1914,  which  was  transferred  to  them  on  July  21,  1916.  It  was 
found  that  the  work  was  being  done  in  a  substantial  manner  and 
that  1^  acres  had  been  made  ready  for  the  trees  by  plowing  and 
hole  digging. 

On  December  20,  reply  post  cards  were  sent  out  to  all  tree 
planters  in  the  Territory  with  the  request  that  they  submit  to 
this  Division  for  regular  statistical  purposes  the  number  of  trees 
by  species  set  out  during  1918  and  the  purpose  of  planting. 

During  the  month  the  measurement  of  the  trees,  in  the  euca- 
lyptus plantation  established  in  1911  in  Nuuanu  Valley,  taken 
five  years  after  planting  were  finally  worked  up  and  the  results 
in  height  and  diameter  growth  and  yield  in  cubic  feet  of  wood 
and  in  cord  per  acre  are  given  in  the  attached  report.  Owing  to 
certain  adverse  conditions,  the  trees  on  the  whole  have  not  shown 
up  remarkably  well  as  compared  to  other  standards,  but  of  all  the 
trees  the  Blackbutt  (Eucalyptus  pilularis)  gives  the  greatest 
promise  with  a  maximum  height  of  34  feet,  a  maximum  diameter 
of  6  inches  and  a  yield  of  4.51  cords  per  acre. 

FOREST   PROTECTION. 

Ranger  Hardy  reports  that  the  horses  which  were  being  pas- 
tured on  Kumuwela  Ridge  in  the  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve, 
Kauai,  a  matter  which  I  touched  on  in  my  November  report,  have 
been  removed  from  the  reserve. 

At  the  suggestion  ojf  Commissioner  Giffard  I  secured  an  opin- 
ion from  the  Attorney  General  of  the  Territory  dated  December 
19,  1918,  as  to  how  far  one  could  go  in  exterminating,  without 
compensation,  privately  owned  stock  running  wild  on  land  held 
as  forest  reserve,  and  this  will  be  used  as  a  basis  in  drafting  a  new 
law  to  authorize  such  extermination  which  will  soon  be  presented 
to  you  for  consideration. 

WIND  STORM. 

The  wind  storm  of  December  3  did  considerable  damage  to  the 
algaroba  trees  in  the  Animal  Quarantine  Station  on  Ala  Moana, 
Honolulu,  and  to  a  few  of  the  trees  in  the  grounds  at  the  Gov- 
ernment Nursery  on  King  Street;  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
eucalyptus  forest  on  Tantalus  175  trees  were  thrown  across  the 
road  and  many  others  uprooted.  We  have  been  attempting  to  se- 
cure a  purchaser  for  the  wood  in  these  eiicalyptus  trees  but,  on 
account  of  the  abundance  of  the  better  algaroba  wood  available 
for  market,  no  one  will  even  look  at  this  eucalyptus  wood.     An 


appeal  has  been  made  to  the  High  Sheriff  to  get  it  removed  by 
prison  labor  and  we  are  also  trying  to  dispose  of  the  small  branch 
wood  by  interesting  a  charcoal  burner  in  the  proposition. 

Immediately  after  the  storm  a  suggestion  was  made  to  the  pub- 
lic through  the  press  to  use  care  in  trimming  trees  injured  by  the 
storm  by  cutting  off  stubs  close  to  the  main  trunk  and  applying 
creosote  or  paint  to  the  exposed  wood  surfaces  to  prevent  rot. 

It  was  observed  that  the  algaroba  suffered  most  heavily  in  the 
storm  on  account  of  the  shallow  root  system  of  this  tree,  and  that 
the  yellow  poinciana,  on  account  of  its  somewhat  shallow  root 
system  and  great  weight  came  next.  The  coconut  and  royal 
palms  on  account  of  their  smaller  exposed  surface,  but  in  spite  of 
their  small  root  system,  came  through  the  storm  remarkably  well. 

So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  the  storm  did  practically 
no  damage  to  the  trees  in  our  indigenous  forests  in  the  moun- 
tains.    Ranger  Hardy  reports  from  Kauai : 

*Tn  making  my  monthly  rounds  through  the  mountains  I 
was  agreeably  surprised  to  find  that  the  wind  storm  in  No- 
vember had  done  very  little  damage  to  the  standing  timber. 
On  the  trip  across  the  range  to  the  Hanalei  and  Kalihiwai 
Rivers  I  saw  but  one  tree  that  had  been  uprooted  by  the 
wind,  while  in  making  the  same  trip  in  the  month  of  January, 
1916,  I  saw  hundreds  of  trees  that  had  been  blown  down;  in 
fact,  my  trail  in  places  was  entirely  obliterated  by  the  tangle 
of  windfall  timber." 

NEW   FOREST   RESERVES. 

The  work  of  examining  and  setting  apart  the  general  forest 
reserve  system  in  the  Territory  was  completed  on  the  last  day  of 
the  month  when,  after  a  public  hearing  of  the  Governor  and  this 
Board  held  on  December  31,  at  the  Government  Nursery,  at 
which  no  objections  to  the  new  reserves  were  made.  Governor 
McCarthy  signed  proclamations  setting  apart  five  new  reserves 
and  making  one  addition,  thus  increasing  the  total  area  by  41,355 
acres.    The  new  reserves  are  as  follows : 

Nonou  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai 818  acres 

Puukapele  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai 4,900 

Mokuleia  Forest  Reserve,   Oahu 6,290 

Hauula  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu 9,193 

Addition  to  Makua-Keaau  Reserve,  Oahu 104 

Olaa  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii 20,030 


Total    41,335  acres 

The  present  total  area  of  forest  reserves  in  the  Territory  is 
now  814,926  acres,  of  which  554,842  acres  or  68%  is  government 
land. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 

Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


10 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  31,  1918. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  herewith  submit  a  report  on  the  principal  work 
done  during  the  month  of  December : 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  Seed  In  Transplant     Pot 


Sold 

Gratis 

Boxes. 

Boxes. 

'756 
300 

Grown. 
181 
979 
186 

Total. 

181 

1729 

Lualualei  Reserve    .  . 

. .     2000 

2486 

2000     1050     1346     4396 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  Realisations. 

Collections  on  account  of  plants  sold $  3.90 

Sale  of  aged  horse  50.00 

Rent  of  office,  Nursery  Grounds,  October 35.00 


Total   $88.90 

PRESERVATION  FOREST  RESERVE. 

Collections  for  the  Quarter  Ending  December,  31,  1918. 

Rents  and  fees $  82.00 

Sale  of  black  sand   36.50 


Total $118.50 

PLANTATION    COMPANIES   AND   OTHER   CORPORATIONS. 

Orders  have  been  received  for  10,000  transplants  ready  to  set 
out,  delivery  to  be  made  when  ready. 

MAKIKI    STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine.  Owing 
to  the  great  demand  for  trees  during  the  past  two  or  three 
months  our  stock  is  considerably  reduced.  We  have  a  large  num- 
ber of  plants  coming  on  and  will  have  plenty  again  in  a  short 
time. 


11 

HONOLULU   WATERSHED. 


The  work  done  in  the  Makiki  Valley  and  Sugarloaf  sections 
consisted  of  hoeing  and  cleaning,  also  the  planting  of  185  koa 
trees.  Preparations  are  being  made  for  the  planting  of  more  koa 
trees  in  Opu  Valley. 

ADVICE  AND   ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  made  the  following  number  of  calls  and  other- 
wise given  advice  and  assistance  at  the  request  of  people  in  and 
around  the  city : 

Calls    made   7 

Advice  given  people  calling 8 

Advice  given  by  telephone 5 


Respectfully  submitted, 


David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  16,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — During  the  month  of  December  the  insectary 
handled  21,900  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  2641  females 
and  2411  males  of  Opius  fletcheri  were  bred. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows : 

MELON   FLY  PARASITES. 

Opius  fletcheri. 
Oahu : 

Females.     Males. 

Moiliili   1320         1510 

Kailua  640  750 

Hawaii : 

Kamuela 800  960 

FRUIT  FLY  PARASITES. 

Opius  humilis. 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu  Valley   130  90 


12 
Diachasma  tryoni. 

Oahu : 

Nuuanu  Valley   250  180 

Diachasma  fullazvayi. 

Nuuanu  Valley 20  35 

Tetrastichus  giffardianus. 
Oahu : 

Nuuanu   Valley    250 

Galesus  silvestri 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu   Valley    300 

Dirhinus  giffardi. 
Oahu : 

Nuuanu   Valley    400 

DUNG  FLY   PARASITE. 

Sp  along  ia  cameroni. 
Oahu: 

Moanalua   600 

CORN   LEAF   HOPPER   EGG    PARASITE. 

Paragranus  osborni. 

Oahu: 

Makiki  Nursery 9,600 

Kailua 23,000 

Kahnuki 4,900 

Hawaii : 

Hilo 1,400 

Kohala 1,500 

Respectfully  yours, 

David  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


13 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  31,  1918. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work 
done  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  De- 
cember, 1918,  as  follows : 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu  64 
vessels,  of  which  18  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspection 
and  two  came  via  the  Panama  Canal.  The  following  disposal  was 
made  of  the  various  shipments : 

Disposal.                                          Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 533  25,068 

Fumigated   10  67 

Burned    22  23 

Returned 1  1 

566        25,159 
Of  these  shipments  24.979  parcels  arrived  as  freight,  82  pack- 
ages as  mail  and  98  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  22,289  bags  of  rice  and  2080  bags  of  beans 
from  foreign  ports  were  inspected  and  found  apparently  free 
from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  4886  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers 
and  immigrants  from  foreign  ports  were  examined,  from  which 
11  lots  of  fruits  and  eight  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and 
burned. 

On  December  8,  six  pots  of  sealing  wax  palms  from  Java  were 
fumigated  to  destroy  a  nest  of  ants,  Monomorium  pJiaraonis,  and 
a  small  scorpion  which  were  found  at  the  base  of  the  leaves.  The 
soil  was  removed  and  sterilized  in  the  incinerator  before  being 
dumped. 

On  the  same  date  a  small  case  of  orchids  in  the  baggage  from 
Java  was  fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  ants,  Monomorium 
pharaonis,  and  a  scale  insect. 

On  December  19  a  case  of  orchids  from  Manila  was  fumi- 
gated as  a  precaution. 

On  December  19  four  packages  of  ornamental  plants  in  the 
baggage  from  Japan  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  one 
package  which  contained  five-needle  pines  was  burned,  being  pro- 
hibited by  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board. 


14 

On  December  2Z  two  small  pots  of  Thuya  orientalis  in  the  bag- 
gage from  Japan  were  fumigated  and  the  soil  removed.  In  the 
soil  112  grubs  of  a  Curculionid  beetle  were  found. 

On  December  26  a  parcel  of  acorns  in  the  mail  from  Japan 
was  found  infested  with  weevils  and  burned. 

On  December  23  a  package  of  plum  pits  in  the  mail  from 
Japan  was  returned  by  the  postal  authorities. 

During  December  the  following  cereals,  etc.,  have  been  fumi- 
gated for  the  accommodation  of  local  people : 

10,415  bags  flour. 

1,732  bags  rice. 

98  bags  awa  root. 

54  bags  corn. 

55  bags  beans. 


Total 12,354  bags. 

HILO   INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  at  Hilo  of  three  steam- 
ers, one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  four  lots 
and  161  parcels,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI    INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  seven  vessels  at  the 
port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consist- 
ing of  19  lots  and  319  packages,  all  of  which  were  passed  as  free 
from  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Fifty-seven  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other 
Island  ports  were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were 
passed  as  free  from  pests : 

Taro 348  bags 

Vegetables 161  packages 

Fruit 144 

Plants 80         " 

Sugar  cane 17  cases 

Total  passed. 750  packages 

Four  packages  of  fruit  and  twenty  packages  of  plants  were  re- 
fused shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


15 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  17,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen  : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  De- 
cember, 1918: 

BOVINE   TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL". 

With  the  ending  of  the  month  of  December  there  has  been  ex- 
pended of  the  indemnification  fund  for  condemned  tuberculosis 
cattle  the  sum  of  $16,023.54,  leaving  $3,917.46  with  which  to  con- 
tinue the  work  for  the  remaining  part  of  the  fiscal  period  or  until 
the  next  legislature  decides  as  to  the  further  extension  of  this 
work. 

That  the  policy  of  the  Board  in  attempting  to  eradicate  bovine 
tuberculosis  has  been  sound  is  now  fully  proven.  Not  alone  have 
a  majority  of  the  States  in  the  Union  enacted  laws  along  the  same 
lines  as  our  indemnification  act,  but  the  1919  federal  agricultural 
appropriation  bill,  which  was  passel  by  Congress  on  October  1, 
1918,  provides  for  the  payment  by  the  federal  department  of 
agriculture  of  one-third  of  the  difference  between  the  appraised 
value  of  the  condemned  cattle  and  the  salvage  value  of  the  car- 
cass. The  bill  further  provides  that  in  order  to  benefit  by  this 
act  the  State,  county  or  community  where  the  cattle  are  kept  or 
owned  must  be  cooperating  in  the  tuberculosis  work  and  must  pay 
at  least  an  equal  amount  to  the  ow^ner.  In  other  words,  when  the 
bill  becomes  effective,  the  Territory  will  save  about  one-third  of 
the  compensation  now  being  paid. 

At  the  present  time,  however,  the  bill  as  passed  by  Congress 
omits  the  word  ''Territory,"  mentioning  only  counties.  States  and 
municipalities,  which,  according  to  advice  received  from  Wash- 
ington, bars  this  Territory  from  participating  in  the  appropria- 
tion. All  correspondence  pertaining  to  this  subject  is  herewith 
appended.  But  the  main  point  is  that  the  Attorney  General  of 
the  Territory  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  suggestion  contained  in 
the  letter  from  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  to 
the  effect  that  federal  indemnities  might  be  paid  in  cooperation 
with  the  counties  of  Hawaii  instead  of  with  the  [Territory  as  a 
unit  is  impractical  and  could  not  be  effected  without  legislative 
action. 

The  whole  matter  has  been  explained  to  our  Delegate  to  Con- 
gress, and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  next  Congress,  which  con- 
venes on  March  4th,  will  continue  this  policy  of  partial  indemni- 
fication and  that  the  unfortunate  omission  of  the  Territory  will 
be  corrected. 


16 

The  principal  part  of  the  past  month  has  been  occupied  by  the 
preparation  of  the  next  biennial  report  which  will  shortly  be 
ready  for  the  printer. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  December  31,  1918. 

Doctor  V.  A.  Norgaard, 

Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 

Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Sirs  : — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of 
December,  1918: 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

Total.  Passed.  Condemned. 

Salvation  Army  Home 8  8                 0 

Kamehameha  School    1  1                 0 

J.  D.  Dole 2  1                 1 

Mills  School 18  18                0 

A  total  of  29  head  were  tested,  out  of  which  one  was  con- 
demned and  branded.    This  animal  has  since  been  slaughtered. 

This  brings  to  a  (close  the  1918  tuberculin  test,  the  result  of 
which  will  appear  in  the  biennial  report. 

IMPORTATIONS  OF  LIVE  STOCK. 

S.  S.  Siberia,  Maru,  Orient :    1  dog,  G.  Yesaki. 

S.  S.  Kawi,  San  Francisco :  1  dog,  Jos.  Medeiros. 

S.  S.  Enterprise,  San  Francisco :  2  crates  birds,  1  crate 
chickens,  Amer,  Ry.  Ex.  Co. ;  13  Holstein  cows,  1  Holstein  calf, 
D.  Yamashito ;  4  Holstein  cows,  1  Holstein  bull,  10  Jersey  cows, 
1  Jersey  bull,  C.  W.  Lucas. 

S.  S.  Sonoma,  San  Francisco:  1  dog,  Mrs.  H.  Holmes;  1  dog 
and  1  cat,  Mrs.  T.  Hassen. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


17 

For  the  Dairyman 


EIGHT  REASONS  FOR  KEEPING  MILK  RECORDS  AT 
THE  KAMEHAMEHA  SCHOOLS  FARM,  WHICH  ARE 
EQUALLY  TRUE  WHEN  APPLIED  TO  OTHER  ISL- 
AND HERDS. 

By  Prof.  Ralph  J.  Borden. 

1 — They  form  the  basis  upon  which  the  dairy  herd  is  being  con- 
tinually improved.  No  dairyman  can  afford  to  buy  a  herd 
bull  whose  dam  does  not  have  an  authentic  record  of  milk 
and  butterfat  production.  Nor  can  any  dairyman  afford  to 
raise  calves  to  maturity  unless  he  has  every  assurance  that 
they  will  prove  worth  raising. 

2 — They  enable  the  feeder  to  feed  each  cow  according  to  the 
quantity  of  milk  she  produces.  Present  high  cost  of  con- 
centrate feeds  makes  it  necessary  that  every  cow  pay  in 
milk  production  for  the  feed  she  consumes. 

3 — They  stimulate  better  feeding  and  breeding.  The  use  of  a  bal- 
anced ration  is  soon  evident  in  the  way  the  cows  respond  at 
the  pail.  The  daughters  of  the  best  producers  usually  give 
proof  at  an  early  age  of  their  ability  to  surpass  their  dam  in 
milk  secretion. 

4 — Records  enable  the  dairyman  to  sell  cows  where  other  qualities 
fail.  A  cow  with  a  record  of  production  is  worth  25%  to 
50%  more  than  one  without. 

5 — The  weighing  of  the  milk  keeps  the  owner  in  close  touch  with 
the  daily  condition  of  the  cow.  There  are  many  cases  of 
serious  illness  which  could  have  been  prevented  in  their 
early  stages  when  the  milk  record  began  to  drop  and  give 
evidence  of  something  wrong  with  the  animal's  condition. 

6 — Records  stimulate  better  milking.  They  serve  as  a  check  on 
the  milker,  and  induce  him  to  milk  more  thoroughly  than 
when  the  milk  is  not  weighed. 

7 — A  knowledge  of  what  each  animal  is  doing  develops  personal 
pride  and  interest  in  the  herd. 

8 — They  make  dairying  a  business  proposition  and  in  more  ways 
than  one  mean  more  money  to  the  owners. 
It  takes  about  a  minute  a  day  to  weigh  and  record  the  milk  of 

each  cow,  but  it  is  a  minute  well  spent  and  one  which  will  amply 

pay  for  itself.     Try  it,  dairymen,  on  a  few  cows,    and    see  how 

quickly  you  will  appreciate  the  value  of  keeping  milk  records. 


18 
INFLUENCE  OF  THE  PUREBRED  REGISTERED  SIRE 


By  Prof.  Ralph  J.  Borden. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  on  the  influence  of  the  dairy 
sire  in  increasing  production  of  dairy  herds,  and  yet  a  great  many 
of  our  dairymen  still  think  that  "a  bull  is  a  bull"  and  continue  to 
use  the  scrub  sire. 

No  better  example  of  the  value  of  a  good  purebred  sire  can  be 
found  than  in  one  of  our  Island  dairy  herds,  where  by  continued 
use  of  purebred  sires  the  herd  production  has  been  materially  in- 
creased during  the  last  five  years.  In  the  year  1914  the  daily 
average  per  cow  was  15.8  pounds  of  milk.  In  1917  it  was  22.-1 
pounds,  and  for  the  first  six  months  of  1918  it  was  22.4  pounds. 
The  average  per  cent  of  butterfat  has  also  increased  from  3.1% 
in  1914  to  3.35 7o  last  year,  and  all  this  improvement  has  come 
about  without  any  increase  in  the  amount  of  grain  ration  being 
fed. 

To  be  more  specific :  A  grade  Holstein  cow — sire  and  dam  un- 
known— produced  in  her  best  average  lactation  period  (9  mos.) 
6561.3  pounds  of  milk,  containing  223.08  pounds  of  butterfat. 
One  of  her  daughters  from  a  registered  sire,  at  5  years  of  age, 
produced  8600.4  pounds  of  milk,  containing  288.11  pounds  but- 
terfat. Another  daughter  by  a  registered  sire,  at  4  years  of  age, 
produced  7491.1  pounds  of  milk  and  277.2  pounds  fat,  and  would 
have  done  better  had  she  not  accidentally  lost  one  quarter. 

Another  instance :  Two  purebred  Holstein  heifers  among  a  lot 
imported  in  1915  were  bred  to  purebred  sires  owned  in  California. 
No.  1  was  of  only  average  breeding  herself  and  had  not  the  ideal 
dairy  temperament,  being  somewhat  beefy.  No.  2  was  a  type, 
well  bred  animal,  her  dam  and  seven  nearest  dams  all  being  A.  R. 
O.  cows  and  she  herself  later  made  an  A.  R.  O.  record  in  Hawaii. 
No.  I's  daughter  has  surpassed  No.  2's  daughter  in  both  milk 
production  and  butterfat.  Concisely  this  is  what  we  have :  Two 
cows  whose  sires  are  of  equal  value  but  dams  of  unequal  value, 
and  the  progeny  of  the  poorer  dam  proving  superior  to  that  of 
the  better  dam.  This  tends  to  prove  that  the  sire  is  the  dominat- 
ing factor  in  the  improvement  of  dairy  cattle. 

There  are  many  other  instances  of  grade  cows  sired  by  regis- 
tered bulls  which  are  surpassing  their  dam's  best  lactation  periods 
during  their  first  or  second  years  of  production ;  more  visible  evi- 
dence of  the  value  of  the  purebred  sire. 

And  in  this  connection  it  might  be  urged  upon  our  dairymen 
and  farmers  that  they  be  not  satisfied  with  a  "so  called  purebred 
bull"  but  that  they  demand  that  he  be  registered  with  some  par- 
ticular breed  association.  This  is  a  guarantee  that  the  bull  really 
is  what  he  is  represented  to  be  and  may  prove  of  much  value  as 
the  bull  grows  older. 


19 
A  COW  TESTING  ASSOCIATION  FOR  HAWAII. 


By  Prof.  Ralppi  J.  Borden. 

The  scarcity  and  high  prices  of  dairy  products  during  the  past 
year  in  Hawaii  make  it  more  than  imperative  for  our  dairy  indus- 
try to  be  improved.  It  would  seem  that  every  step  possible  to 
improve  the  Island  dairy  herds  should  be  taken  to  enable  Hawaii 
to  produce  all  of  her  own  dairy  products.  The  recent  laws  gov- 
erning the  control  of  cattle  tuberculosis  are  doing  a  great  deal  to 
stamp  out  this  disease  which  has  cost  dairymen  so  much.  Some- 
thing is  now  needed  which  will  improve  the  quality  of  the  dairy 
cattle  that  are  already  here. 

Until  the  past  year,  when  the  largest  retail  milk  depot  began  to 
purchase  their  milk  and  pay  for  it  on  the  basis  of  the  butterfat  it 
contained,  very  few  of  our  dairymen  had  any  idea  of  the  im- 
portance of  the  butterfat  in  milk.  "A  cow  was  a  cow"  so  long  as 
she  gave  down  the  lacteal  fluid.  Recently  several  dairymen  near 
Honolulu  have  begun  to  study  their  herds  with  a  view  of  increas- 
ing their  butterfat.  The  present,  then,  would  seem  an  opportune 
time  for  the  beginning  of  cow  testing  association-  work  in  Hawaii. 

The  advantages  to  be  derived  from  such  an  association  would 
be  many  and  it  would  do  much  tO'  improve  dairy  herd  conditions. 
Wherever  cow  testing  has  been  started,  an  almost  immediate  im- 
provement in  the  herd  conditions  has  been  evident.  If  the 
dairymen  can  be  induced  to  keep  a  record  of  the  performance  of  a 
few  cows  in  their  herd,  by  weighing  the  milk  and  having  it  tested, 
other  lines  of  improvement  will  soon  be  adopted. 

With  the  continuation  of  the  county  agent  system  here,  it  would 
seem  that  we  have  at  hand  men  who  would  be  well  qualified  to 
direct  and  carry  on  this  cow  testing  work. 

And  in  connection  with  this  cow  testing  work  why  not  adopt  a 
somewhat  similar  plan  to  one  used  by  the  W^isconsin  State  Dairy- 
men's Association,  that  of  recognizing  and  giving  credit  to  rec- 
ords made  by  grade  dairy  cows?  Few  of  our  dairymen  have 
purebred  cows,  but  many  good  grade  animals  are  scattered 
throughout  the  Island  herds.  Let  us  have  a  ''Hawaiian  Regis- 
ter of  Production"  in  which  the  ability  of  grade  dairy  cows  to 
produce  large  amounts  of  milk  and  butterfat  can  be  recorded  in 
official  form,  as  is  done  with  purebred  animals.  This  "Register  of 
Production"  should  include  all  cows  producing  305  pounds  or 
more  of  butterfat  in  305  consecutive  days.  This  "short  year" 
will  suit  ordinary  purposes  better  because  it  will  enable  us  to 
keep  up  our  best  dairy  practices,  i.  c,  have  our  cows  produce  a 
calf  every  year  and  give  the  cow  four  to  six  weeks'  res^t  before 
parturition.  The  cows  should  be  entered  in  the  cow  testing  asso- 
ciation for  the  entire  period  of  their  record,  and  have  been  tested 
by  the  official  tester  at  least  once  a  month.  All  tests  should  be 
guaranteed  accurate  by  the  owner  of  the  cow,  the  tester,  and  the 
superintendent  or  director  of  the  cow  testing  work.    A  certificate 


20 

could  be  issued  for  those  animals  which  qualified  and  all  data  per- 
taining to  the  cows  that  have  produced  the  required  amount  of 
butterfat  could  be  given  publicity. 

This  would  do  much  to  increase  the  value  of  high  producing 
animals  in  our  herds,  would  teach  the  dairymen  the  value  of 
keeping  records  and  stimulate  them  to  use  modern  dairy  practises 
on  the  cows  which  they  already  have.  Improvement  of  dairy 
herds  would  soon  follow  here  in  Hawaii  just  as  surely  as  it  has 
done  wherever  these  cow  testing  associations  have  been  formed. 


Eucalyptus  Plantation 


Report  on  the  Experimental  Plantation  established  in  1911  in 
Nuiianu  Valley,  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu, 
Territory  of  Hazvaii,  by  the  Division  of  Forestry,  Board  of 
Agricidture  and  Forestry,  in  cooperation  ivith  the  Forest 
Service,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricidture. 


By  C.  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

NATURE  AND  OBJECT  OF  PLANTATION. 

This  plantation  of  the  18  different  species  of  eucalyptus  trees, 
enumerated  on  the  following  list,  was  established  in  Nuuanu 
Valley,  about  AV^  miles  from  Honolulu,  Oahu,  Territory  of  Ha- 
waii, at  a  point  about  1000  feet  northwest  of  the  sharp  turn  in 
the  road  above  Luakaha  at  an  elevation  of  about  1000  feet  above 
sea  level.  The  first  trees  were  planted  in  June,  1911,  and  the 
balance  in  March,  1912,  all  of  the  trees  being  set  out  6  by  6  feet 
apart. 

The  object  of  this  plantation,  as  set  forth  by  my  predecessor, 
Prof.  Ralph  S.  Hosmer,  who  instigated  the  experiment,  was  "to 
secure  data  as  to  the  habit,  form,  rate  of  growth  and  relative 
value  under  local  conditions  of  species  of  eucalyptus  supposed  to 
be  of  economic  importance,  that  are  as  yet  but  little  known  in' 
Hawaii." 

On  account  of  the  exposure  to  the  strong  trade  wind  sweeping 
down  the  valley,  the  rather  excessive  rainfall  averaging  about  175 
inches  annually,  and  the  presence  of  a  rank  growth  of  Hilo  grass, 
Paspalum  conjugatum,  which  kept  the  ground,  except  in  the  very 
driest  seasons,  in  a  very  boggy  condition,  the  conditions  for  the 
best  growth  and  development  were  not  favorable  and  the  trees  in 
this  experiment  may  be  said  to  have  undergone  a  very  severe  test. 


il 


LIST  OE  TREES  PLANTED. 

Plot  No.  Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

1  Sugar  Gum Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 

2  Dwarf  Box "  microtheca 

3  Mountain  Gum "  goniocalyx 

4  Silver-leaved  Ironbark *'  melanophloia 

5  Flooded  Gum *'  rubida 

6  White  Top "  smithii 

7  Victoria  Gum "  leucoxylon 

8  Gray  Gum "  tereticornis 

9  Blackbutt ''  pilularis 

10  Narrow-leaved  Ironbark...  "  crehra 

11  York  Gum "  loxophleha 

12  Mountain  Ash "  siebei'iana 

13  White  Gum "  redunca 

14  Tallow  Wood "  microcorys 

15  Yellow  Stringy-bark *'  muelleriana 

16  Tuart "  gomphocephala 

17  Broad-leaved  Poplar  Gum.  .  "         "^  platyphylla 

18  Red  Gum "  rostrata 

In  the  original  plantation  plots  1  to  8,  inclusive,  were  one-half 
acre  each  and  plots  9  to  18,  inclusive,  were  one-third  acre  each  in 
size.  Some  of  the  last  plantings  in  these  smaller  plots  did  not  suc- 
ceed at  all  and  there  was  no  evidence  of  them  in  1916.  For  this 
reason  they  were  left  out  of  consideration  in  this  examination  and 
only  the  actual  areas  on  which  trees  were  found  to  be  growing 
were  taken.  These  are  shown  on  the  attached  blueprint  diagram 
of  the  plantation. 

MEASUREMENTS. 

In  1916,  five  years  after  the  trees  were  planted,  breast  height 
diameter  and  total  height  measurements  were  made  of  all  of  the 
trees  in  each  plot.  The  diameters  were  measured  in  inches  to  the 
nearest  inch  with  calipers  and  the  total  height  to  the  nearest  even 
foot  with  a  long  pole.  Blanks  w^ere  counted  and  added  to  the 
number  of  trees  present  to  obtain  the  total  number  of  trees 
planted  and  the  success  of  planting.  The  volume  was  obtained  by 
means  of  a  locally  constructed  volume  table  and  the  results  in 
cubic  feet  of  wood  including  bark  obtained  for  all  the  trees  on 
each  plot.  For  the  sake  of  convenient  comparison,  the  yield  of 
each  plot  in  cubic  feet  was  converted  to  the  equivalent  yield  in 
cords  per  acre,  assuming  that  70  cubic  feet  of  this  spiall-sized 
wood  would  equal  128  cubic  feet  of  space,  the  outside  measure- 
ments of  a  standard  cord. 


*  In  the  original  planting  this  was  thought  to  be  Eucalyptus 
obliqua  but  identification  of  the  trees  on  this  plot  have  proved 
them  to  be  Eucalyptus  platyphylla. 


22 

The  results  of  these  measurements,  including  the  maximum 
total  height  in  feet  and  the  maximum  diameter  at  breast  height  in 
inches,  are  given  in  the  following  table : 

EUCALYPTUS  PI^ANTATION. 

NuuANu  Valley,    Honolulu    Watershed    Forest    Reserve, 
Oahu,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 

success,  maximum  growth  and  yield. 

I  Name.  1^  .     1'       P I      ".  f^  I 

c,  ^  Pmgq       <<      %^    ^W       ^^  HfHpH 

9     E.  pilularis 

Blackbutt 81       .26      34      6      82.12        4.51 

16  £.  gomphocephala 

Tuart 88       .35       34      6      88.78        3.62 

15     E.  muelleriana 

Yellow  Stringy-bark        87       .23       38       5       56.68        3.52 

12  E.  sieheriana 

Mountain  Ash 88       .35       38      6      83.77        3.42 

14     E.  microcorys 

Tallow  Wood    73       .35       36      8      40.27        1.64 

18     E.  rostrata 

Red  Gum   93       .22      28      6      23.27        1.51 

1  E.  corynocalyx 

Sugar  Gum 84       .50      28      4      48.83         1.40 

8     E.  tereticornis 

Gray  Gum 68       .50      34       5       34.89         1.00 

10  E.  crehra 

Narrow-leaved  Ironb'k    83       .35       28      4       19.42  .79 

3  E.  g  onto  calyx 

Mountain  Gum   85       .50      22       5       18.37  .53 

11  E.  loxophleha 

York  Gum   75       .35      26      3        7.04  .29 

13  E.  redunca 

White  Gum   47       .35       22       3        6.22  .25 

17  E.  platyphylla 

Broad-leaved  Pop.  Gum  61       .16      22      2        2.51  .23 

5  E.  rub  id  a 

Flooded    Gum   51       .50      20      3        6.31  .18 

6  E.  smithii 

White  Top  69       .50       14      2        5.75  .16 

7  E.  leucoxylon 

Victoria    Gum   47       .50       18       2        4.71  .13 

2  E.  microtheca 

Dwarf  Box    64       .50       16       1         4.51  .13 

4  E.  melanophloia 

Silver-leaved  Ironbark    39       .50       16       3         4.29  .12 


23 

On  some  of  the  plots  the  trees  were  mere  spindling  whips, 
hardly  erect,  and  often  sprawling  over  the  tall  grass.  In  others, 
where  protection  was  afforded  by  small  gulches,  the  growth  was 
excellent  and  trees  up  to  8  inches  in  diameter  and  38  feet  in 
height  were  found.  All  varying  degrees  of  growth  between  these 
two  extremes  were  found.  The  majority  of  the  trees  had  flowered 
and  were  found  to  be  in  fruit. 

RESULTS. 

From  the  foregoing  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  best  yield  of 
wood  was  given  by  the  Blackbutt,  Eucalyptus  pilularis,  amount- 
ing to  the  rate  of  4.51  cords  per  acre.  This  yield),  wh^le  much 
better  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  plots  in  this  plantation,  on 
account  of  the  adverse  conditions  mentioned  above,  is  small  and 
quite  poor  as  compared  with  the  yield  of  the  Blue  gum.  Euca- 
lyptus globulus,  at  Makawao,  Maui,  T.  H.,  which,  according  to 
Margolin,  as  set  forth  on  page  34  of  Bulletin  No.  1  of  the  Divis- 
ion of  Forestry  of  this  Board,  "Eucalyptus  Culture  in  Hawaii," 
at  the  age  of  five  years  ran  as  high  as  15.1  cords  per  acre  at  an 
elevation  of  4500  feet  and  17.4  cords  per  acre  at  an  elevation  of 
4200  feet  but  with  a  spacing  of  12x18  feet  and  12x15  'feet, 
respectively. 

For  results  to  be  expected,  however,  from  the  planting  of  trees 
of  these  species  under  conditions  similar  to  this  plantation,  the 
data  given  in  the  foregoing  table  may  be  used  as  criteria. 

NOTES  ON   PROMISING  SPECIES. 

The  following  notes,  taken  from  standard  works,  on  the  eight 
species  in  this  plantation  yielding  one  cord  per  acre  or  more  at 
the  end  of  the  first  five  years  of  growth,  in  the  order  of)  greatest 
yield,  are  presented  for  the  information  of  those  who  wish  to  pur- 
sue the  subject  further. 

1.  BLACKBUTT.  E.  pilularis.  One  of  the  largest  euca- 
lyptus, which  becomes  a  tree  100  to  150  feet,  rarely  300  feet  high 
and  3  to  5,  rarely  12  to  15  ;feet  in  diamieter.  The  wood  is  pale 
colored,  strong  and  durable  and  one  of  the  best  for  all  around 
timber.  The  tree  prefers  a  damp  climate  and  moist,  rich  soil.  It 
makes  a  rapid  growth  and  is  one  of  the  best  natural  ^sprouters 
after  the  tree  is  cut. 

2.  TUART.  E.  gomphocephala.  A  small  tree  not  exceed- 
ing 120  feet  in  height,  yielding  a  wood  which  is  heavy,  hard  and 
strong,  very  sound  and  possessing  few  or  no  defects.  In  fact,  it 
is  one  of  the  strongest  timbers  in  the  world.  It  is  used  in  ship- 
building and  for  bridge  supports  where  great  strength  is  re- 
quired. 

3.  YELLOW  STRINGY-BARK.  E.  muclleriana.  A  com- 
paratively small  tree,  up  to  70  feet  in  height,  concerning  which 
little  is  known.     It  has  a  yellow  inner  bark  and  a  yellow  stain 


24 

throughout  the  wood.     The  bark  is  stringy  to  the  smaller  limbs 
and  branches. 

4.  MOUNTAIN  ASH.  E.  sieberiana.  A  tree  attaining  a 
maximum  height  of  150  feet  and  diameter  of  5  feet,  which  grows 
best  in  mountain  regions.  The  wood  is  strong,  light,  tough  and 
elastic,  but  is  not  durable.  It  splits  easily  and  is  suitable  for  in- 
side work  but  is  not  durable  when  not  protected  from  the 
weather. 

5.  TALLOW  WOOD.  E.  microcorys.  One  of  the  bulkiest 
of  Australian  trees  adapted  to  planting  in  humid  regions  and  at- 
tains a  maximum  height  of  300  feet  and  diameter  of  10  feet.  The 
wood  is  very  durable  5and  has  a  greasy  texture  which  makes  it 
suitable  for  ball-room  flooring. 

6.  RED  GUM.  E.  rostrata.  A  large  tree,  up  to  250  feet  tall 
and  14  feet  in  diameter,  which  is  one  of  the  best  to  resist  wet 
tropical  heat.  The  wood,  which  is  very  hard  and  dense,  resists 
the  teredo  and  termites  and  has  unsurpassed  durability. 

7.  SUGAR  GUM.  E.  corynocalyx.  One  of  the  best  all 
around  trees  which  is  suitable  for  a  dry  region.  It  attains  a 
height  of  150  feet  and  diameter  of  5  feet.  The  wood  is  straight 
and  even  grained  and  is  durable.  Posts  of  this  wood  have  lasted 
for  15  years  in  the  ground.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  eucalypts 
and  the  seasoned  wood  is  better  than  the  best  grade  of  second- 
growth  hickory.  The  sweetish  foliage  attracts  cattle  and  sheep 
which  browse  on  the  lower  branches  and  seedlings. 

8.  GRAY  GUM.  E.  tereticornis.  A  tree  which  grows  to 
150  feet  in  height  and  6  feet  in  diameter  and  is  usually  found  on 
humid  flats.  It  can  stand  considerable  drought  but  becomes 
stunted  in  rocky  exposed  localities.  The  wood  is  strong,  hard, 
heavy  and  quite  durable. 

SUMMARY. 

The  experiment,  while  successful  so  far  as  actual  tree  survival 
is  concerned,  is  surrounded  by  such  adverse  conditions  that  the 
different  species  probably  do  not  show  up  to  their  best  advantage 
in  the  way  of  growth  and  yield.  The  results,  however,  show  that 
the  Blackbutt  has  surpassed  all  of  the  others  in  growth,  produc- 
ing the  equivalent  yield  of  4^  cords  per  acre  in  five  years,  and 
the  tabulated  yields  of  the  other  species  show  what  may  be  ex- 
pected from  them  under  similar  growing  conditions. 

It  is  planned  to  remeasure  the  trees  on  the  plot  in  1921,  and 
thereafter  every  five  years,  so  as  to  obtain  complete  figures  on 
current  growth  and  yield. 

Honolulu,  T.  H.,  December  30,  1918. 


25 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 


By  Prof.  Vaughan  MacCaughey,  College  of  Hawaii. 
(Continued.) 
Life  of  Asa  Gray. 

Born  at  Paris,  New  York,  Nov.  18,  1810;  he  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Jan.  30,  1888.  He  was  the  son  of  a  farmen  and 
was  educated  at  Fairfield,  (N.  Y.)  academy,  and  Fairfield  Medi- 
cal School.  His  botanical  collecting  and  studies  began  in  1827. 
In  1831  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  In  1834  Gray  was  ap- 
pointed botanist  to  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition ;  he  tired  of 
the  long  delay  in  starting,  and  resigned  in  1837.  Gray's  first 
textbook,  the  famous  ''Elements  of  Botany,"  was  published  in 
1836,  and  won  speedy  recognition.  In  1842  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Fisher  Chair  of  Natural  History  in  Harvard  University,  and 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  work  there.  He  developed 
the  now-renowned  herbarium,  library,  and  botanical  gardens. 
Gray's  most  important  work,  the  "Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
Northern  United  States,"  was  published  in  1847.  He  retired 
from  active  service  in  1873,  and  devoted  his  remaining  years  to 
research. 

Brackenridge,  the  botanist  of  the  Exploring  Expedition,  pub- 
lished his  descriptions  of  the  ferns  collected  during  the  voyage, 
as  a  separate  volume.  Unfortunately,  the  entire  edition?  with  the 
exception  of  about  a  dozen  copies,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  A 
nearly  complete  set  of  his  specimens  is  in  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Herbarium ;  the  collection  is  also  well-represented  at  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

The  Rev.  J.  Diell,  seaman's  chaplain  at  Honolulu,  aided  Brack- 
enridge materially  in  his  collecting,  and  also  did  much  inde- 
pendent collecting  and  research. 

22.    Visit  of  the  "'Galathea'^  and  Didrichsen. 

1845-47. 

On  the  "Galathea"  Expedition  which  was  sent  out  from  Den- 
mark Didrichsen  was  the  botanist.  The  voyage  occupied  the 
years  1845-1847,  and  a  visit  was  made  to' the  Hawaiian  Archi- 
pelago. The  larger  portion  of  DIdrichsen's  collections  are  now 
in  Copenhagen,  although  exchanges  occur  in  other  European 
herbaria. 

23.     The  Voyage  of  the  "Herald";  Seemann. 

A  British  expedition  sailed  in  the  ''Herald/'  and  from  1847 
to  1851  cruised  the  world,  visiting  the  West  Indies,  Central  and 


26 

South  America,  and  Arctic  regions,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and 
South  Africa.  Berthold  Seemann,  whose  name  will  always  be 
associated  with  the  botany  of  the  Pacific,  was  a  member  of  this 
expedition. 

He  was  born  in  Hanover,  Germany,  1825,  and  died  in  1871. 
In  1852  he  published  a  "Narrative  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Herald" ; 
in  1853  he  founded  the  botanical  periodical  "  Bon  plan  dia" ;  in 
1860  he  made  an  extended  visit  to  the  Fiji  Islands;  in  1864-1866 
he  explored  Venezuela  and  Central  America.  From  1864  to  1871 
"Bonplandia"  was  continued  in  England  as  the  ''Journal  of  Brit- 
ish and  Foreign  Botany."  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  bo- 
tanical and  geographic  publications.  Most  of  the  references  in 
Hawaiian  botany  are  to  his  monumental  ''Flora  Vitiensis." 

24.    Explorations  of  Jules  Remy. 

Jules  Remy>  the  famous  French  traveller  and  botanist,  visited 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  twice  during  his  extensive  travels  around 
the  world,  1851-1863,  and  made  notable  collections  of  the  Ha- 
waiian flora. 


Life  of  Remy. 

Remy  was  born  near  Chalons-sur-Marne,  Sept.  2,  1826 ;  died 
Dec.  5,  1893.  He  early  manifested  a  passion  for  natural  history, 
and  upon  the  completion  of  his  schooling  occupied  the  chair  of 
natural  history  in  RolHn  College,  1848-1851.  In  1851  he  began 
a  journey  around  the  world,  visiting  the  Canaries,  Brazil,  Chile, 
Bolivia,  Peru,  the  Marquesas,  the  Paumotus,  Tahiti  and  Hawaii. 

Hawaiian  Experiences. 

The  following  account  of  his  Hawaiian  adventures  is  taken 
from  the  Nouvelle  Biographic  Generale  (Paris,  1896)  : 

'Tl  consacra  trois  annees  a  I'exploration  des  iles  Sandwich, 
dont  il  s'est  fait  plus  tard  I'historien,  et  recueillit  de  nombreux 
materiaux  destines  a  eclairer  ses  etudes  non-seulement  sur  la 
botanique,  mais  encore  sur  I'histoire,  I'ethnographie  et  la  linguis- 
tique.  Un  cruel  incident  faillit  alors  I'arreter  dans  ses  investiga- 
tions scientiliques.  Durant  une  de  ses  excursions?  un  indigene 
fanatique  lui  administra  a  diverses  reprises  du  poison.  La 
vigueur  de  sa  constitution  lui  permit  heureusement  de  resister  a 
ces  odieuses  tentatives,  et  il  acquit  meme  alors  une  reelle  influence 
politique  sur  les  destinees  du  pays.  Le  roi  Kamehameha  III 
I'avait  pour  I'attacher  a  son  gouvernment.  De  I'Oceanie  M.  Remy 
se  dirigea  sur  la  Californie,  et  la  parcourut  en  compagnie  d'un 
Anglais,  M.  Brenchley,  dont  il  avait  wait  la  connaissance  a  Ha- 
waii." 

Remy  went  from  California  to  Salt  Lake  City,   spent  three 


27 

months  amon^  the  Mormons,  and  then  continued  his  travels  into 
Mexico,  and  South  America.  There  he  visited  the  Peruvian  An- 
des, BoHvia,  and  Chile,  and  returned  to  the  United  States  from 
Panama.  He  returned  to  France,  and  prepared  his  observations 
and  records  for  publication. 

He  later  made  a  second  tour,  visiting  India,  Thibet,  China  and 
Japan,  terminating  with  a  second  visit  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
His  publications  relating  to  Hawaii  are : 

Ka  Moolelo  Hawaii.  Histoire  de  TArchipel  havaiien  (iles 
Sandwich),  texte  et  traduction,  precedee  d'une  introduction  sur 
I'etat  physique,  moral  et  politique  du  pays.     Paris,  1862. 

Recits  d'un  vieux  sauvage  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  ancienne  de 
Hawaii.     Chalons-sur-Marne,   1859. 

Remy's  Hawaiian  collections  and  botanical  labors  are  com- 
memorated in  the  names  of  many  indigenous  plants:  Coreopsis 
'  Remyu  Car  ex  Remyi,  Lipochaeta  Remyi,  Lys'miachia  Remyi,  the 
genus  Remya,  Schiedea  Remyi,  Sicyos  Remyanus,  Tetramolo- 
pium  Remyi.  Remy's  collections  (1851-55)  are  in  the  Paris 
Museum;  a  portion  of  his  herbarium  is  now  in  the  Gray  Herb- 
arium at  Harvard  University. 

25.     The  Botanical  Explorations  of  Mann  and  Brigham. 

In  1864-65  Horace  Mann,  the  son  of  the  renowned  Horace 
Mann,  and  William  T.  Brigham,  another  botanical  student  in 
Harvard  University,  visited  the  islands  and  made  extensive 
botanical  explorations.  Dr.  Brigham  states,  "When  Dr.  Asa 
Gray  was  told  that  I  was  soon  to  visit  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  he 
asked  me  to  collect  the  very  peculiar  flora  of  that  group,  and  sug- 
gested the  propriety  of  asking  Horace  Mann  to  accompany  me. 
It  was  a  short  notice,  but  his  friends  advised  him  to  go,  and  he 
joined  me  in  California.  .  .  .  With  his  rich  collections  he  return- 
ed to  Cambridge,  and  was  soon  appointed  Dr.  Gray's  assistant, 
and  afterward  instructor  in  botany  in  Harvard  College."  His 
enthusiasm  for  his  science  led  to  overwork,  and  not  long  after 
his  return  he  died  of  hasty  consumption, 

Mann's  botanical  publications  were  as  follows : 

1.  Revision  of  the  genus  Schiedea  and  some  of  the  Rutaceae, 
Proc.  Boston  Society  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  10,  1866,  p.  309. 

2.  Enumeration  of  Hawaiian  Plants,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts 
&  Sci.,  Vol.  7,  1867,  p.  143. 

3.  Flora  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Proc.  Essex  Institute,  Vol. 
5,  1867. 

William  Tufts  Brigham  was  born  in  Boston,  1841 ;  received 
the  A.  B.  degree  at  Harvard,  1862,  and  the  A.  M.  in  1865  ;  ex- 
plored the  Hawaiian  flora,  1864-65  ;  was  admitted  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts bar  in  1867 ;  was  instructor  in  botany  at  Harvard,  1868- 
69;  and  since  1888  has  been  director  of  the  Bernice  Pauahi  Bish- 
op Museum  in  Honolulu. 

The  botanical  work  of  Mann  and  Brigham  is  commemorated 


28 

in  such  names  as  Hesperomannia,  Brighamia,  Pelea  mannii,  Bo- 
bea  mannii,  Cryptocarya  mannii,  Cyanea  mannii,  Gahnia  mannii, 
Asplenium  mannii.  One  set  of  their  collections  is  at  the  Bishop 
Museum,  in  Honolulu ;  another  is  at  Cornell  University. 

26.    Explorations  by  Wawra. 

In  1869  the  islands  were  visited  by  the  Austrian  East  Asiatic 
Exploring  Expedition  in  the  frigate  "Donau."  The  botanist  of 
the  expedition  v^as  Dr.  Heinrich  W.  Wawra,  Ritter  von  Fernsee. 
Owing  to  protracted  repairs  to  the  vessel  at  Honolulu,  Wawra 
availed  himself  of  the  opportunity  to  make  extensive  explora- 
tions in  the  various  islands,  and  collected  a  large  quantity  of 
botanical  material. 

Life  of  Wawra. 

Wawra  was  born  at  Brunn,  in  1831 ;  he  died  in  1887.  He 
studied  medicine,  but  was  early  attracted  by  botanical  work,  and 
made  numerous  expeditions  to  various  parts  of  the  Old  and  New 
Worlds.  The  Austrian  Exploring  Expedition,  in  which  he  was 
engaged,  sailed  Oct.  18,  1868,  and  was  out  two  years  and  four 
months.  The  frigate  visited  Messina,  Carthagena,  Tangiers, 
Madeira,  Teneriffe,  Cape  Town,  Java,  Singapore,  Bajigkok,  Sai- 
gon, Hongkong,  Shanghai,  Peking,  Nagasaki,  and  Yokohama. 
Then,  to  quote  the  biography  given  in  the  Allgemeine : 

In  Hawaii. 

Deutsche  Biographic,  (Leipzig,  1896)  .  . .  .''ostwaerts  durch 
dem  stillen  Ocean  nach  Honolulu.  Der  Ausenthalt  auf  den  Ha- 
waiischen  Inseln  war  kein  frei  williger.  Ein  furchtbarer  Cyclon 
beschaedigte  die  Fregatte  so,  das  sie  hier  Zuflucht  suchen  musste. 
Es  dauerte  4  Monate  bis  das  Schiff  wieder  seetuechtig  wurde  und 
Wawra  benutzte  die  Zeit  zu  einer  gruendlichen  Durchforschung 
der  Insel  gruppe,  so  das  dieser  Theil  durchreisten  Gebiets  nach 
der  botanischen  Seite  hin  den  groessten  Erfolg  hatte."  The  voy- 
age continued  to  Callao  and  other  South  American  ports,  and 
reached  home  March  1,  1871. 

The  fruits  of  Wawra's  Hawaiian  studies  appeared  in  his 
''Beitraege  zur  Flora  der  Hawaiischen  Inseln''  in  the  Zeitschrift 
Flora,  vols.  55-58,  1872-1875.  In  1873  he  began  another  journey 
around  the  world,  and  stayed  for  a  short  time  in  Honolulu. 

The  researches  of  Wawra  are  indicated  by  a  large  number  of 
new  species  named  by  him,  and  by  plants  named  in  his  honor: 
Acrostichiim   Waitrae,   Cyrtandra   Wawrae,  Pelea    Wazm-aeana, . 
and  the  genus  Neowazvraea. 


(To  be  continued.) 


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orncERS: 


E.  F.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
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Manager 
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D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,  Director 
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Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
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of  London 
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AGENT 


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OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 

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OF  NEW  YORK 


E    Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   E 

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I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    I 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  = 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  S 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

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E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

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C  able  Address :      ' '  GUANO ' '  = 

Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior       E 

M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  | 

Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

:  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

:  ■      San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  E 

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E   DEAIiERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,   GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
E  DRY  GOODS  E 

E  Agents  for  = 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire   Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Toldo  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Suh-Nurscry  at  HUo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kaum. 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  OdhuL 

John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu* 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Ijisectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PIJ^NT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C,  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Eowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Mies  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographs, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


m 


'f> 


TheHA\A11AN 

FORESTER 

AND 

KGRICULTURIsn 


FEBRUARY,  1919 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 
The  Territorial  Fair 

—Fitting  Cattle  and  Hogs  for  Show  Purposes 37 

One  Government  Forest 

—Reserve  Lands  at  Kulani,  Hawaii 39 

For  the  Farmer 

—Corn  at  the  College  of  Hawaii  Farm  40 

—"The  Head  of  the  Herd" 45 

Concrete  Fence  Posts 47 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in  Hawaii 49 

VOL  XVI.  PRICE.  TEN  CENTS  NO.  2 

^ 


/s 


AkxanJiftr  Sc  mihmn. 


SItmitri 


OFFICES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO.  CAL. 


OFFICERS    AND    DIRECTORS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Yice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEBHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH. 3rd  Vice-President  and  Directoj^ 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD • Secretary  and  Director 

P.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  B.  CASTLE Director 

G.    H.   ATSEETON Director 


MuBUxnun  Agents 

AGENTS    FOR 

HHwaiian    Commercial    and    Sugar    Company  McBryde    Sugar   Co^npany,    Ltd- 

Haiku   Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Pais    Plantation  Kauai   Fruit   and  Land   Company,   Ltd. 

Maui    Agricultural   Compaay  Kauai   Railway   Company.   Ltd. 

Hawaiian   Sugar   Company  Honolua   Ranch 

Kabului    Railroad    Company 

INSURANCE  COIvIP ANTES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of   Canton,   Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,   N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire   and  Marine   Insurance   Company,    Springfield,   j\rass. 
New  Zealand   Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.    Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.   Y.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,   N.  J. 
Switzerland   Marine   Insurance   Company,    Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,   N.  Y. 

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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


^lIlllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllMIIIIIIIN^ 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  coustantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2i^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  -'^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations.,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE  Hawaiian  forester 

AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  February,  1919.  No.  2 


The  Territorial  Fair 


b»,. 


FITTING  CATTLE  AND  HOGS  FOR  SHOW  PURPOSES. 
By  Prof.  Ralph  J.  Bordex. 

It  is  not  too  early  for  the  intending  exhi?jitor  at  the  1919  Ter- 
ritorial Fair  to  begin  to  look  over  his  ammals  and  choose  those 
he  intends  to  exhibit.  Many  animals  that  are  to  come  in  from 
the  range  will  need  considerable  time  before  they  are  ready 
for  the  judge.  If  breeders  will  begin  now  to  get  their  show 
animals  into  condition,  they  will  save  themselves  much  of  that 
"last  minute  rush"  which  was  noticeable  at  our  first  fair,  and 
the  attractiveness  of  the  livestock  exhibit  will  be  greatly  im- 
proved. 

The  first  thing  to  do  is  to  select  the  right  kind  of  individuals. 
Keep  in  mind  your  breed  type  and  select  those  animals  whose 
conformation  agrees  closest  with  the  standard.  Look  at  the 
feet  and  legs  of  your  prospect.  They  must  be  straight  and 
nicely  set  under  the  body,  and  show  no  coarse  or  rough  jo'"nts. 
See  that  there  is  no  depression  behind  the  shoulders  which 
would  indicate  a  narrow  heart  girth.  Pick  out  the  individual 
with  a  long,  deep,  well-sprung  barrel  and  a  broad,  level,  strong 
back  which  is  well  carried  out  to  the  tail  head.  Be  sure  that 
your  animal  has  that  alertness  and  grace  to  its  carriage  which 
makes  it  attractive.  And  there  isn't  time  now  to  fool  with  an 
animal  that  is  not  in  perfect  health. 

Any  animal  that  is  to  go  into  the  show  ring  should  be  pre- 
sented there  at  its  best.  A  fairly  good  animal  may  often  be 
so  fitted  as  to  win  over  a  better  animal  not  as  well  fitted.  The 
value  of  first  impression  cannot  be  over  emphasized.  The  judge, 
the  buyer,  the  public  find  it  difficult  to  forget  the  first  impression 
that  is  made  upon  them  when  they  see  an  animal  enter  the  show 
ring. 

To  fit  an  animal  properly  requires  time  and  patience,  yet  no 
breeder  can  aft'ord  to  go  to  the  expense  of  making  an  exhibit 
unless  he  gives  some  attention  to  this  work. 

Probably   the   most    important    factor    in   fitting   live    stock   is 


38 

exercise.  If  animals  are  not  properly  exercised,  they  lose  their 
appetite  and  become  sluggish,  under  which  conditions  it  doesn't 
take  long  for  them  to  lose  flesh.  Cattle  may  be  turned  out  at 
night  in  large  pastures.  When  possible,  they  may  be  led  by  a 
halter,  which  will  make  them  easy  to  handle  before  the  judge. 
Hogs  should  be  compelled  to  walk  from  a  quarter  to  half  a  mile 
a  day. 

Next  in  importance  is  feed.  Both  cattle  and  hogs  should  be 
so  fed  as  to  be  well  filled  out.  This  makes  them  look  larger  and 
more  vigorous.  They  should  not  be  overfat,  for  then  judges 
will  often  discriminate  against  them.  A  variety  of  foods  should 
be  used  in  the  rations  in  order  to  stimulate  the  appetite.  Suc- 
culent feeds  and  bulky  grains  should  make  up  a  large  part  of 
the  rations  until  a  few  weeks  before  going  to  the  fair,  when  the 
succulent  feed  should  be  reduced  in  order  to  get  the  animals 
on  to  the  hay  and  grain  which  will  probably  be  fed  on  the  fair 
grounds.  Beet  pulp,  ground  oats,  wdieat  bran  and  linseed  meal 
are  good  feeds  to  use  in  fitting  show  cattle.  Corn  chop  and 
tankage  or  wheat  bran,  rolled  barley  and  linseed  meai  will  put 
the  bloom  on  hogs.  The  feeding  should  be  done  at  regular 
intervals,  the  animals  being  given  only  what  they  will  eagerly 
clean  up.  Any  left  o\'er  feed  should  be  removed  before  new 
is  given.  If  an  animal  loses  her  appetite  or  gets  fussy  about 
her  feed,  take  it  away  from  her  and  wait  until  she  is  hungry. 
Watch  the  digestive  system  and,  in  case  of  constipation,  give 
cattle  a  dose  of  raw  linseed  oil  and  hogs  a  dose  of  epsom  salts. 

From  four  to  six  weeks  before  the  fair  opens,  cattle  should 
be  brought  into  the  barn.  They  should  be  thoroughly  washed 
to  remove  all  dirt.  Those  with  thick,  shaggy  coats  should  be 
clipped.  During  the  daytime,  they  should  be  kept  out  of  the 
bright  sun.  Light  blankets  should  be  put  on  in  order  to  make 
the  skin  soft  and  pliable,  keep  it  clean  and  give  the  hair  a  good 
luster.  Daily  grooming  is  now  necessary  as  this  will  stimulate 
the  oil  glands  in  the  skin  and  make  the  hair  sleek  and  glossy. 
Cattle  should  not  be  washed  too  frecjuently,  as  this  will  re- 
move the  natural  oil  from  the  hair.  After  grooming,  go  over 
the  animal  with  an  oily  flannel  or  woolen  rag  to  make  the  hair 
stay  down  and  give  an  additional  gloss  to  it.  If  the  animal  has 
horns  they  too  should  be  made  attractive.  Use  a  rasp  to  get  the 
scaly  part  ofif,  and  then  scrape  the  entire  horn  with  a  steel 
scraper.  Later  use  emery  cloth  and  finish  by  rubbing  the  horn 
up  with  an  oily  flannel  rag.  The  hoofs  should  also  be  trimmed 
and  rubbed  up  with  an  oiled  rag. 

Hogs  should  also  be  kept  away  from  the  bright  sun  and  given 
an  occasional  washing  during  the  month  before  fair  time.  Their 
feet  may  need  trimming  so  they  will  stand  squarely  on  their 
toes  and  they  should  be  gone  over  thoroughly  at  stated  intervals 
with  a  light  oil  and  stift"  brush. 

Before  starting  for  the  fair  grounds  see  that  you  have  your 
own  tools  and  equipment  to  care  for  your  animals  while  there. 


Fig.  1.    Forest  Reserve  at  Kulani,  near  28  miles,  Hawaii.    A  mixed  rain  forest  type  showing 
new  native  palm,  Pritchardia  Beccariana  Rock, 


39 

Don't  expect  to  borrow  a  fork  or  brush  from  your  neighbor. 
Take  along  enough  help  to  handle  your  exhibit  and  see  that 
they  are  supplied  with  information  about  your  animals  that 
visitors  to  your  exhibit  may  want.  Don't  forget  to  put  into 
your  equipment  box  a  pair  of  hand  clippers,  some  good  brushes, 
])ieces  of  woolen  cloth,  a  little  oil  and  a  good  knife.  Plan  to 
arrive  at  the  fair  grounds  two  or  three  days  before  the  fair 
opens  so  as  to  give  your  animals  a  chance  to  accustom  them- 
selves to  their  new  surroundings  before  the  visitors  begin  to 
come.  Get  your  entry  tags  from  the  superintendent  as  soon 
as  you  arrive  and  see  that  you  understand  all  of  the  exhibitors' 
rules.  Bed  your  stock  well  and  see  that  it  is  comfortable  before 
you  leave  it  for  its  first  night  in  new  C[uarters. 

On  the  day  when  the  animals  are  to  be  judged,  go  over  them 
carefully  to  see  that  they  are  prepared.  Get  them  into  the  ring 
promptly  when  your  class  is  called  and  hold  your  animal  in 
such  a  way  that  it  shows  up  to  best  advantage.  Keep  your  eyes 
on  the  judge,  never  getting  between  him  and  your  animal. 
Don't  volunteer  information  about  your  entry  unless  it  is  asked 
for.  Be  a  good  sportsman  and  accept  the  judge's  decision  as 
if  it  pleased  you. 


One  Government  Forest 


RESERVE  LANDS  AT  KULANI,  HAWAII.  DESCRIBED. 
By  Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

The  whole  forest  reserve  area  at  Kulani,  Hawaii,  is  covered 
with  a  decidedly  uniform  and,  geologically  speaking,  rather 
young  forest.  The  border  below  29  Miles  contains  more  of  a 
mixture  of  trees  than  the  area  further  up  toward  Kulani  proper. 
Near  29  Miles  we  find  that  trees  are  more  numerous,  especially 
ohia  lehuas  with  occasional  mana  trees,  Xylosma  Hillehrandii, 
of  which  the  writer  encountered  large  individuals.  Dispersed 
throughout  that  region  is  a  very  beautiful  native  fan  palm 
with  large  orbicular  fruits  described  by  the  writer  as  a  new 
species  under  the  name  of  Pritchardia  Beccariana.  Olapa, 
Chcirodcndron,  Gaudichaudii;  an  occasional  aiea,  Nothocestnim ; 
kopiko,  Straussia;  olomea,  Perrottetia',  pilo,  Coprosma;  and 
manono,  Goiddia,  form  the  rest  of  the  arborescent  growth. 

The  forest  is.  however,  mainly  a  tree-fern  forest  interspersed 
with  an  occasional  tree  of  the  species  mentioned.  An  acre  of 
this  forest  land  may  contain  perhaps  five  or  six  mature  trees, 
of  which  four  may  belong  to  the  genus  Metrosideros  (ohia 
lehua).  The  remainder  is  all  tree  ferns  composed  of  the  two 
common  ty])es — Cibotium  CJiamissoi  and  Cihotiiim  Mcnzicsii. 
Undergrowth  is  mainly    composed    of    Cyrtandrae,    Bronssaisia, 


40 

Cxanea  iritomantha,  Cyaiica  pilosa,  Riibiis,  PJiyllostegia,  etc. 
Ferns  are  of  course  very  numerous.  The  whole  forest  is  in 
splendid  condition,  but  the  undergrowth  is  much  disturbed  by 
the  ravages  of  wild  pigs.  The  uniformity  of  the  forest  makes 
exploring  rather  uninteresting  for  a  botanist. 

Kulani  proper  is  a  densely  wooded  volcanic  cone,  the  forest 
being-  exceedingly  uniform  and  of  the  rain  forest  type.  Palms 
are  entirely  absent.  A  gap  was  cut  at  the  summit  to  permit 
a  view  of  the  surrounding  region.  The  land  toward  Keauhou 
lies  considerably  lower  than  that  over  which  Kulani  was  ap- 
proached, or,  in  other  words,  the  slopes  of  Kulani  towards 
Keauhou  are  rather  steep,  giving  the  cone  quite  a  formidable 
appearance  both  in  height  and  size.  The  summit  appears  as  two 
cones,  but  in  fact  the  central  valley  or  ridge,  densely  wooded, 
is  nothing  but  an  ancient  volcanic  hssure  dividing  the  cone  in 
two.  The  ground  is  covered  with  fallen  trunks  of  both  trees 
and  tree-ferns  which  are  covered  with  numerous  epiphytes  such 
as  ferns  Stenogyne,  Clcnuoiitia  pari'iflora,  AsteJia  verafroides, 
Selagniella,  Lycopodium,  etc.  The  soil  is  mostly  black  loam, 
and  the  ground  cjuite  hummocky,  which,  besides  fallen  trunks 
and  the  absence  of  a  trail,  made  progress  quite  slow.  If  properly 
fenced  and  protected  from  cattle  and  wild  hogs,  this  forest  re- 
serA^e  is  certainly  one  of  the  finest  on  Hawaii,  and  deserves 
protection  from  cattle  and  hogs. 


For  the  Farmer 


CORN  AT  THE  COLLEGE  OF  HAWAH   FARM. 
By  Prof.  L,  A.  Henke. 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  corn  as  a  food  crop  and  the 
rapidity  with  which  it  can  be  grown,  special  efforts  were  made 
to  develop  or  find  a  variety  which  would  prove  a  sure  crop  on 
the  low  lands  of  this  Territory.  On  the  Island  of  Kauai  a 
variety  of  Guam  corn  has  been  grown  with  much  success,  and 
the  higher  elevations  of  Maui  and  Hawaii  produce  splendid 
crops  of  corn  every  year.  But  on  the  lower  lands  of  this  Ter- 
ritory the  probabilities  of  failure  were  greater  than  those  of 
success  when  growing  the  ordinary  corn  belt  varieties  of  corn. 
The  usual  behavior  is  for  the  corn  plant  to  grow  to  a  height 
of  about  one  to  three  feet  when  elongation  of  the  stem  seems 
to  cease,  resulting  in  the  leaves  being  bunched  at  the  top,  the 
leaves  likely  are  variegated  in  color  (stripes  of  light  green  run- 
ning horizontally  through  the  leaf),  some  leaves  become  dis- 
torted in  shape  with  corrugations  running  perpendicular  to 
the  long  axis  of  the  leaf,  and  before  long  the  leaves  begin  to 
turn  white  and  die.  The  plant  seemingly  realizing  that  death 
is  near,  makes  a  last  feeble  effort  to  reproduce  itself ;  the  flow- 
ering tassel  is  sent  up  though  the  plant  may  be  only  a  foot  tall,. 


Fig.  2.    Tree  Ferns  in  the  Forest  Reserve  near  Kulani,  Hawaii. 


41 

following  which  the  feeble  struggle  against  adverse  conditions 
is  over  and  the  plant  dies.  Occasionally  such  a  diseased  plant 
may  survive  long  enough  to  produce  something  of  an  ear,  but 
this  is  unusual. 

Just  what  these  adverse  conditions  are  in  a  region  of  favorable 
temperature,  sufficient  moisture,  plenty  of  sunshine  and  appar- 
ently good  soil  is  still  something  of  an  unsolved  problem.  The 
leaf  hopper  is  undoubtedly  a  big  factor,  for  stunted  plants  are 
almost  invariably  covered  with  leaf  hoppers,  but  whether  the 
hoppers  are  the  primary  cause  or  merely  come  on  after  the  plant 
has  been  weakened  by  other  causes  is  still  unknown.  The  work 
at  the  college  has  been  along  the  line  of  trying  out  various 
varieties  of  corn  from  different  parts  of  the  world,  and  among 
these  varieties  some  seed  corn  obtained  from  Cuba  has  given 
by  far  the  most  promising  results.  The  results  of  tests  of  dif- 
ferent corn  varieties  is  briefly  given  below. 

JUNE  CORN. 

This  corn  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Ernest  Romberg  of  Mul- 
doon,  Texas,  where  it  is  locally  known  as  June  corn.  Mr.  Rom- 
berg reported  that  it  matures  in  110  days  in  Texas,  and  that  it 
is  probably  of  Mexican  origin.  It  is  a  white  dent  corn  with 
some  ears  showing  decidedly  flinty  characteristics.  The  ears 
averaged  84.79r  kernels.  The  corn  was  planted  December  30 
and  harvested  April  23,  making  the  time  of  maturing  114  days. 
Some  stalks  grew  to  a  height  of  6  feet,  but  many  were  only 
two  feet  tall,  and  showed  the  peculiar  characteristics  described 
above  as  being  common  to  most  corn  belt  varieties  when  grown 
on  the  lowlands  of  Hawaii.  The  yield  was  very  poor — only  11.8 
bushels  on  an  acre  basis.  The  husks  have  a  great  tendency  to 
open  before  the  corn  is  harvested,  which  results  in  many  of  the 
ears  being  infested  with  the  larva  of  the  grain  weevil  while  still 
in  the  field,  in  addition  to  the  loss  due  to  birds  eating  the  ex- 
posed tips  of  the  ears.  The  leaf  hoppers  were  not  particularly 
abundant  on  this  field,  probably  due  to  the  good  work  of  the 
300  leaf  hopper  parasites  liberated  in  this  field  on  January  25 
by  Mr.  E.  M.  Ehrhorn  and  Mr.  D.  T.  Fullaway  of*  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 

While  this  variety  of  corn  can  not  be  considered  a  success 
from  this  test  the  fact  remains  that  it  proved  better  than  any- 
thing else  we  tried  with  the  exception  of  the  Cuban  and  Guam 
varieties  to  be  reported  later. 

NEW   ERA    YELLOW   DENT    CORN. 

This  corn  was  developed  and  grown  with  a  great  deal  of  suc- 
cess by  Mr.  F.  G.  Krauss  at  a  substation  of  the  Hawaii  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station  located  at  Haiku.  Maui,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  about  600  feet. 


42 

Two  plantings  of  this  corn  were  made  on  the  college  farm, 
one  on  January  30  and  the  other  on  February  27.  The  be- 
havior in  both  cases  was  the  same.  When  the  corn  was  about 
one  to  two  feet  tall  the  leaves  became  distorted  in  shape  with 
light  green  stripes  and  the  flowering  tassel  was  put  forth.  Only 
a  very  few  stalks  attained  a  height  of  four  feet  and  none  pro- 
duced mature  ears.  Many  plants  started  ears,  however,  and 
these  were  about  half  developed  when  the  plant  died.  Leaf  hop- 
pers were  very  abundant. 

GERRICK    PROLIFIC    CORN. 

The  seed  of  this  variety  was  obtained  through  the  courtesy 
of  Mr.  C.  P.  Hartley  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  It  is  described  as  being  a 
long  season  prolific  type  of  corn  grown  largely  in  the  South- 
eastern and  Gulf  States. 

We  planted  the  seed  on  February  1,  and  it  grew  fairly  well 
for  seven  weeks,  when  the  plants  began  to  develop  the  typical 
characteristics  described  above.  Tassels  were  produced  even 
though  the  tallest  stalks  were  only  3  feet  in  height.  Leaf  hop- 
pers were  very  abundant.  No  ears  were  produced  b}^  this 
variety. 

LACUNA  CORN. 

This  seed  was  obtained  from  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  planted  March  24.  Leaf  hoppers  were  very  abun- 
dant from  the  beginning  and  by  June  8,  I'^yc  of  the  plants  were 
dead.  However,  the  balance  of  the  ])lants  struggled  along,  and 
by  July  9  had  matured  a  few  ears — 105  days  after  planting. 
The  yield  on  an  acre  basis  was  practically  nothing — 3j/  bushels, 
but  even  this  low  yield  makes  this  variety  rank  next  to  the  June 
corn. 

BRAZOS  WHITE  CORN. 

This  variety,  which  is  a  cross  between  Boone  County  White 
and  a  Laguna  variety,  was  also  obtained  from  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture.  It  was  planted  on  May  4  and  though 
leaf  hoppers  were  present  from  the  start  it  made  a  normal 
growth  till  the  plants  were  about  three  feet  tall.  Then  the  char- 
acteristic diseased  condition  came  on  very  rapidly,  the  plants 
began  to  die,  and  no  ears  were  produced. 

UPLAND    MEXICAN    CORN. 

This  corn  was  obtained  through  Prof.  D.  L.  Crawford  from 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  of  Mexico.  It  is  a  white  variety 
with  a  deep  shoepeg  type  of  kernel.  It  was  planted  on  April  25 
and  grew  nicely  till  about  fifteen  inches  tall — rather  slender 
plants  with  a  decidedly  bluish  tinge  to  the  color  of  the  leaves, 


43 

Then  it  began  to  fail  rapidly  and  never  produced  ears.  The  best 
plants  never  grew  taller  than  three  feet.  Leaf  hoppers  were 
abundant,  but  a  field  of  Cuban  corn  adjoining  this  and  planted 
on  the  .^anie  day  grew  to  an  average  height  of  six  feet  and  pro- 
duced a  good  yield  of  ears. 

GUAM    CORN. 

This  variety  has  been  grown  very  successfully  on  the  Island 
of  Kauai  for  some  years.  It  is  a  large  kerneled  white  variety. 
Two  plantings  of  this  corn  were  made  on  the  college  farm,  one 
on  December  20  and  the  other  on  January  4.  Both  fields  showed 
the  sam.e  characteristics.  Both  fields  had  leaf  hoppers  present, 
but  only  about  5/10%  of  the  stalks  showed  abnormal  condi- 
tions in  manner  of  growth.  On  the  college  farm  this  variety 
attained  a  height  of  only  five  feet,  but  the  wind  conditions 
during  the  entire  growing  season  were  rather  unfavorable ; 
heavy  winds  often  following  rains  which  first  loosened  the  soil, 
and  the  corn  withstood  these  adverse  conditions  very  well.  The 
December  20  planting  matured  in  125  days  and  yielded  24.1 
bushels,  and  the  January  4  planting  matured  in  129  days  and 
3delded  25.2  bushels  on  an  acre  basis.  The  husks  tend  to  open 
before  the  ears  are  mature,  permitting  injury  by  birds  and  by 
the  larva  of  the  grain  weevil,  and  the  plants  showed  a  tendency 
to  send  up  as  many  as  four  or  five  suckers  at  the  base  of  each 
plant.  However,  these  are  minor  factors  compared  with  the 
tendency  of  many  varieties  not  to  produce  anything,  and  Guam 
corn  must  be  considered  one  of  the  good  lowland  varieties  of 
corn  for  Hawaii. 


CUBAN   CORN. 

Cuban  corn  has  been  the  outstanding  corn  of  all  the  varieties 
that  we  tried  on  the  college  farm.  The  original  seed  was  ob- 
tained from  Cuba  through  the  Crenshaw  Bros.  Seed  Co.  of 
Tampa,  Florida,  in  January,  1917.  As  corn  belt  standards  go  it 
would  have  to  be  considered  an  inferior  appearing  corn.  The 
kernels  are  rather  shallow;,  some  are  dented  and  others  show  a 
decidedly  flinty  character.  The  color  is  dark  yellow,  which 
meets  with  approval,  for  the  Honolulu  market  is  decidedly  par- 
tial to  a  yellow  corn.  The  average  weight  of  the  original  ears 
was  .46  lb.  each,  consisting  of  77%  kernels  and  23%  cobs.  The 
following  table  show^s  the  results  we  have  obtained  with  the  dif- 
ferent trials  of  this  variety. 


44 


Yield 

Date  when 

Days 

in  bushels 

Date  of 

ready 

required 

(70  lbs.) 

Planting. 

to  harvest. 

for  maturing. 

acre  basis, 

Feb.    13,  1917 

June    8,  1917 

115 

'  30.6 

Aug.  23,  1917 

Dec.  19,  1917 

116 

41.1 

Oct.    17,  1917 

Feb.  14,  1918 

117 

57.4 

Oct.    17,  1917 

Feb.   13,  1918 

116 

55.6 

Oct.    25,  1917 

Mar.    2,  1918 

127 

50.  P 

Feb.    26,  1918 

Tune  25,  1918 

119 

9.0- 

^This  field  was  badty  infested  Avith  the  Japanese  ''nnt  grass"  {Cy- 
perus  rotiuidus)  which  formed  a  sod  and  nndonbtedly  retarded  the  time 
of  maturing. 

-When  this  stand  of  corn  was  about  15  inches  tall  a  three-daj^  strong 
wind  following  a  heavy  rain  nearly  blew  the  corn  out  of  the  ground  and 
some  never  did  recover,  and  after  this  wind  all  proved  more  susceptible 
to  hopper  attacks  than  any  other  Cuban  corn  field  we  had. 

Cuban  corn  does  not  possess  an  absolute  immunity  to  the  leaf 
hopper,  but  in  most  cases  a  marked  resistance.  Various  soil 
and  weather  conditions  seem  to  greatly  influence  its  ability  to 
withstand  the  leaf  hopper.  All  our  fields  had  leaf  hoppers  in 
them,  but  in  only  a  few  cases  did  they  seem  materially  to  de- 
crease the  yield.  There  were  occasional  plants  in  all  of  our 
Cuban  corn  fields  which  showed  the  stunted  condition  charac- 
teristic of  the  varieties  which  were  total  failures,  but  these 
stalks,  except  in  the  case  of  the  field  planted  February  26,  1918, 
were  never  abundant  enough  to  seriously  reduce  the  yield. 

Aside  from  this  valuable  apparent  resistance  to  the  hopper 
the  husks  surround  the  ear  so  completely  and  tightly  that  there 
never  is  any  bird  or  weevil  injury  in  the  field  even  if  it  is  not 
harvested  till  long  after  it  is  matured.  In  a  country  where  the 
grain  weevil  is  so  common  as  in  Hawaii  this  is  an  extremely  val- 
uable characteristic.  With  husks  that  open  at  the  tip  before 
maturing  it  is  a  common  experience  to  find  ears  that  are  rotten 
with  the  larva  stage  of  the  weevil  when  harvested. 

Seed  of  this  corn  has  been  distributed  by  the  college  to  101 
corn  growers  in  every  part  of  the  Territory  of  Havvaii.  Some 
reported  failures,  others  reported  remarkable  success ;  most  of 
them  failed  to  make  any  report.  The  following  are  a  few  com- 
ments : 

"This  is  the  best  corn  I  have  ever  planted.  It  is  weevil  proof. 
My  corn  is  7y^  to  8j/^  feet  high."  Lawrence  Maioho,  Koloa, 
Kauai. 

Principal  E.  A.  Brown  of  Puunene  School,  Puunene,  Maui, 
in  reporting  a  yield  of  31.5  bushels  makes  this  comment:  "Kula 
corn  planted  about  the  same  time  was  a  total  failure.  It  took 
on  a  streaked  appearance  when  about  half  grown  and  failed 
to  make  further  development.  Planted  in  December  it  did 
very  well." 

Mr.   George  E.   Lake  of  Hana,   Maui,   makes   this  comment: 


45 

*'My  corn  was  a  great  delight.  A  wonder  in  the  ncighljorhood. 
It  grew  very  rankly.  Some  ears  were  four  and  more  feet 
al)ove  the  ground.  Some  of  the  best  ears  I  have  saved  for  seed. 
Many  of  the  people  have  asked  me  for  seed.  No  other  corn  has 
ever  made  a  success  of  it  in  our  section,  in  any  way  comparable 
with  this.  I  shall  plant  earlier  this  year,  it  may  be  in  September. 
We  have  great  rains  and  high  winds  in  the  winter  months. 
Gardens  are  thrashed  into  tatters  and  washed  into  the  sea. 
Many  pilikias"  (troubles). 


"THE  HEAD  OF  THE  HERD." 


By  Prof.  Ralph  J.  Bordkn. 

Too  many  of  our  farmers  who  have  purchased  bulls  for  their 
herd  sires  have  been  disappointed  in  the  results  obtained,  and 
in  most  cases  this  disappointment  has  been  the  fault  of  the  pur- 
chaser rather  than  the  bull.  Most  of  us  prefer  to  buy  a  young 
bull  rather  than  an  old  one,  and  I  believe  that  farmers  in  Hawaii 
are  justified  in  this  preference.  An  old  bull,  even  though  he  is 
a  proved  sire  and  has  his  mature  development,  is  expensive  to 
transport,  difficult  to  handle  with  our  transportation  facilities, 
and  has  not  the  period  of  usefulness  ahead  of  him  that  a  young 
bull  has.  The  young  bull  on  the  other  hand  can  be  purchased 
and  transported  more  cheaply.  He  is  easier  to  handle  and  can 
be  trained  and  developed  as  we  wish.  If  he  proves  valuable  he 
has  a  long  period  of  usefulness  ahead  of  him.  There  is  also  less 
chance  of  bringing  disease  into  our  herd  with  a  young  bull  that 
has  not  been  in  service.  However,  it  is  not  enough  for  one  to 
select  a  fine  bull  calf,  that  has  excellent  individuality  and  an- 
cestral backing,  and  expect  him  to  grow  into  a  fine  herd  sire 
without  good  care  and  attention.  Neglect  in  feeding*  and 
handling  when  he  is  young  will  result  in  improper  development 
and  unsatisfactory  results,  but,  given  half  a  chance,  he  will  not 
often  prove  a  failure. 

From  the  day  he  is  born,  a  bull  calf  intended  for  a  herd  sire 
should  be  kept  growing  and  not  allowed  to  become  stunted. 
During  the  first  six  months  of  his  life  there  is  no  better  food 
for  him  than  milk.  This  should  be  fed  warm  to  him  from  a 
bucket.  During  the  second  month  skim  milk  may  be  gradually 
substituted  for  whole  milk  and  from  fifteen  to  twenty  pounds 
fed  in  three  feeds  should  be  allowed.  He  should  be  taught  to 
(!at  grain  as  early  as  possible.  Rub  a  little  on  the  end  of  his 
muzzle  after  he  has  had  his  milk  and  he  will  soon  learn  to  eat 
il.     Give  him  onlv  a  small  handful  at  first,  and  increase  it  ;^rad- 


46 

v'ciWy  as  his  appetite  increases.  A  grain  mixture  of  three  part- 
ground  oats,  three  parts  of  wheat  bran,  and  one  part  oil  cake 
meal  makes  a  good  ration.  Give  him  access  to  some  fine  alfalfa 
hay.  Nothing  is  better  for  the  development  of  his  frame.  Let 
him  have  the  run  of  a  small  pasture  where  there  is  good  pas- 
turage, or,  in  lieu  of  this,  furnish  him  with  some  fresh  green 
alfalfa  daily.  Remember  that  a  young  growing  bull  likes  to 
hiivt  his  belly  full  all  the  time  and  consequently  must  ha\  e  hay 
or  green  fodder  where  he  can  eat  when  he  wants  to. 

Allow  him  plenty  of  exercise.  Don't  keep  liim  penned  up  too 
closely  while  he  is  young.  Teach  him  to  lead  by  a  haUer  and 
show  him  his  master  at  an  early  age.  Look  out  for  lice  on  his 
bo.-y  If  they  appear  in  great  numbers  they  will  sap  his  vitrOit-/. 
Ar,  occasional  washing  with  a  coal  tar  disinfectant  will  keep 
them  under  control.  Provide  him  with  a  good  shed  closed  on 
three  sides,  so  that  he  can  get  out  of  windy,  rainy  wciiher.  If 
there  are  no  trees  in  his  pasture,  he  will  use  this  shed  as  a  pro- 
tection against  the  hot  sun  also.  Never  allow  anyone  to  tease 
or  fool  with  him.  Furnish  him  with  fresh  clean  drinking 
water. 

After  he  is  six  months  old,  he  should  be  kept  by  himself  and 
not  allowed  to  run  with  the  heifers  or  rest  of  the  herd.  The 
feeding  of  milk  can  be  discontinued  but  he  should  get  froni  two 
to  four  pounds  of  grain  daily,  together  with  all  the  alfalfa  hay 
and  green  fodder  he  will  clean  up. 

AA'hen  he  is  a  year  old,  he  should  have  a  ring  put  in  his  nose, 
and  he  should  thereafter  be  led  by  a  staff .  Never  trust  him  at 
any  tini'.\  even  though  he  appears  harmless,  for  it  is  ilie  ''gentle" 
bull  that  is  most  usually  the  cause. of  some  obituary  notices. 

I  should  not  advise  the  use  of  a  bull  under  a  year  old,  for 
service,  even  though  he  be  well  grown  and  vigorous.  It  is  a  safer 
plan  to  wait  until  he  is  a  year  old,  so  as  not  to  retard  his  growth. 
During  his  first  year  in  service,  he  should  not  be  used  much 
oftener  than  once  every  two  weeks,  and  never  be  allowed  to 
serve  a  cow  more  than  once.  He  must  still  be  kept  vigorous  and 
growing,  and  forced  to  take  exercise  if  he  is  to  reach  maturity 
in  prime  condition.  If  he  has  been  properly  fed  and  handled 
during  his  first  two  years,  he  will  be  valuable  for  many  more. 

When  mature,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  overfeed  him.  Age 
gives  him  a  tendency  to  become  lazy  and  put  on  fat  easily,  both 
of  which  impair  his  usefulness.  Give  him  simply  enough  grain 
and  roughage  to  keep  him  in  vigorous  condition,  but  not  enough 
to  allow  him  to  get  fat.  Exercise  him  daily,  because  if  he  gets 
lazy  he  is  not  a  sure  breeder.  Keep  him  in  sight  of  the  herd, 
but  separated  from  it  by  a  strongly  constructed  fence.  Use  a 
little  common  sense  in  the  way  he  is  handled  and  used  during  his 
reign  as  the  "head  of  the  herd." 


47 

Concrete  Fence  Posts 


Tlie  following  directions  for  fabricating  reinforced  concrete 
fence  posts  are  gi\'en  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Groves  in  the  New  Zealand 
Journal  of  Agriculture  of  December  20,  1918,  and  are  repeated 
here  briefly  for  the  benefit  of  the  readers  of  the  Forester  who 
have  cause  to  construct  fences  of  a  lasting  character. 

Clean  sharp  gravel  with  plenty  of  sand  in  it  is  required  for 
making  concrete  posts.  The  gravel  should  not  be  coarse  and 
for  best  results  no  stone  in  it  should  be  larger  than  a  walnut. 

The  mould  should  be  5  in.  by  4  in.  at  the  bottom,  4  in.  by  4  in. 
at  the  top,  and  6  ft.  3  in.  long,  inside  measurements.  Cut  the 
sides  of  the  mould  6  ft.  3^  in.  long,  bottom  end  8>^  in.  long, 
and  top  end  7j/^  in.  long;  all  timber  being  4  in.  wide.  Mortise 
the  sides  into  the  ends  %  in.  deep,  allowing  1  in.  outside  of  mor- 
tise each  side  of  the  mould.  This  saves  splitting  when  nailing  to- 
gether. Use  1  in.  timber  for  the  ends,  and  34  in.  timber  for  the 
sides.  Nail  the  sides  and  ends  together,  lay  on  a  board,  tack 
a  cleat  on  either  side  of  the  mould  and  hold  it  in  position,  and 
it  is  then  ready  for  use.  The  timber  should  be  planed  smooth 
for  the  inside  of  the  mould  and  the  mould  should  be  wet  wdien 
the  concrete  is  poured  in. 

Use  Ave  parts  of  gravel  to  one  of  cement.  Five  buckets  of 
gravel  and  one  of  cement  make  three  posts  and  a  little  over. 
Turn  over  the  gravel  and  cement  in  the  dry  state,  then  water 
and  turn  twice  or  more  while  wet.  Do  not  apply  too  much  water 
to  the  mixture  at  first.  Dampen  and  then  keep  adding  \vater 
as  the  turning  proceeds  until  the  mixture  is  the  consistency  of 
mush.  It  is  better  to  have  the  mixture  too  wet  than  too  dry, 
since  it  is  then  more  easily  puddled  in  the  mould  and  sets  better. 
If  the  mixture  is  too  wet  the  water  in  it  comes  to  the  top  as 
it  is  being  w^orked  into  the  mould  and  runs  over  the  sides, 
taking  cement  and  fine  sand  wnth  it,  wdiich  means  wasted 
strength.  A  few  mixings  will  give  the  experience  required  to 
know  w^hen  the  mixture  is  about  right.  A  bricklayer's  trowel 
and  a  plasterer's  float  are  all  the  tools  required  for  working  the 
concrete  in  the  moulds ;    any  handy  man  can  make  the  float. 

Put  2  in.  of  concrete  in  the  mould  and  puddle  well,  using  the 
float  to  pack  it  tight,  especially  into  the  corners,  then  work  fhi 
trowel  along  the  sides  and  ends.  Doing  this  works  the  fine  ma- 
terial out  to  the  sides  and  makes  a  smooth  and  even  surface  on 
the  posts.  For  reinforcing  now  lay  two  wires  cut  the  length 
of  the  mould  on  top  of  the  concrete,  and  fill  the  mould  a  litile 
overfull.  Push  two  more  wnres  into  the  concrete,  puddle  well, 
being  pa'-ticular  to  \vork  the  trow^el  along  the  sides  and  ends, 
then  finish  off  bv  working  the  trow^el  along  the  top  of  the  mould 
to  remove  surplus  material.     In  place  of  the  last  two  wires  a 


48 

piece  of  piping  or  an  old  fencing-standard  makes  a  good  rein- 
forcement. 

Tor  fixing  the  wires  to  the  posts  several  methods  may  1)0  used. 
First  is  the  method  of  holes  through  the  posts  made  by  inserting 
small-sized  pieces  of  piping.  For  a  new  fence  on  level  ground 
this  way  would  possibly  be  satisfactory,  but  on  hilly  fence- lines 
it  would  be  impossible  to  pull  the  wires  through  the  posts  owing 
to  the  wires  locking  on  the  edge  of  the  holes  at  the  dips  and  rises. 
Another  method  is  to  put  two  wire  loops  in  the  concrete  for  each 
wire,  and  thread  a  piece  of  wire  down  from  the  top  of  the  ])Ost 
to  hold  the  wires  in  position.  The  time  taken  in  making  the 
loops  is  a  great  drawback  to  this  method.  A  better  way  is  to 
put  6}{l  in.  by  %  in.  bolts  into  the  posts,  one  5  in.  from  the  top, 
the  other  3  in.  above  the  ground-level,  for  the  purpose  of  bolting 
a  4  in.  by  2  in.  batten  to  the  post.  This  allows  the  wires  to 
be  stapled  to  the  posts  in  the  ordinary  way.  Put  a  saw-mark 
on  the  moulds  where  the  bolts  are  to  be  put  in,  so  that  all  posts 
have  the  bolts  in  the  same  position.  By  doing  this  the  battens 
are  interchangeable.  The  bolts  should  be  pushed  into  the  con- 
crete the  full  depth  of  the  mould,  taking  care  to  keep  them  up- 
right and  in  the  center  of  the  posts.  They  are  best  put  in  after 
the  mould  has  been  filled  with  concrete  and  smoothed  off. 

For  posts  to  be  used  as  dips  in  the  fence-line  and  requiring 
a  foot,  make  a  hole  near  the  bottom  of  the  post  by  putting  in 
a  piece  of  1  in.  piping,  taking  this  out  two  or  three  hours  after 
the  post  is  made,  by  turning  the  piping  around  and  pulling 
gently  at  the  same  time.  Extra  wire  should  be  put  round  the 
bottom  of  posts  that  are  to  be  used  for  dips.  It  is  doubtful  if 
concrete  posts  will  stand  the  strain  of  the  wires  in  a  heavy  lift, 
but  they  do  quite  well  for  light  places. 

Do  not  take  the  posts  out  of  the  moulds  for  a  month  after 
making — wetting  them  occasionally  during  that  time — and  leave 
them  six  months  to  season  before  using. 

A  bag  of  cement  makes  seven  posts  and  a  little  over,  two  bags 
of  cement  making  fifteen  posts. 

The  weight  of  concrete  posts  is  their  chief  disadvantage — each 
post  weighing  about  130  lb.;    but  they  can  be  used  wdiere  haul- 
.  age  is  easy,  leaving  any  timber  available  for  use  on  rough  back 
lines. 

C.  S.  J. 


49 

History  of  Botanical  Exploration  m  Hawaii 


By  Prof.  Vaughan  MacCaugiiey,  College  of  Hawaii. 
(Cofi  eluded.) 

PERIOD  IV.    THE  LATTER  PERIOD. 

27.    William  Hillebrand,  Hawaii's  Greatest  Botanist. 

As  has  been  evident  from  the  foregoing  discussion,  most  of 
the  botanists  who  visited  the  Hawaiian  Archipelago  made  but 
comparatively  brief  stays  in  the  Islands,  collected  in  a  few  places, 
and  then  worked  up  their  material  at  leisure  in  places  far  remote 
from  the  Pacific.  The  one  man  who  made  a  prolonged  residence 
in  the  Islands,  and  a  thorough  survey  of  the  entire  flora,  was 
William  Hillebrand. 

His  Life. 

He  was  born  in  Nieheim,  Westphalia,  Nov.  13,  1821.  His 
education  was  of  the  typical  German  kind,  terminating  in  univer- 
sity studies  at  Gottingen,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin.  He  studied 
medicine,  and  began  his  practice  in  Paderborn,  a  town  near  his 
birthplace.  A  serious  lung  disease  forced  him  to  leave  his  native 
country,  in  search  of  a  more  favorable  climate.  He  sailed  to 
Australia,  and  after  a  brief  stay  there  moved  to  Manila.  The 
climate  of  the  latter  place  was  distinctly  unfavorable,  and  he  was 
soon  compelled  to  renew  his  search  for  health.  In  a  very  serious 
physical  condition  he  engaged  passage  on  a  brig  bound  for  San 
h>ancisco.  He  was  much  benefited  by  his  stay  in  California, 
and  from  there  he  returned  to  Hawaii,  where  he  had  touched  on 
the  east-bound  voyage. 

Botanical  Studies. 

In  Honolulu  he  entirely  regained  his  health,  and  he  made  that 
city  his  home  for  a  period  of  twenty  years.  He  was  an  enthu- 
siastic botanist,  and  visited  all  parts  of  the  islands  in  search  of 
material.  He  surrounded  his  home  in  Nuuanu  Valley  with  beau- 
tiful gardens,  which  have  remained  famous  to  this  day  as  "The 
liillebrand  Gardens."  These  are  filled  with  choice  exotics  from 
all  parts  of  the  tropics,  and  contain  many  rare  specimens  to  be 
found  in  no  other  parts  of  the  islands.  Dr.  Hillebrand  was  active 
in  many  responsible  positions.  He  was  physician  for  the 
Queen's  Hospital  and  the  Insane  Asylum;  an  active  member  of 
the  Board  of  Health  and  the  Royal  Hawaiian  Agricultural  So- 
ciety ;  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council  of  King  Kamehameha  V, 
and  his  private  physician. 


50 

In  1865-66  he  made  an  extended  trip  to  China  and  the  East 
Indies  as  Commissioner  of  Immigration  for  the  Hawaiian  Gov- 
ernment, and  discharged  his  difficult  duties  with  great  ability. 
He  also  made  large  plant  collections  during  this  trip,  and  intro- 
duced many  valuable  plants  into  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

In  1871  he  left  the  islands,  and  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life  resided  in  various  parts  of  Germany,  Switzerland,  Madeira, 
Teneriffe,  etc.  He  was  seriously  ill  for  two  years  before  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Heidelberg,  July  13,  1886.  (*)  His 
large  herbarium  was  bequeathed  to  the  Royal  Botanical  Museum, 
at  Berlin. 

The  Flora. 

Hillebrand's  great  work  was  his  ''Flora  of  the  Hawaiian  Is- 
lands;' published  two  years  after  his  death,  1888,  by  his  son, 
W'.  F.  Hillebrand.  Since  the  date  of  its  publication  it  has  been 
the  standard  flora  of  the  group,  and  the  work  of  subsequent 
botanists  has  emphasized  the  integrity  and  thoroughness  of  Hille- 
brand's work.  He  described  a  large  number  of  new  species  and 
varieties,  and  critically  examined  the  work  of  his  predecessors. 
In  the  introduction  to  the  ''Flora"  he  gives  a  philosophical  dis- 
sertation upon  the  characteristics  of  the  Hawaiian  flora.  Hille- 
brand's work  represents  the  high- water  mark  of  botanical  study 
under  the  old-school  and  old  terminology ;  the  great  taxonomic 
work  of  today  is  the  adoption  of  the  newer  terminology,  and 
the  revision  of  the  more  difficult  genera. 

The  only  serious  defect  of  Hillebrand's  work  is  the  absence  of 
ecological  data,  but  this  omission  he  shared  with  all  the  botanists, 
taxonomists,  and  herbalists  of  his  time.  The  large  work  of  the 
future  is  to  give  the  remarkable  ecologic  background  of  the  Ha- 
waiian flora  the  detailed  investigation  that  it  so  fully  merits. 

28.    John  M.  Lydgate  and  Other  Local  Students. 

In  addition  to  the  visiting  scientists  who  have  frequented  Ha- 
waii's shores  since  the  days  of  the  first  explorers,  there  has  been 
a  resident  colony  of  amateur  and  professional  horticulturalists, 
botanists,  and  investigators  in  the  various  departments  of  science. 
These  men  and  women  have  not  only  rendered  important  aid  to 
the  visiting  specialists,  but  in  many  instances  have  made  impor- 
tant contributions  to  science  on  their  own  account. 

John  M.  Lydgate. 

For  example,  the  Reverend  John  M.  Lydgate,  clergyman,  civil 
engineer,  and  botanist,  published  in  1873  an  enumeration  of  Ha- 
waiian ferns,  when  a  student  in  Oberlin  College.     His  collections 

*  See  also  the  Botanische  Zeitung  for  Aug.  6,  1886;  and  Allgemeine 
Deutsche  Biographie,  Vol.  50,  (nachtrage  bis  1899),  1905,  p.  3-39. 


51 

from  the  Island  of  Kauai,  an  island  particularly  rich  in  endemic 
species  and  varieties,  have  added  greatly  to  the  herbaria  of  Hille- 
brand,  the  Bishop  Museum,  and  other  institutions,  and  have 
been  worked  upon  by  various  specialists.  Lydgate  has  been 
responsible  for  the  finding  of  a  considerable  number  of  new 
species  and  varieties,  and  his  name  is  perpetuated  in  a  number 
of  plant  names. 

Edivard  Bailey. 

In  1883  Edward  Bailey  published  a  small  manual  "Hawaiian 
Ferns,  a  Synopsis." 

Mr.  Valdemar  Knudsen,  of  Kauai,  Mr.  D.  D.  Baldwin,  of 
Maui,  and  the  Rev.  Edward  Bishop,  were  all  enthusiastic  ama- 
teurs whose  collections  have  been  of  no  small  value  in  taxonomic 
studies  of  the  Hawaiian  flora. 

29.    Explorations  by  Heller. 

In  1896  A.  A.  Heller,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  and  his 
wife,  visited  the  islands.  He  made  numerous  expeditions  into 
the  leeward  forests  of  Oahu  and  Kauai.  He  did  not  visit  the 
other  islands.  Heller  published  a  very  comprehensive  list  of  his 
findings,  with  many  new  species  and  varieties,  as  Bulletin  No.  9 
(1897)  of  the  Minnesota  Botanical  Studies,  (pp.  760-922,  with 
plates  and  maps).  His  work  on  Kauai  took  him  into  a  rich  and 
diversified  region,  and  he  made  many  additions  and  corrections 
to  the  work  of  Hillebrand.  He  also  made  some  collections  of 
the  marine  flora.  Heller's  collections  were  deposited  in  the  herb- 
arium of  the  University  of  Minnesota. 

30.      SCHAUINSLAND   ON    LaYSAN. 

In  1896-97,  H.  Schauinsland,  of  Germany,  spent  three  months 
on  the  Island  of  Laysan,  and  made  extensive  collections  of  the 
fauna  and  flora.  He  collected  marine  algae  here,  also  plankton 
between  Honolulu  and  Laysan,  in  the  vicinity  of  Honolulu,  and 
at  Pearl  Harbor.  His  book,  "Drei  Monate  auf  einer  Korallen 
Inseln"  (Bremen,  1899),  described  in  detail  the  results  of  his 
visit  to  the  archipelago.  His  collections  of  algae  were  worked 
up  by  Lemmermann. 

31.     Visit  of  Miss  Josephine  Tilden. 

In  1900  Miss  Tilden,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  with  her 
mother  and  Miss  Crosby,  made  a  visit  to  the  islands  for  the  pur- 
pose of  collecting  algae.  They  collected  on  Oahu  and  on  the  other 
larger  islands,  (Kauai,  Maui  and  Hawaii).  An  account  of  her 
visit  and  work  is  given  in  "Postelsia,"  the  yearbook  of  the  Min- 
nesota Seaside  Station,  for  1901.     She  published  a  list  of  one 


52 

hundred  species  collected,  in  Thrum's  Hawaiian  Annual  for 
1901.  In  her  great  work  on  the  ''My.i'ophyceae  of  North  Amer- 
ica," etc.,  she  incorporates  all  of  her  own  and  other  Hawaiian 
records. 

The  Twentieth  Century. 

With  annexation  in  1898  as  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
States,  and  with  the  acquirement  in  this  way  of  full  Territorial 
status,  the  Hawaiian  Islands  entered  upon  a  new  era  of  indus- 
trial and  scientific  development.  Since  that  time  various  scien- 
tific and  botanical  explorations  have  been  carried  on  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Bernice  Pauahi  Bishop  Museum,  the  Territorial 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  the  College  of  Hawaii,  the 
Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  the  Experiment  Station 
of  the  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Association,  and  other  institu- 
tions. Much  of  this  work  has  been  of  substantial  value,  both  to 
science  and  to  the  various  industries  of  the  islands. 

The  present  paper,  however,  can  very  appropriately  close  at 
this  point.  The  pioneer  period  in  the  history  of  science  in  Ha- 
waii can  be  said  to  have  definitely  closed  with  the  end  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

The  main  botanical  work  of  the  nineteenth  century  has  been 
that  of  taxonomy — collecting,  classifying,  naming,  herbalizing. 
The  chief  work  of  the  twentieth  century  will  be  ecology — the  in- 
tensive study  of  the  living  plant  in  its  own  normal  environment. 
Just  as  the  Hawaiian  Islands  have  afiforded  much  unique  mate- 
rial to  the  taxonomist,  so  will  they  yield,  in  their  rich  and  diver- 
sified ecologic  background — much  significant  data  upon  the 
fundamental  problems  of  plant  ecology.  Taxonomy  in  Hawaii 
has  already  reached  its  zenith  ;  ecology  is  yet  in  its  infancy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Alexander,  W.  D. — A  brief  History  of  the  Hawaiian  People. 

American  Book  Company,  New  York,  1891. 
Anrep-Elmpt,  Graf  R. — Die  Sandwich  Inseln.     Liepzig,  1885. 
Baldwin,    Chas.    W. — Geography    of    the    Hawaiian    Islands. 

American  Book  Company,  New  York,  1908. 
Baldwin,    D.    D. — List    of    Hawaiian    Mosses    and    Hepaticae. 

Thrum's  Hawaiian  Annual,  1877,  1878. 
Bastian,  Adolf. — Zur  Kenntniss  Hawaii's.   Berlin,  1883. 
Bestinger,    Jos. — Ein    Jahr  auf   dem   Sandwich-Inseln.     Wein, 

1869. 
Bingham,  Hiram — A  residence  of  twenty-one  years  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.     New  York,   1847. 
Bois-Raymond.  E.   Du — Adelbert  von   Chamisso  als   Naturfor- 

scher.     1889. 
Brigham,  William  T^ — The  Hawaiian  Flora.    Boston  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.  Proc.   Vol.  12,  pp.  158-161.    1868. 


53 

.     Notes  on  Hesperomannia.     Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 

Mem.   Vol.  4,  1868. 

Broughton.  Wm.  Robert — A  voyage  of  discovery  to  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean.    1804. 

Byron,  Lord  George  Anson — Voyage  of  H.  M.  Ship  "Blonde" 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  the  years  1824-25.    London,  1826. 

Chamberlain,  J.  E. — Algae  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Thrum's 
Hawaiian  Annual,  1881. 

Cook,  Captain  James — A  voyage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean... in 
1776-1780.  Vols.  1  and  2,  by  Cook;  Vol.  3,  by  Capt.  King. 
London,  1784. 

Derby,  Charles — List  of  Hawaiian  Ferns.  Thrum's  Hawaiian 
Annual,  1875. 

Dibble,  Sheldon — History  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Lahaina- 
luna,  1843. 

Dixon,  George — Voyage  round  the  world,  but  more  particularly 
to  the  Northwest  Coast  of  America,  in  1785-1788.  London, 
1789. 

Ellis,  William — Narrative  of  a  tour  through  Hawaii.  Lon- 
don, 1826. 

Freyctnet,  Louis  C. — Voyage  autour  du  monde,  etc.  3  vols, 
in  4,  and  atlas,  1824-1844.  Botanique,  1  vol.  and  atlas,  by 
Gaudichaud. 

Galopin,  Ch. — Notice  sur  les  lies  Hawaii.    Geneve,  1860. 

Gray.  Asa — Botany  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  1853. 
See  Charles  Wilkes. 

Heller,  A.  A. — Observations  on  the  ferns  and  flowering  plants 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Minnesota  Botanical  Studies. 
Bull.  9,  1897. 

HiLLEBRAND,  WiLLiAM — Flora  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Heidel- 
berg, 1888. 

HiTZiG,  J.  E. — Collected  works  of  Chamisso.   6  vols.    1836. 

Ingraham.  Capt. — Journal  of  the  voyage  of  the  Hope.  Mss.  in 
U.  S.  State  Dept.    (Visited  Hawaii  in  1791). 

Jarves,  James  J. — History  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  London, 
1843. 

Kippis,  A. — Narrative  of  the  voyages  round  the  world  performed 
by  Captain  James  Cook.    London,  1788. 

KiTSON,  Arthur — Captain  James  Cook,  the  Circumnavigator. 
London,  1907. 

Kotzebue,  Otto  Von — Entdeckungs-Reise  in  die  Sud-See  und 
nach  der  Behrings-Strasse  zur  Erforscgung  einer  Nordost- 
lichen  Durchfort.    3  vols,  in  1.    Weimar,  1821. 

Lydgate,  J.  M. — Short  synopsis  of  the  Hawaiian  Ferns.  Hono- 
lulu, 1873. 

Mann,  Horace — Enumeration  of  Hawaiian  Plants.  Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.    Vol.  7,  1867. 

.  Flora  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Proc.  Essex  In- 
stitute.   Vol.  5,   1867. 


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G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
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D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


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J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


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Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
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Insurance  Company 
Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

of  London 
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GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

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DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 

DRY  GOODS  E 

Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu  Sugar  Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water    Co..    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire   Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 

Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 

Su  phate  Ammonia 

Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmis$ioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF   FOPwESTSY 

<lharles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haugha,  Forest  Nurseryman, 

Joseph  F.  Kock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  EUo,  EawaU. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kawjn. 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalum,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 

John  Pililaau,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae^  Oahu, 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  v.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  I^indsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOay. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  HUo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J,  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuJcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai,    ' 
G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAI,  INDXJSTEY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Supcriniendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAI.  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  ClerJc  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Lugan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


If  \ 


■f^ 


TheHA\A11AN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTIJRISI1 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial 63 

A  Volume  Table  for  Algaroba 64 

Alien  Plant  Enemies  as  Stowaways  66 

The  Airplane  in  Agriculture 66 

Hunting  Wild  Fowl  in  Planes  Forbidden 67 

New  Quarantine  on  Plants 67 

Division  of  Forestry 69 

Division  of  Entomology 71 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 72 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 73 

By  Authority 75 


VOL.  XVL        Price,  Ten  Cents       No.  3 


^1 


Alpxanli^r  Sc  lalbmtn; 


^Imxtth 


OPFIOES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Direetori 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

G.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  E.  CASTLE Director 

C.   H.   ATHEETON Director 


MnBtxtuntt  A^tnU 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian    Commercial   and    Sugar   Gompany  McBryde    Sugar   Company,    Ltd, 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation    Company 

Paia    Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Compaay  Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd- 

Hawniian  Sugar  Company  Honolua  Ranch 

Kahului   Railroad    Company 

INSUEANCE  COMPANIES  BEPBESENTED  BY  AUSXANDEB  &  BAIiDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of   Canton,   Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire   and  Marine  Insurance   Company,    Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.    Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N,   Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N,  J. 
Switzerland   Marine   Insurance   Company,    Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N,  Y. 

iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^ 


i)iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH:= 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  lo  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillillllllllllllllllillillllilllllllllllllllllllilllllll 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,   Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T-^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  i^apers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  March,  1919.  No.  3 


Special  attention  is  called  to  the  volume  table  for  algaroba  ap- 
pearing in  this  number  which  will  be  found  of  service  to  those 
desiring  to  know  the  amount  of  cord  wood  in  standing  trees  on 
their  land. 


The  discovery  made  by  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry  on  Jan- 
uary 23,  1919,  of  several  trees  of  the  native  mamani,  Sophora 
chrysopJiylla,  in  Keaau  Valley,  Waianae,  Oahu,  at  an  elevation  of 
about  950  feet,  makes  a  new  record  for  this  tree  because,  so  far 
as  is  known,  the  mamani  has  never  before  been  found  on  Oahu. 


The  biennial  report  of  the  Board  for  the  period  ended  Decem- 
ber 31,  1918,  came  off  the  press  on  March  17,  and  copies  are  now 
available  for  distribution.  The  report  consists  of  118  pages  and 
treats  in  detail  of  the  work  of  the  four  divisions  during  the  past 
two  years.  Special  features  of  the  work  are  brought  out  by  illus- 
trations and  of  special  interest  are  the  maps  of  the  five  main 
islands  showing  in  green  the  location  and  size  of  the  47  forest 
reserves. 


The  new  regulation  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  against 
the  introduction  of  plants  and  seeds  from  foreign  countries, 
which  is  termed  ''Notice  of  Quarantine  No.  ?i7,''  goes  into  effect 
on  June  1,  1919,  and  applies  to  Hawaii  as  well  as  to  the  mainland. 
A  concise  description  of  this  new  regulation  is  presented  in  this 
issue  but  it  would  be  well  for  importers  of  plants  and  seeds  from 
abroad  to  acquaint  themselves  further  with  it. 


The  By  Authority  notice  appearing  in  this  issue  calls  for  a  pub- 
lic hearing  at  the  Government  Nursery  on  April  2,  to  consider 
the  withdrawal  of  415  acres  of  land  from  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  forest 
reserve  on  Kauai  so  that  it  can  be  turned  over  to  the  County  of 
Kauai  for  the  public  purpose  of  recreation  and  camping.  The 
land  is  situated  at  the  crest  of  the  scenic  Waimea  Canyon  at  an 
elevation  of  over  3000  feet,  does  not  involve  any  water  supply, 
and  is  eminently  suited  to  this  purpose. 


64 

A  Volume  Table  for  Algaroba 


By  C.  S.  JuDD,  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

The  severe  wind  storm  of  last  December  afforded  an  oppor- 
tunity of  obtaining  certain  measurements  of  windthrown  algaroba 
trees,  Prosopis  juliflora,  D.  C,  for  the  construction  of  a  volume 
table  for  cordwood  which  may  be  useful  to  wood  dealers  and 
owners  of  tracts  of  algaroba  land  who  desire  to  know  the  amount 
of  wood  in  the  trees  standing  on  their  land. 

The  use  of  a  v'olume  table  in  Hawaii  is  probably  very  little 
known  to  most  residents  because  this  is  not  a  timber  country,  but 
on  account  of  the  increasing  importance  of  the  algaroba  tree 
which,  since  its  introduction  in  1828,  has  spread  over  almost  80,- 
000  acres  of  what  was  formerly  waste  or  poor  grazing  land,  in- 
creasing the  value  of  such  land  many  fold,  this  volume  table,  the 
first  constructed  for  algaroba  in  these  islands,  may  be  of  value  to 
those  who  have  occasion  to  use  it. 

It  should  be  considered,  however,  in  the  nature  of  a  preliminary 
table  of  local  application  which  would  not  be  suitable  for  all  con- 
ditions of  algaroba  tree  growth  and  hence  it  should  be  used  only 
in  the  nature  of  a  guide.  The  method  of  its  construction  and  the 
character  of  timber  involved  are  described  at  the  head  of  the 
table.  When  used  in  closely-grown  and  tall  timber  where  the 
yield  of  wood  would  naturally  be  greater,  the  values  for  the 
different  diameters  would  have  to  be  increased  according  to  ex- 
perience based  on  the  yield  secured  from  actual  cuttings. 

A  volume  table  shows  the  average  contents  of  standing  trees  of 
different  sizes  and  is  used  to  estimate  the  yield  of  wood  standing 
on  specified  tracts.  It  is  intended  only  for  estimating  a  large 
number  of  trees  because  it  is  compiled  from  the  average  of  a 
number  of  measurements  and  is  necessarily  inaccurate  as  applied 
to  a  single  tree.  The  volumes  of  individual  trees  of  the  same 
species  and  same  diameter  may  vary  as  much  as  20  per  cent. 

The  use  of  a  volume  table  is  very  simple.  The  total  content- 
of  trees  of  any  given  diameter  are  computed  by  multiplying  the 
number  of  trees  of  a  certain  diameter  by  the  average  volume 
given  in  the  table  for  that  diameter.  For  convenience,  the  diame- 
ters of  the  trees  are  measured  at  breast  height,  or  at  four  and  a 
half  feet  above  the  ground,  and  the  volume  table  is  based  on  this 
measurement.  For  example:  If  it  is  desired  to  determine  the 
number  of  cords  of  wood  in  ten  standing  algaroba  trees,  four  of 
which  have  a  diameter  of  12  inches  and  six  of  which  have  a 
diameter  of  20  inches,  by  reference  to  the  volume  table  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  average  volume  of  a  12-inch  tree  is  .50  cord,  or  half 
a  cord,  which  gives  two  cords  for  the  four  trees.  Similarly,  the 
average  volume  of  a  20-inch  tree  is  1.50,  or  a  cord  and  a  half, 
which  when  multiplied  by  the  number  of  trees  of  that  diameter 
gives  nine  cords  for  the  six  trees.  These  results,  when  added  to- 
gether, give  a  total  volume  of  11  cords  for  the  10  trees. 


65 

The  new  volume  table  is  as  follows : 

Volume  Table  for  Algaroba   (Prosopis  Juliflora). 

Based  on  the  measurement  of  19  trees  in  the  Punahou  District, 
Honolulu,  Hawaii,  which  were  windthrown  by  the  storm  of  De- 
cember 3,  1918,  and  the  wood  subsequently  cut  and  stacked  in 
cords  at  the  stump  of  each  tree.  Wood  utilized  down  to  two 
inches.  Trees,  were  of  average  height  and  growing  in  an  open 
stand  with  full  crowns.  The  diameter  measurement  is  at  breast 
height,  or  four  and  a  half  feet  from  the  ground.  Measurements 
include  bark.     Figures  evened  off  by  curve. 


D.  B.  H.  Ins. 

Vol.  Cords. 

6 

.10 

7 

.12 

8 

.20 

9 

.25 

10 

.30 

11 

.40 

12 

.50 

13 

.60 

14 

.80 

15 

.90 

16 

1.00 

17 

1.15 

18 

1.30 

19 

1.40 

20 

1.50 

21 

1.70 

22 

1.80 

23 

2.00 

24 

2.10 

25 

2.25 

26 

2.40 

27 

2.50 

28 

2.70 

29 

2.90 

30 

3.00 

31 

3.20 

Z2 

3.50 

?>2, 

3.80 

34 

4.20 

35 

5.00 

36 

6.50 

Very  few  data  have  so  far  been  collected  on  the  actual  yield  in 
cordwood  from  algaroba  tracts  which  have  been  cut  over,  but  a 
few  figures  which  have  come  to  the  Division  of  Forestry  may  be 
of  interest  to  those  who  own  algaroba  forests.  In  central  Maui, 
an  area  of  six  acres  when  cut  clean  for  cordwood  yielded  349 


66 

cords,  or  at  the  rate  of  58  cords  per  acre.  At  Waianae,  Oahu, 
algaroba  cuttings  in  which  the  wood  was  utihzed  down  to  two 
inches  yielded  on  an  average  of  36  cords  per  acre,  while  at  Ma- 
kaha,  on  the  same  island,  a  tract  of  152  acres,  parts  of  which  were 
without  trees,  yielded  1462  cords,  or  an  average  of  9.50  cords  per 
acre.  The  yield  in  cordwood  will  naturally  vary  according  to  the 
size  of  the  trees  and  the  manner  in  which  the  land  is  stocked. 

As  for  the  age  and  size  of  the  older  algaroba  trees,  inquiry  of 
an  old  resident  of  Honolulu  has  elicited  the  information  that  the 
grove  of  algaroba  trees  at  the  entrance  to  the  Punahou  grounds, 
which  suffered  severely  in  the  recent  storm,  originated  after 
1848,  because  before  that  date  the  school  boys  raised  summer 
squashes  and  string  beans  on  the  very  same  land.  These  trees 
now,  after  a  period  of  about  70  years,  range  from  24  to  41  inches 
in  diameter  and  from  65  to  85  feet  in  height. 


Forest  fencing,  tree  planting,  several  forms  of  forest  protec- 
tion, and  protection  of  bird  life  constituted  the  main  field  activ- 
ities of  the  Division  of  Forestry  during  January,  as  will  be  seen 
by  the  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry  in  this  issue. 


The  apple  is  the  king  of  fruits  in  value  of  crop  as  well  as  in  the 
estimation  of  apple  lovers.  For  the  apple  crop  of  1918  a  value  of 
$230,000,000  has  been  estimated,  or  nearly  three-eighths  of  the 
value  of  all  fruits. 


ALIEN  PLANT  ENEMIES  AS  STOWAWAYS. 


For  a  long  time  a  great  many  ships  coming  from  Europe  into 
the  port  of  New  York  have  been  dumping  earth  ballast  along  the 
shores  of  East  River,  Hudson  River,  and  elsewhere  around  the 
bay.  This  is  a  source  of  risk  of  the  entry  of  undesirable  plants 
and  plant  pests,  in  the  opinion  of  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  and  an  inquiry  has  been  started  to  determine  the 
extent  of  this  risk  and  to  provide  safeguards  against  it.  There  is 
a  possibility  of  the  introduction  of  soil-infecting  diseases,  injuri- 
ous nematodes,  and  hibernating  insects,  any  of  which,  unless  pre- 
ventive measures  were  taken,  might  spread  over  the  country  or 
considerable  parts  of  it. 


THE  AIRPLANE  IN  AGRICULTURE. 


In  connection  with  scouting  and  other  survey  work  in  Texas, 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  is  putting  the  air- 
plane to  its  first  practical  application  in  agriculture.  A  try-out 
of  this  method  of  survey  was  made  last  year  along  the  Trinity 
River  and  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  several  outlaw  cotton 
fields  in  heavy  timber,  which  had  previously  escaped  detection. 
This  year  the  airplane  is  to  be  used  more  extensively.  It  has 
been  found  a  valuable  aid  in  pink  boll-worm  work,  as  it  makes 
.possible  the  easy  mapping,  by  means  of  photographs,  of  the  quar- 
antined terri'tofy,  "arid  facilitates  the  inspection  work  in  forested 


67 

areas,  especially  in  such  long  stretches  of  country  as  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries. 


HUNTINC;  WILD  FOWL  IN   PLANES  FORBIDDEN. 


The  director  of  military  aeronautics  has  forbidden  the  shooting 
of  wild  fowl  with  machine  guns  from  airplanes  and  has  directed 
that  airplane  flights  along  the  Atlantic  coast  or  at  any  place 
where  migratory  wild  fowl  may  be  found  shall  be  conducted  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  interfere  as  little  as  possible  with  the  habits 
and  feeding  of  the  wild  fowl.  Conlmanding  officers  are  instruct- 
ed to  use  every  means  to  carry  out  the  regulations  and  to  bring 
to  trial  any  offenders  that  may  be  guilty  of  breaking  any  of  them. 
Complaints  of  the  shooting  of  wild  fowl  with  machine  guns  from 
airplanes  were  received  some  time  ago  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  from  several  places  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  The 
attention  of  the  War  Department  was  called  to  the  fact  that  such 
shooting  was  in  violation  of  the  Federal  migratory  bird  law  en- 
acted last  year  to  give  effect  to  the  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain. — Weekly  News  Letter. 


New  Quarantine  on  Plants 

The  effective  date — June  1,  1919 — of  Plant  Quarantine  No.  37 
will  mark  the  operation  of  new  and  strict  regulations  governing 
the  importation  into  the  United  States  of  plants  and  plant  pro- 
ducts. The  quarantine  order  has  been  promulgated  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture  to  check  so  far  as  possible  the  introduction  of 
more  dangerous  crop  enemies.  Experts  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  estimate  that  the  losses  caused  by  the  pests  already 
introduced,  for  the  most  part  through  the  agency  of  imported 
plants,  aggregate  half  a  billion  dollars  annually. 

OUTSTANDING    FEATURES    SUMMARIZED. 

Important  provisions  of  the  new  quarantine  are  as   follows : 

Requires  permits  and  compliance  with  regulations  for  importa- 
tion of  lily  bulbs,  lily-of-the-valley,  narcissus,  hyacinths,  tulips, 
and  crocus;  stocks,  cuttings,  scions,  and  buds,  of  fruits  for  propa- 
gation ;  rose  stocks  for  propagation,  including  Manetti,  Multi- 
flora,  Brier  Rose,  and  Rosa  Rugosa ;  nuts,  including  palm  seeds, 
for  propagation ;  seeds  of  fruit,  forest,  ornamental,  and  shade 
trees,  seeds  of  deciduous  and  evergreen  ornamental  shrubs,  and 
seeds  of  hardy  perennial  plants. 

Leaves  unrestricted,  except  in  special  cases,  importations  of 
fruits,  vegetables,  cereals,  and  other  plant  products  imported  for 
medicinal,  food,  or  manufacturing  purposes ;  and  field,  vegetable, 
and  flower  seeds. 

Excludes  all  other  classes  of  plants  for  propagation,  including 
fruit  trees,  grapevines,  bush  fruits,  grafted  and  budded  roses, 
forest,  ornamental,  and  deciduous  trees,  ornamental  and  decidu- 
ous shrubs,  pine  trees  of  all  kinds,  broad-leaved  evergreens  (such 


68 

as  azaleas  and  rhododendrons),  and  a  long  list  of  plant  material 
commonly  known  as  florists'  stock. 

Excluded  plants  may  still  be  imported  through  the  agency  of 
the  Department  of  x^griculture,  in  limited  quantities  to  supply 
the  country  with  novelties  and  necessary  propagating  stock,  such 
entry  being  safeguarded  by  the  highly-developed  inspection  and 
quarantine  service  which  has  been  organized  l3y  the  department. 

The  governing  principle  in  this  quarantine  is  to  limit  plant  in- 
troductions to  the  classes  of  plants  which  have  been  represented 
by  the  plant  interests  concerned  in  this  country  as  being  essential 
to  plant  production — in  other  words,  the  raw  material  out  of 
which  salable  fruit  trees,  roses,  etc.,  are  made.  To  these  were 
added  certain  classes  of  plants,  including  bulbs  and  seeds,  which 
could  be  safeguarded  by  inspection  and  disinfection. 

The  plants  permitted  entry  represent  a  considerable  proportion 
of  foreign  plants  and  seeds  hitherto  imported,  but  exclude  the 
classes  of  plants,  including  all  plants  with  earth,  which  are  open 
to  special  danger  of  importing  new  pests.  The  excluded  plants 
are  largely  ornamentals  imported  to  be  turned  over  at  a  quick 
profit,  and,  on  the  authority  of  the  experts  of  the  department  and 
of  leading  plant  growers,  can  be  produced  for  the  most  part  in 
sufficient  quantities  in  this  country. 

DANGEROUS    BULBS    EXCLUDED. 

In  the  case  of  bulbs  it  was  realized  that  a  danger  existed  and 
the  entry  was  restricted  to  classes  of  bulbs  least  subject  to  risk  of 
bringing  in  new  pests  and  which  from  their  nature  could  be  most 
readily  inspected  and  determined  as  clean.  The  excluded  bulbs 
involve  the  less  important  and  miscellaneous  importations  coming 
from  widely  scattered  sources  and  the  entry  of  which  is  attended 
with  greater  risk  of  introduction  of  plant  diseases  and  insect 
pests. 

Disinfection  by  any  known  means  is  not  possible  in  the  case  of 
most  of  the  ornamental  plants  excluded,  and  particularly  those 
which  come  with  soil  about  the  roots.  No  disinfection  of  soil  is 
possible  without  destroying  the  plants,  and,  furthermore,  many 
insects  and  practically  all  diseases  are  not  capable  of  control  by 
disinfection  and  are  not  disclosed  by  inspection.  This  condition, 
requiring  removal  of  soil  and  holding  in  quarantine  for  consid- 
erable periods,  as  is  done  in  case  of  departmental  importations, 
precludes  safeguarding  of  importations  on  a  commercial  scale. 

DANGER    IN    UNKNOWN    PESTS. 

The  number  of  known  foreign  pests  awaiting  entry  to  the 
United  States  is  vastly  larger  than  those  which  have  already 
gained  entrance,  and  the  unknown  foreign  pest  is  an  uncertain 
quantity,  perhaps  more  dangerous  than  the  known  pests,  officials 
point  out. 

The  risk  is  illustrated  by  recent  introductions — for  example,  the 
alfalfa  weevil,  the  oriental  peach  moth,  the  Japanese  beetle,  and 
the  citrus  canker,  together  with  such  older  importations  as  the 
San  Jose  scale,  the  brown-tail  moth,  the  chestnut-blight  disease 
and  the  white-pine  blister  rust. 


69 

Foreign  pests  introduced  with  imported  plants  are  now  costing 
the  United  States  each  year  more  than  the  total  value  of  such  im- 
portations since  the  founding  of  the  Republic. — Weekly  Ne-zcs 
Letter. 


Division  of  Forestry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  February  24,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners   of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,   Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  tlie 
Division   of   Forestry   for   the   month    of   January,    1919: 

FOREST    FENCING. 

As  a  result  of  correspondence  with  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands, 
which  was  initiated  over  a  year  ago,  the  holder  of  General  Lease  No.  550 
has  at  last  constructed  the  required  fence,  somcAvhat  over  a  mile  in  length, 
on  the  boundary  of  the  Kau  Forest  Eeserve,  across  the  land  of  Kiolakaa, 
Hawaii. 

Final  arrangements  were  made  during  the  month  for  the  construction  in 
February  of  the  fence  on  the  makai  boundary  of  the  Makua-Keaau  Forest 
Reserve  across  the  Keaau  Valley,  Oahu.  The  total  length  is  4168  feet.  A 
part  of  this  is  adjacent  to  Lot  1  of  the  Keaau  homesteads,  the  holder  of 
which  has  agreed  to  pay  half  the  cost  of  the  fence. 

One  hundred  coils  of  No.  6  special  heavy  galvanized  fence  wire  ordered 
on  July  5,  1918,  arrived  from  the  factory  on  January  16  and  a  part  of  this 
has  already  been  put  to  good  use.  Another  hundred  coils  has  been  ordered 
so  as  to  have  it  come  in  time  for  further  fencing. 

FOREST    RESERVE    MAPS. 

The  large  island  maps  have  been  brought  up  to  date  at  the  Survey  Office 
liy  having  the  new  forest  reserves  and  recent  additions  placed  thereon  and 
smaller  maps  have  been  made  for  the  biennial  report  of  the  five  main 
islands  showing  in  green  all  forest  reserve  areas. 

PROTECTION   OF   BIRD    LIFE. 

On  January  3  a  visit  was  made  to  the  two  small  government  islands  of 
Mokulua  off  Waimanalo,  Oahu,  in  company  with  Mr.  J.  F.  G.  Stokes  of  the 
Bishop  Museum,  and  wooden  signs  warning  against  violations  of  Rule  IV  of 
this  Division  were  placed  on  each. 

DISPOSAL  OF   WOOD. 

Sheriff  Jarrett  has  promised  to  assist  in  removing  the  wood  of  fallen 
eucalyptus  trees  in  the  lower  part  of  the  planted  forest  on  Tantalus,  and  a 
start  has  also  been  made  in  its  disposal  by  placing  a  charcoal  burner  on  the 
job. 

In  Sec.  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  reserve  along  the  Volcano  road,  Ha- 
w^aii,  a  beginning  has  been  made  in  disposing  of  the  dead  ohia  trees  Avhich 
overhang  the  road  and  are  a  menace.  Thirty  cords  have  been  sold  and  cut 
for  .$1.00  per  cord,  the  money  going  into  the  special  fund  for  the  preserva- 
tion and  extension  of  forest  reserves. 

TREE    PLANTING. 

During  the  month  the  following  trees  Avere  })lanted  on  forest  reserves: 
On  Oahu,  Honolulu  Watershed  forest  reserve  in  Opu  Valley,  Makiki,  230 
koa;  Lualualei  forest  reserve  in  Mikilua,  1668  koa,  582  monkey  pod,  170 
wiliwili,  645  yellow  poinciana  and  220  kassod.  On  Kauai  in  the  Kealia 
forest  reserve  200  swamp  mahogany  trees  were  planted  along  the  boundary 
fence.     Total  for  the  month,  3715  trees. 


70 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

On  an  inspection  trip  to  Kuliouon,  Oaliu,  on  January  18,  11  wild  goats 
were  shot  in  the  forest  reserve. 

On  January  23,  while  measuring  for  the  fence  at  Keaau,  Oahu,  several 
mamani  trees  were  discovered  at  an  elevation  of  about  950  feet  near 
the  Ohikilolo  boundary.  They  w^ere  in  flower  and  fruit  and  the  identi- 
fication was  confirmed  by  Consulting  Botanist  J.  F.  Eock.  So  far  as  is 
known  this  is  the  first  time  that  the  mamani  has  been  found  on  Oahu. 

BIENXL4L  REPORT. 

A  large  portion  of  the  month  was  spent  in  writing  the  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  biennial  period  ended  December  31,  1918. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

EEPORT    OF    FOEEST    NUESEEYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  31,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  during  the 
month  of  January,  1919: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants, 


Sold    . 
Gratis 


In  Seed 
Boxes. 

In  Transplant 
-  Boxes. 

Pot 
Grown. 

Total. 

6000 

2000 

390 
1401 

390 
9401 

6000 

2000 

1791 

9791 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  of  plants  sold $  8.80 

Rent  of  office  Nursery  ground  for  November 35.00 


$  43.80 

plantation    COMPANIES    AND    OTHER    CORPORATIONS. 

We  have  received  during  the  month  orders  for  5000  transplants  to  be 
delivered  when  ready.  We  also  have  on  file  orders  for  3500  transplants  ap- 
plied for  some  time  ago. 

MAKIKI    STATION. 

We  are  now  bus}'  increasing  our  stock,  which  was  reduced  considerably 
during  the  planting  season.  We  have  been  fortunate  in  being  able  to  pro- 
cure cuts  from  a  large  number  of  trees  blown  dov^^l  by  the  last  wind  storm. 
Many  of  the  species  came  from  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Foster's  place  on  Nuuanu 
avenue.  We  are  certainly  indebted  to  Mrs.  Foster  for  her  kindness  in  allow- 
ing us  during  the  past  twenty  years  to  collect  seed  and  plants  in  her  garden. 
Part  of  the  seed  collected  was  used  for  exchange  purposes  and  the  balance 
propagated  and  the  plants  distributed  to  ]ieople  all  over  the  islands.  For 
Mrs.  Foster's  generous  help  Ave  take  this  opportunity  of  asking  her  to  ac- 
cept our  sincere  thanks. 


71 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED. 

The  work  on  the  Opu  Valley  section  of  watershed  consisted  of  the  plant- 
ing of  230  koa  trees,  making  holes  and  hoeing. 

ADVICE    AND    ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  at  the  request  of  people  in  and  around  the  city  made  the 
f olloAving  number  of  calls,  etc. : 

Calls  made    7 

Advice  given  people  calling  at  Nursery 8 

Advice  given  people  by  telephone   3 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 

Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  February  20,   1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,   Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  January  the  insectary  handled 
15,000  pup.ae  of  .the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  2379  females 
and  2532  males,  Opms  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON    FLY    PARASITE. 

Opius  fletcheri. 

Oahu:  Females.  Males. 

Moiliili 860  850 

Manoa    310  260 

Lualualei    1120  1375 

H  AAV  All: 

Hilo    110  85 

CORN  LEAF  HOPPER  PARASITE.. 

Paranagrns  osborni. 

Oahu  : 

Makiki    Nursery    / 6,400 

Manoa ! 3,000 

Kailua    5,800 

Hawaii  : 

Kohala    4,300 

Kauai  : 

Lihue , 11,000 

Eespectfully  yours, 

David  T.  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


72 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  31,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  done  by  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  January,  1919,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  there  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu  56  vessels,  of 
which  16  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspection.  Two  of  the  ves- 
sels came  via  Panama  and  one  carried  sand.  The  following  disposal  was 
made  of  the  \arious  shipments: 

1,0X8.     Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 292  14,501 

Burned 15  15 

Fumigated    •  •  •  • 

Eeturned    •  •  •  • 

Total  inspected   307         14,516 

Of  these  shipments  14,419  packages  arrived  as  freight,  66  packages  as 
baggage  and  31  packages  as  mail. 

RICE    AND   BEAX    SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  11,721  bags  of  rice  and  1111  bags  of  beans  from 
Japan  were  inspected  and  found  free  from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  2029  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers  asd  im- 
migrants from  foreign  ports  were  examined,  from  which  were  taken  and 
burned  12  lots  of  fruit  and  three  lots  of  vegetables. 

On  January  7,  a  parcel  of  tree  seed  in  the  baggage  from  Manila  was 
burned,  being  mouldy  and  otherwise  objectionable. 

During  the  month  the  following  cereals,  etc.,  were  fumigated  for  the 
accommodation  of  local  merchants: 

Eice   20  bags 

Corn    392      " 

Middlings   50      " 

Flour    .    .  .  .' 50      '' 

Other  cereals    150      * ' 

662  bags 

HILO    INSPECTION. 

Brother  ^Matthias  Xewell  reports  the  arrival  at  the  port  of  Hilo  of  eight 
vessels  which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  69  lots  and  3365  pack- 
ages, all  of  which  were  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  "Will  J.  Cooper  reports  the  arrival  of  seven  steamers  at  the  port  of 
Kahului,  none  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-nine  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as  free  from  pests: 


7Z 

Taro 

Vegetables 219  ])ackages 

Fruits 90         ' ' 

Plants 59         '  * 

Total  passed   1076  packages 

Eighteen  packages  of  plants  and   five  packages  of   fruit   were  refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn\ 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  February  18,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  January,  1919. 

Federal  Indemnification  for  Tuberculous  Cattle. 

The  efforts  of  this  office  at  having  the  Territory  share  in  the  federal 
appropriation  for  indemnification  of  owners  of  tuberculous  cattle  slaugh- 
tered with  a  view  to  eradicating  bovine  tuberculosis  received  encourage- 
ment through  the  receipt  of  the  following  cablegram  from  Delegate  Kalani- 
anaole : 

''Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  1,  1919. 

"Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

* '  House  adopts  amendment  including  Territory  in  fund  for  in- 
demnification slaughter  tuberculous  animals. 

Kalanianaole.  ' ' 

The  cablegram  has  now  been  confirmed  by  the  following  letter  from  the 
Chief  of  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry: 

''January  31,  1919. 

"Dr.  Alctor  A.  Norgaard,  Territorial  Veterinarian, 
Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

Dear  Dr.  Norgaard: — Again  referring  to  your  letter  of  Jan- 
uary 13  with  reference  to  the  omission  of  the  term  '  territory '  in 
last  year 's  appropriation  bill  in  the  item  for  tuberculosis  eradica- 
tion, I  wish  to  advise  you  that  an  amendment  was  adopted  yester- 
day in  the  House  inserting  the  word  '  territory '  in  four  places  in 
the  Agricultural  Appropriation  Act  for  next  year.  I  feel  certain 
that  the  Senate  will  concur  in  this  amendment,  and  if  so  we  will 
be  able  to  cooperate  in  indemnifying  owners  of  cattle  destroyed  in 
Hawaii  after  July  1,  providing,  of  course,  your  Territory  will  make 
provisions  for  similar  indemnities. 

' '  Very  truly  yours, 

"J.  R.  Mohler, 
"Chief  of  Bureau." 


74 

[t  would,  therefore,  seem  highly  probable  that  the  Territory  will  be  in- 
vited to  co-operate  with  the  federal  authorities,  and  as  this  will  require 
compliance  with  federal  rules  and  regulations  it  has  been  found  necessary 
again  to  alter  the  amended  Territorial  indemnification  law  (Act  121,  Session 
Laws,  1917)   Avhich  was  submitted  for  the  Board's  approval  last  month. 

In  Section  4  of  this  Act  it  was  recommended  that  reacting  cattle  should 
be  surrendered  to  this  Board  for  slaughter  and  sale,  the  proceeds  of  such 
Sale  to  be  paid  to  the  owner.  The  federal  regulations,  however,  specify  that 
* '  Each  owner  of  tuberculous  cattle  which  have  been  appraised  shall  market 
the  cattle  ....  "  and  it  has  therefore  appeared  advisable  to  return  to 
the  original  act  which  conformed  with  this  requirement.  The  remaining 
amendments  being  quite  extensive  the  Attorney  General  decided  that  it 
would  be  better  to  repeal  the  original  law  and  submit  a  new  act  to  the  com- 
ing Legislature.  This  afforded  an  opportunity  to  revise  the  entire  law  and 
a  copy  of  the  neAV  act  which  meets  with  the  approval  of  the  Attorney  Gen- 
eral is  herewith  submitted  for  the  approval  of  the  Board. 

With  the  exception  of  the  above  mentioned  amendment  the  revision  con- 
sists in  simplification  of  language  and  elimination  of  repetitions. 

Very  respectfully, 

A'ICTOR    A.    XORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  January  31,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of  Jan- 
uary, 1919: 

Tuberculosis  Control. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tuberculin  tested  during  the  past  month : 

Tested.  Passed.  Cond'md. 

D.  Yamashito 13  13  0 

C.  W.  Lucas   16  16  0 

J.  P.  Mendonca   2  2  0 

W.  Lanz    4  4  0 

A  total  of  35  hea<l  of  cattle  were  tested,  all  of  which  passed. 

Importations  of  Live  Stock. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  Orient :     2  dogs,  1  orangoutang,  E.  C.  Waterhouse, 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leontard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


75 

By  Authority 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN  that,  as  provided  by  law,  a  public  hear- 
ing will  be  held  by  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  and  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  on  Wednesday,  the  2nd  day  of 
April,  1919,  at  10  o'clock  a.  m.,  in  the  office  of  the  Board  of  (Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  King  Street,  Honolulu,  to  consider  the  with- 
drawal from  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Eorest  Reserve,  Waimea,  Kauai,  of  an  area 
of  415  acres,  more  or  less. 

A  map  and  description  of  the  said  land  are  on  file  in  the  office  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  where  they  are  open  to  the  inspection  of  the 
public. 

At  the  sai<l  time  and  place  all  persons  who  so  desire  may  be  given  full 
op[)ortunity  to  be  heard  u])on  the  subject  matter  of  this  notice  and  to  pre- 
sent evidence  and  arguments  in  jierson,  by  proxy,  or  letter  either  for  or 
against  the  withdrawal  of  this  land  from  tlio  aforesaid  forest  reserve. 

C.  J.  McCarthy, 
Governor  of  HaAvaii, 
The  Capitol,  Honolulu,  T.  H.,  March  17,  1919. 


^Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllilllllllillllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllll':: 


OrnCERS: 


E.  r.  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
D.  G.  May,  Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.   R.   Carter,   Director 
J.  R.  Gait,  Director 


C.  H.  Cooke,  Director 
E.  I.  Spalding,  Director 


G.  BREWER  &  CO.  Ltd 


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Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
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Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 


INSURANCE 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 
London  Assurance  Corporation 
Royal  Insurance  Co.,  of  Liverpool 
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Scottish  Union  &  Nat.  Ins.  Co. 
American  &  Foreign  Marine 

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Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 

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GENERAL  AGENTS 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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E  Circulation,  both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  = 

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E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  = 

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E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  = 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  momig  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 


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PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 
Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant 


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lUNION  FEED  CO.,  LTD.] 

E  Dealers  in  = 

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=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  = 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

•=  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  = 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

=  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 

E  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468  E 
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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

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=  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

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i  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  | 

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=    DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
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Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipaliulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water   Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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AGENT 


HARTFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO, 


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I    ISTCHESIER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

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1  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    | 

=         To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

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E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

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E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

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NSURANCE 


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.i^^^ 

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% 

1 

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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"                                            = 

E  Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      E 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERIILIZER  CO.  1 

E  Honolulu,  T.  H.                   Los  Angeles                   San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

S  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN                                      S 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulpliuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  BZING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


rillllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllillllllllllllllllJIllllllllllllllllllli? 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Kiee,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giflfard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 

C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Ea/waU, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  KomoL 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  TantaJus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 

Daniel  Kapabu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waia/^iae,  Oaliu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Kodrigo  Villaflor,  Inseetary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,'  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langford:,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  or  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  EUiot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

A.  R.  Rowat,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 

Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 

Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerle  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Lof^n,  Editor  of  the  Foreeter. 


1 


^    m 


TheHAaAIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^VGRICULTURiSH 


APRIL  1919 


CONTENTS 


Editorial 

The  Puu  ka  Pele  Park 

Bovine  Tuberculosis 

Clean  Milk  Utensils  Thoroughly. 

Forest  Reserve  Areas 

Division  of  Forestry 

Division  ot  Entomology 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Division  of  Animal  Industry..  . 
By  Authority 


i^S" 


VOL.  XVI. 


Price,  Ten  Cents 


No.  4 


^1 


Alfxan&pr  Sc  lalhttttn. 


Etmit^i 


OPFIOES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFPIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER President  and  Director 

H;  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  B.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

P.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  B.  CASTLE Director 

0.   H.   ATHERTON Director 


AGENTS    POB 

Hawaiian   Commercial   and    Sn^ar  Company  McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd, 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahnku   Plantation   Company 

Paia  ■  Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui    Agricultural  Oompaay  Kauai  Railway  Company.   Ltd. 

Hatraiian  Sugar  Company  Kahnlui   Railroad   Company 
' '  Honolua  Raneli 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  BEPBESENTED  BY  ALEXANDEB  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Unioa  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Common-wealtli  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire   and  Marine  Insurance   Company,    Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.    Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,    N.   Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

iiiiiiiimiiiiiiimimiiiinnnHiiiiiiHiuiininiiiiiiimitiiiiiiHtiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinusi!! 


tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii>i>ii>i»>i>i>"iiiiii"»"""i*"""""'""*'= 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 

w 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


?|||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllliillllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll> 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OKNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  -^'dtory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  April,  1919.  No.  4 


The  distribution  of  beneficial  insects  by  the  Entomolcvgist  has 
been  continued  with  reported  good  results  to  corn  growers  and 
other  agriculturists. 


The  Parker  Ranch  has  continued  its  policy  of  improving  its 
sheep  stock  by  the  recent  importation  of  fifty  high  class  Merino 
rams  from  New  Zealand. 


From  reports  submitted  to  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  the 
following  number  of  wild  animals  were  eliminated  from  forest 
reserves  during  the  first  quarter  of  this  year:  7  cattle,  49  goats 
and  62  pigs. 


The  new  Puu  Ka  Pele  Park  on  Kauai,  described  in  a  special 
article  in  this  number,  will  be  appreciated  by  all  who  are  fond  of 
camping  in  a  refreshing  climate  and  are  attracted  by  outdoor 
recreation. 


The  current  issue  contains  a  complete  list  of  all  lands  within 
proclaimed  forest  reserve  boundaries  which  will  doubtless  be  of 
value  to  those  who  are  interested  in  forest  protection  for  the  con- 
servation of  water. 


The  death  from  anthrax  of  a  saddle  horse  on  the  Princeville 
Plantation,  Kauai,  which  occurred  in  March,  justifies  the  quar- 
antine which  has  continued  to  be  maintained  on  the  pastures 
w^here  the  infection  still  remains. 


Progress  is  being  made  by  the  Division  of  Forestry  in  enlarg- 
ing its  present  sub-nurseries  and  in  establishing  new  nurseries  on 
the  other  islands  so  that  it  soon  will  be  unnecessary  to  send  out 
trees  in  soil  from  Oahu  to  any  other  island. 


During  February  and  March  the  Division  of  Forestry  planted 
out  2462  trees  on  forest  reserves.  Over  half  of  these  consisted 
of  the  native  koa  and  the  remainder  were  mahogany,  swamp 
mahogany,  yellow  poinciana,  and  ironwood. 


86 

The  completion  of  2.91  miles  of  new  fences  and  the  repairing 
of  3  miles  of  existing  fences  on  forest  reserve  boundaries  during 
February  and  March  constitute  a  good  beginning  toward  forest 
protection  for  the  year  which  it  is  hoped  an  adequate  appropria- 
tion by  the  present  legislature  will  make  it  possible  to  continue 
during  the  coming  new  biennial  period. 


The  Board,  on  April  14,  appointed  Antone  P.  Aguiar,  the 
present  caretaker  of  the  Hilo  Animal  Quarantine  Station,  as  For- 
est Ranger  for  the  Panaewa  Forest  Reserve,  Haw^aii.  This  re- 
serve, four  miles  out  from  Hilo,  is  crossed  by  the  new  concrete 
road  to  the  A  olcano  and  will  receive  protection  ag-ainst  trespass 
and  fire  and  will  be  beautified  by  judicious  tree  planting  by  the 
new  ranger  who  can  spare  the  time  from  the  quarantine  station 
for  this  work. 


The  Puu  Ka  Pele  Park 


At  a  meeting  of  this  Board  held  on  ]\Iarch  10,  there  was  con- 
sidered an  application  from  the  Kauai  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Kauai  Planters'  Association,  and  the  Kauai  Board  of  Super- 
visors for  the  assistance  of  this  Board  in  establishing  a  public 
park  and  summer  camp  on  the  edge  of  the  Waimea  Canyon  for 
the  people  of  Kauai  and  the  other  islands  of  the  Territory,  to  be 
placed  under  the  control  of  the  County  of  Kauai.  The  above  or- 
ganizations stated  that  it  was  their  plan :  First,  to  secure  title 
to  the  land  required ;  second,  to  improve  the  road  up  the  moun- 
tain, and  third,  to  raise  the  necessary  money  and  erect  such  build- 
ings as  may  be  needed  at  first.  The  area  desired  consisted  of  415 
acres,  within  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  in  the  form 
of  a  narrow  strip  of  land  approximately  1,500  feet  wide  and  2.3 
miles  long,  situated  on  the  brink  of  the  Waimea  Canyon,  at  an 
elevation  of  3,500  feet,  near  the  peak  called  Puu  Ka  Pele. 

In  order  to  make  such  land  available  for  this  purpose,  it  was 
necessary  first  to  eliminate  it  from  the  forest  reserve.  This  the 
Board  voted  to  do,  after  it  was  brought  out  by  discussion  that  no 
source  of  water  supply  was  involved,  by  unanimously  passing  the 
following  resolution : 

"Resolved,  that  in  accordance  w^ith  the  application  of  the  Kauai 
Board  of  Supervisors,  as  set  forth  in  their  letter  to  the  Board, 
dated  March  7,  1919,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  recommends  to  the  Governor  the  withdrawal  from 
the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  of  a  tract  of  land  not  to 
exceed  416  acres,  located  as  shown  on  the  sketch  submitted,  with 
the  understanding  that,  if  at  any  time  this  tract  ceases  to  be  used 
as  a  park  and  summer  camp  for  public  purposes,  it  should  revert 
back  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 


87 

''And  be  it  further  resolved,  that  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  Division  of  Forestry  pertaining-  to  forest  reserves  and  any 
other  special  conditions  which  may  seem  necessary  be  embodied 
in  the  transfer  of  the  land  to  the  County  of  Kauai." 

To  consider  this  withdrawal  of  land  from  the  Puu  Ka  Pele 
Forest  Reserve,  a  special  hearing  was  advertised  for  April  2. 
No  one  appearing  at  this  hearing  to  present  objections,  the  Gover- 
nor on  the  same  day  signed  the  proclamation  making  the  with- 
drawal.    The  proclamation  is  printed  in  this  same  issue. 

Further  steps  toward  turning  the  land  over  to  the  County  of 
Kauai  will  be  taken  by  the  Governor  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Lands. 

The  County  of  Kauai  has  already  begun  to  im])rove  the  road 
leading  from  Kekaha  up  to  the  area  so  as  to  make  the  park  more 
accessible  by  automobiles  for  use  during  the  coming  summer. 


Bovine  Tuberculosis 


The  accredited-herd  plan  of  eradicating  animal  tuberculosis 
will  be  carried  on  until  practically  all  pure-bred  herds  of  cattle  in 
the  United  States  are  under  state  and  federal  supervision,  ac- 
cording to  statements  from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  at 
Washington,  which  advises  the  greatest  care  in  bringing  in 
animals  from  other  sections  of  the  country  and  to  make  sure 
that  they  are  free  from  tuberculosis. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Kiernan,  chief  of  the  tuberculosis  eradicating  divis- 
ion, states  that  trafficking  in  tuberculous  animals  has  proved  a 
great  bane  to  the  cattle  industry  and  that  the  person  who  dis- 
poses of  tuberculous  animals  for  purposes  other  than  immediate 
slaughter  works  a  great  injustice  upon  his  neighbor  anrl  the  live 
stock  industry.  There  are  instances  where  certain  dealers  have 
waxed  fat  in  dealing  with  diseased  animals,  but  in  most  instances 
such  dealers  have  come  to  grief.  They  have  been  the  worst 
enemies  the  live  stock  industry  ever  had  except  the  cattle  rustler. 

Wherever  and  whenever  owners  have  placed  their  herds  under 
supervision  for  the  eradication  of  tuberculosis  and  have  followerl 
the  prescribed  rules  they  liave  succeeded  in  getting  rid  of  the 
disease,  Dr.  Kiernan  said.  Tuberculosis  eradication  work  is  being- 
carried  on  in  more  than  40  states  in  co-operation  with  the  State 
live  stock  sanitary  officials  and  the  stock  owners.  Joint  agree- 
ments between  the  State  and  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
governing  the  application  of  the  tuberculin  test  and  the  handling 
of  the  cattle,  are  forwarded  to  each  owner  interested  in  having 
his  herd  freed  from  tuberculosis  or  in  having  it  accepted  as  offi- 
cially accredited. 


CLEAN  MILK  UTENSILS  THOROUGHLY 


Need  for  thoroughly  washing  and  steriHzing  milk  utensils  is 
shown  in  a  striking  manner  by  investigations  conducted  by  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  on  the  principal  sources  of  im- 
purities in  milk. 

Among  the  results  announced  by  the  Federal  daily  experts  in 
Farmers'  Bulletin  1019,  "Straining  Milk,"  are  the  following: 

Strainer  cloths  containing-  35,000,000  bacteria  per  square  inch 
have  been  found  in  use  on  dairy  farms. 

The  average  strainer  cloth,  of  which  about  36  square  inches 
is  in  contact  with  the  milk,  is  likely  to  contain  fully  a  billion  bac- 
teria if  it  is  not  washed  and  sterilized  after  each  milking. 

If  the  cloth  is  folded,  the  number  of  bacteria  is  likely  to  be 
still  greater. 

Milk  produced  under  conditions  where  utensils  were  not  sterile 
was  found  to  contain  more  than  666,000  bacteria  per  cubic  centi- 
meter. 

When  all  utensils  were  sterilized,  the  average  bacterial  count 
was  only  about  31,000  per  cubic  centimeter  or  less  than  one- 
twentieth  as  many. 

Bacteria  in  milk  are  not  necessarily  injurious  to  health,  but  they 
reduce  its  keeping  quality.  Certain  kinds  of  bacteria,  if  too  nu- 
merous, also  affect  its  palatability.  For  the  production  of  clean 
milk  the  Department  of  Agriculture  urges  strict  sanitation  in 
every  dairy  operation. 

Utensils  and  strainer  cloths  should  be  thoroughly  washed  with 
warm  water  and  washing  powder,  then  rinsed  in  clean  water  and 
sterilized  by  boiling  or  steaming  for  five  minutes.  After  steriliza- 
tion, the  utensils,  including  pails,  cans,  strainers,  and  strainer 
cloths,  should  be  hung  in  a  clean  place  where  they  will  be  pro- 
tected from  flies  and  dust.  Milk  as  it  leaves  the  udder  of  healthy 
cows  is  clean  and  pure  and  may  be  kept  so  by  following  the 
methods  outlined. 


89 


Forest  Reserve  Areas 


LANDS    IN    FOREST    RESERVES,    TERRITORY    OF    HAWAII, 

APRIL   1,    1919. 

ISLAND    OF    KAUAI. 


*  Lease  expires  June    1,  1920, 
\      "  "         July    1,  1921. 

X      ''  "         Jan.   14,  1921. 


Name    of    Land 

District 

j     Government   Land 

Reserve 

'  rnleasf'd 
Acres 

1 

Leased 
Acres 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 

Halelea 

Na  Pali 

Kona 

130 
10^340 

24,372 

H 

*5,808 

500 

Hanakapiai 

Na  Pali     

Milolii 

Waimea 

"             .  .  .      . 

Makaweli 

'< 

10  0'>0 

Hana])epe 

a 

0,360 

34,842 

5,808 

*2,685 
2,685 

19,890 

Puu  Ka  Pele 

Waimea 

Waimea 

Kona 

1,800 

" 



1,800 

Papapaholahola.  . . 

Kalaheo 

Kona 

54 



Jyihuc-Koloa 

Hanapepe 

Kona 

'  1,275 

11,670 
150 
270 

..... 

10 
o  075 

Wsihiawa 

i  i 

Kalaheo 

Lawai 

I  i 

( i 

350 

Koloa 

i  ( 

980 

Haiku 

Hanamaulu 

Wailua 

Puna 

2,900 

i  ( 

9  580 

I  ( 

North  Olohena 

Waipouli 

( ( 

( i 



13,365 

15,895 

Nonou 

Wailun  IHva 

Puna 

214 

t".36i 

X      42 
X    201 

Wailua   Kai 

1 1 



Waipouli   and 

North  Olohena.  .  .  . 
South   Olohena 

( i 

I  ( 

-   . 

214 

604 

Kealia 

Kanaa 

P  u  )i  a 

2,334 

*  V,6.33 
4,018 

Kealia 

<  t 

2,550 

Kamalomaloo 

Anahola 

(( 

Koolau 

7,385 

2,550 

90 


ISLAND  OF  KAUAI— Continued. 


• 

1 

Government   Land 

Reserve 

Name    of    Land 

District 

Unleased,  \ 
Acres       j 

Leased. 
Acres 

Moloaa        

Aliomanu          .  . 

Koolau 

'  2,160 



1,418 

Moloaa 

Pajjaa  Moloaa 

Pilaa           



Papaa 

Kahili                   .... 

3,578 

Halelea 

Halelea 

'  s.;J40 

2,G50 

FTfinnlpi          

Waioli 

Wainiha 

10,990 

Totals  for  Kauai. 

72,228 

9,097 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 


125 

8 

"'40 
5 

475 
1,390 

2,043 

5,(385 

800 

8,975 

11,050 

26,510 

66.888 


91 


ISLAND  OF  OAHU. 


Reserve 

Name    of    Land 

District 

Governm't 

Un  leased, 

Acres 

Private 
Leased, 
Acres 

Kuaokala 

Kuaokala 

Waialua 

434 

Makua-Keaau.  .  .  . 

Kahanaliaiki 

^Makua 

W,'aianae 

<  t 

970         

1,660 

Ohikilolo 

"  Y,856 

340 

Keaau 

4,480 

340 

Waianae  Kai 

Waianae-Kai 

Waianae  Grants 

Waianae 

3,546 

"107 

3,546 

107 

I^u'alualei 

Lualualei 

Waianae 

3,743 



Nanakuli      

Nanakuli            

Waianae 

1,010 

Kuliouou 

Kuliouou 

Kona 

214 

Manoa  Ranger 
Station    

Kahoiwai 

Honolulu 

15 

Round    Top 

Makiki 

Honolulu 

115 

Honolulu 

Watershed 

Palolo 

Honolulu 

910 
780 
563 
255 
2,160 
330 

Makiki    

Kalawahine 

Kalihi 

Scattered  in  above.  .  . 

1,952 

4,998 

1,952 

E^a           

Ewa 

'"383 
"790 

*  3,978 

3,846 

Aiea 

Kalauao 

^^     

1,538 

2,238 
1,320 

Wa.iniano        

IVTin  Ti  fl  n  n     .          

1,090 

4,040 

5,080 

Waianae-Uka 

W^aianae 

W^aialua 

4,247 

5,151       23,399 

92 


ISLAND  OF  OAHU— Continued. 


Reserve 

Name    of   Land 

Disti-ic 

Governm't 
t             Unleased, 
Acres 

Private 
Leased, 
Acres 

Waiahole 

Makawai 

Koolaupols 

0...             889 

54 

186 

W^aiauu  I     

Makawai  Apanas .... 
Waianii  I  Apaiia.  .  .  . 
Waiauu  I  Portion .... 

5 

1 

2 

3'^ 

1,129 

40 

Hauula 

Koolauloa 

....         1,143 

3  920 

Punaluu  L.  C.  A.  's .  .  . 

'  28 
2  950 

48 
47 

Waiono 

Kaluanui 

1,033 

Makao 

24 

Hanula 

1,143 

8,050 

Kaipapau 

Kaipapau 

Koolauloa 

.913 

Pupukea .  .          ... 

Pupukea-Paumalu . . . 

Koolauloa 

864 

Mokuleia 

Mokuleia 

Waialua  .  . 

5,850 
320 
120 

Kawaihapai. . .  . 

Kealia     .      ... 

6,290 

Totals  for  Oahu... 

34,045 

33,888 

93 


ISLAND  OF  MOLOKAI. 


Reserve 


Molokai 


Name    of    Land 


Iloli 

Naiwa 

Kahanui 

Kalamaula 

Kahanui  G.  3437... 

Kaunakakai 

Kapaakea 

Kamiloloa  1 

Kamiloloa  2 

Makakupaia  mauka 
Makakupaia  makai . 

Kawela 

Makolelau 

Kanialo 

Kapualei    "] 

Kamueli     } 

Wuwaia     J 

Puaahala 

Kaamola 

Keawanui 

West  Ohia 

East  Ohia 

Manawai 

Kahanauui 

Ualapue 

Kaluaaha 

Mapulehu 

Ilio  Punaula 

Pukoo 

Kupehe 

Ahaino  1 

Ahaino  2 

Honomuni 

Kawaikapu   (Gr.) .  . 

Kainalu 

Puelehe 

Puniuohua  1 

Puniuohua  2 

Waialua 

Moanui 

Honouliwai 

Honoulimaloo 


Government  Land 


Private 


Unleahf'd,       Leased, 


Acres 


Acres 


1,G21 


220 


490 
550 
490 


163 


1  220 


182 
194 


124  ! 


96 


378 


Land, 
Acres 

156" 

70 

317 


1,048 
965 


654 
3,850 

253 
1,600 

923 


33 
182 
172 

416 


694 

1,007 

152 

'"'63 

"ioo 

415 

67 

572 

14 

2 

2 

627 

282 

'175 


"  Lease  expires  May  14,  1919. 
t  "  ''  Aug.  17,  1923. 
I      "  ''         Jan.  1,   1925. 


94 


ISLAND  OF  MOI.OKAI— Continued. 


Reserve 


Name    of    Land 


Brought   forward 

Lupehu 

Pohakupili 

Mokea 

Keopukauuku . . . . 

Keopuknloa 

Halawa 

Wailau 

Pok-kunu 

Waikolu 

Makanalua 

Kahanui  G.  3539. 


Totals  for  Molokai 


$  Lease  expires  June  28,  1923. 


;     Government    Land 


Unleased,       Leased, 
Acres       !      Acres 


2,602 


2,602 


2.126 


8,540 


Private 
Land, 
Acres 


83 

9 

218 

16 
810 
.190 


4,512 

3,400 

142 

215 


10,666   31,406 


95 

ISLAND  OF  MAUL 


Reserve 


West    Maui 


Kula. 


Waihou  Spring.  .  . . 


Name    of    Land 


Ukumehame  &• 

Olowalii 

Launiupoko 

Puehueliu 

Kauaula 

Kuia,  Panaewa 

&  Paiinau 

Paunau 

Kuholilea 

Puiiiki 

Halakaa 

Wahikuli 

Hanakaoo 

Hoiiokawai    

Kahana  & 

Mahiiiahina 

Mailepai 

Alaeloa 

Honokahua,  Hono- 

lua  &  Honokohau 

Kahakuloa 

Waihee 

Kou 

Hananui 

Waiehu 

Wailiiku 

Waikapii 

Polipoli,  Waiehu... 


District 


Lahaina 


Kaanapali 


Wailuku 


Papaauui 

Kamaole 

Waiohuli-Keokea . 

Kaonoulu 

Alae   1   &  2 

Alae  2  and   3 .  .  .  . 
Waiakoa 


Makawao. 
Makawao. 


Crovernment   Land 


Unleased,  |    Leased, 
Acres       I      Acres 


Honuauli 
Kula  .  .  . 


Hamakuapoko, 


7,655 

2,100 

205 
1,550 
1,410 


5,900 


42 


1S,S62 


370 

612 

2,450 


70 
1,567 

5,069 


74 


74 


285 


Private 
Land, 
Acres 


1,455 

440 

]  ,455 


210 
120 

255 

720 

330 

120 

30 

5,720 

4,220 

200 
1,190 
4,935 
3,935 


285       25,335 


804 
202 


1,006 


10 


10 


*  Lease  expires  June  14,  1919. 


96 

ISLAND  OF  MAUI— Continued. 


Name    of   Land 

District 

Government  La.nd 

Reserve 

Unleased, 
Acres 

Leased, 
Acres 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 

Makawao 

Makawao 

Hamakuapoko . 

2,093 



Opana°     1 

Peahi°       )■ 

Hamakualoa .  .  . 

t  c 

( t 
Koolau 

4,800 

1,400 
2,000 

"  '9,606 

t  8,756 
t  1,280 
t  3,000 

13,030 

10,899 

1,840 

Haiku°     J 

Halehaku  ° 

Honopou  W.  Ma 

E.  Makaiwa- 
Keonuka 

Keanae,  mauka 

Wailua  1  &  2 

Wailua-Ulaino 

Wailua-Ulaino 

::::: 

17,200 

12,739 

Hana  Forest 

W.  Honomaele 

E.  Honomaele 

Kawela-Kaelekn 

\Vakiu 

Hana 

11,572 

130 
65 
15 

"706 
33 

68 

" * " 666 
270 
310 

r'3 







3 

187 





Aleamai 

357 

Haneoo 

84 

Kakio 

Waiohonii 

Puukai  Papahawa- 
hawa 

Muolea 

(( 

430 

Koali  Puuhaoa 

Wailua 

13,764 

1,058 

Kipahulu 

Kaumakani- 

Papauluana 

Alaeiki 

Hana 

550 
180 

'""98 
797 

'  '2,975 

Alaenui 

5  705 

Kakahale-Kikoo 

Kukuiula 

Kukuiula  (Grs.) 

Kanianla 

295 

Kaupo 

Totals  for  Maui.. 

4,600 



6,000 

61,662 

13,318 

46  148 

t  Lease  expires  Feb.  26,  1923, 

°  Surrendered  to  custody  of  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Nov.  12.  1906, 
for  the  period  to  Feb.  26,  1923,  under  provisions  of  Sec.  490,  R.  L.  H.  1915.^ 
I  Lease  expires  May  2,  1920.  ^ 


97 


ISLAND  OF  HAWAII. 


Reserve 


Kohala  Mt 


Hamakua-Pali 


Name    of    Land 


Awini 

Awini 

Honokane 

Pololu 

Makanikahio  1 .  .  .  . 
Makanikahio  2.  .  .  . 

Waiapiika , 

Niulii 

Makapala 

Aamakao 

Halawa 

Halelua 

Nunulii 

Lamalaloa-Kai- 

Holena 

Lamaloloa 

Kawaihae  1 

Kawaihae  2 

Pnukawaiwai-Pano- 

luukia-Kapia.  .  .  . 

Pauahi 

Momoualoa 

Onli 

Lanikepu . 

Lanikepu 

Waikoloa 

PuLikapu 

Waipio 

Lalakea 

Kukuihaele 

VVaikoekoe 

Kamoku 

Keaa 


Muliwai 

W'ainianu  &  Lau- 

pahoehoe  1 

Wainianu  kuleanas, 
Waimauu  homstcls. 

Waimauii 

Laupahoehoe  2.  .  .  . 

Nakooka 

Apua 

Waikapu 

Honopue 

Awini 


District 


Kohala 


Hamakua. 


Hamakua , 


*  Lease  expires  Sept.     S,  1928. 
°      "  ''         Nov.    22,  1922. 


Govornment    Land 


Unleased, 
Acres 


24 
3,370 


435 


5,385 


13,954 


3,575 
4,943 


1,640 
1,260 
1,980 
2,220 
515 


16,133 


100 
1,000 


360 
J50  • 
130  I 


Leased, 
Acres 


20 
230 


-Private 
Land, 
Acres 


500 

5,410 

64 

71 

197 

560 

530 

710 

493 

15 

38 

140 


120 


190 
25 


250 


3,560 

1,540 

10 

1.000 


250   15,423 


61 
196 


200 


2.350 


200 


,60; 


98 


ISLAND  OF  HAWAII— Continued. 


Xame    of    Land 

District 

Government   Laoid 

Reserve 

Unleased 
Acres 

Leased. 
Acres 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 

Hauola 

Hauola 

Hamakua 

7 





Mauna  Kea 

Hamakua 

66,600 

Hilo 

Hilo 

3,901 
46 

11,845 

790 

3,780 

'230 

930 

3.834 
926 



*33941 

Kahoahuna 

^Vaipunalei 

1  470 

Laupahoehoe- 

Weloka 

Maulua 

7  989 

Waikumalo-Maulua .  . 
Piha 

Xanue 

145 

Honohina 

Opea-Peleau 

5,555 

Umaunia 

1  5(n 

Kamaee-Wailua 

Hakalau 

9,826 

Wailea-Kaiwiki 

Honomu-Kuliua 

Makahanaloa 

Onomea 



"     

3,949 

773 

Kahalii 

183 

Papaikou 

10,269 

Pahoehoe 

Paukaa 

Kikala 

176 

6,221 

90 

Kalalau 

Puueo 

918 

436 

P.iihonua " 

Punahoa 

<  ( 

216 

26,282 

33,941 

49,777 

Upper  Waiakea .  .  , 

Piihonua 

( I 

51,200 

*  3,800 


Waiakea 

<  ( 

51,200 

3,800 



*  Lease  expires  March  21,  1921. 


99 


ISLAND  OF  HAWAII— Continued. 


$  Lease  expires  Feb.  5,  1932. 

t      "  ''         Nov.  22,  1932. 

°      "  "         May  24,  1923. 

+      ''  "         May  29,  1932. 

II      "  "         June  16,  1921. 


Name    of    Land 

1            District 

Goveriuueiit   Land 

Resttive 

Unleased,       Leased, 
Acres            Acres ' 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 

Panaewa 

Waiakea 

Hilo      

1,750    j       

Olaa 

Olaa                                             iPniin 

11,144 

1 

$  8,589 
t        99 
t      100 
t        98 

Olaa 

1    ' ' 

Olaa 

'  < 



Olaa 

i( 



Olaa 

t  < 



11,144 

8,886 


Upper  Olaa 

Olaa 

Puna 

9,280 

Olaa  Forest  Park .  . 

Olaa 

Puna 

531 

, 

Puna            

Makuu-Kaohe      

Puna 

18,350 
1,500 

^ 

Kaimu-Keliena 

Kapaahu  Kamaili .... 

"       i 

19,850 

Keauohana 

Keauohana 

Puna 

272 



Kau 

Puuniakaa-                                                  I 

10,740 

'"'380 
216 

345 
10,705 

6,140 

"  'l",876 

7,38  S 

3,00  9 
'  "7,264 

'  5,750 
.  . . .[ 

'.:::: 



II        46 


Kiolakaa 

Waiohinu 

Kau 

Kahilipalinui , 

Kawala-Kaunamano . 
Kioloku 

165 

Hionaa-Hokukano.  .  . 
Mauka 

Kaalaiki 



Hilea-nui 

'2,626 
37 

Hilea-iki 

Ninole  Wailau 

Punaluu 

1,275 

Mohokea  1  &  2 

Moaula-Kopu- 
Makaka 

Moaula-Kopu- 

Makaka 

Paauau  2 

1,675 

Kaauhuhuula 

Keaiwa. , 

A»'i 

Kaalaala-Makakupu . 

1 

100 


ISLAND  OF  HAWAII— Continued. 


Name   of    Land 

District 

Government  Land 

Reserve 

Unleased 
Acres 

Leased, 
Acres 

Private 
Land, 
Acres 

Kail 

Brought  forward .... 
ITaDanala 

Kau 

47,997 
7,046 

5,796 

6,255 

55,043 

5,796 

6,255 

South  Kona 

Kaohe  Tract 

Kaohe  4 

Kukuiopae  Tract .... 

Olelomoana  1 

Oleomoana- 
Opihihali ... 

S.  Kona 

<  I 

( i 
( ( 

( i 

i  ( 

Kau....".'.".'.'.'. 

1,555 
2,766 

1,485 
4,590 
2,540 

'  2,660 
11,870 

•  2,400 


760 
810 

Kipahoehoe 

Honomalino 



Kapua           •  . 

6,122 

Kaulauamauna 

Manuka 

26,860 

2,400 

7,692 

Honuaula 

Honuaula 

N.  Kona 

665 

Waiaha  Spring . . . 

Waiaha  2 

N.  Kona 

193 



Totals  for  Hawaii 

299,764 

55,273 

81,754 

*  Lease  expires  June  9,  1926. 


SUMMARY. 


Kauai   .    . 
Oahu  .    .  . 
Molokai   . 
Maui  .    . 
Hawaii   . 

Totah 


No.  of 
Reserves. 

8 

15 

1 

7 
16 


Government 
Acres. 
81,325 
34,045 
13,268 
74,980 
355,037 


17 


558,655 

68% 


Private 
Acres. 

66,888 
33,888 
31,406 
46,148 
81,754 

260,084 
32% 


Total 

Acres. 

Percent 

148,213 

18 

67,933 

8 

44,674 

6 

121,128 

15 

436,791 

53 

818.739 


100 


101 

Division  of  Forestry 


Board   of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  February,  1919: 

BIENNIAL  REPORT. 

The  biennial  report  of  the  division  for  the  period  ended  December  31, 
1918,  was  completed  early  in  the  month  and  handed  to  the  printers  for  pub- 
lication along  with  the  reports  of  the  other  divisions. 

FOREST  PLANTING, 

During  the  first  part  of  the  month  the  tree  planters  on  the  Lualualei 
Forest  Reserve  set  out  600  koa  and  325  yellow  poinciana  trees  near  Kolekole 
Pass  in  the  Waianae  Mountains,  before  they  moved  over  to  Keaau  Valley  to 
begin  the  construction  of  a  fence  there. 

On  February  6,  communications  were  addressed  to  the  American  Consul 
and  the  Government  Botanist  at  Taihoku,  Formosa,  in  the  effort  to  secure 
through  them  a  small  quantity  of  seed  of  Acaci(ii  confusa,  a  tree  which  is 
used  extensively  in  Formosa  for  planting  along  roadsides  and  as  windbreaks 
in  the  tea  districts,  which  is  the  chief  source  of  wood  for  fuel  and  charcoal 
and  which,  it  is  thought,  might  be  a  valuable  addition  to  the  flora  of  these 
islands. 

INTER-ISLAND  SHIPMENT  OF  PLANTS. 

After  several  conferences  with  Commissioner  Giffard  and  the  Ento- 
mologist and  Chief  Plant  Inspector,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
best  interests  of  our  native  forests  on  the  other  islands  would  be  better 
safeguarded  if  the  practice  of  shipping  young  forest  tree  seedlings  from 
the  government  nursery  in  Honolulu  to  the  other  islands  were  discontinued 
and  in  its  place  a  plan  substituted  for  raising  the  trees  for  any  island  on 
that  same  island.  Sec.  5  of  Rule  XVII  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  pro- 
hibits the  shipping  of  plants  or  soil  attached  to  plants  from  one  island  to 
another  but  there  is  a  proviso  that  this  may  be  done  if  they  have  been 
fumigated  or  sterilized  and  certified  by  the  proper  inspector  to  be  free  from 
insects  and  pests.  Under  this  proviso,  our  plants  have  been  raised  and 
shipped  to  the  other  islands  in  sterilized  soil  but  entomologists  tell  me  that 
even  this  is  not  a  panacea  for  the  possible  transmission  of  injurious  insects 
and  plant  diseases.  During  1918,  the  Government  Nursery  in  Honolulu 
shipped  at  least  19,000  young  tree  seedlings  to  Kauai,  61,612  to  Maui,  and 
3760  to  Hawaii,  while  153,150  were  distributed  on  Oahu.  It  would  seem 
that  this  small  demand  for  young  trees  on  the  other  islands  could  readily 
be  met  by  raising  them  for  Kauai  and  Hawaii  at  the  sub-nurseries  on  each 
of  those  two  islands  respectively,  and  for  Maui  by  establishing  a  new  sub- 
nursery  under  the  direction  of  Ranger  Lindsay  at  Haiku.  Plans  to  put  this 
new  scheme  into  effect  will  soon  be  laid  before  you. 

FOREST    PROTECTION. 

Early  in  the  month,  on  the  recommendation  of  Ranger  Mackenzie, 
announcement  was  made  that  no  more  permits  would  be  issued  for  the 
present  for  hunting  wild  pigs  on  the  new  Olaa  Forest  Reserve  on  Hawaii. 
Before  December  31,  1918,  when  the  land  came  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Board,  crowds  of  Portuguese  and  others  from  Hilo  were  in  the  habit  of 
going  into  the  woods  after  pigs,  and  since  then  the  few  permittees  who  re- 
ceived permits  took  with  them  large  parties  who  cut  trails  and  otherwise 


102 

damaged  the  forest.  On  the  ground  that  more  damage  was  done  than  ben- 
efit received  by  the  removal  of  wild  pigs  the  plan  of  issuing  pig  hunting 
permits  on  this  reserve  was  discontinued. 

In  view  of  tlie  announced  revival  of  tramping  trips  in  the  mountains 
back  of  Honolulu,  a  letter  was  on  February  15  addressed  to  the  Trail  and 
Mountain  Club  outlining  the  duty  of  this  Board  in  the  protection  of  the 
native  forest  on  watershed  areas  and  reminding  them  of  the  requirement, 
contained  in  Eule  II,  for  securing  permission  before  any  new  trails  are  con- 
structed on  government  land  in  a  forest  reserve. 

On  February  1,  Daniel  Kapahu  began  his  duties  as  forest  ranger  for 
the  protection  of  forest  reserves  in  the  Waianae  District  in  place  of  John 
Pililaau,  resigned. 

KOKEE  CAMPS. 

During  the  month,  in  accordance  with  authority  granted  at  the  Board 
meeting  of  January  21,  and  previously,  camping  permits  were  issued  to  the 
following  to  occupy  for  ten  years  camp  sites  m  the  Kokee  Kegion  in  the 
Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai: 

Camp  Area,  Acres 

1  G.F.Rankin   5 

12  T.  Brandt   1.7 

lo  Wm.  Danford    1.8 

2 1  Kumuwela  Camping  Club 4 

27  H.  X.  Browne 7 

28  Mrs.  B.  D.  Baldwin 5 

46  A.  R.  Glaisyer 7 

The  sum  of  $54.80  has  been  received  from  the  permittees  as  payment 
in  advance  for  the  remaining  portion  of  1919  for  fees  in  connection  with 
these  permits  at  the  rate  of  $10  per  acre  per  annum  and  has  been  turned 
into  the  special  fund  which  is  available  for  the  protection  and  extension  of 
forest  reserves. 

On  February  8,  the  construction  of  a  new  bridge  across  the  Waineke 
Stream  in  this  same  region  at  a  cost  of  $72  was  completed  to  replace  the 
old  one  which  had  fallen  through.  During  the  early  part  of  the  month  the 
cabin  on  the  Kokee  Ranger  Station  was  also  completed. 

FOREST    FENCING. 

The  construction  of  the  new  fence  at  Keaau,  Oahu,  on  the  boundary  of 
the  Makua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  adjacent  to  Lot  1,  of  the  Keaau  Home- 
fiteads  was  begun  on  February  14,  in  cooperation  with  the  occupant  of  Lot 
1,  Mr.  L.  P.  Fernandez,  who  is  paying  half  the  cost.  On  the  last  day  of  the 
month  it  Avas  inspected  and  found  to  be  built  in  a  substantial  manner  and 
almost  completed.     It  will  be  a  little  short  of  one  mile  in  length. 

On  February  20,  in  company  Avith  a  government  surveyor,  a  visit  was 
made  to  the  Kuaokala  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  and  several  corners  were 
located  and  flagged  preliminary  to  the  construction  of  a  fence  on  its 
boundaries  where  needed  to  keep  stock  away  from  the  native  forest.  On 
the  previous  day  a  part  of  the  makai  line  of  the  Pupukea  Forest  Reserve 
was  also  located  on  the  ground  in  company  with  the  same  surveyor  who  has 
since  returned  to  complete  the  work. 

Respectfullv  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUPD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


103 

REPORT    OF    FOREST    M'RSEBYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  February  28,  1919. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the    work    clone    during  the 
month  of  February:  . 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  Seed  In  Transplant  Pot 

Boxes.            Boxes.  Grown.  Total. 

Sold    ...  43  43 

Gratis  10,000      110  952  11,062 

10,000      110        995       11,105 

COI.LECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold   $  1.65 

R-ent  of  office,  Nursery  Grounds   35.00 

$36.65 

PLANTATION    COMPANIES    AND    OTHER    CORPORATIONS. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to  5,500  in 
transplant  boxes  and  2,000  pot  gro^vn,  making  a  total  of  7,500. 

We  have  received  an  order  for  60,000  seedlings  to  b«  delivered  not 
later  than  September  1,  1919. 

MAKIKI   STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine,  which  consists  of 
sterilizing  and  mixing  soil,  transplanting  and  potting  plants,  sawing-up 
wood,  making  boxes,  etc. 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED   PLANTING. 

The  work  done  on  the  Avatershed  consisted  in  making  holes  for  trees, 
hoeing  and  clearing.  About  3,000  koa  trees  are  about  ready  at  our  nurserj- 
at  the  base  of  Sugar  Loaf  hill  and  1,000  more  at  Makiki  Station.  We  in- 
tend planting  these  in  Opu  Valley,  where  the  holes  are  dug  and  ready  for 
them. 

The  making  of  charcoal  from  the  trees  which  were  blown  down  during 
the  last  wind  storm  looks  promising.  About  50  bags  of  good-looking  char- 
coal are  ready  for  the  market. 

ADVICE    AND    ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  paid  a  visit  to  Sehofield  Barracks  at  the  request  of  Captain 
Atkinson  for  the  purpose  of  giving  advice  in  the  starting  of  a  nursery,  tree 
planting,  etc. 

Requests  for  advice  from  people  in  and  around  Honolulu  were  as 
follows. 

Calls  made   4 

Advice  by  telephone   8 

Advice  by  letter '. 2 

Advice  to  people  calling    9 

Respectfully  submitted. 


David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nursejyraan. 


104 

EEPORT  FOR  MARCH. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  7,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  March,  1919: 

BIENNIAL  REPORT. 

The  biennial  report  for  the  period  ended  December  31,  1918,  came  off 
the  press  on  March  17  and  was  on  the  following  day  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  members  of  the  Legislature.  Besides  containing  detailed  statements  and 
photographic  illustrations  of  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Forestry,  it  con- 
tains maps  of  the  five  main  islands,  showing  in  green  the  completed  forest 
reserve  system. 

FOREST  FENCING. 

Progress  in  fencing  forest  reserve  boundaries  to  prevent  damage  by 
stock  was  made  by  the  completion  of  the  following  projects: 

Moloaa  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai. — The  Fence  on  the  boundary  adjacent 
to  Papaa-Moloaa  Pasture  Lot  1,  was  repaired  and  put  in  stock-proof  condi- 
tion by  Mr.  C.  A.  Rice  in  accordance  with  the  fencing  requirements  in  Gen- 
eral Lease  No.  792.  The  work  on  this  three  mile  stretch  of  fence  was  com- 
pleted on  February  19. 

Alalua-Keaau  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  Keaau  Seetioii. — The  fence  cross- 
ing Keaau  Valley,  .84  mile  in  length,  was  completed  on  March  3.  Mr.  L.  P. 
Fernandez  paid  for  half  the  cost  of  the  fence  where  it  is  on  the  mauka 
boundary'  of  Lot  1  of  the  Keaau  Homesteads. 

MaJcua  Section. — The  fence  across  Makua  Valley,  1.07  miles  in  length, 
has  at  last  been  constructed  by  Mt.  L.  L.  McCandless  and  was  completed 
on  March  25.  The  fence  is  Avell  built  and  will  serve  to  protect  most  of  the 
native  forest  in  Makua  Valley  from  the  ravages  of  stock.  This  is  the  fence 
which  should  have  been  completed  on  June  4,  1914,  in  accordance  with  the 
fencing  requirements  in  General  Lease  No.  730. 

Kati  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii. — A  new  fence,  slightly  over  one  mile  in 
length,  was  constructed  on  the  Kiolakaa  boundary  under  the  fencing  re- 
quirements of  General  Lease  No.  550  by  the  Hutchinson  Plantation  Co.  and 
was  completed  on  February  15. 

On  March  13  another  visit  was  made  with  a  government  surveyor  to 
the  Kuaokala  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  and  further  boundary  corners  were 
located  and  flagged.  At  the  present  time,  cattle  under  a  tenancy-at-will 
are  on  the  adjacent  unreserved  government  land  of  Kuaokala  and  wander 
on  to  this  reserve  with  destructive  results  to  the  native  forest.  The  need  for 
fencing  the  boundaries  of  this  reserve,  which  is  a  source  of  supply  for  water, 
is  immediate.  After  consultation  with  the  President  of  this  Board  and  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Lands,  it  has  been  decided  to  offer  the  sale  of  a 
lease  of  the  unreserved  government  land  of  Kuaokala,  containing  approx- 
imately 2,000  acres,  the  lease  to  contain  a  clause  requiring  the  immediate 
fencing  of  the  adjacent  forest  reserve.  The  government  surveyor  is  pre- 
paring a  new  map  of  this  land  for  this  purpose. 

At  my  request  the  government  surveyor  has  also  recently  completed  a 
new  map  of  the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii,  which  will  be  used  this  sum- 
mer in  investigating  the  need  of  fencing  the  makai  boundary  above  the 
Hilo  coast  sugar  plantations. 

An  investigation  by  Ranger  Hardy  brought  out  the  fact  that  there  has 
been  unlawful  grazing  on  the  government  land  of  Kalaheo  in  the  Lihue- 
Koloa  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  by  one  Henry  Kinney,  who  pastures  cattle  on 
a  wet  land  kuleana  just  within  the  fenced  boundary  and  which  naturally 
Avanders  an  to  other  parts  of  the  reserve.  Mr.  Kinney  has  been  notified  to 
stop  this  trespass  immediately  and  through  Mr.  W.  D.  McBryde  I  am  ar- 


105 

ranging  for  the  construction  of  an  additional  short  stretch  of  fence  which 
will  absolutely  prevent  further  trespass. 

FOREST   PROTECTION. 

Progress  has  been  made  in  clearing  up  the  debris  caused  by  the  Decem- 
ber storm  in  the  eucalyptus  forest  on  Tantalus  by  converting  a  part  of  the 
fallen  trees  into  charcoal  and  by  the  cutting  and  removal  of  a  large  part  of 
the  wood  by  prisoners  for  use  at  the  Oahu  penitentiary. 

District  Forester  James  Campsie  recently  caused  the  arrest  of  two 
Japanese  who,  in  violation  of  Paragraph  (b)  of  Eule  II  of  the  Division  of 
Forestry,  had  live  stock  without  permit  on  the  Kau  Forest  Reserve  near  the 
waterheads  in  Wood  Valley.  Each  Avas  given  a  suspended  sentence  of  13 
months  by  the  district  magistrate. 

On  March  21,  I  attended  a  luncheon  with  members  of  the  Trail  and 
Mountain  Club  and  explained  my  position  and  the  regulations  concerning 
trail  construction  on  government  lands  in  forest  reserves.  The  club  has  as- 
sured me  that  the  regulations  will  be  observed  and  has  gone  further  and 
extended  the  courtesy  of  directing  that  all  new  trail  projects  on  private 
lands  will  first  be  referred  to  me  for  approval. 

TREE    PLANTING. 

During  the  month  260  highland  ironwoood  trees  were  planted  by  the 
fencing  gang  along  the  newly  fenced  boundary  crossing  Keaau  Valley, 
Oahu,  in  order  to  mark  the  boundary  in  a  distinctive  manner  and  to  serve 
as  fence  posts  in  the  future. 

On  the  Kealia  Forest  Resen-e,  Kauai,  Ranger  Lovell  planted  92  swamp 
mahogany  trees  in  February  and  145  trees  of  the  same  species  in  March. 

On  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Reserve,  Oahu,  735  koa  and  305  mahogany 
trees  were  set  out  as  replants  in  fail  places. 

In  response  to  a  request  forwarded  by  Governor  McCarthy  from  Mr.  T. 
Goffart,  a  French  official  at  Tangier,  Morocco,  who  has  made  a  specialty  of 
assembling  and  planting  a  great  number  of  different  kinds  of  acacia  trees 
in  that  country,  it  was  a  pleasure  to  dispatch  packets  of  seeds  of  three  of 
our  different  koa  trees,  as  follows:  .Acacia  Jcoa,  Asa  Gray,  from  Oahu,  el. 
1.200  feet;  Acacia  JcauaienMs,  Hillebrand,  from  Kauai,  el.  3,500  feet;  and 
Acacia  koa  hawaiiensis.  Rock,  from  Hawaii,  el.  6,000  feet. 

From  Consulting  Botanist  J.  F.  Rock  a  few  seeds  of  Taiwania  crypto- 
merioides  have  been  received  and  planted.  This  is  a  timber  tree  of  For- 
mosa resembling  the  sequoias  of  California. 

Pursuant  to  the  plan,  outlined  in  my  February  report,  for  discontinuing 
the  sending  of  tree  seedlings  from  the  Oahu  nurseries  to  the  other  islands, 
Mr.  Haughs  went  to  Hilo  on  March  19  and  conferring  for  two  days  with 
Bro.  Matthias  Newell  made  arrangements  for  handling  at  his  sub-nursery 
all  future  orders  for  trees  required  on  Hawaii.  Mr.  Haughs  will  visit  Maui 
in  April  to  make  similar  arrangements  with  Ranger  Lindsay  at  Haiku. 

PUU    KA    PELE    PARK. 

Subsequent  to  the  Board  meeting  of  March  10,  at  which  the  withdrawal 
of  415  acres  from  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  was  approved, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  it  available  as  a  public  park  to  be  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  County  of  Kauai,  the  Governor  signed  a  notice  of  public  hearing 
on  April  2,  to  consider  the  withdrawal,  which  has  been  published. 

ALGAROBA  VOLUME  TABLE. 

The  December  storm  which  blew  down  so  many  algaroba  trees  in  the 
Punahou  District,  Honolulu,  afforded"  an  opportunity  of  preparing  a  volume 
table  to  show  the  amount  of  cordwood  in  standing  algaroba  trees  of  differ- 


106 

ent  diameters.  This  has  been  printed  in  the  March  Forester  and  will 
doubtless  be  found  useful  to  owners  of  algaroba  lands.  The  table  has  been 
cheeked  by  a  leading  dealer  in  algaroba  cordwood,  who  finds  that  the 
figures  conform  closely  to  those  obtained  in  his  operations. 

LIST   OF   LANDS   IN   FOREST   RESERVES. 

In  response  to  the  request  contained  in  House  Kesolution  No.  59  of  the 
Legislature  now^  in  session,  I  prepared  and  transmitted  to  the  Speaker  of 
the  House  on  March  28  a  list  showing  the  area  and  location  of  all  unleased 
and  leased  government  and  private  lands  in  the  forest  reserves  throughout 
the  Territory  together  with  all  available  data  as  to  whether  the  boundaries 
of  these  lands  were  protected  by  fences.  In  checking  up  the  areas  at  the 
government  survey  office,  several  corrections  were  made  in  areas  on  account 
of  more  correct  map  computations.  It  was  found  that  there  were  actually 
3,200  acres,  more  than  previously  reported,  in  the  government  land  of  Pii- 
honua  within  the  Upper  Waiakea  Forest  Eeserve,  Hawaii,  and  460  acres 
more  in  the  government  lands  of  Ninole-Wailau  and  568  acres  more  in  the 
government  land  of  Kaauhuhuula  within  the  Kau  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii. 
Since  the  preparation  of  this  list,  415  acres  have  been  withdrawn  from  the 
Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Eeserve,  Kauai.  These  operations  have  changed  the 
total  acreage  in  forest  lands,  as  given  on  pages  24  and  25  of  the  1918  bi- 
ennial report,  by  adding  a  net  area  of  3,813  acres.  The  acreage  of  forest 
reserve  lands  on  x\pril  7,  1919,  is  therefore  as  follows: 

Government.  Private.  Total.  Per  Cent. 

Kauai 81,325  66,888  148,213  18 

Oahu   34,045  33,888         67,933  8 

xMolokai    13,268  31,406         44,674  6 

Maui 74,980  46,148  121,128  15 

Hawaii 355,037  81,754  436,791  53 

Totals 558,655  260,084       818,739         100 

HA-WAII    TRIP. 

At  the  request  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Public  Lands  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  I  accompanied  his  party  and  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Lands  on  an  official  trip  to  Hilo  on  ^Slarch  29,  and  Avhile  there  gave 
my  ideas  as  to  the  advisability  of  extending  the  boundary  of  the  Hilo 
Forest  Reserve  further  makai  on  the  government  land  of  Piihonua  so  as  to 
give  greater  protection  to  the  extension  of  the  source  of  water  supply  for 
Hilo. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent   of  Forestry. 

FOREST  NURSERYMAN'S  REPORT. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  March  31,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  March: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  Seed     In  Transplant  Pot 

Boxes.            Boxes.  Grown.             Total. 

Sold 463                      463 

Gratis  (including  Gov. 

Forest  Reserves)    17,500              2,150  1,603                 21,253 

17,500  2,150  2,066  21,716 


107 

COLLECTIONS. 

Government  Realizations  for  March. 

Collections  on  account  of  sale  of  plants $     5,90 

Eent  of  office  building.  Nursery  Grounds  for  January 35.00 

$  40.90 
Preservation  of  Forest  Reserves. 

Collections  for  quarter  ending  March  31,  1919,  31  loads  black  sand 

at    50c $  15.50 

Fees  for  camp  sites,  Kokee  Camp,    Na    Pali-Kona    Forest    Reserve, 

Kauai,  to  Dec.  31,  1918   56.15 

Sale  of  63%  cords  dead  Ohia  wood.  Sec.  C,  Upper  Olaa  Forest  Re- 
serve, along  Volcano  Road,  Hawaii,  at  $1  per  cord 63.75 

Rent  Half-way  House,  Tantalus,  Jan.,  Feb.  and  March 30.00 

Rent  small  piece  of  land  Pauoa  Valley  at  25c  per  month,  March  31, 

1918,  to  March  31,  1919    3.00 

Fee  for  use  of    land  and  gathering  ti  leaf,  Pauoa  Valley 12.50 

Total $180.90 

Plantation  Companies  and  Other  Corporations. 

Plants  distributed  during  the  month  amounted  to  2,000  in  seed  boxes. 
We  have  orders  on  file  amounting  to  60,000  seedlings  and  8,500  transplants. 

MaJcili  Station. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine,  namely,  cut- 
ting up  wood  for  boxes,  fence  posts,  etc.,  mixing  and  sterilizing  soil,  trans- 
planting seedlings  and  attending  to  the  plants  on  hand. 

Honolulu  Watershed  Planting. 

Trees  transplanted  during  the  month  amounted  to  735  koa,  which  Avere 
planted  in  Opu  Valley.  Other  work  done  consisted  in  making  holes  and 
clearing  away  grass  and  weeds  from  the  young  trees. 

Advice  and  Assistance. 

The  writer  paid  a  visit  to  Hilo  for  the  purpose  of  making  arrangements 
with  Bro.  Matthias  in  regard  to  increasing  the  size  of  the  Hilo  Nursery,  so 
that  enough  trees  could  be  kept  in  stock  to  supply  the  Island  of  Hawaii. 
The  work  of  propagating  the  necessary  trees  will  commence  at  once. 

The  writer  has  been  called  upon  to  give  advice  as  follows:  Calls  made, 
4;  advice  by  phone,  4;  advice  given  people  calling,  6. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


108 

Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  February  28,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  February  the  insectary  handled 
12,000  pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  1,269  females 
and  1,037  males,  Opius  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON   FLY   PAEASITES.     ■ 

Oi^ins  fletcheri. 

Oahu:  Females.      Males. 

Moiliili 1,100  1,040 

FRUIT    FLY    PARASITES. 

D iachasm a  fullawa/yi. 
Oahu  •. 

Nuuanu    60  40 

Kaimuki    50 

Makiki   200 

Galcsns  .'^ilvestri. 
Oahu  : 

Nuuann    860 

Tetra^tichus  giffardianvs. 

Oahu  : 

Kaimuki   350 

Nuuanu   150 

Makiki   200 

Diachsma  tryoni. 
Oahu  : 

Kaimuki 210  75 

Nuuanu    110  35 

Makiki 200  35 

Opius  Humilis. 
Oahu: 

Kaimuki     140  30 

Nuuanu    80  80 

Makiki   200 

DUNG    FLY    PARASITE. 

Spalangia  cameroni. 
Maui  : 

Paia    1750 

CORN    LEAFHOPPER    PARASITE. 

Oahu: 

Kailua    2000 

MakiJd  Nurserv   1700 


109 

Kauai  : 

Lihue 5000 

Kealia    1000 

Eespectfully  yours, 

David  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 

EEPORT   FOR  MARCH. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  8,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  March  the  inseetary  handled  3,100 
pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  547  females  and  661 
males,  Opkis  fletcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY  PARASITE. 

Optus  fletcheri. 

Oahu  :  Females.  Males. 

Kaawa   400  210 

Hawaii  : 

Hilo    100  100 

fruit  fly  parasites. 

Biacliasma  fuUaicoyi. 
Oahu: 

Makiki 100  50 

Nuuanu   25  25 

Kaimuki   50  25 

Kalihi    50  50 

DiacJmsma  tryoni. 
Oahu  : 

Makiki   100  75 

Nuuanu     50  50 

Kaimuki   50  25 

Kalihi    125  125 

Tetrastichus  giffardiann-s. 

Oahu  : 

Makiki   225 

Kaimuki 200 

Kalihi   400 

Opius  Jiumilis. 

Oahu  : 

Makiki  100  100 

Manoa   25  25 

- .  Nuuanu    . 80  80 

::-  Kaimuki,  . 100  .           ^75 

KaliM ...v.  125  -  125 


110 

Dirliiiius  giffarcli. 
Oahu: 

Kalihi   100 

DUNG    FLY    PARASITE. 

Spa  la  n  g  ia  ca  m  eron  i. 
Maui  : 

Paia    600 

CORX  LEAF  HOPPER  PARASITE. 

Taranagrus  oshorni. 
Oahu  -. 

Makiki  Nursery    6,800 

Respectfully  submitted, 

David  Fullaway, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Feb.  28,  1019. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen  : — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  done  by  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  February.  1919,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  57  vessels  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu,  23  of 
Avhich  carried  vegetable  matter.  Nine  came  via  the  Panama  Canal.  The 
following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  frojn  pests 415  14,341 

Burned 67  75 

Fumigated    5  26 

Returned    1  1 

Total  Inspected 488         14,443 

Of  these  shipments,  14,173  packages  arrived  as  freight,  160  packages 
as  mail  and  110  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE    and    bean    shipments. 

During  the  month  14,171  bags  of  rice  and  2,577  bags  of  beans  from 
Japan  were  inspected  and  found  free  from  infestation. 

.     PESTS   intercepted. 

Approximately  4,738  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers  and 
immigrants  from  foreign  ports  were  examined,  from  Avhich  40  lots  of  fruit 
and  24  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  February  22  a  small  shipment  of  orchids  and  chrysanthemums  from 
Japan  were  fumigated  as  a  precautionary  measure  and  passed.  On  the 
same  date  one  maple  tree,  two  ornamental  plants  and  four  orange  trees, 
taken  from  a  passenger 's  baggage  from  Japan  were  burned.  Orange  trees 
are  prohibited  by  law,  and  as  the  others  were  in  the  same  package  it  was 
deemed  adA^sable  to  destrov  the  whole  lot.  -...     '■'■'■ 


Ill 

The  following  disposal  was    made  of  mail  parcels  during  the  month : 

One  package  of  ginger  root  from  Manila,  returned  as  unmailable. 

Four  packages  of  seed  corn  from  Japan,  burned,  being  a  prohibited  im- 
portation. 

Three  packages  of  tree  seeds  from  Manila  for  Mr.  J.  F.  Eock  and  the 
U.  S.  Experiment  Station  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  released. 

During  the  month  of  February  we  fumigated  for  the  accommodation  of 
local  merchants: 

200  bags  corn. 
29  bags  beans. 
32  bags  dried  awa  root. 

Total 2(31  bags 

HILO    INSPECTION, 

Brother  M.  Newell  reports  the  arrival  at  Hilo  of  eight  steamers,  four  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  consisting  of  107  lots  and  2,876  parcels,  all 
of  which  were  passed  as  free  from  pests.  In  addition,  the  S.  S.  * '  Kiyo 
Maru"  arrived  direct  from  Japan,  bringing  7,720  bags  of  rice,  1,019  bags 
of  beans  and  9  bags  of  peanuts,  which  were  found  free  from  infestation. 

KAHULUI    INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  Cooper,  Inspector  for  Maui,  reports  the  arrival  of  six  vessels 
at  the  Port  of  Kahului,  two  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting 
of  42  lots  and  1,192  packages,  all  of  which  were  passed. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Sixty-two  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  Avere  passed  as  free  from  pests: 

Taro 712  bags 

Vegetables 117  packages 

Plants 101        " 

Fruit 27        '* 

Total  passed. 957  packages 

Three  packages  of  plants  and  ten  packages  of  fruit  were  refused  ship- 
ment on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 


E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector, 


EEPOKT  FOE  MAECH. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  March  31,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  w^ork  done  by  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  March,  1919,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  79  vessels  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu,  26  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter.  Nine  came  via  the  Panama  Canal.  The 
following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 


112 

Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 934  26,466 

Burned '. 44  44 

Fumigated 8  58 

Returned    1  5 

987         26,573 
Of  these  shipments  26,244  packages  arrived  as  freight,  188  packages  as 
mail  and  14]  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE   AND    BEAN    SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  31,220  bags  of  rice  and  4,266  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  Japan  and  were  founil  free  from  dangerous  insect  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  5.687  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  immigrants  and 
passengers  from  foreign  couiitrits  were  examined,  from  which  31  lots  of 
fruit  and  ]1  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  March  8,  one  package  of  ornamental  plants  from  Japan  in  the  bag- 
gage was  fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  passed. 

On  March  13,  five  banana  plants  from  Manila,  being  a  prohibited  im- 
portation, were  refused  lauding. 

On  March  14,  four  ornamental  plants  from  Japan  Avere  fumigated  be- 
fore delivery  as  a  precautionary  measure. 

On  March  23,  46  orchids  in  the  baggage  from  Manila  were  fumigated 
as  a  precaution  and  passed. 

On  March  26,  a  number  of  chrysanthemum  roots  in  the  baggage  from 
Japan  were  found  to  be  infested  with  Lepidopterous  borers  and  burned. 

On  the  same  date  six  ornamental  trees  in  the  baggage  from  Hong- 
kong were  fumigated  as  a  precaution   and   released. 

On  March  30,  a  bundle  of  taro  plants  from  Porto  Rico  in  the  mail  was 
burned,  as  there  was  evidence  of  a  fungus  disease. 

On  March  8,  a  package  of  tree  seed  in  the  mail  from  Egypt  was  fumi- 
gated with  CS2  before  delivery. 

During  the  month  276  bags  of  corn  and  5  bags  of  rice  flour  were  fumi- 
gated for  local  merchants — a  total  of  281  bags. 

HILO    INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  at  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  11  vessels 
at  the  Port  of  Hilo,  3  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  47 
lots  and  1,393  packages.     All  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI    INSPECTION, 

Mr.  "Will  Cooper,  Inspector  at  Maui,  reports  the  arrival  of  five  vessels 
at  the  Port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting 
of  14  lots  and  439  packages.  All  shipments  were  in  good  condition  and 
free  from  insect  infestations. 

INTER-ISLAND    INSPECTION. 

Sixty-two  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as  free  from  pests: 

Taro 488  bags 

Vegetables •  202  packages 

Plants 112        '* 

Fruit 44        ** 

Total  passed 846  packages 


113 

rive  packages  of  plants  and  four  packages  of  fruit  were  refused  sliip- 
nient  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  March  7,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gemtlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  February,  1919: 

RESIGNATION    OF    DEPUTY, 

I  beg  to  report  that  the  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  for  the  Ko- 
hala  and  Kona  district  on  the  island  of  Hawaii  has  tendered  his  resignation, 
to  take  effect  at  the  end  of  this  month.  This  will  leave  the  entire  island  in 
charge  of  Dr.  Elliot  at  Hilo,  unless  the  position  can  be  filled  by  another 
veterinarian.  For  this  purpose  an  effort  will  be  made  to  ascertain  the 
amount  of  financial  snpport  that  can  be  obtained  from  the  ranches  and 
plantations  in  this  district,  which  support,  together  with  the  monthly  con- 
tribution from  this  Board,  should  amount  to  at  least  $300.00  per  month  in 
order  to  induce  a  high  class  veterinarian  to  locate  in  this  district.  It  will 
practically  be  impossible  for  Dr.  Elliot  to  do  all  of  the  tuberculin  testing  on 
the  Big  island,  as  it  would  require  his  absence  from  the  plantations,  with 
which  he  has  contracts  for  Aveeks  at  a  time.  If,  however,  $300.00  per  month 
can  be  guaranteed,  the  insertion  of  an  advertisement  in  the  American  Veter- 
inary Journal  would  undoubtedly  bring  forth  applications  from  which  a 
good  man  might  be  selected. 

NEW  REGULATIONS. 

As  the  federal  agricultural  appropriation  bill  has  now  been  passed,  the 
Territory  is  assured  of  federal  support  in  its  efforts  at  eradicating  bovi)ie 
tuberculosis.  It  has,  therefore,  been  found  advisable  to  prepare  a  new  s.;t 
of  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  testing,  slaughter,  appraisal  and  in- 
demnification for  tuberculous  cattle.  These  regulations  will  be  presented 
for  the  approval  of  the  Board  as  soon  as  the  present  Legislature  has  passed 
the  Board  of  Agriculture's  appropriation  bill. 

ANTHRAX  SERUM   VACCINE. 

The  manager  of  the  Princeville  Plantation  Company's  ranch  at  Hanalei 
has  made  application  for  3000  doses  of  anthrax  serum  vaccine  for  the  an- 
nual immunization  of  the  cattle  on  the  said  ranch.  It  is,  therefore,  impor- 
tant that  funds  should  be  obtained  for  the  purchase  of  this  vaccine  or  else 
that  the  Board  should  go  on  record  as  being  opposed  to  the  free  distribu- 
tion of  serum  and  vaccine  for  this  or  any  other  disease.  The  matter  is  now 
up  before  the  present  Legislature  and  will  undoubtedly  be  decided  at  an 
early  date. 

IMPORTATIONS   OF   LIVE   STOCK. 

The  manager  of  the  Parker  Ranch  has  again  imported  into  the  Ter- 
ritory a  flock  of  fifty  Merino  rams  of  high  class  from  New  Zealand.     The 


114 

animals  all  arrived  iu  good  condition  and  will  no  donbt  help  to  improve  the 
liighly  bred-np  flocks  of  the  said  ranch. 

A^ery  respectfully, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honoluln,  Hawaii,  Feb.  28,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of   Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

*         ,DEAii  Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following    report    for  the  month  of 
February: 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  month : 

Tested.  Passed.       Condemned. 

Kamehameha  Schools 50  50  0 

CONTAGIOUS    EPITHELIONIA. 

A  few  outbreaks  of  sorehead  in  chickens  occurred  during  the  month 
and  about  1000  c.c.  of  vaccine  was  made  iip  in  the  laboratory  and  distrib- 
uted among  various  poultry  o^\Tiers. 

IMPORTATIONS    OF    LIVE    STOCK. 

The  following  live  stock  landed  at  the  port  of  Honolulu  during  the  past 
month : 

S.  S.  Enterprise,  San  Francisco :  2  cts.  rabbits,  1  dog,  Amer.  Ry.  Ex. 
Co. ;   1  ct.  poultry,  E.  A.  Mclnerny ;  9  cts.  poultry,  various. 

S.  S.  Anyo  Maru,  San  Francisco:      2  cts.  birds,  1  ct.  ducks. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco:  15  mules,  C.  Brewer  &  Co.;  1  ct.  rabbits, 
Amer.  Ry.  Ex.  Co.;  1  ct.  chicks,  California  Feed  Co. 

S.  S.  Venezuela,  San  Francisco:     2  dogs,  Geo.  C.  Beckley. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Asst.  Territorial  Veterinarian, 

REPORT  FOR  MARCH. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  8,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  March,  1919 : 

SWINE    EPIDEMIC    ON    MAUI. 

On  March  8th  a  wireless  from  Dr.  Fitzgerald  announced  a  severe  epi- 
demic on  a  large  hog  ranch  on  Maui,  stating  that  the  mortality  continued 
even  after  three  vaccinations  and  requesting  my  presence  without  delay.  By 
direction  of  the  President  of  the  Board  I  left  that  same  afternoon  for  Maui. 

From  Dr.  Fitzgerald,  who  took  me  to  the  ranch  in  question,  I  learned 
that  at  the  time  the  outbreak  began,  a  month  or  six  weeks  before,  there 
were  about  500  hogs  of  all  ages  on  the  place.     No  large  number  died  at 


115 

one  time,  but  a  few,  mostly  weanliug  pigs,  almost  every  day.  Post-mortem 
examination  showed  typical  lesions  of  swine  plague  or  hemorrhagic  septi- 
cemia. He  immediately  vaccinated  all  the  animals  in  the  infected  pens 
with  mixed  infection  bacterins,  segregated  the  sick  ones  and  disinfected. 
After  a  temporary  lull  fresh  cases  appeared  and  vaccination  was  repeated, 
and  while  quite  a  number  of  affected  ones  recovered,  the  mortality  remained 
high.  A  third  vaccination  was  finally  resorted  to,  but  at  the  time  of  my 
arrival  about  150  head  were  dead,  and  among  them  a  dozen  valuable  brood 
sows. 

An  examination  of  the  premises  showed  that  diligent  measures  had  been 
taken  in  regard  to  cleanliness,  disinfection,  liming,  segregation  and  dis- 
posal of  the  dead. 

In  the  segregation  pens  one  sow,  two  or  three  gilts  and  some  weanling 
and  suckling  pigs  were  sick,  while  others  were  recovering.  The  principal 
symptoms  were  those  observed  in  all  the  swine  diseases — staggering  gait, 
cough  and  diarrhoea.  The  cough  was  more  prevalent  among  the  pigs,  the 
diarrhoea  among  the  older  ones. 

Post-mortem  examination  of  four  recently  dead  cases,  one  sow,  one  shoat 
and  two  pigs,  showed  that  while  there  was  typical  hemorrhagic  septicemia 
lesions  in  the  thoracic  cavity  of  all,  one  only  could  possibly  have  died  from 
the  pneumonia.  The  others  showed  decided  retrogressive  lung  symptoms. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  large  intestines  were  the  seat  of  an  extremely  severe 
recrotic  enteritis.  Confluent  diphtheritic  and  croupous  membranes  occupied 
practically  the  entire  mucous  surface,  while  irregular,  well-defined  areas, 
greatly  thickened  and  consisting  of  greenish  and  yellow  layers  of  necrotic 
tissue,  indicated  the  penetration  of  the  infection  through  the  muscular  coats 
to  the  serous  or  outer  covering  of  the  intestines.  While  no  actual  perfora- 
tions were  observed,  diffuse  peritonitis  was  not  rare,  and  the  dead  yellow 
spots  surrounded  by  hypercmic  zones  as  seen  on  the  outside  of  the  intes- 
tines had  every  appearance  of  being  on  the  verge  of  rupture. 

The  same  conditions  Avere  found  in  practically  all  cases  examined  at  sub- 
sequent visits,  a  preponderance  of  the  necrotic  enteritis  symptoms,  and  as 
no  effective  vaccine  has  as  yet  been  produced  for  this  infection,  it  was 
decided   to   try   medicinal   treatment   in   the   form   of   intestinal   antiseptics. 

For  this  purpose  permanganate  of  potash  has  been  recommended,  and 
while  at  the  present  very  expensive  ($3.90  per  pound,  as  compared  with 
50c,  pre-war  price),  a  quantity  was  secured  and  all  sick  and  exposed  as 
well  as  recovering  animals  were  submitted  to  continuous  treatment  by  mixing 
one-half  per  cent  of  the  permanganate  -with  all  feed  mashes  and  with  the 
molasses  water  Avhich  is  constantly  before  them.  No  other  drinking  water 
vras   allowed. 

After  about  one  week  of  this  treatment.  Dr.  Fitzgerald  reported  a  decided 
improvement  in  a  number  of  the  sick  ones,  while  the  mortality  had  become 
greatly  reduced. 

The  hog  ranch  in  question  is  practically  isolated,  there  being  but  one 
neighbor,  who  lost  all  of  his  hogs,  nineteen,  at  the  beginning  of  the  out- 
lireak.  One  dog,  which  had  been  overlooked,  was  disposed  of  and  the 
quarantine  established  by  Dr.  Fitzgerald  was  suggested  continued  until 
further  notice.  There  is  consequently  little  to  fear  of  the  further  spread 
of  the  disease.  Both  the  bacillus  suisepticus  and  the  bacillus  necrophorus 
are  normally  present  in  the  respiratory  and  intestinal  tracts  of  hogs  as 
well  as  in  their  surroundings.  As  a  rule  they  are  harmless.  What  causes 
them,  under  apparently  favorable  sanitary  and  hygienic  conditions,  to  ])eco!iie 
pathogenic  (virulent)  is  not  known. 

ANTHRAX    ON    KAUAI. 

Under  date  of  March  27th,  Dr.  Golding  re]>orts  the  death  from  anthrax 
of  a  saddle  horse  in  No.  2  paddock  on  the  Princeville  Plantation. 

This  is  the  first  death  from  anthrax  in  ten  months,  and  needs  cause  no 
alarm.     Under  date  of  March  17th,  three  thousand  doses  of  anthrax  serum 


116 

vaccine  was  ordered  from  San  Francisco,  and  as  soon  as  it  arrives  all  the 
stock  on  the  plantation  will  be  vaccinated. 

BILLS    BEFORE    THE    LEGISLATURE. 

Two  bills  for  the  indemnification  of  the  Haleakala  Ranch  Co,  and  the 
Mani  Agricultural  Co.  for  expenditures  in  connection  with  the  1917  outbreak 
of  anthrax  have  been  prepared  and  are  now  awaiting  action  by  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT   OF   ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  March  31,  1919. 

Dr.  Y.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of  March: 
TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  past  month: 

Tested.  Passed.       Condemned. 

S.  K.  Maii 4  3  1 

The  above  condemned  animal  was  found  unfit  for  human  consumption  on 
post-mortem  examination. 

IMPORTATION   OF  LIVE   STOCK. 

During  the  past  month  20  steamers  were  boarded,  among  which  the  fol- 
lowing carried  livestock: 

S.  S.  Enterprise,  San  Francisce :  50  Merino  rams,  Hawaii  Meat  Co. ; 
10  mules,  Schuman  Carriage  Co. 

S.  S.  Tenyo  Maru,  Orient:      14  crates  pheasants,  E.  O.  Hall  &  Son. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco:  1  dog,  Lt.  W.  E.  Bogardus;  10  crates 
poultry;   1  crate  rabbits. 

S.  S.  Airlie,  San  Francisco:      1  crate  rabbits. 

S.  S.  Nippon  Maru,  San  Francisco:      1  dog,  Mr.  Rudin. 

S.  S.  Salmon,  San  Francisco :  1  dog,  owned  by  member  of  crew.  Owner 
was  instructed  to  keep  dog  confined  on  ship  while  in  port. 

S.  S,  Enterprise,  San  Francisco:      10  crates  poultry, 

S.  S.  La  Brea,  San  Francisco :      1  parrot,  J,  Campbell, 


Respectfully  y 


Leonard    N.   Case, 
Asst.  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


117 

By  Authority 


PEOCLAMATION  OF  WITHDEAWAL  OF  CERTAIN  LAND  FROM 
THE  PUU  KA  PELE  FOREST  RESERVE,  DISTRICT  OF  WAI- 
MEA,  ISLAND  AND  COUNTY  OF  KAUAI,  TERRITORY  OF 
HAWAII. 


UNDER  and  by  virtue  of  the  authority  vested  in  me  by  the  provisions  of 
Chapter  37  of  the  Revised  Laws  of  Havraii  of   1915,  and  of  every  other 
poAver  me   hereunto   enabling,   I^   C.   J.   McCARTHY,   Governor   of   Hawaii, 
with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agri- 
culture  and  Forestry,   and   of   the   Commissioner    of   Public  Lands,   having 
held  the  hearing  of  which  notice  has  been  duly  given  all  as  in  said  laws 
provided,  do  hereby  WITHDRAW  AND  ELIMINATE  from  the  Puu  Ka 
Pele   Forest   Reserve,   in   the   District    of   Waimea,    Island   and   County    of 
Kauai,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  created  and  set  apart  by  Proclamation  of  the 
Governor   of   Hawaii   on   December  31,   1918,   that   certain   portion    of   said 
reserve  called  Puu  Ka  Pelc  Park,  more  particularly  described  by  and  on 
maps  made   by   the   Government   Survey   Department    of   the   Territory   of 
Hawaii,  which  said  maps  are  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey  Department 
marked  Government  Survey  Reg.  Map  No.  2602  and  "Puu  Ka  Pele  Park," 
and  a  description  accompanying  the  same  numbered  C.   S.   F.   3147,  which 
said  description  now  on  file  in  the  said  Survey  Department  is  as  follows: 
Puu  KA  Pele  Park, 
Waimea,  Kauai, 
Within  Puu  KA  Pele  Forest  Reserve, 
C.  S.  F.  3147. 

Beginning  at  Government  Survey  Trig.  Station  ''Puu  ka  Pele,"  marked 
by  a  3"  iron  pipe  set  in  concrete  on  the  West  edge  of  Waimea  Canyon,  as 
shown  on  Government  Survey  Registered  Map  No.  2602,  and  running  by 
true  azimuths: 

1.  Along  the  top  of  West  edge  of  Waimea  Canyon  to  a  Forest  Reserve 

Monument,  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  343° 
16'  30"  2778.4  feet; 

2.  68°   39'  1170.0  feet  along  lower  line  of  Forest  Reserve  along  govern- 

ment  land ; 

3.  154°   43'  12,255.2  feet  along  Puu  ka  Pele  Forest  Reserve; 

4.  270°   00'  1870.0  feet  along  same  to  +  on  point  of  stone  on  hill  at  top 

of  pali,  marked  Park  ; 

5.  Along  top  of  West  edge  of  Waimea  Canyon  to  an  exposed  claw  root  of 

Koa  tree  (20  feet  from  tree  with  verticle  root  marked 
Park),  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance  being:  345°  12' 
1473.7  feet; 

6.  Along  same  to  an  Ohia  stake  in  mound  of  stones  on  brow  of  pali   (the 

stone  being  marked  Park),  the  direct  azimuth  and  dis- 
tance being:      351°  42'  730.2  feet; 

7.  Along   same  to  a  mound  of  stones  around  trunk   of   leaning  Koa  tree 

(the  stone  being  marked  Park),  the  direct  azimuth  and 
.    distance  being:    313°  05'  1525.8  feet; 

8.  Along  same  to  the  point  of  beginning,  the  direct  azimuth  and  distance 

being:     336°   49'  5227.1  feet. 
Area,  415  acres,  more  or  less. 

In  Witness  Whereof,   I  have  hereunto   set  my  hand  and 
(Seal)  caused  the  Great   Seal  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  to  be  af- 

fixed. 

Done   at  the   Capitol  in  Honolulu   this   2nd   day   of   April, 
A.  D.  1919. 

C.  J.  MCCARTHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
By  the  Governor: 

CURTIS  P.  lAUKEA, 

Secretary  of  Hawaii. 


Jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: 


OFFICERS: 


E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
Wm.  Jamieson,   Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.  R.  Carter 
J.  R.  Gait 
II.  H.  Walker 


C.  H.  Cooke 
E.  I.  Spalding 


REGISTERED  ADDRESS: 


BREWER' 


G.  BREWER  &.  GO.  Ltd 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


CAPITAL  STOCK,   $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE   FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

HONOLULU       -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       | 

NEW  YORK  i 


REPRESENTING 

OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 

JOINT  SERVICE 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 

Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Ktlauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 
Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 


INSURANCE 

Royal  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver- 
pool, England 

London  Assurance  Corporation,  of 
London,  Eng. 

Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto) 

Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance 
Co.,  of  Edinburgh,-  Scotland 

Caledonian  Insurance   Co.,   of  Edin- 
burgh,  Scotland 

British   America   Assurance    Co.,    of 
Toronto,  Can. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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I    The  Paper  They  illTiead  | 

=  Circulation,  lioth  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

=  advertising  patronage,  makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  = 

^  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  ^ 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  ^ 

=  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  = 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  = 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours*  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 

i  1  Paic  CoHiKial  MM  \ 

E  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  = 

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FEED  CO.,  LTD.| 

Dealers  in  = 

HAY  AND  GRAIN         I 


E  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

!  ALGAROBA  FEED  I 

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E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

=  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

5  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

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I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 


AGENT 


HAMD  Fi  INSURANCE  CO, 

OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


ECO 


OF  NEW  YORK 


E   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  = 

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I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    | 

5          To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  S 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  ^ 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.        | 

E  King  and^Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  I 

I  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    8ansome    St.  E 

=  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  E 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  E 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
E  DRY  GOODS  E 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water   Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Wainiea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

i  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

|ea$ne$eooketCtd.| 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE, 
AUIONIOBILE  AND 
TOURISIS'  BAGGAGE 
NSURANCE 


|0a$tle$eooke,  Ctd.| 

I  HONOLULU,  HAAVAII  | 

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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=      Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western   Union,    Excelsior  = 

I  THE  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  | 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.  = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  S 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 

Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 

Su  phate  Ammonia 

Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G>mmissioner8 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giflfard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  a-nd  Chief  FUre  Warden 

David  Hanghs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  EHo,  HawaiL 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub -Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kawk, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Hanger  for  Tantahis,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Hanger  for  Falolo,  Manoa,  and  Nwuinu,  Oahu. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Hanger  for  Waia/nae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kaitai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

Antone  P.  Agiiiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Fana.ewa  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
<^uan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahukona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  KaiMi, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAI.  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Eichard,  LivestocJc  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


■,^</M 


^- 


FORESTIR 

AND 

^\GRICULTURISI1 


5;' 


iliii' 
liiiiili! 


!  1 


MAY,  1919 


CONTENTS 

PACE 

Editorial   127 

Why  I  Should  Show  My  Livestock 128 

Division  of  Forestry 129 

Division  of  Enton.              132 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 133 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 135 

Army's  Aircraft  to  Combat  Fires 138 

Grass 139 


VOL.  XVI 


Price,  Ten  Cents       No.  5 


iRiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiitit'isi 


OFFICES: 

STANGENWALD  BUILDING          -  -          HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING          -        -  -          SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -        -  -        NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -  SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


O7FI0EBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN. . . 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEEHOUSE. . ., 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN , Director 

W.  E.  CASTLE Director 

C.    H.   ATHEETON. .Director 


Sugar  S^artors, 
Siisuranrj?  K^tnU 

AGENTS    POB 

Hawaiian   CoEiimercial   and   Sugar  Company  McBryde   Sugar   Company,   Ltd, 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku  Plantation   Company 

Paia    Plantation  Ka-nai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Mani   Agricultuxal  Oompa&y  Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Ha-vsraiian  Sugar  Company  Kahului   Eailroad   Company 

'  "Honolua  Ranch, 

INSUBANOE  C0:RIPANIES  BEPBESENTED  by  ALBXANDEB  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

■Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealtli  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y, 
Springfield  Fire   and  Marine  Insurance   Company,    Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zfialand  lusurance  Company,  Ltd.,  Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insui-ance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine  Insurance  Company,  Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  InRiiranco  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


IMIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinp^ 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii. 


^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.i  T -^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 


Vol.  XVI. 


Honolulu,  May,  1919. 


No.  5 


The  occurrence  already  of  two  grass  and  forest  fires  on  Hawaii 
should  be  a  reminder  to  everyone  that  during  the  dry  season 
which  is  upon  us  every  precaution  should  be  taken  against  the 
starting  of  uncontrolled  fires. 


Over  half  the  trees  planted  on  forest  reserves  by  the  Division 
of  Forestry  in  April  consisted  of  the  native  koa. 


Chief  Plant  Inspector  E.  M.  Ehrhorn  left  for  California  on 
April  22  on  a  combined  vacation  and  official  trip.  He  will  be 
back  about  the  middle  of  June. 


The  several  divisions  of  the  Board  are  planning  to  exhibit  at 
the  coming  Second  Territorial  Fair  to  be  held  in  June. 


Prior  to  his  leaving  for  Australia  a  new  commission  was,  on 
May  5,  issued  by  the  Board  to  Mr.  Frederick  Muir  as  "Field 
Entomologist  for  the  Collection  of  Beneficial  Insects." 


Two  new  botanical  bulletins  by  Prof.  J.  F.  Rock  will  soon  be 
ready  for  distribution.  One  deals  with  the  native  leguminous 
trees  of  the  islands  and  the  other  describes  the  native  cotton 
trees,  some  of  which  are  already  extinct. 


In  Kansas  this  season  cattle  pastures  were  rented  as  high  as 
$20.00  a  head  for  the  season  according  to  reports  to  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture.  Many  contracts  were  made  at  from 
$13.00  to  $18.00  per  head  and  none  below  $10.00. 


Three  loads  of  branded  jAIontana  Herefords,  after  being 
topped  out  in  the  corn  belt  recently,  sold  on  the  Chicago  market 
for  slaughter  at  $20.35  per  hundredweight.  They  averaged 
1486  pounds  and  brought  $302.40  a  head. 


12S 

Why  I  Should  Show  My  Livestock 

By  L.  A.  Henke^  Chairman  Livestock  Committee. 

Livestock  breeders  on  the  mainland  who  have  consistently 
shown  their  animals  at  the  big  livestock  shows  year  after  year  do 
not  ponder  about  the  above  question  any  ntore,  for  their  experi- 
ence has  proved  to  them  that  it  pays  in  actual  dollars  and  cents. 

President  McKinley  in  his  address  at  Buffalo  a  few  hours  be- 
fore his  assassination  expressed  as  the  central  thought  of  his 
discourse,  "Expositions  are  the  big  time  keepers  of  progress." 
Nothing  is  so  stimulating  in  the  improvement  of  livestock  as  ob- 
serving how  your  animals  show  up  in  competition  with  other  ani- 
mals of  the  same  breed.  And  the  poorer  the  showing  that  they 
make  the  greater  are  the  probabilities  that  the  following  year  will 
bring  about  a  great  improvement. 

Many  breeders  who  have  become  factors  in  the  livestock  world 
started  their  career  by  showing  an  animal  which  in  their  judg- 
ment seemed  to  possess  unusual  merit.  Very  likely  the  judge 
did  not  agree  with  them  and  gave  their  animal  third  or  perhaps 
even  lower  place,  carefully  explaining  why  the  animal  was  in- 
ferior. Certain  type  of  men  will  say  at  once  that  the  judge  does 
not  know  what  he  is  talking  about,  and  hence  they  will  learn 
nothing  from  his  explanations  because  of  their  contrary  attitude. 
But  the  breeders  who  are  bound  to  succeed  are  the  ones  who 
recognize  the  fact  that  the  judge  may  know  more  about  stock 
than  they  do,  and  they  use  the  criticisms  of  the  judge  as  stepping 
stones  to  success,  and  sooner  or  later  these  men  will  be  factors 
to  contend  with  when  the  championship  ribbons  are  distributed. 
To  such  men  a  livestock  show  becom'es  invaluable  for  they  gain 
experience  in  a  few  days  which  they  could  not  gain  in  any  other 
way,  and  this  experience  more  than  compensates  for  the  cost  and 
labor  of  exhibiting. 

The  Fair  Commissioners  have  spared  no  expense  or  trouble  in 
securing  the  best  livestock  judges  on  the  Pacific  Coast  for  the 
coming  Fair.  Professor  True  of  the  University  of  California 
was  here  last  year  and  his  good  work  will  be  remembered  by  all 
livestock  men  and  needs  no  further  comment.  Mr.  True  will  be 
ably  assisted  this  year  by  Professor  McLean  of  the  University 
of  British  Columbia.  Professor  McLean's  work  in  the  judging 
ring  has  given  him  a  very  enviable  reputation.  With  these  two 
men  assured  for  judges,  livestock  exhibitors  are  sure  of  having 
their  animals  placed  by  men  absolutely  competent  to  do  so,  and 
whatever  criticisms  that  these  men  may  make  of  an  animal  will 
be  of  great  value  to  the  owner  if  he  takes  the  criticism  in  the 
same  manner  that  it  will  be  given. 

A  prominent  breeder  went  away  from  the  Fair  last  year  say- 


129 

ing:      ''I  thought  I  had  some  good  stock,  but  I  will  have  to 

hand  it  to .      He  beat  me  this  year,  but  I  have  learned  a 

few  things  and  I  am  going  to  show  better  stock  next  year,  and 

had  better  look  to  his  laurels  a  few  years  from  now." 

This  friendly  competitive  atitude  is  the  attitude  that  means  better 
stock  for  the  whole  territory,  and  hence  greater  prosperity  for 
everyone. 

To  these  men  who  have  animals  to  sell  and  expect  to  continue 
selling  animals,  the  advertising  gained  at  a  Fair  is  a  benefit  quite 
distinct  and  aside  from  the  educational  value  to  the  exhibitor. 

J.  Qigden  Armour  says :  'Tt  costs  no  more  to  raise  a  1200  lb. 
steer  than  a  600  lb.  scrub."  Let  us  bring  our  animals  to  the  Fair 
and  if  there  are  any  1200  lb.  steers  there  that  are  better  than  the 
ones  we  bring  let  us  find  out  why  they  are  better. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  30,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  April,  1919: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

During  the  month  548  koa  trees  were  planted  in  Makiki  Valley  on 
the  Honolulu  Watershed  and  1283  koa  trees  and  1430  yellow  poinciana 
trees  at  Mikilua  in  the  Lualualei  Forest  Eeserve,  Oahu,  making  a  total 
of  3261  trees.  The  koa  trees  planted  at  Mikilua,  near  Kolekole  Pass, 
in  August  and  September,  1918,  are  doing  well  and  some  are  already 
thre«  feet  high. 

Our  supply  of  koa  trees  is  about  exhausted  because  of  the  lack  of 
seed.  There  is  some  promise  that  the  present  crop  may  yield  us  a 
quantity  of  seed  and  every  effort  will  be  made  to  secure  a  supply  before 
it  is  destroyed  on  the  tree  by  the  moth  borer,  Cri/ptophlehm  illepida. 

FOREST  NURSERSIES. 

Forest  Nurseryman  David  Haughs  spent  from  April  7  to  10  at 
Haiku,  Maui,  conferring  with  Forest  Ranger  James  Lindsay  and  mak- 
ing arrangements  with  him  for  the  early  establishment  at  Haiku  of  a 
nursery  for  raising  forest,  ornamental  and  shade  trees  for  distribution 
on  Maui  in  order  to  comply  with  the  new  plant  quarantine  regulations 
soon  to  go  into  effect. 

On  April  3,  Mr.  W.  D.  McBryde,  agent  in  charge  of  the  sub-nursery 
at  Kalaheo,  Kauai,  resigned  on  account  of  the  pressure  of  private  busi- 
ness. Mr.  McBryde  has  performed  valuable  work  for  this  Board  gratis 
in  the  past  and  it  is  with  regret  that  he  could  not  be  persuaded^  to  con- 
tinue. Since  the  present  demand  for  trees  is  mainly  on  the  windward 
side  of  the  island,  it  is  planned  to  establish  a  new  nursery  on  some  gov- 
ernment land  at  Kapaa. 

FOREST  PROTECTION. 

Owners  of  several  head  of  half- wild  cattle,  which  were  still  at 
large  in  the  Hauula  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  were  notified  to  remove  them 


130 

at   once,    and   this   was    accomplished    with   the    exception    of   one    head 
which  if  not  removed  soon  will  have  to  be  shot. 

PUU  KA  PELE  PAKK. 

On  April  2,  the  hearing  was  held  to  consider  the  withdrawal  of  th^e 
415  acres  from  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  Forest  Eeserve,  Kauai,  for  park  pur- 
poses. jSTo  one  appearing  to  raise  objections,  the  Governor  on  the  same 
day  signed  the  proclamation  of  withdrawal  which  was  published  on 
April  3.  The  matter  has  since  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Public  Lands. 

FOREST  FIRES. 

The  following  two  forest  fires  on  Hawaii  were  reported  during  the 
month : 

February  27,  1919. — Ohaikea  section  of  Kapapala  Ranch,  Kau,  Ha- 
waii. A  fire  broke  out  at  1  o'clock,  probably  on  account  of  the  care- 
lessness of  some  unknown  smoker,  and  spread  over  1500  acres  of  mostW 
grass  land.  On  the  area  there  were  numerous  clumps  of  koa  trees 
but  fortunately  few  of  these  suffered  damage.  The  manager  of  the 
ranch  with  his  cowboys,  assisted  by  25  men  from  Pahala  plantation 
under  Fire  Warden  James  Campsi-e,  succeeded  in  controlling  and  ex- 
tinguishing the  fire. 

February  29,  1919. — Wailau,  east  of  Hilea  and  west  of  Pahala,  at 
the  edge  of  the  Kau  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii.  The  fire,  of  which  the 
origin  is  unknown,  burned  over  about  40  acres  of  forest  land  with  con- 
siderable damage  to  undergrowth  and  a  quantity  of  oliia  trees.  Men 
under  Fire  Warden  James  Gibb,  assisted  by  60  men  under  Warden  Camp 
sie,  soon  extinguished  it. 

HAWAII  TRIP. 

From  April  19  until  the  end  of  the  month,  at  the  request  of  Gover 
nor  McCarthy,  I  accompanied  the  Director  of  National  Parks,  Stephen 
T.  Mather,  and  his  party  on  an  inspection  of  the  Kilauea  and  Haleakala 
sections  of  the  new  Hawaii  National  Park. 

An  opportunity  Avas  afforded  at  the  Volcano  House  to  confer  with 
Ranger  Mackenzie  on  the  forest  work  in  his  district. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  30,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear   Sir: — The   following  is   a   report   of   the   principal   work   done 
during  the  month  of  April: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

In  Seed  In  Transplant     Pot 

Boxes.            Boxes.        Grown.  Total. 

Gratis 12,500             1,850             619  14,969 

Sold 1,000                100               34  1,134 


Including  Forest  Reserves,  etc.      13,500  1,950  653  16,105 


131 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  of  plant  sold $  4.40 

Rent  of  Office  Building  Grounds,  for  February 35.00 

Total    $39.40 

MAKIKI  STATION. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine.  We 
have  now  got  a  good  stock  of  trees  on  hand  and  shall  be  able  to  fill  all 
orders,  with  the  exception  of  the  very  large  ones  which  require  notice  to 
be  given  in  advance. 

HONOLULU   WATERSHED    PLANTING. 

At  the  top  of  Opu  Valley  548  koa  trees  were  planted.  Other  work 
done  consisted  in  making  holes  and  clearing  off. 

TREE  PLANTING  AT  SCHOFIELD  BARRACKS. 

The  beautifying  of  the  Post  by  the  setting  out  of  trees  and  other 
plants  is  a  very  creditable  piece  of  work  and  will  in  years  to  come, 
there  is  no  doubt,  reflect  back  on  the  foresightedness  and  good  judg- 
ment of  the  present  commander,  General  Heard.  Captain  Atkinson  is 
superintending  the  work  and  the  great  interest  .he  is  taking  in  the  lay- 
ing out  and  beautifying  of  the  post  shows  that  he  is  heart  and  soul 
in  the  work.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  year  we  have  delivered  to 
Schofield  Barracks  over  20.000  trees  and  numerous  other  cuttings  and 
plants.  The  new  nursery  started  at  the  post  a  few  months  ago  is 
getting  stocked  with  vines  and  shrubs  of  all  kinds,  also  a  large  assort- 
ment of  annuals  and  cut  flowers.  The  tree  nursery  at  another  part  of 
the  post  has  thousands  of  trees  of  different  kinds  transplanted  into  tin 
cans  awaiting  the  time  for  planting  out.  The  splendid  example  shown 
by  General  Heard  and  Captain  Atkinson  we  hope  will  be  the  means  of 
stimulating  the  interest  in  tree  planting  not  only  by  the  commanders  of 
the  other  posts  but  by  homesteaders  and  others  who  may  have  waste 
land  not  otherwise  in  cultivation. 

ADVICE  AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  paid  a  visit  to  Haiku,  Maui,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
arrangements  about  the  starting  of  a  nursery  to  supply  the  islands  of 
Maui  with  trees.  The  nursery  at  Haiku  will  be  started  at  once.  We 
are  supplying  seed  and  otherwise  assisting  in  getting  the  nursery  started. 

The  writer  also  spent  a  day  with  Captain  Atkinson  looking  over  the 
work  at  Schofield  Barracks. 

Visits  made   8 

Advice  by  telephone   6 

Advice  given  people  calling  at  Nursery 10 

The  writer  spent  four  days  in  assisting  in  the  judging  of  school 
and  home  gardens  in  connection  with  the  Star-Bulletin  contest. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


DAVID  HAUGHS, 

Forest  Nurseryman. 


132 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  30,  1919. 

Board   of   Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  April  the  insectary  handled  7500 
pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  were  bred  495  females  and  300  males, 
Opius  fletc'heri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY. 

Opkis  fletcheri. 
Oahu: 

Females.  Males. 

Fort  Kamehameha 100  100 

Nuuanu 40  30 

Wahiawa 20  20 

Kailua 270  240 

Hawaii: 

Kamuela 150  150 

FRUIT  FLY  PARASITES. 

Opius  humilis. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu 75  75 

Makiki 25  25 

Kalihi 25  25 

Hawaii  : 

Kam.uela   145  130 

Hawi 170  150 

DiacJwsma   tryoni. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu 75  75 

Makiki 25 

Kalihi 25  25 

Hawaii: 

Kamuela 45  25 

Diacliasma  fullaicayi. 
Oahu  : 

Nuuanu 85  75 

Tetrastichus  gifardianus. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu 700 

Makiki 200 

Kalihi 300 

Hawaii  : 

Kamuela 550 

Dirhinus  gifardi. 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu 230 


133 

Galesus  silvestrL 
Oahu:  ,j..     ..  , 

Nuuanu  .   . ' . 400 

DUNG  FLY  PARASITE. 

Spalangia  cameroni. 
Oahu: 

Wahiawa 950 

CORN  LEAF  HOPPER  PARASITE. 

Paranagnis  osiorni. 

Oahu: 

Schofield  Barracks 7,500 

Makiki  Nursery    .    .    3,500 

Hawaii  : 

Hawi 2,400 

Kamuela   .    .    .    .  , 3,800 

Kauai: 

Kealia 5,300 

During  the  month  the  Entomologist  has  given  assistance  to  both  tli« 
army  and  navy  in  suppressing  the  Japanese  beetle — to  the  army  at  the 
nursery  for  tree  planting  at  Schofield  Barracks,  to  the  navy  at  Pearl 
Harbor  Naval  Station. 

The  Entomologist  has  also  acted  as  Plant  Inspector  in  the  absence 
of  Mr.  Ehrhorn  and  has  spent  several  days  on  the  waterfront  when 
steamers  from  the  Orient  were  in  port. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  30,  1919, 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  herewith  submit  my  report  of  the  work  performed 
by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  April,  1919: 

During  the  month  61  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  22 
of  which  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspection,  and  one  arrived 
via  the  Panama  Canal.  The  following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various 
shipments: 

Lots.  Parcels. 

Passed   as   free   from  pests 559  10,707 

Fumigated 13  3,465 

Burned 38  58 

Total  inspected 610  14,230 


Of  these  shipments  13,946  packages  arrived  as  freight,  212  packages 
as  mail  and  72  packages  as  baggage. 


134 

KICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  1945  bags  of  ric-e  and  27  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  the  Orient  and  were  found  free  from  pests. 

PESTS  INTEECEPTED. 

Approximately  4382  pieces  of  baggage  -belonging  to  passengers  and 
immigrants  from  foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  24  lots 
of  vegetables  and  9  lots  of  fruit  were  taken  and  destroyed  by  burning. 

On  April  4,  a  package  of  sorghum  cuttings  in  the  mail  from  Cali- 
fornia was  fumigated  as  a  precaution  and  passed. 

On  April  9,  two  bags  of  coconuts  from  Fanning  Island  were  fumi- 
gated before  delivery. 

On  April  15,  two  shipments  of  orchids  from  Manila  were  fumigated. 
Two  species  of  ants  and  a  beetle  larva  were  found  in  the  packing. 

On  April  22,  a  small  package  of  plumeria  cuttings  in  the  baggage 
of  a  Filipino  immigrant  from  Manila  were  burned  as  a  precautionary 
measure. 

On  April  23,  two  cases  of  Florida  grape  fruit  were  burned  as  they 
were  badly  infested  with  San  Jose  scale  and  showed  evidence  of  fungus 
disease.  On  April  25  a  third  case  of  grape  fruit  was  burned  for  the 
same  reason. 

Twenty-three  packages  of  taro  roots  and  tubers  arrived  at  various 
times  during  the  month  in  the  mail,  consigned  to  the  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Forestry.  There  was  much  evidence  of  disease  and  all  were 
burned. 

On  April  30,  eight  cases  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  from  Japan 
were  fumigated  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  and  all  soil  and  packing  re- 
moved and  burned.  Some  fig  trees  were  infested  with  a  large  Ceram- 
bycid  borer,  and  a  cocoon  of  a  Cnidocampus  moth  was  found  on  camellia. 
All  infested  trees  were  burned. 

During  the  month  of  April,  1282  bags  of  corn,  77  bags  of  awa  root 
and  16  bags  of  beans  were  fumigated  for  the  accommodation  of  local 
merchants,  a  total  of  1375  bags. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  at  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  ten 
vessels  at  the  port  of  Hilo,  three  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  con- 
sisting of  107  lots  and  1647  packages.  W^th  the  exception  of  two 
colonies  of  ants  found  in  plants  from  Philadelphia,  all  were  passed 
as  free  from  pests.  The  S.  S.  "Anyo  Maru"  arrived  in  Hilo  on  April 
16,  direct  from  Japan  with  4916  bags  of  rice,  539  bags  of  beans  and  4 
cases  of  seasame  seeds,  all  of  which  were  found  free  from  infestation. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  AVill  J.  Cooper,  Inspector  at  Maui,  reports  the  arrival  of  five 
vessels  at  the  Port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter, 
consisting  of  37  lots  and  489  packages.  All  shipments  were  found  free 
from  pests. 

INTEK  ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Sixty- one  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island  ports 
w^ere  attended  and  the  following  shipments  passed  as  free  from  pests: 


135 

Taro 542  bags 

Vegetables 231  packages 

Plants 123 

Fruit 28  " 

Sugar  cane  (seed) l-i  cases 

Total  passed 938 

Four  packages   of  plants   and   five   packages   of   fruit   were   refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Acting  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Mar  16,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  April,  1919: 

LEGISLATION  AND  THE  DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTKY. 

The  most  important  bill  passed  by  the  last  legislature  in  so  far  as 
this  Division  is  concerned  was  the  new  tuberculosis  indemnification  act, 
which  was  signed  by  the  Governor  on  April  30.  This  act  differs  from 
the  old  one  in  various  important  ways,  but  principally  in  that  it 
places  no  limit  upon  the  appraisal  and  makes  it  possible  for  the  owner 
of  high  class,  purebred  cattle  to  collect  full  value  for  reacting  animals 
which  upon  post  mortem  examination  cannot  be  proved  to  be  affected 
with  tuberculosis.  Such  cases  are  rare  (two  out  of  nearly  five  hundred 
during  the  last  two  years),  but  if  a  few  should  occur  when  the  best  im- 
3)orted  breeding  stock  is  being  tested,  the  entire  appropriation  of  $20,000 
would  soon  be  exhausted.  The  new  bill  raises  the  limit  of  indemnifica- 
tion for  cattle  proved  on  post  mortem  to  be  tuberculosis  to  $350  for 
purebreds  and  $250  for  grades,  as  compared  to  respectively  $250  and 
$150  b-efore. 

The  manner  of  appraisal  has  been  simplified  in  that  it  allows  the 
officer  making  the  test,  whenever  posible,  to  come  to  an  understand- 
ing with  the  owner  in  regard  to  the  value  of  th'C  condemned  animals. 
This  will  in  most  cases  obviate  the  necessity  of  having  a  special  ap- 
praiser visit  all  premises  where  reactors  are  found.  If  an  agi-eement 
cannot  be  reached,  a  board  of  appraisers  has  been  provided  for. 

The  new  bill  also  provides  for  the  testing  of  beef  cattle  when 
there  is  reason  to  suspect  the  presence  of  tuberculosis,  whereas  previ- 
ously dairy  cattle  only  could  be  tested.  Unfortunately  a  proviso  limiting 
the  number  of  times  a  herd  can  be  tested  to  once  every  six  months 
found  its  way  into  the  bill  while  in  committee.  Only  when  a  herd  con- 
tains more  than  fifteen  percent  of  reactors  can  more  frequent  tests  be 
applied.  It  is,  however,  saf'C  to  say  that  there  is  no  herd  left  with  that 
amount  of  infection,  at  least  not  on  this  island. 

Taken  altogether  the  act  is  serviceable  though  it  undoubtedly  will 


136 

be  more  difficult  of  administration  than  the  .old  act.  The  greatly  in- 
creased amounts  of  indemnification  will  tend  to  provoke  extravagant 
claims  and  appraisal  will  no  doubt  frequently  have  to  be  left  with  a 
board  of  appraisers,  as  no  limit  whatever  is  provided  by  the  act.  The 
funds  provided  ($20,000),  together  with  the  residue  from  the  previous 
act  (about  $3,500),  and  the  partial  indemnification  promised  by  the 
Federal  Department  of  Agriculture  ($25  to  $50  per  head  of  condemned 
cattl-e)  should,  however,  be  ample  to  practically  suppress  bovine  tuber- 
culosis in  the  course  of  the  next  two  years. 

ANIMAL  INDUSTEY   EEVOLVTNG  FUND. 

Act  85  (Senate  Bill  No.  147),  approved  by  the  Governor  on  April 
15,  is  another  bill  originating  in  this  Division.  It  provides  a  revolving 
fund  of  $5000  for  the  purchase  of  preventive  and  curative  serum,  vac- 
cine, bacteria  and  other  remedies  for  the  control  of  livestock  diseases, 
thereby  insuring  that  the  remedies  are  at  hand  should  such  diseases  ap- 
pear suddenly.  Prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act,  it  h&d  been  necessary 
to  send  to  the  mainlajid  far  this  class  of  remedies,  which  cannot  be 
carried  in  stock  here  commercially.  The  delay  thereby  incurred  has  at 
times  proved  costly,  as  was  the  case  with  the  anthrax  outbreak  in  1917, 
when  eleven  days  elapsed  before  the  arrival  of  the  vaccine,  which  had 
been  cabled  for,  and  during  which  period  more  than  one  hundred  ani- 
mals were  lost. 

The  new  act  authorizes  this  Board  to  sell  the  supplies  thus  pur- 
chased to  the  owners  of  diseased  livestock  at  actual  cost,  to  be  ad- 
ministered by  the  veterinary  officers  of  this  Division,  and  to  collect  the 
cost  and  deposit  it  with  the  Treasurer  of  the  Territory  to  the  credit 
of  the  animal  industry  i*evolving  fund.  The  act  is  therefore  a  definite 
departure  from  the  paternal  policy  of  supplying  such  remedies  free  of 
cost,  as  adopted  by  the  1917  legislature  as  a  war  measure. 

Under  this  act,  which  becomes  effective  upon  its  approval  by  the 
Governor,  there  were  purchased  during  the  month  3000  doses  of  anthrax 
simultaneous  treatment  at  a  cost  of  22.8  cents  per  dose  ($684).  This 
is  7.2  cents  less  per  dose  than  any  previous  price.  The  vaccine  was. 
sent  to  Dr.  Golding  at  Hanalei,  Kauai,  who  reports  having  used  about 
1500  doses  during  the  month. 

It  is  the  aim  of  this  Division,  under  the  provisions  of  the  revolving- 
fund  act,  not  alone  to  keep  on  hand  a  stock  of  remedies  most  frequently 
needed  here,  such  as  mixed  bacterins  for  swine  plague,  necrotic  enteritis,, 
chicken  cholera,  strangles,  hemorrhagic  septicemia  of  cattle  and  sheep, 
as  well  as  various  kinds  of  serum,  but  also  to  test  out  a  number  of  the 
many  new  remedies  that  are  now  being  recommended  for  internal  and 
external  parasites.  That  intestinal  worms  are  becoming  more  prevalent 
than  hitherto,  and  especially  in  hogs,  poultry  and  dogs,  is  unquestioned,, 
while  lice,  ticks  and  mites  are  found  in  practically  every  chicken  yard 
and  dog  kennel.  These  parasites  should  be  reduced  by  the  universal 
use  of  some  cheap  but  effective  remedies  and  the  opportunity  is  at  hand 
to  ascertain  what  to  recommend. 

REIMBURSEMENT  FOR  ANTHRAX  LOSSES. 

A  number  of  bills  were  passed  by  the  last  legislature  reimbursing 
various  parties  for  losses  suffered  as  a  result  of  quarantine  measures 
against  anthrax.  The  bills  carried  appropriations  aggi'egating  more- 
than  $10,000.  This  brings  the  total  cost  of  suppressing  the  1917  an- 
thrax outbreak  to  well  above  $45,000.  An  equal  amount,  approxi- 
mately, was  lost  in  live  stock  which  died  from  the  disease.  It  is  there- 
fore satisfactory  to  be  able  to  report  that  the  suppressive  and  protective 
measures  adopted  appear  to  have  been  very  effective.  On  neither  Oahu 
nor  Maui  has  a  single  case  of  anthrax  occurred  since  the  fall  of  1917> 


137 

On  Kauai  only  two  eases  occurred  during  1918  and  one  case  this  spring, 
which  is  a  remarkably  low  record  considering  the  very  heavy  infection 
and  great  mortality  which  characterized  the  outbreak. 

DOG  INSPECTION  AND  QUARANTINE. 

Not  less  than  18  dogs  arrived  during  the  past  month.  Of  these  15 
were  soldiers'  mascots,  belonging  to  the  Seventeenth  Cavalry.  Two  were 
ships'  dogs  which  were  allowed  to  remain  on  board.  The  last  dog  was 
being  carried  ashore  from  the  U.  S.  transport  Sherman  when  discovered 
by  Mr.  Langford  of  the  entomological  force,  who,  examining  the  basket 
for  finiit,  found  the  fruit  and  the  dog.  The  quartermaster  disclaimed 
any  knowledge  of  the  dog  being  on  board  though  admitting  that  it  was 
against  orders.      The  dog  was  taken  to  the  quarantine  station. 

A  total  of  37  steamers  and  sailing  vessels  were  visited,  and  copies 
of  Rule  Vni  of  this  Division  were  in  all  cashes  left  with  the  master  or 
officer  in  charge. 

From  Hawaii,  Dr.  Elliot  reports  an  outbreak  of  cerebro  spinal  menin- 
gitis in  the  Hawi  Mill  stables  with  several  deaths. 

Fi-om  Maui,  Dr.  Fitzgerald  reports  the  suppression  of  the  hog  epi- 
demic at  the  Robinson  Ranch,  and  the  tuberculin  testing  of  one  thousand 
cattle. 

From  Kauai,  Dr.  Golding  reports  the  revaccination  of  1500  head  of 
cattle  on  the  Princeville  Plantation. 


Very  respectfully, 


VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 


REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  April  30,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  routine  report  for  the  month  of 
April : 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

The  work  in  this  line  was  confined  to  post  mortem  examinations 
made  on  cattle  previously  condemned.  Lesions  of  tuberculosis  were 
found  in  each  examination  made. 

CONTAGIOUS  EPITHELIONIA. 

A  ffcw  small  outbreaks  of  this  disease  occurred  during  the  past 
month.  About  1000  c.c.  of  chicken  pox  and  turkey  pox  vaccine  were 
made  up  in  the  laboratory  and  distributed  throughout  the  island. 

IMPORTATION  OF  LIVESTOCK. 

Inspections  were  made  at  37  steamers  during  the  month  of  which  the 
following  were  found  to  carry  livestock: 

S.  S.  Wakau,  San  Francisco:  2  Berkshire  hogs,  Kamehameha 
Schools. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco:  2  horses,  Joe  Denny;  3  horses,  C.  H. 
Judd;  5  horses,  U.  S.  Q.  M.  Department;  16  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Torri  Maru:      2  cats  and  2  dogs,  not  landed. 

U.  S.  T.  Sherman,  San  Francisco:      1  dog,  Mrs.  C.  R.  Stark. 


138 

S.  S.  Mauoa,  San  Francisco:  12  crates  (15  dogs),  J.  Eothschild  & 
Co.;  1  monkey,  17th  Cavalry. 

S.  S.  Coconino,  San  Francisco:  2  crates  chickens,  American  Railway 
Express  Co. 

S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco:  6  crates  chicks,  J.  C.  Rued;  1  crate 
turtles,  Hong  On. 

S.  S.  Niagara,  Sydney:      2  Australian  bears,  Bruce  Heathcote. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

LEONARD  N.  CASE, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


ARMY'S  AIRCRAFT  TO  COMBAT  FIRES. 


Army  airplanes  and  captive  balloons  will  cover  portions  of  the 
national  forests  of  California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  other 
States  this  summer,  to  aid  in  detecting  and  suppressing  forest 
fires.  In  compliance  with  an  order  from  Secretary  Baker  direct- 
ing the  Air  Service  to  cooperate  with  the  Forest  Service  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  this  work,  confer- 
ences are  under  way  to  determine  where  and  to  what  extent  the 
air  scouts  will  supplement  the  forest  rangers. 

That  there  is  a  distinct  and  important  place  for  aircraft  in 
fire  protection  of  timberlands  is  regarded  by  the  Forestry  offi- 
cials as  beyond  doubt,  but  experimental  trial  of  methods  and 
possibilities  will  have  to  be  the  first  step.  This  is  now  being 
planned  for  the  coming  fire  season.  Army  airdromes  and  bases 
will  be  utilized  for  the  experiments.  Some  of  the  bases  near 
enough  to  national  forests  to  be  tised  advantageously  are  the 
flying  fields  at  San  Diego,  Riverside,  and  Arcadia  -in  southern 
California.  Other  points  in  the  West  and  in  the  East  are  under 
consideration,  including  one  near  the  White  Mountains  in  New 
Hampshire. 

One  of  the  interesting  possibilities  to  be  tested  is  bombing  fires 
to  put  them  out.  It  is  believed  that  bombs  charged  with  suitable 
chemicals  can  be  used  with  good  results.  Another  plan  to  be 
tested  is  transporting  fire  fighters  by  dirigibles  from  which  lad- 
ders can  be  lowered  to  the  ground. 

The  chief  use  of  the  aircraft  this  summer,  however,  will  be  for 
fire  detection.  At  present  the  Forest  Service  relies  for  this  partly 
on  patrol,  usually  by  men  on  horses,  motorcycles,  or  railroad 
speeders,  and  partly  on  watchers  stationed  at  lookout  points. 
Aircraft  have  many  points  of  obvious  superiority  for  both  classes 
of  detection  work. 

Lookouts  in  a  very  broken  country,  cut  up  by  deep  canyons  or 
where  mountain  ridges  obstruct  the  view,  or  in  a  flat  country 
that  afifords  no  good  points  of  vantage,  are  often  unable  to  pick 
up  all  fires  quickly  by  the  rising  smoke,  or  to  locate  them  accu- 
rately. For  precise  location  the  system  in  use  depends  on  trian- 
gulation  through  reports  telephoned  from  separate  observation 


139 

points.  Airplanes  would  use  wireless  in  reporting  fires,  as  they 
have  done  in  communicating  with  the  artillery,  and  would  locate 
fires  by  coordinates  in  the  same  way  that  gunfire  in  war  is  di- 
rected to  a  particular  spot  or  object. 

From  the  Army  standpoint,  the  use  of  aircraft  in  protecting 
the  national  forests  afifords  a  valuable  opportunity  for  training 
fliers  and  developing  further  the  possibilities  of  aircraft  and  the 
art  of  flying. 


GRASS. 

"Grass  is  the  forgiveness  of  nature — her  constant  benedic- 
tion. Fields  trampled  with  battle,  saturated  with  blood,  torn 
with  the  ruts  of  cannon,  grow  green  again  with  grass,  and  car- 
nage is  forgotten.  Streets  abandoned  by  traffic  become  grass- 
grown  like  rural  lanes,  and  are  obliterated ;  forests  decay,  har- 
vests perish,  flowers  vanish,  but  grass  is  immortal.  Beleaguered 
by  the  sullen  hosts  of  winter,  it  withdraws  into  the  impregnable 
fortress  of  its  subterranean  vitality  and  emerges  upon  the  solici- 
tation of  spring.  Sown  by  the  winds,  by  w^andering  birds, 
propagated  by  the  subtle  horticulture  of  the  elements,  which  are 
its  ministers  and  servants,  it  softens  the  rude  outline  of  the 
world.  Its  tenacious  fibers  hold  the  earth  in  its  place  and  pre- 
vent its  soluble  components  from  washing  into  the  sea.  It  in- 
vades the  solitude  of  deserts,  climbs  the  inaccessible  slopes  and 
forbidding  pinnacles  of  mountains,  modifies  climates,  and  deter- 
mines the  history,  character,  and  destiny  of  nations.  Unobtru- 
sive and  patie'nt,  it  has  immortal  vigor  and  aggression.  Ban- 
ished from  the  thoroughfares  or  the  field,  it  bides  its  time  to  re- 
turn, and  when  vigilance  is  relaxed  or  the  dynasty  has  perished 
it  silently  resumes  its  throne,  from  which  it  has  been  expelled, 
but  which  it  never  abdicates.  It  bears  no  blazonry  of  bloom  to 
charm  the  senses  with  fragrance  or  splendor,  but  its  homely  hue 
is  more  enchanting  than  the  lily  or  the  rose.  It  yields  no  fruit 
in  earth  or  air,  and  yet  should  its  harvest  fail  for  a  single  year 
famine  would  depopulate  the  world." — John  J.  Ingalls,  late  Sena- 
tor of  Kansas. 


^£lllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllillllllllllililllllllllilllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllll^ 

I  J.  M.  DO^^^SETT  I 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HARIFORD  Fi  INSURANCE  CO.     j 

I  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  | 

I    WESICHESe  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

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I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    I 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

S  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  = 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

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I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.      '[ 

E  King  and  Tort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

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I  The  Paper  They  All  Head  I 

E  Circulation,  both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the   greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  ^ 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  = 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  = 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 


PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 
Everything  connected  with  a  Pirst-class  Printing  Plant 


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\  PEED  CO,  LTD. I 

=  Dealers  in  E 

I         HAY  AND  GRAIN         | 

S  and   Manufacturers   of  = 

1        ALGAROBA  FEED        | 

S  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR  ATTENTION   PAID   TO  E 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

S  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

=  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

S  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  = 

=  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E     P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      E 

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^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiij: 

=                                                       OFFICERS:  E 

i  E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President                     A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and  = 

E    G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres.                         Manager  E 

=   E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary                          R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President  = 

E    Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer                          Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer  E 

E   C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor  E 

E                                                        DIRECTORS:  | 

E   G.  R.  Carter                                                 C,  H.  Cooke  E 

E  J.  R.  Gait                                                   E.  I.  Spalding  E 

E   H.  H.  Walker  = 

E                              REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     "BREWER"  E 

I   G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd.  | 

=                                                ESTABLISHED   1826  E 


i    CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

I       HONOLULU       -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       = 
=  NEW  YORK  S 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY  = 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA  E 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD  E 

JOINT  SERVICE  E 

SUGAH  PLANTATIONS  INSURANCE  E 

Olowalu  Company  ^^^^^  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver-   = 

r^srcrpiny      ^^Ed^ofE^  '^^^°^"^^^'  -'  i 

WanX  fufar  S^Z  Commercial' Uni^n  Assurance  Co.,         | 

»»«,xiu^u  KjLLsa,!.  ^iu.^a,x,.y  Ltd.,  of  Loudou  (Firo  aud  Auto)    r 

^l^^Z    l^LT^^L  Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance    = 

Wamianalo  Sugar  Company  ^        j  Edinburgh,  Scotland  = 

hSoIX  pCtirn  Sn^      ^^^trr  stTnf^"-'  °'  ^^^   I 

sfaVgr=iio^n\o  -"£tr£"™^^  '"■• "  i 

Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  r!ENi:.RAT"    ArTT^TTq  = 

Hutcliinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  „  ,^     GENEKAL  AGENTS  - 

Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.  '  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works  = 

'  Kapapala  Rancli  s 


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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

E  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  S 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  E 

E  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  E 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  E 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  E 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,   GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
E  DRY  GOODS  E 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grore    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
Ihe  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The  Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Oienstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


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iLiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiji 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOR  FULL  PARTICULAES  APPLY  TO   ,         = 

I  Castle  $  Cooke,  Ctd.  I 

S  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

I  AUTOMOBILE  AND  i 

[  TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANCE  I 

I  Castle  $  Cooke,  Ctd.  I 

I  HONOLULU.  HAM^AII  | 

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lUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllilllllllllllilllilinillll: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=  Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior  E 

I  THE  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

E  Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.  = 

Z.  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  i 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  WiUow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 

343   SANSOME   STREET  i 


riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii" 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G>mmissioner8 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt;  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTBY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  EHo,  Eoioaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahm. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  OaJiu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsaj,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panuewa  Beserve,  Haivaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOaY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langford:,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  arid  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAI.  INDTJSTET. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian, 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Bepiity  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Eichard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

OLEKICAL  STAFF  OF  BOAED. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographar. 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


^•i 


TheH^^WMIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

tolCULTURISn 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial  Notes   149 

New  Botanical  Bulletins    149 

New  Plant  Inspection  Rule 150 

Book  Review 151 

The   Fire    Danger. 152 

Division   of  Forestry 152 

Division  of  Entomology   156 

Division  of  Plant   Inspection 157 

Division   of  Animal  Industry 159 

By  Authority:     Plant  Inspection   Kule 162 


VOL.  XVI.        Price,  Ten  Cents       no.  6 


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OPFIOES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN   BUILjDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET  1 NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFICERS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH i. 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

0.  E.  HEMENWAY i Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD i Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Diree 

W.  R.  CASTLE Diree 

C.   H.   ATHEETON Director 


^mmnntt  Agents 

AGENTS    FOR 

Hawaiian   Commercial  and   Sugax  Company         McBryde   Sugar  Company,   Ltd. 
Haiku  Sugar  Company  Eahulcu  Plantation   Company 

Paia   Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Company  Kauai  Railway  Company.   Ltd. 

Hawtiiian  Sugar  Company  Kahului  Bailroad   Company 

Honolua  Ranch 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealtli  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Springfield,  Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance  Company,  Ltd.,   Auckland,  N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine   Insurance   Company,  Zurich,    Swita. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $L00  a  year;  Foreign,  $L25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


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Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOKEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2l^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  -^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulation!!,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  June,  1919.  No.  6 


Chief  Plant  Inspector  E.  M.  Ehrhorn    returned    on    June  17 
from  his  trip  to  California. 

The  testing  of  dairy  animals  for  bovine  tuberculosis  has  been 
resumed  under  Revised  Act  204  of  tlie  Session  Laws  of  1919. 


The  long-standing  problem  of  ridding  the  Kula  Forest  Reserve 
on  Maui  of  wild  cattle  seems  at  last  near  solution. 


Tree  planting  on  the  forest  reserves  has  been  continued  in  fav- 
orable places  where  weather  conditions  permit,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


The  Governor  on  May  26  approved  Rule  XX,  Division  of 
Plant  Inspection,  which  rescinds  the  old  Rule  XVII  and  gives 
greater  protection  against  the  dissemination  of  insect  pests  and 
plant  diseases  in  inter-island  shipments. 


The  lectures  to  be  given  on  forestry  at  the  Territorial  Summer 
School  to  be  held  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii,  July  11  to  August  22,  will 
aim  to  inform  the  teachers  of  the  need  for  the  practice  of  forestry 
in  Hawaii  and  how  it  must  be  accomplished. 


The  summer  camps  at  Kokee,  Kauai,  are  becoming  quite  popu- 
lar. Already  23  applicants  have  paid  their  first  year's  fee  and 
taken  out  ten-year  permits  for  selected  camp  sites  and  many 
others  are  planning  to  establish  transient  camps  during  the  com- 
mg  summer. 


New  Botanical  Bulletins, 


The  Division  of  Forestry  has  just  issued  two  new  btilletins 
which  have  been  prepared  by  Consulting  Botanist  J.  F.  Rock. 

Botanical  Bulletin  No.  5,  'The  Arborescent  Indigenous  Le- 
gumes of  Hawaii,"  of  53  pages  with  18  illustrations,  treats  of  the 
four  native  genera  of  trees  belonging  to  the  bean  family  which 
include  the  two  koas  with  the  two  varieties,  the  koaia,  the  uhiuhi. 


150 

which  is  rather  rare,  the  mamani  and  its  two  varieties,  and  the 
wiliwiU.  The  discussions  of  the  origin  of  these  trees  in  Hawaii 
are  most  interesting  as  well  as  the  varietal  aspects  which  they 
have  assumed  here. 

Botanical  Bulletin  No.  6,  "The  Hawaiian  Genus  Kokia,''  of  22 
pages  with  8  illustrations,  treats  of  the  Hawaiian  trees  which  are 
relatives  of  the  well-known  cotton  plant  and  some  of  which 
have  already  become  extinct.  The  bulletin  describes  for  the 
first  time  a  new  variety  of  the  kokia,  recently  rediscovered  on 
Kauai,  and  bespeaks  the  preservation  of  this  interesting  genus 
by  propagation  and  planting. 

Copies  of  these  bulletins  may  be  obtained  upon  application  to 
the  Librarian  of    the  Board,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu. 


New  Plant  Inspection  Rule. 

A  new  rule  and  regulation.  Rule  XX,  adopted  on  May  22,  by 
the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  govern- 
ing the  shipment  of  plants,  fruit,  etc.,  between  the  islands  was 
approved  by  Governor  McCarthy  on  May  26,  and  went  into  effect 
on  June  1,  1919. 

The  purpose  of  this  rule  is  to  safeguard  more  eff'ectively  the 
agricultural,  horticultural  and  forest  interests  of  the  Territory, 
and  it  aims  particularly  to  prevent  the  transmission  of  injurious 
insects  in  soil  around  plants  or  otherwise.  Honolulu,  being  the 
port  of  entry  for  foreign  plants,  is  more  open  to  infestation  by 
noxious  insects  and  plant  diseases  than  any  other  port  in  the  Ter- 
ritory and  for  this  reason  closer  restrictions  have  been  placed  on 
the  shipment  of  plants  in  soil  from  Oahu  to  the  other  islands. 

This  new  measure  is  in  line  with  recent  new^  restrictions 
placed  by  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  on  soils,  plants,  seeds,  etc.,  entering  the 
United  States  from  foreign  countries  in  order  to  prevent  the  in- 
troduction of  any  new  insect  pests  or  plant  diseases. 

The  enforcement  of  this  new  rule  will  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  which  has  its  offices  on  Kekuanaoa 
street  near  the  waterfront  in  Honolulu.  The  rule  rescinds  a 
former  rule,  Rule  XVII,  which  was  originally  adopted  in  the 
days  of  the  campaign  against  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  but 
many  of  the  provisions  of  which  are  inapplicable  at  the  present 
time. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  believing  it  necessary 
for  the  best  interests  of  the  Territory  and  particularly  of  the 
other  islands  that  soil  around  plants  should  not  be  sent  out  of 
Honolulu,  has  given  up  the  general  distribution  of  plants  in  soil 
from  Oahu  to  the  other  islands  and  is  making  arrangements  at 
some  inconvenience  and  expense  so  that  plants  for  any  particular 
island  will  be  raised  on  that  island.  The  nursery  at  Hilo  in 
charge  of  Brother  Matthias  Newell  has  recently  been  enlarged 


151 

and  will  fill  all  orders  for  young  trees  for  the  island  of  Hawaii. 
A  new  nursery  is  being  started  at  Haiku,  in  charge  of  Forest 
Ranger  Tames  Lindsay,  to  supply  trees  for  Maui,  and  probably 
at  Kapaa  a  new  nursery  will  soon  be  established  to  take  care  of 
Kauai's  demand  for  trees.  The  Government  Nursery  in  Hono- 
lulu will  continue  to  supply  the  demand  for  trees  on  Oahu  but 
for  Oahu  only  when  shipped  in  soil. 

Provision  is  made  in  the  rule  for  exceptional  cases  when  it  is 
necessary  to  send  a  limited  number  of  valuable  or  rare  plants  in 
soil  but  only  by  a  special  permit  and  under  very  restrictive  con- 
ditions as  to  sterilized  soil  and  plant  quarantine. 

Rule  XX  is  published  in  the  By  Authority  pages  of  this  issue. 

Book  Review. 


students  of  natural  history,  together  with  all  who  are  interested  in  an- 
nals of  Hawaii 's  earlier  civilization,  are  debtors  to  Mr.  W.  F.  Wilson  of 
Honolulu  for  a  book  of  84  pages  just  published,  entitled,  ''David  Douglas, 
Botanist,  at  Hawaii."     The  work  has  been  placed  on  sale  at  Thrum's. 

It  is  an  attempt,  the  compiler  explains  in  a  prefatory  note,  to  bring  to- 
gether, under  one  cover,  some  interesting  particulars  that  have  already  been 
published  in  different  works — for  the  most  part  now  out  of  print — regard- 
ing the  life  of  David  Douglas,  the  intrepid  Scottish  botanical  explorer  and 
mountain  climber,  and  particularly  that  portion  thereof  which  treats  of  his 
two  visits  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  A  few  explanatory  notes  and  illustra- 
tions, it  is  mentioned,  have  been  added  by  the  compiler. 

Extracts  from  a  brief  memoir  of  the  life  of  Douglas  by  Sir  William 
Jackson  Hooker,  professor  of  botany  in  Glasgow  University,  form  the 
groundwork  of  the  compilation,  but  facts  gained  by  Mr.  Wilson  through 
his  own  researches,  including  corrections  of  errors  made  by  different  au- 
thors, which  are  interweaved  in  the  eclectic  subject  matter  or  appear  in 
footnotes,  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  production. 

Including  two  jjortraits  of  Douglas  and  a  picture  of  the  tablet  of  his 
memory  set  in  the  wall  of  Kawaiahao  church,  Honolulu,  the  book  is  em- 
bellished with  thirteen  illustrations  and  six  decorative  tailpieces  related  to 
the  contents.  A  bibliography  appended  contains  twenty-three  titles  of  pub- 
lications referring  to  Douglas. 

Unfortunately,  on  account  of  his  untimely  death  on  the  island  of  Hawaii, 
where  on  July  12,  1834,  he  was  killed  by  a  bullock  in  a  wild  cattle  trap  pit 
into  which  he  had  fallen,  David  Douglas  left  few  literary  remains  pertain- 
ing to  his  botanical  explorations  here,  the  extent  of  which  though  doubtless- 
ly great  can  only  be  surmised.  His  investigations  in  other  fields,  of  which 
the  Northwest  of  America  was  an  important  one,  he  copiously  journalized 
besides  contributing  accounts  of  them  to  various  periodicals  conducted  by 
British  scientific  societies. 

Probably  the  last  letter  that  he  ever  wrote  to  any  of  his  friends  in 
Europe  is  one  reprinted  by  Mr.  Wilson,  which  Avas  sent  to  Dr.  Hooker  from 
Honolulu  under  date  of  May  6,  1834.  In  the  book  is  a  list  of  several 
plants  in  the  flora  of  Hawaii  named  for  Douglas  by  some  of  his  botanical 
friends.  One  variety  of  the  silver  sword  fern  was  originally  among  the 
number  but  was  afterward  changed  from  Argyrophyton  Douglasii  to  Argy- 
roziphium  Sandwicens. 

As  readers  of  the  Forester  Avill  remember,  the  Douglas  fir  of  the  North- 
west keeps  green  the  memory  of  the  distinguished  Scottish  botanist  whose 
mangled  body  was  buried  in  Kawaiahao  churchyard,  Honolulu,  eighty-five 
years  ago.  The  memorial  tablet  upon  that  edifice  was  sent  from  England 
by  a  contemporary  scientist.     It  was  intended  for  a  tombstone  but  when  it 


152 

reached  here  the  location  of  the  grave  could  not  be  identified.  A  monu- 
ment to  Douglas 's  memory  was  erected  in  the  churchyard  at  New  Scone, 
Scotland,  near  his  birthplace,  "by  subscriptions  among  the  botanists  of 
Europe, ' '  as  the  inscription  upon  it  states. 


The  Fire  Danger. 

To  be  forewarned  is  to  be  forearmed.  The  danger  of  forest 
and  grass  fires  during  the  dry  season  which  is  upon  us  has 
been  called  to  the  attention  of  the  District  Fire  Wardens 
throughout  the  Territory  by  the  fob'owing  circular  letter: 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  June  5,  1919. 
To  the  District  Fire  Wardens  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry  Throughout  the  Territory. 

Gentlemen: — A  dry  season  is  apparently  before  us  and  it  is  impera- 
tive that  we  do  all  we  can  to  prevent  the  starting  of  uncontrolled  grass  fires 
and  all  brush  and  forest  fires.  A  little  time  spent  in  preventing  the  start- 
ing of  a  fire  will  save  an  immense  amount  of  time,  labor  and  money  in  ex- 
tinguishing one. 

To  bring  the  fire  menace  before  the  eyes  of  the  public,  the  Chief  Fire 
Warden  has  on  hand  a  supply  of  cloth  fire  warnings  which  when  posted  in 
conspicuous  places  in  the  region  of  a  fire  menace  serve  to  make  the  people 
more  careful  in  the  handling  of  fii^e.  If  there  are  any  conspicuous  places  in 
your  district  Avhere  such  signs  could  be  used  to  advantage  and  you  can  ar- 
range to  have  them  posted,  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  send  you  a  supply  upon 
receiving  notice  as  to  the  number  needed. 

If  any  fires  do,  unfortunately,  occur  in  your  district  wdll  you  kindly  re- 
port them  to  me  promptly,  as  required  by  law,  using  the  following  outline 
for  your  report: 

Date  fire  started,  date  extinguished.  Name  of  land  and  district.  How 
fire  started.  Was  originator  of  fire  apprehended  and  prosecuted?  Acreage 
burned  over.  Character  of  land  (grass,  brush,  forest).  Damage  done  by 
fire.     Number  of  men  used  in  extinguishing  it. 

The  Territorial  fire  laws  are  set  forth  in  Sees.  492  to  497- of  the  Re- 
vised Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915.  A  copy  of  these  sections  is  enclosed  here- 
with for    your  information. 

Everything  that  you  can  do  to  prevent,  control  and  extinguish  uncon- 
trolled grass  fires  and  all  brush  and  forest  fires  in  your  district  will  be  most 
heartily  appreciated. 

Very  truly  yours, 

C.     S.    JUDD, 

Chief  Fire  Warden. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  12,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  oi  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  May,  1919: 

TREE     PLANTING. 

During  the  month  2761    trees    w^ere    planted  out  on  forest  reserves  as 
follows:     589  koa  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Eeserve  in  Makiki,  122  silk 


153 

oak  trees  on  the  Kealia  Reserve,  Kauai,  and  2050  yellow  poinciana  on  the 
Lualualei  Reserve,  Oahu,  in  Mikilua.  It  has  been  rather  dry  at  the  latter 
place  lately  and  only  this  species,  which  has  stood  planting  well  with  the 
scanty  moisture,  is  being  used  until  there  i-s  more  rain. 

In  response  to  a  request  sent  to  the  Amereian  Consul  at  Taihoku,  For- 
mosa, on  February  6,  a  supply  of  seed  of  Acacia  confusa,  a  tree  described 
in  my  February  report,  was  received  on  May  16.  Small  lots  of  this  seed 
will  be  distributed  on  application  to  those  who  wish  to  try  out  this  tree 
which  has  been  found  most  useful  in  Formosa. 

Complying  with  a  request  from  the  president  of  the  Punahou  school  for 
ideas  concerning  a  planting  scheme  for  the  school  campus,  I  submitted  on 
May  16  recommendations  and  a  list  of  trees  for  such  planting,  favoring 
almost  exclusively  Hawaiian  species  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

On  May  22,  a  supply  of  trees  was  sent  over  to  Waiahole,  Oahu,  for  the 
first  planting  on  the  forest  reserve  in  that  region.  These  consisted  of  260 
molave,  Vitex  parvi flora,  a  useful  tree  of  the  Philippines  which  has  already 
done  well  on  the  Manoa  Ranger  Station  and  which  it  is  believed  will  be 
suitable  for  planting  at  Waiahole;  15  mahogany  and  19  tulipwood,  HarimUia 
pendula.  Material  has  been  sent  over  for  a  10  x  10  foot  nursery  and  potting 
shed  where  the  plants  can  be  handled  and  cared  for  preliminary  to  planting. 

NEW     NURSERIES. 

Material  for  the  new  nursery  at  Haiku,  Maui,  has  been  ordered  and  a 
lease  made  with  Ranger  Lindsay  for  the  use  of  a  quarter-acre  of  land  and 
laborer's  house  at  $10  per  month.  It  is  hoped  to  have  the  nursery  in  good 
running  order  by  July  1,  so  as  to  receive  orders  by  then  for  trees  desired 
on  Maui. 

Negotiations  are  being  conducted  for  the  use  of  a  similar  area  for  the 
Kauai  nursery  on  a  part  of  the  Mahelona  Memorial  Hospital  grounds  at 
Kapa'a  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  possible  to  start  the  nursery  here  at 
an  early  date. 

rOREST    FENCING. 

Four  new  forest  reserve  fencing  projects  were  started  during  the  month, 
as  follows: 

K\ila  Forest  Eeserve,  Maui.  Total  distance  4.45  miles.  The  Raymond 
Ranch  has  agreed  to  make  stock-proof  a  distance  of  2.65  miles  of  reserve 
boundary  from  the  present  fence  near  Puu  Keokea  running  easterly  to  Ka- 
lepeamoa,  and  the  Kaonoulu  Ranch  has  agreed  similarly  to  make  impassable 
to  stock  the  1.8  miles  of  boundary  between  Keanoulu  and  Waiohuli  within 
the  reserve,  the  Division  of  Forestry  furnishing  the  wire  and  staples  and 
allowing  the  use  of  dead  mamani  trees  on  the  reserve  for  posts.  This  will 
give  complete  protection  to  the  area  in  the  Kula  Reserve  which  it  is  planned 
to  plant  up  as  soon  as  the  cattle  are  removed  ai.d  this  removal  of  cattle  can 
be  accomplished  and  they  can  be  kept  out  only  by  the  construction  of  these 
fences.  The  problem  of  ridding  this  reserve  of  wild  cattle,  which  has  vexed 
us  for  so  long,  seems  at  last  about  to  be  solved. 

Sec.  C.  Olaa  Forest  Pari-  Eeserve,  Hawaii.  Local  residents  have  agreed 
to  build  two  sections  of  fences,  1.14  and  .45  miles  in  length,  respectively,  on 
forest  reserve  boundaries  adjacent  to  their  property  in  Olaa,  the  wire  and 
staples  being  furnished  by  this  Division,  and  Ranger  Mackenzie  will  con- 
struct .19  mile  of  fence  on  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  new  Olaa  Reserve 
where  needed  at  24  Miles  to  keep  out  wandering  cattle. 

A  short  stretch  of  fence  which  has  hitherto  enclosed  a  part  of  the  land 
of  Mr.  L.  L.  McCandless  at  Puhawai,  within  the  Lualualei  Forest  Reserve, 
is  being  moved  back  at  the  expense  of  the  owner. 

FOREST    FIRES. 

On  May  6,  a  fire  started  at  2:30  p.  m.  from  a  brush  fire  which  jumped 


154 

the  fire  lane,  which  had  first  been  cleared  as  a  precaution,  and  burned  over 
about  40  acres  of  grass  land  on  the  north  ridge  of  Kaleleiki  Gulch  in  the 
Pupukea  Eeserve,  Oahu.  A  few  clumps  of  trees  were  damaged.  Pineapple 
laborers  from  the  homesteads  a"nd  Libby,  McNeill  &  Libby's  plantation 
under  Fire  Warden  F.  S.  Lyman  succeeded  in  extinguishing  it  at  10  p.  m. 
the  same  day. 

BOTANICAL    BULLETINS. 

IXiring  the  month  two  new  botanical  bulletins  by  Consulting  Botanist 
J.  F.  Eock,  Bulletin  No.  5,  ''The  Aborescent  Indigenous  Legumes  of  Ha- 
waii," and  Bulletin  No.  6,  ''The  Genus  Kokia  in  Hawaii,"  were  sent  to 
the  press  and  proof-read. 

Mr.  Eock  left  on  May  10  for  Java  and  India  on  a  tree  seed  collecting 
expedition  for  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  on  Avhich  he  has  been  instructed  to  collect 
seeds  of  certain  trees  desired  for  planting  by  this  Division. 

KOKEE    CAMPS. 

Permits  to  occupy  the  following  camps  at  Kokee  in  the  Na  Pali-Kona 
Forest  Eeserve,  Kauai,  have  been  given  out  since  those  given  in  the  list  in 
my  February  report  were  issued: 

Camp  No.  Permittee 

2      Mrs.   Annie   S.   Knudsen ..... 

3      Eric   A.    Knudsen 

14     Hans  P.  Fave    

23      Y.  W.  C.  A.' 

24      Augustus  F.   Knudsen    

25      Boys  Camp,  A.  F.  Knudsen, 

Trustee 

31      Chas.   A.  Eice    

33      Anna  C.  Wilcox 

34     C.  H.  Wilcox   


45      J.  A.  Hogg,  Jr. 

47      E.  F.  Wood    .  . 


'•eage 

Annual  Rental 

1.7 

$167.00 

2.0 

23.00 

2.0 

80.00 

0.3 

3.00 

1.7 

20.00 

1.1 

11.00 

1.2 

12.00 

.7 

7.00 

.8 

8.00 

1.3 

13.00 

.9 

9.00 

rOREST  PROTECTIOX. 

On  May  10,  a  permit  was  issued  to  the  Kukaiau  Eanch  to  construct  and 
maintain  a  telephone  line  across  the  lands  of  Laupahoehoe  and  Humuula  in 
the  Hilo  Forest  Eeserve,  Hawaii,  on  condition  that  the  least  possible  dam- 
age in  its  construction  be  done  the  forest.  This  line  will  connect  up  the 
land  of  Maulua  near  Piha  with  ranch  headquarters  and  will  be  a  valuable 
as  well  as  convenient  adjunct  in  the  work  of  forest  protection  in  this  region. 

On  May  29,  17  standard  forest  reserve  pipe  monuments  were  distributed 
at  boundary  points  on  the  Pupukea  Forest  Eeserve,  Oahu,  and  water  re- 
serves in  this  region.  These  will  soon  be  erected  so  as  to  mark  definitely 
and  permanently  the  reserve  lands  in  this  region. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Preparations  have  begun  for  lectures  on  Elementary  Forestry  and  the 
Forests  of  Hawaii  to  be  delivered  at  the  Territorial  Summer  School  at 
Kilauea,  Hawaii,  in  July  or  August. 

At  the  request  of  the  editor  of  ' '  The  Timberman  ' '  of  Portland,  Oregon, 
an  illustrated  article  on  the  Hawaiian  koa  tree  was  prepared  and  sent  to 
him  for  publication. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.   S.   JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


155 

KEPORT  (*)F  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  16,  1919. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  May: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants. 

Pot  Grown. 

Sold 140 

Gratis 4,297  sent  to  Government  forest  reserves; 

2,741  sent  to  Schofield  Barracks,  homesteaders,  schools,  and — 

3,461  sent  to  other  Government  institutions. 


Total 10,639 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold   $  3.35 

Rent  of  Office  Building,  Nursery  Ground,  February 35.00 

Total $38.35 

MAKIKI   STATION. 

The  work  at  this  station  has  been  principally  routine,  consisting  of  mix- 
ing and  sterilizing  soil,  potting  and  transplanting  trees,  cutting  up  wood 
for  boxes  and  fence  posts,  etc. 

HONOLULU    WATERSHED    PLANTING. 

589  koa  trees  were  planted  at  the  top  of  Opu  Valley.  Other  work  done 
consisted  of  making  holes  and  clearing. 

ADVICE   AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  been  requested  by  the  president  and  members  of  the 
Alewa  Improvement  Club  to  draw  up  a  planting  plan  for  the  Alewa  Heights 
district.     A  plan  will  be  made  and  submitted  to  the  club  at  its  next  meeting. 

The  writer  has  made  the  following  number  of  calls  and  otherwise  given 
advice  and  assistance  at  the  request  of  people  in  and  around  the  city : 

Calls  made    5 

Advice  by  telephone   8 

Advice  to  people  calling   11 

Respectfully  submitted, 


David  Haughs, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


156 

Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  31,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  the  insectary  handled  15,700  pupae  of 
the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  1239  females  and  1109  males 
Opius  fleicheri.     The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON   FLY  PARASITE. 

Opkis  fletclieri. 

Oahu  :                                                                                                Females.  Males. 

Maunawai    720  575 

Fort   Kamehameha    20  20 

Pearl    Harbor    50  50 

Kaialua   150  120 

Maui  : 

Wailuku 25  25 

Hawaii  : 

Kamuela    25  20 

fruit  fly  parasites. 

Opiiis  humilis. 
Oahu  : 

Nuuanu    25  25 

Maui: 

Wailuku    20  20 

Hawaii  : 

Kohala    20  30 

Diachasma  iryoni. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu   500  200 

Kaimuki 120  80 

Pearl  Harbor   25  25 

Maui: 

Wailuku 80  80 

Hawaii  : 

Kohala 40  65 

Kamuela    25  25 

Tetrastichus  giffardianus. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu    1,200 

Kaimuki   100 

Pearl   Harbor    400 

Maui: 

Wailuku   300 

Hawaii  : 

Kohala 200 

DirMnus  giffardi 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu    350 


157 

Galesus  silvestri. 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu    1,400 

HORN   FLY  PARASITES. 

Philippine  Pteromalid 

PacJiycrepoideus  dubius. 
Maui  : 

Pearl   Harbor    150 

Spalangia  cameroni. 
Oahu: 

Maunawai 3,000 

Moanalua   500 

Wahiawa 500 

CORN   LEAF   HOPPER. 

ParanagriLs  osborni. 

Oahu  : 

Makiki  Nursery    11,700 

Schofield  Barracks    4,500 

Maui  : 

Kiila   2,000 

Hawaii  : 

Kamuela 2,400 

Laupahoehoe    2,000 

MOLOKAI : 

Pukoo 7,000 

Considerable  time  has  been  spent  on  inspection  work  on  the  waterfront 
and  in  the  preparation  of  an  exhibit  for  the  Territorial  Fair. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

D.   T.   FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  31,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  herewith  submit  my  report  of  the  work  performed  by 
the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  May,  1919. 

During  the  month,  54  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  21  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  subject  to  inspection;  and  9  vessels  arrived 
via  the  Panama  Canal.  The  following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various 
shipments : 

Lots.     Parcels. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests   504  7,847 

Fumigated    22  2,366 

Burned    42  42 

Returned , 6  6 

Total  Inspected  574         10,261 


158 

Of  these  shipments  9962  packages  arrived  as  freight,  218  packages  as 
mail  and  81  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND   BEAN    SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  28,640  bags  of  rice  and  3873  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  the  Orient  and  were  found  free  from  pests. 

PESTS    INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  3736  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  passengers  and  immi- 
grants from  foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  23  lots  of  fruit 
and  3  lots  of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed  bj^  burning. 

On  May  6,  nine  ornamental  plants  in  baggage  from  Japan  were  fumi- 
gated and  passed.  Three  lots  of  bamboo  shoots  were  burned,  being  a  pro- 
hibited importation. 

On  May  14,  2323  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  from  Japan  were  fumigated 
and  all  soil  and  packing  removed  and  burned.  A  caterpillar  was  found  on 
leaves  of  cryptomaria  and  a  single  pupa  in  the  soil.  A  dipterous  maggot 
was  found  on  the  leaves  of  palms.  Fourteen  trees  of  the  shipment  infested 
with  scale  insects  were  burned.  Small  colonies  of  two  species  of  ants, 
Monomorium  pharaonis  and  PrenoJepis  longicornis.  were  found  in  the  soil 
and  packing. 

On  May  27,  two  orchids  and  23  litchee  trees  in  baggage  from  the  Orient 
were  fumigated  and  passed. 

Following  are  the  interceptions  in  the  mail  and  disposal  of  same: 

May  6,  two  packages  tulip  bulbs  from  Portugal,  returned  as  unmailable. 

May  7,  one  package  carob  beans  from  San  Francisco,  infested  with  Bru- 
chids,  fumigated. 

May  7,  one  package  napir  grass  from  United  States,  infested  with  Aphis, 
fumigated. 

May  12,  two  packages  tree  seed  from  Manila,  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

May  12,  one  package  yams  from  Manila,  infested  with-  A7ithrihid  beetles, 
burned. 

May  12,  one  package  pine  cones  from  Manila,  returned  as  unmailable. 

May  12,  one  package  tree  seed  from  Formosa,  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

May  14,  one  package  paeony  roots  from  Japan,  returned  as  unmailable. 

May  14,  one  palm  seed  from  South  Africa,  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

May  27,  one  package  dahlia  bulbs  from  California,  infested  with  mealy 
bugs,  fumigated. 

During  the  month  1872  bags  of  corn  and  165  bags  of  peanuts  were  fumi- 
gated for  the  accommodation  of  local  merchants — a  total  of  2037  bags. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  Matthias  Newell,  Inspector  at  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  ten 
vessels  at  the  port  of  Hilo,  three  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  con- 
sisting of  107  lots  and  1908  packages.     All  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr,  Will  Cooper,  Inspector  at  Maui,  reports  the  arrival  of  four  vessels  at 
the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consisting  of 
251  lots  and  273  packages,  all  of  which  were  free  from  insect  pests. 

INTER-ISLAND   INSPECTION. 

Fifty-six  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island  ports  were 
attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as  free  from  pests: 


159 


Taro 566  packages 

Vegetables 209         ' ' 

Plants 149         '' 

Fruit 51         '< 

975  packages 

Twelve  cases  of  sugar  cane  seed  were  shipped  by  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  Two 
lots  of  plants  and  seven  lots  of  fruit  were  refused  shipment  on  account  of 
infestation  or  undesirable  soil. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

D.  T.  Full  AW  AY, 
Acting  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  16,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

G^ENTLEMEN : — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  February,  1919 : 

THE    ANTHRAX    SITUATION    ON    KAUAI. 

I  regret  to  have  to  report  that  some  rather  unfortunate  results  have  at- 
tended the  annual  vaccination  of  the  Princeville  Plantation  livestock  with 
anthrax  vaccine.  About  30  head,  all  horses,  have  developed  more  or  less 
pronounced  swellings  on  the  side  of  the  neck,  that  is,  at  the  place  where  the 
attenuated  virus  had  been  injected.  These  swellings,  in  some  cases,  prac- 
tically extended  from  the  lower  jaw  along  the  under  side  of  the  neck-  to  the 
chest  and  in  three  cases  resulted  in  death.  Most  of  the  other  swellings  sub- 
sided in  the  course  of  a  few  days  to  a  week,  even  though  some  of  them  be- 
came as  large  as  coconuts.  In  no  case  has  it  been  possible  to  demonstrate 
the  anthrax  bacillus  in  the  swellings.  The  most  remarkable  fact,  however, 
is  that  these  swellings  did  not  develop  until  10  to  20  days  after  vaccination 
and  it  is  therefore  highly  improbable  that  the  vaccine  is  the  cause  of  them; 
but  why  they  should  all  appear  on  that  side  of  the  neck,  where  the  atten- 
uated virus  had  been  injected,  remains  a  mystery.  Dr  Golding  is  of  the 
opinion  that  the  three  deaths  resulted  from  hemorrhagic  septicemia,  which 
diagnosis  is  borne  out  by  his  post  mortem  notes  and  by  the  microscopic 
slides  forwarded  by  him.  The  other  swellings,  however,  which  remained 
localized,  are  more  likely  due  to  malignant  edema  infection. 

In  order  to  look  further  into  this  matter,  I  have  been  authorized  by  the 
President  of  this  Board  to  visit  Kauai,  for  which  place  I  shall  leave  on 
June  16. 

For  the  further  information  of  the  Board,  the  correspondence  between 
Dr.  Golding  and  myself  pertaining  to  this  subject  is  herewith  appended. 

I  have  cabled  for  500  doses  of  equine  hemorrhagic  septicemia  vaccine 
as  authorized  by  the  Animal  Industry  Eevolving  Fund  Act. 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS. 

As  reported  by  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  437  head  of  cattle 
tvere  tested  during  the  past  month.  Of  this  number  33  reacted  to  the  test 
and  have  either  been  destroyed  or  are  to  be  butchered  in  the  near  future.  Of 
the  condemned  animals,  10  belong  to  Charlie  Bellina  and  10  to  a  Japanese 
dairyman  by  the  name  of  Nakamura.     Of  Bellina 's  reactors  three  were  im- 


160 

ported  cattle,  but,  as  they  have  been  tested  before  without  reacting,  com- 
pensation will  have  to  be  paid  for  them.  As  Nakamura  's  reactors  constitute 
more  than  15%  of  his  herd,  we  shall  test  his  dairy  every  three  months  until 
it  is  cleaned  up. 

While  on  Kauai,  I  shall  start  Dr.  Golding  testing  the  dairy  herds  of  that 
island. 

I  apprised  the  federal  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  passage  of  the 
new  bovine  tuberculosis  indemnification  act  and  requested  that  the  Territory 
be  admitted  to  cooperate  with  the  said  bureau  in  order  that  we  may  benefit 
by  the  federal  compensation  act  which,  it  is  expected,  will  be  passed  by  the 
U.  S.  Congress  in  the  near  future. 

RABIES  IN  ENGLAND. 

For  the  information  of  the  Board,  there  is  appended  a  letter  from  Cap- 
tain A.  L.  C.  Atkinson  of  this  Board  enclosing  a  clipping  from  the  ''London 
Times,"  from  which  it  would  appear  that  rabies  has  gained  a  strong  foot- 
hold in  southern  England  and  is  rapidly  spreading.  In  consequence,  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries  have  issued  an  order  prescribing  the 
muzzling  of  all  dogs  with  wire  cage  muzzles  over  a  wide  area,  including  the 
whole  of  the  counties  of  London  and  Middlesex  and  portions  of  the  adjoin- 
ing counties.  Dogs  may  not  be  taken  out  of  this  area  without  a  license 
from  the  board,  and  this  license  requires  that  dogs  so  moved  shall  go  to 
approved  veterinary  premises  where  they  will  be  detained  for  six  months' 
quarantine.  The  board  has  ordered  one  thousand  wire  cage  muzzles  for 
free  distribution. 

With  regard  to  the  application  of  the  dog  owners  of  the  17th  U  S. 
Cavalry,  now  stationed  at  Schofield  Barracks,  for  a  shortening  of  the  quar- 
antine period  of  15  dogs  now  at  the  animal  quarantine  station,  I  did  not 
find  it  advisable  to  recommend  favorable  action  by  this  Board. 

IMPORTATION  OF  LIVE  STOCK. 

In  regard  to  the  importation  of  one  stallion  which  arrived  here  on  the 
steamship  Lurline  unaccompanied  by  the  requisite  certificates  of  health,  I 
made  a  verbal  com2:)laint  to  Castle  &  Cooke,  Ltd.,  and  have  now  been  assured 
that  the  secretary  of  the  said  company  has  drawn  the  Matson  Navigation 
Co.'s  attention  to  the  Territorial  laws  regarding  the  importation  of  live- 
stock and  has  requested  them  to  use  utmost  care  in  following  all  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  your  office,  as  per  enclosed  letter. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

Victor  A.  Norgaard, 
Territorial  Veterinarian. 


ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN'S  REPORT. 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  31,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

.  Sir: — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  May,  1919: 


161 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

Tested.  Passed.     Condemned. 

Albert  Aranjo    1  0  1 

C.  H.  Beliina   145  135  10 

C.  W.  Lucas 1  1  0 

S.  M.  Damon   5  5  0 

H.  K.  Castle 77  0 

College  of  Hawaii 3  3  0 

S.  A.  Baldwin    4  4  0 

M.   Nee    16  15  1 

Fred  Liming 33  28  5 

A.  Paeheeo    14  12  2 

T.  Nakamura   32  22  10 

T.  Nakamoto    21  19  2 

Y.  Tsuda 35  33  2 

D.  Yamashita    56  56  0 

M.  T.  Brazon   52  52  0 

A.  Boniza   12  12  0 

The  above  list  gives  a  total  of  437  head  tested,  out  of  which  number  404 
have  been  passed  and  33  condemned  and  branded.  Of  the  33  condemned 
cows,  10  have  been  slaughtered,  all  revealing  positive  lesions  of  tuberculosis 
on  autopsy. 

CONTAGIOUS   EPITHELIOMA. 

There  is  still  considerable  demand  for  vaccine  for  this  disease  of  poul- 
try.    During  the  month  1500  cc.  was  distributed  among  different  raisers. 

IMPORTATION    OP    LIVE    STOCK. 

During  the  past  month  20  steamers  were  visited,  of  which  the  following 
carried  live  stock: 

S.  S.  Tottori,  Orient:     2  dogs,  2  cats,  owned  by  crew. 

S.  S.  Annette  Rolph,  Coast:     3  cats,  owned  by  crew. 

S.  S.  Mono,  San  Francisco :  8  cts.  poultry,  Wo  Chong ;  5  cts.  rabbits, 
American  Railway  Express  Co. 

S.  S.  Korea  Maru,  Orient:  3  cts.  poultry,  1  water  hen,  Mrs  A.  H,  Isen- 
berg. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco :  4  mules,  Kauai  Fruit  &  Land  Co. ;  1 
Aberdeen  Angus  bull,  4  Aberdeen  Angus  heifers,  H.  F.  Damon;  1  Aberdeen 
Angus  bull,  6  Aberdeen  Angus  heifers,  H.  K.  Castle;  1  Percheron  stallion, 
4  Jersey   heifers,   S.   A.   Baldwin;    3   Guernsey   heifers,   College  of  Hawaii; 

12  mules,  American  Factors,  Ltd.;  6  polo  ponies,  Mr.  Spaulding;  1  Arabian 
stallion,  R.  H.  Harris;  1  horse,  Lt.  Col.  C.  S.  Novt. ;  100  mules,  U.  S.  Q.  M. 
Dept. ;  2  mules,  Schuman  Carriage  Co,;  10  mules,  Hawaiian  Pineapple  Co.; 

13  cts.  poultry. 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco:     9  cts.  poultry. 

S.  S.  Sonoma,  San  Francisco:     1  cat,  American  Railway  Express  Co. 

S.  S.  Ventura,  Sydney:     1  dog,  T.  Livingston. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco:     15  cts.  poultry,  1  ct.  rabbits. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

Leonard  N.  Case, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


162 

By  Authority 


TEREITOEY  OF  HAWAII.— BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE AND  FORESTRY.— RULE  XX— DIVISION  OF  PLANT 
INSPECTION. 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS 
OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY  CONCERNING  THE  CON- 
TROL OF  INSECT  PESTS  AND  PLANT  DISEASES,  REPEALING 
RULE  XVII  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE AND  FORESTRY. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  makes  the  following  rules  and  regulations  for  the 
purpose  of  controlling  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  in  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii : 

Section  1.  No  infested  or  infected  plant,  fruit,  melon,  vegetable,  or 
root,  shall  be  carried,  transported  or  shipped  from  any  one  island  in  this 
Territory  to  any  other  island  in  this  Territory,  if  the  infestation  or  infection 
is  of  such  a  character  or  extent  as  to  endanger  the  agriculture  or  plant  life 
of  the  other  island. 

Section  2.  No  sugar  cane  or  other  plant,  or  part  thereof,  shall  be  car- 
ried, transported,  or  shipped  from  the  island  of  Oahu  to  any  other  island  in 
this  Territory  unless  it  has  been  first  examined  and,  when  found  necessary, 
fumigated  by,  or  under  the  supervision  of,  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  or  his 
assistants,  and  properly  tagged  and  certified  by  any  such  officer,  to  the  best 
of  his  knowledge,  to  be  free  from  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  of  danger 
to  the  agriculture  or  plant  life  of  the  other  islands. 

Section  3.  No  taro,  lily  root,  tuber,  or  root  shall  be  carried,  transported 
or  shipped  from  the  island  of  Oahu  to  any  other  island  in  this  Territory 
unless  it  is  free  from  soil,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  has  been 
first  examined  and,  when  found  necessary,  fumigated  by  or  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  or  his  assistants  and  properly  tagged 
and  certified  by  any  such  officer,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge,  to  be  free 
from  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  of  danger  to  agriculture  or  plant  life 
of  the  other  islands. 

Section  4.  No  soil,  earth,  or  sand  attached  to  any  plant,  except  as 
hereinafter  provided,  or  any  other  soil,  earth,  or  sand  (except  clean  beach 
sand  in  bulk),  shall  be  carried,  transported,  or  shipped  from  the  island  of 
Oahu  to  any  other  island  in  this  Territory,  except  that  soils,  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  provide  inoculation  with  beneficial  soil  organisms,  which  have 
first  been  screened  or  thoroughly  examined  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  or 
his  assistants,  may  be  so  carried,  transported,  or  shipped  when  properly 
tagged  and  certified  by  any  such  officer,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge,  to  be 
free  from  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  of  danger  to  the  agriculture  or 
plant  life  of  the  other  islands. 

Section  5.  Upon  written  application  to  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  and 
upon  the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry, a  special  permit  may  be  issued  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  to  ship 
from  the  island  of  Oahu  to  any  other  island  in  the  Territory  a  limited  num- 
ber of  plants  in  soil  when  it  has  been  shown  in  said  application  that  such 
plants  are  novelties  and  are  of  value  to  agriculture,  horticulture,  or  forestry 
and  that  such  plants  cannot  be  successfully  transported  in  any  other  manner; 
provided,  however,  that  such  plants  have,  to  the  knowledge  and  satisfaction 
of  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector,  been  grown  in  sterilized  soil  in  quarantine  or 
transplanted  into  sterilized  soU  and  held,  up  to  the  time  of  shipment,  ander 
such  conditions  as  would  provide  reasonable  precautions  against  infestation 
by  insect  pests  or  infection  by  plant  diseases.  The  Chief  Plant  Inspector 
may,  in  his  discretion,  subject  such  shipment  to  fumigation. 


163 

Section  6.  Any  person  violating  the  above  rule  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  to  ex- 
ceed Five  Hundred  Dollars  ($500.00),  as  provided  by  Section  529,  Revised 
Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915. 

Section  7.  Rule  XVII  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry  is  hereby  repealed. 

Section  8.    This  rule  shall  take  effect  on  June  1,  1919. 
Approved : 

C.  J.  McCarthy, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Honolulu,  Territory  of  Hawaii,  May  26,  1919. 


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OFFICERS: 

E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President  A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres.  Manager 

E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary  R-  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer  Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 

DIRECTORS: 

G.  R.  Carter  C.  H.  Cooke 

J.  R.  Gait  E.  I.  Spalding 

H.  H.  Walker 

REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     "BREWER" 

G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 


E    CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    E 

I       HONOLULU       -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       | 
E  NEW  YORK  = 


EEPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY  = 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA  E 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD  = 

JOINT  SERVICE  = 

SUGAR   PLANTATIONS  INSURANCE  E 

m^^oi,,  r.«rv,«o«  r  Royal  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver-  E 

Olow^u  Company  ^  England  E 

Hilo  Sugar  Company  ^^^^^^  Assurance  Corporation,  of  = 

Onomea  Sugar  Company  London,  Eng.  = 

Honomu  Sugar  Company  commercial  Union  Assurance  Co.,  = 

Wailuku  Sugar  Company  ^td.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto)  E 

Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company  Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance  E 

Waimanalo  Sugar  Company  ^      ^^  Edinburgh,  Scotland  = 

Hakalau  Plantation  Company       Caledonian  Insurance  Co.,   of  Edin-  = 

Honolulu  Plantation  Company  ^^    j^    Scotland  E 

Hawauan  Agricultural  Co  ^^^^^^   America   Assurance    Co.,    of  E 

Kiiauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co  Toronto    Can  = 

Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  '  ^  .   •    Ar-PTa-T*!  — 

HawaU  Milf  cT  I'^r  ^*""  ^"  Baldwi'f  Lfc^motive^'Tork^  = 

Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.  Kapapala  Ranch  = 


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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 


AGENT 


E 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


I    ISMSe  Fi  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

=   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   = 

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1  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    I 


:          To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

:  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

:  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden   Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.  | 

E                                  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 
'illlllllllillllilllllllllillllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIIIIlT^ 


I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOR  FyLL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  E 

leastle^eooke,  Ctdl 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE, 
AUTOMOBILE  AND 
TOORISIS'  BAGGAGE 
NSORANCE 


l€a$fle$€ooke»Ctd.| 

I  HONOLULU,  HA^VAII  | 

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^^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiK 

I  The  Paper  They  ill  Tjead  | 

=  Circulation,  both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great         E 

S  advertising  patronage,   makes  The   Advertiser  the  greatest         E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.                          E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-         E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more         E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.                                               E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,         E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.         E 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24:  hours'         E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.                                            E 

I  Tie  Paic  Comifcial  AMi»  I 

E  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS                      E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  Eirst-class  Printing  Plant             E 

7filllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!lllll!ll!g!!IIIIIISIIIMIIIIIIIIIIillilll|||||||||,]i 

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\  FEED  CO.,  LTD.| 

:  Dealers  in                                                E 

I  HAY  AND  GRAIN         | 

:  and   Manufacturers   of                                    E 

I  ALGAROBA  FEED         | 

=  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)                | 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO              = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS                                  = 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED                       S 

5  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for                        E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry             = 

E  Remedies                                              E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO                     E 

[  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      E 

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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

=  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  = 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

E  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

i  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  | 

i  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 

DRY  GOODS  = 

Agents  for  E 


—  Lihue  Plantation  Co.,  Ltd. 
S  The  Koloa  Sugar  Company 
S  Kipahulu   Sugar  Company 

Zi  Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

ZZ  Grove    Farm    Plantation 

=  Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 

H  The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

H  Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 

—  Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 

—  Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
S  The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America  — 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co.  S 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency  Z 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine  S 


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E  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      = 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

S   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

S  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONERS. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  Ton  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  SuperintcTident  of  Forestry,  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  EHo,  Eawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kawsi, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nwtanv,  Oahm. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Eawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui, 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOOT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Eilo,  EawaU. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  EawaiL 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Mimro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai, 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  NoTgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian, 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

J  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Gokling,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Eichard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  CJerh  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographs^ 

Daniel  Lo^n,  Editor  of  the  Forester, 


H/\\A11AN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^GRICULTURISH 


"^^ 


JULY.  1919 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial 1'''^ 

Notice  to  Applicants  for  Trees 174 

New  Federal  Plant  Quarantine    • 174 

Past  Year's  Activities 175 

Division  of  Forestry 1^^ 

Division  of  Entomology 1^2 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 183 

Division  cf  Animal  Industry 18-^ 

By  Authority — Diseases  on  Pinoanplea 187 

VOL.  XVL  PRICE.  TEN  CENTS         NO.  7 


/ft 


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OFPIOES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H.^ 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director  , 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director  \ 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  E.  CASTLE Director 

C.   H.  ATHEETON Director 


AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian    Oommercial   and    Sugar   Company  McBryde    Sugar  Oompany,   Ltd. 

Haiku  Sugar  Oompany  Kahuku   Plantation   Company 

Paia    Plantation  Kauai  Pmit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui    Agricultural  Company  Kauai  Railway   Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian   Sugar  Company  Kahului   Railroad   Company 
Honolna  Ranch 

INSUEANCE  COMPANIES  EEPEESENTED  BY  ALEXANDEE  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,  Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine   Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switi. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

lllllllilililllllllllllllNllllllllllllllilillllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllillllllllll 


^(iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin:: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


W 


I 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  lo  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


Tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
[ndia,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2,50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,  Forest   Nurseryman,  Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
•pensable  for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T,  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  --^ritory,  annual  reports,  bullotins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulationb,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application, 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  July,  1919.  No.  7 


Attention  is  called  to  the  notice,  published  in  this  issue,  of  tlie 
Chief  Plant  Inspector  concerning  the  new  federal  plant  quaran- 
tine. 


On  July  1  the  shipment  of  cattle  interstate  without  having  them 
properly  tuberculin  tested  was  prohibited — with  a  few  exceptions 
— by  a  regulation  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

The  Superintendent  of  Forestry  will  begin  his  cource  of  lec- 
tures on  elementary  forestry  and  the  Hawaiian  forests  on  or 
about  August  1,  at  the  Territorial  Summer  School  which  has 
been  opened  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii. 


A  report  of  the  activities  of  the  four  divisions  of  this  Board, 
during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  is  contained  in  this  issue. 
This  was  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  Governor  in  submitting  his 
annual  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 


Rule  XVm  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  has  been  amended 
further  to  permit  the  shipment  of  pineapple  crowns,  slips  and 
suckers  from  Honolulu  to  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  where,  at  Kohala, 
a  new  pineapple  industry  is  about  to  be  started.  The  prohibi- 
tion against  the  shipment  of  pineapple  stumps  still  remains  in 
effect.     The  amended  rule  is  printed  in  this  issue. 


Members  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  are  on  the  watch  for  koa 
seed,  but  with  little  success  as  yet.  While  some  pods  have  devel- 
oped this  summer,  it  has  been  discovered  that  the  moth  borer  is 
already  on  the  job,  like  the  proverbial  early  worm,  and  has  rid- 
dled most  of  the  seeds  which  the  pods  contain. 


Of  the  total  number  of  48  camp  sites  surveyed  out  at  Kokec, 
in  the  Na  Pali-Kona  Forest  Reserve,  Kauai,  26  have  been  taken 
under  10-year  camping  permits  by  recreationists  who  have  already 
begun  to  enjoy  the  refreshing  climate  of  that  delightful,  high- 
mountain  region. 


Ui 


174 

Notice  to  Applicants  for  Trees 

Honolulu,  July  16,  1919. 

By  Rule  XX  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  which  was  approved  by  the  Gov- 
ernor on  May  26  and  became  effective  June  1,  1919,  the  shipping 
of  plants  (including  young  tree  seedlings)  in  soil  from  the  Island 
of  Oahu  to  any  other  island  is  prohibited,  in  order  to  protect  the 
agriculture  and  plant  life  on  the  other  islands  from  new  insect 
pests  which  may  secure  an  entrance  at  Honolulu,  the  port  of  entry 
for  the  Territory. 

For  this  reason  the  Government  Nursery  is  not  able  to  send  out 
any  more  young  trees  from  Honolulu  to  the  other  islands.  To 
meet  the  demands  for  trees  on  the  other  islands  the  following 
arrangements  have  been  made : 

Hawaii.  Brother  Matthias  N^ewell  at  Hilo,  Hawaii,  will,  upon 
due  notice  in  advance,  be  able  to  supply  trees  for  that  island  from 
the  nursery  at  Hilo. 

Maui  and  Molokai.  Forest  Ranger  James  Lindsay  at  Haiku, 
Maui,  will  be  able  to  supply,  after  advance  notice,  trees  for  Maui 
and  Molokai  from  the  new  nursery  at  Haiku. 

Kauai.  Arrangements  are  being  made  for  the  establishment 
of  a  nursery  on  Kauai,  but  until  these  are  completed  no  trees  can 
be  furnished. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


New  Federal  Plant  Quarantine 

The  attention  of  growers,  nurserymen,  florists  and  others  inter- 
ested is  directed  to  the  fact  that  on  June  1st,  1919,  a  new  Fed- 
eral Plant  Quarantine  went  into  efTect  under  No.  37.  It  is  in- 
tended to  more  fully  protect  the  horticultural  and  agricultural 
interests  of  the  Islands  and  is  the  result  of  thought  and  investi- 
gation of  experts  of  the  Federal  and  State  Governments.  Special 
quarantines  prohibiting  entirely  the  importation  of  specific  plants 
and  plant  products  from  certain  countries  or  localities  remain  in 
effect. 

Under  regulations  of  Quarantine  Notice  No.  37,  importation 
of  such  materials  as  are  permissible  for  propagation  can  only  be 
made  under  permits  issued  by  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  Those  con- 
templating importing  plants  or  plant  products  intended  for  prop- 
agation should  communicate  with  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  who  has  blank  forms  of  ap- 
plication for  permits  and  can  give  detailed  information. 

The  following  classes  of  nursery  stock  and  other  plants  and 


175 

seeds,  except  particular  nursery  stock,  plants  and  seeds,  which  are 
governed  by  special  c_[uarantines  and  other  restrictive  orders  now 
in  force,  may  be  imported  without  permit : 

(1)  Fruits,  vegetables,  cereals  and  other  plant  products  im- 
ported for  medicinal,  food  or  manufacturing  purposes. 

(2)  Field,  vegetable  and  flower  seeds. 

The  following  nursery  stock  and  other  plants  and  seeds,  bar- 
ring those  governed  by  special  quarantines  and  other  restrictive 
orders  now  in  force,  when  free  from  sand,  soil  or  earth,  may  be 
imported  from  countries  which  maintain  inspection,  under  permit 
upon  compliance  with  these  regulations,  but,  where  a  particular 
purpose  is  specified,  for  that  purpose  ancT  no  other : 

(1)  Lily  bulbs,  lily  of  the  valley,  narcissus,  hyacinths,  tulips 
and  crocus. 

(2)  Stocks,  cuttings,  scions  and  buds,  of  fruits  for  propaga- 
tion. 

(3)  Rose  stocks  for  propagation,  including  Manetti,  Multi- 
flora,  Brier  Rose  and  Rosa  Rugosa. 

(4)  Nuts,  including  palm  seeds,  for  propagation. 

(5)  Seeds  of  fruit,  forest,  ornamental  and  shade  trees,  seeds 
of  deciduous  and  evergreen  ornamental  shrubs  and  seeds  of  hardy 
perennial  plants. 

A  post-office  order  dated  May  27,  1913,  as  amended  December 
16,  1913,  prohibits  the  importation  by  mail  of  all  growing  or  liv- 
ing plants,  seeds  and  other  plant  products  for  propagation  except 
field  vegetable  and  flower  seeds. 

If  a  package  of  nursery  stock  and  other  plants  and  seeds  of- 
fered for  entry  includes  any  prohibited  article,  the  entire  package 
zvill  be  refused  entry. 

Edw.  M.  Ehrhorn, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector  and  Collaborator  of  Federal 
Horticultural  Board. 


Past  Year's  Activities 


REPORT   OF   THE    BOARD   OF    COMMISSIONERS    OF 

AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY  FOR  THE 

FISCAL  YEAR  ENDED  JUNE  30,  1919. 


By  the  separation  of  the  Marketing  Division  which  the  Legis- 
lature, in  special  session,  made  effective  on  July  1,  1918,  this 
Board  operated  for  the  benefit  of  the  Territory  during  the  past 
fiscal  year  on  four  lines — forestry,  entomology,  plant  inspection, 
and  animal  industrv. 


FORESTRY 


In  the  work  of  forest  protection,  one  of  the  two  main  activities 
of  this  Division,  a  turning  point  was  passed  by  the  completion  of 


176 

the  work  of  setting  apart  the  main  forest  reserve  system  in  the 
Territory.  During  the  year,  five  new  reserves  were  proclaimed 
by  the  Governor,  an  addition  was  made  to  one,  and  an  ehmina- 
tion  from  another.  The  new  reserves  consist  of  the  Nonou  of 
818  acres  and  the  Puu  Ka  Pele  of  4900  acres,  on  Kauai ;  the  Mo- 
kuleia  of  6290  acres  and  the  Hauula  of  9193  acres  on  Oahu ;  and 
the  Olaa  of  20,030  acres  on  Haw-aii.  An  area  of  104  acres  was 
added  to  the  Makua-Keaau  Reserve  on- Oahu,  and  from  the  Puu 
Ka  Pele  Reserve  on  Kauai  415  acres  were  withdrawn  to  be  turned 
over  to  the  county  for  pubHc  park  purposes.  These  new  reserves 
include  the  larger  part  of  forested  land  which  -remained  to  be 
officially  set  aside  and  nianaged  under  forestry  principles  mainly 
for  the  conservation  of  water  and  the  beneficial  influence  which 
they  have  on  the  surrounding  land. 

During  April,  1919,  a  detailed  check  and  tabulation  was  made 
of  the  areas  of  all  lands  in  forest  reserves  at  the  request  of  the 
Legislature.  This  revision  shows  that  there  are  now  47  forest 
reserves  in  the  Territory,  having  a  total  area  of  818,739  acres,  of 
which  558,655  acres  or  68  per  cent  is  government  land. 

The  work  of  actual  forest  protection  has  progressed  at  the 
same  time  vi^ith  the  completion  of  this  work  of  forest  dem.arca- 
tion.  The  main  efforts  have  been  directed  toward  ridding  the 
susceptible  native  forests  in  the  reserves  of  injurious  stock.  This 
has  been  accomplished  in  two  ways — by  the  issuing  of  permits 
to  responsible  hunters  and  ranchmen,  and  by  the  construction  of 
new  fences  and  repairing  of  old  fences  to  prevent  the  access  of 
stock.  By  the  first  method,  over  780  head  of  wild  cattle,  pigs 
and  goats  were  eliminated  from  the  reserves  during  the  past  year. 
This  work  will  no  doubt  be  greatly  facilitated  by  a  new  law 
which  authorizes  the  killing  of  branded  wild  cattle  in  fenced  re- 
serves without  compensation  to  the  owner  after  giving  due  pub- 
lished notice.  Under  the  second  method,  a  total  distance  of  14.87 
miles  of  forest  reserve  boundaries  was  made  stock-proof  during 
the  fiscal  year  by  fencing  operations. 

The  force  of  eight  forest  rangers  on  the  four  main  islands 
have  continued  to. render  efficient  service  in  preventing  trespass, 
performing  forest  work,  such  as  fencing  and  tree  planting,  and 
in  the  general  administration  of  the  forest  reserves. 

In  spite  of  an  unusually  dry  winter,  only  four  fires  have  oc- 
curred during  the  year,  but  these  were  extinguished  at  once  with 
small  damage  to  the  forest. 

The  encouragement  of  tree  planting  throughout  the  Territory 
was  continued  by  the  raising  and  distribution  from  the  three  gov- 
ernment nurseries  of  297,902  seedling  trees  during  the  last  cal- 
endar year.  In  the  interest  of  protection  against  the  dissemina- 
tion of  injurious  insects  in  soil  around  the  roots  of  trees,  the  Di- 
vision on  June  1  discontinued  the  practice  of  shipping  trees  in 
soil  from  Oahu  to  the  other  islands,  and  to  meet  the  demand  for 
Irees  on  the  other  islands  it  has  enlarged  the  Hilo  nursery  and 
is  now^  establishing  new  nurseries  on  Maui  and  Kauai. 


177 

Tree- planting  operations  have  been  conducted  in  four  different 
localities  on  forest  reserves,  the  greatest  attention  being  paid  to 
reforestation  on  watersheds  adjacent  to  settlements  in  order  to 
conserve  the  water  supply.  A  total  of  20,000  trees  of  various 
species  were  thus  planted  out  and  cared  for  during  the  calendar 
year  1918  and  one-half  of  these  consisted  of  the  native  koa.  A 
new  mountain  nursery  was  started  in  the  Waianae  Mountains  on 
Oahu,  with  others  to  follow. 

A  section  of  high  mountain  country  at  Kokee,  on  the  Island 
of  Kauai,  was  opened  up  to  summer  campers  under  a  permit 
system.  A  total  of  48  camp  sites  were  surveyed  out  on  meadow 
land  along  mountain  streams,  and  half  of  these  have  already  been 
taken  up  under  ten-year  permits. 

ENTOMOLOGY. 

The  work  of  the  entomological  division,  performed  by  a  grad- 
uate entomologist  and  two  laboratory  assistants,  has  consisted  of 
introducing,  propagating  and  distributing  beneficial  insects,  ad- 
vising in  regard  to  agricultural  and  stock  pests,  and  investigating 
various  projects  for  improving  the  control  of  insects  detrimental 
to  agriculture  and  stock-raising. 

The  beneficial  insects  propagated  and  distributed  have  been  the 
Mediterranean  fruit-fly  parasites,  the  melon-fly  parasite,  the  corn 
leaf-hopper  Qgg  parasite,  mealy-bug  parasites,  etc.  A  great  im- 
provement has  been  noticed  in  the  fruits  attacked  by  the  fruit-fly 
and  the  melon-fly,  and  the  corn  leaf-hopper  tgg  parasite  has  been 
used  as  a  means  of  checking  incipient  leaf-hopper  attacks.  New 
field  work  has  not  been  undertaken  on  account  of  unsettled  con- 
ditions abroad  and  poor  transportation  facilities,  but  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  the  cooperation  of  the  California  State  Commis- 
sion of  Horticulture  was  secured  and,  through  the  assistance  of 
their  entomologist,  a  hymenopterous  parasite  of  the  pupa  or 
chrysalid  of  the  cabbage  butterfly,  the  worm  of  which  is  very 
destructive  to  cabbage  plants,  has  been  introduced  and  its  natural- 
ization attempted.  Both  the  parasite  and  its  host  were  originally 
European  insects.  An  exhibit  of  economic  entomology  and  dem- 
onstration of  natural  control  of  insect  pests  was  made  at  the 
Territorial  fair  in  June,  which  attracted  considerable  attention 
and  proved  of  great  educational  value. 

The  investigational  work  of  the  entomologist  has  consisted  of 
a  study  of  the  termites  or  white  ants,  the  natural  control  of  scale 
insects  with  a  view  to  its  improvement,  the  control  of  the  biting 
flies  which  attack  live-stock,  etc.  Some  time  has  also  been  given 
to  the  study  of  several  groups  of  endemic  insects  as  a  contribu- 
tion to  scientific  entomological  knowledge. 

PLANT    INSPECTION. 

The  work  performed  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  and  his  as- 
sistants during  the  fiscal  year  consisted  of  the  following: 


178 

1.  The  inspection  of  all  fruit,  plants  and  vegetables  coming 
into  the  Territory  by  mail,  freight  or  baggage  from  foreign  coun- 
tries and  the  mainland  of  the  United  States,  to  prevent  the  intro- 
duction of  pests  and  plant  diseases  liable  to  become  injurious  to 
the  various  agricultural  industries  of  these  Islands. 

2.  The  inspection  of  all  fruit,  plants  and  vegetables  shipped 
from  Honolulu  to  all  ports  of  the  other  islands  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  spread  of  any  pest  existing  on  Oahu  to  the 
adjacent  islands.  Honolulu  being  the  only  port  of  entry  for 
foreign  plants  and  plant  products,  it  follows  that  injurious  insects 
and  diseases  will  first  become  established  on  Oahu. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  there  arrived  at  Honolulu,  Hilo  and 
Kahului,  the  only  ports  in  the  Territory  where  fruit  or  vegetables 
enter  directly,  and  at  which  places  local  inspectors  are  stationed, 
834  vessels.  Of  these,  292  carried  \egetable  matter  consisting  of 
240,330  packages  of  fruit  and  vegetables  and  9551  packages  of 
plants  and  seeds.  Of  this  amount,  7212  packages  were  fumigated 
on  account  of  infestation  of  various  kinds ;  456  packages  were  de- 
stroyed by  burning  on  account  of  infestation  or  being  contraband, 
and  896  packages  were  returned  to  the  original  shipper  as  contra- 
band and  unmailable. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  steamers,  all  tramp  steamers  touch- 
ing at  Honolulu  for  fuel  and  supplies  are  boarded  and  inspected 
for  vegetable  matter.  Particular  attention  is  given  to  those  com- 
ing via  the  Panama  Canal  and  other  tropical  countries  in  order  to 
prevent  the  escape  of  possible  pests  carried  on  plants  or  vegetable 
supplies  in  transit.  Notices  and  copies  of  federal  and  territorial 
quarantine  laws  are  furnished  to  the  proper  officers  of  these  ships 
in  order  that  they  may  be  able  to  take  the  proper  precautions 
against  bringing  undesirable  insects  and  plant  diseases  into  the 
Territory. 

The  shortage  of  shipping  lias  materially  decreased  the  impor- 
tations of  fruit  and  vegetables.  Following  are  some  of  the  larger 
staples  imported : 

Oranges    25,393  boxes 

Cabbage 217  crates 

Onions 29.343  bags 

Lemons   5,394  boxes 

Celery    630  crates 

Potatoes  93,877  bags 

War-time  conditions  have  stimulated  local. efforts  at  producing 
these  products  with  such  marked  success  that  it  is  quite  possible 
that  home-grown  fruit  and  vegetables  will  continue  on  the  mar- 
ket after  shipping  conditions  are  normal  again. 

During  the  fiscal  year  696  steamers  were  attended  to  in  the 
inter-island  inspection,  and  11,935  packages  of  plants,  fruit  and 
vegetables  were  inspected.     Of  this  number  129  packages  were 


179 

seized  and  refused  shipment  on  account  of  infestation  or  having 
undesirable  soil  attached  to  the  roots. 


ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

This  Division,  which  is  mainly  engaged  in  the  control  and  erad- 
ication of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases  of  live-stock,  has 
during  the  past  year  continued  its  efforts  at  suppressing  bovine 
tuberculosis,  while  the  restrictive  measures  against  anthrax  have 
been  successfully  enforced.  The  latter  disease,  which  appeared 
on  three  of  the  principal  islands,  almost  simultaneously,  during 
1917,  may  now  be  said  to  be  under  complete  control.  Only  two 
cases,  both  on  the  Island  of  Kauai,  occurred  during  the  past  year. 
In  combating  this  disease  the  Territory  has  expended  nearly 
fifty  thousand  dollars,  while  the  loss  of  live-stock  has  amounted 
to  nearly  the  same  sum.  With  the  continued  vaccination  of  all 
cattle  in  the  infected  districts  there  is  no  longer  any  cause  for 
apprehension  as  to  its  permanent  establishment  here. 

The  eradication  of  bovine  tuberculosis  has  progressed  favorably 
since  the  Territorial  legislature  provided  ample  funds  for  the  in- 
demnification of  the  owners  of  infected  cattle.  The  1917  as  well 
as  the  1919  legislature  appropriated  $20,000  for  this  purpose,  and 
it  is  expected  that  the  end  of  the  present  fiscal  year  will  see  the 
amount  of  infection  reduced  to  less  than  one  per  cent. 

No  case  of  glanders  or  epizootic  lymphangitis  has  come  to 
notice  during  the  past  year,  and  only  one  outbreak  of  swine  plague 
and  necrotic  enteritis  has  been  recorded.  Hog  cholera  has  not 
occurred  in  the  Territory  for  several  years. 

Live-stock  importations  have  increased  to  a  certain  extent  since 
the  ending  of  the  war.  A  considerable  number  of  good  dairy 
cows  have  been  imported,  while  the  beef  cattle  breeders  have 
brought  in  some  of  the  best  blood,  esj)ecially  Herefords,  obtain- 
able in  the  States.  Hog-raising  continues  on  the  increase,  and 
only  smoked  meats  of  this  class  are  now  imported. 

Owing  to  the  continued  high  cost  of  feed  and  transportation, 
the  dairy  industry  remains  confined  to  the  production  of  the  requi- 
site amount  of  milk,  which  retails  at  fifteen  cents  per  quart,  while 
practically  all  butter  and  cheese  is  imported.  The  same  applies 
to  poultry  and  eggs.  The  disease  known  as  chicken  pox  or  sore- 
head is  quite  prevalent,  and  even  though  vaccination  is  practised 
to  a  considerable  extent,  it  is  difficult  to  raise  chickens  which  are 
hatched  later  than  the  end  of  May. 


180 

Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  16,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  June,  1919: 

TEEE  PLAKTING. 

Dtiring  the  month  4981  trees  were  planted  out  on  forest  reserves  as  fol- 
lows: 503  koa  in  Makiki,  in  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Reserve;  and 
at  Mikilua,  in  the  Lualualei  Forest  Reserve,  Oahu,  870  koa,  570  monkey- 
pod,  1748  silk  oak,  1110  red  gum  and  180  sappan. 

A  small  potting  and  tool  shed  was  erected  on  the  Waiahole  Forest  Re- 
serve, Oahu,  and  a  further  supply  of  mahogany  trees  sent  over  preparatory 
to  the  planting  on  that  important  water  reserve. 

FIRE  PROTECTION. 

No  fires  were  reported,  fortunately,  during  June,  but  as  a  precautionary 
measure  all  District  Fire  Wardens  were  reminded  of  the  fire  danger  by  the 
attached  circular  letter  of  June  5,  Avhich  has  resulted  in  the  posting  of  a 
great  many  fire  warnings. 

On  June  24,  at  the  request  of  the  manager  of  the  Laupahoehoe  Sugar 
Plantation,  a  commission  as  Assistant  District  Fire  Warden  at  Laupahoehoe, 
Hawaii,  was  issued  to  Mr.  Joe  J.  Ignacio,  to  take  the  place  of  Mr.  H.  S. 
Rickard,  deceased. 

KOKEE  PERMITS. 

During  the  month  the  following  permits  were  issued  for  the  Kokee  camps, 
Kauai : 

Camp  No,  Permittee.  Acreage.  Ann.  Rental. 

18  Hawn.  Trail  and  Mt.  Club 0.9  $9.00 

35  Elsie  H.  Wilcox 0.8  8.00 

36  Mabel  I.  Wilcox 0.6  6.00 

37  R.  D.  Israel 0.4  4.00 

38  E.   M.   Cheatham 0.3  3.00 

FAIR  EXHIBIT. 

The  working  erosion  model  again  displayed  at  the  Second  Territorial 
Fair  held  June  9-14,  to  show  the  beneficial  effect  of  a  forest  cover  on  the 
runoff,  attracted  more  attention  and  favorable  comment  than  ever,  and  was 
much  admired  as  a  very  instructive  object  lesson  by  all  who  saw  it. 

FOREST  PROTECTION. 

The  fencing  projects  reported  last  month  are  progressing  on  Maui  and 
Hawaii. 

On  June  20  another  visit  was  made  to  the  Pupukea  Forest  Reserve  and 
additional  standard  pipe  monuments  placed  on  the  reserve  boundaries. 

BOTANICAL   BULLETINS. 
On  June  9  the  following  two  illustrated  botanical  bulletins  by  Consulting 


IBl 

Botanist  J.  F.  Eoek  came  oft'  the  press  and  were  distributed:  Ko.  5,  ''The 
Arborescent  Indigenous  Legumes  of  Hawaii, ' '  and  No.  6,  ' '  The  Hawaiian 
Genus  Kokea,  a  Kelative  of  the  Cotton." 

Kespectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
^  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  15,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  work  done  during  the  month 
of  June: 

NURSERY. 

DISTRIBUTION    OF    PLANTS. 

Sold   108  pot-grown  plants 

Others,  including  Forest  Reserves...      408         "  " 

Total   516 

COLLECTIONS GOVERNMENT    REALIZATIONS. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  5.15 

Rent  of  Office  building.  Nursery  grounds,  for  the  months  of 

April  and  May    70.00 

Total   $75.15 

PRESERVATION  FOREST  RESERVES. 

COLLECTIONS    FOR    QUARTER    ENDED    JUNE    30,    1919. 

Rents  and  fees   $  32.50 

^    Sale  of  charcoal 14.95 

Sale  of  black  sand 55.00 

Sale  of  54  cords  dead  wood 54.00 

Fees  for  Kokee  Camp  Site  (Kauai) 226.98 

Total   $383.43 

MAKIKI  VALLEY. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  was  principally  routine.  We  are  now  de- 
voting our  time  to  the  building  up  of  a  stock  of  trees  for  the  coming 
planting  season. 

HONOLULU  WATERSHED. 

In  Opu  Valley  503  koa  trees  were  ])lanted.  Other  work  done  consisted 
of  hoeing  and  clearing. 

ADVICE   AND   ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  at  the  request  of  the  Alewa  Heights  Improvement  Club 


182 

submitted  a  plan  for  the  planting  of  trees  along  the  roads,  etc.,  in  the 
district,  and  the  same  will  be  brought  before  the  club  at  its  next  meeting. 

At  the  request  of  Captain  Hawkins,  who  is  in  charge  of  the  beautifying 
of  the  grounds  at  Fort  Kamehameha,  the  writer  paid  a  visit  to  the  post  and 
made  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  laying  out  of  the  grounds  and  planting 
trees,  etc. 

At  the  request  of  people  in  and  around  the  city,  the  following  calls  were 
made,  also  advice  given  otherwise:  Calls  made,  6;  advice  by  telephone,  4; 
advice  given  people  calling,  8, 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

DAVID  HAUGHS, 

Forest  Nurseryman. 


Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  30,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  June  the  insectary  handled  16,600 
pupae  of  the  melon  tly,  from  which  there  were  bred  1929  females  and  1683 
males,  Opius  fJetcheri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY  PARASITE. 

Females.  Males. 
Opius  fletcheri. 

Oahu : 

Nuuanu    70  70 

Kalihi   185  140 

Maunawai    800  850 

Pupukea    50  50 

Hawaii : 

Kamuela    80  60 

Glenwood 240  220 

FRUIT-FLY  PARASITES. 

Tetrastichus  giffardianus. 
Oahu : 

Kaimuki    300 

Makiki    500 

Opius  humilis. 
Oahu: 

Kaimuki    90  105 

Makiki   80  50 

Diachasma  fuUawayi. 
Oahu : 

Kaimuki    80  10 

Makiki   100  30 

D  iacli  as  m  a  tryo  Ji  i . 
Oahu : 

Kaimuki 195  145 

Makiki   200  150 

Pupukea    100  60 


183 

Dirliinus   giffardi. 

Oahu :      Nuuanu    300 

Galesus  silvestri. 

Oahu :      Nuuanu    650 

COEN   LEAF-HOPPER    PAEASITE. 

Paranagrus    osborni. 

Oahu : 

Makiki   Nursery    6200 

Kalihi    3500 

Hawaii : 

Kailua    5700 

Kukuihaele    400 

Honokaa   400 

Kauai : 

Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 4800 

Kealia    800 

Much  time  was  spent  during  the  first  part  of  the  month  in  the  preparation 
of  an  exhibit  for  the  Territorial  Fair.  In  addition,  the  Entomologist  acted 
as  Chief  Plant  Inspector  until  June  17. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  June  30,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  done  by  the 
Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  June,  1919,  as  follows: 

During  the  month  51  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  20  of  which 
carried  vegetable  matter.  Four  came  via  the  Panama  Canal.  The  follow- 
ing disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Passed  as  free  from  pests.  .  598  lots  7475  packages 

Burned    112     ' '  112         " 

Fumigated    1     "  1         "     , 

Returned    2     * '  2          " 

Total  inspected    713     ' '  7590         ' ' 

Of  these  shipments,  7310  packages  arrived  as  freight,  177  packages  as 
mail  and  103  packages  as  baggage. 

EICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  17,758  bags  of  rice  and  2017  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  Japan  and  were  found  free  from  dangerous  insect  pests. 

PESTS  INTEECEPTED. 
Approximately    4355    pieces    of    baggage    belonging    to    immigrants    from 


184 

foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  22  lots  of  fruit  and  86  lots  of 
vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  June  2  a  package  of  orange  plants  in  the  mail  from  United  States  was 
fumigated  for  an  infestation  of  purple  scale. 

On  the  same  date  one  rose  plant  and  one  azalea  in  the  baggage  from 
Japan  were  destroyed,  being  a  prohibited  importation. 

On  June  2  a  package  of  seed  corn  in  the  mail  from  Japan  was  returned 
as  unmailable. 

On  June  13  a  package  of  plants  in  the  baggage  from  Japan  was  burned, 
being  a  prohibited  importation. 

On  June  17  a  package  of  tulip  bulbs  in  the  mail  from  Portugal  was  re- 
turned as  unmailable. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  AX.  Newell,  Inspector  for  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  seven 
vessels  at  the  port  of  Hilo,  three  of  which  carried  vegetable  matter,  consist- 
ing of  67  lots  and  1547  packages,  all  of  which  were  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr,  Edwin  C.  Moore,  acting  for  Mr,  W.  J.  Cooper,  Inspector  at  Kahului, 
reports  the  arrival  of  five  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  car- 
ried vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  nine  lots  and  450  packages,  all  of  which 
were  free  from  insect  pests. 

INTEB-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-eight  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  were  passed  as  free  from  pests : 

Sugar  cane    11  packages 

Taro    264  bags 

Vegetables   244  packages 

Plants 132  packages 

Fruit    112  packages 

Total  passed   763  packages 

Fourteen  packages  of  plants  and  one  package  of  sugar  cane  were  refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation,  undesirable  soil  and  not  complying 
with  the   regulations. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

E,   M.   EHRHORN, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector, 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  18,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to   submit   herewith   my   report   on   the   work   of   the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  June,  1919: 

THE  ANTHRAX  SITUATION  ON  KAUAI. 

As  stated  in  my  report  for  last  month,  the  Deputy   Territorial  Veteri- 
narian, Dr.   Golding,  had  reported  that  the  vaccination   for   anthrax  in   a 


185 

considerable  niiniher  of  cases  had  been  followed  by  large  swellings  at  the 
place  of  injection;  that  is,  on  the  side  of  the  neck.  In  all,  more  than  thirty- 
cases  occurred,  of  which  four  resulted  in  death,  all  being  among  the  ranch 
saddle  horses  on  the  Princeville  Plantation.  Though  more  than  1700  head 
of  cattle  were  treated  at  the  same  time,  no  similar  eases  occurred  among 
them.  The  inference  was  made  that-  either  the  vaccine  was  too  strong  or 
else  that  the  hypodermic  needles  had  not  been  disinfected.  A  number  of 
more  or  less  mysterious  circumstances  made  it  desirable  that  an  investigation 
be  made,  and  on  June  16  I  left  for  Hanalei.  Upon  arrival,  I  found  five 
horses  affected,  three  being  new  cases  just  brought  in  from  the  saddle-horse 
paddock.  All  were,  as  previously  described,  affected  on  the  right  side  of 
the  neck,  which  is  the  side  on  which,  as  a  rule^  the  anthrax  vaccine  is  in- 
jected, while  the  serum  is  applied  to  the  left  side.  Incidentally,  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Dr.  Golding  invariably  handles  the  vaccine  while  either  the 
manager  or  the  foreman  injects  the  serum,  the  two  injections  being  made 
simultaneously  as  the  animals  pass  through  a  chute. 

The  swellings  were,  as  stated,  all  on  the  right  side  of  the  neck,  the  side 
where  Dr.  Golding  was  supposed  to  have  made  the  injections,  and  resembled 
in  every  respect  the  typical  lesions  resulting  from  the  intradermal  injection 
of  mallein  into  a  horse  affected  with  glanders. 

In  all  cases  reported  by  Dr.  Golding  and  observed  by  us,  the  swelling 
would  appear  suddenly  and  develop  very  quickly;  that  is,  in  the  course  of 
a  few  hours.  Horses  which  had  been  ridden  the  day  before  would  be  found 
in  the  morning  with  a  swelling  eight  to  ten  inches  in  diameter  and  two  to 
three  inches  thick,  or  else,  with  a  small  swelling  which,  in  the  course  of  the 
forenoon,  would  reach  the  above  dimensions.  They  would  then  either  recede 
or  else  continue  to  swell  until  they  reached  upward  toward  the  jaw  and  down- 
ward along  the  neck,  chest  and  abdomen,  resulting  in  death  usually  within 
24  hours. 

The  nature  of  these  swellings  was  oedematous  (doughy),  hot,  and  very 
sensitive  to  the  touch,  and  they  were  as  a  rule  accompanied  by  a  rise  in 
temperature,  loss  of  appetite  and  general  malaise. 

Recovery  was  in  all  eases  slow,  the  resorption  requiring  a  week  or  tAvo, 
even  though  the  temperature  might  become  normal  shortly  after  the  swelling 
had  ceased  to  enlarge. 

The  microscopic  examination  of  fluid  drawn  from  these  swellings  or  ob- 
tained on  post-mortem  failed  to  reveal  the  anthrax  bacillus,  even  though 
many  dozen  slides  were  examined.  Only  the  hemorrhagic  septicemia  organ- 
ism was  present,  and  the  internal  lesions  as  observed  on  post-mortem  corre- 
sponded in  every  respect  to  those  which  characterize  this  disease. 

The  most  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  these  fast-appearing  swell- 
ings is,  however,  that  they  did  not  occur  until  two  or  five  weeks  after  vacci- 
nation. This  precludes  any  possible  relation  between  the  two,  but  does  not 
explain  why  all  the  swellings  should  occur  on  the  right  side  of  the  neck  and 
only  among  the  saddle  horses  that  were  kept  in  the  stable  paddock  and  easy 
of  access ;  nor  why  no  cattle  became  affected,  not  even  weanling  calves,  which 
would  naturally  be  more  susceptible  than  mature  animals. 

I  expressed  to  the  manager  my  conviction  that  the  swellings  were  pro- 
duced Avith  a  hypodermic  syringe,  and  put  it  up  to  him  to  see  to  it  that 
nobody  tampered  with  his  stock.  Since  that  time  no  more  cases  have 
occurred. 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS  OX  KAUAI. 

While  on  Kauai  I  demonstrated  for  Dr.  Golding  the  intrapalpebral  tuber- 
culin test  and  familiarized  him  with  the  enforcement  of  the  new  compensa- 
tion act.  For  this  purpost  two  herds  of  pure-bred  Ayrshire  cattle  were 
tested,  among  which  only  one  reactor  was  found.  This  cow  was  slaughtered 
and  found  but  slightly  affected  with  tuberculosis.  There  is  consequently 
little  danger  of  the  further  spread  of  the  disease  among  these  very  valuable 
animals.  •  :    .  ^  .:      ■  .''.'• 


186 

It  is  recommended  that  Dr.  Golding  be  authorized  to  move  to  a  more 
central  location,  as  either  Kapaa  or  Lihiie,  as  otherwise  it  will  be  very  dif- 
ficult for  him  to  do  the  testing  on  the  Waimea  side  and  attend  to  the  meat 
inspection  on  the  Princeville  Plantation  twice  a  week. 

Very  respectfully, 

VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  July  16,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  iSTorgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Bureau  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  Honolulu: 

Dear  Sir: — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month 
of  June,  1919 : 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

The  following  dairies  were  tested  during  the  month: 

Tested.  Passed.      Condemned. 

F.   Figisue    22 

M.  Nishimoto   22 

S.  Saiki   13 

S.   Hirata    40 

Pedro    Martin 15 

F.  Gonzallas   10 

Ant.   Compos    12 

R.  Compos 1 

S.  Shumizu   20 

Pedro  Alias 7 

J.   Horigo    8 

C.  T.  Arozo    17 

M,  Gagaro 10 

Pedro    Diaz    10 

John    Simon    25 

Heimans  &  Freitas   16 

M.  S.  Salado 5 

Mateo    Salado    2 

Antone  Soares    25 

J.  Gonzallas    20 

The  above  list  shows  a  total  of  300  head  tested,  out  of  which  number  291 
passed  and  9  were  condemned  and  branded. 

Besides  the  above  testing,  autopsies  were  performed  on  22  head  of  con- 
demned cattle.     In  all  cases  positive  lesions  of  tuberculosis  were  revealed. 

TERRITORIAL  FAIR 

A  large  part  of  the  time  of  this  Division  was  taken  up  with  the  live- 
stock exhibit  of  the  Fair.  In  this  exhibit  were  shown  animals  from  the 
various  ranches  of  very  superior  quality.  On  the  whole  the  exhibit  was  far 
better  staged  than  the  one  at  the  first  fair,  and  if  the  same  degree  of  im- 
provement is  equaled  at  subsequent  fairs,  this  Territory  will  soon  stage  a 
live-stock  exhibit  which  will  be  excelled  nowhere  on  the  mainland  of  the 
United  States. 

Details  of  the  dressed  carcass  contest  will  be  given  in  a  later  report. 


21 

1 

22 

0 

13 

0 

'37 

3 

14 

1 

10 

0 

11 

1 

1 

0 

20 

0 

7 

0 

7 

1 

17 

0 

10 

0 

10 

0 

25 

0 

15 

1 

5 

0 

2 

0 

24 

1 

20 

0 

187       - 

IMPORTATIONS   OF   LIVE-STOCK. 

A  total  of  14  steamers  were  met  and  inspections  made,  of  which  number 
the  following  were  found  to  carry  live-stock  consigned  to  this  port: 

S.  S.  China,  San  Francisco — 1  dog,  Mrs.  E.  Zohlout. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco:  1  draft  stallion,  C.  B.  Miles;  1  Jersey  bull, 
Amer.  E.  Ex.  Co.;  5  crates  lions,  IT.  A.  de  A^aux;  3  crates  poultry,  J.  C. 
Eued. 

S.  S.  Columbia,  Orient:      1  dog,  Miss  Ruth  Lissak. 

S.  S,  Sachem,  San  Francisco:  1  Hereford  bull,  W.  E.  Bellina;  5  cases 
poultry,  1  eat,  Amer.  Ex.  Co.;   1  crate  ducks,  L.  D.  Robinson. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  Orient:      1  clog;  18  cts.  of  birds,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Isenberg. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

LEONARD  N.  CASE, 
Asst.  Territorial  A^eterinarian. 


By  Authority 

TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII. 
BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY. 


FURTHER  AMENDMENT  TO  RULE  XVIII  OF  THE  DIVISION  OF 
ENTOMOLOGY  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRI- 
CULTURE AND  FORESTRY  CONCERNING  THE  CONTROL  OF 
FUNGUS  DISEASES  ON  PINEAPPLES. 


The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  further  amends  Rule  XVIII  of  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology concerning  the  control  of  fungus  diseases  on  pineapples  in  order 
to  permit  the  shipment  of  pineapple  fruit,  crowns,  slips  and  suckers  from 
Honolulu  to  ports  on  the  islands  of  Hawaii  and  Molokai  so  that  the  said 
rule  shall  read  as  follows: 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  makes  the  following  rule  and  regulation  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  the  spread  of  a  fungus  disease  upon  pineapples  which 
has  made  its  appearance  upon  the  islands  of  Kauai  and  Oahu : 

Section  1.  All  persons  and  corporations  are  hereby  prohibited  from  carry- 
ing, transporting,  or  shipping  from  the  islands  of  Kauai  and  Oahu  to  any 
other  island  in  this  Territory  any  pineapple  fruit,  pineapple  plant,  or  pine- 
apple sucker;  provided,  however,  that  clean  pineaple  fruit,  crowns,  slips  and 
suckers  may  be  shipped  from  Honolulu  to  ports  on  the  islands  of  Hawaii  and 
Molokai. 

Section  2.  No  pineapple  fruit,  pineapple  plant,  or  pineapple  sucker 
shipped  from  any  port  of  the  islands  of  Kauai  and  Oahu  to  any  other  port 
in  this  Territory  shall  be  allowed  to  be  landed,  excepting  clean  pineapple 
fruit,  cro^ais,  slips  and  suckers  shipped  from  Honolulu  to  ports  on  the 
islands  of  Hawaii  and  Molokai.  Inspectors  and  other  duly  authorized 
agents  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  are  hereby  empowered  to 
examine  and  inspect  all  freight,  baggage,  and  belongings  arriving  at  any 
port  of  the  Territory  from  the  islands  of  Kauai  and  Oahu  and  to  destroy 
any  and  all  pineapple  fruits,  plants  or  suckers  found  among  such  freight, 
baggage  or  belongings,  excepting  clean  pineapple  fruit,  crowns,  slips  and 
suckers  arriving  at  ports  on  the  islands  of  Hawaii  and  Molokai  from 
Honolulu. 

Section  3.  Any  person  violating  the  above  rule  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor and  upon   conviction   thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not   to 


188 

exceed  Five  Hundred  Dollars  ($500.00)  as  provided  by  Section  529  of  the 
Revised  Laws  of  Hawaii  of  1915. 

Section  4.  This  Rule,  as  amended,  shall  take  effect  upon  its  approval  by 
the  Governor. 

Approved  this  18th  day  of  Julv,  1919. 

c,  J.  McCarthy, 

Governor  of  Hawaii. 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine,  | 

=  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  5 

|0a$fk$  Cooke,  CtdJ 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  S 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

i  AOIOMOBILE  AND  I 

I  lOURISIS'  BAGGAGE  I 

i  INSURANCE  I 

|ea$ne$eooke,  Ct(l.| 

I  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  | 

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MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiitiniEii' 

I    The  Paper  They  AirRead  \ 

E  Circulation,  "botli  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  = 

=  advertising  patronage,   makes  The   Advertiser  the   greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  = 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  "business  houses  into  more  = 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  hy  house,  = 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  ^ 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  ^ 

I  Tie  m  Cimial  MM  \ 

E  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  = 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  Eirst-class  Printing  Plant  E 

TiiniiniiiniiiiiggiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiMiiiM!iii!iMni8!innsgsiiiEi!!iiiieiiiiiiiiiiJ^ 

iJllllllllIlllllliillllinilllSIIIIHIIIIlSniilllllilllliiUIISSIIIilllilllllllllllllllMliill!: 

lUNION  FEED  CO.,  LIO.| 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I      m  m  m\\\      I 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

I        ALGAROBA  FEED         | 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

E  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

^ii(ii!iniiiiiiiiiiiiisniiiiiiiiiii!S{ii3nssnMigiiiin:!S92SiiiisiMii!iiiiiiiiii!iiiiii!r: 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiini 

I  J.  M.  DOAVSETT  | 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HARTFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     \ 

I  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  = 


I    WESICHFSIER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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1  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    I 


To  do  good  farming  you  must  liave  up-to-date  tools 
to  work  witli.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every- 
thing needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the 
smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.  We 
also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar- 
rel Sprayers.  Our  assortment  of  Hoes,  Shovels, 
Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow- 
ers, Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed 
daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and 
our  stock  large. 


I        E.  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTD.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  = 

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i^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini: 


OFFICERS: 

E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President  A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres.  Manager 

E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary  R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer  Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 

DIRECTORS: 

G.  R.  Carter  C.  H.  Cooke 

J.  R.  Gait  E.  I.  Spalding 

II.  H.  Walker 

REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     "BREWER" 

G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 


=    CAPITAL  STOCK,   $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

I       HONOLULU       -       HILO       -      SAN  FRANCISCO       | 
i  NEW  YORK  = 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY  = 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA  = 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD  E 

JOINT  SERVICE  E 

SUGAR   PLANTATIONS  INSURANCE  = 

OlowaJu  Company  ^^y^l  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver-  | 

n.'li''^^,y.fr' rn^^^^^  Lond'T  AssJfra'nce  Corporation,  of  E 

Onomea  Sugar  Company  London   Ene  — 

wTZ,  ^.IZ  roZ^l  Commercial'union  Assurance  Co.,  = 

Z^l^^.  ^.Tr  rnZ^^l  Ltd.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto)  E 

wl^^Z^^uLrTc^^L^  S^ottisli  Union  &  National  Insurance  E 

Waimanalo  Sugar  Company  ^^^    ^-  •ri^,„T.„^„v,    o^^^-i ^  = 

Hakalau  Plantation  Company       r:,.^°-=f„   t^  °^^S'  r^^?  v^,..  = 

Honolulu  Plantation  Company      ^^'^^"^'^  Scotland  ^ 

K?-:fa'°,f.fpS«n°-r„        BrltisrAmfrica   Assurance    Co.,    of  = 

Kuauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co  Tnrnni-n    ran  = 

Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  aPTJ^RAT    APPiSTTq  E 

Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  ^  ,^    GENERAL  AGENTS  = 

Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works  = 

Kapapala  Ranch  = 


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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior  E 

I  THE  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.  E 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  i 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 

Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME   STREET 


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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

j  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  | 

•  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

:  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  ^ 

:  SUGAR  TACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  | 

:  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=   DEALERS   IN: 


HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO    AND    = 
DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,     Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pe 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America  S 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co.  ZZ 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency  ~ 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine  S 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mimssioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

OOMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  Yon  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Officer, 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  HawaU. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kaum, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  TantcUus^  Oahu. 

IS.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Odfm. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOOT. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Kodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector^  Hilo,  Hawtt/ii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Mc^ui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahulcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

Q»  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai, 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Bichard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.'  Kelly,  Clerk  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer. 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


^      m 


TheHAWSJIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^GRICULTURISH 


AUGUST,  1919 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Editorial  Notes 197 

Bird  Sanctuaries   198 

City  Watershed  Protection 198 

Forest  Service  and  Grazing 199 

Purchase  of  Forest  Lands 200 

Airplanes  Find  Forest  Fires 200 

Division  of  Forestry    201 

Division  Of  Entomology 208 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 205 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 206 

VOL.  XVI.        PRICE.  TEN  CENTS  NO.  8 


/s 


Aloan&^r  $c  ijial&min 


=  Htmtt^i 


OrPIOES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.  | 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OrnOEES    AND    DIEEOTOES: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE .President  and  Direeto 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Direeto 

J.  WATERHOUSE. 2nd  Vice-President  and  Direct. 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Directr, 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Directoi 

JOHN  GUILD , Secretary  and  Director 

E.  F.  BALDWIN Direeto; 

W.  E.  CASTLE Directc 

C.   H.   ATHEETON Directc 


Sugar  JartorB, 
3tt0uranr^  Agents 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian   Commercial   and   Sugar   Company  McBryde   Sngar   Company,   Ltd. 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku  Plantation   Company 

Paia    Plantation  Kauai  Fruit  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Company  Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian   Sugar  Company  Kahului    Railroad    Company 
Honolua   Ranch 

INSUEANCE  COMPANIES  EEPEESENTED  BY  ALEXANDEE  &  BALDWIN,  Lt . 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Oemmonwealth.  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,  Ltd.,  Auckland,  N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland   Marie e  Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

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LMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:= 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Sl 


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hd^ 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


-«iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin; 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE  AT   THE   GOVERNMENT  NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  grov^ing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.i  T-*ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

_  A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri< 
bution  (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  August,  1919.  No.  8 

The  slight  summer  showers  have  made  it  possible  for  the 
Division  of  Forestry  to  continue  tree  planting  during  July  in 
certain  localities. 


Of  the  total  number  of  350  dairy  cattle  tested  during  July  for 
bovine  tuberculosis,  less  than  one  per  cent  was  found  to  be 
afflicted  with  this  disease. 


Attention  is  called  to  the  reference  in  the  report  of  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Forestry  and  to  the  special  article  in  this  number  con- 
cerning the  use  of  forest  reserve  lands  as  bird  sanctuaries. 


The  value  of  bacterins  as  an  effective  cure  for  swine  plague 
was  clearly  demonstrated  by  the  Territorial  Veterinarian  at  the 
outbreak  of  this  disease  among  hogs  at  the  Laie  plantation  on 
July  21,  when  the  trouble  was  brought  to  an  abrupt  end  by  cura- 
tive doses  of  this  remedy. 


Copies  of  Prof.  Rock's  botanical  bulletins  No.  5,  "The  Arbor- 
escent Indigenous  Legumes  of  Hawaii,"  and  No.  6,  "The  Ha- 
waiian Genus  Kokia,  a  Relative  of  the  Cotton,"  are  still  available 
at  the  Government  Nursery  for  those  who  desire  them. 


The  voluntary  and  prompt  assistance  rendered  by  Messrs.  A. 
W.  Fames,  H.  A.  White,  A.  A.  Wilson  and  enlisted  men  from 
Castner,  under  Major  Ryder,  in  extinguishing  the  grass  fire  on 
July  6  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Waianae  mountains,  Oahu, 
is  very  much  appreciated  by  this  Board. 


As  will  be  seen  by  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector's  report  no  chances 
are  taken  with  plant  and  seed  importations  which  include  material 
which  is  prohibited  entry  by  regulation.  It  is  only  by  enforcing 
the  regulations  and  destroying  or  returning  prohibited  material 
that  the  danger  of  new  infestations  of  insect  and  plant  pests  can 
be  kept  down  to  a  minimum. 


During  the  month  Entomologist  Fullaway  distributed  through- 
out the  Territory  5895  parasites  on  the  melon  fly,  6560  parasites 
on  the  fruit  fly,  and  29,700  parasites  on  the  corn  leaf  hopper,  or 
a  total  of  42,155.  This  is  a  regular  part  of  the  propagation  and 
distribution  of  beneficial  insect  work  of  the  Division  of  Ento- 
mology which  is  appreciated  by  fruit  growers  and  the  small  agri- 
culturist. 


198 

Bird  Sanctuaries 


Following-  out  a  recently  established  policy  of  the  Division  of 
Forestry  of  the  Board  of  Ag-riciilture  and  Forestry  to  manage 
the  government  lands  in  forest  reserves  throughout  the  Territory 
so  that  they  will  serve  as  sanctuaries  where  wild  game  and  other 
birds  may  breed  and  multiply  unmolested,  hereafter,  and  until 
further  notice,  no  permits  will  be  issued  for  hunting  birds  on 
such  lands. 

This  stand  is  taken  particularly  to  encourage  the  increase  of 
the  golden  pheasant  which  is  not  so  plentiful  in  parts  of  the 
Territory  as  it  used  to  be  and  on  which  the  1919  Legislature  has 
placed  a  closed  season  of  five  years  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii. 
In  view  of  the  damage  done  by  the  mongoose  in  preventing  the 
spread  of  the  pheasant  combined  wnth  the  numbers  eliminated 
by  hunters  during  the  open  season,  from  Obtober  1  to  January 
31,  it  seems  only  reasonable  that  the  pheasant  should  have  some 
localities  where  it  can  have  a  chance  for  increasing.  The  foot- 
hill country  in  the  forest  reserves  is  a  suitable  location  for  this 
purpose. 

Hunters  who  have  been  accustomed  to  pursue  the  pheasant  in 
the  Kula  Forest  Reserve  on  the  slopes  of  Haleakala  on  Maui, 
may  be  disappointed  at  this  ruling  but  should  favor  the  plan  be- 
cause it  will  tend  to  increase  a  greater  supply  of  birds  on  adja- 
cent lands  in  this  same  region. 


City  Watershed  Protection 


Eighty-seven  cities  and  towns  of  Oregon,  Washington  and 
Alaska  derive  the  water  supply  for  their  municipal  water 
works  from  the  national  forests  of  the  North  Pacific  district,  ac- 
cording to  a  report  just  compiled  in  the  District  Forester's  office. 
Of  these  towns  thirty-eight,  having  an  estimated  population  of 
392,000,  are  in  Oregon ;  forty-two,  with  a  population  of  634,000, 
are  in  Washington;  and  seven,  wath  15,000  people,  are  in  Alaska. 

The  larger  towns  of  the  district  using  national  forest  water 
are  Portland,  Eugene,  Oregon  City,  Roseburg,  Albany,  Bedford, 
Ashland,  Baker,  La  Grande,  The  Dalles,  and  Bend,  Oregon ; 
Seattle,  Tacoma,  Everett,  Walla  Walla,  Yakima,  Wenatchee, 
Aberdeen,  Port  Angeles,  Ellensburg,  and  Roslyn,  Washington ; 
and  Anchorage,  Cordova,  Ketchikan,  and  Petersburg,  Alaska. 

The  Forest  Service  cooperates  with  the  towns  in  protecting  their 
watersheds  from  fire  and  trespass,  and  every  efifort  is  made  to 


199 

keep  the  water  free  from  any  sort  of  contamination.  Formal  co- 
operative agreements  between  the  Secretary  of  AgricuUure  and 
the  city  officials  are  in  effect  providing  for  this  protection  of  the 
watersheds  of  Tacoma  and  Walla  Walla  in  Washington,  and 
Oregon  City,  The  Dalles,  Dufur,  Wallowa,  Baker,  and  Toledo  in 
Oregon. 


Forest  Service  and  Grazing 


Sheep  and  cattle  men  from  thirteen  western  states  met  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  July  21,  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  future  action 
by  the  stockmen  to  secure  some  remedial  legislation  in  connection 
with  the  use  of  the  public  lands  for  grazing  purposes.  An  asso- 
ciation called  the  United  Stockmen's  Association  was  organized, 
the  preamble  of  its  constitution  setting  forth  that  the  purpose  of 
the  association  was  to  insure  control  of  the  unappropriated,  un- 
classified public  range,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture. 

The  meeting  was  attended  by  Secretary  Houston  and  by  ]\Iessrs. 
Potter  and  Barnes  of  the  Forest  Service. 

With  only  one  dissenting  vote,  registered  by  the  Wyoming  dele- 
gation, they  adopted  the  following  resolution : 

"Whereas,  indiscriminate  grazing  on  public  land  has.  resulted  in 
great  reductions  in  forage,  and 

Whereas,  such  indiscriminate  grazing  has  been  brought  about 
by  the  lack  of  supervision  by  the  federal  government,  and 

Whereas,  this  condition  results  in  great  economic  loss  to  the 
nation ;  now  therefore  be  it 

Resolved  by  this  convention  of  stockmen,  representing  the  live- 
stock interests  of  the  states  of  Arizona,  California,  Colorado, 
Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Utah,  New 
Mexico,  Washington,  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  at  a  meeting  in 
Salt  Lake  City,  July  21,  1919,  that  congress  be  urged  to  initiate 
legislation  to  the  end  that  grazing  on  the  unappropriated  public 
domain  be  regulated  by  the  federal  government  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  with  the  interests  of  the 
livestock  men  properly  safeguarded,  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  that  we  urge  the  heartiest  cooperation  between  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Department  of  the  Interior  that 
this  result  be  most  speedily  obtained." 

The  dissenting  vote  cast  l)y  the  Wyoming  delegation  is  believed 
to  have  been  cast  in  order  to  insure  that  the  interests  of  the  re- 
turning soldiers,  sailors  and  marines  would  be  protected,  and  also 
to  direct  attention  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors  land  measure  spon- 
sored by  Secretary  Lane  which  is  now  up  for  consideration. 


200 

Purchase  of  Forest  Lands 


The  National  Forest  Reservation  Commission  has  just  ap- 
proved for  purchase  48,581  acres  of  land  for  National  Forests  in 
the  White  Mountains,  Southern  Appalachians,  and  Arkansas. 

The  largest  tracts  are  in  the  White  IMountains,  where  31,020 
acres  in  Carroll  and  Grafton  Counties,  N.  H.,  and  1,220  acres  in 
Oxford  County,  Me.,  were  approved  for  purchase  at  an  average 
price  of  $7.15  per  acre.  These  lands  include  the  scenic  peaks  of 
Mount  Chocorua  and  Mount  Paugus,  much  visited  by  tourists 
and  made  accessible  by  trails  maintained  by  the  Chocorua  Moun- 
tain Club. 

LAND   IN    OTHER    STATES. 

In  Arkansas  the  approval  for  purchase  covered  6,573  acres, 
largely  in  Pope,  Stone,  Crawford  and  Baxter  Counties,  at  an 
average  price  of  $3.11,  and  2,652  acres  in  Polk,  Scott,  Mont- 
gomery and  Yell  Counties,  at  an  average  price  of  $3.71. 

In  Alabama,  in  Winston  and  Lawrence  Counties,  3,144  acres 
were  approved  for  purchase  at  $4.52  per  acre. 

In  Virginia,  in  Amherst  County,  1,229  acres  were  approved  at 
an  average  price  of  $7.42,  and  in  Augusta  County,  1,407  acres  at 
a  price  of  $5.52. 

In  North  Carolina,  in  Wautauga  and  Caldwell  Counties,  332 
acres  were  purchased  at  an  average  price  of  $9.37  per  acre;  in 
Yancey  County,  144  acres  were  approved  at  $12  per  acre,  and  in 
Macon  County  600  acres  at  $8  per  acre. 

In  South  Carolina,  in  Oconee  County,  190  acres  were  approved 
for  purchase  at  $5  an  acre;  and  in  Georgia,  in  Rabun  County, 
70  acres  at  $4.25. 

TIMBER  AFFECTS  PRICES. 

The  difference  in  the  price  of  the  various  tracts  of  land  ap- 
proved for  purchase  is  due  to  the  difference  in  the  amount  of  tim- 
ber, its  quality  and  accessibility. 

To  date  the  National  Forest  Reservation  Commission  has  ap- 
proved for  purchase  1,751,115  acres  for  National  Forest  pur- 
poses in  the  mountain  areas  of  the  eastern  National  Forests. 


Airplanes  Find  Forest  Fires 


Reports  to  the  Forest  Service,  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  from  the  national  forests  in  California,  where  Army 
aviators  are  making  daily  flights  in  search  of  forest  fires,  indicate 
that  the  innovation  has  been  decidedly  successful  and  that  air 
patrols  of  the  forests  will  prove  so  valuable  that  they  will  eventu- 


201 

ally  become  a  permanent  part  of  the  work  to  shield  the  great 
woodlands  from  conflagrations.  Numerous  fires  have  been  dis- 
covered in  their  early  stages  by  the  aviators  and  have  been  re- 
ported immediately  to  the  forest  rangers.  It  is  believed  that  con- 
siderable loss  has  been  prevented  by  such  early  discovery.  Lack 
of  suitable  landing  places  in  this  rugged  country  has  proved  a 
handicap  in  some  instances  and  has  caused  a  heliei  in  some  quar- 
ters that  dirigible  balloons  will  finally  be  found  more  suitable  than 
airplanes  for  forest  flying. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  5,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — ^I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  July,  1919: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

During  the  month  2050  trees  were  planted  out  on  forest  reserves  on 
Oaliu,  as  follows:  329  koa  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Reserve  in  Ma- 
kiki,  and  1621  red  gum  and  100  monkey  pod  trees  at  Mikilua,  in  the 
Lualualei  Forest  Reserve. 

FOREST  FIRE. 

On  Sunday,  July  6,  at  3:30  p.  m.,  a  fire  started  in  the  grass  near  some 
bee  hives  just  above  No.  5  pineapple  field  of  the  California  Packing 
Corporation  at  Lihue  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Waianae  Mountains,  Oahu, 
and  on  account  of  the  very  dry  conditions  spread  up  the  slope  and  cov- 
ered about  75  acres  before  it  could  be  extinguished.  The  area  burned 
over  w^as  covered  wdth  grass  and  brush  and  a  very  few  trees.  The  fire 
was  first  discovered  by  Mr,  A.  W,  Eames  of  Wfeihiawa,  who,  with  Mr. 
H.  A.  White,  promptly  set  out  with  a  gang  of  laborers  from  the  pine- 
apple fields.  District  Fire  Warden  A.  A.  Wilson  followed  with  assist- 
ance from  the  army  at  Castner  under  Major  Ryder  with  the  result  that 
the  fire  was  completely  under  control  before  nightfall.  The  immediate 
and  voluntary  response  of  these  men  and  their  efficient  labor  in  extin- 
guishing the  fire  so  promptly  are  very  greatly  appreciated.  A  subse- 
quent examination  of  the  burned  area  disclosed  the  fact  that  the  fire 
must  have  been  started  by  the  smoking  torch  of  some  one  who  was 
stealing  honey,  for  the  top  of  one  hive  had  been  removed  and  one  frame 
taken  out.  Unfortunately  it  has  not  been  possible  to  obtain  any  clue 
as  to  who  this  was. 

GRAZING  AT  HALONA. 

On  July  10,  I  visited  Halona  valley  in  the  Laulualei  Forest  Reserve 
in  company  with  Mr.  L.  L.  McCandless  to  investigate  grazing  conditions 
and  have  since  made  a  special  report  on  the  subject.  At  the  time  of  this 
visit,  26  wild  goats  in  the  reserve  were  exterminated  and  complete  utiliza- 
tion made  of  all  but  two  of  them. 


202 

KOKEE  PERMITS. 

During  the  month  the  following  permits  were  issued  for  Kokee  camps 

on  Kauai: 

Annual 

Camp.  No.             Permittee.                                                    Acreage.  Rental. 

15  A Dr.  George  B.  Tuttle 1.1  $11.00 

27 Mrs.  A.  J.  Gignoux  and  Mrs.  C.  G.  Bockus       .7  7.00 

30 Richard  B.  Gurrey 9  9.00 

F0RE8T  FENCING. 

The  fencing  of  the  boundaries  of  the  Kula  Forest  Reserve,  Maui,  in  co- 
operation with  adjacent  private  owners  was  continued  during  the  month. 

A  stretch  of  fence  .30  mile  in  length  -was  completed  during  the  month 
on  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  Section  C  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve, 
Olaa,  Hawaii,  along  the  Volcano  Road  in  cooperation  with  Mr.  Jos.  Zem- 
bik,  the  owner  of  adjacent  Lot  181. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Six  signs,  to  the  effect  that  the  shooting  of  birds  was  prohibited, 
were  painted  on  tin  and  sent  to  Kauai  to  be  posted  on  forest  reserve 
boundaries,  in  following  out  the  policy  of  having  forest  reserve  lands 
serve  as  bird  sanctuaries  where  they  can  breed  and  multiply  without 
molestation. 

A  portion  of  my  time  during  the  month  was  spent  in  the  preparatiop 
of  lectures  on  forestry  to  be  delivered  at  the  Territorial  Summer  School 
in  camp  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii,  for  which  island  I  left  Honolulu  on  July  26. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent   of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF  FOREST   NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  31,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  Avork  done  during  the 
month  of  Julv: 


NURSERY. 


Distribution  of  Plants — 


In  Seed  In  Transplant      Pot 

Boxes.            Boxes.          Grown.  Total, 

Sold    50                   97  147 

Gratis 10,350              1,150             1,201  12,701 


10,350  1,200  1,298  12,848 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $  5.30 

Rent  of  othce  Nursery  grounds   35.00 

$40.30 

PLANTATION  COMPANIES  AND  OTHER  CORPORATIONS,  ETC. 

The  distribution  of  plants  during  the  month  under  this  headingamouut- 
ed  to  5,000  in  transplant  boxes  and  2,000  pot  grown,  total  7,000. 

*  Including  military  posts  and  forest  reserves,  etc. 


203 

We  have  on  hand  at  the  nurseiy  and  at  Makiki  Station  a  large  variety 
of  forest  and  ornamental  trees  ready  for  planting  out.  We  are  also 
propagating  for  the  coming  planting  season  quantities  of  forest  and 
ornamental  trees  of  many  species. 

COLLECTION  OF  SEED. 

The  seed  season  is  now  on  and  the  seed  boys  are  busy  collecting. 
Our  success  in  collecting  koa  seed  has  not  been  so  great  as  we  would 
have  liked,  nevertheless  we  have  managed  to  get  some  good  seed. 

We  have  received  from  Mr.  P.  J.  Wesster,  Agricultural  Advisor, 
Zamboanga,  P.  I.,  seeds  of  Drcwaena  sps.,  Gymira  mvemontosa  and  Parkia 
timonana,  which  we  hope  will  prove  to  be  valuable  as  well  as  ornamental. 

MAKIia  STATION. 

Our  efforts  at  this  station  are  directed  toward  the  propagating  of 
large  quantities  of  trees  to  be  ready  for  the  rainy  season.  We  intend 
to  have  ready  enough  trees  and  plants  to  meet  all  demands. 

HONOLULU  WATEESHED  PLANTING. 

Koa  trees  to  the  number  of  329  were  planted  in  Opu  Valley  during  the 
month.      Other  work  done  consisted  in  hoeing  and  clearing  off. 

ADVICE  AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  made  the  following  calls  and  otherwise  given  advice 
and  assistance  as  follows:  Calls  made  6;  advice  by  telephone  4;  advice 
given  at  Nursery  8. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

DAVID  HAUGHS, 
Forest  Nurseryman. 


Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August  26,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  July  the  insectary  handled  22,200 
pupae  of  the  melon  fiy,  from  which  there  were  bred  3,246  females  and 
2,446  males,  Oinus  fletchcri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY  PARASITE. 

Oinus  fictclieri. 

Oahu: 

Females.      Males. 

Kalihi 100  100 

Moanalua    500  700 

Manoa    25  30 

Moiliili   800  900 

Pearl  City    400  600 

Kailua    830  620 

Waialua    120  170 


204 

FEUIT  FLY  PARASITES. 

Dirhinus  y'lffardi. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu   150 

Diachusma   tryoni. 

Oahu: 

Moanalua    '•  200  180 

Kalihi    525  410 

Nuuanu    100  105 

Hawaii  : 

Houokaa    70  80 

GaJesus  silcestri. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu   200 

Tetrastich K!^  (jiffardianiis. 

Oahu: 

Moanalua    700 

Kalihi  1600 

Nuuauu    -iOO 

Hawaii: 

Honokaa   50 

Diaclmsma  iuUmcayi. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu    10  5 

Moanalua 25 

KaUhi    70  25 

Hawaii 

Honokaa 10 

Oplus  hiiiniJis. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu    25  50 

Moanalua    420  230 

Kalihi 525  330 

Hawaii: 

Honokaa    35  30 

CORN  LEAF-HOPPER  PARASITE. 

Parana</riis  osborni. 

Oahu: 

Makiki  Nursery    12,200 

Manoa   2,000 

Wahiawa 2,200 

Hawaii: 

Kamuela    8,100 

Kauai: 

Kilauea  Plantation  Co 5,200 

Respectfully  submitted, 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 


.  205 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  31,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  carried  on 
by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  July  1919,  as  fol- 
lows: 

During  the  month  42  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  23  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  and  3  vessels  came  through  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone.      The  following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Passed  as  free  from  pests  1240  lots  23,239  packages 

Burned 73    "                       73         " 

Fumigated 8    "                         8         ' ' 

Returned 5    "                         5         " 

Total  inspected 1326    "  23,325         " 

Of  these  shipments  23,051  packages  arrived  as  freight,  114  packages 
as  mail  and  160  packages  as  baggage. 

RICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  18,865  bags  of  rice,  including  150  bags  from  Hong- 
kong, China,  and  1766  bag  of  beans  arrived  from  Japan  and  were  found 
free  from  dangerous  insect  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  4332  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  immigrants  from 
foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  22  lots  of  fruit  and  32  lots 
of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  July  8,  2  packages  of  seeds  of  Rubus  from  Manila  and  one  pack- 
age of  mango  seeds  which  was  badly  infested  with  decay  mites  were 
destroyed. 

On  July  14  a  package  of  Gladiolus  bulbs  from  the  United  States  in- 
fested with  Aphis  and  one  package  Castor  Beans  from  India  were  fumi- 
gated, the  latter  precautionary.  Also  one  package  of  Napier  Grass  from 
the  United  States  was  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  July  17,  3  plants  found  in  the  baggage  of  an  immigrant  from  Japan 
as  well  as  4  packages  of  seeds  were  seized  and  destroyed,  being  pro- 
hibited. 

On  July  20  a  package  of  peas  found  in  the  postoffiee  from  Japan  was 
found  badly  infested  with  Bruchus  pisorum  and  was  fumigated  with 
carbon  bisulphide  before  delivery. 

On  July  21  a  package  of  tree  seeds  from  Calcutta,  India,  came  in  the 
mail  and  was  seized  and  destroyed,  being  contraband. 

On  July  23  a  case  of  Staghorn  ferns  from  Sydney  was  returned  to  the 
storekeeper  of  the  vessel  w^ho  was  bringing  it  for  a  friend,  it  being  a 
prohibited  article.  Also  a  package  of  tree  seeds  from  Sydney  found  in 
the  mail  was  returned  as  unmailable. 

Also  a  package  of  tree  seeds  by  mail  from  Manila  was  destroA^ed  as 
contraband  with  the  consent  of  the  owner. 

On  July  23  a  package  of  plants  from  British  Columbia  came  by  mail 
and  was  returned  as  unmailable. 

On  July  26,  2  Cijcus  rrroliita  were  found  in  the  baggage  of  a  Japanese 
immigrant  and  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  baggage  of  an  immigrant  from 
Manila,  both  of  which  were  seized  and   destroyed. 


206  • 

On  Juh^  26,  4  packages  of  vegetable  seeds  and  herbs  came  by  mail 
from  Japan  and  were  infested  with  Catarauia  Me.ricana  and  were  fumi- 
gated before  delivery. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  of  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  8  vessels 
at  the  port  of  Hilo,  one  steamer  carrying  vegetable  matter;  one  steamer 
and  two  sailing  vessels  carrying  lumber.  There  were  92  lots  and  1830 
packages  of  fruits  and  vegetables  which  were  passed  as  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Edwin  C.  Moore,  Acting  Inspector  at  Kahului,  reports  the  arrival 
of  six  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  fresh  fruits 
and  vegetables  consisting  of  12  lots  and  364  packages,  all  being  free  from 
pests. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Sixty  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  the  other  island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  were  passed  as  free  from 
pests: 

Taro 456  packages 

Fruit 138 

Plants 147         " 

Vegetables 316         " 

Seeds 6         " 

Total 1063     " 

Sugar  cane  (H.  S.  P.  A.)  85  cases,  of  which  80  cases  were  fumigated 
as  precautionary. 

Thirty-three  packages  of  plants  and  5  packages  of  fruits  were  refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation,  undesirable  soil  and  not  complying 
with  the  regulations. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  EHRHORN, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  4,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  a  report  of  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  July,  1919. 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

During  the  past  month  a  total  of  350  head  of  dairy  cattle  located  in 
nineteen  dairies  were  tuberculin  tested,  the  results  of  which  are  given  in 
the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Under  the  date  of  July  18,  I  received  a  communication  from  the  Com- 
manding General  of  Schoiield  Barracks,  Brigadier  General  H.  C.  Hodges, 
Jr.,  to  the  effect  that  a  case  of  generalized  tuberculosis  had  been  found 
by  one  of  the  post  veterinarians  in  the  dairy  of  Karsten  Thot,  located  at 


207 

Wahiawa,  and  informing  nie  further  that  the  sale  of  all  dairy  products 
from  this  dairy  as  well  as  the  dairy  now  owned  by  Kenioo  Farm  had  been 
prohibited  pending-  my  inspection.  I  also  received  a  communication  from 
Capt.  L.  E.  Case,  Hawaiian  Department,  requesting  information  relating 
to  the  amount  of  tuberculosis  in  the  dairy  herds  of  this  island. 

Immediately  upon  receipt  of  the  above  communication,  I  visited  the 
above  mentioned  dairies  and  subjected  them  to  a  rigid  inspection,  being 
accompanied  by  Capt.  Case  and  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
I  found  the  barns,  milk  rooms  and  surrounding  yards  clean  and  the  sani- 
tary and  hygienic  conditions  in  every  way  satisfactory.  In  both  dairies 
the  co\A  s  had  the  appearance  of  being  well-fed  and  cared  for  and  in  no 
instance  was  there  any  clinical  evidence  of  tuberculosis.  The  cow,  which 
had  died  and  which  was  said  to  have  presented  lesions  of  generalized 
tuberculosis  upon  post-mortem  examination,  had  been  buried  and  it  was 
not  considered  feasible  at  that  time  to  exhume  it. 

These  findings  were  then  reported  by  me  in  person  at  the  Adjutant's 
office,  Post  headquarters,  Capt.  Gluud  being  in  charge. 

On  the  following  da}',  July  19,  I  was  called  to  examine  the  exhumed 
carcass  of  the  cow  above  referred  to  and  the  most  exhaustive  examina- 
tion possible  under  the  circumstances  failed  to  reveal  the  slightest  evi- 
dence of  tuberculosis.  The  autopsy  did  reveal,  hoAvever,  an  extensive 
pleuro-pneumonia  and  evidences  of  septic  metritis  accompanied  by  abscess 
formation  in  the  pelvis.  Death  was  undoubtedly  due  to  an  auto  intoxi- 
cation from  the  absorptions  of  toxins  from  the  septic  uterus  and  sur- 
rounding pelvic  organs. 

It  is  inconceivable  how  a  diagnosis  of  generalized  tuberculosis  could 
have  been  made  by  a  veterinarian  at  all  familiar  with  the  pathological 
lesions  of  this  disease.  No  specimens  were  procured  at  the  original 
autopsy  and  our  examination  failed  to  find  any  evidence  that  the  organs 
of  the  pelvic  cavity  had  been  investigated,  yet  this  animal  had  been 
under  treatment  for  retained  after-birth  followed  by  a  septic  metritis. 

On  July  21  and  24,  the  two  dairies  were  given  the  intrapalpebral  tuber- 
culin test  with  the  result  that  out  of  a  total  of  148  head  not  one  ex- 
hibited the  slightest  indication  of  a  reaction.  Such  a  result  was  to  be 
expected  as  these  two  dairies  had  not  had  a  reactor  since  1916. 

Post  Veterinarians  Lieuts.  Nye,  Worthington  and  Sperry  were  present 
during  the  entire  test  and  at  the  finish  reluctantly  admitted  themselves 
satisfied  with   the  results. 

Upon  the  results  of  our  inspection  and  test  the  order  prohibiting  the 
sale  of  dairy  products  from  these  two  dairies  was  at  once  rescinded. 

GLANDERS. 

On  July  16  my  attention  was  directed  to  a  reported  outbreak  of  gland- 
ers at  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  Experiment  Station  at  Waipio,  Investigations 
revealed  the  following: 

The  subject  was  an  aged  work  mule  w^hich  had  been  off  feed  for  some 
time  and  consequently  in  a  run  down  condition.  An  intermittant  nasal 
discharge  had  been  noted  and  recently  an  ulcerated  condition  of  the  right 
hind  fetlock  developed.  The  man  in  charge  called  in  Dr.  E.  L.  Nye  of 
Schofield  Barracks,  who  diagnosed  the  condition  as  strongly  indicating 
glanders  and  so  reported  to  Captain  Case,  who  at  once  reported  it  to  me. 

Accompanied  by  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian  I  went  at  once 
to  Waipio  where  a  rigid  physical  examination  failed  to  reveal  any  indi- 
cations of  glanders.  The  nasal  discharge,  which  at  this  time  was  slight. 
was  not  at  all  characteristic  and  had  a  very  decided  odor.  There  were 
no  ulcers  on  the  nasal  septum  and  no  swollen  submaxillary  glands.  The 
ulcerated  condition  of  the  fetlock  was  du3  simply  to  a  neglected  cut  or 
abrasion.  However,  the  animal  was  given  the  intradermal  mattein  test 
and  upon  examination  failed  to  show  the  slightest  reaction. 


208 

HEMOEKHAGIC  SEPTICEMIA  OR  SWINE  PLAGUE. 

On  July  21,  Laie  Plantation  reported  an  oiitbeak  of  disease  among  their 
hogs.  Nine  had  already  died,  the  remaining 'ones  were  sick  and  show- 
ing symptoms  strongly  indicating  swine  plague. 

Upon  arrival  I  found  15  young  hogs  exhibiting  varying  symptoms  of 
swine  plague.  Two  were  so  far  gone  that  they  were  unable  to  rise. 
They  were  all  given  a  curative  dose  of  Jensen-Salsbery  Mixed  Infections 
Bacterins  for  Swine  and  the  owner  was  instructed  to  give  them  per- 
manganate of  potash  in  the  drinking  water  and  to  clean  and  disinfect 
the  pens. 

On  July  23,  I  again  examined  these  hogs  and  found  them  in  as  healthy 
a  condition  as  one  could  wish.  Full  appetites  and  running  around  as  if 
they  had  never  been  sick.  No  more  deaths  had  occurred  and  the  out- 
break had  been  brought  to  an  abrupt  end. 

This  was  an  excellent  demonstration  of  the  value  of  these  bacterins 
for  without  them  every  one  of  those  hogs  would  have  died.  It  also 
clearly  demonstrates  the  necessity  of  keeping  on  hand  fresh  supplies  of 
bacterins  and  vaccines  for  just  such  emergencies. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  July  31,  1919. 
Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 
Dear  Sir: — I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of  July: 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  were  tested  during  the  past  month: 

Tested.  Passed.      Condemned. 

C.  A.  Long  17  16  1 

S.  L  Shaw 11  11  0 

Francisco  Rufino 3  3  0 

J.  H.  Cummings   10  10  0 

A.  S.  Kenway   6  5  1 

A.  Reinecke  5  5  0 

V.  Souza 5  5  0 

Girls'  Industrial  School 12  12  0 

Louis  Deniz   25  25  0 

C.  Ikeda 16  16  0 

P.  Miyakawa 12  12  0 

Jose  Haimen    2  2  0 

J.  D.  Souza    12  12  0 

Farm  &  Inouye  57  57  0 

0.  A.  Long 2  2  0 

Kemoo  Farm   109  109  0  " 

Karsten  Thot 39  39  0 

S.  Shigamoto   6  6  0 

H.  H.  Parker 1  0  1 

350  347  3 

From  the  above  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of  350  Lead  were 
tested  out  of  which  number  347  were  passed  as  free  from  tuberculosis 
and  3  condemned  and  branded.  Besides  the  above  testing,  10  head  of 
previously  condemned  cattle  were  autopsied  at  the  local  abattoirs. 


209 

CONTAGIOUS  EPITHELIONIA. 

A  few  outbreaks  of  this  disease  of  poultry  have  occurred  during  the 
month  and  about  1500  c.c.  of  vaccine  was  made  up  in  the  laboratory  and 
distributed  amongst  various  owners. 

IMPORTATION  OF  LIVE  STOCK. 

A  total  of  17  vessels  were  met  and  boarded  during  the  month,  out  of 
which  number  the  following  were  found  to  carry  live  stock  for  tliese 
islands: 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco — 20  horses,  T.  H.  Davies  &  Co.;  18  crates 
poultry,  various. 

S.  S.  Sachem — 15  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Manoa — 11  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Lurline — 20  crates  poultry,  1  crate  rabbits,  Amer.  Ry.  Express 
Co.;  1  dog,  Amer.  Ry.  Express  Co.;  1  dog,  H.  A.  Clover;  8  mules,  City 
Mill  Co.;  2  hogs,  E.  O.  Hall  &  Son. 

S.  S.  Niagara — 1  dog,  Miss  Taylor. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

LEONARD  N.  CASE, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


Miiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 

I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 

I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 

I  commodations  and  cuisine.                 '           | 

S  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO           = 

i  HONOLULU  AGENTS                   = 


=  FOR  = 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

i  AUTOMOBILE  AND  i 

1  lOURISIS'  BAGGAGE  [ 

I  INSURANCE  j 

|ea$tle$0ooketCtd.| 

I  HONOLULU,  HA^WAII  | 

TiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiniiiiiiiiiiiT 


LlllllllllllllllllllIlllllllillllilllllilllllilllllllllllllililllllllllltllllllllllllllllilllll^ 

I  //^g  Paper  They  All  Head  \ 

S  Circulation,  "both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  E 

=  advertising  patronage,   makes  The   Advertiser  the  greatest  E 

=  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  colunuis  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  husiness  houses  into  more  E 

=  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — ^24  hours*  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  = 


ifi 


E  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  E 

FriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini}iiiiiBiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 

\  FEED  CO.,  LID.| 

E  Dealers  in  = 

I         HAY  AND  GRAIN         \ 

5  and   Manufacturers   of  E 

I        ALGAROBA  FEED         I 

5  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

5  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

5  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  = 

5  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      E 

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llllllllllilllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllillllllllillllllillllilllllllllllllllil^ 

I  J.  M.  DO^VSETT  I 


AGENT 


HARIFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 

WESICHESIER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO, 

OF  NEW  YORK 


=   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  = 

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^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:' 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    j 

S  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LID.        | 

E  King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  = 

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l^lllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllliHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillllillllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllii 


OrnCERS: 

E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President  A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres.  Manager 

E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary  R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer  Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 

DIRECTORS: 

G.  R.  Carter  C.  H.  Cooke 

J.  R.  Gait  E.  I.  Spalding 

II.  H.  Walker 

REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     * 'BREWER" 

G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 


E    CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

I       HONOLULU       -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       | 
=  NEW  YORK  = 


REPEESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 

JOINT  SERVICE 

SUGAR   PLANTATIONS  INSURANCE 

OlowaJu  Company  ^^^^^  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver- 

Hilo  Sugar  Company  ,      pool,  England 

OnomeaWar  cLpW  ^^^d^orEnT  '"'"''"'' 

wTZ,  l?if/r  rZlZl  commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company  ^td.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto) 

^l^^^Z^^'i^LrTr^^L^  Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance 

S'^^'^       CaJ:;;ia1=r'crorEdin- 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company  g^^^l^^^ 

Hawaiian  Agncultural  Co  British   America   Assurance    Co.,    of 

KUauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co  Toronto,  Can. 

Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  rvKrp-n  \t    ap-p-m-tq 

Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  T.^,.^rrrVnZ^^it^^^L 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 

'  Kapapala  Ranch 


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^Miiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior      E 

I  m  PACIFIC  GUiO  a  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  E 


GommercSal    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Su'phate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME   STREET 


rilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllK^ 


£IIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIillillllllillllllinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|P: 

I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

S  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  = 

E  San   Francisco    Office 310    fSansome    St.  z 

E  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  = 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,   GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    E 
=  DRY  GOODS  E 

E  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makce   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North   America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia    Underwriters    Agency 

Tokio  Marine  I::s.  Co.,   Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinMiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiin: 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONBES. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FOEESTEY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Eock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  NeweU,  in  charge  of  8ub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  KatutL 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Sanger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu, 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu, 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Mani. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Eeserve,  Hawaii. 

DWISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

David  T.  FuUaway,  Entomologist. 
QvLATi  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langford:,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
WiU  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E,  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai. 

Q.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDXISTEY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  G.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Dejmty  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Eichard,  Livestoclc  Inspector. 

CLBEICAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  ClerTe  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Foresier, 


■ 


FORESTER 

AND 

i\GRiaJLTURISIl 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Editorial  Notes    219 

Koa  Seed  Secured 220 

New  Fire  Wardens  Appointed 220 

Rules  for  Bird  Importations 220 

The  Kukui  or  Candlenut  Tree 222 

The  Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at  the  Second  Terri- 
torial  Fair    223 

Division  of  Forestry    229 

Division  of  Entomology    232 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 233 

Division  of  Animal  Industry  234 


VOL  XVI.        PRICE,  TEN  CENTS  NO.  9 


:,{MSvf-~ 


Alfxanlin*  ^  lalhwin. 


^mxUb 


OFFICES: 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -          HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING          -  -        -          SEATTLE,   WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET        -      '  -        -  -        -        NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.  -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFZOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

G.  B.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN. Director 

W.  B.  CASTLE .Director 

C.   H.   ATHERTON Director 


AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian    Conmercial   and   Sugar   Company  McBrjde    Sugar   Company,   Ltd. 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku  Plantation   Company 

Paia   Plantation  Kauai  Fruit;  and  Land  Company,  Ltd. 

Maui   A^gricultaral  Comply  Kauai  Railway  Company.   Ltd. 

HawBJian   Sugar   Company  Kahului   Railroad    Company 
Honolaa  Ranch 

INSUBANCE  COMPANIES  BEPBESENTED  BY  ALEXANDEB  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd- 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong, 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,   New  York,   N,   Y, 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,    Springfield,   Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance  Company,  Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  AsGOciation  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine  Insurance   Company,  Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

lllilllllllllllllllllll^Illlllllllllllilll!l^illlilllUlll^ll^lllllllUlllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^lll 


^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiif: 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


iM  ,Sfe 


i 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


railllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllilililllllllllillllllillllllllllllllllllllillllilllilT 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TEEE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOE 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVEENMENT   NUESEEY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  liand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2i/^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,  Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  thv!  T'^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,' copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulatioub,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  September,  1919.  No.  9 

The  Division  of  Forestry  has  been   fortunate  in  securing  .12      q 
pounds  of  g-ood  koa  seed  from  the  Island  of  Hawaii.  ^ 


The  few  fires  wdiich  have  occurred  this  summer  are  to  be  re- 
gretted but  fortunately  they  did  very  little  damage  to  the  native 
forests  on  watershed  areas. 


Rules  for  the  guidance  of  the  local  inspector  of  the  Bureau  of 
Biological  Surv^ey  in  deciding  what  birds  may  be  admited  into 
this  Territory  under  federal  regulation  are  printed  in  this  issue. 


The  results  of  the  dressed  carcass  contests  of  steers  and  hogs, 
held  at  the  Second  Territorial  Fair  in  Honolulu,  June  9  to  14, 
1919,  as  described  by  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian  in 
this  number,  will  be  of  interest  to  the  stock  raisers  of  the  Terri- 
tory. 


A  supply  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  /Vgriculture  Year  Book 
for  1918  has  been  received  by  this  Board  from  Representative 
Kalanianaole  and  copies  may  be  obtained  by  adressing  The 
Librarian,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  or  by  calling  at  the  Govern- 
ment Nursery,  King  Street. 


Special  attention  is  called  to  the  statement  of  the  Forest  Nur- 
seryman that  the  wood  of  the  silk  oak,  which  is  commonly  planted 
throughout  the  Territory,  is  very  suitable  for  the  making  of 
boxes. 


The  w^ork  of  eradicating  bovine  tuberculosis,  conducted  by  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry,  is  making  good  progress  and  addi- 
tional financial  assistance  in  the  indemnification  of  owners  of 
condemned  animals  is  expected  shortly  from  the  U.  S.  Depart- 


w^ 


An  illustrated  article  on  the  picturesque  kukui  tree,  which  is     <C  >  ^ 
widespread  throughout  the  tropics,  is  contained  in  this  num1)er.  ^  ^ 


ment  of  Agriculture. 


220 

Koa  Seed  Secured 


The  difficulty  of  securing  good  seed  of  the  koa,  Acacia  koa, 
was  somewhat  overcome  in  August  when  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry  made  a  special  investigation  of  the  condition  of  the  seed 
pods  on  the  trees  found  on  the  trail  in  Kau  leading  up  to  Mauna 
Loa  at  an  elevation  of  about  5,000  feet.  He  found  a  great  many 
of  the  pods  which  had  not  been  attacked  by  the  larvae  of  Tortri- 
cid  moths  and  others  wdiich  were  only  partly  infested.  Out  of 
one-third  of  a  bag  of  pods,  one  pound  of  clean  seed  was  secured. 

By  interesting  some  of  the  youths  near  the  V^olcano  House  in 
the  proposition  of  collecting  koa  seed  and  offering  $5.00  per 
pound  for  the  clean  seed  it  was  possible  to  secure  in  this  manner 
a  supply  of  twelve  pounds  of  seed.  This  will  be  used  in-  the 
planting  operations  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  at  the  higher  ele- 
vations in  the  Territorv. 


New  Fire  Wardens  Appointed 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Fjoard  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  held 

on  September  17,  1919,  the  following  new  District  Fire  Wardens 

were  appointed : 

Arthur  J.  Stillman,  District  Fire  Warden  in  and  for  that  portion 
of  the  District  of  Kona  extending  from  the  land  of  Ka- 
haluu  to  the  Kohala  District  line,  Hawaii,  vice  John  A. 
Maguire,  deceased. 

E.  K.  Duvauchelle,  District  Fire  Warden  in  and  for  that  portion 
of  the  Island  of  Alolokai  including  and  lying  to  the  east 
of  Wailau  Valley  and  the  land  of  Mapulehu,  vice  C.  C. 
Conradt,  moved  away. 

Ernest  Brecht,  District  Fire  Warden  in  and  for  that  portion  of 
the  District  of  Waianae  lying  to  the  west  of  the  Waia- 
nae  Mountains,  Oahu,  vice  F.  Meyer,  deceased. 


Rules  for  Bird  Importations 

In  the  following  letter  from  the  Bureau  Chief  of  the  Biological 
Survey  at  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Chief  Plant  Inspector  E.  M. 
Ehrhorn,  who  has  recently  been  appointed  Inspector  of  Foreign 
Mammals  and  Birds  under  that  Bureau  at  Honolulu,  are  laid 
down  certain  rules  under  which  birds  may  and  may  not  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii : 


221 

UNITED    STATES    DEPARTMENT    OF    AGRICULTURE 

BUREAU   OF   BIOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

WASHINGTON,  D.   C. 

August  20,  1919. 
Mr.  Edward  M.  Ehrhorn, 

Inspector  of  Foreign  Mammals  and  Birds, 
Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

Dear  Mr.  Ehrhorn  : 

I  need  hardly  say  we  greatly  appreciate  the  cordial  offer  of  co- 
operation contained  in  your  letter  of  recent  date,  expressing 
your  willingness  to  continue  the  work  of  inspecting  foreign  birds 
and  mammals  in  tlie  port  of  Honolulu  in  place  of  Mr.  Daniel  B. 
Langford,  who  resigned  prior  to  his  departure  for  the  Orient. 

Your  appointment  as  Inspector  under  the  same  conditions  as 
that  held  by  Mr.  Langford  has  been  issued  and  was  mailed  to  you 
a  day  or  two  ago. 

In  response  to  your  request  for  explicit  instructions  as  to  birds 
to  be  admitted,  I  would  like  to  say : 

1.  No  bird  should  be  permitted  to  land  in  Hawaii  which  is 
likely  to  prove  injurious  to  agriculture,  whether  such  bird  is  to 
be  liberated  or  to  be  kept  in  a  cage.  There  are  so  many  ways  in 
which  birds,  ostensibly  imported  for  exhibition,  may  escape  or 
change  hands  and  be  liberated  by  the  new  owners,  that  the  risk 
of  admission  is  to  great  to  take  in  the  case  of  any  injurious 
species. 

2.  No  species  of  weaver  birds  (Ploceidae)  should  be  ad- 
mitted under  any  circumstances.  The  past  experience  with 
Munia  (rice  bird)  on  the  Islands,  and  the  danger  of  introduction 
of  other  species,  as  for  example  the  so-called  Java  sparrows 
(Padda  orydvora)  or  the  IMadagascar  weavers  (Foiidia)  are 
sufficient  grounds  for  the  exclusion  of  any  birds  of  these  groups. 

3.  No  species  of  Fringillidae  (finches)  should  be  admitted 
if  intended  for  liberation. 

4.  No  other  birds  of  which  there  is  any  doubt  should  be  ad- 
mitted for  liberation.  Species  apparently  harmless  concerning 
which  you  are  in  doubt,  may  be  allowed  to  enter  if  kept  in 
captivity  and  with  the  understanding  that  they  will  be  destroyed 
if  investigations  prove  them  to  be  injurious. 

5.  Pheasants,  doves,  quail  and  other  game  birds  may  be  ad- 
mitted;  also  parrots  and  canaries  intended  for  exhibition  and 
propagation  if  kept  in  cages. 

Any  other  points  that  are  not  clear  to  you  we  should  be  glad 
to  explain  on  request. 

A^ery  truly  yours, 

(Signed)     E.  W.  Nelson, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 


222 

The  Kukui  or  Candlenut  Tree 


By  C.  S.  Judd,  Supcvintcndent  of  Forestry. 

One  of  the  handsomest  trees  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  is  the 
kukui  or  candlenut  tree,  Aleurites  moJuccana  (L.)  Willd.,  which 
belongs  to  the  Euphorbia  family  and  is  a  native  of  ^lalaya  and 
Polynesia.  It  is  now  planted  in  most  tropical  countries  where 
here  and  there  it  has  become  naturalized.  In  India  it  is  called 
the  Indian  walnut  and  the  Belgaum  walnut  and  in  the  Philip- 
pines it  is  known  as  lumbang. 

The  kukui  was  probably  brought  to  Hawaii  in  prehistorical 
times  by  the  natives  when  they  made  their  venturesome  canoe 
voyages  from  "Kahiki,"  for  they  depended  for  their  illumination 
on  the  oily  nuts  of  this  tree  and  from  the  juice  of  the  fleshy 
covering  of  its  green  fruit  secured  the  black  dye  with  which  they 
tattooed  their  skins. 

The  light,  silvery  green  color  of  the  kukui  foliage  makes  it 
readily  distinguishable  in  the  Hawaiian  forest  and,  from  afar,  its 
rounded  crowns  hugging  the  mountain  slopes  or  nestled  in  shal- 
low valleys  resemble  clusters,  of  lettuce.  The  kukui  prefers  the 
richer  soils  and  for  this  reason  is  found  mainly  on  the  lower 
slopes  and  in  valley  bottoms.  It  occurs  in  the  dry  as  well  as  the 
wet  regions,  however,  and  is  the  distinguishing  tree  in  the  forest 
type  which  is  found  from  approximately  1000  to  2000  feet  above 
sea  level.  In  deep  and  narrow  gulches,  where  the  crown  of  the 
tree  reaches  up  to  the  light,  it  often  attains  a  height  of  80  feet 
and  grows  with  long  and  slender  boles  which  for  the  most  part 
are  clear  of  branches.  When  grown  in  the  open  the  kukui  is 
much  branched  and  displays  a  low,  spreading  crown  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  several  feet. 

Oil  flat  lands  in  both  the  wet  and  dry  region  the  kukui  is  often 
found  growing  in  extensive  groves  such  as  the  one  (shown  in 
the  accompanying  illustration")  at  Kilauea,  Kauai,  under  whose 
pleasing  and  protective  shade  the  early  missionaries  used  to  give 
religious  instructions  to  the  Hawaiians.  In  dry,  shallow,  upland 
gulches  one  may  often  travel  for  miles  beneath  the  cooling  shade 
of  tall  kukui  trees  which  form  such  a  complete  crown  canopy  that 
very  little,  if  any,  ground  cover  is  found  beneath  them. 

The  leaves  of  the  kukui,  which  seem  to  be  covered  with  a  sil- 
very gray  powder,  are  very  variable  in  shape  and  may  be  undi- 
vided or  3,  5  to  7  triangularly  lobed.  On  the  older  trees  the 
leaves  are  invariabl}'  smaller  than  on  young,  rapidly-growing  sap- 
lings. The  clusters  of  creamy  white  blossoms  found  at  the  end 
of  branchlets  are  extremely  attractive. 

The  fruit  -is  fleshy  and  contains  from  1  to  2  nuts  which  are 
rough,  and  furrowed  like  a  walnut  and  very  hard  shelled.      The 


223 

kernel  of  the  nut  has  an  oil  content  of  65  per  cent,  which,  as  a 
drying  oil  for  paint,  is  said  to  be  equal  to  linseed  oil.  The  na- 
tives were  wont  to  dry  the  kernels  and  stringing  them  together 
on  the  midrib  of  the  coconut  leaflet  used  them  for  torches  or 
candles.  The  expressed  oil  was  also  burned  in  stone  lamps  and 
was  used  medicinally  as  a  purgative.  The  roasted  kernel  is  also 
pounded  and  mixed  wath  salt  and  either  Chili  pepper  or  seaweed 
and  forms  a  brown  paste  which  is  very  appetizing  and  much 
relished  by  the  natives. 

In  the  earlier  days,  kukui  nut  oil  was  exported  in  quantity 
from  Honolulu  with  some  profit,  but  more  recently  several  at- 
tempts to  revive  the  industry  have  not  met  with  success,  probably 
on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  securing  a  sufficient  and  fairly 
cheap  supply  of  the  nuts.  The  young  trees  begin  to  bear  at  from 
3  to  5  years  from  planting  and  produce  an  annual  crop.  The 
fallen  nuts  will  often  remain  on  the  ground  for  2  years  before 
becoming  rancid. 

The  tree  is  singularly  free  from  serious  insect  pests  and  plant 
diseases  although  the  wood  which  is  light,  soft,  and  whitish,  rots 
very  readily  and  is  not  at  all  durable  in  the  ground.  In  the 
Philippines  the  wood,  which  has  a  straight  grain  and  rather 
coarse  texture,  is  used  for  w^ooden  shoes  and  matches.  The  Ha- 
waiians  often  used  the  large  straight  trunks  for  dugout  canoes 
but  these  seldom  gave  more  than  2  or  3  years  of  service.  From 
the  bark  of  the  roots  the  Hawaiian  also  derived  a  dye  which  was 
used  in  coloring  canoes  black. 

The  kukui  grows  readily  from  the  nut  which  is  often  w^ashed 
down  the  hillsides  in  large  quantities  by  freshets  and  sprouts 
along  the  water  courses.  In  fact,  the  most  satisfactory  manner 
of  establishing  the  tree  is  to  plant  the  nut  rather  than  to  use 
transplants.  ,  Planting  experiments  conducted  near  Honolulu  in 
which  the  latter  have  been  used  have  given  very  poor  results  for 
the  handling  of  the  young  seedling  in  the  nursery  seems  to 
stunt  it  and  prevent  rapid  growth. 


The  Dressed  Carcass  Contests  Held  at  the 
Second  Territorial  Fair. 


By  Dr.  Leonard  N.  Case, 

Assist  ant  Territorial  J^'etcriiiariaii. 

The  position  occupied  by  dressed  carcass  contests  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  live  stock  industry  of  any  country  and  their 
educational  value  to  the  breeder  of  meat-producing  animals  was 


224 

dealt  with  at  length  in  an  earlier  publication  '^  and  consequently 
it  is  unnecessary  to  enter  further  into  that  phase  of  the  subject. 

The  increasing  interest  taken  in  these  contests  by  the  live  stock 
breeders  of  the  Territory  is  indeed  encouraging  and  while  the 
number  of  contestants  at  the  last  fair  was  small  this  was  due,  not 
to  lack  of  interest,  but  to  faults  in  the  rules  and  regulations  gov- 
erning these  contests  w^hich  faults  will  be  corrected  before  the 
next  fair  is  held.  All  indications  point  to  a  large  number  of 
entries  and  keen  competition  in  this  class  at  the  coming  Maui 
County  Fair. 

STEER  CONTEST. 

Competition  in  this  class  was  confined  to  three  entries,  as  fol- 
lows: 

Grove  Ranch,  2-year-old  grain-fed  polled  Angus ;  Haleakala 
Ranch,  2-year-old  grain-fed  Hereford,  and  ]\[r.  H.  W.  Rice,  14- 
months'-old  grain-fed  Hereford. 

The  judge.  Dr.  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  awarded  the  first  prize  to 
Grove  Ranch.  This  is  the  second  time  this  ranch  has  captured 
the  first  prize  in  these  contests. 

All  these  steers  were  grain-fed  and  showed  high  class  breed- 
ing. On  the  hoof  they  showed  as  well  proportioned  individuals 
wath  great  smoothness  which  last  characteristic  was  beautifully 
carried  through  on  the  killing  floor  in  the  case  of  the  Grove 
Ranch  steer  and  it  was  principally  on  the  general  appearance  of 
the  carcass,  its  smooth  covering  of  fat  and  the  well  marbled 
condition  of  the  meat  that  this  carcass  received  the  first  aw^ard. 
As  will  be  seen  in  the  detailed  description  of  the  carcasses  given 
below,  competition  between  Grove  Ranch  and  Haleakala  Ranch 
was  strong,  so  strong  in  fact,  that  it  became  necessary  to  center 
into  the  fine  points  to  make  the  award. 

^Ir.  Rice's  entry  was  clearly  out-classed  and  while  an  excel- 
lent Individual  wnth  closer  balance  than  the  other  two,  it  was  too 
young  an  animal  to  compete  with  them.  In  the  extra  ten  months 
necessary  to  equalize  the  age  a  very  superior  animal  could  have 
been  developed. 

Taking  the  three  carcasses  as  a  whole,  they  amply  demon- 
strated the  results  of  intelligent  breeding  and  feeding.  While 
all  were  very  evenly  balanced,  there  is  room  for  improvement  in 
that  the  excess  weight  should  be  bred  into  the  hind  quarters. 
To  strengthen  the  loin  by  forty  to  fifty  pounds  would  bring  about 
the  desired  result  and  add  to  the  value  of  the  carcass.  In  the 
case  of  carcasses  Nos.  2  and  3  a  smooth  covering  of  fat  is  to  be 
desired ;  patchiness  in  this  respect  was  too  much  in  evidence. 

*  The  HaAvaiian  Forester  and  Agriculturist,  Aug.,  1918,  Vol.  XY,  No.  8, 
p.  251. 


225 
DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OF  CARCASSES. 

STEER    CARCASS    NO.    1 FIRST    PRIZE. 

Owner Grove  Ranch 

Subject Poll  Angus  steer 

Age 2  years 

Feeding Grain-fed 

Live  weight 968  lbs. 

Dressed 607     " 

Dressing  percentage 62.70% 

Dressed  weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling 591  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 16     " 

Percentage  loss  in  shrinkage 2.7% 

Weight  of  caul  fat 31  lbs. 

"  tripe 33  " 

"  liver 12  " 

"         "  tongue 6  " 

"         "  cheek  meat 7  " 

"  heart 5  " 

"         "  green  hide 66  " 

"  tail 2  " 

"         ''  suet  and  kidneys 18  " 

"  hind  quarters . '. 277  " 

"  fore  quarters 314  " 

Weight  of  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weig-lit.  Percentage. 

Rounds 135  lbs.  22.84 

Chucks 103.5     •'  17.51 

Loins 106.5     "  18.02 

Plates 82        "  13.87 

Cross  ribs  and  shanks 63        ''  10.66 

Ribs 64       "  10.83 

Flanks ^ 

Skirt  steaks ^  37        "  6.26 

Tail,  suet  and  kidneys ...  J 

STEER    CARCASS    NO.    2 SECOND    PRIZE. 

Owner Haleakala  Ranch 

Subject Hereford  steer. 

Age 2  years 

Feeding : .  Grain-fed 

Live  weight 1013  lbs. 

Dressed 632    " 


226 

Dressing  percentage 62.38% 

Dressed  weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling 613  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 19 

Percentage  loss  in  shrinkage 3.09% 

Weight  of  caul  fat 24       lbs. 

"  tripe 30 

''  liver 11 

"         "  tongue 6 

"         ''  cheek  meat 7 

''  heart 5 

"         '*  green  hide 81 

"  tail 2^__    '' 

"         "  suet  and  kidneys 18.75    '* 

"         "  hind  quarters 291 

"         '*'  fore  quarters 322         " 

Weight  of  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weiglit.  Percentage. 

Rounds 136      lbs.  22.18 

Chucks 106        "  17.28 

Loins 130        ''  21.20 

Plates 87        ^^  14.19 

Cross  ribs  and  shanks 60        ''  9.78 

Ribs 65.5     "  10.68 

Flanks ^ 

Skirt  steaks V  28.5     "  4.65 

Tail,  suet  and  kidneys ...  .J 

STEER   CARCASS    NO.    3 — THIRD   PRIZE. 

Owner H.  W.  Rice 

Subject Hereford  steer 

Age 14  months 

Feednig Grain-fed 

Live  weight 829  lbs. 

Dressed 452_    '' 

Dressing  percentage 54.52% 

Dressed  weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling 440  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkao^e 12 


"^ts' 


Percentage  loss  in  shrinkage 2.72% 


Weight  of  caul  fat 11        lbs. 

"    tripe 26 

"    liver 9 

"    tongue 5 

"         "    cheek  meat 6        " 


227 


heart 4 

green  hide 63 

tail 1.25 

suet  and  kidneys 9 

hind  quarters 214 

fore  cluarters 226     " 


Weight  of  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts,  Weight.  Percentage. 

Rounds 117      lbs.  26.59 

Chucks 78.5     ''  17.84 

Loins 83.6    "  19.00 

Plates 53        "  12.04 

Cross  ribs  and  shanks 46.5     **  10.57 

Ribs 43        "  9.77 

Flanks. 

Skirt  steaks.. >■  18.4     "  4.18 

Tail,  suet  and  kidneys.  . 


SWINE  CONTEST. 

Competition  in  this  class  was  narrowed  down  to  a  single  ex- 
hibitor, Molokai  Ranch,  which  entered  three  well  finished  Duroc- 
Jersey  hogs,  all  grain-fed  and  showing  excellent  breeding.  They 
were  as  even  a  bunch  of  hogs  as  could  be  well  imagined  and 
little  or  no  difference  could  be  seen  in  the  dressed  and  chilled 
carcasses.  It  was  only  when  the  dressing  percentage  and  the 
weights  and  percentages  of  the  different  cuts  were  obtained  that 
any  difference  could  be  detected  and  it  was  upon  these  differencs 
that  the  awards  were  based. 

The  detailed  description  of  these  entries  are  given  below : 

HOG  CARCASS  NO.   1 FIRST  PRIZE. 


Owner Molokai  Ranch 

Subject Duroc- Jersey  barrow 

Age 6  to  7  months 

Feeding Grain-fed 

Live  weight 225  lbs. 

Dressed 190     " 

Dressing  percentage 84.4% 

Weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling 184  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 6     " 

Percentage  loss  in  chilling 3.26% 


228 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 38     lbs.  20.65 

Loins 50       "  27.12 

BelHes 23       "  12.50 

Shoulders 20.5    "  11.14 

Head 18       "  9.78 

Spare  rib 4.5    "  2.44 

Leaf  lard 10       "  5.43 

Back  fat 15.5    "  8.42 

Feet 2.75" 

HOG    CARCASS    NO.    2 SECOND    PRIZE. 

Owner Molokai  Ranch 

Subject Duroc-Jersey  sow 

Age 6  to  7  months 

Feeding Grain-fed 

Live  weight 235  lbs. 

Dressed 191     " 

Dressing  percentage 81.2% 

Weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling 184  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 7 

Percentage  loss  in  chilling 3.80% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight.  Percentage. 

Hams 36     lbs.  19.58 

Loins 51       "  27.71 

Bellies 23       "  11.95 

Shoulders 17.75"  9.66 

Head 21       "  11.41 

Spare  rib 4      "  2.17 

Leaf  lard 9      "  4.837 

Back  fat 17.5    "  9.51 

Feet 3      " 

HOG   CARCASS   NO.   3 — THIRD   PRIZE. 

Owner Molokai  Ranch 

Subject Duroc-Jersey  sow 

Age 6  to  7  months 

Feeding Grain-fed 

Live  weight 245  lbs. 

Dressed 192     " 

Dressing  percentage 78.3% 


229 

Weight  after  58  hrs.  chilling- 186  lbs. 

Loss  in  shrinkage 6     " 

Percentage  loss  in  chilling 3.22% 

Weight  of  the  different  cuts  and  percentage  of  same : 

Cuts.  Weight,  Percentage. 

Hams 42     lbs.  22.58 

Loins 49       "  26.34 

Bellies 25       "  13.44 

Shoulders 16.5    ''  8.33 

Head 18       "  9.67 

Spare  rib 4.25"  2.28 

Leaf  lard 6.5    "  3.49 

Back  fat 20       ''  10.75 

Feet 2.5    " 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  6,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  August,  1919: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

Owing  to  dry  conditions  on  the  planting  areas,  the  number  of  trees 
jjlanted  out  on  forest  reserves  was  restricted  to  287  yellow  poinciana 
and  564  red  gum  trees  which  were  set  out  at  Mikilua  within  the  Lualua- 
lei  Forest  Reserve  on  Oahu. 

Several  redwood  {Sequoia  srmpciTireus)  and  Benguet  pine  (Pinus  in- 
si(laris)  trees  were  planted  on  August  4,  at  the  Upper  Olaa  Ranger  Sta- 
tion, Hawaii,  in  order  to  test  their  adaptability  to  this  region. 

FOREST  FENCING. 

At  24  miles  on  the  Volcano  Road  in  Olaa,  Hawaii,  a  stretch  of  fence 
.19  mile  long  was  completed  ou  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  new  Olaa 
Forest  Reserve  in  order  to  continue  the  protection  afforded  by  an  ad- 
jacent older  fence  and  prevent  dairy  cattle,  wandering  along  the  road, 
from  getting  into  the  tree  fern  and  ohia  forest  which  is  very  attractive 
at  this  point. 

FOREST  FIRE. 

Ranger  Hardy  reports  the  occurrence  of  two  small  fires  in  the  Kokee 
region  on  Kauai  during  August,  probably  started  by  careless  smokers. 
One  on  the  Mohihi-Koaie  divide,  covered  two-thirds  of  an  acre  and  no 
trees   of   value    were    destroyed.       It    was   subdued   in   three   hours,   but 


230 

continued  to  break  out  again  until  the  fifth  day  when  a  trench  was  dug 
around  the  entire  area  which  was  effective  in  extinguishing  it.  The 
other  fire  was  in  the  Nawaimaka  Valley  and  was  put  out  promptly  after 
about  one  acre  of  grass  had  been  burned  over. 

The  largest  fire  which  has  occurred  for  some  time  was  started,  pre- 
sumably by  pig  hunters,  on  July  6,  and  burned  over  approximately  5,500 
acres  of  open  grass  pasture  and  scattered  koa  and  mamani  trees  on  the 
lands  of  Kaohe  and  Kaholalele  between  the  5000  and  7000  feet  eleva- 
tion on  the  north  slope  of  Mauna  Kea  in  Hamakua,  Hawaii.  District 
Fire  AVarden  D.  S.  Maealister  of  the  Kukaiau  Kancli  discovered  the 
fire  on  July  7,  and  wath  the  aid  of  his  cowboys  soon  got  it  under  con- 
trol, but  it  kept  breaking  out  again  on  account  of  dry  conditions  and 
>a  strong  wdnd  until  July  26  when  it  spread  to  the  Parker  Ranch  pad- 
docks. With  combined  assistance  from  both  ranches,  the  burning  area 
was  trenched  and  patrolled  and  put  into  a  condition  which  would  pre- 
vent it  from  spreading  any  further.  It  will  probably  not  be  completely 
extinguished  until  the  heavy  rains  fall. 

INSTRUCTION  AT  TERRITORIAL  SCHOOL. 

From  August  1  to  IS,  I  was  engaged  in  delivering  lectures  on  forestry 
at  the  Territorial  Summer  School  in  camp  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii.  These 
covered  two  courses,  one  in  "Elementary  Forestry"  and  the  other  in 
"The  Hawaiian  Forests"  and  seemed  to  be  much  appreciated. 

HAWAII  TRIP. 

The  balance  of  the  month  was  spent  on  Hawaii  engaged  in  a  great 
many  matters  W'hieh  required  attention  such  as,  cutting  of  dangerous 
dead  trees  along  the  new  concrete  Volcano  Road  in  the  Panaewa 
Forest  Reserve,  four  miles  out  from  Hilo;  inspection  of  the  Hilo  sub- 
nursery;  inspection  of  new  fences  and  arranging  for  the  construction 
of  others;  investigating  and  conferring  with  many  parties  on  the  adjust- 
ment of  forest  boundaries  w^here  either  agricultural  land  should  be 
eliminated  or  the  forest  boundary  extended  so  as  to  include  additional 
forest  land,  particularly  on  the  lower  line  of  the  Hilo  Forest  Reserve; 
inspecting  new  forest  reserve  areas  and  arranging  for  the  elimination 
of  wild  stock;  collecting  koa  and  other  seed  and  arranging  for  the  se- 
curing of  additional  amounts;  giving  cooperative  advice  on  forest  plant- 
ing and  securing  recommendations  concerning  eligibles  for  appointment 
as  forest  rangers  and  fire  wardens.  In  addition  to  this,  I  spent  from 
August  23  to  26  in  Kona  inspecting  the  Waiaha  Spring  and  Honuaula 
Forest  Reserves  and  returned  to  Honolulu  on  September  1.  Action  re- 
quired on  many  of  the  above  subjects  will  be  presented  to  you  shortly 
for  consideration  by  special  reports. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  6,  1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  principal  work  done  dur- 
ing the  month  of  August: 


231 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants: 

Sold    100    in    transplant    boxes    and    1G7    pot    grown,    making    a 

total   of    267 

Gratis,  including  forest  reserves  and  Government  institutions — 

In  seed  boxes   2,500 

In  transplant  boxes    150 

Pot  grown    589 

Total    3,506 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  plants  sold $    3,80 

Rent  of  office.  Nursery  grounds,  July 35.00 

Total    $    38.00 

PLANTATION  COMPANIES  AND  OTHER  CORPORATIONS. 

During  the  month  5,000  transplants  in  boxes  and  2,200  pot  grown 
plants  were  distributed. 

MAKIKI  STATION. 

The  work  done  at  this  station  in  addition  to  the  regular  routine  has 
been  cutting  up  wood  for  boxeS;  fence  posts,  etc.  It  might  be  inter- 
esting to  the  corporations  who  import  box  shocks  by  the  thousands  to 
know  that  the  (Jrei'lUva  rohusia  (silk  oak)  makes  splendid  boxes,  the 
best  in  fact  that  we  have  come  across  amongst  the  island  grown  species. 
The  Araucaria  BidiclUil  comes  next  to  the  silk  oak,  a  very  good  box 
wood  also,  but  generally  more  knotty  and  not  so  clean  as  the  former. 
The  silk  oak  is  a  fairly  fast  growing  tree  and  could  be  used  for  box 
making  when  it  reaches  sufficient  size,  the  young  wood  being  just  as 
good  as  the  old  for  making  box  shooks.  The  different  species  of 
Araucaria  are  also  fairly  fast  growing  and  might  be  considered  for  box 
making  should  the  pineapple  interests  think  it  worth  while  to  grow  their 
own  box  wood. 

HONOLULU  WATERSHED  PLANTING. 

The  work  done  on  tlie  Honolulu  watershed  has  been  clearing  away 
grass  and  weeds  from  the  young  trees,  clearing  trails,  etc. 

ADVICE  AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  has  been  called  to  visit  and  otherwise  give  advice  and 
assistance  as  follows:  Visits  made  6;  advice  by  telephone  8;  advice  to 
people  calling  6;  advice  by  letter  3. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


DAVID   HAUGHS, 
Forest   Nurseryman. 


232 

Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  2,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  August  the  insectary  handled  21,800 
pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  there  were  bred  4,427  females  and 
3,905  males,  Opius  fictclicri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY  PAEASITE. 

Opius  fletcheri. 

Oahu: 

Females.  Males. 

Kailua    1800  1950 

Moiliili    1370  1375 

Alewa  Heights    100  100 

Woodlawn    130  140 

Hawaii: 

Kamuela    500  500 

FKUIT  FLY  PAKA8ITES. 

Diachasma  tryoni. 

Oahu: 

Kalihi    1000  950 

Tetrastichus  giffardianus. 

Oahu: 

Kalihi    2050 

Opius  humilis. 

Oahu: 

Kalihi    450  430 

Galesus  silvestri. 

Oahu: 

Nuuanu    1000 

Diachasma  fullawayi. 

Oahu: 

Kalihi    50 

Dirhinus  giffardi. 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu     400 


Respectfully  submitted, 


D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 


233 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  August   31,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  carried  on 
by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  August,  1919,  as 
follows: 

During  the  month  51  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  21  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  and  5  vessels  came  through  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone.      The  folowiug  disposed  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Passed  as  free  from  pests.  .  642  lots 

Burned 63     '' 

Fumigated 1     " 

Eeturned 16     '' 

Total  inspected 722     ''  17,828 

Of  these  shipments  17,560  packages  arrived  as  freight,  68  packages  as 
mail  and  191  packages  as  baggage. 

EICE  AND  BEAN  ^^HIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  18,250  bags  of  rice,  including  30  bags  from  Hong- 
kong, China,  and  1730  bags  of  beans  arrived  from  Japan  and  were  found 
free  from  dangerous  insect  pests. 

PESTS  TNTEECEPTED. 

Approximately  4619  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  immigrants  from 
foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  9  lots  of  fruit  and  39  lots 
of  vegetables  w^ere  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  August  7,  4  ornamental  plants  found  in  the  baggage  of  a  passenger 
from  Manila  were  returned,  being  prohibited. 

On  August  9,  1  TJniiia  oricntnVis  was  refused  landing. 

On  August  12,  10  lychee  trees  found  in  the  baggage  of  an  immigrant 
from  China  were  burned. 

On  August  19,  1  cocoanut  trunk  from  Samoa  was  destroyed. 

On  August  26,  a  package  of  cucumber  seeds  found  in  the  mail  from 
Japan  infested  with  Lepidopterous  larvae  was  fumigated  with  carbon 
bisulphide. 

On  August  26,  10  boxes  of  crabapples  from  San  Francisco,  found  in- 
fested with  the  codling  moth,  were  returned  to  the  shipper. 

On  August  29,  2  cocoanut  plants  and  one  ''Purse"  of  land  crab  were 
seized  from  a  Japanese  from  Fanning  Island  and  destroyed. 

HILO  INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  of  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  7  vessels 
at  the  port  of  Hilo,  2  steamers  carrying  vegetable  matter.  There  were 
124  lots  and  1439  packages  of  fruits,  vegetables,  plants  and  seeds  which 
were  passed  as  free  from  pests.  From  Japan  5702  bags  of  rice,  360  bags 
of  beans,  15  bags  of  peanuts  and  11  packages  of  vegetable  seeds  were 
passed,  all  clean. 


234 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Edwin  C.  Moore,  Acting  Inspector  at  Kahului,  reports  the  arrival 
of  eight  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  one  of  which  carried  fresh  fruit 
and  vegetables  consisting  of  9  lots  and  457  packages,  all  being  free 
from  pests,  excepting  four  boxes  of  pears  which  were  in  a  badly  rotted 
condition,  insects  being  present  in  the  rotted  mass.  These  were  de- 
stroyed. 

INTER-ISLAXD  INSPECTION. 

Fiftj^-six  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports 
were  attended  and  the  following  shipments  passed  as  free  from  pests: 

Taro     631  packages 

Fruit     153         ' ' 

Plants    2687         "         (of    which    2615    were    pineapple 

suckers) 

Vegetables    422         '' 

Seeds     16         " 

Total  passed    3909         '' 

Sugar  cane  (H.  S.  P.  A.) — 176  cases. 

Four  packages  of  plants  were  refused  shipment  on  account  of  infesta- 
tion, undesirable  soil  or  not  complying  with  the  regulations. 


Respectfully  submitted, 


E.  M.  EHRHORN, 

Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  9,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  month  of  August,  1919. 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

From  the  appended  report  of  the  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian,  it 
will  be  seen  that  during  the  months  of  July  and  August,  41  dairies 
containing  a  total  of  1297  animals  were  submitted  to  the  tuberculin  test. 
Of  this  number  31  dairies  were  found  to  be  free  of  tuberculosis,  while 
the  remaining  10  dairies  were  found  to  contain  not  less  than  99  reactors. 
This  very  high  percentage  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Waialae  Ranch  of 
435  head  of  cattle  contained  not  less  than  85  reactors.  This  dairy  last 
year  had  only  37  reactors,  while  the  year  before  it  contained  104  re- 
actors. It  was  therefore  fully  expected  that  last  year's  record  would 
have  been  considerably  reduced,  instead  of  which  it  was  found  to  be 
tripled.  The  reason  for  this  great  increase  has  not  yet  been  ascertained, 
but  every  effort  will  be  made  to  find  the  possible  cause. 

With  the  Waialae  Ranch  eliminated,  the  j^ercentage  of  reactors  of 
the  41  dairies  would  have  been  less  than  one,  whereas  it  is  now  nearly  ten. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  report  that  information  has  been 
received  from  the  Chief  of  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  to 


235 

the  effect  that  the  Territory  Avill  be  admitttecl  to  the  benefits  of  the 
tuberculosis  eradication  efforts  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Under  date  of  July  19,  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
writes  as  follows: 

"I  take  j)leasure  in  acknowledging  receipt  of  your  letter  of 
June  21,  transmitting  copy  of  your  report  addressed  to  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu, 
Hawaii,  resp^ecting  the  work  of  the  Division  of  Animal  Industry 
for  the  month  of  April,  1919;  also,  copy  of  Act  No.  204,  *To 
Prevent,  Suppress  and  Eradicate  Bovine  Tuberculosis  and  to 
Provide  for  the  Indemnification  of  Owners  of  Cattle  Destroyed 
Under  the  Provisions  of  Same. ' '  After  reviewing  both  of  the 
above  mentioned  papers  I  see  no  reasons  why,  after  the  passage 
and  approval  of  the  Agricultural  Appropriation  Bill,  the  Bureau 
cannot  cooperate  with  the  Hawaiian  Territory  in  tuberculosis 
eradication  work. 

a  *  *  *  As  soon  as  the  Agricultural  Bill  is  enacted  into 
a  law  and  is  approved  by  the  President,  you  will  be  notified  and 
it  will  be  satisfactory  to  proceed  with  the  work  from  the  date 
of  the  approval  of  the  bill." 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  in  case  the  federal  Agricultural  Appro- 
priation Bill  has  been  passed,  the  Territory  will  be  benefited  to  the  ex- 
tent of  about  $2,000.00  in  the  indemnification  for  tuberculous  cattle  for 
the  past  month  alone. 

At  the  present  writing  it  has  not  been  possible  to  ascertain  whether 
the  bill  in  question  was  passed  prior  to  the  testing  of  the  Waialae 
Ranch,  but  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  such  is  the  case. 

From  the  Island  of  Kauai,  the  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian  reports 
having  tested  all  dairy  cattle  from  Wainiha  to  Kealia.  That  part  of 
the  country  seems  to  be  practically  free  from  tuberculosis  as  only  one 
reactor  was  found. 

The  Deputy  on  Maui  likewise  reports  having  tested  nearly  two  thou- 
sand head  of  cattle  and  found  only  six  reactors.  This,  in  conjunction 
with  the  previous  report  of  the  Deputy  on  Hawaii,  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  the  disease  is  far  less  prevalent  on  the  other  islands  tlian  is  the 
case  on  Oahu. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT  OF  THE  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Sept.  •!,  1919. 
Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaard,  Chief,  Division  of  Animal  Industry,  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 
Dear   Sir: — I   beg    to    submit    the    following   report    for    the   m-Oiith    of 
August,  1919: 


236 

TUBEECULOSIS  CONTROL. 

The  following  dairy  cattle  v. ere  tested  during  the  past  month: 

Tested,  Passed.       Condemned. 

Leahi  Home 15  15  0 

Frank  Andrade   56  53  3 

K.   Mitsunago    7  7  0 

Oahu  College   20  20  0 

College  of  Hawaii 22  22    '  0 

Mid-Pacific  Institute 19  19  0 

Salvation  Army  Home  10  10  0 

Castle  Home    5  5  0 

J.  Yamane   . 1  1  0 

C.  H.  Bellina 110  115  1 

C.  W.  Lucas 34  34  0 

Chas.  Lucas   5  5  0 

Lunalilo   Home    22  22  0 

J.  Monte 12  11  1 

M.  Quintal   11  10  1 

M.   Medeiros    2  2  0 

M.  Calistro   16  15  1 

Vincent  Souza   7  7  0 

S.  Tsumoto 11  11  0 

Chas.  Lucas   120  116  4 

Chas.   Costa    1  1  0 

Waialae  Ranch    435  350  85 

947  851  96 

From  the  above  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of  947  head  were 
tested  out  of  which  number  851  were  passed  and  96  condemned  and 
branded. 

Besides  the  above  work,  autopsies  were  performed  on  12  head  of  con- 
demned cattle  and  lesions  of  tuberculosis  found  in  each  case.  Two 
were  so  extensively  affected  that  the  carcasses  were  condemned  entirely. 

CONTAGIOUS  EPITHELIONIA. 

A  few  outbreaks  of  sore-head  among  poultry  have  occurred  during  the 
past  month.  In  each  case  owners  have  been  supplied  with  the  neces- 
sary vaccine. 

IMPORTATION  OF  LIVE  STOCK. 

During  the  month  33  vessels  have  been  met  and  boarded,  among  which 
the  following  were  found  to  carry  live  stock  destined  for  the  Territory: 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco — 1  horse,  J.  O'Rourke;  1  bull  dog,  C.  J. 
Blachly;  1  parrot,  Amer.  Ry.  Ex.  Co.;  8  crates  poultry,  J.  C.  Rued;  5 
crates  poultry.  Wo  Chung. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco — 18  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Meridan,  Seattle — 2  dogs,  Newton  S.  Kam. 

S.  S.  Lnrline,  San  Fraiicisco — 2  boxes  rabbits,  Amer.  Ry.  Ex.  Co.;  2 
crates  poultry,  C.  G.  Petersen;  79  crates  poultry,  Kemoo  Farm;  1  Boston 
bull  dog,  Mrs.  Orrin  Backus. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

LEONARD  N.   CASE, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer— finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  \   I 

=  FOR  FULL  PAETICULAES  APPLY  TO  S 

I  Castle  $  €ooke,  C(d.| 

E  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

I  AUTOMOBILE  AND  I 

I  lOURISIS'  BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANCE  I 

I  Castled  Cooke,  Ctd.  I 

I  HONOLXJLTJ.  HA\^^AII  | 

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I  J.  M.  DO^VSETT  I 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HMFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     I 

I    '  OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  S 


I    WESTCHESTER  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I    Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   | 

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^Uinil!EE!BEEIS!EEIEEEBESEiEEEEEEESEE!EiEEEEIEEEEIBBEEEEEEEEIEEEIEEEEEEEEEEI!EIEEIIilEIEEIIIU 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    I 


E         To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

=  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

=  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E,  0.  HALL  8  SON,  LTO.  j 

E                                 King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  = 
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:lllilliiirilllllilllillllllilllllllillllllllllilllillilllllillillillllllililllllllllllllllllllllll!: 


OrnCERS: 


E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
Wm.  Jamieson,   Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.  R.  Carter 
J.  R.  Gait 
II.  H.  Walker 


C.  H.  Cooke 
E.  I.  Spalding 


REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     "BREWER" 

G.  BREWER  &  GO.  Ltd 

ESTABLISHED   1826 


=    CAPITAL  STOCK, 

E       HONOLULU 


,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00 

-      HILO      -      SAN  FRANCISCO 
NEW  YORK 


REPRESENTING 

OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 

NIPPON  YUSEN  KAISHA 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 

JOINT  SERVICE 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 

Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Walluku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 
Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 


INSURANCE 

Royal  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver- 
pool, England 

London  Assurance  Corporation,  of 
London,  Eng. 

Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto) 

Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance 
Co.,  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland 

Caledonian  Insurance   Co.,   of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland 

British   America   Assurance    Co.,    of 
Toronto,  Can. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiij^ 

I  The  Paper  They  All  Tjead  | 

E  Circulation,  "botli  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  = 

:  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  = 

:  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  = 

:  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

:  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  "business  houses  into  more  E 

:  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  = 

:  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  "by  house,  E 

:  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  E 

:  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — ^24  hours'  E 

■  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 


lilt;  wiici  mwm  i 

=  PRINTEES— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  E 

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin 
:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii9iiiiiiii9iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiieniiiiiiiiiiniiiii: 

^  FEED  CO.,  LIO.| 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I         HAT  AND  GRAIN         [ 

E  and   Manufacturers  of  E 

I         ALGAROBA  FEED         \ 

E  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

E  PARTICULAR  ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

E  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  E 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 

I  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468  | 
iSiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiih'^ 


^IllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiiiliiiiP: 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior       = 

I  THE  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  | 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         r 

5  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  WiUow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME   STREET 


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£.lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'i^ 

I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

=  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  = 

E  San   Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

=  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

=  SXJGAE  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,  SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  = 

=  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=  DEAIiERS  IN: 


HARDWARE,    OILS,   GROCERIES^    TOBACCO  AND    = 
DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar  Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole   Water   Co.,   Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe  &  Rutgers  Fire  Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee  Sugar  Company 

The  Princeville  Plantation  Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa, 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine 


riiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir 


Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 

COMMISSIONEES. 

Arthur  H.  Eiee,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


G.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FOEESTEY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Wardmk 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman. 

Joseph  F.  Roek,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Hawaii. 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  Kauai, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalum,  Oahu. 

B.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Ranger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oalm. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  "W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Ranger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Ma/ai. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Fanaexva  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOIiOOT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Eodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant, 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  TJant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M,  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  HUo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcon^,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTET. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Ma/ui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Te-^-ritorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestock  Inspector. 

CLEEICAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  WMtc,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Foretter, 


T-'-^lI/'    I        ^==^^ 


"-^^ 


r".    J 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRiaJLTURISIl 


OCTOBER,  1919 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Editorial    -. 245 

Improving  Hogs  in  Hawaii  (Borden) 246 

Maui  County  Fair — Dressed  Carcass  Contest.  .  248 

Division  of  Forestry 253 

Division  of  Entomology 258 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 259 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 261 


J 


VOL.  XV!,         PRICE,  TEN  CENTS         NO.  10 


<Z 


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%mxUh 


OPFIOES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -          HONOLULU,  T.  1 

MEHLHORN   BUILDING           -  -        -           SEATTLE,   WAS! 

82  WALL  STREET        -        -        -  ^        -        NEW  YORK,  N.  ':: 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.  -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL 


OPFICERS    AND    DIREOTOES: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER '. President  and  Direct 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Direct 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Direci 

W.  O.  SMITH. 3rd  Vice-President  and  Direct 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY. Treasurer  and  Direct 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Direct 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

W.  R.  CASTLE Director 

C.    H.    ATHERTON Director 


AGENTS    FOS 

Hawaiian    Commercial    and    Sugrar   Company  McBryde    Sugar   Corapany,    Ltd. 

Haikti    Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation    Company 

Pais    Plantation  Kauai   Fruit  and  Land   Company,   Ltd. 

Maui    Agricnltnrftl  Oomp&ay  Kauai  Railway   Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company  Kahului   Railroad    Company 
Honolaa  Ranch 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong. 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.   Y. 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,    Springfield,  Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance  Company,  Ltd.,   Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland   Marine   Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


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The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 

W 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  0.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $1.00  a  year;  Foreign,  $1.25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu.  Hawaii.  ^ 

luiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiii"""'""""""""'"""^ 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^^  cents  each,  excejDt  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  0.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T -'^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulatioub,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN   FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  October,  1919.  No.  10 


The  Territorial  Veterinarian's  article  on  the  results  of  the 
dressed  carcass  contests  at  the  recent  Maui  County  Fair  held  in 
Kahului  on  Oct.  9  to  11,  1919,  should  be  of  special  interest  to 
ranchers  who  are  raising  grain  fed  stock. 


Charles  E.  Stone,  of  Woods  Valley,  Kau,  Hawaii,  was  recently 
appointed  Forest  Ranger  for  Kau  and  South  Kona,  Hawaii,  and 
began  his  duties  on  October  6.  Mr.  Stone's  chief  work  will 
consist  of  protecting  the  forest  reserves  from  damage,  mainly  by 
seeing  that  the  boundary  fences  are  kept  in  good  repair  and  are 
effective  in  keeping  stock  away  from  the  important  watershed 
forests  in  his  district. 


It  is  hoped  that  the  prompt  measures  taken  to  control  the  Aus- 
tralian fern  weevil  infestation  at  29  Miles,  Olaa,  Hawaii,  will 
result  in  the  complete  suppression  of  this  insect  pest  in  this  new 
locaHty. 


As  will  be  seen  in  the  current  report  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry,  the  work  of  protecting  forest  boundaries  by  fencing 
and  the  elimination  of  wild  stock  from  the  forest  reserves  is 
progressing. 


During  the  month  of  September  the  Entomologist  distributed 
a  total  of  16,600  parasites  on  the  melon  fly  and  fruit  fly  from 
propagations  made  at  the  government  insectary. 


The  Territory  would  be  much  benefited  if  the  advice  given  by 
Prof.  Borden  in  his  article  on  improving  hogs  were  followed 
out  by  those  who  as  yet  have  taken  no  steps  along  these  lines. 


After  a  public  hearing  at  which  objections  were  voiced  against 
the  proposition  of  taking  black  sand  in  large  quantities  from  the 
bank  above  Makiki  Drive  in  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest 
Reserve,  the  Board  declined  to  grant  permission  for  such  re- 
moval. 


The  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Forest  Nurseryman  have 
i  started  the  soldiers  in  the  forestry  course  of  the  vocational  school 
*        at  Schofield  Barracks  by  ha\ing  them  collect  and  sow  the  seed 


246 

for  the  growing  of  20,000  tree  seedlings.  The  course  at  present 
is  confined  to  three  trees — the  ironwood,  swamp  mahogany,  and 
koa — and  it  is  certain  that  the  men  will  know  a  great  deal  al:)Out 
these  trees  when  the  school  term  is  ended. 


IMPROVING  HOGS  IN  HAWAII 


By  Ralph  J.  Borden. 

Traveling  about  the  country  districts  and  even  through  those 
more  thickly  populated  sections  where  hogs  are  being  raised,  one 
is  impressed  by  the  "scrubby"  appearance  of  the  greater  majority 
of  hogs  he  sees.  Why  is  this  so  ?  Wliy  do  so  many  of  these  hogs 
"simply  exist"  when  a  little  care  and  feeding  might  turn  them 
into  a  profitable  investment?  Among  such  a  varied  population  as 
ours  is,  there  are  large  quantities  of  pork  and  pork  products  con- 
sumed and  yet  most  of  these  are  brought  into  the  Islands  from 
outside.  Why  not  raise  more  pork  here,  by  improving  what  hogs 
we  have  and  increasing  our  herds  ? 

The  typical  "scrub"  hog  which  is  so  prevalent  is  long  of  legs, 
neck  and  snout,  has  a  narrow  back,  small  thin  hams,  very  little 
spring  of  ribs  and  is  spare  in  flesh.  She  will  eat  ravenously  and 
develop  a  large  belly,  but  wdll  not  put  much  meat  on  her  body. 
Her  development  is  slow  and  when  fattened  she  puts  most  of 
her  fat  around  the  digestive  organs.  This  scrub  hog  is  the 
product  of  poor  feed  and  care,  close  inbreeding,  uncontrolled 
mating  or  allowing  hogs  of  all  ages,  sizes,  sexes  and  breeds  to 
run  together.  She  will  eat  the  same  food  which  a  superior  indi- 
vidual would  make  better  use  of,  is  just  as  expensive  to  keep, 
and  costs  even  more  to  raise  because  of  her  slow  development 
and  the  fact  that  when  she  is  grown  she  will  not  return  as  large 
a  percentage  of  edible  products.  Being  left  to  herself,  she  either 
produces  progeny  which  resemble  her  and  have  her  breed  char- 
acteristics or  gives  birth  to  a  degenerate  type  even  worse  than 
herself,  being  forced,  as  she  is,  to  forage  for  most  of  her  food, 
she  develops  a  strong  constitution  and  is  vigorous,  healthy  and 
prolific.  These  qualities  are  admirable  and  worthy  of  being 
saved. 

The  primary  factor  in  the  improvement  of  these  scrub  hogs  is 
to  eliminate  the  scrub  boar  and  use  nothing  but  purebred  boars. 
Boars  of  improved  breeding  are  not  expensive  when  one  realizes 
what  they  will  do  to  pigs  sired  by  them.  Scrub  boars  or  cross- 
bred boars  cannot  be  depended  upon  as  breeders.  Their  progeny 
are  sure  to  be  inferior  in  form  and  quality.  Purebred  boars  are 
prepotent;  that  is,  because  they  are  the  product  of  a  long  line 
of  ancestry  that  have  been  bred  true  to  breed  type,  they  transmit 
their  breed  characteristics  and  their  individual  type  to  their  off- 
spring. When  mated  with  scrub  sows,  the  resultant  litters  will 
take  on  more  of  the  characteristics  of  the  boar  because  of  this 


247 

prepotency  which  is  lacking  in  the  scrubs  or  grades.  Hence, 
there  is  an  improvement  which  is  very  soon  evident. 

In  the  selection  of  a  boar  of  any  breed,  it  is  best  personally  to 
pick  him  out.  Look  at  the  registration  papers  of  his  sire  and 
dam  and  then  at  those  individuals  themselves.  See  some  of  his 
litter  mates.  Inquire  into  the  litter  record  of  his  dam.  Then 
look  at  the  individual  himself.  He  must  be  masculine,  active, 
compact,  large  for  his  age  and  possess  those  qualities  (deep,  wide 
chest ;  broad,  arched  back ;  deep  body,  short  neck,  shori:  legs,  big 
bone,  large,  strong  hams,  etc.)  which  go  with  perfect  individu- 
ality. See  that  he  is  strong  in  those  points  where  the  sows  are 
weak,  for  the  mating  of  animals  with  common  weaknesses  tends 
to  accentuate  this  weakness  in  the  ofifspring. 

The  next  step  is  to  control  the  matings.  The  boar  should  not  be 
allowed  to  run  with  the  sows,  or  he  will  breed  young  sows  at  too 
early  an  age,  breed  mature  sows  too  soon  after  farrowing  and 
waste  his  vitality  with  too  frequent  service.  Then  again  it  is 
well  to  know  when  a  sow  is  served  so  that  an  attendant  may  be 
on  hand  to  assist  her  when  her  young  are  due  to  arrive.  This 
attendance  will  save  many  pigs  which  otherwise  are  killed  soon 
after  their  birth. 

After  the  sow  is  bred  she  should  be  properly  fed  and  cared 
for  so  that  she  will  have  plenty  of  milk  for  her  family  when  it 
arrives.  She  will  not  be  able  to  do  this  well  if  she  has  had  to 
find  all  of  her  living.  A  little  extra  food  at  the  time  will  more 
than  pay  for  itself  when  the  pigs  come. 

At  farrowing  time,  reduce  the  feed  and,  for  4(S  hours  after 
farrowing,  give  the  sow  nothing  but  water.  This  will  prevent 
udder  troubles  and  sickness  among  the  young  pigs.  Later  the 
sow  must  be  brought  gradually  to  her  full  feed,  taking  10  to  14 
days  before  she  is  getting  all  she  wants. 

If  the  sow  is  properly  fed  and  the  young  pigs  given  shade, 
exercise,  clean  water  and  sanitary  quarters  they  will  grow  and 
thrive  on  the  sow's  milk  until  four  weeks  old.  Then  they  will 
want  additional  food  and  will  eat  with  their  dam.  At  this  time 
a  growing  food  rather  than  a  fattening  food  is  essential,  for  we 
want  size  in  a  hog  before  we  begin  to  fatten  it.  The  young  pig 
must  now  be  kept  growing  or  it,  too,  will  fall  back  again  into  the 
scrub  hog  class. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  added  that  there  is  no  excuse  for  the 
man  whose  place  today  is  overrun  with  scrub  hogs.  Good  boars 
are  not  expensive  and  the  prices  paid  for  market  pork  easily 
warrant  the  outlay  of  some  money  for  proper  feed.  There  is 
plenty  of  work  to  be  done  in  grading  up  scrub  herds  of  hogs,  but 
each  hog  raiser  who  enters  upon  this  work,  and  considers  each 
hog  as  an  investment  capable  of  paying  yearly  dividends  instead 
of  merely  a  possession,  will  find  himself  on  the  road  to  success 
and  will  not  only  benefit  himself  and  fellow  hog  raisers,  but  the 
pork  eaters  of  our  Islands  as  well. 


248 

MAUI  COUNTY  FAIR,  1919 


DRESSED  CARCASS  CONTEST. 


J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Superintendent  of  Contest. 
Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Judge  of  Contest. 

At  the  Second  Maui  County  Fair  held  at  Kahului,  Maui,  Oct 
9-11,  1919,  there  were  entered  in  the  Dressed  Carcass  Contest 
three  pens  of  steers,  three  animals  to  each  pen.  Two  of  the 
exhibits  consisted  of  high  grade  Hereford  steers,  while  the  third 
were  Polled  Angus  steers  nearly  if  not  quite  pure  bred. 

All  the  animals  were  stall-fed  and  all  were  well  finished,  the 
two  pens  as  fat  steers  and  the  third  as  baby  beef. 

The  Hereford  and  Angus  steers  were  practically  of  the  same 
age,  2  years  and  10  months,  while  the  baby  beef  Herefords  were 
only  1  year  and  3  months  old. 

On  October  18.  the  respective  exhibitors  each  selected  one 
animal  from  the  competing  pens,  for  the  final  test  of  their  merits 
as  beef  cattle.  These  animals  were  taken  to  the  Puunene 
slaughter  house  where  they  were  butchered  and  dressed  under  the 
direct  supervision  of  Mr.  Angus  McPhee.  The  carcasses,  quar- 
tered and  plainly  marked,  were  taken  to  the  Puunene  Meat  Mar- 
ket, where  they  were  to  be  chilled  for  48  hours,  as  required  by 
the  regulations  of  the  contest. 

In  this  connection  it  should  be  mentioned  that  owing  to  some 
misunderstanding  the  temperature  of  the  refrigerator  was  not 
kept  sufficiently  low  to  insure  proper  chilling,  for  which  reason 
the  figures  pertaining  to  loss  in  weight  and  shrinkage  percentage 
are  of  doubtful  values.  This,  however,  does  not  perceptibly  af- 
fect the  subsequent  weight  percentages  of  the  cuts  as  the  total 
shrinkage  on  the  largest  carcass  amounted  to  only  16  pounds,  or 
less  than  2%. 

On  October  20,  when  the  carcasses  were  to  be  cut  and  judged, 
the  superintendent  of  the  contest  handed  the  judge  the  official 
slaughter  house  weights,  consisting  of  the  live  weight  and  dressed 
weight  of  each  steer,  and  the  weights  of  the  green  hides  and  of 
the  trimmings.  All  subsequent  weights  and  percentages  were 
based  on  the  chilled  carcass  weights. 

The  services  of  an  expert  butcher  from  the  Metropolitan  Meat 
Market  in  Honolulu  had  been  secured  to  break  up  the  carcasses. 
On  Alaui,  a  side  of  beef  is  generally  halved  into  quarters  by 
cutting  between  the  third  and  fourth  posterior  ribs.  This  leaves 
three  ribs  on  the  hind-quarter  and  naturally  makes  it  heavier  in 
proportion  to  the  fore-quarter,  than  is  generally  the  case.  The 
method  is  known  as  the  "New  Zealand  cut."  In  the  United 
States  only  one  rib  is  left  on  the  hind-quarter,  which  is  sufficient 
to  support  the  flank  and  protect  the  kidney  suet.  As  the  two 
previous   carcass   contests   held   here   have  been   based   on   this 


249 

method,  known  as  the  "Chicago"  or  "Straight  cut,"  the  latter 
was  adhered  to ;  also  because  otherwise  no  comparisons  would 
have  been  possible  between  the  cuts  and  percentages  of  this  con- 
test with  those  of  the  previous  ones. 

The  three  carcasses  were  marked  respectively  No.  0,  No.  7, 
and  No.  4,  the  first  two  being  the  steers  and  the  last  the*  baby 
beef.. 

Table  I. 


Steer    No.    0       Steer  No.   7.  Steer  No.  4. 

Owner:  Grove  Ranch  Halcakala  Ranch  H.  AV.  Rice 

Breed:  Grade  Angus  Grade  Hereford  Grade  Hereford 

Age:  2  yrs.  10  mos.  2  yrs.  10  mos,  1   yr.   3   mos. 

Feeding:  Stall  fed  Stall  fed  Stall  fed 

Live   weight:  1185   lbs.  12221/2    lbs.  980  lbs. 

Dressed  weight:  7661/2     lbs.  788   lbs.  5631/2    lbs. 

Dressing  percentage:  64.68%  64.46%  57.5% 

Chilled  weight:  755   lbs.  7721/2  lbs.  5531/2    lbs. 

Loss  in  chilling:  lli/o  lbs.  1.7%  16   lbs.,    2.0%  10   lbs.,   1.8% 

Green  hide:  79    lbs.  76   lbs.  88  lbs. 

The  above  figures  need  little  elucidation.  "  The  Angus  steer 
(No.  0)  and  the  Hereford  steer  (No.  7)  were  of  the  same  age, 
the  difference  in  live  weight  being  proportional  to  the  difference 
in  size  of  the  two  breeds.  In  so  far  as  the  baby  beef  is  concerned, 
it  is  hard  to  draw  any  comparisons. 

The  dressing  percentage  of  the  two  steers  is  good,  well  above 
64%  and  slightly  in  favor  of  the  Angus  (No.  0).  The  dressing 
percentage  of  the  yearling  57.5%,  while  good,  would  indicate 
that  feeding  should  have  been  continued  for  three  or  four  months 
longer.  As  an  experienced  Illinois  feeder  and  exhibitor  of  mar- 
ket-topping baby  beeves  says  (see  Breeders'  Gazette^  Oct.  2nd, 
1919,  p.  657) — "I  have  never  been  able  to  make  a  prime  yearhng 
within  twelve  months  after  weaning  time;"  whereas,  this  year- 
ling, according  to  the  exhibitor,  was  fed  for  ten  months  only. 
During  this  period  it  gained  nearly  two  pounds  per  day. 

The  ration  consisted  of  a  mixture  of  corn,  barley  and  bran 
averaging  8  pounds  per  day,  with  10  pounds  of  alfalfa  hay.  The 
cost  was  about  $96.00  for  grain  and  $30.00  for  hay,  making  the 
gain  cost  an  average  of  23c  per  pound.  These  figures  are  men- 
tioned only  to  illustrate  that,  with  the  present  prices  of  feed, 
it  cannot  possibly  pay  to  produce  high  class  stall  fed  beef  if  the 
feeder  is  to  receive  only  16  to  18  cents  per  pound  dressed  weight, 
and  the  consumer  be  allow^ed  to  buy  the  prime  cuts  for  25  to  35 
cents  per  pound.  Take  as  a  comparison  the  carload  of  baby 
beef  steers  (Angus  yearlings)  sold  on  the  Chicago  market,  as 
reported  and  illustrated  in  the  Breeders'  Gazette  of  October 
2nd,  for  $18.00  per  cwt.,  on  th^'  hoof.  These  yearlings  averaged 
only  851  pounds — as  compared  to  the  980  pounds  of  this  Hereford 
yearling,  still  they  brought  the  feeder  (E.  P.  Hall,  the  same 
quoted  above)  $153.18  per  head,  while  our  yearling  would  have 


250 

brought  $101.34  in  Honolulu  at  18c  dressed  weight,  or  $91.28  on 
Maui  at  16c. 

The  same  applies  to  the  steers.  The  Hereford  steer  (No.  7) 
weighed  690  pounds  when  put  on  feed  at  22  months  old.  He  was 
fed  for  303  days  during  which  time  he  gained  532  pounds,  or 
1.75 'pounds  per  day.  The  daily  ration  consisted  of  from  12  to 
15  pounds  of  rolled  barley,  cracked  corn,  bran,  alfalfa  meal  and 
molasses,  a  little  linseed  meal  and,  for  roughage,  Rhodes  grass 
hay,  alfalfa  and  pasture.  The  cost  of  the  grain  was  $143.40  and 
the  roughage  probably  $40.00.  The  initial  cost  of  the  animal 
was  about  $52.00,  or  a  total  invested  of  $235.00.  The  carcass  of 
this  steer,  prime  in  every  respect,  dressing  nearly  65%,  would 
have  brought  its  owner  at  the  top  Honolulu  price  $141.84.  On 
the  Chicago  market  it  would,  on  the  same  date,  have  brought 
$220.00.  Is  it  necessary  to  say  that  the  exhibitors  in  the  dressed 
carcass  contest  entered  the  same  for  anything  but  gain  ? 

The  weights  of  the  green  hides  remain,  unless  some  mistake 
has  occurred,  a  mystery,  the  hide  of  the  Hereford  yearling 
weighing  12  pounds  more  than  that  of  the  Hereford  steer,  nearly 
3  years  old. 

Table  H. 

BLOCK    WEIGHTS    AND    PERCENTAGES. 

Steer  No.  0  Steer  No.  7  Steer  No.  4 

Hind    quarters    ;j<i3  lbs.  48.17f     36614  lbs.  47.4%     26214   lbs.  47.4% 

Fore   quarters    392  lbs.  51.9%     40614   lbs.  52.6%      2911^  lbs.  52.6% 

These  weights  and  percentages  indicate  that  the  Angus  had 
a  better  balanced  carcass  than  the  Herefords.  The  difference 
may  seem  small,  but  it  is  far  from  insignificant. 

I 
Table  HI. 

TRIMMINGS. 

Steer  No.  0  Steer  No.  7      Steer  No.  4 

Tripe    '36       lbs.  331/2  lbs  26       lbs. 

Liver    12       lbs.  12  lbs.  9       lbs. 

Tongue  5       lbs.  51/2  lbs.  41/2  lbs. 

Cheek   meat    5       lbs.  5  lbs.  4       lbs. 

Heart    5       lbs.  5  lbs.  4       lbs. 

Tail 31/2  lbs.  31/2  lbs.  3%  lbs. 

Suet  and  kidneys 241^  lbs.  261/2  lbs.  I6V2  lbs. 

Caul   fat    13       lbs.  21  lbs.  71/2  lbs. 

It  was  recently  asserted  before  the  congressional  commission 
investigating  the  so-called  "beef  trust"  that  the  wholesale  butch- 
ers, the  "packers,"  sell  the  dressed  carcass  at  cost  or  less  than 
they  pay  for  the  cattle- on  the  hoof,  say  18  cents  per  pound — and 
take  their  profits  out  of  the  trimmings  and  the  hide.  The  trim- 
mings are  therefore  of  immense  importance,  to  the  wholesalers 


251 

at  least,  and  many  and  varied  industries  have  been  built  up 
around  them  of  recent  years.  We  are,  however,  here  consider- 
ing- the  dressed  carcass  and  will  leave  it  to  those  interested  to 
figure  out  the  value  of  the  above  trimming.  The  suet  and  caul 
fat  only  is  of  interest  to  us  in  that  it  indicates  a  better  distribu- 
tion of  fat  in  the  Angus  steer  than  in  the  Hereford.  This  is, 
however,  a  well  established  fact  and  one  out  of  which  the  Angus 
breeders  take  considerable  comfort  when  discussing  the  merits  of 
their  favorites  with  the  Hereford  fanciers. 

Table  IV. 

CUTS  AND  PERCENTAaES. 

Steer  No.  0.  Steer  No.  7.  Steer  No.  4. 

Loins     176%  lbs.  23.4;  %  167%  lbs.  21,12%  lieVa  lbs.  23.2% 

Ribs     78 Vi  lbs.  10.25%  91%  lbs.  11.82%  62      lbs.  11    % 

Rounds    162      lbs.  21.2  %  172      lbs.  21.8  %  129      lbs.  22.9% 

Chucks     152      lbs.  19.84%  154      lbs.  19.54%  111      lbs.  19.7% 

Plates    100      lbs.  13.15%  99      lbs.  12.56%  67%  lbs.  11.9% 

Cross  ribs 

and  shanks 6IV2  lbs.  8;0   %  62      lbs.    7.9    %  51      lbs.    9.1% 

Suet   and  kidneys.      241/2  lbs.  3.16%  26 1/2  lbs.    3.36%  16^/2  lbs.    2.9% 

In  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  435  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  in  March,  1911,  the  percentages  of  the 
various  beef  cuts  to  the  carcass  weight  are  given  as  follows : 

Cuts.         Loins.     Ribs.    Rounds.  Chucks.  Plates.  Flanks.  Shanks.  Suet. 

Extreme    ...15-19       8-11       20-26        21-27        12-16         2-5         3-7         2-7 
A.verage     17  9  2:\  26  13  4  4  4 

The  Breeders'  Gazette  early  in  1917  gives  the  following: 

Cuts.         Loins.     Ribs.    Rounds.  Chucks.  Plates.  Flanks.  Shanks.  Suet. 

Per    cent     IS  10  22  24  14  2  4  3.5 

A  comparison  of  these  figures  with  those  in  Table  IV  show 
discrepancies  of  importance  only  in  the  loins  and  chucks.  In  both 
cases  the  differences  are  due  to  the  manner  of  cutting.  The 
heavier  loins  in  the  three  steers  under  consideration  are  due  to 
heavier  sirloin  butts,  which  in  their  turn  make  the  rounds  lighter. 
The  chucks  on  the  other  hand  appear  much  lighter  in  our  three 
steers  than  in  the  above  scales  (19.7%  to  25%). 

This  discrepancy  can  be  due  either  to  the  amount  of  neck  left 
on  the  chuck  or  to  the  relative  depth  of  the  same.  In  either  case 
it  makes  little  difference  in  so  far  as  the  judging  of  the  cuts  before 
us  is  concerned.  The  chucks  are  all  cut  alike,  the  percentages 
ranging  between  19.54  in  the  Hereford  steer  to  19.84  in  the 
Angus,  with  the  yearling  at  19.70.  If  the  neck,  or  part  of  it, 
was  left  with  the  head  as  "trimmings"  it  applies  equally  to  the 
three.  Each  chuck  contained  the  anterior  five  ribs,  while  the  cut 
known  as  "ribs"  contained  seven  ribs,  leaving  one  for  the 
"loins." 


252 

In  considering  the  percentage  of  the  cuts  as  shown  in  Table 
IV  the  very  heavy  loins  of  the  Angus  steer  (  No  0)  and  the 
3'earling  (No.  4)  at  once  assert  themselves,  23.4%  and  23.2%  re- 
spectively. The  Hereford  steer  is  fully  2%  below  either.  Tliis, 
in  so  far  as  the  steers  are  concerned,  is  again  a  characteristic  of 
the  Angus,  the  heavy  loin.  That  the  loin  percentage  of  the 
Hereford  yearling  practically  equals  that  of  the  mature  Angus 
is  one  of  the  features  of  baby  beef  which  has  l^rougiit  this  class 
of  beef  so  prominently  to  the  fore  of  recent  years  nnd  v/hich 
undoubtedly  will  keep  it  there  for  good. 

This  point  is  emphasized  if  we  consider  the  next  two  valuable 
cuts,  the  ribs  and  rounds,  with  the  loins.  The  percentages  of 
these  three  cuts  aggregate  for  the  Angus  steer  54.85,  for  the 
Hereford  53.74,  and  for  the  baby  beef  57.10.  Had  this  yearling 
been  finished  it  should  have  won  hands  down;  and  before  long, 
the  Breeders'  Gazette  predicts,  the  agricultural  or  live  stock 
shows  will  have  no  classes  for  2-year-old  fat  steers,  leave  alone 
3-year-olds;  the  limit  will  be  the  yearling,  the  baby  beef. 

Table  V. 

CUTS  AND  VALTJES. 

Steer  No.  0              Steer  No.  4.  Steer  No.  7. 

Loins   @   25e ITGVj,  lbs.  $44.06  l(i7Vi  lbs.  $41.81  IIH14  lbs.  $29.1.3 

Rounds  and  ribs 

@    221/26     ..24014  lbs.    54.06  26:31/4  lbs.    57.92  191      lbs.    42.97 

Chucks    @    20c 152      lbs.  30.40  154      lbs.    30.80  111      lbs.    22.20 

Cross  ribs  and 

Xjlates    @    I71/2C.  .leii/slbs.    28.23  161      lbs.    28.15  118      lbs.    20.23 

Total    Beef    Value $156.75  $158.68  $114.53 

In  order  to  decide  the  beef  value,  actual  and  relative  to  the 
live  weight  and  dressed  carcass  weight,  the  retail  prices  for  the 
various  beef  cuts,  as  sold  at  Puunene,  Maui,  were  taken  as  a 
basis.  These  figures  explain  themselves,  and  it  is  unnecessary 
here  to  go  into  the  lack  of  discrimination  which  places  a  differ- 
ence of  only  5c  per  pound  between  porterhouse  steak  and  stew. 
The  scale  remains  the  same  for  the  three,  and  the  heaviest  steer 
brings  the  most  money.  But  when  we  go  a  step  further  and  look 
into  the  cash  value  of  the  three  carcasses  as  compared  with  their 
live  weights  and  dressed  weights,  we  get  a  better  idea  of  which 
animal  is  the  best,  or  rather  which  one  puts  the  most  money  into 
the  producer's  pocket. 

Table  VI. 

steer  No.O.       Steer  No.  7.     Steer  No.  4. 

Live    Weight    Coefficient 13.23*6  12.979  11.683 

Dressed  Weiglit   Coefficient 20.755  20.541  20.692 

The  live  weight  coefficient  is  the  cash  value  of  the  beef  car- 


253 

cass  (li\  ided  by  the  live  weight  while  the  dressed  weight  coefhci- 
ent  is  the  same  divided  by  the  dressed  weight.  It  is  easily 
observed  that  in  the  latter  class  the  baby  beef  assumes  second 
place  and  is  very  little  behind  the  leader,  the  Angus  steer. 

As  already  stated,  had  the  baby  beef  been  finished  it  would 
have  come  out  winner.  As  it  is,  the  laurels  must  go  to  the  Angus 
steer.  That  is  as  it  should  be,  according  to  precedent,  and  possi- 
bly to  merit. 

In  all,  or  nearly  all,  carcass  contests,  the  black  blood,  either 
straight  or  in  a  high  grade  cross,  has  won  out.  In  the  case 
before  us  the  Angus  carcass  showed  up  superior  to  the  two 
Herefords,  being  evenly  covered  with  fat,  not  excessive  at  any 
point,  and  smooth  throughout.  The  cuts  also  were  everything 
that  could  be  desired  in  regard  to  form,  thickness,  finish,  quality, 
soundness  and  weight.  This,  however,  should  not  be  read  to 
detract  from  the  merits  of  the  Hereford  carcasses.  It  is  con- 
ceded that  the  Herefords  do  not  distribute  their  fat  as  evenly 
as  do  the  Angus  and  the  Shorthorn,  still  the  beef  itself  appears 
to  be  equally  well  "marbled."  Until  this  minor  deficiency  has 
been  bred  out  of  the  breed  the  Angus  will  probably  remain  the 
favorite  of  the  feeder  who  competes  for  honors  in  the  fat  steer 
and  carcass  contest  classes.  This  show  ring  excellence,  how- 
ever, does  not  proclaim  the  Angus  the  superior  breed  for  our 
local  conditions.  As  a  "rustler"  for  instance,  the  Angus  is  out- 
classed by  the  Herefords,  and  where  watering  places  are  far 
apart  and  where  periodical  droughts  may  be  expected  the  Here- 
ford is  by  far  the  safer  breed. 

In  awarding  the  prize  of  the  contest  to  the  Angus  steer,  the 
Vv'riters  commend  future  exhibitors  not  to  overlook  the  lessons 
contained  in  the  record  of  of  the  yearling  steer  (No.  4),  the  baby 
beef. 


Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,   Hawaii,  September   30,   1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Grentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  September,  1919: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

During-  the  month  2,208  red  gum  trees  and  1,982  iron  woods  were 
planted  at  Mikilua.  Oahu ;  270  mahogany  and  molave,  Vite.r  parviflora,  at 
Waiahole,  Oahu;  and  125  koa  replants  were  set  out  in  Makiki  on  the 
Honolulu  Watershed  Reserve,  making  a  total  of  4,585  trees. 

On  the  Waiahole  Reserve,  Oahu,  at  the  lower  edge  near  the  forest 
reserve  boundary,  on  open  land,  a  total  of  530  true  mahogany  and  molave 
trees  have  been  planted  out  since  June  1,  1919,  and  the  trees  first  planted 
are  doing  very  well.     It  is  planned  to  establish  at  this  place  a  series  of 


254 

experiments  in   which   kauri   pine,   arauearias,   and   Japanese   cedar   trees 
will  be  planted  out  -under  close  spacing  conditions. 

The  Forestry  Division  of  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  has  kindly  turned  over  to 
this  Division  some  surplus  trees  which  they  can  not  well  use,  consisting 
of  1,000  kauri  pine  and  2,000  Norfolk  Island  pine. 

Seed  of  the  following  species  of  trees  which  I  obtained  in  Hawaii  in 
August  have  been  turned  over  to  the  Forest  Nurseryman  for  germination: 
koa,  Acacia  Jcoa  hawaiiensis;  alani,  Pelea  sp.;  olapa,  Cheirodendron  Gaudi- 
chaudii;  hau  kuahiwi,  HibiscadcJphus  Gifanlianus;  and  naio,  Myoporum 
sandwicense. 

A  supply  of  12  pounds  of  clean  koa  seed  has  been  secured  from  the 
slopes  of  Mauna  Loa,  Hawaii,  at  an  elevation  of  5000  feet  above  sea 
level. 

FOEEST  PEOTECTION. 

District  Fire  Warden  D.  S.  Macalister  reports  from  Kukaiau  that 
from  September  5-10,  he  and  his  men  shot  and  roped  and  thus  removed 
from  the  government  land  of  Piha  in  the  Hilo  Forest  Eeserve,  Hawaii, 
3  large  bnlls,  2  cows,  and  4  heifers^  a  total  of  9  head  of  wdld  cattle. 

On  September  16,  word  was  received  from  Commissioner  Giffard  of  the 
discovery  of  an  infestation  of  the  fern  weevil,  Syagrius  fuJvitarsis,  in  the 
amaumau  ferns,  Sadleria  cyaihemdes,  in  Section  B  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park 
Eeserve  at  29  Miles  on  the  Volcano  Eoad,  Olaa,  Hawaii,  and  on  the 
same  day,  after  consultation  wdth  President  Eice,  permission  was  secured 
from  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  to  employ  non-citizen  labor 
and  instructions  forwarded  to  Eanger  Mackenzie  to  hire  a  gang  of  men 
and  undertake  at  once  the  clearing  up  of  the  ferns  under  the  direction 
of  Commissionar  Giffard.  Further  developments  in  connection  with  this 
infestation  are  described  in  my  special  report   submitted  herewith. 

KAUAI  TEIP. 

From  September  19  to  27,  I  was  on  the  Island  of  Kauai,  after  an 
absence  of  15  months,  making  a  general  inspection  and  investigation 
of  matters  which  required  immediate  attention. 

KEALIA   EESEEVE   ELIMINATION. 

A  thorough  examination  was  made  of  a  portion  of  the  government 
lands  of  Kanialomaloo  and  Anahola  consisting  of  approximately  760 
acres  of  open,  treeless,  grass  land  in  the  Kealia  Forest  Eeserve  and  a 
special  report  recommending  its  elimination  will  shortly  be  submitted 
to  you  for   consideration. 

HALELEA    FOEEST    EESEEVE.- 

A  visit  to  the  boundary  of  the  Halelea  Forest  Eeserve  where  it  is 
adjacent  to  the  leased  lands  of  Waioli  and  Hanalei  disclosed  the  fact 
that  the  fences,  required  by  the  general  leases  to  be  built  in  1912  and 
1911,  respectively,  had  not  been  constructed  and  that  cattle  consequently 
had  access  to  the  forest  reserve  at  these  points.  This  matter  was  at 
once  taken  up  with  the  Land  Commissioner,  w'ho  was  requested  to 
enforce  this  provision  in  the  leases. 

FOEEST  FIEES  AT  HANALEI. 

It  was  also  discovered  that  there  had  been  several  recent  fires  on  the 
Hanalei  side  of  the  Hanalei- Waioli  ridge.  Inquiry  from  District  Fire 
Wxirden  Sanborn,  who  had  not  reported  them,  elicited  the  infonnation  ' 
that  they  were  started  by  a  native  throwing  a  lighted  cigar  into  the 
dry  staghorn  fern.  The  Warden  has  been  requested  to  secure  all  possible 
evidence  which  will  lead  to  the  arrest  and  conviction  of  the  responsible 


255 

party,  has  been  supplied  with  fire  warning  notices  to  be  posted  through- 
out iiis  district,  and  has  been  urged  to  do  everything  possible  to  prevent 
the  starting  of  fires  in  this  important  water-conserving  forest  reserve. 

LIHUE-KOLOA  F0EE8T  RESERVE. 

An  inspection  was  made  of  the  makai  boundary  of  the  Lihue-Koloa 
Forest  Reserve  where  it  crosses  the  private  lands  of  Haiku  and  Hana- 
maulu  and  the  government  land  of  Wailua.  The  boundary  across  Haiku 
is  unfortunately  not  fenced  and  the  tame  cattle  consequently  have 
access  to  and  are  damaging  the  forest  on  the  wet  boggy  watershed  area 
which  is  an  important  source  of  supply  for  the  ditch  systems  conveying 
water  to  the  cane  lands  of  Koloa,  Haiku,  and  Kipu. 

ELIMINATION  OF  ^ylUD  CATTLE. 

The  boundary  across  Hanamaulu  is  fenced  and  no  cattle  are  in  the 
forest  reserve.  The  boundary  across  W'ailua  is  also  fenced  and  a  few 
wild  cattle  are  still  within  the  reserve.  During  1918;  the  Lihue 
Plantation  Co.  removed  from  the  forest  reserve  in  Wailua  approximately 
200  head  of  cattle  which  had  been  lost  track  of,  and  since  January  of 
this  year  25  head  have  been  killed.  The  remaining  cattle  are  mostly 
old  bulls,  tw^o  of  which  were  shot  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  and  are 
very  wild  and  consequently  dangerous.  On  account  of  this  and  of  the 
difliculty  with  locked  gates  should  hunting  permission  be  granted  in- 
discriminately, I  have  requested  the  Lihue  Plantation  Co.,  which  keeps 
the  forest  reserve  fence  in  repair,  to  remove  the  remaining  8  or  10 
head  of  wild  cattle,  and  have  given  the  company,  which  is  equipped  for 
this  purpose,  until  October  1,  1920,  to  accomplish  this. 

CHANCE  IN  FOREST  RESERVE  BOUNDARY. 

In  this  region  there  is  an  area  of  open  grass  land  between  the  original 
forest  boundary,  which  goes  from  point  to  point  on  long  courses,  and  the 
actual  forest  fence  on  the  ground,  w^hich  in  my  opinion  should  be  elim- 
inated from  the  reserve,  by  using  the  forest  fence  as  the  official 
boundary.  With  this  in  view,  I  have  requested  the  Covernment  Surveyor 
to  supply  me  with  a  description  of  the  fence  line  and  will  submit  the 
matter   for   your    consideration. 

WOOD   CUTTING   IN   RESERVE. 

An  inspection  was  made  of  the  ridge,  back  of  the  hill  called  Kapili- 
w^ahine,  between  the  government  land  of  Kalaheo  and  the  private  land  of 
Wahiawa  within  the  Lihue-Koloa  Forest  Reserve,  where  the  McBryde 
Sugar  Co.  has  constructed  a  road  and  is  hauling  dead  wood  out  of  the 
forest  by  ox  teams.  Being  unable  to  determine  on  the  ground  whether 
any  of  the  wood  had  been  cut  from  government  land^  I  have  requested  the 
G-overnment  Surveyor  to  locate  and  mark  the  boundary  between  these 
two  lands. 

PAPAPAHOLAHOLA  SPRING  RESERVE. 

An  inspection  of  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve  at  Kalaheo  show- 
ed that  the  boundary  fence  and  gate  were  in  need  of  repair.  I  have 
consequently  supplied  our  one  laborer  at  this  reserve,  Joe  Rita,  with  the 
necessary  wire  and  lumber  and  authorized  him  to  hire  one  laborer  for 
one  month  to  assist  him  in  making  the  necessary  repairs  and  in  planting 
an  additional  l^i  acre  of  land  which  is  still  in  need  of  reforestation. 


ca 


256 

KOKEE  CAMPS 

Two  days  were  spent  in  the  Halemanu  and  Kokee  region  inspecting  the 
_..mps  and  cheeking  up  violations  of  the  conditions  in  the  permit.  Of 
the  total  of  48  camp  sites,  permits  for  27  have  been  issued.  Of  these, 
7  had  improvements  on  them  before  the  land  came  under  our  control 
and  since  then  5  have  had  buildings  constructed  on  them.  Only  35 
camp  sites  were  occupied  this  summer.  All  the  campers  had  departed 
and  only  the  ranger  station  was  occupied  by  Ranger  Hardy. 

WOOD  CUTTING 

A  case  of  what  a])pears  to  be  illegal  wood  cutting  was  encountered  on 
land  near  Kokee  but  still  covered  by  General  Lease  No.  104.  About 
40  live  lehua  trees  of  different  sizes  were  found  to  have  been  cut  and 
some  partly  dragged  out  to  the  trail.  The  matter  has  been  re|)prted 
to  the  Land  Commissioner  who  still  has  jurisdiction  over  this  area. 

FENCING  REQUIRE:V1!ENTS. 

Inspections  were  also  made  of  the  government  lands  of  ^SFokihana, 
Waimea,"  and  Wailua  adjacent  to  forest  reserve  boundaries  in  order  to 
secure  data  which  will  serve  as  a  basis  for  fencing  clauses  which  will 
be  recommended  to  the  Land  Commisisoner  for  inclusion  in  tlic  new 
leases  of  these  lands. 

LECTURES  ON  FORESTRY. 

At  the  requost  of  the  President  of  the  College  of  Hawaii  I  liave 
accejded  an  invitation  to  give  three  lectures  on  Oct.  27  and  2!),  an<l 
Nov.  1,  on  our  forest  problems  at  the  short  course  for  i)lantation  men  to 
be  held  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  College  of  Hawaii  and  the 
H.  8.  P.  A. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,   Hawaii,  October   1,    1919. 

Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear  Sir: — I  herewith  submit  a  report  of  the  ju'incipal  work  done 
during  the   month   of  September: 

NURSERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants — 

Sold :     50  transplants  in  boxes;  162  potgrown 212 

Gratis:      150   transplants  in  boxes;    799   potgrown 949 

Total 1161 

Collections  Government  Realizations — 

Collections  on   account    of  plants   sold $     4.35 

Rent   of  office,  nursery   grounds,   August 35.00 

Total     $  39.35 


257 

Collections  on  Preservation  Forest  Reserves  for  Quarter 
Ending  September  30,  1919 — 

Menota,   rent   of   premises   at    Half-way    House,   Tantalus, 

for   July,    August    and    Se[)tember , $  30.00 

Lizzie  Tong  Wai,  fee  for  use  of  land  and  gathering  ti  leaf 

Pauoa  Valley,  July,   August   and   September 12.50 

Yoshida,  rent  of  small  piece  of  land  Pauoa  Valley,  April 

1,   1919,   to   April    1,   1920 3.00 

Sale  of  Charcoal — 

Kim  Chong,  5  bags  of  charcoal  at  7(i  cents 3.80 

Territorial    Marketing    Division,    KiO     bags     of     charcoal, 

including  commission    90.00 


Sale  of  Cordwood — 


$145.30 


M.   S.    Salema    Jun,    2()i/2    cords    dead     wood     from     ui)per     Olaa 

Forest    Reserve    at    $1    per    cord 2G.50 

Rent  for  Kokee  Camp  Sites — 

Geo.  B..  Tuttle  (July  7)  site  15A  to  Dee.  31,  1919 5.50 

Mrs.   A.   J.   Gignoux   and   Mli"s.   Bockus     (July     23)     site     27     to 

December  31,  1919 2.90 

Richard  B.  Gnrrey  (July  23)  site  No.  30,  to  Dec.  31,  1919... 3.75 

Philip  L.  Rice  (Sept.  10)  site  No.  32,  to  Dec.  31,  1919 2.33 

Sale  of  Black  Sand — 

138  loads  black  sand    (Sept.  30)   at  50  cts 69.00 

Total    $255.28 

PLANTATION    CO]\r[PANIES    AND    OTHER    CORPORATIONS. 

The  distribution  of  plants  under  this  heading  amounted  to  800 
transplants  in  boxes  and  1500  pot  grown,  making  a  total  of  2300.  We 
have  on  file  orders  for  10,000  transplants  to  be  delivered  wdien  ready. 

GRASS  FIRE. 

On  October  1,  about  12.30  noon,  we  were  informed  that  a  grass  fire 
was  raging  on  the  land  adjoining  and  Ewa  of  the  Country  Club  in 
Nuuanu  Valley.  The  writer  and  men  from  the  Nursery  started  out  at 
once  and  found  the  fire  spreading  along  the  face  of  the  ridge  Ewa  of 
the  Country  Club.  The  fire  had  already  climbed  over  the  ridge  and  on 
the  Alewa  Heights  land.  Fire  Chief  Thurston  and  his  men  were  fighting 
to  keep  the  fire  from  Alewa  Heights  property  and  w^ith  the  men  from  the 
Nursery  and  those  from  the  Country  Club  the  fire  was  beaten  out  along 
the  rocky  slope  leading  up  to  Alewa  Heights  and  prevented  from 
spreading  mauka  where  considerable  trees  and  shrubs  are  growing. 
We  worked  at  the  fire  about  three  hours  before  it  was  entirely  out.  The 
fire  was  started  by  men  employed  by  the  Country  Club  who  were  burning 
a  strip  of  land  along  the  side  of  the  golf  course.  The  fire  evidently  got 
away  from  them. 

MjAKIKI  STATION. 
The   work   at    this   station   has  been   principally  routine.     We   have   a 


258 

number  of  koa  trees  potted   and  ready  for  planting  on    the   bare  parts 
in  the  watershed  when  the  weather  becomes  favorable. 

HONOLULU  WATEKSHED. 

The  work  done  on  this  watershed  has  consisted  of  clearing  trails, 
hoeing  trees,  etc. 

ADVICE   AND  ASSISTANCE. 

The  writer  made  a  trip  to  Schofield  Barracks  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
advice  in  regard  to  planting  trees^  etc.  Fort  Armstrong  was  also  visited 
at  the  request  of  the  commanding  officer  and  advice  given  in  regard 
to  planting  and  laying  out  the  grounds.  We  have  a  number  of  trees 
selected  and  set  aside  for  planting  at  Fort  Armstrong. 

The  writer  has  made  the  following  number  of  visits  and  given  advice 
and  assistance  otherwise  at  the  request  of  people  from  in  and  around 
the  city: 

Visits   made    6 

Advice  by  telephone 5      , 

Advice    to    people    calling 8 

The  writer  has  been  asked  to  assist  in  judging  the  plants  at  the  Maui 
County  Fair  by  the  Plant  committee,  and  consequently  will  be  absent 
from  Wednesday,  October  <S,  to  Saturday,  October  11. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

DAVID  HATJG'HS. 

Forest   Nurseryman. 


Division  of  Entomology 


Honolulu,   Hawaii,  September   30^   1919. 

Board   of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  September  the  insectary  handled 
22,600  pupae  of  the  melon  tly,  from  which  there  were  bred  3732  females 
and  3170  males  Opius  fletcJieri. 

The  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELON  FLY  PARASITE. 

OiJius  fletcheri. 

Oahu: 

Females.  Males. 

Moiliili   • 700  900 

Wahiawa    000  1050 

Waipahu  550  500 

Hawaii: 

Kapoho     300  300 

FRUIT   FLY  PARA8ITE. 

OiHus  humilis. 
Oahu: 

Kalihi   400  400 


259 

Diachasma  tryoni. 

Oahu: 

Kalihi    500  550 

D iachasm a  fullawayi. 
Oahu: 

Kalihi    50  50 

Tetrastichus  gifardianus. 
Oahu: 

Kalihi   7900 

Galesus  silvestri. 
Oahu : 

Nuuaiiu     '  1000 

Dirhinus  gifardi. 
Oahu: 

Nuuanu 850 

While  colU'ctiug  insects  at  Kilauea  in  company  with  Oommissioner 
(liffard  it  was  discovered  that  the  Australian  weevil,  Syagrius  fulvitarsis, 
is  infesting  the  ferns  of  the  forests  at  29  Miles.  Although,  the  weevil 
has  been  known  in  Hilo  for  a  number  of  years,  it  was  never  before 
observed  outside  of  green-houses  on  Hawaii.  A  thorough  survey  was 
made  at  once  and  it  was  determined  that  the  infestation  was  continuous 
and  confined  to  a  rather  small  area.  In  view  of  this  fact  and  the  great 
danger  to  the  forests  in  case  the  infestation  should  spread^  steps  were 
taken  to  eradicate  the  insect  in  the  circumscribed  area  by  cutting  and 
burning  its  food  plant  and  going  over  the  ground  thoroughly  witli  a 
torch  flame  to  destroy  the  adult  beetle.  It  is  a  fortunate  circumstance 
that  the  weevil  does  not  fly  and  is  dependent  on  one  or  two  of  the 
ferns  in  the  native  forests.  It  will  be  necessary  however  to  maintain 
a  very  close  inspection  of  the  area  to  prevent  further  spread. 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

D.   T.  FULL  A  WAY, 

Entomologist. 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  30,  1919. 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  carried  on 
by  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  September,  1919, 
as  follows: 

During  the  month  45  vessels  arrived  at  the  Port  of  Honolulu,  17  of 
which  carried  vegetable  matter  and  3  vessels  came  through  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone.     The  following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 926  lots         16,066  packages 

Burned    46    ' '  46         " 

Fumigated    8    "  8         '' 

Total  Inspected    980    ''  16,120         " 


260 

Of  these  shipments  15,905  packages  arrived  as  freight^  99  packages  as 
mail  and  116  as  baggage. 

KICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS 

During  the  month  13,454:  bags  of  rice,  and  3013  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  Japan  and  were  found  free  from  dangerous  insect  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  4161  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  immigrants  from 
foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  15  lots  of  fruit  and  23  lots 
of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed.    • 

On  September  3,  5  packages  of  forest  tree  seeds  found  in  the  mail 
from  Siam  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution.  Also  2  packages  of  corn 
from  Manila  and  Japan  respectively  w-ere  seized  and  destroyed  as 
contraband.  One  package  of  palm  seeds  from  Java  was  also  destroyed, 
being  prohibited  without  a  permit  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board. 
Also  10  baskets  of  lily  bulbs  found  in  the  cargo  from  the  Orient  were 
seized  and  held  awaiting  a  permit  from  Wiashington,  D.  C. 

On  September  9,  1  bag  of  corn  in  the  cargo  from  Guam,  via  San  Fran- 
cisco,  was  seized   and   destroyed,  being   contraband. 

On  September  17,  5  baskets  of  lily  bulbs  in  the  cargo  and  one  basket 
as  baggage  from  the  Orient  were  seized  and  held  awaiting  a  permit  from 
Washington,  D.  C.  Also  one  package  of  silk  worm  cocoons  for  medicinal 
use,  found  in  the  mail  from  Japan,  was  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 
One  package  of  loquot  seeds  from  Japan  was  destroyed  on  account  of 
weevils. 

On  September  18,  one  package  of  fiscus  seeds  for  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry,  found  in  the  mail  from  Calcutta,  India^  was 
fumigated   as  a  precaution. 

On  September  26,  one  package  of  nuts  and  herbs  for  medicinal  use, 
and  one  package  of  seeds  for  the  U.  S.  Experiment  Station  found  in 
the  mail  from  Manila  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

HILO   INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  at  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  six  steam- 
ers at  Hilo  but  none,  brought  freight  of  a  vegetable  nature.  By  mail 
there  arrived  11  packages  of  seeds  and  two  packages  of  plants,  'Jl  free 
from  pests.  Owing  to  the  strike  at  the  port  of 'San  Francisco,  the 
usual  shipments  have  been  delayed. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr,  Edwin  C.  Moore,  Acting  Inspector  at  Kahului,  reports  tlie  urriv.'il 
of  7  vessels  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  1  of  which  carried  fresh  fruits  and 
vegetables  consisting  of  4  lots  and  481  packages  all  being  free  fr(.m 
pests. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

60  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  Island  ports  were 
attended  and  the  following  shipments  passed   as  free  from  pects: 

Taro    584  packages 

Fruit 160  '' 

Plants     128  ' ' 

Vegetables     340  ' ' 

Seeds    14  '' 

Pineapple  suckers   4928  ' ' 

Sugar  cane    19  < ' 

Total    passed    6173        " 


261 

Seventeen  i>aclvay,es  of  i)ljints  and  3  cases  of  sugar  cane  were  refused 
sliipment  on  account  of  infestation^  undesirable  soil  and  not  complying 
with  the  regulations. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  M.  EHRHORN, 

Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  ,Hawaii,   Sept.   30,   1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  lierewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division   of   Animal   Industry   for   the   month   of   September,   1919: 

ANIMAL  QUARANTINE  STATION. 

At  the  ;il)()ve  station  two  large  and  four  small  pens  liave  been  rebuilt, 
and  the  station  is  in  good  shape.  The  work  became  necessasry  as  a 
great  number  of  horses  and  mules  arrived  here  during  the  month  and 
have  been  kept  the  requisite  time  at  the  station.  Most  of  these  animals 
were  army  horses  and  mules  and  taxed  the  station's  capacity.  The 
total   number   of   animals   reached   nearly   250   head. 

We  have  also  during  the  month  planted  more  than  500  young  trees 
for  shade  purpose. 

TUBERCULOSIS    CONTROL. 

No  testing  lias  been  done  this  month,  as  the  time  was  taken  u]>  in 
slaughtering  85  head  of  the  reacting  cattle^  all  of  which  were  found 
on  post  mortem  examination  ^o  be  affected  with  tuberculosis. 

No  word  has  beeen  received  from  Wiashington  in  regard  to  the  cooper- 
ation with  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Animal "  Industry  in  tuberculosis 
eradication. 

The  various  questions  which  have  arisen  as  to  the  interpretation  of 
the  Federal  cooperative  regulations  have  been  taken  up  with  the 
Attorney  General,  who  still  has  them  under  consideration. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

REPORT    OF    ASSISTANT    VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  September  30,  1919. 

Dr.    V.    A.    Norgaard,    Chief,    Division    of    Animal    Industry,    Board    of 
Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Sir: — ^I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  the  month  of  September: 

TUBERCULOSIS  CONTROL. 

The  work  in  this  line  was  confined  to  the  slaughter  and  post  mortem 
examinations  of  cattle  condemned  during  the  month  of  August.  A 
total  of  85  head  of  reacting  cattle  were  disposed  of  in  this  manner  and 


262 

all  were   found   to  be  affected   with   tuberculosis.     Four   carcasses   were 
condemned  as  unfit  for  human  consumption. 

IMPORTATIONS  OF  LIVESTOCK. 

During  the  month  a  total  of  38  vessels  were  boarded  by  the  Live 
Stock  Inspector  and  the  following  were  found  to  carry  live  stock: 

S.  S.  Colusa,  Calcutta— 1  dog,  Thomas  Smith. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco — 1  dog;   1-i  crates  poultry. 

S.   S.   Sonoma,   San  Francisco — 2   pups,  W.   L.   Livingston, 

S.  S.  Great  Northern,  San  Francisco — 1  dog,  W.  H.  Johnson, 

S.  S.  Hyades,  San  Francisco — 31  horses,  69  mules,  U.  S  GoveTimieut : 
■i  hogs,  Alexander  &  Baldwin;  3  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco — ^16  mules,  Schuman  Car.  Co.;  12  horses, 
T.  H.  Davies  &  Co.;  115  horses,  U.  S.  Q.  M.  Dept.;  2  crates  poultry. 

S.  S.  Shinyo  Maru,  San  Francisco — 1  dog,  E.  M.  Brown. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

LEONARD  N.   CASE, 
Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian, 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

=  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

IS  ^ 

|ea$tle$eooke,  Ctd.l 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

1  AUIOMOBILE  AND  i 

i  lOURISIS'  BAGGAGE  i 

I  INSURANCE  I 

|€a$tle$eooke»Ct(l.| 

I  HONOLXJLXJ,  HAWAII  | 

^llllllllllllllllllllirilllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiliiijr 


MiilllllilllllillliilllllllllllllillllllllllillllllllllllllllllllillllltlllllillllNllllllHll^^ 

f  The  Paper  They  All  "Read  I 

E  Circulation,  l)otli  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  = 

=  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the   greatest  = 

=  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  = 

E  The  advertising  colunuis  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  = 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  S 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  = 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  hy  house,  = 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  = 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 


PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 
Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant 


'liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiriiiiiiiin 

LMIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilflllllllillllllllllllllllllliiilliillilllElllllliliilllllllPl' 

lUNION  FEED  CO.,  LTD.! 

E  Dealers  in  E 

I         HAY  AND  GRAIN         I 

E  and   Manufacturers   of  = 

I         ALGAROBA  FEED         | 

=  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID    TO  = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  E 

=  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  = 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

E  Remedies  E 

=  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  = 
E      P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468      = 

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^llllllllllllllilllllllllllhilllllilllllllllllillilllllllllllllElllilllililtllllMllllllillilll 

f  J.  M.  DOAVSETT I 


AGENT 


E 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


I    WESMSe  Fi  INSOfiiCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

I   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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^uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:' 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS    | 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  = 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

r  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers,  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E,  0.  HAIL  S  SON,  LID.        | 

E  King  and  Tort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 


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jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiini: 


OFFICERS: 

E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President  A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 
G.  H.  Rol)erts9n,  Vice-Pres.  Manager 

E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary  R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 

Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer  Wm.  Janiieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 

DIRECTORS: 

G.  R.  Carter  C.  H.  Cooke 

J.  R.  Gait  E.  I.  Spalding 

II.  H.  Walker 

REGISTERED  ADDRESS:     "BREWER" 

G.  BREWER  6l  GO.  Ltd. 

ESTABLISHED   1826 


=    CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

I       HONOLULU      -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       | 
=  NEW  YORK  = 


REPRESENTING 


OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY  = 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA  = 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD  = 

JOINT  SERVICE  = 

SUGAR   PLANTATIONS                             INSURANCE  5 

Olowalu  Company                            ^^^^^  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver-  = 

^^Ll^^^L^'J'^.^lr.^                 LondT  AssSaTce  Corporation,  of  = 

Onomea  Sugar  Company                         London,  Eng.  = 

wT,Z.  ^^Z  rnZt^l               Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co..  = 

Wailuku  Sugar  Company                                     London  (Fire  and  Auto)  = 

^l^lZTi^JT^^L             S-°"i^^  ^^on  &  National  Insurance  = 

Waimanalo  Sugar  Company                          ^  Edinhurgh,  Scotland  = 

^±i^i!i  PW.tfn^.^                     Caledonian  Insurance' Co.,   of  Edin-  = 

Honolulu  Plantation  Company              v,nrtr>i    qoa+iotih  — 

K^r,t"rs,^.S'pL*ntfH''°-r          Britis"  America   Assurance   Co.,   of  I 

Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co                TnvAn+n    no-n  = 

Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co.               "^^^J'^IJ;,.^^^-    .  px.T^m«  = 

Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co.  ^  ,^    GENERAL  AGENTS  = 

Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd.                     Baldwin  Locomotive  Works  = 

Kapapala  Ranch  = 


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£.niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPj 

I  AMERICAN  FACTORS.  LTD.  I 


San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St. 

New  York  Office 82  Wall  St. 

SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM- 
MISSION MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS 


DEALERS   IN; 


HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co, 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

Tlie   Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America  :z 

Missouri  State  Life  Ins.  Co.  IS 

Hibernia   Underwriters   Agency  ™ 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Fire  &  Marine  IS 


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l^ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^' 

wsm  I 


E'  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  E 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,    Western   Union,    Excelsior       = 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

E   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Gal.         = 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  i 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 
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343  SANSOME   STREET 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)inmissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 
COlVDVnSSIONEES. 

Arthur  H.  Eice,  President. 
J.  M.  I)owsett,  W|  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.'  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Offic 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superinteivdent  of  Forestry  and  Chi^f  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurserymaid 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  HUo,  Hawaii, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Eomestead,  Kauai. 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Oahu. 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oaku. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Mani. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Haiuaii. 

(1919) 
Charles  E.  Stone,  Forest  Banger  for  Kau  and  South  Kdna,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOaY. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Havtaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kdhului,  Mftui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuJcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kanuii. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanpi. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTflT. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 
Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian.      ! 
H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Haii'aii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Eichard,  LivestocTc  Inspector. 

CLERICAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

>U38  M.  T.  Kelly,  CJerJe  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stanograph^r. 

Daniel  Logan,  Editor  of  the  Foretter. 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

KGRICULTURISn 


CONTENTS 

Page 
Forestry  in  Hawaii  (Judd)  — 

I.  The  Beneficial  Effects  of  Forests .  - 271 

11.  TLe  Native  Hawaiian  Forests 279 

III.  Methods  of  Forest  Protection 288 


Al^xanhfr  $c  lalliuiin. 


ffiimtt^i 


OFFICES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H. 

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OFFIOEES    AND    DIBEOTORS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDER President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATERHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH 3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  R.  HEMENWAY Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN Director 

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CnmmtjsBtnn  iH^rrljatitH  unit 
ittauranr^  Agents 

AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian    Commercial    and    Saggar   Company  McBryde    Sugar   Company,    Ltd. 

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INSURANCE  COMPANIES  REPRESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd. 

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New  Zealand  Insurance   Company,   Ltd.,  Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Swit*zerland   Marine   Insurance   Company,   Zurich,    Swits. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

IlllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinsiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


i^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiip^ 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    "THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Jror  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

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Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


FiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOEEST  AND  ORNAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  eoustantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  Showers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  eic.  The  price  of  the  seed  varies  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2i/^  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,   Forest   Nurseryman,   Box   207,   Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of   Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAY, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T  -'^ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  O.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


THE   HAWAIIAN    FORESTER 
AND   AGRICULTURIST 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  November.  1919.  No.  11 

Forestry  in  Hawaii  . 


(By  C.  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry.) 

I.     THE  BENEFICIAL  EFFECTS  OF  FORESTS. 

Classificatioji   of  Forests. 

Forests  are  usually  classified  under  three  main  heads,  according 
to  the  uses  to  which  they  are  put:  L  The  supply  forest.  2.  The 
protection  forest.     3.  The  luxury  forest. 

The  Supply  Forest 

In  general,  the  first  and  foremost  purpose  of  a  forest  growth 
is  to  supply  us  with  wood  material  or  parts  of  the  w^ood  sub- 
stance. It  is  the  trees  themselves,  not  their  fruit,  their  beauty, 
their  shade,  or  their  shelter  that  constitute  the  primary  object 
of  this  class  of  woodland.  Wood,  the  chief  product  of  a  supply 
forest,  is  the  most  widely  used  of  all  materials  and  from  the 
cradle  to  the  coffin,  in  some  shape  or  other,  surrounds  us  as  a 
convenience  or  a  necessity.  It  is  the  material  on  which  our 
civilization  is  built  and  so  general  and  far-reaching  has  its  use 
i^.ecome  that  a  wood  famine,  however  improbable  its  occurrence, 
would  be  almost  as  serious  as  a  bread  famine. 

Owing  to  the  lack  in  this  Territory  of  a  natural  sup- 
ply of  timber  trees,  our  lumber  for  building  material  and  wood 
supplies  for  other  purposes  must  be  imported  from  else- 
where. To  be  sure,  in  the  early  days  before  the  advent  of 
the  white  man,  the  native  forest  supplied  the  modest  demands 
of  the  Haw^aiians  for  the  wood  materials  which  they  needed  for 
their  bodily  comforts  and  necessities  in  the  form  of  house  rafters, 
])osts,  and  thatch  poles,  poi  boards,  pig  dishes  and  finger  bowls ; 
their  demands  for  transportation  in  the  form  of  logs  for  their 
dugout  canoes ;  for  defence  in  the  form  of  hardwood  for  spears, 
javelins,  clubs  and  daggers;  for  pleasure  in  the  form  of  surf- 

*A  series  of  lectures  delivered  on  October  27  and  29  and  November  1, 
1919,  at  the  short  course  for  plantation  men  at  the  College  of  Hawaii, 
Honolulu. 


272 

boards  and  sleds;  and  for  their  religious  rites  in  the  form  of 
soft  and  hard  woods  out  of  which  they  carved  their  idols.  But 
with  the  advent  of  the  white  man,  who  brought  with  him  iron 
and  steel  sawn  lumber  and  manufactured  articles,  these  demands 
on  the  native  forests  ceased  or  became  so  negligible  that  the  for- 
ests on  our  mountain  slopes  may  no  longer  be  looked  upon  as 
supply  forests,  so  far  as  the  production  of  wood  is  concerned. 
The  extensive  woodlands  of  the  introduced  algaroba  tree  found 
usually  on  the  lee  side  of  these  islands  at  the  lower  elevations 
may,  however,  be  considered  as  true  supply  forests,  for  their 
growth  is  encouraged  mainly  for  the  wood  which  they  produce 
and  the  pods  and  bee  pasturage  they  afford.  The  plantations  of 
the  introduced  eucalyptus  and  ironwood  trees  set  out  on  the 
foothills  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  fuel  production  come  also  in 
this  class  of  forest. 

The  Protection  Forest. 

This  is  a  forest  whose  chief  value  is  to  regulate  streamflow, 
prevent  erosion,  hold  shifting  sand,  or  exert  any  other  indirect 
beneficial  effect.  Besides  the  primary  object  of  forest  growth, 
that  of  furnishing  wood  or  parts  of  the  wood  substance,  it  is 
recognized  that  forest  growth  serves  an  object  in  the  economy  of 
nature  and  of  man  which  under  certain  conditions  may  become 
equally  if  not  more  important  than  this  direct  primary  one.  This 
is  certainly  the  case  in  Hawaii  and  it  is  the  protection  forest  that 
will  be  my  main  theme. 

The  Luxury  Forest. 

\Mien  pleasure  and  game  are  the  main  objects  sought  in  the 
establishment  or  administration  of  a  forest,  such  a  one  is  called  a 
luxury  forest.  \\'e  are  not  concerned  with  this  class  of  forest 
here  except  oh  a  very  small  scale  in  the  form  of  picnic  grounds 
and  parks  which  are  used  exclusively  for  recreational  purposes. 

Value  of  Protection  Forest. 

The  value  of  the  native  Hawaiian  forest  as  a  protection  forest 
lies  chiefly  along  two  general  lines,  the  regulation  of  streamflow 
and  the  prevention  of  erosion.  These  are  two  positive  and  bene- 
ficial influences  which  a  protection  forest-  exerts  and  which  have 
been  recognized,  although  not  heeded,  since  the  time  of  the 
oldest  civilized  men  when,  as  is  evidenced  by  many  sayings  of 
Roman  and  Greek  writers,  the  fact  was  appreciated  that  forest 
cover  had  some  influence  upon  its  surroundings,  upon  climate, 
health  and  the  water  conditions  of  a  country,  and  far-sighted 
priests  prevented  the  destruction  of  forests  by  consecrating  them 
as  sacred  groves. 


273 

Before  taking  up  these  two  chief  beneficial  effects  of  a  pro- 
tection forest,  let  it  be  said  that  a  large  number  of  other  bene- 
ficial influences  have  been  ascribed  to  the  forest.  Some  of  these, 
while  rather  intangible,  are  certain,  but  others  are  somewhat  ex- 
travagant and  without  much  sure  basis. 

Beneficial  Influences. 

The  time  is  too  brief  for  a  detailed  discussion  of  these  asser- 
tions but  they  may  thus  be  briefly  summed  up  : 

It  has  not  yet  been  definitely  proved  by  mathematical  means 
that  forests  produce  rain,  because  both  instruments  and  methods 
of  meteorological  inquiry  are  as  yet  unsatisfactory.  Wlien,  for  in- 
stance, rain  gages  will,  according  to  their  construction,  the  manner 
of  their  position  and  the  character  of  the  \\nm\  and  rain,  during  the 
same  storm,  register  amounts  varying  from  7  to  40  per  cent,  we 
are  wnthout  any  means  of  applying  a  constant  factor  of  correc- 
tion, and  it  would  appear  that  no  reliance  can  be  placed  on  such 
measurements  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  dift'erence  of 
rainfall  within  and  without  a  forest.  Several  observations  must 
therefore  be  relied  upon. 

The  forest,  however,  does  exclude  the  sun  and  wind  from  the 
soil  and  the  air  temperatures  and  air  humidity  are  modified. 
The  annual  evaporation  within  the  forest  is  about  one-half  of 
that  in  the  open  field,  while  the  quantity  of  moisture  thrown  into 
the  air  by  transpiration  from  the  leaves  in  the  forest  is  some- 
times three  .times  that  from  horizontal  water  surface  of  the 
same  extent. 

From  these  statements  we  would  expect  as  a  consequence  of 
deforestation  an  effect  on  the  climate  of  a  deforested  area  in 
three  directions,  namely : 

1.  Extremes  of  temperature  of  air  as  well  as  soil  are  aggra- 
vated. 

2.  The  average  humidity  of  the  air  is  lessened  and,  possibly. 

3.  The  distribution  of  precipitation  throughout  the  year,  if 
not  its  quantity,  is  changed.  The  tendency  of  a  forest  growth, 
therefore,  would  be,  on  account  of  its  cooling  effect,  to  keep  the 
air  within  and  to  some  extent  the  air  above  it  nearer  saturation, 
and  as  a  consequence  it  might  occur  that  moisture-bearing  cur- 
rents passing  over  it  would  precipitate  their  moisture  more  readily 
above  or  near  the  forest  growth.  This  influence  is  only  of  a  local 
character,  for,  to  make  an  appreciable  difference  in  the  amount 
of  rainfall,  it  would  appear  that  the  forest  area  must  be  of  con- 
siderable extent.  It  cannot  be  put  in  comparison  wath  that  of 
the  large  oceans,  the  great  air  currents  and  the  extensive  moun- 
tain ranges  which  determine  the  general  climate.  The  size  and 
character  of  the  forest,  its  density,  height,  situation,  and  compo- 
sition, are  of  great  importance  in  determining  its  influence. 


274 
Effects  of  IVindbreaks. 

A  positive  and  more  readily  conceivable  effect  of  a  forest 
growth  on  moisture  conditions  of  the  air  is  that  which  it  has  in 
common,  probably  in  increased  degree,  with  the  so-called  wind- 
break. The  mechanical  obstruction  which  a  forest  represents  is 
the  principal  effective  element.  By  breaking  the  velocity  of  dry 
winds  and  possibly  enriching  them  somewhat  with  moisture,  the 
rate  of  evaporation  over  a  neighboring  field  is  considerably  re- 
duced, so  that,  in  regions  where  winds  are  common,  the  protection 
thows  itself  in  increased  crops  on  protected  fields.  A  demonstra- 
tion of  this  may  be  found  along  the  North  Hilo  and  Hamakua 
coasts  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  where  windbreaks,  mainly  of 
ironwood  trees,  are  planted  at  the  edge  of  the  cliffs  overlooking 
the  ocean  and  are  an  effective  means  of  protecting  the  cane  to 
leeward  not  only  from  the  strong  northeast  trades,  but  from  the 
salt  deposits  which  they  carry  with  them  from  off  the  ocean. 

Regulation  of  Stream  flow. 

It  is  the  beneficial  effect  of  forests  on  the  rainfall,  after  the 
rain  has  fallen,  that  interests  us  in  a  tangible  manner,  for  there 
is  no  influence  of  the  forest  that  is  of  greater  importance  in  the 
distribution  of  water  supplies  than  its  effect  in  retarding  the 
runoff.  To  be  sure,  the  topography  and  the  geological  structure 
exert  a  powerful  influence  which  a  forest  cover  may  either  not 
be  sufficient  or  else  is  not  needed  to  modify.  It  is  noticeable,  how- 
ever, that  the  streams  arising  from  a  watershed  that  is  well 
forested  -rise  more  slowly  after  a  storm,  remain  in  flood  for  a 
longer  period  of  time,  and  fall  more  slowly  than  similar  streams 
in  non- wooded  areas."  As  the  rain  will  flow  off  the  bare  roof 
of  a  house  very  rapidly,  so  will  the  runoff  come  away  from  a 
watershed  that  has  no  retarding  forest  cover  upon  it. 

This  influence  of  a  forest  cover  in  regulating  the  streamflow 
is  based  on  the  principle  that  rain  waters  penetrate  more  readily 
a  forest-covered  soil  than  one  that  is  bared  of  a  protective  cover. 

This  action  is  manifested  in  three  ways : 

First,  the  mechanical  obstruction  which  the  foliage  of  a  forest 
offers  reduces  the  amount  of  water  that  reaches  the  soil  and 
lengthens  the  time  during  which  it  can  do  so.  The  foliage,  to- 
gether with  the  loose  litter  of  the  forest  floor,  also  reduces  the 
compacting  effect  of  the  raindrops  and  the  drying  eft'ect  of  sun 
and  wind  and  keeps  the  soil  granular,  so  that  the  water  can 
easily  percolate. 

Second,  The  mechanical  obstruction  which  the  litter,  under- 
brush, and  trunks,  and  possibly  here  and  there  moss,  offer  to  the 
rapid  surface  drainage  of  waters,  lengthens  the  time  during  which 
this  percolation  may  take  place. 

Third,  the  network  of  deeply-penetrating  roots,  live  and  de- 


275 

cayed,  offers  additional  channels  for  a  change  of  surface  drain- 
age into  sub-drainage. 

In  these  operations  the  condition  of  the  forest  cover  has  much 
to  do  with  the  degree  of  its  effectiveness  and,  the  condition  of 
the  forest  floor  is  of  more  moment  than  that  of  the  leaf  canopy. 
Although  on  a  forested  area  the  tree  growth  may  be  left  intact, 
yet,  if  the  loose  litter  and  underbrush  have  been  burned  off 
and  the  soil  has  been  compacted  by  the  trampling  of  sheep  or 
cattle,  the  effectiveness  in  regulating  streamflow  is  much  im- 
paired. 

The  forest  co\er,  therefore,  tends  to  convert  the  surface  runoff 
into  underground  runoff  or  percolation.  This  is  desirable,  be- 
cause the  former  is  likely  to  do  injury  by  eroding  the  soil,  while 
the  latter  is  generally  beneficial  to  vegetation  in  the  formation  of 
sprmgs  and  in  raising  the  water  level  in  the  soil.  It  is  particularly 
desirable  in  these  islands  wherever  there  are  artesian  basins  which 
<'ire  drawn  upon  by  pumping  and  which  must  perforce  be  re- 
plenished with  water  by  this  natural  method. 

A  concrete  example  of  this  is  offered  on  the  Island  of  Oahu, 
which  is  roughly  600  square  miles  in  area,  and  on  which  it  is 
estimated  there  falls  annually  enough  rain  to  cover  the  island  to 
a  depth  of  five  feet.  Of  this  total  precipitation,  it  is  estimated 
that  there  reaches  the  sea  or  is  lost  through  evaporation,  the 
equivalent  of  a  depth  of  3^  feet,  leaving  lyl  feet  of  water  over 
the  600  square  miles  to  be  the  flow  of  the  artesian  wells  and  sur- 
face springs  together.  Anything  that  will  tend  to  increase  this 
proportion  is  evidently  most  desirable.  The  rainfall  in  these 
islands  is  comparatively  heavy  and  the  catchment  areas  are  rela- 
tively small,  the  stream  gradients  very  high  and  the  runoff  from 
deforested  and  barren  slopes  very  rapid  with  resulting  erosion  and 
damage  to  agricultural  soils.  The  only  satisfactory  way  to 
prolong  this  runoff  is  by  means  of  the  cover  afforded  by  pro- 
tection forests  which  will  retain  at  least  a  portion  of  the  rainfall 
and  feed  it  gradually  to  the  surface  and  underground  water 
sources,  thus  serving  as  a  regulator  to  decrease  floods,  and  to 
increase  the  dry  season  discharge. 

In  these  islands,  under  tropical  conditions,  the  virgin  forest 
is  much  more  dense  than  in  other  places  and  the  beneficial  or 
destructive  effects  of  a  forest  cover  or  the  lack  of  it  is  proportion- 
ately greater  than  elsewhere.  There  is  probably  no  other  part 
of  United  States  territory  where  the  relations  betweeen  available 
waters  and  forest  cover  are  more  intimate  and  more  deHcate  or 
where  the  natural  balance  is  more  easily  disturbed  with  dis- 
astrous results. 

This  distribution  of  the  water,  which  lengthens  the  time  during 
which  the  atmospheric  precipitation  can  be  employed,  and  which 
under  circumstances  in  some  regions  may  lengthen  the  supply  for 
years,  the  water  reaching  the  river  or  the  artesian  basin  a  long 
time  after  it  fell  on  the  mountain  top.  renders  springs  and  ar- 
tesian basins  independent  of  wet  and  dry  seasons,  and  equalizes 


2/6 

their  flow, — a  condition  of  great  importance   for  all  industries 
dependent  on  irrigation  and  waterpower. 

PrcTcntion  of  Erosion. 

In  close  connection  with  these  effects  of  forest  cover  upon  the 
flow  of  water  stands  its  influence  on  the  stability  of  the  soil.  The 
Tendency  of  the  rain  waters  falling  on  hills  and  mountains 
is  to  carry  in  their  descent  to  the  valley  loose  particles  of  soil 
Avith  them  and  as  the  little  rivulets  run  together  and  acquire 
force  gravel,  stones,  and  even  large  rocks  and  boulders  are  broken 
loose  and  moved  to  lower  levels  by  the  torrent.  This  action, 
known  as  erosion,  takes  place  everywhere  more  or  less  rapidly, 
according  to  the  presence  or  absence  and  character  of  the  soil 
cover  and  no  better  or  more  eflicient  protection  against  it  is  to 
be  found  than  a  dense  forest  cover.  The  forest  alone  is  capable 
of  obstructing  the  mechanical  eft"ect  of  the  rainfall  upon  the  soil, 
and  retarding  the  rapid  surface  drainage  which  becomes  the 
carrier  of  the  debris.  Here,  again,  the  condition  of  the  forest 
floor,  rather  than  the  tree  growth,  is  the  eft'ective  element. 

The  losses  caused  by  preventable  erosion  are  enormous,  have 
ruined  many  sections  of  what  was  productive  country,  and  have 
a  far-reaching  eft'ect.  \Miile  this  erosion,  which  has  followed 
deforestation  in  parts  of  these  islands,  may  be  manifested  on  a 
smaller  scale  in  this  Territory,  the  examples  displayed  in  other 
countries  should  be  a  warning  for  us  to  prevent  it  wherever  pos- 
sible by  protectnig  our  present  forests  and  extending  them  where 
their  beneficial  eft'ect  is  needed. 

The  removal  of  a  forest  covering  from  the  moimtains  and 
hills  results  in  a  largely  increased  burden  of  solid  material  in  the 
rivers.  Upland  meadows,  in  spite  sometimes  of  even  a  grass 
covering,  are  gullied  and  scoured  until  they  are  turned  into  worth- 
less lands.  The  sediment  is  carried  to  the  lower-lying  regions  and 
much  of  it  is  deposited  in  the  stream  beds.  The  river  channels 
become  so  filled  that  navigation  is  greatly  hindered  or  constant 
dredging  must  be  resorted  to.  Also,  where  storage  reservoirs 
have  been  built  by  constructing  dams,  the  sediment  is  deposited  in 
the  reservoirs  and  reduces  their  capacities.  The  silt  carried  by 
some  of  the  rivers  in  the  United  States  amounts  to  millions  of 
tons  annually  and  erosion  renders  large  areas  of  fertile  soil  un- 
fertile and  at  least  temporarily  useless  for  human  occupancy. 

The  pasturage  of  sheep  in  the  Alps  of  Southern  France  which 
resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  cover  from  the  forest  floor  was  the 
chief  cause  of  the  destructive  torrents  with  which  the  French  gov- 
ernment has  been  struggling  for  many  years  and  has  spent  over 
35  million  dollars  in  trying  to  correct.  The  examples  of  the 
destructive  results  caused  by  erosion  and  floods,  following  de- 
forestation, are  very  numerous.  Most  of  the  springs  and  brooks 
of  Palestine,  familiar  to  you  from  your  Bible  reading,  and  with 
them  the  fertility  still  celebrated  in  the  early  middle  ages,  have 


277 

gone,      r^orests   and   civilization   seem   to   l)e  l^ound  together   in- 
separably. 

The  whole  north  coasts  of  Africa,  L^alestine,  and  China  were 
at  one  time  well  forested  and,  with  the  vanishing  of  the  trees, 
these  civilizations  waned  and  are  now  at  a  low  ebb. 

China  is  probably  the  best  example  of  deforestation  which  we 
have.  Originally  a  country  of  great  wealth,  both  in  timber  and 
agricultural  lands,  the  removal  of  the  woods  over  very  large  areas 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  farms  by  allowing  the  rainfall 
to  rush  unchecked  down  the  hillsides  in  the  form  of  torrents, 
carrying  large  amounts  of  sand  and  gravel  which  have  covered  up 
and  destroyed  the  arable  lands,  drowned  out  the  inhabitants,  and 
caused  starvation  from  loss  of  crops  and  stoppage  of  trade  which 
has  amounted  to  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars.  Today  a  large 
part  of  China  is  a  desolate,  treeless  country,  where  the  inhabitants 
are  forced  to  use  dung  for  fuel  and  to  carry  on  the  most  inten- 
sive form  of  agriculture  in  order  to  wring  a  meagre  sustenance 
from  an  impoverished  soil.  So  scarce  is  wood  fuel  in  certain 
districts,  due  to  China's  indifference  to  forest  protection  in  past 
times,  that  the  country  has  just  begun  to  wake  up  and  the  citi- 
zens are  encouraged  to  plant  trees  by  a  drastic  law,  making  death 
the  penalty  for  theft  of  young  trees. 

The  flood  problem  in  China  will  not  be  permanently  solved  until 
the  different  watersheds  are  properly  clothed  with  trees  and 
protected. 

,1 
Purity  of  Water. 

Forests  influence  favorably  not  only  the  abundance  and  con- 
tinuity of  the  water  flow,  but  its  purity.  Each  of  you  will  recall 
that  as  a  rule  clear  and  pure  water  is  found  in  mountainous  re- 
gions. Knowing  that  a  large  number  of  diseases  are  bred  in  soils, 
it  becomes  essential  that  the  drinking  water  carry  as  little  soil 
particles  as  possible,  and  although,  by  artificial  means  of  filtration 
and  sedimentation,  the  river  water  may  be  freed  of  sand  and 
bacilli,  we  have  more  assurance  of  freedom  from  disease,  if  the 
water  comes  from  a  well-forested  region  where  no  pathogenic 
bacteria  are  produced. 

History  of  Forest  Treatment. 

From  every  point  of  view  the  forest  is  one  of  the  most  helpful 
friends  of  man  and  perhaps  no  other  natural  agent  has  done 
so  much  for  the  human  race  and  has  been  so  recklessly  used 
and  so  little  understood. 

The  history  of  the  forest  has  been  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  progressing  according  to  the  cultural  development  of  the 
people. 

First,  the  forest  was  valued  only  as  a  refuge  for  game ;  then 
it  appeared  as  an  impediment  to  agricultural  development,  as  an 


undesirable  encumbrance  of  the  soil  and  the  attitude  of  the 
settler  was  of  necessity  unfriendly  to  the  forest  and  the  need  for 
farm  and  pasture  led  to  forest  destruction.  Next,  restrictions  are 
made  in  forest  use  and  protection  against  stock  and  fire  and, 
in  the  case  of  the  supply  forest,  conservative  lumbering-  takes 
place.  This  is  followed  by  some  positive  efforts  to  secure  re- 
growth  by  fostering  natural  regeneration  or  by  artificial  planting 
and  the  practice  of  silviculture,  or  the  art  of  producing  and 
tending  a  forest,  begins.  Finally,  a  management  of  the  forest 
for  continuity — organizing  existing  forest  areas  for  sustained 
yield  or  for  the  permanent  beneficial  influences  which  they  exert 
— forest  economy,  is  introduced. 

Forestry  is  an  art  born  of  necessity  as  opposed  to  arts  of  con- 
venience or  of  pleasure.  Every  step  of  the  way  toward  wise  forest 
use.  the  world  over,  has  been  made  at  the  sharp  spur  of  want, 
sufi:'ering,  or  loss.  As  a  result,  the  science  of  forestry  is  one  of 
the  most  practical  and  most  directly  useful  of  all  the  sciences. 
It  is  a  serious  work,  undertaken  as  a  measure  of  relief,  and 
continued  as  a  safeguard  against  future  calamity. 

Value  of  Hawaiian  Forests. 

The  native  Hawaiian  forests  may  be  looked  upon  chiefly  as 
protection  forests,  exerting  many  beneficial  influences,  and  which 
also  supply  a  product,  the  most  evident  outcome  of  such  forests, 
in  the  form  of  water.  These  forests  benefit  not  only  the  immedi- 
ate lands  but  distant  areas  as  well  by  supplying  water  for  irri- 
gation and,  to  a  small  extent,  by  furnishing  electric  power  for 
pumping  water. 

On  the  windward  districts  of  the  several  islands,  where  the 
rainfall  amounts  to  3  and  4  hundred  inches  a  year,  the  true  func- 
tion of  these  protection  forests  is  manifested  by  the  prevention  of 
aestructive  floods  and  excessive  erosion  and  by  lengthening  the 
time  during  which  the  precipitation  may  be  employed,  particularly 
by  furnishing  a  more  constant  supply  of  flume  water  and  water 
for.  domestic  use  in  camps  and  settlements. 

On  the  leeward  side  of  the  islands,  which  often  offers  a  very 
fertile  soil  but  which  as  a  rule  is  so  decidedly  arid  that  cultivation 
of  crops  is  possible  only  by  means  of  irrigation,  these  forests 
again  show  their  value  by  furnishing  water — the  agricultural  life- 
blood  of  the  land — which  makes  not  only  the  growing  of  crops 
but  human  habitation  in  such  regions  possible. 

This  second  consideration  is  more  readily  appreciated  by 
reference  to  the  production  figures  for  last  year's  crop  of  sugar 
in  these  islands.  Of  the  total  of  573,858  tons  of  sugar  pro- 
duced in  the  1918'  crop,  on  an  aggregate  area  of  119,747  acres, 
over  70%  of  the  tonnage  was  secured  from  the  irrigated  plant- 
ations, which  covered  65,164  acres.  Moreover,  the  yield  per  acre 
on  such  plantations  was  more  than  twice  as  much  as  the  yield 
per  acre  on  the  unirrigated  plantations. 


279 

Any  influences  therefore  which  affect  adversely  the  forests, 
which  have  such  a  direct  relation  to  a  constant  and  adequate 
supply  of  water,  are  a  menace  to  the  main  industry  of  this  Terri- 
tory and  consequently  to  the  prosperity  and  happiness  of  its 
people. 


11.     THE  NATIVE  HAWAIIAN  EORESTS. 


Origin  of  the  Hazcaiian  Forests. 

The  question  of  the  origin  of  the  native  Hawaiian  forests  or 
of  where  our  forest  trees  came  from  has  received  more  or  less 
attention  by  botanists  who  have  expounded  their  theories,  but  is 
a  subject  which  does  not  concern  us  to  any  great  extent.  As  is 
perfectly  well  known  to  you  all,  these  islands  are  of  volcanic 
origin  and  are  more  remote  from  any  continent  or  high  land  of 
considerable  extent  than  any  group  of  similar  dimensions  on  the 
t^lobe.  They  moreover  contain,  in  proportion  to  the  entire  num- 
ber of  plants,  more  species  that  are  peculiar  to  the  group  than 
are  to  be  found  in  any  other  region  of  the  same  area  of  the 
world.  This  last  phenomenon  is  accounted  for  largely  by  the 
isolation  of  the  group  but  does  not  settle  the  question  of  where 
our  smaller  plants  and  trees  first  came  from.  Some  have  advanc- 
ed the  assertion  that  the  seeds  have  been  brought  here  entirely  by 
migrating  birds,  by  ocean  currents,  or  by  winds,  while  others, 
trom  certain  circumstances  and  the  many  examples  of  similarity 
of  plants  found  here  to  plants  which  occur  to  the  south  and  west 
of  these  islands,  have  added  one  other  source  by  presenting  the 
theory  of  an  ancient  terrestrial  plant  immigration,  when  this 
group  was  a  part  of  or  connected  with  large  continental  masses 
now  represented  by  Australasia  and  Indo-Malaysia,  but  which 
have  subsided  and  are  evidenced  here  now  only  as  superimposed 
volcanic  islands. 

The  question  of  where  the  bulk  of  our  flora  came  from  is  not 
so  important  as  the  pressing  demand  that  what  remains  of  it  be 
protected  and  cared  for  in  the  best  possible  manner  so  that  it 
will  properly  serve  our  needs.  It  is  certain,  nevertheless,  that 
however  it  came,  it  has  been  here  for  a  very  long  time  because  an 
endemic  fauna  of  birds  and  insects  restricted  to  or  dependent  on 
certain  of  our  trees  has  developed  and  for  this  development  a 
long  period  of  time  has  been  necessary. 

.It  is  possible  to  account,  with  more  confidence,  for  the  arrival 
here  in  prehistoric  times  of  such  trees  as  the  kukui,  ohia  ai, 
kamani,  milo,  kou,  and  breadfruit  because  they  were  probably 
brought  by  human  agency.  It  was  perfectly  natural  for  the  early 
comers,  who  settled  these  islands,  to  bring  with  them  the  trees 


280 

which  they  esteemed  for  shade  trees  or  held  in  reverence  or  the 
trees  which  yielded  them  their  food,  and  quite  possible,  too,  be- 
cause they  had  room  for  them  in  their  large  seaw^orthy  canoes  in 
which  they  made  their  venturesome  voyages  from  Kahiki  with- 
out the  aid  of  the  mariner's  compass,  the  sextant,  or  the  chron- 
ometer. 

Original  Extent  of  the  Forests. 

Whatever  their  Origin,  our  Hawaiian  forests  must  have  been 
much  more  extensive  in  prehistoric  times  than  they  are  now,  and 
covering  the  upland  plateaus,  mountain  slopes,  and  lowdands,  they 
were  probably  limited  only  by  such  natural  conditions  as  lack 
ot  rainfall,  elevation,  and  lava  flows.  They  also  must  have  in- 
fluenced favorably  the  runofif  in  a  more  extensive  manner,  for 
today  we  find  in  the  dry  districts  abandoned  taro  patch  terraces 
and  empty  irrigation  ditches  of  ancient  construction  leading  down 
from  deforested  watersheds  from  which  living  streams  have  long 
since  ceased  to  flow. 

Causes  of  Decrease — Sandalzcood  Trade. 

Probably  the  first  contributing  agency  in  the  destructive  pro- 
cesses which  have  been  responsible  for  the  decrease  of  the 
native  forests  w^as  the  sandalwood  trade,  which  began  about  1778 
and  waned  in  1829.  This  trade,  to  be  sure,  gave  the  infant 
kingdom  its  start  in  life  and  in  one  year  alone  $400,000  was 
realized  from  sandalwood  shipments  made  to  China.  But  not 
only  were  the  mature  treees  harvested  most  intensively,  but  the 
natives  w^ere  so  hard  pressed  by  the  cupidinous  chiefs,  that  they 
destroyed  the  young  seedlings  as  well,  so  that  there  would  be 
no  sandalwood  trees  left  for  their  children  to  be  compelled  to 
gather. 

Cattle. 

The  next  cause  of  forest  destruction  in  these  islands  was  the 
bullock,  which  began  his  depredations  soon  after  the  first  cattle, 
which  were  landed  in  1792  by  Vancouver,  had  multiplied  and, 
because  of  the  tabu  which  the  white  men  placed  upon  them,  had 
increased  in  such  numbers  that  they  had  finally  to  be  killed  ofi 
in  order  to  abate  the  nuisance  which  they  created ;  only  their 
hides  and  tallow  being  salvaged.  These  herds  of  cattle  evidently 
roamed  unrestricted  in  the  native  forests.  In  those  early  days 
there  were  no  fences  worth  mentioning  and  the  cattle  working 
back  little  by  little  into  the  woods  opened  up  a  larger  area  each 
year  until  thousands  of  acres  of  land,  formerly  covered  with  a 
dense  w^et  forest,  were  reduced  to  open,  treeless  country.  Today 
this  same  destructive  agency  is  unfortunately  still  at  work  in 
parts  of  the  Territory. 


281 

Wood  Cutting. 

In  some  parts  of  tlie  islands,  human  agency  has  contributed 
largely  to  forest  destruction.  In  the  early  days  the  ])rimitive 
sugar  mills  were  almost  entirely  dependent  on  wood  for  the  fuel 
used  in  their  furnaces  before  the  improved  methods  of  grinding 
produced  a  bagasse  that  could  be  used  at  once  under  the  boilers 
and  naturally  the  plantation  managers  turned  to  the  most  access- 
ible fuel  supply,  which  was  the  native  forest.  The  removal  of 
thousands  of  oxcart  loads  of  native  wood  for  this  pur])ose  add- 
ed to  the  general  forest  destruction.  Some  of  this  cutting  was 
justified  because  the  ax  was  followed  by  the  plow  and  the  land 
utilized  for  agricultural  purposes.  It  is  a  matter  of  common- 
sense  economy  always  to  put  the  land  to  its  highest  use  and 
where  good  soil  is  available  and  the  raising  of  crops  upon  it 
feasible,  it  should  most  certainly  be  used  for  the  purpose  which 
will  give  the  greatest  return  in  the  long  run.  In  the  clearing  of 
such  lands,  however,  too  much  carelessness  was  displayed  in 
drawing  the  line  up  to  which  agricultural  crops  could  be  raised 
successfully  and  too  little  care  given  to  the  remaining  forest.  In 
consequence,  a  great  many  of  the  plantations  would  today  have  a 
far  better  and  more  permanent  water  supply  and  would  not  have 
such  destructive  floods  in  the  rainy  season  had  the  forests  back 
of  them  been  given  greater  protection  from  the  start  and  not 
been  allowed  to  deteriorate  in  any  respect. 

Fire. 

Fire  has  done  its  share  of  destruction  in  the  more  arid  regions 
and  in  the  humid  forests  whenever  a  drought  has  dried  out  the 
woods  sufficiently  for  fire  to  run. 

Insects  and  Fungi. 

These  primary  causes  of  forest  destruction  have  been  closely 
followed  up  by  such  attendant  ills  as  insect  and  fungi  attack  and 
the  invasion  of  faster  growing  introduced  weeds  and  grasses 
which  have  formed  such  a  compact  ground  cover  that  the  native 
trees  have  not  been  able  to  reestablish  themselves  by  natural 
reproduction. 

The  Present  Forest. 

These  agencies,  working  in  combination  or  independently,  have 
driven  the  native  forest  back  and  altered  the  area  of  original 
virgin  forest  so  materially  during  the  past  150  years  that  it  has 
been  reduced  to  about  25%  of  the  total  land  area  of  the  Territory. 
This  record  of  forest  destruction  is  surpassed  in  only  a  few  other 
similar  islands.  The  original  forest  area  of  Cuba  has  been  re- 
duced  to  20%   of   its   total   area,   while   of   the   once   extensive 


282 

virgin  tropical  forests  on  Porto  Rico,  there  now  remain  only 
isolated  remnants  scattered  over  the  island  in  its  more  mountain- 
ous parts  and  these  constitute  only  2%  of  the  total  land  area. 

The  present  area  of  original  forest  lands  in  Hawaii  amounts 
to  only  about  one  million  acres.  Of  this,  818,739  acres  have 
been  officially  included  in  forest  reserves,  68%  being  owned 
by  the  Territory.  In  additicn  to  the  above  an  aggregate  area 
of  about  50,000  acres  is  held  as  private  forest  reserve  land,  bring- 
ing the  total  area  of  proteclioi  forests  up  to  approximately 
870,000  acres. 

Forest  Types. 

What  we  find  left  today  of  the  native  forest  has  been  classified 
for  the  sake  of  convenience  and  for  descriptive  purposes  by 
botanists  and  divided  into  groups  occupying  different  zones  of 
elevation  and  also  into  sub-groups  according  as  to  wdiether  the 
region  is  wet  or  dry  or  on  the  windward  or  leeward  side  of 
the  island  where  different  conditions  obtain.  Six  of  such  main 
zones  have  been  named,  as  follows :  the  strand,  lowland,  lower 
forest,  middle  forest,  upper  forest  and  bog  zones. 

For  the  purpose  of  forest  management,  foresters  arc  wont 
to  classify  woodland  areas  into  forest  types  by  grouping  to- 
gether stands  of  trees  of  similar  character  as  regards  composition 
and  development.  On  this  basis,  all  that  we  find  today  in  the  way 
of  forest  growth  on  these  islands  of  any  importance  may  be 
classified  into  four  main  forest  types,  naming  the  types  after 
the  distinguishing  tree  in  each. 

1.  Algaroba  type. 

2.  Kukui  type. 

3.  Ohia  lehua  type. 

4.  Mamani  type. 

1.  The  algaroba  type  is  a  comparatively  new  type  made  up 
of  a  pure  stand  of  this  introduced  tree  and  interests  us  not  as  a 
protection  forest,  although  it  may  exert  a  protective  influence 
in  some  localities,  but  mainly  as  a  supply  forest  from  which 
wood  for  fuel,  charcoal  and  fence  posts  is  obtained  and  which 
furnishes  annually  extensive  bee  pasturage  for  honey  and  a 
valuable  crop  of  beans  for  stock  fodder.. 

This  type  occupies  the  strand  and  lowland  zones  of  the  botan- 
ist and  has  been  established  in  the  last  91  years  from  the  original 
tree  which  was  planted  in  the  Catholic  Mission  grounds  on  Fort 
street,  Honolulu,  in  1828  and  which,  by  the  \vay,  was  cut  down 
only  last  week,  on  October  23,  1919,  to  make  way  for  a  new  build- 
mg.  During  this  period  it  has  been  spread  by  stock  in  a  phen- 
omenal manner  until  today  it  covers  throughout  the  Territory  ap- 
proximately 90,000  acres  of  formerly  waste  land  and  yields  an 
annual  crop  of  30,000  cords  of  wood,  $150,000  worth  of  honey 
and  an  unestimated  but  considerable  crop  of  fodder  beans. 

The  algaroba  type  is  of  immense  value  as  a  supply  forest  to 
many  of  the  sugar  plantations,   which  are   fortunately   situated 


283 

near  it,  and  in  this  type  a  rare  opportunity  is  offered  for  the 
practise  of  true  forestry,  because  it  is  found  in  the  accessible 
lowlands  where  the  hauling  of  tree  products  is  easy,  it  is  com- 
])Osed  of  a  tree  which  is  rarely  injured  by  stock  and  has  few 
natural  enemies,  a  tree  which  is  readily  spread  by  stock,  and  is 
fast  growing  and  capable  of  producing  successive  crops  of  valua- 
ble wood  every  six  years  by  sprout  growth. 

The  remaining  three  types,  composed  of  native  trees,  are  more 
strictly  protection  forests  and  must  be  managed  as  such. 

2.  The  kukiii  type  corresponds  in  situation  to  the  lower  forest 
zone  of  the  botanist  and  in  it  the  kukui  tree  strikes  the  eye  as  the 
predominant  tree  in  most  situations,  more  especially  in  valleys  and 
lower  slopes  from  about  1000  to  2000  feet  in  elevation. 

3.  The  ohia  lehiia  type  corresponds  to  the  middle  forest  zone 
of  the  botanist,  running  up  to  5000  feet  above  the  sea  and  con- 
stituting our  ''rain"  or  water-producing  forest,  is  consequently  the 
most  important  as  well  as  the  most  extensive  type.  The  ohia 
lehua  is  the  commonest  tree  in  this  type,  although  in  certain 
situations  pure  stands  of  koa  and  a  variety  of  other  native  trees 
may  be  found.  This  type,  as  a  rule,  constitutes  our  main  pro- 
tection forest  which  equalizes  the  runoff  and  because  of  this 
it  should  be  given  the  greatest  protection  against  the  inroads  of 
man  and  beast. 

-1-.  The  mauiani  type  occurs  above  the  ohia  lehua  type  but  only 
on  the  islands  possessing  the  higher  elevations  of  from  5000  to 
10,000  feet.  In  it  are  found  almost  pure,  rather  open  stands  of 
the  native  mamani  tree  with  sometimes  naio  and  occasionally  koa 
and  ohia.  It  is  our  highest,  extensive  upland  forest  and  is  valua- 
ble chiefly  as  a  protection  to  the  type  just  below  it. 

The  kukui  and  mamani  types  both  serve  in  general  as  protec- 
tive belts  below  and  above  to  the  water-producing  ohia  lehua 
type.  A  great  many  variations  may  be  found  in  all  three  types 
and  one  may  merge  into  the  adjacent  type  in  such  a  manner  that 
it  is  often  difficult  to  tell  where  one  begins  and  the  other  leaves 
off.  Nature  has  provided  these  intermediate  or  protective  for- 
ests as  a  requisite  to  the  proper  and  natural  protection  of  the 
growth  in  the  wet  forests  and  if  she  had  been  heeded  more 
closely  we  would  now  be  in  possession  of  more  extensive  and 
more  serviceable  protection  forests. 

Character  of  the  Indigenous  Forest. 

If  we  examine  closely  the  structure  and  composition  of  a  typical 
native,  Hawaiian,  wet  forest  in  the  ohia  lehua  type  we  find  that 
it  is  composed  of  slow-growing,  shallow-rooted  trees,  climbing 
vines,  an  undergrowth  of  bushes  and  ferns,  and  of  low-growing 
plants  and  mosses,  an  ideal  ground  cover  combination  for  the 
conservation  of  water.  Practically  all  of  the  native  trees  have 
a  very  shallow  root  system.  A  strong  tap  root  is  almost  always 
absent  and  the  surface  roots,  spreading  out  just  under  the  ground, 


284 

depend  as  a  rule  not  only  on  the  thin  layer  of  humus  or  rich 
organic  soil,  but  also  on  the  cover  of  mosses  and  roots  of  ferns 
and  the  smaller  herbaceous  plants  composing  the  undergrowth, 
with  which  the  tree  roots  are  intermingled,  for  their  sustenance, 
support  and  the  retention  of  proper  moisture  conditions. 

In  other  words,  the  wet  native  forest  is  composed  of  a  society 
of  plants  consisting  of  trees  and  undergrowth,  the  upper  story  of 
light-demanding  trees  giving  shade  to  and  protecting  the  lower 
or  second  story  of  shade-enduring  plants,  this  lower  story  in  turn 
retaining  the  moisture  for  and  giving  food  in  the  form  of  decom- 
posed ^•egetable  matter  to  the  shallow-rooted  systems  of  the 
higher  trees  under  which  they  thrive.  Through  long  association 
these  two  main  plant  forms  have  accustomed  themselves  to  each 
other  and  when  one  is  disturbed  the  other  wall  suffer.  With  the  re- 
moval of  the  upper  story  of  trees,  the  sunshine  is  admitted  to  the 
lower  story  of  plants,  the  ground  is  dried  out,  moisture  condi- 
tions are  unfavorably  affected,  and  the  plants  unaccustomed  to 
the  new  conditions  expire.  If  the  lower  or  second  story  is  re- 
moved, the  absence  of  the  protective  cover  for  the  roots  of  the 
trees  induce  changes  in  soil  conditions,  the  roots  dry  out  for 
lack  of  moisture  and  proper  plant  food,  and  the  trees  are  gradu- 
ally weakened,  are  exposed  to  the  attack  of  injurious  insects  and 
wood-destroying  fungi,  and  gradually  die.  Any  disturbing 
element,  such  as  cattle  in  the  forest,  wdiich  enters  and  begins  to 
change  the  ideal  conditions  for  this  plant  association  will  upset 
the  balance  of  nature  with  disastrous  results.  When  once  this 
happens,  the  cycle  of  destruction  begins,  and  if  allowed  to  con- 
tinue the  forest  is  doomed.  Insects  and  fungi  rarely  attack 
healthy,  vigorous  trees,  but  are  always  on  the  watch  for  trees 
which  have  been  weakened  by  disturbed  conditions. 

With  light  and  soil  conditions  altered  and  the  sunshine  ad- 
mitted to  the  ground,  the  way  is  then  paved  for  the  entry  of 
foreign  plants.  These,  as  a  rule,  are  faster  growing  than  the 
indigenous  ones  and  are  therefore  able  to  force  back  the  native 
growth  and  conquer  the  ground  so  completely  that  the  trees  are 
not  able  to  reseed  themselves  through  the  thick  matted  ground 
cover.  Hilo  grass  and  staghorn  fern  are  two  of  such  plants  which, 
following  up  disturbances  in  forest  conditions,  have  wrought  im- 
mense damage  on  lands  where,  if  the  heavy  dense  forest  had 
remained,  they  would  never  have  obtained  an  entry  on  account 
of  the  heavy  shade. 

Formation  of  Ohia  Forests. 

The  establishment  of  an  ohia  forest  on  a  new  lava  flow  gives  us 
a  clue  as  to  the  difficulties  of  tree  growth  under  our  peculiar 
conditions,  and  the  importance  of  non-interference  with  the 
struggle  for  existence  which  the  trees  of  such  a  forest  are  forced 
to  maintain  in  combination  with  other  plant  forms. 

The  ohia  lehua,  which  is  the  chief  tree  in  our  protection  for- 


285 

ests,  IS  a  tree  of  pronounced  intolerance,  that  is,  it  is  not  able  to 
grow  in  shade.  This  is  indicated  by  the  thin,  upright,  scraggly 
crowns  of  this  tree  and  by  the  fact  that  one  never  sees  a  healthy 
ohia  lehua  growing  in  the  shade  of  other  trees.  For  its  best  de- 
velopment the  tree  demands  full  sunlight  from  the  time  the  seed 
germinates  until  it  reaches  maturity. 

The  ohia  lehua,  moreover,  bears  in  enormous  (juantities 
minute  seeds  which  are  very  light  and  are  carried  to  great  dis- 
tances by  the  wind.  On  a  new  lava  flow,  where  moisture  condi- 
tions are  favorable,  this  seed  lodges  in  the  woolly  scales  of  ferns, 
which,  owing  to  their  fine  spores,  are  first  to  establish  themselves 
on  such  situations.  Later  on,  when  the  stand  of  ohia  lehua  has 
established  itself  and  succeeded  the  smaller  ferns,  a  new  condi- 
tion arises.  The  presence  of  the  trees  produces  shade  which 
fosters  moisture.  Organic  material  from  the  trees  in  the  form  of 
leaves  and  dead  branches  drop  to  the  ground  and  develop  humus 
which,  in  combination  with  the  disintegrated  lava,  broken  up  by 
the  roots  of  the  trees,  produces  a  soil  in  which  shade  enduring 
tree  ferns  then  appear. 

When  the  older  ohia  trees  reach  maturity  they  must  necessarily 
reproduce  themselves  from  seed  and  in  order  to  do  this  in  the 
presence  of  such  an  undergrowth,  they  have  adopted  the  re- 
markable habit  of  using  the  tree  ferns,  other  plant  growth,  and 
fallen  trees,  in  fact,  any  place  where  the  seed  can  be  exposed  to 
the  sunlight,  as  a  germinating  bed.  Wherever  such  places  of 
lodgment  for  the  seed  present  light  conditions  which  are  ade- 
quate for  germination,  we  find  the  young  plant  sending  its  roots 
-down  the  host  tree  to  the  ground  where  they  then  perform  the 
normal  functions  of  support  and  nutrition.  These  roots  gradu- 
ally become  larger  and  larger  until  the  tree  is  entirely  independent 
oi  its  nurse  and  in  the  process  of  time  the  host  plant  finally  de- 
cays and  the  tree  is  left  standing  on  these  stilt-like  roots,  which 
to  all  appearances  are  simply  divisions  of  the  trunk.  Thus  the 
tree  ferns  and  other  undergrowth  act  in  cooperation  with  the 
upper  story  of  trees  by  protecting  the  shallow-rooted  system 
of  the  tree  and  serving  as  a  germinating  bed.  It  is  only  in  this 
complicated  manner  that  the  ohia  lehua,  a  tree  of  such  pronounc- 
ed intolerance,  can  reproduce  itself  in  the  wet,  dark  forest 
generation  after  generation. 

The  seed  of  this  tree  is  most  difficult  to  germinate  artificially 
and  the  seedlings  are  of  slow  growth  and  not  readily  handled  in 
the  nursery.  For  these  reasons,  it  is  not  a  satisfactory  species  to 
use  in  artificial  reforestation.  Moreover,  the  forester  must  rely 
as  far  as  possible  for  the  sake  of  economy  on  the  natural  repro- 
duction of  the  forest. 

')  For  the  continuance  and  perpetuation  of  the  ohia  forest  we 
must,  therefore,  depend  largely  upon  natural  methods,  methods 
Which  are  well-nigh  impossible  to  replace  by  artificial  means,  but 
in  order  to  perpetuate  the  natural  methods  we  must  give  every 
assistance  by  aft'ordiiig  the  forest  absolute  protection. 


286 
Susceptibility  of  the  N^ati^T  Forest. 

Let  us  now  see  what  happens  when  cattle  have  access  to  the 
wet  native  forest.  The  animals  will  first  attack  the  most  tooth- 
some plants  such  as  the  ti  leaf  and  ie  ie  vine  around  the  outer 
edges  of  the  forest.  Then  they  will  work  further  in,  destroying 
the  ferns  and  undergrowth  not  only  by  browsing  and  tearing 
tnem  up  but  also  by  trampling  on  them.  The  ground  cover  will 
thus  be  removed  and  will  disappear,  the  forest  floor  dry  out,  and 
what  was  once  boggy  ground  will,  with  the  admission  of  the  sun- 
light, gradually  become  firm  and  hard. .  From  year  to  year,  the 
stock  will  work  further  back,  thus  increasing  the  zone  of  forest 
deterioration. 

With  the  protective  covering  of  the  shallow  roots  of  the  trees 
thus  removed,  the  plant  association  is  broken  up,  and  the  trees 
are  left  alone  to  struggle  for  their  existence.  It  is  a  mistake  to 
assume  that  if  the  trees  themselves  are  not  destroyed  or  disturbed 
the  forest  will  continue  in  its  virgin  state.  With  the  root  sys- 
tems left  thus  unprotected,  there  will  be  a  gradual  dying  off  of 
the  weakened  trees.  The  loss  in  numbers  of  weakened  trees  will 
admit  still  more  sunlight  to  the  undergrowth,  or  what  is  left 
of  it,  than  it  has  been  accustomed  to  and  the  consequence  is  its 
further  disappearance,  which  in  turn  increases  unfavorable 
ground  conditions,  with  the  further  reactional  effect  on  the  trees. 
With  the  damage  once  started,  the  mischief  is  done  and  it  is  a 
mistake  again  to  suppose  that  the  grazing  of  a  few  head  of  cattle 
m  the  forest  for  a  short  time  will  not  result  in  any  damage. 

With  the  deterioration  once  started,  the  opportunity  is  present- 
ed for  the  attack  of  insect  pests  and  fungus  diseases  and  the  in- 
troduction of  more  rapidly  growing  plants  and  weeds  which 
will  completely  occup}^  the  exposed  ground  and  prevent  the 
natural  reproduction  of  the  native  trees. 

These  changes  will  go  on  until  finally  the  once  dark,  wet  forest 
composed  of  trees,  vines,  ferns,  undergrowth  and  moss,  a  com- 
bination ideal  for  preventing  excessive  runoff*  and  keei)ing  the 
soil  porous  so  as  to  increase  subsurface  percolation,  will  dis- 
appear and  in  its  place  we  will  have  a  barren,  open,  useless  waste, 
inoperative  as  to  water  conservation  and  often  covered  with  Hilo 
grass,  with  perhaps  here  and  there  a  few  dead  trees  to  testify 
of  what  once  occupied  the  land  in  a  useful  capacity. 

Forest  Protection  N^ecessary. 

The  importance  of  keeping  the  native  forest  intact  cannot  be 
over-emphasized,  because  injury  done  by  one  agency,  although 
slight,  may  simply  pave  the  way  for  other  far  more  destructive 
agencies.  The  native  forest,  when  given  absolute  protection  and 
allowed  to  remain  in  its  virgin  condition,  is  not  generally  subject 
to  attack  by  injurious  insects  or  diseases.  Not  only  must  beasts 
be  kept  out  of  it,  but  man  also,  as  far  as  is  possible,  because 


287 

the  entrance  of  human  beings  into  the  forest,  no  matter  how- 
unintentional,  cannot  but  give  adverse  results.  To  cite  only  one 
example :  Hilo  grass  seed  carried  into  the  forest  from  the  out- 
side 01";  a  man's  wet  trousers  or  shoes  will  be  dropped  and  will 
germinate  in  small  openings  in  the  forest  or  along  a  trail  and 
will  spread  to  the  great  detriment  of  the  undergrowth. 

Economy  in  Forest  Protect'wii. 

The  economical  aspect  of  forest  protection  should  not  be  neg- 
lected. It  is  much  cheaper  to  protect  what  we  have  in  the 
shape  of  a  water-conserving  forest  than  to  ignore  it  entirely  and 
hereafter  be  compelled  to  reforest  by  artificial  means. 

\\'hen  taken  at  the  start,  at  the  very  beginning  of  deterioration, 
the  native  forest  when  protected  by  suitable  fencing  to  keep  out 
stock,  will  often  recover  to  a  degree  sufficient  to  perform  the 
functions  of  conserving  water.  The  later  this  protection  is 
given,  however,  the  more  difficult  will  it  be  for  the  forest  to  come 
back,  especially  if  foreign  growths  have  been  allowed  an  entrance. 
It  pays  therefore  to  tackle  the  problem  at  the  very  beginning  of 
trouble,  or  better  still,  before  the  trouble  begins. 

If  deterioration  has  been  complete,  the  job  of  artificial  re- 
forestation is  most  difficult.  To  be  sure,  the  native  koa  tree  can 
be  used  for  this  purpose  to  some  extent  in  certain  situations,  such 
as  well-drained  soils,  where  there  is  a  moderate  amount  of  mois- 
ture. The  koa  is  easily  handled  in  the  nursery  and  gives  quick 
results  in  the  way  of  growth,  but  its  extensive  use  is  hindered  by 
the  difficulty  of  'securing  an  abundance  of  seeds  because  of  a 
destructive  moth  borer  which  attacks  the  seed  pods  while  they 
are  ripening. 

The  difficulty  of  establishing  an  ohia  lehua  forest  by  artificial 
methods  of  planting  has  already  been  explained.  It  has  been 
attempted  also  to  point  out  the  complicated  evolution  of  our  wet 
forest,  the  peculiar  method  by  which  it  perpetuates  itself,  and  the 
mtricate  natural  association  of  plants  in  such  a  forest,  which 
serves  as  an  ideal  protection  forest.  To  allow  such  a  natural  for- 
est to  disappear  and  attempt  to  replace  it  generally  with  a  new 
forest,  established  by  artificial  means,  seems  almost  like  flying 
m  the  face  of  Providence. 

Artificial  reforestation  is  at  best  a  very  expensive  undertaking 
and  a  great  deal  of  experimentation  would  first  have  to  be  under- 
gone before  one  could  find  the  happy  combination  of  self-per- 
petuating trees,  shrubs,  and  undergrowth  which  would  live  to- 
gether and  thrive  under  the  peculiar  conditions  found  in  our 
mountains  and  perform  the  function  of  conserving  the  runoff 
in  a  better  and  more  satisfactory  manner  than  our  present  na- 
tive forest. 

In  some  situations,  where  on  account  of  poor  drainage  or  worn- 
out  soils  our  native  tree  species  will  no  longer  thrive,  they  may 
have  to  be  replaced  with  more  vigorous  introduced  trees.     With 


288 

such  trees  must  be  secured  a  suitable  undergrowth  which  will 
combiiie  as  a  whole  and  produce  a  satisfactory  protection  forest. 
This  is^a  problem  which  must  be  worked  out  experimentally  at 
some  cost  on  a  small  but  positive  scale  and  brought  to  a  satis- 
factory conclusion  before  it   is  attempted  very  extensively. 

The  chief  enemy  of  the  native  forest  today  is  the  bullock,  and 
the  sooner  he  is  removed  from  and  kept  out  of  the  forest,  the 
sooner  will  we  receive  in  fuller  measure  the  benefits  to  be 
derived  from  a  protection  forest. 

Fire  Danger. 

Fortunately  we  are  usually  blessed  with  such  an  abundance 
of  rain  in  our  heavily  forested  regions  that  the  menace  of  forest 
fires  is  not  as  a  rule  very  great.  Occasionally  after  one  of  the 
long  droughts,  which  are  not  unknown  here,  the  forest  will  dry 
out  to  such  an  extent  that  the  fire  danger  will  be  serious,  and  if  a 
fire  does  occur  it  w^ill  do  irreparable  damage. 

The  serious  aspect  of  a  forest  fire  in  our  woods  is  the  fact 
that  the  fire  will  travel  underground  through  root  channels  or 
in  the  dry  dufi:  and,  reappearing  again  on  the  surface  in  the 
form  of  a  smouldering  spark,  will  be  fanned  into  flame,  and  will 
again  sweep  over  the  surface. 

The  only  way  to  overcome  this  is  to  trench  completely  around 
the  burning  area  down  to  mineral  soil. 

Fires  not  only  damage  or  kill  outright  li\ing  trees  but  prepare 
the  way  for  insect  and  fungus  attack  and  for  the  introduction 
of  introduced  and  undesirable  plants  such  as  the  staghorn  fern. 

Cdmplete  Protection  Needed. 

For  the  production  of  an  adequate  and  constant  supply  of 
water  from  our  native  protection  forests,  we  must  therefore 
give  them  the  completest  protection  that  is  within  our  power. 
This  is  particularly  necessary  on  account  of  their  peculiar  sus- 
ceptibility  to   injuries. 

This  protection  is  absolutely  necessary  not  only  for  the  pres- 
ent, when  we  occasionally  feel  the  need  of  an  adequate  supply 
of  water,  but  will  be  much  more  so  in  the  future  when  the  islands 
will  be  more  thickly  populated  and  water  will  be  in  still  greater 
demand. 


III.     METHODS  OF  FOREST  PROTECTION. 

Threefold  Damage. 

Our  mountain  forest  is  threatened  by  many  enemies  and  must 
be  protected  against  preventable  damages.  These  may  be  grouped 
together  under  three  main  heads:  1.  Damage  by  Man.  2.  Dam- 
age by  Fire.    3.  Damage  by  Animals. 


289 
Damage  By  Man. 

In  carrying  out  ways  and  means  of  pre\enting  damage  to  our 
protection  forest  as  caused  by  man.  it  is  essential  that  the 
boundaries  of  the  forest  lands  that  are  to  be  given  protection, 
be  definitely  marked  by  permanent  monuments  so  that  the  limits 
of  the  protected  area  may  at  once  be  recognized  on  being  ap- 
proached by  anyone.     This  may  be  done  in  a  variety  of  ways. 

Where  it  is  necessary  to  fence  the  boundaries  to  keep  out 
stock,  the  fence  itself  with  explanatory  signs  will  be  sufficient, 
Where  natural  barriers  occur  and  fences  are  not  necessary,  it 
is  customary  for  the  Division  of  Forestry  to  place  permanent 
monuments  at  salient  points.  These  may  be  either  a  plain  pipe 
set  in  the  ground  or  a  standard  forest  reserve  monument  which 
is  easily  recognizable. 

Timber  cutting  in  our  wet  native  forests  is  detrimental  for 
reasons  already  explained  and  should  not  be  allowed.  It  is  justi- 
fied only  in  very  exceptional  cases,  such  as  when  fence  posts  are 
needed  for  boundary  fences  and  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  ob- 
tain them  from  elsewhere. 

Rule  II. 

For  the  guidance  of  public  conduct  on  government  lands  within 
the  forest  reserves  a  general  rule  has  been  established  and  makes 
clear  just  what  is  not  allowed  on  such  lands. 

This  is  called  Rule  II  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  which  was 
adopted  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  and  approved 
by  the  Governor  on  x\pril  5,  1916.  It  covers  the  protection  and 
administration  of  forest  reserve  lands  and  was  prepared  after 
a  careful  study  of  the  necessary  points  to  be  covered.  It  is 
largely  based  on  the  regulations  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service,  which 
have  been  successfully  tried  out  for  many  years  on  the  150  million 
acres  of  land  in  the  National  Forests  of  the  mainland. 

Rule  II  is  as  follows : 

TEEEITORY  OF   HAWAII. 
BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  FORESTRY. 


RULE  II.     DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 


The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  hereby  makes 
the  following  rule  and  regulation  for  the  preservation  and  administration 
of  forest   reserves: 

Section  1.  The  following  acts  are  hereby  forbidden  on  government 
lands  in  forest  reserves  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  and  declared  to  con- 
stitute trespass  punishable  by  fine: 

(a)  The  cuttino-,  killinfj:,  destroying,  girdling,  chopping,  injuring  or 
otherwise  damaging,  or  the  removal,  of  any  timber,  young  tree  growth, 
or  any  material,  except  as  authorized  by  permit  from  the  Superintendent 
of  Forestry. 

(b)  The  grazing  of  any  livestock,  except  as  authorized  by  permit 
from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


290 

(c)  The  hunting  of  any  wild  animals,  except  as  authorized  by  permit 
from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestr3^ 

(d)  Having  or  leaving  in  an  exposed  or  insanitary  condition  camp 
refuse  or  debris  of  any  description,  or  depositing  or  being  or  going 
thereon  and  depositing  in  the  streams  or  other  waters  within  or  border- 
ing upon  government  lands  in  the  forest  reserves  any  substance  or  sub- 
stances which  pollute  or  are  liable  to  cause  pollution  of  the  said  streams 
or  waters. 

(e)  The  going  on  or  being  upon  government  lands  within  a  forest 
reserve  with  intent  to  destroy,  molest,  disturb,  or  injure  property  belong- 
ing to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  or  used  by  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  in  the 
administration  of  the  forest  reserves. 

(f)  The  wilful  tearing  down^  defacing_,  or  disturbing  of  any  public 
notice  or  survey  monument  posted  within  a  forest  reserve. 

(g)  Squatting  upon  government  land  in  a  forest  reserve,  or  construct- 
ing or  maintaining  any  kind  of  w'orks,  structure,  fence,  inclosure,  road 
or  trail,  without  a  permit,  except  as  otherwise  allowed  by  law. 

(h)  The  tearing  down,  breaking  down  or  through,  or  molesting  in  any 
manner  of  a  forest  reserve  boundary  fence  or  gate  or  a  fence  or  gate 
on  government  land  within  a  forest  reserve. 

Section  2.  Any  person  violating  the  above  rule  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine 
not  to  exceed  five  hundred  dollars  ($500.00),  as  provided  by  Section 
529,    Kevised   Laws   of   Hawaii    of    1915. 

Section  3.  This  rule  shall  take  eflFect  upon  its  approval  by  the 
Governor. 

Approved: 


LUCIUS    E.    PINK.HAM, 

Governor. 


Honolulu.   Territory  of  Hawaii, 
April  5,  1916. 


All  rules  and  regulations  of  this  Board  have  the  foree  and 
effect  of  law. 

Rule  II  has  so  far  proved  very  satisfactory  and  many  arrests 
and  convictions  have  been  made  for  infringements  of  several  of 
its  provisions. 

Timber  Cutting. 

The  portion  of  it  relating  to  the  cutting  or  killing  of  trees  has 
moreover  been  strengthened  by  Act  83  of  the  Session  Laws  of 
1919,  which  reads  as  follows: 

*'Sec.  1.  The  cutting,  killing,  destroying,  girdling,  chopping, 
injuring,  or  otherwise  damaging,  or  the  removal  of  any  timber, 
young  tree  growth,  or  products  of  tree  growth  on  lands  in  the 
forest  reservations  belonging  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  except 
as  authorized  by  law  or  by  permission  from  the  Superintendent  of 
Forestry  or  his  agents,  is  hereby  prohibited. 

"Sec.  2.  Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of 
this  Act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  upon  con- 
viction thereof  shall  be  punished  bv  imprisonment  not  more  than 
one  year,  or  by  a  fine  of  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars." 


291 

Proclamation  of  Forest  Reserves. 

The  value  of  the  native  forest  for  the  conservation  of  water 
was  early  realized  by  some  prudent  land  owners  who  wisely  at- 
tempted to  protect  them  from  damage  by  man  and  the  inroads  of 
stock  by  constructing  suitable  fences  and  preventing  trespass. 
Those  who  did  this  are  now  reaping  the  benefits  of  possessing 
forests  which  are  in  splendid  shape. 

While  tree  planting  was  undertaken  by  the  government  of 
these  islands  as  far  back  as  lcS82,  it  was  not  until  1903  that  the 
first  legislation  was  passed  which  provided  for  a  Board  of  Agri- 
culture and  Forestry  consisting  of  five  commissioners  ard 
authorized  them  to  recommeiid  the  creation  of  forest  reserves 
to  be  set  aside  by  i-roclamation  of  the  Governor.  Since  this  time 
the  government  has  taken  the  lead  in  forest  matters.  Naturally, 
the  first  work  was  to  examine  and  describe  the  lands  to  be  set 
aside,  a  most  arduou.s  task,  and  the  proclamation  of  the  general 
forest  reserve  system  begun  on  November  10,  1904,  when  the 
first  reserve  was  set  aside,  was  completed  in  December,  1918. 
This  demarcation  of  forest  lands  was  a  huge  job,  for  it  was  scat- 
tered over  the  five  main  islands  and  involved  a  large  amount  of 
examination  on  the  ground  and  definite  surveys  of  boundaries. 

In  describing  such  reserves,  it  has  been  the  policy  from  the 
start  not  to  include,  if  possible,  lands  which  are  more  valuable 
for  agricultural  purposes  and  to  strike  an  even  balance  with  the 
stockman  by  not  including  in  the  reserves  any  more  land  than 
was  necessary  when  viewed  in  the  light  of  the  absolute  needs  of 
water  conservation  and  the  proper  use  of  adjacent  lands. 

The  result  has  been  the  establishment  of  a  forest  reserve 
system  on  the  five  main  islands  totalling  818,739  acres  as  follows; 

Table  of  Forest  Reserves. 

No.  of  Govt,  land  Private  land       Total  Per 

Reserves.  acres.  acres  acres.  cent. 

Kauai 8  81,325  66,888  148,213  18 

Oahu 15  34,045  33,888  67,933  8 

Molokai 1  13,268  31,406  44,674  6 

Maui 7  74,980  46,148  121,128  15 

Hawaii 16  355,037  81,754  436,791  53 

47  558,655        260,084  818,739         100 

68%  32% 

Lands  in  Reserves. 

Most  of  the  reserves  embrace  watersheds  and  mountain  tops 
where  it  is  essential  for  the  conservation  of  water  that  the  for- 
est cover  be  protected  and  maintained  and  also  potential  forest 
lands  adjacent  to  heavy   forests  which  have  been  denuded  of 


292 

trees  and  which  must  in  time  be  planted  up  to  give  the  native 
forest  the  necessary  protection  in  the  nature  of  a  shelter  belt. 

Modification  of  Reserves. 

Where  the  land  belongs  to  the  government,  it  is  definitely  set 
aside  and  while  so  set  apart  cannot  be  leased  or  sold  by  the  gov- 
ernment or  used  in  any  way  for  any  purposes  which  are  incon- 
sistent with  the  forest  laws.  Lands  may  be  withdrawn  by 
proclamation  after  the  required  public  hearing.  In  some  places 
there  may  still  be  small  areas  which  it  is  advisable  to  eliminate 
from  present  reserves,  where  the  description,  being  prepared 
hastily,  runs  from  peak  to  peak  and  includes  lands  which  are  not 
required  for  forest  protection,  and  are  more  valuable  for  other 
purposes. 

In  other  places  there  are  small  areas  of  land,  such  as  abandoned 
homesteads  in  the  forest  where  the  raising  of  crops  has  been  un- 
successful, which  should  be  added  to  the  present  forest  reserves. 
Where  the  reserve  boundaries  cross  privately  owned  lands,  the 
proclamation  does  not  affect  the  status  of  the  land  but  is  merely 
a  recommendation  that  such  land  be  treated  and  cared  for  as  a 
forest  reserve. 

Surrender  of  Forest  Lands. 

There  is  a  provision  in  the  law  (Sec.  490),  whereby  private 
land,  whether  held  under  lease  or  in  fee,  may  be  surrendered  to 
the  care,  custody  and  control  of  the  government  as  a  forest  reserve 
for  one  or  more  years  or  forever.  No  taxes  shall  be  levied  or 
collected  upon  any  private  lands  so  surrendered  for  such  a  pur- 
pose so  long  as  the  same  remains  exclusively  under  the  control 
of  the  government  as  a  forest  reservation. 

Advantage  has  been  taken  of  this  law  to  the  extent  of  sur- 
rendering 12,739  acres  for  a  term  of  17  years  in  one  case,  and  in 
another  about  120  acres  was  surrendered  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Where  the  government  land  in  a  proclaimed  forest  reserve  is 
still  under  lease,  the  forest  reservation  does  not  take  effect  until 
the  expiration  of  the  lease. 

Cooperation  Necessary. 

On  account  of  our  peculiar  system  of  land  boundaries,  the 
variously  owned  lands  usually  running  in  strips  from  the  sea 
up  to  the  mountains,  it  is  obviously  necessary  that  there  be  close 
cooperation  between  the  government  and  private  owners,  or  be- 
tween private  owners  of  such  forest  reserve  lands  in  their  man- 
agement, if  general  benefits  are  to  be  derived.  In  other  words, 
the  lands  should  be  treated  as  if  they  were  under  one  ownership 
so  that  boundary  fences  may  be  continuous  across  private  as  well 
as  government  lands  and  so  that  resulting  benefits  from  forest 
protection  may   be   universal   within   the   whole   forest   reserve. 


293 

The  desired  and  effective  end  is  a  continuous  stretch  of  protection 
forest  where  it  is  needed,  rather  than  isolated  sections  of  merely 
government-owned  forest  lands. 

Many  private  owners  of  such  lands  have  worked  toward  this 
end  m  a  gratifying  manner  and  it  is  expected  that  the  execution 
of  the  plans  of  the  new  Division  of  Forestry  of  the  Hawaiian 
Sugar  Planters'  Association  in  cooperation  with  the  territorial 
goverimient  will  greatly  further  the  ultimate  unification  of  all 
lands  in  forest  reserves. 

Damage  by  Fire. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  fortunately,  as  a  rule,  the 
fire  danger  in  our  native  protection  forest  is  not  great  on  ac- 
count of  the  usual  abundance  of  rainfall.  This  is  all  the  more 
reason,  therefore,  why  we  should  constantly  be  on  the  watch 
for  fires  and  prevent  the  occurrence  of  any,  because  of  the  great 
damage  they  do  whenever  they  get  started. 

There  is  provision  in  the  laws  of  the  Territory  for  a  general 
forest  fire  service  which  covers  not  only  lands  in  forest  reserves  or 
only  government  lands,  but  applies  to  all  lands.  This  is  based 
on  the  California  law  and  provides  for  a  system  of  voluntary 
fire  wardens,  whose  duty  it  is  to  report  and  suppress  all  fires. 
There  are  55  of  such  appointed  wardens  throughout  the  Terri- 
tory and  they  have  done  very  effective  service  in  controlling  fires 
m  their  respective  districts.  These  wardens  have  the  authority 
to  compel  all  able-bodied  male  persons,  between  the  ages  of 
16  and  50  years,  to  assist  in  putting  out  fires. 

The  law  also  provides  a  penalty  of  from  $25  to  $5000  for  the 
setting  of  fires  and  that  in  times  and  localities  of  particular  fire 
danger  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  who  is  ex-ofiicio  Chief 
Fire  Warden,  may  specify  that  no  fires  to  clear  land  may  be  set 
without  first   obtaining  a  burning  permit. 

The  cause  of  forest  fires  is  usually  carelessness  or  thoughtless- 
ness and  the  people  must  be  educated  up  to  the  necessity  of  care 
with  fire  in  dangerous  regions.  The  smoking  out  of  bees  from 
a  bee  tree  is  the  frequent  cause  of  fires  and  is  prohibited  on  gov- 
ernment lands.  Fortunately,  lightning,  which  is  the  cause  of  the 
starting  of  17.5%  of  the  forest  fires  in  the  United  States,  is  not 
a  menace  here  because  of  the  infrequency  of  electric  storms  in 
these  islands. 

To  keep  the  fire  danger  constantly  in  the  minds  of  the  people, 
cloth  fire  warnings  are  posted  in  conspicuous  places  and  whenever 
sufficient  evidence  can  be  secured  the  party  guilty  of  starting  a 
fire  is  brought  to  justice. 

Damage  by  Animals. 

The  greatest  common  damage  done  to  our  native  forests  is 
caused  by  unrestrained  cattle,  by  horses  to  a  small  extent,  and  by 
wild  goats. 


294 


Fencing  Necessary. 

It  is  not  reasonable  to  expect  that  a  cow  brute  will  recognize 
a  forest  reserve  monument  or  a  boundary  notice,  and  of  her  own 
free  will  keep  out  of  a  forest  reserve.  It  is  therefore  absolutely 
essential  to  fence  a  forest  reserve  boundary  whenever  there  is 
a  possibility  that  cattle  may  cross  the  line  and  get  into  the  forest 
that  requires  protection.  It  is  not  merely  necessary  that  a  meager 
barrier  be  erected  but  quite  positively  essential  that  an  absolutely 
stock-proof  fence  be  constructed  and  that  it  be  maintained 
constantly  in  good  repair  so  that  it  is  always  effective  in  turning 
stock. 

A  hungry  animal  will  put  forth  great  efforts  to  get  through 
a  fence  when  there  is  luscious  feed  on  the  other  side  or  a  large 
bull  traveling  at  great  speed  will  not  stop  short  of  anything  in 
the  way  of  a  barrier  that  is  not  absolutely  stock  proof.  The  im- 
portance therefore  of  building  fences  that  are  effective  can  not 
be  over-emphasized  and,  like  a  chain,  the  strength  of  a  fence 
will  lie  in  its  weakest  stretch. 

Character  of  Fences. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  has  adopted  a  standard  fence  which 
consists  of  7-foot  redwood  posts  set  2  feet  in  the  ground  20  feet 
apart.  To  these  are  attached  five  No.  6  specially  heavily  gal- 
vanized smooth  wires  which  are  stretched  by  three  intermediate 
Douglas  fir  spreaders.  Up  until  recently,  when  costs  have  ad- 
vanced so  enormously,  such  a  fence  could  be  built  in  an  average 
mountainous  situation  for  $500  per  mile. 

On  parts  of  Hawaii  where  posts  of  native  woods  are  abundant 
it  is  customary  to  use  posts  of  large  diameter  and  set  them  8 
feet  apart  in  the  fence  line  without  the  use  of  spreaders.  In 
some  places  the  Division  of  Forestry  has  been  using  concrete 
fence  posts  on  account  of  their  greater  durability,  but  it  has 
been  found  that  in  wet  ground  they  do  not  hold  up  as  well  as 
wooden  posts  of  greater  diameter.  In  all  fence  building  it  is 
very  advisable  to  use  the  most  durable  wire  obtainable,  for  a 
little  extra  expense  at  the  start  will  more  than  cover  the  cost 
and  labor  of  replacement  later  on. 

Fences  Built. 

Up  to  1904,  when  the  Division  of  Forestry  began  active  work, 
over  200  miles  of  fences  had  been  constructed  by  private  parties 
to  protect  forest  lands.  During  the  14  years  since  the  setting 
apart  of  the  first  government  forest  reserve  up  to  the  end 
of  1918,  through  the  efforts  of  the  Division  of  Forestry,  by 
cooperation  with  private  owners  and  by  fencing  clauses  in 
leases  of  government  grazing  lands,  42  miles  of  new  fences  have 


295 

been  constructed  and  LS  miles  of  old  fences  have  been  repaired, 
making  a  total  of  60  miles  of  forest  reserve  boundary  made  im- 
passable to  stock.  This  work  is  progressing  as  rapidly  as  funds 
and  opportunity  permit.  The  repairing  of  existing  fences  and 
keeping  them  in  stock-proof  condition  is  just  as  important  as  the 
construction  of  new  fences  on  forest  reserve  boundaries. 

Exclusion  of  Stock. 

The  laws  of  Hawaii  prescribe,  among  other  things  relating  to 
forestry,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  For- 
estry "to  secure  as  speedily  as  possible,  either  by  private  coopera- 
tion or  by  public  appropriation,  the  erection  and  maintenance  of 
fences  to  exclude  live  stock  from  forest  reservations,  and  the 
removal  from  such  reservations  of  the  live  stock  running  thereon, 
including  the  killing  the  same,  if  necessary."  To  this  the  last 
legislature  added : 

"When  branded  wild  cattle  are  found  on  any  such  forest  land 
in  the  Territory,  which  land  is  fenced  and  duly  set  apart  and 
established  as  a  forest  reservation,  the  owner  or  lessee  of  such 
land,  if  such  land  be  privately  owned,  and  the  agents  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  in  all  cases  where  the  land 
is  so  set  apart  and  established  as  a  forest  reservation,  whether 
from  privately  owned  lands  or  public  lands,  may  remove,  shoot, 
or  destroy  such  cattle  without  compensation  to  the  owner,  after 
sixty  days'  public  notice,  ten  insertions,  of  such  intended  action 
has  been  given  by  publication  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circula- 
tion in  the  county  or  city  and  county  where  such  cattle  are 
found." 

Much  has  been  accomplished  toward  the  exclusion  of  stock 
from  the  reserves  and  it  is  likely  that  this  latest  provision  will 
soon  be  put  into  eiTect.  From  May  1917  to  date,  the  period 
during  which  records  have  been  kept,  there  have  been  removed 
from  or  killed  on  forest  reservations  by  those  holding  hunting 
permits  from  the  Superintendent  of  Forestry,  a  total  of  1,097 
wild  animals,  which  include  233  goats,  311  cattle,  and  SSZ  pigs. 
This  is  only  a  portion  of  the  number  actually  removed,  for  it  is 
difficult  to  get  all  hunters  to  report  their  bags. 

The  removal  of  cattle  from  the  reserves  is  usually  left  to  the 
adjacent  ranchers,  for  they  often  have  some  claim  to  their 
original  ownership  and  are  also  better  equipped  for  the  purpose. 

Forest   Extension. 

The  most  important  and  chief  forest  work  in  this  Territory  is, 
tlierefore,  forest  protection,  giving  the  native  forest  absolute  pro- 
tection by  preventing  damage  caused  by  man  and  beast.  When 
all  of  our  protection  forests  are  properly  fenced  and  further 
inroads  of  stock  have  been  prevented  we  shall  have  advanced 
a  long  way  toward  the  desired  end.    Your  cooperation  in  report- 


296 

ing  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  areas  that  are  in 
need  of  protection  will  be  greatly  appreciated,  for  much  remains 
to  be  done  in  this  direction. 

When  this  protection  has  been  accomplished  attention  will 
then  have  to  be  directed  to  areas  within  the  reserves  which  have 
been  so  severely  damaged  that  they  will  not  come  back  into 
forest  unaided.  Where  the  native  forest,  on  account  of  a  heavy 
o-round  cover  of  foreign  grasses  or  plants,  will  not  reproduce 
itself  naturally,  artificial  reforestation  will  probably  have  to  be 
resorted  to.  The  problem  of  what  species  to  use  and  how  to  go 
about  it  will  vary  greatly  in  different  localities,  depending  largely 
on  soil  and  moisture  conditions  and  a  great  deal  of  experimenta- 
tion must  first  take  place  before  the  cheapest  and  most 
satisfactory  methods  are  determined. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  the  native  koa  is  a  satis- 
factory tree  to  handle  in  the  nursery  and  is  suitable  for  reforesta- 
tion projects  in  certain  situations  where  soil  and  drainage 
conditions  meet  its  requirements. 

The  trees  which  have  been  tried  out  and  found  to  be  entirely 
suitable  for  extensive  use  in  reforesting  our  wetter  forest 
regions  are  very  few.  A  lot  of  new  work  in  this  line  lies  befor'j 
us.  Trees  such  as  those  of  the  genus  eucalyptus  are  not  ideal 
for  this  purpose  because  they  demand  a  great  deal  of  the  soil 
and  also,  as  a  rule,  prevent  a  desirable  undergrowth  from  coming 
up  in  their  shade.  Yet,  it  is  likely  that  introduced  species  must 
be  relied  upon  for  use  in  building  up  parts  of  our  depleted 
forests,  because  such  trees  will  take  hold  more  quickly  and  may 
gn^e  better  results  than  native  species.  It  is  very  desirable  to 
secure  trees  which  will  seed  freely  and  be  able  to  reproduce 
themselves  naturally.  ,  In  the  drier  portion  of  the  Kauai  moun- 
tain plateau  at  Halemanu,  the  introduced  karaka  tree  from  New 
Zealand  has  become  established  and  seems  to  be  a  type  of  tree 
suitable  for  our  purpose,  for  it  forms  a  good  growth  and  repro- 
duces itself  freely.  Both  the  government  and  the  H.  S.  P.  A. 
are  now  working  on  the  problem  and  are  hopeful  of  good  re- 
sults, although  the  work  will  necessarily  require  3  long  period 
of  time. 

In  all  such  reforestation  work  it  must  be  kept  in  mind  that 
the  desired  end  is  to  secure  a  combination  of  trees  and  under- 
growth which  will  form  a  ground  cover  which  will  serve  efficient- 
ly in  preventing  excess  runoff  and  keep  the  soil  porous  so  that 
surface  drainage  will  be  converted  to  sub-surface  percolation. 

In  the  drier  regions  or  on  the  outskirts  of  our  forest  where 
protection  against  strong  winds  is  desired,  -the  fast-growing 
eucalyptus  are  suitable  for  planting  and  give  satisfactory  results. 

In  all  of  such  plantings,  however,  where  protection  against 
excessive  winds  and  a  permanent  ground  cover  are  desired,  no 
thought  must  be  given  to  the  use  of  such  established  forests  as 
supply  forests.  They  must  be  retained  strictly  as  protection 
forests  and  no  cutting  should  be  allowed  in  them. 


297 
Supply  Forests. 

For  the  production  of  fuel  wood  and  smaller  forest  products 
such  as  posts  and  poles,  as  well  as  the  production  of  trees  for 
lumber,  lands,  preferably  in  accessible  regions  near  the  point 
where  the  products  are  to  be  used,  should  be  definitely  set  aside 
for  the  purpose.  Many  of  the  sugar  plantations  have  already 
realized  the  value  of  a  cheap  supply  of  fuel  wood  and  have 
established  extensive  tree  plantations  from  which  they  are  now 
harvesting  annual  crops  of  wood.  Such  work  is  simple  and 
brings  such  good  results  that  every  foot  of  waste  land,  as,  for 
example,  gulch  sides  and  odd  corners,  should  be  utilized  and 
devoted   to   this  purpose. 

For  the  production  of  larger  timber  trees,  better  soils  will  be 
required,  but  not  often  can  they  be  spared  for  this  purpose.  More- 
over, a  longer  investment  is  necessary  for  such  a  product. 

Tl  is  my  opinion  that  good  lumber  can  be  produced  in  these 
islands,  by  those  who  are  willing  to  wait  for  it,  by  planting 
selected  timber  trees  which  have  been  proved  suitable  to  this 
purpose  in  simrlar  latiuides  and  situations.  Among  such  trees 
are  the  kauri  pine  of  New  Zealand,  the  several  species  of 
araiicaria  which  produce  soft  wood  of  good  construction  value, 
and  the  Australian  red  cedar  of  Queensland  and  New  South 
AVales,   all  of  which  grow   well  in   our  climate. 

A  pomt  to  be  emphasized  in  all  tree  planting,  however,  is  to 
give  the  planted  trees  adequate  care  during  the  early  growing 
period  by  frequent  weeding  and  clearing,  for  it  is  not  the  number 
of  trees  which  are  actually  set  out  that  counts,  but  the  number 
of  trees  w^hich  through  constant  care  and  cultivation  are  -brought 
to  such  a  state  that  their  growth  will  no  longer  be  hindered  by 
rank  grasses  and  weeds. 


LUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiillllilllliinilllllilllliHIillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllJ 


OrnCERS: 


E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
Wm.  Jamieson,   Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.  R.  Carter 
J.  R.  Gait 
II.  H.  Walker 


C.  H.  Cooke 
E.  I.  Spalding 


REGISTERED  ADDRESS: 


BREWER' 


C.  BREWER  &  CO.  Ltd 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00     -     RESERVE  FUND,   $3,000,000.00    = 

HONOLULU      -       HILO       -       SAN  FRANCISCO       | 
NEW  YORK  i 


■REPRESENTING 

OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 

JOINT  SERVICE 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 

Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Ki-auea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 
Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 


INSURANCE 

Royal  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver- 
pool, England 

London  Assurance  Corporation,  of 
London,  Eng. 

Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto) 

Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance 
Co.,  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland 

Caledonian  Insurance  Co.,   of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland 

British   America   Assurance    Co.,    of 
Toronto,  Can. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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^lllllllilllllllllllllliillllllllllllllllllllMlllllllllllllllllllllllllllliillillllillillllPi 

I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  I 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-.  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  | 

i  FOR  FULL  PARTICULARS  APPLY  TO  = 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 

I  FOR  I 

I  FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE,  I 

I  AyiOMOBUE  AND  I 

I  TOURISTS'  BAGGAGE  I 

I  INSURANCE  ! 

I  Castled  Cooke,  CfdJ 

I  HONOLULU,  HAWAII  | 

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^llllllllllllllillllilllMillilllilllliriillllllilllllllllllillElllilllllillllllllllllliiiiiiij: 

I  J.  ]M.  DOAVSETT  | 

E  AGENT  i 


HMIFORD  Fi  INSURANCE  CO. 


OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 


I    WESMSe  Fi  IMNCE  CO.    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

=   Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.   | 

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^MiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiji 

I  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  j 

=          To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

=  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  E 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  = 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I        E.  0.  HALL  HON,  LIO.  | 

E                                 King  and  Fort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 


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Miiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 

I    The  Paper  They  All  'Read  | 

=  Circulation,  both  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  = 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The  Advertiser  the  greatest  = 

=  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  = 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  = 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  business  houses  into  more  = 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  = 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you,  house  by  house,  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu.  ^ 

E  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  morning — not  this  afternoon.  E 

I  TiG  Paic  Cmiiifdal  iiiieitiSGi  I 

=  PRINTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS  E 

E  Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant  = 

FriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiifiiiiiisiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiriii^ 

iillllllllllllllllllllillilllllllllilllliilillllllinilllllillllillllllliilllllllllllllllllllli:: 

FEED  CO.,  LID.| 

Dealers  in  E 

HAY  AND  GRAIN         I 


E  and    Manufacturers   of  E 

I  ALGAROBA  FEED  I 

S  (A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  E 

E  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  E 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  = 

E  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  = 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  E 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse,  Cattle  and  Poultry  E 

=  Remedies  = 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:     KAKAAKO  E 

E  P.  O.  Box  247       HONOLULU,  T.  H.       Phone  3468  E 

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:lllllllllillllilllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllilt:iliillllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll»| 

I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

E  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  | 

=  San    Francisco    Office .310    Sansome    St.  = 

=  New  York  Office 82   Wall  St.  = 

E  SUGAE.  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,"  SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  | 

=  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  = 


=   DEALERS   IN; 


HARDWARE,    OILS,    GROCERIES,    TOBACCO    AND    = 
DRY  GOODS  = 


Agents  for 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu   Sugar   Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of    Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The  Princeville   Plantation   Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orensteiu-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia    Underwriters    Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,   Ltd.,   Fire  &  Marine 


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^illlllllMlillllllllliillllllillMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIillllillillillllllllllllllllllllMllllllili 


=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     ABC  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western  Union,   Excelsior       E 

I  IH[  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

=   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Francisco,  Cal.         E 

i  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  = 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343   SANSOME   STREET 


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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)inmissioners 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 
COMMISSIONEES. 

Arthur  H.  Rice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson. 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurseryman, 

Joseph  F.  Rock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  NeweU,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Hilo,  Hawaii, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  at  Homestead,  KauaL 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Banger  for  Tantalus,  Odhu. 

B.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Sanger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nuuanu,  Oahu. 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui. 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

(1919) 
Charles  E,  Stone,  Forest  Ranger  for  Kau  and  South  Kona,  Hawaii. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOQT. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhorn,  Chief  Plant  Inspector, 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector, 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  HUo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Mahulcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B,  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  Kauai, 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Manele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Golding,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Richard,  Livestocic  Inspector. 

CaiiERIOAL  STAFF  OF  BOARD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  Cleric  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Sienographtr, 

Daniol  Lofan^  Editor  of  the  Forester. 


TheHA\AIIAN 

FORESTER 

AND 

^\GRICULTURISl 


DECEMBER,  1919 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Editorial    • 307 

Original  Algaroba  Tree  Gone 308 

Plant  Inspection  Rule  Amended 310 

Division  of  Forestry 311 

Division  of  Entomology 314 

Division  of  Plant  Inspection 315 

Division  of  Animal  Industry 317 

By  Authority — Amendment  Plant  Inspection 

Rule 329 


VOL.  XVL         PRICE,  TEN  CENTS         NO    12 


<i 


Aloani^r  Sc  laliitoinl 


^ImxUi 


OFFICES 


STANGENWALD  BUILDING  -        -  HONOLULU,  T.  H;^ 

MEHLHORN  BUILDING  -        -        -  SEATTLE,  WASH. 

82  WALL  STREET NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

ALASKA  COMMERCIAL  BLDG.        -        SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


OFFIOEBS    AND    DIBEOTOBS: 

W.  M.  ALEXANDEE President  and  Director 

H.  A.  BALDWIN 1st  Vice-President  and  Director 

J.  WATEEHOUSE 2nd  Vice-President  and  Director 

W.  O.  SMITH .3rd  Vice-President  and  Director 

C.  E.  HEMENWAY. , Treasurer  and  Director 

JOHN  GUILD Secretary  and  Director 

F.  F.  BALDWIN. Director 

A.  L.  CASTLE , Director 

J.  E.  GALT Director 


AGENTS    FOB 

Hawaiian    Commercial    and    Sugar   Company  McBryde    Bngar   Oompany,    Ltd, 

Haiku  Sugar  Company  Kahuku   Plantation   Oompany 

Paia    Plantation  Kauai   Fruit  and  Land  Company,   Ltd. 

Maui   Agricultural  Oompuiy  Kauai  Railway  Company,   Ltd. 

Hawaiian  Sugar  Company  Kahului   Railroad   Oompany 
Honolua  Ranch 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES  EEPBESENTED  BY  ALEXANDER  &  BALDWIN,  Ltd, 

Union  Insurance  Society  of  Canton,  Ltd.,  Hongkong.  , 
Commonwealth  Insurance  Company  of  New  York,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,   Springfield,  Mass. 
New  Zealand  Insurance  Company,  Ltd.,  Auckland,   N.   Z. 
American  Alliance  Insurance  Association  of  N.  Y.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Newark  Fire  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Switzerland  Marine  Insurance   Company,  Zurich,    Switz. 
Home  Insurance  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

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^MlillllllllilillllllllllllllllllllllllllllMEINIIillillllllilllllllllllillllllllllllllllilllllii 


The  Hawaiian  Forester 
and  Agriculturist 

A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Forestry, 

Entomology,  Animal  Industry 

and  Agriculture. 

Issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry,  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


Address  all  communications  to 

DANIEL    LOGAN 

Editor    ''THE  FORESTER" 
P.  O.  Box  366,  Honolulu,  T.H. 

For  business  relating  to  subscriptions 

or  advertising,  address 

ADVERTISER  PUBLISHING  CO.,  LTD., 

Publishers,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Price  10c.  per  copy;  $L00  a  year;  Foreign,  $L25 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  Post  Office  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


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Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 

FOREST  AND  OENAMENTAL  TREE  SEED  AND  SEEDLINGS  FOR 
SALE   AT   THE   GOVERNMENT   NURSERY. 

The  Division  of  Forestry  keeps  constantly  on  hand  at  the  Government 
Nursery,  seed  and  seedlings  of  the  important  native  and  introduced  trees. 
These  are  sold  at  prices  just  covering  the  cost  of  collection  or  growing. 

The  list  includes  both  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  such  as  Silk  Oak, 
Koa,  various  species  of  Eucalyptus,  Golden  and  Pink  ShoAvers,  Pride  of 
India,  Poinciana,  Albizzia,  etc.  The  i)rice  of  the  seed  varLs  from  10  to  50 
cents  per  ounce.  The  seedlings  may  be  had  for  2^2  cents  each,  except  a 
few  kinds  which  are  5  cents.  Seed  of  the  various  palms  is  also  for  sale, 
the  price  per  100  varying  from  $1.00  to  $2.50.  All  seed  is  tested  before 
being  sent  out,  which  insures  its  being  good. 

All  communications  in  regard  to  seed  or  trees  should  be  addressed  to 
David   Haughs,   Forest   Nurseryman,   Box  207,  Honolulu,   Hawaii. 

C.  S:  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY. 

To  give  information  about  insects  free  of  charge  is  one  of  the  duties 
of  this  Division,  and  Hawaiian  readers  are  hereby  invited  to  make  inquiry 
in  person  and  by  mail.  In  order  to  be  able  to  advise  intelligently  or  send 
the  right  kind  of  useful  insects  for  relief,  we  like  and  sometimes  it  is  indis- 
pensable for  us  to  see  the  insects  suspected  or  caught  in  the  act,  also  speci- 
mens of  the  injury.  In  a  tin  with  a  hole  or  two,  or  a  wooden  box,  speci- 
mens may  be  mailed  by  parcels  post.  When  specimens  are  not  accompanied 
by  letter,  always  write  your  name  and  address  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner 
of  the  package.  Address  all  communications,  DIVISION  OF  ENTO- 
MOLOGY, P.  O.  BOX  207,  HONOLULU,  HAWAII. 

D.  T.  FULLAWAl^, 

Entomologist. 

PUBLICATIONS  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  Board  of  Commissioners  issues  for  general  distribution  to  persons 
in  th.  T-'ritory,  annual  reports,  bulletins,  circulars,  copies  of  its  rules  and 
regulations,  and  other  occasional  papers,  which  may  be  had,  free,  upon 
application. 

A  complete  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Board  available  for  distri- 
bution (together  with  the  titles  of  certain  issues  now  out  of  print)  is  to  be 
found  on  the  cover  of  the  last  biennial  report. 

Applications  for  publications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Mailing 
Clerk,  P.  0.  Box  207,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 


The  Hawaiian  forester 
and  agriculturist 

Vol.  XVI.  Honolulu,  December,  1919.  No.  12 


Many   new   tree   species,   not  generally  planted   out,   are   now 
being  used  by  the  Division  of  Forestry  in  reforestation  projects. 


Ranchers  and  stock  breeders  will  be  glad  to  have  for  reference 
the  list  of  awards  for  livestock  entries  at  the  second  annual 
Maui  County  Fair,  printed  in  this  issue. 


Dr.  A.  R.  Rowat  has  been  reappointed  Deputy  Territorial 
Veterinarian  for  West  Hawaii,  ancl  on  December  1  assuuied 
duty,  with  headcjuarters  at  Kohala. 


Arbor  Day  was  celebrated  on  November  21,  by  appropriate 
exercises  in  the  public  schools.  As  usual,  a  supply  of  trees  was 
distributed  from  the  Government  Nursery  for  planting  on  this 
day. 


It  is  hoped  that  within  four  months  we  shall  be  enjoying  fresh 
apples  from  New  Zealand,  as  a  result  of  the  amendment  to  Rule 
I  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection. 


The  Forest  Nurseryman  is  now  raising  young  Australian  red 
cedar  trees  from  seed  obtained  from  trees  of  this  species,  Cedrcla 
australis,  growing  at  Kunia,  Oahu,  which  are  only  seven  years 
old. 


Word  has  recently  been  received  from  Washington  that  this 
Territory  has  at  last  been  admitted  to  share  in  the  federal  appro- 
priation for  the  indemnification  of,  owners  of  condemned 
tuberculous  animals.  The  U.  S.  De])artment  of  Agriculture  will 
pay  one-third  of  the  indemnities,  within  certain  limitations. 


An  exception  has  been  made  in  carrying  out  the  policy  con- 
cerning bird  sanctuaries  in  forest  reserves,  as  set  forth  in  the 
August  Forester,  by  allowing  the  hunting  of  cock  pheasants  on 
government  lands  in  the  Kula  Forest  Reserve,  Maui,  only.  The 
reasons  for  this  exception  are  given  in  the  current  report  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


308 


Original  Algaroba  Tree  Gone 


All  sympathetic  Honolulu  residents  were  sorry  to  see  the 
passing  away  on  October  23,  1919,  of  the  original  algaroba  tree, 
the  parent  tree  of  historic  interest  which  for  91  years  had  stood, 
in  the  Catholic  Mission  grounds  on  Fort  Street,  as  a  monument 
to  the  memory  of  Father  Bachelot,  who  planted  it  there  in 
December,   1828. 


The  Original  Algarotia  Tree  in  Hawaii 

During  the  youthful  days  of  Honolulu,  this  algaroba  tree, 
Prosopis  Juliflora,  stood  forth  in  all  its  glory,  surrounded  by 
many  of  its  progeny,  especially  across  the  street  in  the  old  Fort 
Street  Church  yard.  But  with  the  erection  of  the  Fred  Harrison 
block  m  1906,  the  tree  was  severely  topped  to  make  room  for 
this  city  improvement,  and  lately  the  deniand  for  building  space 
of  greatly  increased  value  and  the  uncertaintv  of  how  much  longer 


309 

the  old  tree,  in  its  weakened  condition,  would  last,  it  finally  had 
to  make  way  for  the  new  Knights  of  Columbus  building,  "and 
the  place  thereof  shall  know  it  no  more." 

Perhaps  no  other  tree  the  world  over  has  had  such  a  remark- 
able history  or  has  been  responsible  for  greater  benefits  than  this 
original  algaroba,  for  from  it  by  the  assistance  of  stock  there  has 
been  established,  on  the  lee  shores  throughout  these  islands,  for- 
ests which  now  cover  approximately  90,000  acres  of  what  used 
to  be  barren  lands,  but  which  by  reason  of  this  tree  now  produce 
an  annual  crop  of  about  30,000  cords  of  excellent   fuel   wood, 


The  Last  of  the  Original  Algaroha. 


310 

over  $160,000  worth  of  honey,  and  an  enormous  yield  of  beans, 
which  furnish  a  valuable  fattening  food  for  stock  at  a  time  when 
the  long,  dry  summer  has  exhausted  the  grass  supply. 

On  account  of  the  economic  position  which  it  holds  in  the 
island  flora  and  the  blessings  which  the  original  tree,  now  gone, 
has  showered  on  the.  inhabitants  of  this  Territory  (aside  from 
the  native  forest  trees  which  conserv^e  our  moisture),  the 
algaroba  tree  has  well  earned  its  place  today  as  the  most  valuable 
tree  in  Hawaii.  C.  S.  J. 


Plant  Inspection  Rule  Amended 


Rule  I  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection,  originally  approved 
on  October  25,  1904,  and  approved  with  amendments  on  June  8, 
1918,  was  on  October  21,  1919,  further  amended  by  the  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  and  received  the  approval  of  the 
Governor  on  October  31,  1919. 

The  purpose  of  this  last  amendment  was  twofold : 

1.  Section  1,  which  prohibits  in  general  the  importing  of  fresh 
fruit  into  the  Territory  from  certain  foreign  countries  on  account 
of  the  introduction  of  fruit  flies  and  other  insects,  was  amended 
to  permit  the  importation  of  fresh  apples  from  New  Zealand 
under  certain  conditions.  Mr.  Adolph  Moritzson  of  Dunedin, 
New  Zealand,  recently  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Board  the 
advisability  of  allowing  fresh  apples  to  be  imported  from  New 
Zealand,  pointing  out  that  there  were  no  fruit  flies  or  other 
injurious  insects  in  New  Zealand  which  would  endanger  the 
Hawaiian  crops  aud  which  could  come  on  such  shipments,  that 
the  apples  would  come  in  cold  storage,  not  in  contact  with  any 
other  fruit,  and  that  they  would  reach  the  Honolulu  market  from 
February  to  July,  during  the  ofif  shipment  of  California  fruit. 
This  section  was,  therefore,  amended  so  as  to  permit  the  import- 
ation of  fresh  apples  from  New  Zealand  in  cold  storage  only, 
provided  they  are  free  from  insects  and  plant  diseases  and  are 
accompanied  by  government  certificates  that  the  apples  have  been 
grown  in  New  Zealand,  are  shipped  free  from  pests  and  diseases, 
and  have  not  and  will  not  come  in  contact  with  Australian  grown 
fruit  on  the  voyage  to  Hawaii. 

2.  Section  2,  which  governed  the  importation  and  inspection 
of  plants,  seeds,  etc.,  from  foreign  countries,  was  radically 
changed  and  made  more  restrictive,  in  order  to  keep  abreast  of 
the  times  and  to  conform  with  the  regulations  of  quarantine  No. 
Z7  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board.  The  object  of  this 
amendment  is  to  keep  out  soil,  succulent  plants,  or  any  other 
plants  and  parts  of  plants  which  are  likely' to  harbor  injurious 
insects  and  plant  pests.^  which  must  be  kept  out  of  this  Territory. 

Rule  I  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection,  as  recently 
amended,  appears  on  the  By  Authority  pages  of  this  number. 


311 

Division  of  Forestry 


Honolulu,  Hawaii,  Noveinljer  i;>,  1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu. 

Gentlemen:— I  respectfully  submit  the  following  routine  report  of  the 
Division  of  Forestry  for  the  month  of  October,  1919: 

TREE  PLANTING. 

Tree  planting  ^\•as  continued  during  the  month  on  three  forest  reserves 
where  showers  assured  successful  planting.  While  only  a  total  of  1875 
trees  were  set  out,  a  variety  of  species  was  used  for  the  most  part 
in  order  to  determine  their  adaptability  to  the  regions.  At  Mikilua, 
in  the  Waianae  Mountains,  in  the  arid  section,  1031  bloodwood,  Eucalj/p- 
fi(s  cf)r!/)iih()sa,  108  logwood,  327  ironwood,  and  40  monkey  pod  trees  were 
planted,  while  at  W;aiahole,  Oahu,  in  a  moister  region,  65  molave,  17 
Brassaia  artinophylla  of  the  Aralia  family,  27  red  sandalwood,  Adenan- 
tlicrn  pnvonia,  35  wood  oil  trees,  Aleurites  Fordii^  and  25  camphor  trees 
were  set  out.  At  the  Papapaholahola  Spring  Reserve,  Kauai,  200  swamj) 
mahogany  were  planted.  Several  hundred  Norfolk  Island  pine,  kauri 
l)ine  and  Japanese  cedar  trees  were  also  sent  over  to  Waiahole  in  seed 
boxes  to  be  transplanted  into  tins  preliminary  to  final  planting. 

Consulting  Botanist  J.  F.  Rock  returned  during  the  month  from  his 
trip  to  Java  and  the  Orient,  bringing  with  him.  a  quantity  of  seed  of 
Alhizzia  montana,  which  he  recommends  for  planting  in  the  mamani 
type  on  our  higher  mountains. 

Forest  Ranger  Hardy  sent  in  a  bag  of  karaka  seed  from  Halemanu, 
Kauai,  which  has  been  divided  with  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  for  reforestation 
purposes. 

A  supply  of  tins  has  been  sent  to  Ranger  Aguiar  at  the  Animal 
Quarantine  Station,  Hilo,  for  use  in  raising  kauri  pine  transplants, 
which  Avill  soon  be  shipped  up  to  him  packed  in  moss,  and  which  will 
eventually  be  set  out  on  the  enlarged  boundaries  of  the  station. 

FOREST  PROTECTION. 

No  forest  fires  were  reported  during  October,  although  in  some  regions 
dry  conditions  still  obtained. 

During  the  month  .38  mile  of  the  boundary  fence  around  the  Papapa- 
holahola Spring  Reserve,  Kauai,  was  repaired  and  put  in  good  shape, 
and  in  Sec.  C.  of  the  Olaa  Forest  Park  Reserve  .28  mile  of  new  fence 
was  constructed  near  18  Miles  in  cooperation  with  Mr.  Jos.   Zembik. 

Forest  Ranger  Charles  E.  Stone  began  his  duties  on  October  6,  and  is 
engaged  in  his  principal  work  of  looking  after  the  fences  on  the  bound- 
aries of  the  Kau  Forest  Reserve,  Hawaii.  He  reports  that  he  has  found 
the  fences  in  good  repair,  as  far  as  he  has  inspected. 

On  October  9,  tw^o  Japanese,  who  had  been  arrested  for  cutting  grass 
near  No.  2  reservoir  in  Nuuanu  Valley  in  violation  of  Rule  III  of  this 
division,  pleaded  guilty  and  were  each  given  a  suspended  sentence  of 
13  months. 

An  application  for  permission  to  graze  cattle  in  the  Kula  Forest  Re- 
serve, Maui,  because  of  the  shortage  of  feed,  was  refused  in  conformance 
with  the  policy  of  the  Board  recently  established  in  connection  with  a 
similar    application    in    the    Lualualei    Reserve. 

PERMITS. 

After  designating  the  location  on  the  ground,  on  October  29,  I  issued 
a  permit,  as  authorized  at  the  Board  meeting  of  October  21,  to  Mr.  W. 


312 

E.  Wiall  to  erect   a   water  tank  on  the  Honolulu  Watershed  Forest  Ee- 
serve   on   the   Tantalus  ridge  back   of  the   Makiki   Heights  lots. 

On  October  27,  after  President  Rice  and  Captain  Woodward  and  I  had 
inspected  the  cinder  pit  in  the  Round  Top  Forest  Reserve,  I  issued  a 
permit,  at  the  direction  of  the  President,  to  the  Constructing  Quarter- 
master to  remove  100  loads  of  cinders,  which  were  badly  needed  for  road 
building  at  Fort  Armstrong.  Further  developments  in  connection  with 
this  use  have  been  made  the  isubject  of  a  special  report.   • 

PHEASANT  HUNTING  IN  KULA  RESERVE. 

In  August  a  new  policy  was  established  of  not  issuing  permits  for 
hunting  game  birds  on  government  lands  in  the  forest  reserves  so  that 
such  birds  could  have  a  place  for  breeding  unmolested.  During  Octob'rr, 
however,  it  was  pointed  out  that  unless  an  exception  was  made  for 
IDheasant  hunting  in  the  Ktila  Forest  Reserve,  an  injustice  would  be  done, 
because  the  government  lands  there  are  practically  the  only  place  where 
the  ordinary  sportsman  may  hunt  pheasants  on  Maui.  On  the  advice  of 
the  President,  I  therefore  made  an  exception  to  this  general  rule,  and 
on  October  27  issued  eight  hunting  jicrmits  for  cock  pheasants  only  in 
this  reserve. 

HAWAII  TRIP. 

During  tlie  first  week  of  the  mouth  I  was  on  Hawaii  with  Entomologist 
Fullaway,  inspecting  the  control  w^ork  in  operation  against  the  Aus- 
tralian fern  weevil  at  29  M^les,  Olaa.  A  few  new  infested  areas  were 
discovered  but  were  given  immediate  attention  and  cleaned  up  by  the 
gang  of  special  laborers  vrorking  under  Forest  Ranger  Mackenzie. 

LECTURES   ON   FORESTRY. 

On  October  IH,  I  began  fortnightly  instruction  in  forestry  at  the 
vocational  school  for  enlisted  men  at  Schofield  Barracks,  alternating  the 
work  with  Forest  Nurseryman  Haughs. 

On  October  27,  29  and  November  1,  I  lectured  on  forestry  at  the  short 
course  for  plantation  men  at  the  College  of  Hawaii,  which  was  attended 
by  about  75  lunas  and  others  connected  with  sugar  plantations  through- 
out the  Territory,  The  lectures  covered  the  beneficial  effects  of  forests 
in  general,  a  description  of  the  native  Hawaiian  forests,  their  suscepti- 
bility and  the  functions  they  perform,  and  the  methods  of  protecting 
them.  These  will  be  published  in  an  early  edition  of  the  Forester,  so 
that  they  will  be  available  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  subject. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

C.  S.  JUDD, 
Superintendent  of  Forestry. 


REPORT  OF  FOREST  NURSERYMAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,  1919. 
Superintendent  of  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Dear   Sir: — ^I   herewith    submit    a    report    of    the    principal    work    done 
during  the  month  of  October,   1919. 


313 

NUESERY. 

Distribution  of  Plants — 

Sold,  pot  grown  plants 66 

Grratis,   including   forest     reserves     and     Government     institutions, 
pot  grown   plants    2743 

Total   2809 

COLLECTIONS. 

Collections  on  account  of  plants  sold $  1,20 

Eent  of  office,  Nursery  grounds 35.00 

Total    $36.20 

PLANTATION   CGIVHPANIES    AND    OTHER   CORPORATIONS. 

Under  this  heading  1236  pot  grown  trees  were  distributed.  We  have 
orders  on  file  for  250,000  plants  in  seed  boxes  and  10,000  plants  in  trans- 
Ijlant  boxes  ready  to  set  out.  We  expect  to  have  all  orders  filled  by  the 
end  of  January. 

iMAKIKI   STATION. 

Preparations  for  Arbor  Day  and  work  on  orders  now"  on  file  constituted 
the  principal  work  for  the  month. 

HONOLULU  WATERSHED  PLANTING. 

The  work  done  on  the  section  lying  between  Opu  and  Makiki  Main 
Valleys  consisted  of  making  holes  for  trees,  clearing  away  grass  and 
brush  from  the  trees  recently  planted,  cleaning  trails,  etc.  We  have  a 
large  number  of  koa  trees  at  Makiki  Station,  which  we  will  commence 
planting  in  November. 

"'   ~  ADVICE  AND  ASSISTAJSTCE. 

Maui  County  Fair: 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  F.  B.  Cameron,  Manager  of  Maui  Fair,  the  writer 
attended  the  fair  and  assisted  in  the  judging  of  the  plants  and  flowers. 

Nursery,  Hailu : 

A  visit  was  made  to  Haiku  for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  new 
nursery  just  started  a  few  months  ago.  Mr.  James  Lindsay  is  in  charge 
of  the  nursery  and  the  work  is  progressing  very  satisfactorily. 

Castner  and  Schofield  Barraclcs: 

Four  visits  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  giving  practical  instructions  in 
the  propagation  of  forest  trees,  to  the  men  attending  the  vocational  school. 
The  men  were  shown :  first,  how  to  collect  and  prepare  seed ;  second,  the 
work  of  making  boxes;  third,  mixing  and  pulverizing  soil;  fourth,  sowing 
seed ;  fifth,  watering  and  caring  for  seedlings ;  and  sixth,  transplanting  into 
tin  cans  and  boxes.  When  the  trees  become  large  enough,  instructions  in 
planting  and  care  of  trees  will  be  given. 

WAIALUA  AGRICULTURAL  COMPANY. 

.  The  writer,  on  October  28th,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Goodale,  visited 
and  examined  the  forestry  work  done  by  the  Waialua  Agricultural  Com- 
pany on  the  lands  not  suitable  for  cane  growing.  During  the  past  five  years 
the   Company   has   planted    about    700    acres   in   trees,   using   30   kinds    of 


eu 


314 

...calyptiis  and  seven  other  varieties.  Tlie  work  of  the  tree  planting  is  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  Mr.  Wm.  Harpham,  who  takes  great  interest 
in  tree  planting,  and  has  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  work  in  hand.  The 
trees,  with  the  exception  of  a  very  few  species,  are  doing  well  and  making 
an  excellent  growth.  The  work  of  plowing  and  preparing  the  land  thor- 
oughly before  planting  has  added,  there  is  no  doubt,  to  the  great  success 
obtained.  The  Avriter  would  suggest  that  other  visits  be  made  for  the 
purpose  of  measuring  the  different  species,  and  thereby  obtaining  the  aver- 
age growth  of  each.  The  trees  have  all  been  planted  uniformly  in  blocks, 
so  that  the  work  of  measuring  will  be  simple. 

Scliool  and  Home  Garden  Contest: 

The  writer  has  again  been  asked  by  the  management  of  the  ''Honolulu 
Star-Bulletin"  to  act  as  judge  for  the  1920  School  and  Home  Garden 
Contest. 

The  writer  has  made  the  following  number  of  calls  and  given  advice 
and  assistance  otherwise  at  the  request  of  people  in  and  around  the  city: 

Calls  made    ^ 

Advice  by  telephone -^ 

Advice  given  at  Nursery  8 

Advice  given  by  letter 2 

Total    20 

Eespectfully  submitted, 

DAVID  HAUGHS, 

Forest  Nurservman. 


Division  of  Entomology 

Honolulu,   Hawaii,   October   31,   1919. 
Board  of  Coiumissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — During  the  month  of  Octob^-,  the  iuscctary  handled  28,800 
pupae  of  the  melon  fly,  from  which  were  bred  5018  females  and  4070 
males,  Opius  fhtcheri. 

vhe  distribution  of  parasites  was  as  follows: 

MELOX  FLY  PAEASTTE. 

Opivs  flefclieri. 
Oahu : 

Females.     Males. 

Moiliili 17.50         1400 

Wahiawa   700  600 

Hawaii.: 

Hilo    60  60 

Pepeekeo    100  100 

Kapoho    100  100 

Kamuela    300  240 


315 

FRUIT  FLY  PARASITES. 

Diachasma   tryoni. 
Oalui: 

•    Kalihi  Valley   100  100 

Waipahu    20  20 

Hawaii : 

Kamuela    lOO  100 

Hilo    20  20 

Pepcekeo ]  00  100 

DiacJiasma  fnllaicayi. 
Oahii : 

Kalihi    40  30 

Waipahu    30  25 

Hawaii: 

Hilo 10  10 

Optus  humilis. 
Oahii: 

Kalihi  Valloy  50  50 

Hawaii : 

Pepeekeo 50  50 

Tetrastich  us  giffardianus. 
Oahu: 

Kalihi  Valley 1700 

Waipahu    .  .\ 300 

Hawaii : 

Hilo    200 

Pepeekeo   ....    400 

Kamuela    700 

CORN  LEAF  HOPPER  PARASITE. 

Parana grus  oshornL 
Oahu : 

Makiki  Nursery 1000 

Wahiawa    ". GOO 

Respectfully  submitted, 

D.   T.   FULL  AW  AY, 

Entomologist. 


Division  of  Plant  Inspection 

Honolulu,   Hawaii,   October   31,    1919. 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  respectfully  submit  my  report  of  the  work  carried  on  by 
the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  for  the  month  of  October,  1919,  as 
follows : 


316 

During  the  month  64  vessels  arrived  at  the  port  of  Honolulu,  20  of  which 
carried  vegetable  matter  and  seven  came  through  the  Panama  Canal  Zone. 
The  following  disposal  was  made  of  the  various  shipments: 

Lots.  Packages. 

Passed  as  free  from  pests 926  28,052 

Burned    92  92 

Fumigated    - -'1  2/1 

Total  Inspected    1289  28,41.5 

Of  these  shipments,  27,841  packages  arrived  as  freight,  176  packages 
as  mail,  and  398  packages  as  baggage, 

RICE  AND  BEAN  SHIPMENTS. 

During  the  month  14,875  bags  of  rice  and  4193  bags  of  beans  arrived 
from  Japan,  and  810  mats  of  rice  from  China.  All  shipments  were  found 
free  from  insect  pests. 

PESTS  INTERCEPTED. 

Approximately  8866  pieces  of  baggage  belonging  to  immigrants  from 
foreign  countries  were  examined,  from  which  30  lots  of  fruit  and  29  lots 
of  vegetables  were  taken  and  destroyed. 

On  October  5th,  per  S.  S.  ''Korea  Maru,"  one  package  corn  from  Japan, 
in  the  baggage,  was  seized  as  contraband,  and  destroyed;  also  a  package  of 
fir   boughs  found  in  the  baggage  was  burned. 

On  October  5th,  per  S.  S.  "  Anyo  Maru, ' '  a  package  of  rose  plants  and  a 
package  of  onions  in  soil,  were  seized  and  destroyed. 

On  October  14th,  per  "Nippon  Maru,"  a  rose  plant  in  the  baggage  and 
a  sack  of  sprouted  barley  were  seized  and  destroyed.  The  barley  is  contra- 
band under  Quarantine  Order  No.  39,  Federal  Horticultural  Board,  on 
account  of  Flag  smut  and  Take-all  diseases. 

Two  hundred  and  seventy-eight  packages  of  seeds  of  forest  trees  and 
other  shrubs  were  brought  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Rock  from  various  places  in  the 
Orient,  to  be  used  for  forest  planting  by  the  H.  S.  P.  A.  Of  these  pack- 
ages, 15  were  burned,  showing  weevil  and  borer  infestation;  the  rest  of  the 
seeds  were  thoroughly  fumigated  with  carbon  bisulphide.  Two  packages 
of  orchids  were  in  the  same  shipment,  and  being  without  permit  were 
destroyed.  One  box  of  cassava  roots  for  the  U.  S.  Experiment  Station  were 
fumigated  before  delivery.  A  small  package  of  soil  in  the  mail  for  a 
Filipino  was  burned,  also  a  package  of  bulbs  from  Japan,  being  without 
permit.  Two  packages  of  vegetable  seeds  found  in  the  mail  were  fumi- 
gated  as   a  precaution. 

On  October  21st,  per  S.  S.  "Sonoma,"  three  packages  of^ree  seeds  arrived 
in  the  mail  for  Dr.  H.  L.  Lyon,  Agent  of  the  Office  of  Plant  Introduction, 
Washington,  D.  C.     These  were  fumigated  as  a  precaution. 

On  October  23rd,  per  S.  S.  "  Tenyo  Maru,"  two  lots  of  bulbs,  one  lot  of 
palm  seed  and  a  lot  of  chrysanthemum  plants  were  taken  from  immigrants 
from  Japan  and  destroyed.  In  the  mail  of  this  vessel  a  package  of  chest- 
nuts brought  in  as  food  was  fumigated,  and  a  package  of  ginseng  (Panax 
ginseng)   was  found  and  destroyed. 

On  October  26th,  per  S.  S.  "Great  Northern,"  a  package  of  rice  seed 
was  found  in  the  mail  from  Manila.  Being  prohibited  under  Quarantine 
Order  No.  39,  it  was  burned. 

On  October  30th,  per  S.  S.  "Ecuador,"  a  package  of  pili  nuts  from 
Manila  and  a  package  of  vegetable  seeds  from  Japan,  infested  with 
weevils,  were  seized  and  burned. 


317 

HILO   INSPECTION. 

Brother  M.  Newell,  Inspector  at  Hilo,  reports  the  arrival  of  six  steamers 
at  Hilo,  and  two  sailing  vessels  carrying  lumber.  Two  steamers  carried 
vegetable  matter,  consisting  of  105  lots  and  2328  parcels;  all  were  passed 
as  free  from  insect  pests.  The  ''Anyo  Maru"  arrived  direct  from  Japan, 
bringing  603  bags  of  beans  and  two  bags  of  sesame  seed;  all  were  found 
to  be  free  from  pests. 

KAHULUI  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Will  J.  Cooper,  Inspector  at  the  port  of  Kahului,  reports  the  arrival 
of  six  vessels,  of  which  one,  the  S.  S.  "  Manoa, ' '  brought  vegetable  matter 
consisting  of  698  packages  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  all  being  found  to 
be  free  from  infestation. 

INTER-ISLAND  INSPECTION. 

Fifty-six  steamers  plying  between  Honolulu  and  other  island  ])orts  were 
attended  and  the  following  shipments  passed  as  free  from  pests : 

Taro    251  packages 

Vegetables 371  packages 

Pineapple   shoots    6764  bags 

Plants    147  packages 

Fruit     178  packages 

Grass  seed   22  bags 

Sugar  cane   2  cases 

Total  passed  7735  packages 

Six  packages  of  plants  and  one  package  of  sugar  cane  were  refused 
shipment  on  account  of  infestation,  undesirable  soil,  and  not  complying 
with    the    regulations. 

Respectfully    submitted, 

E.  M.  EHRHORN, 
Chief  Plant  Inspector. 


Division  of  Animal  Industry 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,   November   15,  1919, 

Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

Gentlemen: — I  beg  to  submit  herewith  my  report  on  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Animal  Industry  for  the  month  of  October,  1919: 

BOVINE  TUBERCULOSIS  ERADICATION. 

It  is  gratifying  to  be  at  last  able  to  report  success  in  the  efforts  of  this 
office  to  secure  for  the  livestock  industry  of  the  Territory,  and  especially 
for  the  dairy  interests,  the  benefits  contained  in  the  federal  agricultural 
appropriation  bill,  which  benefits,  it  wall  be  remembered,  were  withheld 
from  the  Territory  through  the  omission  in  the  act  as  passed  by  Congress 
during  December',  1918,  of  the  word  "territory"  in  all  places  where 
*' states,  counties  or  municipalities"  were  mentioned. 

The  benefits  referred  to  consist  in  the  payment  by  the  federal  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  of  one-third  of  the  indemnities,  within  certain 
limitations,  assumed  by  the  Territory  in  the  reimbursement  of  owners  of 


318 

tuberculous  cattle  killed  in  accordance  with  Act  204  of  the  Session  Laws 
of  1919  The  said  Act  appropriates  for  this  purpose  the  sum  of  $20,000.00. 
The  federal  bill  provides  the  sum  of  $100,000.00  for  the  same  purpose, 
but  makes  it  available  only  in  states,  counties,  municipalities,  and 
now  also  in  territories  which  cooperate  with  the  federal  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  its  efforts  to  suppress,  control  and  eradicate  bovine 
tuberculosis  in  the  United  Htates.  The  insertion  in  this  bill  of  the  word 
'^ territory"  does  not  in  itself  admit  this  Territory  to  share  in  the  federal 
appropriation,  as  the  wording  of  the  act  makes  it  optional  with  the 
Chief  of  the  federal  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  to  select  the  states, 
counties,  etc.,  which  in  his  discretion  he  may  ''invite"  to  cooperate 
with  his  Division  of  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Eradication. 

As  this  invitation  had  not  been  forthcoming  by  the  end  of  October,  and 
as  it  became  evident  from  the  ''Weekly  News  Letter"  issued  by  the 
Department  that  the  demand  for  cooperation  and  participation  in  the 
federal  tuberculosis  indemnification  had  already  created  a  waiting  list,- 
the  following  cablegram  was  decided  upon: 

"Honolulu,  October  30,  1919. 
"Animal  Industry,  Wiashington,  D.  C. 

"Since  August  first  have  ninety-nine  reactors  butchere:!  awaiting 
federal  indemnity.     Please   forward   vouchers   and  forms. 

"Sgd)        NOKGAAED." 

The  reply  signed  by  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  under  even  date,  October 
30,  and  accompanied  by  the  supply  of  voucher  claims,  orders  and  in- 
structions, were  received  on  the  15th  instant,  and  the  said  claims  are 
now  being  prepared. 

It  is  expected  that  the  admission  of  the  Territory  to  share  in  the  fed- 
eral appropriation  will  increase  the  effectiveness  of  the  territorial 
tuberculosis  indemnification. bill  (Act  204,  Session  Laws,  1919)  at  least 
30  per  cent,  or  in  other  words,  will  provide  in  the  neighborhood  of 
$9000.00  additionally  with  which  to  fight  bovine  tuberculosis  during  the 
present  fiscal  period.  A  copy  of  the  letter  above  referred  to  is 
appended. 

SECOND  :\rAUI   COUNTY   FAIR. 

Four  livestock  exhibits,  including  the  one  under  consideration,  are 
credited  to  the  Territory  during  recent  years.  At  each  of  these  fairs 
the  exhibit  of  livestock  has  been  one  of  the  leading  features,  unless,  as 
might  be  said  of  the  First  ^Nlaui  County  Fair,  it  overshadowed  all  the 
other  exhibits  combined. 

While  this  cannot  be  said  of  this  exhibit,  the  fault  lies  not  with  the 
animals  shown,  but  is  due  to  the  immense  increase  in  number  and  size 
and  excellence  of  all  the  other  exhibits. 

The  island  of  Maui  has  realized  that  an  annual  county  fair  should  be 
something  beyond  a  hastily  thrown  bunch  of  tents  and  sheds,  that  a 
carefully  gotten  together  exhibit  is  worthy  of  decent  housing,  and  that 
valuable  livestock  must  not  alone  be  protected  against  the  elements 
while  at  the  fair,  but  must  be  provided  such  surroundings  and  facilities 
as  will  enhance  the  points  of  excellence  of  each  class  and  afford  the 
individual  every  opportunity  to  demonstrate  their  worth  through  perform- 
ance on  the  track,  in  the  rin'g  or  in  the  milking  shed. 

Permanent  buildings  have  been  or  will  be  provided  for  all  such  pur- 
poses, agricultural  or  mechanical,  livestock  or  liberal  arts,  with  a  good 
race  track  and  an  excellent  grand  stand  of  liberal  proportions.  And 
last  but  not  least,  the  Maui  County  Fair  and  Racing  Association  prac- 
tically owns  the  land  on  which  the  fair  is  located. 

These  assets  in  connection  with  the  spirit  of  cooperation  shown  by 
all   the   agricultural   and   livestock  interests   of  the   island,   would   seem 


319 

to  insure  a  bright  future  for  tlie  further  development   and   the  regular 
annual  appearance  of  the  ^laui  County  Fair. 

The  Horse  Shoir.  The  feature  of  th_e  livestock  exhibit  was  unquestion- 
ably the  tliorouglibred  horses  and  the  polo  ponies.  It  is  not  the  aim  here 
to  discuss  the  merits  of  eitliei-  classes  or  individuals,  but  a  perusal  of  the 
list  of  awards  and  prizes  ])ublislied  in  this  issue  of  the  Forester,  will 
suffice  to  show  that  many  of  the  best  horses  of  the  islands  were  present. 

Draft  horses,  especially  Pereherons,  were  also  well  represented  and 
gave  promise  of  a  permanent  supply  of  farm  and  utility  animals  born 
and  raised  locally,  instead  of  imported  from,  abroad. 

The  Cattle  and  Siciiie  were  with  few  exceptions  raised  or  owned  on 
Maui,  the  difficulties,  cost  and  risk  in  transporting  valuable  animals  for 
exhibition  on  any  island  except  where  they  have  been  raised  being 
almost  prohibitive. 

Among  the  beef  cattle  shown  must  be  mentioned  the  Herefords 
exhibited  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Eice  and  Mr.  Sam  Baldwin,  and  the  Polled  Angus 
shown  by  the  Grove  Kanch,  all  of  .which  would  have  been  prize  winners 
at   any   show. 

The  Da'ti-y  Cattle  were  strongly  represented  only  in  the  Holstein 
Friesians,  but  among  these  there  were  many  excellent  animals. 

The  Sirlne  exhibits  were  about  evenly  divided  between  Berkshires 
and  Duruc  Jerseys,  both  breeds  being  represented  by  splendid  animals, 
im)>orter3  as  well  as  home-grown,  and  nearly  all  owaied  on  Maui. 

The  appended  list  of  awards  wall  prove  a  good  index  for  future 
breeders   and   exhibitors. 

Eespeetfully    submitted, 

VICTOR  A.  NORGAARD, 

Territorial  Veterinarian. 

UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

Washington,  October  30,  1919. 

Dr.  Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Territorial  Veterinarian, 

Division  of  Animal  Industry,   Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

Dear  Sir: — Reference  is  made  to  your  cablegram  of  October  20,  as 
follows:  ''Since  August  first  have  ninety-nine  reactors  butchered 
awaiting  federal  indemnity.      Please   forward   vouchers   and    forms." 

Unrler  separate  cover  there  is  being  forwarded  to  you  a  supi)ly  of 
the  forms  necessary  in  tlie  preparation  of  claims  on  account  of  tuberculous 
cattle  slaughtered;  also  several  copies  of  B.  A.  I.  Order  267,  effective 
on  and  after  September  1,  1919.  This  order  contains  an  extract  from 
the  law  covering  the  matter  of  indemnity  and  you  will  note  that  it  was 
approved  July  24,  1919,  and  that  it  is  practically  the  same  as  the  law 
for  the  previous  fiscal  year,  with  the  exception  that  the  word  ''territory" 
is  inserted  in  several  places. 

The  T.  E.  Form  23  revised  is  the  proper  form  to  use  in  cases  where  the 
cattle  were  appraised  and  slaughtered  on  and  after  September  1,  1919, 
but  the  old  T.  E.  Form  23  and  T.  E.  Forms  25  and  26  should  be  used 
in  cases  where  the  animals  were  appraised  and  slaughtered  during  the 
time  between  July  24  and  September  1  of  this  year.  It  is  necessary  to 
accompany  the  claim  with  the  T.  E.  Form  in  each  ease,  as  this  shows 
the  amount  of  salvage  received  and  b.y  whom  it  was  paid.  A  Department 
Form  5  vouchee  is  necessary  with  each  claim,  prepared  in  accordance 
with  the  sample  forwarded  to  you  under  date  of  July  19,  1919. 

All  information  called  for  on  the  various  forms  should  be  as  complete 
as  possible,  in  order  that  the  claim  may  be  approved  and  paid  promptly. 

Verj^  truly  yours. 

(Signed)     J.  R.  MOHLER, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 


320 
REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  VETERINARIAN. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  October  31,  1919. 

Dr.  V.  A.  Norgaarcl,  Chief  Division  of  Animal  Industry, 

Bureau  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

gir._I  beg  to  submit  the  following  report  for  October,  1919: 
TUBEECULOSIS  CONTEOL. 

The  following  dairies  were  tested  during  the  month: 

Tested.     Passed.     Condemned. 

M.  S.  Teixeira   2  2  0 

Laie  Plantation  Co 27  27  0 

Kalmku  Plantation  Co 7  7  0 

O.  E.  &  L.  Co 39  39  0 

Waialee  Industrial  School 30  30  0 

F.   S.  Lvman 71  71  0 

Kemoo   Farm    109  109  0 

Karsten  Thot    37  37  0 

J.   H.   Petersen    5  5  0 

Antone    INIartin    16  16  0 

0.  E.  &  L.  Co 7  7  0 

Y.  Ogawa   8  8  0 

E.  Tomita .  5  5  0 

C.  M.  Cooke 9  (one  cow  held  for  retest) 

T.   E.  Eobinson 1  1  0 

O.  E.  &L.  Co 8  8  8 

Lihue  Plantation  Co 11  11  0 

From  the  above  list  it  will  be  seen  that  a  total  of  392  head  of  cattle 
were  tested,  out  of  which  number  one  was  held  for  retest. 

IMPOETATIONS  OF  LIVESTOCK. 

During  the  past  month  a  total  of  37  vessels  were  met  and  boarded 
and  the  following  found  to  carry  livestock  for  this  Territory: 

S.  S.  Sachem,  San  Francisco — 12  cts.  Poultry,  various;  I  dog,  Maj. 
Chas.  Barton. 

S.  S.  Manoa,  San  Francisco — 1  ct.  rabbits,  A.  McDuffie;  1  jack,  C. 
Miles,  Wailuku,  Maui. 

S.  S.  Lurline,  San  Francisco — 5  horses,  U.  S.  Q.  M.  C. ;  10  mares,  30 
heifers,  1  cow,  1  calf,  Harold  Eice;  11  bulls,  Lihue  Plantation  Co.;  8 
Shorthorn  bulls,  O.  E.  E.  &  L.  Co.;  50  mules,  American  Factors,  Ltd.; 
1  dog,  Mr.  T.  Fitzpatrick;  1  dog,  Maj.  Wheeler;  1  dog,  Capt.  Famey; 
1  dog   (owner  unknown)  ;  25  crts.  poultry,  varions. 

S.  S.  Mauna  Kea,  Hilo — 1  dog,  G.  H.  Potter  (transhipped  from  the 
S.  S.  Enterprise  from  San  Francisco). 

Eespectfully  submitted. 

LEOXAED  X.  CASE. 
Assistant   Territorial   Veterinarian. 


321 

LIST   OF  AWARDS 

LIVESTOCK    SECTION,    SECOND    ANNUAL    MAUI    COUNTY    FAIR, 

OCTOBER  9,  10,  11,  1919. 


HORSES  AND  MULES. 
Class  A — ^Light  Animals. 
Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Tliorobred    Stallion.  .  .  Advance Guardll.Haleakala  Rh.  Co.  .First 

Dinner  Bell Angus  McPhee.  . .  .Second 

Mort    J.  H.  Raymond Third 

2.  Thorobred  broodmare. Coppit   J.  C.  Fitzgerald.  .  .First 

Florence  Roberts. A.    McPhee Second 

Lady    Bernice W.    A.    Clark Third 

4.  Halfbred  brood  mare.  Hulupala     H.  W.  Rice First 

Brunette   L.    von    Tempsky.  .Second 

Dorothy    P.  W.  Eiehinger. .  .Third 

5.  Thorobred  brood  mare 

with  foal  at   foot.  ...  Florence  Roberts.  A.    McPhee First 

Rosella    A.    McPhee Second 

Copra     J.  C.  Fitzgerald.  .  .Third 

Special  prize  best  foal A.    McPhee Special 

6.  Halfbred  brood  mare 

Avith    foal   at    foot ....  Hulupala     H.   W.   Rice First 

Dorothy     P.  W.  Eiehinger.  .  .Second 

Brunette   L.    von    Tempsky.  .Third 

Special  prize  best  foal H.  W.   Rice Special 

8.  Colt    or    filly    up    to 

two  years   Ekela     D wight  Baldwin.  .  .First 

Sentinel    Foster  Robinson. .  .Second 

Charlie    Shiroma    Third 

9.  Colt    or    filly    up    to 

four  years   Dinner  Bell A.    McPhee First 

Remark H.  C.  &  S.  Co .Second 

Peter  '  Post H.  W.  Rice Third 

10.  Best  thorobred  stal- 
lion   and    two    brood 

mares   A.    McPhee First 

•Grove    Ranch Second 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Third 

11.  Champion   stallion.  ..  Advance  Guardll.Haleakala    Rh Champion 

12.  Champion   mare Coppit   J.  C.  Fitzgerald. .  .Champion 

14.  Champion    filly Remark     H.  C.  &  S.  Co Champion 

lo.  Grand  champion 

stallion     Advance Guardll.  Haleakala  Rh Gr.  Champ. 

16.  Grand   champion 

mare     Coppit   .J.  C.  Fitzgerald .  .  .  Gr.  Champ. 

77.  Res.    Gr.    Champion 

stallion     Dinner  Bell A.    McPhee Re.  Gr.  Ch. 

18.  Res.   Gr.   champ. 

mare     Remark     H.  C.  &  S.  Co Re.  Gr.  Ch. 

Class  B — Draft  Animals. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Draft    stallion     ...  .Kingston Monarch.Grove  Ranch First 

Leo    H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

Buster   Haleakala    Rh Third 

2.  Brood  mare    Fancy    Grove  Ranch First 

K2    H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

2P H.   C.  &  S.  Co Third 


2>22 


3.  Mare    witli   foal   at 

foot    Grove  Ranch First 

2P H.   C.  &  8.  Co Second 

4.  Best    yearling     colt 

or    filly Grove  Ranch First 

and  special 
11.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

fi.  Colt    or   filly   up   to 

four    years Grove  Ranch First 

8.  Special  prize  for 
best     stallion     and 

two    mares ■ Grove  Ranch Special 

9.  Champion    stallion.  .KingstonMonarch. Grove  Ranch Champion 

11.  Champion  colt   Grove  Ranch Champion 

12.  Champion    filly Grove  Ranch Champion 

13.  Grand      champion 

stallion    Kingston Monarch.Grove  Ranch Gr.  Champ. 

15.  Res.      Gr.      Champ. 

stallion    Leo     H.   C.  &  S.  C Res.Gr.  Cp. 

Class  C — Saddle  Animals,  Polo  Ponies,  Children's  Ponies  Under  13  Hands 
Riding  or  Driving;,  Horse   and  Mule  Turnouts. 
Entry  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Saddle    stallion 

mounted    AdvanceGuardll. Haleahala    Rh First 

Dinner  Bell A.    McPhee Second 

Mort    J.  H.  Raymond Third 

2.  Saddle  animal,  ex- 
cluding   stallion.  ,  .  .  Lehulu S.  A,  Baldwin First 

Coquette    F.  F.  Baldwin Second 

Prince    W.   A.    Clark Third 

3.  Saddle  animal 

gaited    Merit II.  A.  Baldwin First 

4.  Polo  pony  ridden 
and  made  to  per- 
form     suitable     to 

judge    Coquette    F.  F.  Baldwin First 

Prince    W.   A.    Clark Second 

Lehulu S.  A.  Baldwin Third 

5.  Horses  suitable  for 

polo  ponies Oregon  Boy TIaleakala    Rh First 

Europe    M.  F.  Do  Rego.  .  .  .Second 

6.  Child's  pony  under 
13  hands  ridden  or 

driven  by  owner Lawrence  Baldwin. First 

Richard   Baldwin.  .Second 
Barbara  Baldwin.  .Special 

7.  Best   pair    of   draft 

horses  with  turnout Mrs.    F.F.Baldwin  .First 

Grove  Ranch Second 

Maui   Agr'l   Co..  .  .Third 

8.  Best  four-in-hand 
draft     horses     with 

turnout    Grove  Ranch First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

Maui  Agr'l  Co Third 

9.  Best  pair  of  draft 

mules  with  turnout AVailuku  Sug.  Co..  .First 

Wailuku  Sug.  Co..  .Second 
Wailuku  Sug.  Co..  .Third 


323 


10.  Best      four-in-hand 

mules   with  turnout \\''ailuku  Sug.  Co..  .First 

Maui   Agr'l   Co.... Second 

11.  Best  moldboard 

team,    horses H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

Maui    Agr'l    Co. .  .  .Hecond 
11 A  Best   moklboard 

tef^m,    mules Wailuku  Sug.  Co..  .First 

Maui   Agr'l   Co.. .  .Second 

12.  Best    saddle    mule, 

Hawaiian   bred Homooula H.    W.    Rice First 

Yeoi T>.   K.    Smith. Second 

Na  wai  aha 1'.   Cockett Third 


CATTLE. 
Class  D — Aberdeen   Angus. 
BREEDING   SECTION. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

].  Aged  bull Grove  Ranch First 

^5.  Senior  yearling  bull Grove  Ranch First 

G,  Junior  bull   calf Grove  Ranch First 

7.  Aged  cow Grove  Ranch First 

11.  Senior  heifer  calf Grove  Ranch Firs't 

17.  Produce  of  dam .  .  .  .Grove  Ranch First 


18.  Pen  of  3  fat  steers 
age  limit  3  years.  . .  . 

22.  Fat  steer  nnder  2 
vears    


MARKET   SECTION. 

Grove  Ranch First 

Grove  Ranch First 


cii  A:\rpiONSHips. 

31.   C*]iam[)iou  Ful  steer. Jim     Grove  Ranch Chamiiion 

Class  E — Herefords. 
BREEDING  SECTION 


Exhibitor.  Award. 

H.  W.  Rice First 

H.  W.   Rice Second 

H.   W.   Rice First 

Haleakala  Rh First 

Haleakala  Rh First 

H.  W.   Rice Second 

H.   W.   Rice Third 

Haleakala  Rh First 

Haleakala  Rh Second 

H.   W.   Rice Third 

Haleakala  Rh First 

Haleakala  Rh Second 

Haleakala  Rh First 

Haleakala  Rh Second 

Haleakala  Rh First 


Entry. 

Name  of  Animal. 

1. 

Aged  bull 

.Bonnie   Beau 

Fascinator    

2. 

2-year-old    bull.  .  . . 

.f>rand  Duke 

3. 

Senioryearlingbull. 

.Choice    Mixer.  . .  . 

4. 

Junior  j'carling  bull 

.Donald  Joy.  . .  . .  . 

Bonnie  Major.  .  .  . 

e 

Bonnie   Admiral.  . 

5. 

Senior   bull   calf.  .  . 

.Don   Woodford 
XIII 

:\Oschief  Expert.  . 
Bonnie  Senator.  . . 

(). 

Junior   l)ull   calf.  . . 

.  ]\Eaui   Paragon  II. 
Richard  Steinway. 

/ . 

Agi^d    cow 

.Delia    Perfect 

Iva's    Sensation.  . 

8. 

2-vcar-'jld    heife-.  ; 

.Coral    

9. 

Seivor    vearling 

heifer 

.  Kula    Girl 

H.  W.  Rice First 

Duchess H.  W.  Rice Second 

Princess    H.   W.   Rice Third 


324 

10.  Junior  year  ling 

lieifvr Bonnie  Lassie   .  .  .  H.  W.  Eice First 

Bonnie    Lulu H.  W.   Rice Second 

11.  Seui-or   h-if'.a-   calf.  .Bonnie  Bessie H.  W.  Rice First 

12.  Junior  heitor  calf.  . .  Bonnie    ,'Gay Haleakala  Rh First 

Bonnie   Bar Haleakala  Rh Second 

Bonnie  Priscilla.  .  H.   W.    Rice Third 

14.  Yo'}v.iy    herd     H    H.  W.  Rice First 

15.  Calf  herd Haleakala  Rh First 

H.  W.   Rice Second 

16.  Get  of  Rire H.  W.  Rice First 

H.  W.  Rice Second 

A  special  prize  is  awarded  H.  W.  Rice  for  the  8 
animals  entered,  the   get  of  Bonnie  Beau. 

17.  Produce  of  dam H.  W.  Rice First 

Haleakala  Rh Second 

H.W.Rice Third 

17A.  Cow  with  calf  at 

foot   Delia    Perfect Haleakala  Rh First 

Iva  's    Sensation .  .  Haleakala  Rh Second 

MARKET  SECTION. 

18.  Pen  of  3  fat  steers, 

age  limit  3  years Haleakala  Kli First 

19.  Pen  of  3  fat  steers, 

age  limit  2  years H.  W.  Rice First 

21.  Fat     steers      under 

3   years Charlie    H.  ^Y.  Rice First 

Harrv    Haleakala  Rh Second 

Tom  "^ Haleakala  Rh Third 

22.  Fat   steers  under   2 

years    Ringleader   H.  W.  Rice First 

Maluhia    H.  W.   Rice Second 

Choice    Goods H.  W.  Rice Third 

CHAMPIONSHIPS. 

24.  Senior  champion 

bull Bonnie  Beau H.  W.  Rice Champion 

25.  Senior  champion 

cow Delia    Perfect ....  Haleakala  Rh Champion 

26.  Junior  champion 

bull Choice  Mixer Haleakala  Rh Champion 

27.  Junior  champion 

heifer Kula  Girl H.  W.  Rice Champion 

28.  Grand  champion 

bull Choice    Mixer Haleakala  Rh Grand  Chp. 

29.  Grand  champion  fe- 
male   Kula  Girl H.   W.    Rice.  .....  .Grand  Chp. 

30.  Champion  pen  of  3 

fat  steers H.  W.  Rice Champion 

31.  Champion  fat  steer.  Ringleader   H.  W.  Rice Champion 

32.  Champion  steer  herd H.  W.  Rice Champion 

33.  Grand  champion 

steer   herd    . H.  W.  Rice Champion 

34.  Reserved  grand 

champion  bull Bonnie  Beau H.  W.  Rice Res.Gr.Ch. 

35.  Reserved   grand 

champion    female.  .  .Delia    Perfect Haleakala   Rh Res.Gr.Ch. 

37.  Grand  champion 

fat  steer Ringleader    H.   ^V.    Rice Grand  Chp. 

38.  Reserved  Gr.  Cham- 
pion fat  steer Charlie    H.  W.  Rice Res.Gr.Ch. 


325 

Class  J. — G-uernseys. 

2.  2-year-ol(l    bull College  of  Hawaii.  .First 

24.  fSeuior    champion 

^ull    College  of  Hawai.  .Champion 

28.  Grand  champion 

bull    College  of  Hawaii .  .  Grand  Chp. 

Class  K. — Holsteins. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Aged  bull Wiaialae   Ranch First 

King  K.  P.  T Kamehameha  8h..  .Second 

Deutschland    W. 

B.    King Kula  Sanitarium. .  .Third 

2.  2-year-old  bull AVailuku   Sug.   Co.  .First 

4.  Junior  yearling  bull Charles    Thompson. First 

5.  Senior   bull  calf.- Kamehameha    Sch.. First 

6.  Junior  bull  calf Kula    Sanitarium.  .First 

7.  Aged  cow Joletta    College  of  Hawaii.  .First 

Lady  James  Eegis.H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

Jennette  Ormsley. Kamehameha    Sch.. Third 

8.  2-year-old    heifer Kamehameha    Sch.. First 

Kula  Sanitarium. .  .Second 

10.  Junior  yearling 

heifer     Kamehameha   Sch.. First 

Kula    Sanitarium.  .Second 

12.  Junior  heifer  calf Kamehameha   Sch.. First 

13.  Aged   herd Kamehameha  Sch.  .First 

Kula    Sanitarium.  .Second 

15.  Calf   herd Kula    Sanitarium.  .First 

16.  Get  of  sire Kamehameha   Sch.. First 

Kula    Sanitarium.  .Second 
Grove   Eanch Third 

17.  Produce  of  dam Kamehameha   Sch.. First 

Kamehameha  Sh..  .Second 
Kula  Sanitarium . .  .  Third 
17 A.  Cow  with  calf  at 

foot    Kamehameha    Sch.. First 

Kula    Sanitarium.  .Second 

and  Special 
CHAMPIONSHIPS. 
24.  Senior  champion 

bull    Wailuku  Sugar  Co. .  Champion 

2.5.  Senior  champion 

cow Joletta College  of  Hawaii.  .Champion 

2(').  Junior  champion 

bull    Kamehameha    Sch. .  Champion 

27.  Junior  champion 

heifer Kamehameha    Sch. .  Champion 

28.  Grand    champion 

bull     Kamehameha    Sch. .  Grand  Chp. 

29.  Grand  champion 

female   Joletta College  of  Hawaii.  .Grand  Chp. 

34.  Reserved   grand 

champion  bull Wailuku  Sugar  Co..Res.Gr.Ch. 

35.  Reserved   grand 

champion    female Kamehameha    Sch..Res.Gr.Ch. 

Class  L — Jerseys. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Aged  bull Isenberg   Mrs.  F.  F.  Baldwin. First 

Crook Atrs.  F.  F.  Bald  win.  Second 


326 

3.  Renior  yearling  bull Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin. First 

H.  D.  Sloggett.  ...Second 

5.  Senior  bull   calf Rose    E.    Crook.  .  .  .First 

•  fi.  Junior  bull  calf Dr.  W.  D.  Baldwin. First 

7.  Aged  cow Mrs.  F.  F.  Baldwin  .First 

Daisy New  Era  Hd.  Fm. .Second 

Rose  E.  Crook Third 

8.  2-year-old    heifer,  .  .Nanny J.    C.    Fitzgerald.  .First 

Daisy J.    C.    Fitzgerald.  .Second 

9.  Senior   yearling- 
heifer  Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin. First 

10.  Junior   yearling 

heifer     Mary   Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin  .First 

12.  Junior  heifer   calf ! Rose  E.  Crook First 

CHAMPIONSHIPS. 

24.  Senior  champ,  bull.  .Isenberg    Mrs.  F.  F.  Baldwin: Champion 

26.  Junior  champ,  bull Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin. Champion 

27.  Junior    champion 

heifer     Mary   Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin .  Champion 

28.  G-rand  champ,  bull Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin. Gr.  Chmp.. 

29.  G-rand  champion 

female .Mary   Mrs.  S.  A.  Baldwin. Gr.  Chmp.. 

34.  Reserved   grand 

champion  bull Isenberg    Mrs.  F.  F.  Bald  win.  Res.  Gr.Ch. 

35.  Reserved  grand 

champion    female.  .  .Katie Mrs.  S.  A.  Bald  win.  Res.  Gr.Ch. 

HOGS. 

Class  M — Berkshires 
BREEDING  SECTION. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Aged  Boar    King   of   Kewalo.  H.   W.   Rice .First 

Kula  Sanitarium  ..Second 
New  Era  Hd  Fm. .  .  Third 

2.  Aged    Sow    Stumpy New  Era  Hd.  Fm.  .First 

Riverby  Princess.  H.    W.    Rice Second 

Maui    Lady H.  W.  Rice Third 

3.  Sr.  yearling  boar Haleakala  Rh First 

4.  Sr.   yearling   sow H.   W.   Rice First 

5.  Jr.  yearling  boar M.  A.  Co First 

H.    W.    Rice Second 

<j.  Jr.  yearling  sot\^.  . .  .  Kaonoulu  Girl  II.  H.    W.    Rice.  . . First 

Kaonoulu  Girl.  . .  .  H.    W.    Rice Second 

7.  Senior  boar  pig Honolua  Ranch.  . .  .First 

9.  Junior  boar  pig .  .  .H.    W.    Rice First 

H.    W.    Rice Second 

H.  W.  Rice Third 

10.  Junior  sow  pig H.   W.   Rice First 

H.  W.    Rice Second 

H.  W.  Rice Third 

11.  Old  herd  H.  W.   Rice First 

12.  Young    herd    H.  W.    Rice First 

H.    W.    Rice Second 

13.  Herd  Ibred  by  or 
farrowed  the  prop- 
er t}^    of     exhibitor, 

boar  and  3  sows H.    W.    Rice First 

H.  W.  Rice Second 

14.  Get    of   sire H.    W.   Rice First 

H.    W.    Rice Second 


.327 

15.  Produce  of  dam H.  W.  Rice First 

H).  Sow    with    litter Now  Kra  Hd.  Fni..  .First 

^MARKET  SECTION, 
17.  Pen  of  3  pork  pigs 

up  to  250  lbs Houohia   Ranc-li First 

IS.  Barrow    under    250 

lbs Haleakala   Rch First 

CHAMPIONSHIPS. 

Entry.  Name  of  Animal.  Exhibitor.  Award. 

20.  Sr.  champion  boar.  .King  of  Kewalo.  .  H.  W.  Rice Champion 

21.  Sr.    champion    sow.  .Stumpy    New  Era  Hd.  Fm..  .Champion 

22.  Jr.  champion  boar.. Lee    Duke    of 

Kewalo    H.  W.  Rice Champion 

23.  Jr.    champion    sow.  .Kaonoulu  Girl  II. H.  W.  Rice Champion 

24.  Grand  Charnp.  boar. King  of  Kewalo.  .H.  W.  Rice Gr.  Champ. 

25.  Grand  champ   sow New  Era  Hd.  Fm..  . Gr.  Champ. 

26.  Reserved    grand 

champion    boar H.  W.  Rice Res.Gr.  Ch. 

27.  Reserved   grand 

champion   sow K.  Girl  II H.  \V.  Rice Res.Gr.  Ch. 

Class  N — Durocs. 
BREEDING  SECTION. 

Entry.  Name    of   Animal.         Exhibitor.  Award. 

1.  Aged    boar Honolua  Ranch.  .  .  .First 

Wailuku  Sug.  Co... Second 

2.  Aged  sow H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

H.  C.  &.  S.  Co Second 

H.   C.   &  S.   Co Third 

3.  Sr.    yearling    boar H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

P.   Cockett    Second 

4.  Sr.  yearling  sow P.  Cockett First 

5.  Jr.  yearling  boar.  . Asa    Baldwin First 

G.  Jr.   yearling    sow Lawrence  Baldwin. First 

Honolua  Ranch.  ..  .Second 

7.  Senior   boar   pig H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

H.   C.   &  S.   Co Third 

8.  Senior    sow    pig H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

H.   C.    &  S.   Co Third 

9.  Junior  boar  pig H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

Honolua   Ranch.  ..  .Third 

10.  Junior  sow  pig H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

11.  Old  herd H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

12.  Young  herd H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

13.  Herd  bred  by  or 
farrowed  the  prop- 
erty   of     exhibitor, 

boar  and  3  sows H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

14.  Get  of  sire H.  C.  «fe  S.  Co First 

15.  Produce  of  dam H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

1(5.  Sow    with   litter H.  C.  &  S.  Co First 

P.    Cockett Second 

MARKET  SECTION. 
17.  Pen  of  3  pork  pigs 

up  to  250  lbs ^. Honolua  Ranch First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 


328  • 

18.  BarroAv    inuler    250 

]]3g  Honolua  Eaiicli.  . .  .Pirst 

H.  C.  &  8.  Co Second 

19.  Barrow     over     250 

ll3S  Ilonolua  Eaucb.  . .  .First 

H.  C.  &  S.  Co Second 

H.  C.  &8.  Co Third 

CHAMPIONSHIPS. 

20.  Sr.  champion  boar H.  C.  &  S.  Co Champion 

21.  Sr.  champion  sow H.  C.  &  S.  Co Champion 

22.  Jr.  champion  boar H.  C.  &  S.  Co Champion 

23.  Jr.  champion  sow H.  C.  &  S.  Co Champion 

23A.  Champion  barrow Honolua  Kanch Champion 

24.  G-rand  champ,  boar H.  C.  &  S.  Co Gr.  Champ. 

25.  Grand  champ,  sow H.  C.  &  S.  Co Gr.  Champ. 

26.  Reserved   grand 

champion    boar H.  C.  &  S.  Co Ees.Gr.Ch. 

27.  Reserved   grand 


champion   sow. 


,H.  C.  &  S.  Co Ees.Gr.Ch. 


Class  P. — (Poland  Chinas. 
BEEEDING  SECTION. 


1.  Aged    boar Grove   Eani-li First 

Class  Q — Tamworths. 
BEEEDING  SECTION. 

1.  Aged   boar Pioneer  Mill  Co.. .  .First 

2.  Aged  sow Pioneer  ISIill  Co.. .  .First 

16.  Sow   with   litter Pioneer  Mill  Co First 

Class  S — Sheep  and  Goats. 

Entry.  Exhibitor.  Name  of  Animal.       Award. 

17.  Milking    goat    ex- 
hibit   Fred  Krause  Jr. .  .  .  First 

Noel  Krauss Second 

J.  Bechert Third 

20.  Special  entry King  of  Kahoo- 

lawe Kahoolawe  Eanch.  .First 

H.  W.  Eice First 

H.  W.  Eice Second 

H.  W.  Eice Third 

Class  T — Special,  Miscellaneous. 

2.  Four-day  butter-fat 

production  contest College  of  Hawaii.  .First 

Kula    Sanitarium.  .Second 

3.  Cow    with    highest 
A.   E.   O.   or   E.  M. 

record    College  of  Hawaii .  .  First 

6.  Carcass  contest Jim Grove   Eanch First 

•  Harry    Haleakala    Eanch.  .Second 

Choice  Goods H.  W.  Rice Third 

7.  Special     prize     for 

best  kept  exhibit Kamchameha    Sch. .First 

8.  Special     prize     for 

best  exhibit H.  W.  Eice First 


329 

By  Authority 


TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 
BOARD  OF  CO]VtMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTURE   AND  FORESTRY 


Further  Amendment  to  Rule  I  of  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  of  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 


The  Board  of  Cummissioiners  of  Agrieulture  and  Forestry  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  hereby  further  amends  Rule  I  of  the  Division  of  Plant 
Inspection  to  read  as  follows: 

''Section  1.  For  the  purpo3e  of  preventing  the  introduction  into  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii  of  fruit  flies  and  insects,  their  eggs,  larvae  or  pupae, 
and  all  diseases  of  plants,  fruits,  or  other  vegetation  of  value^  all  per- 
sons, companies  and  corporations  are  hereby  prohibited  from  introducing, 
importing  or  bringing,  in  baggage  or  otherwise,  into  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  or  into  any  of  its  ports  for  the  purpose  of  debarkation  into 
the  said  Territory,'  any  fresh  fruit  from  East  or  West  Indies,  Asia, 
Australasia,  Oceauica,  Malaysia,  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America; 
provided,  however,  that  fresh  api)les  may  be  imported  into  the  Territory 
of  Hawaii  direct  from  New  Zealand  in  cold  storage  only,  if  they  are 
free  from  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases,  and  are  accompanied  by  a 
government  certificate  declaring  that  the-  apples  have  been  grown 
in  New  Zealand  and  are  shipped  free  from  insect  pests  and  plant 
diseases,  and  are  also  accompanied  by  a  government  certificate  declaring 
that  they  have  not  and  will  not  come  in  contact  with  Australian  fruit  on 
the  voyage  to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii." 

"Section  2.  (a)  Provided  that  a  special  permit  has  been  granted  by 
the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  Washington,  D.  C,  in  accordance 
with  its  Form  207-3,  and  further  provided  that  such  permit  is  actually 
in  the  possession  of  the  Chief  Plant  Inspector  of  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii  at  the  time  of  entry,  only  bona-fide  "Novelties,"  consisting  of 
plants  not  of  a  succulent  nature,  if  free  from  sand,  soil  or  earth;  scions 
and  buds  of  trees;  rose  stocks  for  propagation;  nuts,  including  palm 
seeds,  for  propagation;  seeds  of  fruit,  forest,  ornamental  and  shade 
trees;  seeds  of  deciduous  and  evergreen  ornamental  shrubs  and  of 
hardy  perennial  plants,  may  be  imported  into  the  Territory  (through 
the  port  of  Honolulu  only)  from  any  foreign  country.  All  such 
importations,  however,  at  the  time  of  their  entry  for  introduction 
shall  be  subjected  to  inspection  and  examination  by  the  Chief  Plant 
Inspector  or  his  assistants  and  if  found  attacked  by  plant  diseases, 
insect  pests  or  their  larvae,  shall  be  seized  and  immediately  burned. 
The  Chief  Plant  Inspector  may  in  his  discretion  and  as  a  precautionary 
measure,  fumigate  any  or  all  importations  as  aforesaid.  Provided,  how- 
ever, that  lily  bulbs,  lily  of  the  valley,  narcissus,  hyacinths,  tulips,  and 
crocus  may  be  imported  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  from  Europe 
only,  and  narcissus  and  liliums  may  be  so  imported  from  Japan  and  China 
only  after  the  necessary  permit  has  been  obtained  for  such  importation 
from  Europe,  China,  or  Japan,  from  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board 
of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  all  plant  products  to  be  used  for  medicinal, 
food,  or  manufacturing  purposes  may  be  imported  into  the  Territory 
from  any  state,  territory,  or  foreign  country,  subject,  however,  to  all 
the  conditions  as  to  inspection  and  freedom  from  pests  as  hereinbefore 
provided. 

(b)  For  the  purpose  of  this  Rule  wherein  it  governs  plant  import- 
ations from  foreign  countries,  the  definition  of  "Plant  Novelties"  (not 
including  succulent  plants  as  aforesaid)  and  of  "Propagating  Stock" 
shall  be  in  accordance  with  the  "informational  data"  given  by  the 
Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  Washington,  D.  C,  in  its  said  Form  207-3. 

(c)  All  persons  and  cor})orations  are  hereby  prohibited  from  removing 
or  taking  or  attempting  to  remove  or  take,  any  of  the  articles  afore- 
mentioned from  either  ship,  wharf  or  landing  place  without  first  having 
notified  the  Division  of  Plant  Inspection  of  the  arrival  of  said  article  or 


330 

articles  and  having  received  written  permission  from  the  duly  authorized 
officer  to  remove  or  take  same. 

Section  3.  All  fruits,  vegetables,  plants,  parts  of  plants,  bulbs,  roots 
or  tubers,  seeds,  grains  or  Cereals  from  the  United  States  of  America 
and  the  Dominion  of  Canada  that  are  not  prohibited  under  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
may  be  introduced,  imported  or  brought  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
either  by  freight,,  express  or  as  packag;_es  of  passengers,  provided,  how- 
ever, that  all  such  fruits,  vegetables,'  plants,  parts  of  plants,  bulbs, 
roots,  seeds,  grains  and  cereals  are  free  from  pests  and  diseases.  All 
persons  importing,  introducing,  or  bringing  into  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 
any  fruits,  vegetables,  plants  or  parts  of  plants,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers, 
seeds,  grains  and  cereals  must  present  the  same  to  or  notify  the  Chief 
Plant  Inspector  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry  before  landing 
anv  of  these  articles. 

Section  4.  If  any  fresh  fruits,  vegetables,  plants,  cuttings,  scions, 
buds,  bulbs,  roots  or  tubers,  seeds,  grains  or  cereals  shall  be  imported, 
introduced  or  brought  in  baggage  or  otherwise  into  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  or  into  any  of  its  ports  for  the  purpose  of  debarkation  into  said 
Territory,  contrary  to  law  or  this  regulation,  the  same  shall,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  and  "Forestry 
or  its  duly  authorized  agent,  otficer  or  inspector,  be  immediately  seized 
and  destroyed  or  deported  at  the  expense  of  the  importer  or  introducer, 
and  the  person  or  persons  or  corporation  introducing  or  importing  the 
same  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  liable  to  the  penalty 
or  penalties  provided  by  law. 

Section  5.  This  rule,  as  amended,  shall  take  effect  upon  its  approval 
by  the  Governor. 

xVpproved  this   31st  day   of  October,   1919. 

C.  J.  McCAKTHY, 
Governor  of  Hawaii. 
Honolulu.  T.  H. 


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OrnCERS: 


E.  Faxon  Bishop,  President 
G.  H.  Robertson,  Vice-Pres. 
E.  A.  R.  Ross,  Secretary 
Wm.  Jamieson,  Treasurer 
C.  C.  Rhodes,  Auditor 


A.  Gartley,  Vice-President  and 

Manager 
R.  A.  Cooke,  Vice-President 
Wm.  Jamieson,   Treasurer 


DIRECTORS: 


G.  R.  Carter 
J.  R.  Gait 
II.  H.  Walker 


C.  H.  Cooke 
E.  I.  Spalding 


REGISTERED  ADDRESS: 


BREWER' 


G.  BREWER  &,  GO.  Ltd 


ESTABLISHED   1826 


=  CAPITAL  STOCK,  $3,000,000.00  -  RESERVE  FUND,  $3,000,000.00  = 
I  HONOLULU  -  HILO  -  SAN  FRANCISCO  | 
=  NEW  YORK  I 


REPRESENTING 

OCEANIC   STEAMSHIP   COMPANY 

NIPPON  YTJSEN  KAISHA 

NEDERLAND  ROYAL  MAIL  AND  ROTTERDAM  LLOYD 

JOINT  SERVICE 


SUGAR   PLANTATIONS 

Olowalu  Company 
Hilo  Sugar  Company 
Onomea  Sugar  Company 
Honomu  Sugar  Company 
Wailuku  Sugar  Company 
Pepeekeo  Sugar  Company 
Waimanalo  Sugar  Company 
Hakalau  Plantation  Company 
Honolulu  Plantation  Company 
Hawaiian  Agricultural  Co. 
Kilauea  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Paauhau  Sugar  Plantation  Co. 
Hutchinson  Sugar  Plantation  Co 
Hawaii  Mill  Co.,  Ltd. 


INSURANCE 

Royal  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Liver- 
pool, England 

London  Assurance  Corporation,  of 
London,  Eng. 

Commercial  Union  Assurance  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  London  (Fire  and  Auto) 

Scottish  Union  &  National  Insurance 
Co.,  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland 

Caledonian  Insurance  Co.,   of  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland 

British   America   Assurance    Co.,    of 
Toronto,  Can. 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 
Kapapala  Ranch 


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I  J.  M.  DO\VSETT  I 

I  AGENT  I 

I     HARIFORD  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.     | 

I  .     OF  HARTFORD,  CONN.  = 


I    WESTCHESTER  Fi  INSURANCE  CO,    | 

I  OF  NEW  YORK  | 

=    Merchant  Street  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  | 

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1  GARDEN  AND  FARM  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS  I 

E  To  do  good  farming  you  must  have  up-to-date  tools  E 

E  to  work  with.  We  carry  a  most  complete  line  of  every-  E 

E  thing  needed  by  the  small  or  large  farmer,  from  the  E 

E  smallest  hand  trowel  to  the  largest  cane  plow.     We  = 

E  also  have  a  good  assortment  of  Hand,  Bucket  or  Bar-  E 

E  rel    Sprayers.      Our    assortment    of    Hoes,    Shovels,  E 

E  Spades,  Mattocks,  Rakes,  Garden  Shears,  Lawn  Mow-  E 

E  ers.  Garden  Hose,  and  other  things  that  are  needed  E 

E  daily  about  the  farm  or  garden,  is  most  complete  and  E 

E  our  stock  large.  E 

I  E.  0.  HALL  S  SON,  LTD.  I 

E  King  and  Tort  Streets,  Honolulu  E 

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1  The  Paper  They  AIITjead  \ 

E  Circulation,  "botli  quantity  and  quality,  together  with  great  ^ 

E  advertising  patronage,   makes  The   Advertiser  the   greatest  E 

E  single-handed  sales  force  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  E 

E  The  advertising  columns  of  The  Advertiser  carry  the  mes-  E 

E  sages  of  Honolulu's  progressive  husiness  houses  into  more  E 

E  Honolulu  homes  than  any  other  paper.  E 

E  The  Circulation  Manager  can  show  you.  house  hy  house.  E 

E  just  where  The  Advertiser  goes  every  morning  in  Honolulu,  E 

S  The  morning  paper  gives  you  yesterday's  news — 24  hours'  E 

E  news — this  moniing — not  this  afternoon.  = 


PKIInTERS— PUBLISHERS— BOOKBINDERS 

Everything  connected  with  a  First-class  Printing  Plant 


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lUNION  FEED  CO.,  LTO. 


E  Dealers  in  = 

I  m  m  GRAIN  I 

E  and    Manufacturers   of  E 

I  ALGAROBA  FEED  | 

=  f  A  substitute  for  Oats  and  Rolled  Barley)  = 

=  PARTICULAR   ATTENTION   PAID   TO  = 

=  SHIPPING  ORDERS  = 

=  ISLAND  ORDERS  SOLICITED  : 

E  Sole  Agents  for  the  Territory  for  \ 

E  Pratt's  Celebrated  Horse.  Cattle  and  Poultry  : 

E  Remedies  = 

E  Warehouse  and  Office:  KAKAAKO  : 
E  P.  O.  Box  247  HONOLULU,  T.  H.  Phone  3468  = 
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I  AMERICAN  FACTORS,  LTD.  | 

i  HONOLULU,   HAWAII  E 

E  San    Francisco    Office 310    Sansome    St.  = 

E  New  York  Office 82  Wall  St.  = 

E  SUGAR  FACTORS,  IMPORTERS,   SHIPPING  &  GENERAL  COM-  E 

E  MISSION  MERCHANTS— INSURANCE  AGENTS  E 


E   DEALERS   IN:      HARDWARE,    OILS,   GROCERIES,    TOBACCO   AND    = 
E  DRY  GOODS  E 

=  Agents  for  E 


Lihue    Plantation    Co.,    Ltd. 
The    Koloa    Sugar    Company 
Kipahulu  Sugar  Company 
Kekaha    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 
Grove    Farm    Plantation 
Waiahole    Water   Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Waimea  Sugar  Mill  Co. 

Fire    Association    of   Philadelphia 
Globe   &   Rutgers   Fire   Insurance   Co. 
Guardian    Assurance    Co.,    Ltd. 
The  Preferred  Accident  Ins.  Co. 


Pioneer    Mill    Co.,    Ltd. 

Oahu    Sugar    Company,    Ltd. 

Makee   Sugar  Company 

The   Princeville   Plantation  Co. 

The    Pacific    Guano    &    Fertilizer    Co. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  P£ 


Insurance  Co.  of  North  America 

Missouri   State  Life  Ins.  Co. 

Hibernia   Underwriters    Agency 

Tokio  Marine  Ins.  Co.,   Ltd.,   Fire  &  Marine 


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=  Cable  Address:      "GUANO"  = 

=     Codes  Used:     A  B  C  5th  Edition,  Lieber's,   Western   Union,   Excelsior       E 

I M  PACIFIC  GUANO  &  FERTILIZER  CO.  I 

—   Honolulu,  T.  H.  Los  Angeles  San  Trancisco,  Cal.         n 

S  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS  IN  1 


Commercial    Fertilizers 

Sulphuric  Acid^  Phosphoric  Acid 

Superphosphates 


Neats  Foot  Oil 
Tallow 
Nitrate  Soda 
Sulphate  Ammonia 
Sulphate  Potash 


Muriate  Potash 

Bone  Ash 

Bone  Meal 

Animal  and  Willow  Charcoal 

Fish  and  Bat  Guano 


POULTRY  FOODS 


Honolulu  Address: 

2365  N.  KING  STREET 


San  Francisco  Address: 
343  SANSOME  STREET 


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I  When  planning  to  take  your  vacation  or  | 
I  a  trip  to  San  Francisco,  make  your  reserva-  | 
I  tions  on  a  Matson  Line  steamer — finest  ac-  | 
I  commodations  and  cuisine.  I 

=  FOE  FULL  PARTICULAES  APPLY  TO  = 

leastk^Cooke,  Ctd.) 

=  HONOLULU  AGENTS  = 


FOR 

FIRE,  LIFE,  MARINE, 
AUTOMOBILE  AND 
lOURISIS'  BAGGAGE 
NSORANCE 


I  Castle  $0ooke,CfdJ 

I  HONOLULU,  HAA^^AII  | 

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Officers  and  Staff  of  the  Board  of  G)mmissionerf 
of  Agriculture  and  Forestry 

(1918) 
COMMISSIONEBS. 

Arthur  H.  Kice,  President. 
J.  M.  Dowsett,  W.  M.  Giffard, 

H.  M.  von  Holt,  A.  L.  C.  Atkinson, 


C.  S.  Judd,  Executive  Oficer. 


DIVISION  OF  FOEESTRY 

Charles  S.  Judd,  Superintendent  of  Forestry  and  Chief  Fire  Warden 

David  Haughs,  Forest  Nurserym<in, 

Joseph  F.  Bock,  Consulting  Botanist. 

Bro.  Matthias  Newell,  in  charge  of  8uh-Nur*ery  at  EUo,  Hawaii, 

Walter  D.  McBryde,  in  charge  of  Sub-Nursery  ai  Homestead,  Kauai, 

David  Kapihe,  Forest  Sanger  for  Tantalus^  Oahu, 

E.  H.  Hippie,  Forest  Banger  for  Palolo,  Manoa,  and  Nwtanu,  Oahu, 

Daniel  Kapahu,  Forest  Banger  for  Waianae,  Oahu. 

Hosea  K.  Lovell,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

W.  V.  Hardy,  Forest  Banger  for  Kauai. 

A.  J.  W.  Mackenzie,  Forest  Banger  for  Hawaii. 

James  Lindsay,  Forest  Banger  for  Maui, 

Antone  P.  Aguiar,  Forest  Banger  for  Panaewa  Beserve,  Hawaii. 

(1919) 
Charles  E.  Stone,  Forest  Banger  foi'  Kau  and  South  Kona,  Hawaii. 
Cliarles  E,  Stone,  Forest  Banger  for  Kan  and  South  Kona,  Hawaii. 
Miss  Ruth  Seybolt,  Inspectors'  Cleric. 
A.  R.  Rowat,  DepiLty  Territorial  Veteriimrian,  West  Hawaii. 

DlVISIOir  OF  ENTOMOLOar. 

David  T.  Fullaway,  Entomologist. 
Quan  Chew,  Laboratory  Assistant. 
Rodrigo  Villaflor,  Insectary  Assistant. 

DIVISION  OF  PLANT  INSPECTION. 

Edward  M.  Ehrhom,  Chief  Plant  Inspector. 

D.  B.  Langfordi,  Assistant  Plant  Inspector. 

Bro.  M.  Newell,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 
Will  J.  Cooper,  Fruit  and  Plant  Inspector,  Kahului,  Maui. 

E.  E.  Madden,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  MahuTcona,  Hawaii. 
Geo.  B.  Leavitt,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Eleele,  KaiMi. 

G.  C.  Munro,  Honorary  Plant  Inspector  at  Ma/nele,  Lanai. 

DIVISION  OP  ANIMAL  INDUSTBT. 

Victor  A.  Norgaard,  Superintendent  and  Territorial  Veterinarian, 

Leonard  N.  Case,  Assistant  Territorial  Veterinarian. 

H.  B.  Elliot,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  East  Hawaii. 

,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  West  Hawaii. 

J.  C.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Maui. 
Cyril  Goldittf,  Deputy  Territorial  Veterinarian,  Kauai. 
Joseph  Richard,  LivestocTc  Inspector. 

OLEEIOAL  STAFF  OF  BOABD. 

Miss  M.  T.  Kelly,  ClerJc  and  Stenographer. 

Miss  Florence  A.  White,  Librarian  and  Stenographer, 

Daniel  Lc^an,  Editor  of  the  Foreeter. 


II 


3  5185   00256   16 


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