A history of British birds

run apeieelt
$ ee

ire

Meth LL ans
ba hide welt ctods

is vege
cwaziuer tsromads he vos ls 47" fa

oe

i

ATCHER

OF

BRITISH BIRDS.

BY

THE REV. F. O. ple, Beas

MEMBER OF THE ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY,

VOd EL,

CONTAINING FORTY-SEVEN COLOURED ENGRAVINGS.

‘Gloria in excelsis Deo,’

LOND O N:
GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW.

THE SECOND VOLUME.

Pied Flycatcher
Spotted Flycatcher
Roller
Kingfisher
. Belted Kingfisher
«; Bee-eater
“ Hoopoe
~ Chough
o| Raven
Crow :
- Hooded Crow
- Rook .
~Jackdaw
S Magpie
¢ Nutcracker

“2 Nuthatch
»» Wryneck
bal Creeper

Black Woodpecker

frrPa.4

CONTENTS

OF

1y¥ CONTENTS.

PAGE
Green Woodpecker i : ; ; , : . Sas
Great Spotted Woodpecker ; : : : : : 80
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker ; : : : , . 8A
Hairy Woodpecker . : ; : , : 87

Three-toed Woodpecker : : : ‘ ‘ : 2
Great Spotted Cuckoo : ; : : ; ‘ : 93

Yellow-billed Cuckoo . : ; : ; . : is) tee
Cuckoo : : : : , : : : : f 98
Nightjar Met nies aye : 2. ee ; , . 25
Swift . : : : : : : ; : : ; 121
Alpine Swift . ; : : . s : é : no doy
Spine-tailed Swallow , ; : ; : : : 130
Swallow , : : ‘ , ; : . 182
Purple Martin . : ; ; : 148
Martin . : : : : : : : 4 : . 152
Sand Martin : : : : : : : : : 157
Pied Wagtail 3 : : : : : .- 160
White Wagtail . : j : ; ; ; 166
Grey Wagtail : : ; ; Pits BA
Grey-headed Wagtail : : ‘ ; 174
Yellow Wagtail . : . : “ : + 77
Richard’s Pipit . : ; : 180
Meadow Pipit : : : é : : : : ay 182
Red-throated Pipit . ; ; : : : : : 186
Tree Pipit : ' : . : : : Re hs)

Rock Pipit . , : 193

HRISTORY OF BRITISH. BIRDS,

PIED FLYCATCHER.

COLDFINCH. EPICUREAN WARBLER.

Muscicapa luctuosa, TEMMINCK. SELBY.
“s atricapilla, GMELIN.
ms muscipeta, BECHSTEIN,
Rubetra anglicana, BRISSON.
Muscicapa. Musca—A fly. Capio—To catch or take.

Luctuosa---Mourning—mournful.

THrIs species is met with in abundance in the southern
countries of Hurope—France, Germany, Greece, and Italy;
and also occurs in Norway and Sweden in the summer.

With us it is very local; and, lke the majority of orni-
thologists, I have never seen it alive.

In Yorkshire, the following localities are given as being or
having been the resort of this bird:—The lofty oaks in
Stainborough woods, but only within the Park enclosure;
Danby, near Middleham, not far from the most beautiful
scenery of Jerveaulx Abbey; Wharncliffe; Ovenden; Studley
Royal; Copgrove; Bolton Abbey; and the woods of Harewood
House—woods which indeed seem alive with birds, at least
so I am persuaded will any one say, who comes by them at
about three o’clock on a summer morning, as I have done
after a night’s fishing in the Wharfe. I have often heard
birds sing in concert before, but this was such a ‘Music
Meeting’ as I had till then no conception of. At Dalton,
also, the Pied Flycatcher used to breed for several successive
years, but disappeared, probably destroyed by some collector;

vou. I, B

4 PIED FLYCATCHER.

and the same remarks apply to Luddenden Dene. It has
very rarely been seen in the East-Riding, or near York. One
was killed at Lowestoft, in Norfolk, several others near Lynn,
and nineteen in various places near Norwich, where a few
oceur every season, the beginning of May, 1849.

At Battisford, Suffolk, one male bird was shot in May,
1849, the ‘first on record’ there. In Kent, one near Deal,
on the 17th. of September, 1850; two, birds of the year, near
Yoxall Lodge, Staffordshire, August 20th., 1827; one near
Melbourne, in Derbyshire; one in Cornwall, at Scilly, the
middle of September, 1849. In Sussex, three—one at Halnaker,
in 1837, another at Henfield, in May, 1845, and a third in
the same year at Mousecombe, near Brighton, in a garden;
others near Penrith, in Cumberland; some. in Dorsetshire; and
several in Northumberland, in May, 1822, after a severe storm
from the south-east; also two near Benton. Many on the
beautiful banks of the Eamont and the Lowther, in West-
morland, the Eden, and Ullswater; also near Wearmouth, in
Durham; one near Uxbridge, in Buckinghamshire; also near
London: a pair built near Peckham, in 1812; rarely in Devon-
shire; one in the Isle of Wight; also in Lancashire, Derbyshire,
and Worcestershire. In Scotland, one, a male, was shot near
Bruckley Castle, Aberdeenshire, in May, 1849. In Iveland
none have been observed. It will be perceived that a large
proportion of the above specimens occurred in the month of
May, 1849.

It seems to be concluded that it is only a summer visitant
to us, and not a resident throughout the year. The males
precede the females by a few days.

In many of its habits the Pied Flycatcher seems to resemble
the Redstart; and it is a curious circumstance that Rennie
discovered a hen Redstart dead in one of their nests; and
upon another occasion, a Redstart’s nest having been taken,
the hen bird took forcible possession of that of a Pied Fly-
catcher, which was near it, hatched the eggs, and brought
up the young. Both species contend sometimes for the same
hole to build in. A curious anecdote is related in the ‘Annals
and Magazine of Natural History,’ for March, 1845, by John
Blackwall, Esq., of Hendre House, Denbighshire, of a pair
of Pied Flycatchers which built close to the portico over the
hall door, having been debarred entrance to the hole in which
their nest was by a swarm of bees, the latter completed the
wrong by stinging their young ones to death. This tragedy

PIED FLYCATCHER. u

occurred on the 18th. of June, 1843. On the parent birds
returning in the April of the following year to the same
place, they were again assailed by the bees; on which they
entirely forsook the spot, and built in a hole in a neighbouring
stone wall.

Their food consists of insects, which they capture in the
air, and also, it is said, from the leaves of the trees they

frequent.

The note is described as pleasing, and is said to resemble
that of the Redstart, and to be occasionally uttered on the
wing. The bird has also a voice of alarm, resembling the
word ‘chuck.’

Nidification takes place in May, and the young are hatched
the beginning of June.

The nest, which is composed of moss, grass, straws, chips
of bark, leaves, and hair, is built sometimes high up in trees,
but often only a few feet from the ground, in a hole of a
tree, or of a wall, bridge, as also, occasionally, on a branch
or stump of a tree; if in a hole, and it be too large, the
bird is said to narrow the entrance with mud. This species
seems to have a predilection for the neighbourhood of water,
probably on account of the greater number of insects to be
there met with. The same situation appears to be resorted
to in successive years.

The eggs, from four or five to seven or eight in number,
-are small, oval, and bluish green, or sometimes nearly white;
but they vary considerably in size and shape. Those observed
in one nest by Mr. T. C. Heysham, of Carlisle, were disposed
as follows:—‘One lay at the bottom, and the remainder werc
all regularly placed perpendicularly round the side of the nest,
with the smaller ends resting upon it, the effect of which was
exceedingly beautiful.” The young are hatched in about a
fortnight; both birds by turns sit on the eggs.

These birds are said, by Meyer, to moult twice in the
year, which causes some difference in the colours of their
plumage. Male; weight, a little over three drachms; length,
about five inches; bill, black; iris, dark brown. Head on the
sides, dark brown, spotted with white; crown, black; forehead,
white, the connexion of two white spots; neck and nape,
brownish or greyish black; chin, throat, and breast, white,
tinged with yellowish brown at the sides. Back, black, blackish
grey in winter.

The wings expand to the width of seven inches and 4

4. PIED FLYCATCHER.

half, or more, and reach to one third of the length of the
tail. Greater wing coverts, brownish black, edged with white,
in some tipped with white on one web; lesser wing coverts,
dark grey. Primaries and secondaries as the neck, white at
the base of the feathers. The first feather less than half the
length of the second, which itself is equal to the fifth, the
fourth longer than the second, the third the longest; tertiaries,
white, in some at the base, in others on the outer webs, in
many on the whole of three feathers, but only on part of
the first; tips black. Tail, black, with the exception of the
basal half of the outer web of the outer feather, but it is
said to be totally black in age; in younger birds the whole
of the inner web also, of the outer, and of the next feather
is white, as is part of the outer web of the third. Tail
coverts, greyish black; under tail coverts, white; legs, toes,
and claws, black.

Female; forehead, dull white; in some, dependent on age,
black like the head; crown, neck, and nape, dark brown; chin,
throat, and breast, dull white, tinged on the upper part with
dusky yellow. Back, blackish grey; greater wing coverts,
dark brown, edged with dull white; lesser wing coverts, dark
brown; primaries, brownish black; tertiaries, dark brown, edged
with dull white. Tail, dull black; legs, toes, and claws,
black.

The young are at first much mottled over with dull white
spots on the back, and with brown on the breast; when a
year old the bill is black, brown at the base, a dusky streak
descends from it along the sides of the neck; iris, brown;
forehead, with less white, and more dull; head, crown, neck,
and nape, grey tinged with brown; chin and throat, white or
yellowish white; breast the same, tinged with grey or brown
on the sides; back, as the head. Greater wing coverts, greyish
brown, tipped with yellowish white; lesser wing coverts, grey
tinged with brown; primaries, brownish black; the fourth and
next ones have a white spot at the base of the outer web;
the two nearest the body margined with white; secondaries,
brownish black; tertiaries, brownish black, three of them
shghtly margined with white, and a white spot at the base.
Tail, brownish black, the three outer feathers edged with
white; tail coverts, dark grey; under tail coverts, white; legs,
toes, and claws, dark slate-colour.

HEE

ATI

\ m7
\ (

uy CL

) ona |

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.

BEAM BIRD. RAFTER. COB-WEB BIRD.
BEE BIRD. CHERRY CHOPPER. POST BIRD. CHERRY
SUCKER. CHANCHIDER.

Y GWYBEDOG, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.
Muscicapa grisola, MontaGu. PENNANT.

Muscicapa. Musca—A fly. Capio—To catch or take.
Grisola—...csocreees ?

Tuts bird is common throughout Europe, as far north as
Norway and Sweden; as also in Africa, along the whole of
the western coast, from the north to the south. It is well
known in England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland; but
least so in the extreme north. It frequents walled and other
gardens, orchards, lawns, shrubberies, and pleasure grounds.

The Spotted Flycatcher is with us a summer visitant, but
unusually late in its arrival, which varies in different localities
and seasons, from the 7th. to the 20th. of May; and it
departs similarly about the end of September, or even as
late as the middle of October.

This familiar bird is very noticeable for a solitariness and
depression of appearance, as well as for its habit of perching
on the point of a branch, the top of a stake, a rail, or a
projection of or hole in a wall, from whence it can ‘compre-
hend all vagroms’ in the shape of winged insects that come
within its ken. You seem to think that it is listless, but on
a sudden it darts off, sometimes led a little way in chase in
an irregular manner like a butterfly; a snap of the bill tells
you that it has unerringly captured a fly, and it is back to
its perch, which it generally, but not invariably returns to

6 SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.

after these short sorties. Though so quiet a little bird, it
will sometimes daringly attack any wanderer who seems likely
to molest its ‘sacred bower,’ signifying first its alarm by a

snapping of the bill. It is, like many other harmless birds,
under the ban of the ionorant, and though its whole time
is taken up in destroying insects which injure fruit, which
it scarcely ever touches itself, it is accused of being a depre-
dator, and too often suffers accordingly. It m ust, however,
on the other hand, be admitted that some very trifling damage
may be done by its destruction of bees, from which it has
been given one of its trivial names. White, of Selborne, says
that the female, while sitting, is fed by the male as late as
nine o'clock at night.

The following curious circumstance has been recorded of
some young Flycatchers, which had been taken from a nest,
and placed in a large cage, with some other birds of different
species, among which was a Robin. The young birds were
fed regularly “by one of their parents—the female; while her
mate, who accompanied her constantly in her flight, used to
wait for her, outside the window, either upon the roof of the
house, or on a neighbouring tree. Sometimes the little birds
were on the top perch in the cage, and not always near
enough to the wires of the cage to be within reach of the
parent, when she appeared with food; but the Robin, who
had been for some time an inhabitant of the cage, where he
lived in perfect harmony with all its associates, and had from
the first taken great interest in the little Flycatchers, now
perceiving that the nestlings could not reach’ the offered food,
but sat with their wings fluttering, and their mouths open,
anxious to obtain it, flew to the wires, received the insects
from the mother bird, and put them into the open mouths
of the nestlings. This was repeated every succeeding day, as
often as his services were req juired.

Its food consists almost exclusively of insects, which after
eapturing in the manner already described, it generally holds
for a short time in its bill before devouring. Occasionally a
few cherries are consumed, but so seldom, that it is almost
the most that can be said, that it makes ‘two bites’ of them.
In feeding its young, two or three insects are frequently
brought at a time.

The note is a weak chirp. There is something in it whick
attracts the attention.

Nidification eommences immediately after the arrival of the

SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. 7

birds; they almost seem to have paired before their migration,
or if not, at all events they do so at once when here.

The nest, which is built at the beginning of June, is
composed of various materials, such as small twigs, catkins,
and moss, lined with feathers, hair, down, and cobwebs. ‘The
same situation is resorted to year after year, and scarce any
attempt is made at concealment. A pair, which built in the
trellis-work close to the drawing-room window of a house I
once resided in, not being disturbed, returned there three
successive summers, and I hope that they or their descendants
do so still. A favourite resort is such a place, or a tree
trained against a wall, on account of the support afforded
by it. ‘Trees are also built in, ledges of rocks, holes in walls,
the exposed roots of trees over a bank, the side of a faggot
stack, or a beam in an out-building, whence, perhaps, another
of its provincial names—the ‘Beam Bird.’ One pair made
their nest on the hinge of an out-house door in a village,
which people were continually passing and re-passing; another
couple placed theirs in a tree, immediately over an entrance-
door, which, whenever it was opened, caused them to fly off;
another pair on the angle of a lamp-post in Leeds; and
another on the ornamental crown of one in London. Another
pair placed theirs on the end of a garden rake; another in a
cage hung up in a tree, the door having been left open; and
another in a stove, which seemed to be made ‘too hot to
hold them’ when the thermometer in the hothouse rose above
72°, for the bird used then to quit the eggs, and only returned
to them again when it fell below that point, disliking, it
would seem, the ‘patent incubator.’ Two broods are not
uncommonly reared in the year; the first being hatched early
in June; but the second may be only the consequence of the
first one having been destroyed.

The eggs, four or five in number, are greyish or greenish
white, spotted with pale orange-coloured bro wn; in some the
broad end is blotted with grey red. After the young have
quitted the nest they are very sedulously attended by the
parents.

The garb of this bird is singularly plain, sober, and un-
pretending. Male; length, about five inches and a half, or a
little over; bill, dusky, broad, flatted, and wide at the base —
—a ridge runs along the upper part; the under one is yel-
lowish at the base; iris, dark brown; a few bristles surround
the base of the biil. Head, brown; crown, spotted with darker’

8 SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.

neck on the sides, streaked with brown; nape, as the back;
chin, dull white; throat, dull white, streaked with brown;
breast, as the chin, tinged on the sides with yellowish brown;
back, light brown. Greater and lesser wing coverts, as the
back; primaries, darker brown, sometimes edged with buff
brown; the first feather is very short, the second and fourth
nearly equal, the third the longest; secondaries, as the pri-
maries; tertiaries, the same, with a narrow margin of light
brown. Tail, brown, paler at the tip, slightly forked; under
tail coverts, dull white; legs, toes, and claws, dusky black.

The female resembles the male in plumage.

The young have the feathers at first tipped with a yel-
lowish white spot, which gives them a general mottled appear-
ance.

ROLLER.

GARRULOUS ROLLER.

Y RHOLYDD, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Coracias garrula, PENNANT. MONTAGU.
Galgulus, Brisson.
Garrulus argentoratensis, Ray.

Coracias—The Greek name of some bird of the Jackdaw kind.
Garrula—Garrulous,

THE proverb says that ‘fine feathers do not make a fine
bird,’ but what the naturalist says is more to our present
purpose:—‘Look on this picture.’

The Roller, called also the German Parrot, is a native of
the northern parts of Africa, from whence it migrates to
Europe in the spring, returning in the autumn: it also occurs
in various other parts of that continent. Numbers are taken
at Malta, while tarrying there as their half-way house, being
thought good eating. In Germany it is frequently found,
and in Denmark occasionally, the south of Russia, Norway,
Sweden, France, Spain, Italy, Sicily, and Greece; also in
Asia Minor and Japan.

In Yorkshire a pair of Rollers were seen in July, 1847,
in a plantation called ‘Forty-pence,’ belonging to John Thomas
Wharton, Esq., of Skelton Castle, near Redcar: one of them,
a female, was obtained. Another was shot in Fixby Park,
near Huddersfield, in 1824; one at Hatfield, near Doncaster;
another, about the same time, near Halifax; and a sixth near
Scarborough, in 1832. One, a female, near the Land’s End,
in Cornwall, on the 8th. of October, 1844; and two or three
others in the same county. A male was shot on the 29th.

10 ROLLER

of May, 1849, near Nutley, on the borders of Ashdown Forest,
in Sussex; one at Oakington, in Cambridgeshire, in October,
1835. One in Northumberland, near Newcastle; another near
North Shields; a third in Bromley-hope, near Bywell, in
May, 1818; and another, a female, was found dead at Howick,
June 19th., 1828. Six in Suffolk and Norfolk; the latest in
1838.

In Ireland, one is related to have been seen at Carton,
the seat of ‘Ireland’s only duke,’ the Duke of Leinster, in
the middle of September, 1831; another to have been shot
in the county of Sligo; and another somewhere in the south.

In Scotland a few individuals have been met with—one
on the eastern side, one at Dunkeld, in Perthshire, and two
in the Orkney Islands; one from the south of Shetland, sent
to Sir William Jardine, Bart., as a curious kind of Duck!
One at Strathbeg Loch, between Peterhead and Fraserburgh;
and another, a female, was shot in the woods of Boyndie,
near Banff, on the 25th. of September, 1848: a strong gale
from the east had prevailed for some days previously.

The Rolle? may be tamed if taken young, but not other-
wise: they become, however, only familiar with their masters;
to others they are distant; and are in their wild state very
restless birds, never long remaining stationary. They are
very shy and wary, and quarrelsome among themselves, though
they live amicably with other birds, except those of prey:
they frequently fall to the ground together in their contests.
Nevertheless, they breed in societies, a single pair being seldom
seen alone at that season. These birds are said to have a
habit of dropping through the air, like the Tumbler Pigeon,
and particularly during the time that the hen is sitting the
male bird thus amuses himself: perhaps at times bis partner
also: hence probably the name.

The flight of the Roller is quick, with hurried fiappings
of the wings, and resembles that of the Pigeon. They hop
awkwardly, rather than walk, on the ground, and for the
most part prefer keeping in trees, perching on the outermost
and most exposed branches. They frequent the lower districts,
avoiding those that are mountainous, or swampy.

Their food consists of the larger beetles, eockchaffers, grass-
hoppers, and other insects and their larve. Flies they capture
in the air, somewhat after the manner of the Flycatchers;
but they also take their food on the ground, and may be
seen, like Rooks, in the ploughed fieids. They also feed on

ROLLER. 14.

worms, snails, and berries; and when these cannot be had,
on frogs, it is said, and even carrion. The indigestible part
of their food is cast up in pellets, as with the Hawks and
Owls. ‘They are said never to drink.

The Roller is a noisy and clamorous bird, like the Jay,
and its voice is described as a mere squall, or chatter, re-
sembling that of the Magpie. Meyer renders it by the words
‘wrah, wrah,’ ‘rakker-rakker,’ and ‘crea.’

The nest, composed of small fibres, straws, feathers, and
hair, is built in the hollows of trees, but also where trees are
searce, on the ground, or in holes of banks. In the former
ease the birch is said to be preferred; whence its German
name of the ‘Birch Jay.’ The same situation is resorted to
again and again if the birds have not been disturbed.

The eggs, of a rotund form, are four or five to six or
seven in number, and of a shining white, like those of the
Bee-eater and Kingfisher. The male and female sit on them
by turns, and they are hatched in about three weeks; during
which time the latter is so devoted to her task, that she
will frequently allow herself to be captured on the nest. The
young are fed with insects and caterpillars, and the parents
exhibit a strong attachment towards them.

Male; length, about one foot one inch; bill, yellowish
brown at the base, black at the tip; iris, reddish brown;
there is a small bare tubercle behind each eye; a few bristles
surround the base of the bill. Forehead, whitish; head, neck,
and nape, pale iridescent bluish green; chin, greyish white;
throat, dark purple; breast, pale bluish green; back, pale
reddish brown.

The wings expand to the width of two feet four inches,
and extend to two thirds of the tail; beneath they are a
splendid blue; greater and lesser wing coverts, intense greenish
blue. The primaries have a bar of pale purple at the base,
and are bluish black at the tips; the two first have their
narrow webs black tinged with green, the four next pale blue
to the middle, then gradually darker, ending in black; the
other quills still darker; the first feather is rather longer
than the fourth, the second rather longer than the third, and
the longest in the wing; secondaries, greenish blue at the
base, with a bar of pale purple; beneath, rich blue; tertiaries,
yellowish brown; larger and lesser under wing coverts, greenish.
The tail, of twelve feathers, has the outermost ones, which
are elongated in the male bird, pale ultramarine blue, tipped

12 ROLLER.

with a spot of blackish blue; the two middle ones deep greyish
green, tinged with blue at the base, the others deep bluish
green for two thirds of their length, paler on the outer webs,
the shafts black; underneath, it is rich blue for two thirds
of its length; the end greyish blue, with a black spot on each
side of the outer feathers, forming their tips; upper tail
coverts, dark bluish purple, with a tinge of copper-colour;
legs, brown, and feathered below the knee; toes, brown; claws,
black.

The female resembles the male, but when young the breast
is paler, and more inclining to green; the brown on the back
is more grey, and the blue not so bright. The tips of the
primaries more rusty black, edged with dull very pale green;
the tail feathers of equal length.

Young; bill, brown, black towards the tip, yellow at the
corners; iris, greyish brown; head, neck, nape, chin, throat,
and breast, dull olive brownish grey, the tips of the feathers
paler than the rest; back, rusty yellowish grey, the feathers
edged with pale brown; the upper part is the darkest. Wings,
below as in the adult, but more dull; greater wing coverts,
dull bluish green; primaries, edged and tipped with dull white;
the first has a streak of dull bluish green on the outer side;
- the second a brown streak at the base, and the last the
base dull bluish green; secondaries, dull bluish green at the
base, blue black at the ends, tipped and edged with dull
white; tail, olive greyish brown, with a reflection of bluish
green on the outer side; underneath, as in the adult, but
duller; under tail coverts, very pale bluish green; legs, pale
yellow.

KINGFIS

13

KINGFISHER.

KINGSFISHER. COMMON KINGFISHER
COMMON KINGSFISHER.

GLAS Y DORIAN, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Alcedo ispida, LINN US,

Ispida Senegalensis, Brisson.

Gracula Atthis, GMELIN. LATHAM
Alcedo—-A Kingfisher. Ispida (or, properly, Hispida,)—

Rough, as with wet.

A coop figure of the Kingfisher was stated a few years
since to be still a ‘desideratum.’ The accompanying plate,
from a design by my friend, the Rev. R. P. Alington, supplies
the want, and leaves nothing to be yet desired. I fearlessly
assert it to be the best ever yet produced.

My ‘random recollections’ of the Kingfisher are associated
with my school days—‘haleyon days’ indeed—when so gay a
bird was an especial mark for our guns, a prize to figure in
the drawing books in which the ‘exuviz’ of our excursions
were arranged. The next of the ‘seven stages’ saw me on
the banks of the stream in Berkshire, already alluded to when
speaking of the Merlin, following up a more congenial pursuit
than the ostensible one of ‘reading with a private tutor.’
Standing on a little wooden bridge, ‘in utrumque paratus,’
a flying or a sitting shot, the often admired Kingfisher
glittered up the brook, and, alas! though the first that I had
ever obtained a shot at, fell into the water, and was soon
floated down to where I stood. A fortnight afterwards, at
the very same spot, almost literally ‘stans pede in uno,’ the
same thing happened again. A third, years afterwards, un-
fortunately flew in front of a boat in which I was rowing
my brother, whose gun came but too readily to my hand.

14 KINGFISHER.

This specimen I have now preserved. The question has been
raised as to whether the Kinefisher is a difficult bird to shoot
or not: the above is my experience on the subject.

The Kingfisher is a native of Europe, Asia, and Africa,
It inhabits the temperate parts of Russia and Siberia; in
Denmark it is rare. It is found in Germany, France, Hol-
land, Italy, and Greece. In the other two continents 1t is
likewise widely dispersed. In this country it is universally,
though nowhere numerously diffused. ¢ is a splendid bird,
its iridescent colowrs varying according to the light they are
seen in, from bright torquoise blue to the deepest ereen in
some parts of its plumage, and in others the darker colours
of copper and gold. When dead, however, much of its beauty
1s gone; and one writer has imagined that even alive, it has,
when perceiving that it is observed, the power of dimming the
resplendency of its plumage, as if conscious how marked an
object it otherwise was; and I fancy that some idea of the
sort has before now occurred to myself.

In Yorkshire, this bird is as frequently to be met with as
in other parts ‘of the country, but, speaking of the neigh-
bourhood of Huddersfield, Mr. W. Eddison writes to Mr. Allis,
“The destructive plan of snaring them or catching them with
bird-lime will shortly place them in the list of rare birds;’
nd Mr. Richard Leyland, ‘to the same,’ says—‘In autumn,
an assemblage of them in some of the narrow olens, or cloughs,
as they are called about Halifax, takes place; probably the
river swollen by the autumnal rains renders the acquisition
of their food difficult, and consequently compels them to seek
it in shallow water. A bird-stuffer, with whom’ I was well
acquainted, procured in one season more than fifty specimens
by placing a net across the bottom of a clough, and com-
mencing to beat the bushes from above, which drove every
bird into it.’ It is to be wished that he had confined
himself to the more sportsman-like use of the arrows, for
which ‘Clym of the Clough and William of Cloudeslie’ were
so famous, when ‘merrie it was under the greenwood tree.’

In Northumberland, near Neweastle-on-Tyne, in December,
1849, and January, 1850, great numbers of the Kinefisher
appeared, more coming into the hands of one game-dealer
than he had had durmg the previous sixteen or eighteen
years. In Scotland it is much less frequent than with us.

One was shot near St. Andrews, in 1834. In Sutherlandshire
it is rare.

KINGFISHER. LN

Rivers, streams, and brooks are the natural resort of this
king of fishers, but I have known it to frequent a very small
pond in a field, about a mile from any running water; so
that the former are not its exclusive haunts. It may be
seen perched on some dry bough overhanging a stream, from
whence it glides off on perceiving the approach of an enemy,
or to procure its food, either by darting on it if passing
within reach, or, if otherwise, to seek it elsewhere. Not
unfrequently the sea shore is resorted to for the supply of
its wants, and this especially in the winter, not so much, as
I imagine, from its fluviatile resorts being frozen up, as pro-
bably from the fish having retired at that season into deeper
water, and the insects being in the chrysalis state.

In the ‘North Derbyshire Chronicle,’ of February, 1838,
it is related—‘On Saturday last, a Kingfisher, handsomely
feathered, was discovered with its claws frozen to the bough
of a tree, on the canal side near this town. It was quite
dead; and attached to each claw was a piece of ice.’

It appears to be somewhat, locally, migratory at different
seasons of the year.

It would seem that the Kingfisher may be kept in con-
finement if brought up. from the nest, and if a sufficient
supply of its proper food can at all times be procured for it.
It is a solitary bird, seen, almost invariably, either in pairs
or singly. It is also described as being of a pugnacious
disposition; so that as it takes two parties to make a quarrel,
the peace is preserved by its habit of isolation. One of these
birds has been known to alight on the fishing-rod of a ‘brother
of the angle.’

The flight of this bird is rapid, and the wings being short,
is sustained by their quickly-repeated beating. It is always
in a straight and horizontal direction, and, for the most part,
close above the surface of the water. The Rev. W. T. Bree,
of Allesley, has noticed how tenaciously it keeps in its flight
over water, as if it felt a greater security in so doing, or in
case of necessity, »s he has suggested, to be able to submerge
itself, like the Wild Duck, out of sight. One which was
alarmed by his presence, and therefore could not have acted
as it did in search of food, went out of its way to follow
the windings of a series of brick-ponds.

The food consists of water insects, crustacea, mollusca,
leeches, and especially minnows, bleak, young gudgeons, dace,
and other small fish, which it darts upon, generally with

16 KINGFISHER.

sure precision, frequently after hovering like the Kestrel, and
plunging like the Tern, and first kills either by the force of
its bill, or by knocking it against a rail, a stone, or the
ground. One has been known to plunge from a branch, at
a height of six feet from the water. The bones are cast up
in the form of pellets. The fish that it catches it swallows
head foremost.

The note is a shrill pipe, resembling that of the Sandpiper,
but louder.

The birds pair in May, and nidification commences imme-
diately.

The nest is placed two or three feet within a hole in a
bank, that, for the most part, of a water-rat, which the bird
enlarges or alters as need be. It is said also sometimes to
hollow one out for itself. It slants downwards, the principles
of drainage being sufficiently understood by instinct: the same
situation is perseveringly resorted to from year to year. Much
discussion has taken place on the question, whether the
Kingfisher forms an artificial nest or not, the eggs being
often found ‘on the cold ground,’ and often on a layer of
fish bones. My. theory has for some time been that no nest
is formed, but, that the bird resorting to the same locality
year after year, a conglomerate of bones is by degrees formed,
on which the eggs being necessarily laid, a nominal nest is
in such case found. Since forming this theory I see that it
is borne out by other writers. One has been found in Corn-
wall, in May, 1817, which was composed of dry grass, lined
with hairs, and a few feathers; so at least says ‘C,’ in the
‘Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. 1, page 175. The nest
has been found at a distance from water, in a holein a bank
frequented by Sand Martins; and one is recorded in ‘Jesse’s
Gleanings in Natural History,’ as having been placed in the
bank of a dry gravel pit, near Hampton Court; another has
been found ‘in a hole on the margin of the sea, a quarter
of a mile distant from a rivulet.’ The young remain in the
nest until fully fledged, and able to fly. For a short time
they then, perched on some neighbouring branch, receive their
food from their parents, who both purvey for them, and whose
approach they greet with clamorous twittering; but soon
learn to fish for themselves.

The eggs, six or seven in number, are transparent white,
and rather rotund in form.

Male; weight, one ounce and a half; length, seven inches;

/

KINGFISHER. 17

bill, blackish brown, reddish at the base: from the lower
corner of it proceeds a streak of bluish green, joining to that
colour on the back, also a dusky streak to the eye; iris, reddish
hazel; behind each eye is a patch of light orange brown,
succeeded by a white one. Forehead, on the sides rufous,
the commencement of the same colour behind the eye; crown,
deep olive green, the feathers tipped with light green; the
neck has a patch of green down the sides, in front of the
patches behind the eye; nape, as the head; chin and throat,
yellowish white; breast, orange brown, with a sprinkling of
green by the shoulder of the wing; upper part of the back,
green; down the back 1s a list of greenish blue, varying in
different lights.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, deep greenish blue, mar-
gined with a paler shade, forming spots; primaries, brownish
black, edged with olive green; secondaries, the same; greater
and lesser under wing coverts, pale chesnut. Tail, greenish
blue, the shafts black or dusky; underneath, brownish black,
edged with olive green; under tail coverts, light orange brown;
legs, very short and pale red, with a tinge of yellowish brown;
toes and claws, the same.

The female is less vivid in all her colours, and the white
on the side of the neck is also more subdued: the Dill is
not so long as in the male.

The young have the bill wholly black; iris, darker than in
the old bird

VOL. II. C

18

BELTED KINGFISHER

GREAT BELTED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo Alcyon, Linn-=us. WILSON.

Alcedo—The Latin name of the Kingfisher. Alcyon, or
Halcyon—The Greek name of the Kingfisher.

THE far-famed Halcyon of the ancients, whose name this
species bears, but, doubtless erroneously, as being an American
bird, must not be altogether left unnoticed in treating of the
Kingfisher, particularly as many of the superstitions of so
‘long, long ago,’ have been continued, even down to our own
enlightened age, and are in existence at present. By some,
its head or feathers have been esteemed a charm for love, a
protection against witchcraft, or a security for fair weather-
by many it has been dreaded, by others venerated. It has
been supposed to float on the waters in its nest, and during
the period of its incubation, forty days, days therefore desig-
nated by its own name as happy and beautiful ones, to be
the cause of every wind being hushed, and every storm calmed;
its stuffed skin hung up, has been recently, and probably is
still thought to act a sort of magnetic part, by always pointing
its beak towards the north, or, according to another version,
towards the quarter from whence the wind might blow. It
has again been imagined to have the power of averting
thunder, revealing hidden treasures, bestowing beauty on the
person that carried it, and when dead, to renew its own
feathers at the season of moulting.

The accompanying figure is taken from a foreign specimen,
which I have had in my collection for some years. For the
description of the habits of the bird, I am indebted to
Wilson.

BELTED KINGFISHER.

BELTED KINGFISHER. 19

This species is by some thought good eating, and is
accordingly exposed for sale in the markets.

Two of these birds have been killed in an evidently wild
condition, in Ireland, so that, acting on the principles ex-
pressed in the introduction to this work, I unhesitatingly
give the present species a place in the ‘British Birds.’ One
was shot at Annesbrook, in the county of Meath, on the
20th. of October, 1845, by Frederick A. Smith, Esq.; and
another on a stream connecting the Lake of Luggela with
Lough Dan, by the gamekeeper of — Latouche, Esq., of
Luggela, within the same month.

It migrates to the south in the winter, and returns to
the north in the summer to breed.

The flight of this bird resembles that of its kinsman of
the old world. It courses along the windings of the brook
or river, sometimes suspending itself over its prey, and at
other times settling on a branch to reconnoitre.

The note is loud, harsh, and sudden, and is described as
resembling the sound produced by the twirling of a watchman’s
rattle.

The nest, composed of a few feathers, and a little grass,
is placed in a hole in the steep bank of a river, the excavation
of the bird itself by means of its bill and claws, to the depth
of one or two feet. The same situation is tenaciously re-
visited from year to year.

The eggs are five in number, and the bird has been known
to go on laying, some of them having been from time to
time removed, to the number of eighteen. The female sits in
April. There seems to be two broods; of which the first
is hatched the end of May, or beginning of June.

Male; length, twelve inches and a half; bill, black horn-
colour at the tip, and at the base of the lower part; iris,
yellow; before it is a small white dot, and an elongated one
beneath it; a crest of elongated feathers surmounts the head;
the shafts black, as are those of the feathers of all the
plumage except the white parts. The neck is surrounded by
a collar of white; breast, white, variegated with the blue
colour at the sides; on the upper part of the breast is a
blue band, interspersed with some light brown feathers, and
its edges are jagged, especially on the lower side, and most
so in the middle; back, light bluish slate-colour. The wings
expand to the width of one foot eight inches; greater and
lesser wing coverts, slate blue, spotted with white; primaries,

20 BELTED KINGFISHER.

black, spotted with white; secondaries, the same on the inner
webs. The tail feathers black, elegantly spotted with white
on the inner webs, and slate blue on the outer; beneath 1 is
light coloured; legs, very short, dull yellowish, bare for half
an inch above the knee. The twe outer toes are united
together for nearly their whole length; claws, strong and black.

The female is sprinkled all over with spots of white. Head,
deeper coloured than the back; the white on the chin and
throat is of an exquisitely fine glossy texture, lke satin; the
band on the breast is nearly half reddish brown, and a little
below it is a band of bright reddish bay, spreading on each
side under the wings; the feathers on the breast are very
strong and stiff.

RH

\E-EATER.

t

21

BEE-EATER.

YELLOW-THROATED BEE-EATER; COMMON BEE-EATER.
GNAT-SNAPPER.

Merops apiaster, LiInnzus. PENNANT.
ie chrysocephalus, LATHAM.
“ Galileus, HASSELQUIST.
Jlerops—A bird that eateth bees. Apiaster. Apis—A bee.

Tur splendid-plumaged Bee-eater holds some affinity, as
will appear, to the Swallows—in its flight, manner of taking
its food, nidification, the shortness of its legs, and the appear-
ance of its eggs. In Italy it is esteemed good eating, and
is sold in the markets accordingly. Perhaps the taste may
have descended from Heliogabalus; for, if I remember right,
even the gay exterior of birds was called into requisition to
give zest to the ‘recherché’ character of his ‘gourmanderie,’
so to gallicize a word for the occasion.

In Asia Minor and the adjacent countries to the north,
and in North “Africa, these birds are extremely abundant, and
may often be seen flying about in thousands. In various
parts of Europe they are also plentiful, in small flocks of
twenty or thirty, the more so towards the East—in Turkey
and Greece; in Spain also, from its proximity to Africa;
Portugal, Italy, Crete, the Archipelago, Malta, Sardinia, and
Sicily; as also, though in fewer. numbers, in France, Switzerland,
and Germany; likewise in Madeira. Two were killed in Sweden,
a male and female, in 1816.

In Yorkshire one, described in the paper as a ‘Beef-eater,’
was obtained near Sheffield, about the year 1849; in Surrey,
one near Godalming; in Kent, one at Kingsgate, in the Isle
of Thanet, in May, 1827; in Hampshire, one at Christchurch,

22 BEE-EATER.

in the autumn of 1889; in Dorsetshire one, at Chideock,
preserved in the museum of the late Dr. Roberts, of Bridport,
whose supposition, as expressed to me, was, that it had escaped
out of some gentleman’s cage. In Cornwall, four specimens
occurred in the parish of Madern, in 1807, and a flock of
twelve at Helston, in 1828, of which eleven were shot. In
Sussex, one was shot at Icklesham, and another near Chichester,
on the 6th. of May, 1829.

The first recorded specimen in England was shot out of a
flock of twenty, at Mattishall, in Norfolk, in June, 1794; and
in October of the same year, some were again seen at the
same spot, but fewer in number; probably the survivors of
others that had been slain of the original flock. Another was
killed at Beccles, in the spring of 1835; and three others are
recorded in the fifteenth volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions.’

In Ireland, one was killed in the county of Wicklow, one
on the sea shore near Wexford, in the winter of 1820, and
two others have occurred in the interior. In Scotland, one
was shot in the Mull of Galloway, in October, 1832.

The precipitous banks of rivers are most frequented by these
birds, but not exclusively, as they also resort to vineyards,
olive-yards, and sheltered valleys. é

Their flight resembles that of the Swallow, but is more
direct, and less rapid. |

Bee-eaters are exclusively insectivorous, but they have a wide
range of choice among beetles, grasshoppers, bees, wasps, flies,
enats, ‘et id genus omne.’ They capture their food for the
most part on the wing, and may be seen from ‘dewy morn
till eve’ in pursuit of their winged prey, like Swallows in
our own country.

‘Their note, says Meyer, ‘which they utter on the wing,
is loud, and sounds like the syllables ‘grillgririririll,’ and also
‘sisicrewe, according to the testimony of an old and learned
author.’ It reminds one of the ‘Torotorotorotorotorotorinx’
of Aristophanes in his Political History of ‘Birds,’ where the
very ‘Epops’ himself is most scientifically placed in juxtapo-
sition with this mellifluous species.

The nest is placed in holes in banks, which latter are thus,
as is only to be expected in the case of a Bee-eater, com-
pletely ‘honey-combed.’ The bird scoops out a hole by means
of its bill and feet, to the depth of from one to two yards,
sufficiently large to admit its body; and its legs being short,
a wide orifice is not required: this passage is widened out at

BEE-EATER. Ret 3-

the end into a receptacle for the nest, which is said to be
composed of moss.

The eggs, which are hatched in May, are glossy white, of
a globular form, and five to six or seven in number.

Male; length, ten to eleven inches; bill, black, long, and
curved, with a strong blunt ridge; from its corners a bluish
black streak descends to a narrow black ring which encircles
the neck; on its upper side it shades into the chesnut of the
crown; iris, red, behind it is a small bare brown patch.
Forehead, dull white, passing into pale verdigris green; crown
and neck, deep orange-coloured brown, tinged with green;
nape, the same, but paler; chin and throat, bright yellow;
breast, greenish blue; back, above as the nape, below bright
yellow, tinged with both chesnut and green.

The wings reach to within one fourth of the length of the
tail, and expand to the width of one foot and a half; greater
wing coverts, pale orange, here and there tinged with green;
lesser wing coverts, bright green; primaries, narrow and pointed,
blackish grey on the inner webs, fine greenish blue on the
outer, in some shades greyish blue—tips and shafts, black;
the first feather is very short, the second the longest in the
wing; secondaries, brown, with black tips; tertiaries, as the
primaries, on the webs; the shafts of all the quill feathers
black; larger and lesser under wing coverts, fawn-colour. Tail,
of twelve feathers, greenish blue, with a tinge of yellow; the
two middle feathers darker, elongated nearly an inch beyond
the rest, and pointed, ending in blackish green; beneath it is
greyish brown, the shafts dull white; tail coverts, bluish
green with a tinge of yellow; under tail coverts, as the
breast, but paler; legs, very short, reddish brown, scaled finely
behind, and strongly in front; toes, the same, scutellated
above; the small hind toe is broad on the sole, and the three
front ones connected together, as in the Kingfisher; claws,
reddish black.

The plumage of the female is not so bright as that of the
male, but less distinctly defined. The throat paler yellow,
and the green parts tinged with red. The central tail feathers
are shorter than in the male, by two lines.

In the young male the iris is light red; the black band
round the throat is greenish. The middle tail feathers extend
but little beyond the rest.

2k

HOOPOE.

COMMON HOOPOE

Upupa Epops, Pennant, Montacu.
Upupa—A Hoopoe, (Latin.) Epops—A Hoopoe, (Greek.)

Tur elegant Hoopoe is a native of North Africa, from
Egypt to Gibraltar, Asia Minor, and the south of Europe;
1t goes northwards in summer as far as Denmark, Sweden,
Tartary, Russia, and Lapland. In Germany, France, Italy,
Holland, and Spain, i4 occurs in small flocks; also, I believe,
in Madeira.

In Yorkshire, one of these birds was shot at Buckton, in
the Hast- Riding, in May, 1851; and several others in other
parts previously -- one of them taken while alighting on a beat
m Bridlington Bay. Another at Bedale wood, near Cowling
Hall; two near Doncaster; and another seen a 1836, in Sir
William Cooke’s wood; one at Armthorpe; one at Pontefract;
one at Eecup, a young bird, by the Hon. Edwin Lascelles,
October Sth., 1830; one at Low Moor, near Bradford; one
at Skircoat Moor, near Halifax, September 8rd., 1849; one, a
female, at Ecclesfield, near Bradford, April 9th., 1841; one
at Coatham, near Redcar; and one near Scarborough.

The figure before us is coloured from a specimen in my
own collection, which was siiot some years ago on the south-
western border of Dorsetshire. Not a year passes in which
cne or more of these birds do not arrive in this country,
and the same remark applies to Treland. My. Thompson gives
an accurate register of such in nine successive years, from
1883 to 1842, inclusive, with the exception of 1836, in which
none were known to have been observed. In Scotland too,
it sometimes occurs; in Sutherlandshire rarely: one was caught
near Duff House, Banff, in Sevtember, 1832; also in the
Orkney Islands.

Occasionally it has even been known to breed here, and
doubtless would oftener do so, were it not incortivently pur-

: e
Uy
es,

ff

E
1
O
OPO
B

HOOPOR. 25

sued to the death at its first appearance. In Sussex, a pair
built at Southwick, near Shoreham, and reared three young,
and another pair close to the house at Park- End, near Chi-
chester, in the same county. Montagu mentions that a pair
in Hampshire forsook a nest which they had begun; and Dr.
Latham had a young bird sent to him on the 10th. of May,
1786. In 1841, a pair built near Dorking, in Surrey, but
the eggs were taken. A pair also frequented a garden near
Tooting, in the same county, in the summer of 1888.

The Hoopoe is a migratory bird, at least to some extent,
and one has been met with, seemingly unfatigued, half-way
across the Atlantic. It appears, however, that some of them
do not change their quarters, while others do; and it is also
related that the latter do not associate with the former when
they arrive among them: their ‘Travellers’ club’ being, like its
London namesake, an exclusive one, save for such as have
visited foreign parts. They migrate by night, and move singly
or in pairs, ‘unless the young brood follows close in the rear
of its parents.’ They move but slowly im their peregrinations,
attracted probably by the presence of food.

These birds pass much of their time on the ground in search
of food, which, however, they also take among the branches
of trees, and seem to prefer low moist situations near woods.
They are said to fight furiously among themselves, but, as
most quarrelsome people are, to be at the same time very
cowardly, crouching to the ground im a paroxysm of terror,
with wings and tail extended, at sight of a Hawk, or even
a Crow. “They are very shy also at the appearance of mankind.
These birds are easily tamed when young, and follow their
owner about. “Ihe greatest difficulty in preserving them during
confinement, arises from their beaks becoming too dry at the
tip, and splitting in consequence, whereby the birds are
starved, from their inability to take their food.’

The flight of the Hoopoe is low and undulated, and the
crest 1s kept erect or lowered at the pleasure of the bird,
as it is excited or not. It is said to perch low. Its walk
is described as something of a strut, and it keeps nodding
its head, as if vain of its gay top- -knot.

Their food consists of beetles, other insects, and caterpillars;
superfluous food they hide, and resort to again when hungry.

The note, from whence the name of the bird, resembles
the word ‘hoop, hoop, hoop,’ ‘long drawn out,’ yet quickly,
like the ‘gentle coomg of the Dove.’ It has also another

26 TOOPOE.

note, ‘tzyrr, tzyrr’—a gyrating hissing sound, when alarmed
or angry. It seems to utter its call with much exertion.

The nest, built in May, is placed in the hollow of a tree,
or a crevice of a wall, and is composed of dry stalks of grass,
leaves, and feathers.

The eggs vary from four to seven in number, and are of
a uniform pale bluish grey, faintly speckled with brown.

Incubation lasts sixteen days. After the young leave the
nest they assemble in the immediate vicinity, and are long
and sedulously attended to by their parents.

Male; weight, about three ounces; length, from eleven inches
to one foot and half an inch; bill, black, pale reddish brown
at the base; iris, brown. The crest, the charming ornament
of this species, is composed of a double row of long feathers,
the fronts turning towards the side; they are of a rich buff
colour, the ends white, tipped with velvet black, except those
on the forehead, which are shorter, and without the white
patch. Head on the sides, neck behind, and nape, pale buff,
with a tinge of grey; chin, throat, and breast, pale buff; back,
reddish buff, with three semicircular bands, bent downwards
—one white between two black; the lower part white.

The wings, when expanded, measure one foot seven or eight
inches across; greater and lesser wing coverts, black, with a
eross bar of light buff; primaries, black, with a bar of pale
buff; the first feather is half the length of the second, the
second a little longer than the eighth, and a little shorter
than the seventh, the third and sixth equal, and but little
shorter than the fourth and fifth, which are also equal, and
the longest in the wing; secondaries and tertiaries, black, with
four or five narrow bars of white, some of the latter also
edged and tipped with pale buff, with an oblique stripe of
the same on the inner web of the last tertial feather. The
tail, of ten feathers, square at the tip, black, with a well-
defined semilunar white bar, tending on the sides towards the
end; upper tail coverts, white at the base, black at the ends;
under tail coverts, white. Legs, brown, feathered im front
above the knee, scaled below; toes, brown; claws, horn-colour
or black, slightly curved.

The female is paler in colour. The crest is less than in
the male. Tertiaries without the buff.

In the young, (which are at first covered with long grey
down, and the bill very short and straight,) the breast is
crossed with narrow dusky streaks.

Sp aa itn
2s

% Rides

27

CHOUGH.

RED-LEGGED CROW. CORNISH CHOUGH. CORNISH DAW.
CORNWALL KAE. KILLIGREW. MARKET-JEW CROW.
CHAUK DAW. HERMIT CROW. RED-LEGGED JACKDAW.
CLIFF DAW. GESNER’S WOOD CROW.

Pyrrhocorax graculus, FLEMING.
Corvus graczlus, PENNANT. MONTAGU,
« docilis, GMELIN.
Fregilus graculus, SELBY. JENYNS.
Pyrrhocorax, Pyrrhos—Red. Corax—A. Crow.

Graculus—A Chough, Jackdaw, or Jay.

Attnoues generically distinct, yet, both in song and story,
‘the Chough and Crow’ seem fated to be associated together.

This bird is a native of the three continents of the old
world. It is known to inhabit France, the mountains of
Switzerland, Spain, the Island of Crete, Egypt, and the north
of Africa, the mountains of Persia, the southern parts of
Siberia, and the Himalayan mountains in India.

In Yorkshire, one of these birds was killed by the gamekeeper
of Randall Gossip, Esq., of Hatfield, near Doncaster. Two
others are spoken of; one as having been shot near Sheffield,
and another mentioned by Mr. J. Heppenstall, to Mr. Allis;
but it seems doubtful whether they are not referable to the
same specimen.

In Cornwall, the Chough has formerly been plentiful, but
seems to be getting rare; that county, in fact, would seem
to have been its main stronghold, the name of ‘Cornish Chough’
appearing to have been used as a term of reproach, as, ‘for
instance, to Tressilian, in ‘Kenilworth.’ The Dover cliffs, and
those of Beachy Head and Eastbourne, in Sussex; the Tsle of
Purbeck, in Dorsetshire; Devonshire, and the Isle of Wight,

28 CHOUGH.

it has also frequented a score of years ago, but a war of
extermination has been carried on against it, and the conse-
quence I need not relate. Whitehaven, in Cumberland, has
been another of its resorts. In August, 1832, a Red-legged
Crow was killed on the Wiltshire Downs, between Marlborough
and Calne. It has also been seen on Mitcham Common, in
Surrey. In 1826, one was shot at Lindridge, in Worces-
tershire.

In Wales, it has occurred in the cliffs of Glamorganshire;
and is common in those of Pembrokeshire, from Tenby to
St. David’s Head; Flintshire, the Isle of Anglesea, and Denbigh-
shire. In the latter place a pair bred for many years in the
appropriate ruins of Crow Castle, in the inland and beautiful
vale of Llangollen; but one of them being killed by accident,
the other continued to haunt the same place for two or three
years without finding another mate, which was certainly a
‘singular’ circumstance; also in the Isle of Man, and in Jersey.

In Ireland, according to Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, it 1s to
be found in snitable localities all round the island; in some
parts, particularly near Fairhead, in considerable abundance,
the basaltic precipices of those parts being peculiarly suited
to it: a pair were seen at Belfast, after a storm of wind from
the south, on the 5th. of March, 1836.

In Scotland, it has been known on the rocky cliffs between
St. Abb’s Head and Fast Castle; Coldingham; and near
Berwick-on-T weed; in Sutherlandshire, at Durness, and other
precipitous parts, but rarely; Portpatrick, Wigtonshire; Bal-
lantrae Castle, Ayrshire; and the coast; as also in the Hebrides,
sx: the Island of Barry, and in Galloway.

These birds, which are very easily tamed, and become
extremely docile, exhibit all the restless activity, prying curiosity,
and thievish propensities of their cousins—the Crows: they
have in sooth a ‘monomania’ for pretty larceny, especially of
elittering objects; and it is said that houses have been set
on fire by lighted sticks which they have carried off. In their
wild state they are very shy; but in the breeding season they
have allowed themselves to be approached within half-a-dozen
yards. In the autumn and winter they keep in families. The
following particulars are related of one kept tame by Colonel
Montagu:—It used to avoid walking on grass, preferring the
gravel walk; (Mr. Thompson, however, quotes from Dr. J. D.
Marshall’s ‘Memoir of the Island of Rathlin,’ that there they
frequent the pasture fields even more than the shores,) was

CHOUGH. 99

fond of being caressed, but, though attached to them, was
pugnacious even to its best friends if they affronted it: children
he excessively disliked, was impudent to strangers, and roused
by the sight of them to hostility even to his friends. One
lady he was particularly friendly with, and would sit on the
back of ker chair for hours. He showed a great desire to
ascend, by climbing up a ladder or stairs; would knock at a
window with his bill until he was let in, and would pull
about any small articles that came in his way.

Bishop Stanley says, ‘on a lawn, where five were kept, one
particular part of it was found to turn brown, and exhibit all
the appearance of a field suffering under severe drought, covered,
as it was, with dead and withering tufts of grass; which it
was soon ascertained the Choughs were incessantly employed
in tearing up the roots of, for the purpose of getting at the
grubs. The way they set about it was thus:—They would
walk quietly over the surface, every now and then turning
their heads, with the ear towards the ground, listening atten-
tively in the most significant manner. Sometimes they appeared
to listen in vain, and then walked on, till at length, instead
of moving from the spot, they fell to picking a hole, as fast
as their heads could nod;’ they were often successful in their
search, so that this acccunt, in two respects, both as to their
food and their going on the grass, militates against that of
Montagu.

The flight of this species is described as resembling that of
the Rook, but is said to be quicker, and occasicnally to be
performed in airy circles, with little motion of the wings.
‘They flap their wings, then sail on forty or fifty yards, and
so on gradually, until they alight.’ They do not alight on
trees, but perch on the rocks, and their gait is stately and
graceful. The feathers of the wings are much expanded in
flying, as in others of the Crow tribe, giving the wing a fringed -
appearance.

The food of the Chough consists principally of grasshoppers,
chaffers, and other insects, in search of which it sometimes
follows the plough lke the Rooks; and crustacea, but it also
eats grain and berries, and certainly carrion sometimes.
Smaller insects are devoured whole; the larger it holds in its
feet to peck at. ‘It seldom attempts to hide the remainder
of a meal.’ These birds drink much.

The note is shrill, but is said to be lively and not disagreeable,
which is, however, but negative praise. It somewhat resembles

30 CHOUGH.

that of the Jackdaw, but may be distinguished from it,
and is rendered by Meyer by the words, ‘creea, creea,’ and
‘deea.’ It has also a chatter, like the Starling.

The nest is made of sticks, and is lined with wool and hair.
It is placed in the most inaccessible clefts and cavities of
cliffs, or in old church or other towers, generally in the
neighbourhood of the sea, but not always, as will have appeared
from the previous and other statements.

The eggs, four or five in number, are dull white spotted
with grey and brown, most at the thicker end.

Male; length, between one foot four and one foot five inches;
bill, red; yellow within—it is said to be very brittle: iris, red
in the centre, surrounded by a circle of blue. The whole
plumage is black, glossed with blue. The wings reach nearly
to the end of the tail; the first feather is three inches shorter
than the second, which is one inch shorter than the third,
and the third a little less than the fourth, which is the
longest in the wing. The tail is of a more metallic lustre
than the rest of the plumage. Legs and toes, red; claws,
glossy black, large, and much hooked.

The female weighs about fourteen ounces; length, between
one foot two and one foot three inches; her bill is shorter
than that of the male. The quill feathers are less black than
in the male.

The young birds have but little of the purple gloss. Iris,
yellowish brown; legs, orange.

RAVEN.

CORBIE. CORBIE-CROW. GREAT CORBIE-CROW.

Corvus coraz, PENNANT. MontTacu.
Corvus—A Crow. (Latin.) Corar—A Crow. (Greek.)

THE geographical distribution of the Raven is soon described.
He is a citizen of the world. His sable plumage reflects the
burning sun of the equator, and his shadow falls upon the
regions of perpetual snow; he alights on the jutting peak of
the most lofty mountain, and haunts the centre of the vast
untrodden plain; his hoarse cry startles the solitude of the
dense primeval forest, and echoes among the rocks of the lonely
island of the ocean: no ‘ultima Thule’ is a ‘terra incognita’
to him; Arctic and Antarctic are both alike the home of the
Corbie-Crow. ‘In the best and most ancient of books,’ says
Wilson, ‘we learn, that at the end of forty days, after the
great flood had covered the earth, Noah, wishing to ascertain
whether or no the waters had abated, sent forth a Raven,
which did not return into the ark.’

The Raven is, in some degree, migratory; though not, as
it would appear, instinctively so; but only when circumstances
make a change of situation desirable.

However the naturalist may look with complacency on the
exterior of the Raven, yet it must be admitted that, judging
by the standard of our own morality, his internal character
corresponds therewith in blackness. But in truth we must
not so judge him. He fulfils, and no doubt perfectly fulfils,
his allotted place in creation; and has, moreover, more than
one redeeming feature, even in the view of an oblique cen-
sorship. The union of the male and female Raven is for life;
they are generally seen singly, or in pairs, but occasionally

a2 RAVEN.

in small flocks of about a score. They defend their young
with great courage against the attacks of other birds, even
those that are much their own superiors in size; though they
tamely suffer them to be kidnapped by men or boys.

In this country Ravens are extremely shy and wary, their
dark side only, if so one may say of them, being looked upon,
and persecution being the order of the day; but where their
good points are more appreciated, they are seen in considerable
numbers, even near towns, and shew themselves pert and con-
fident. When young they are easily tamed, and may be taught
to utter a few words, and to perform a variety of tricks.
‘They are, however, always bold and mischievous, sagacious,
and sharp-sighted, and display their natural cunning in con-
stantly pilfering. Any bright objects, as silver, glass, etc.,
are particularly alluring; and these they secrete in some hole
or crevice, thus establishing a regular depository for their
thefts.’ A dozen silver spoons have been found in one of
these, the discovery having been made by Ralph being detected
in the act of flying off with a ‘silver spoon in his mouth.’
It is said that these birds were formerly trained to catch
others. They will pursue even the Buzzard, the Goshawk, or
the Eagle, to endeavour to obtain from him his own capture.

A ‘Book of Anecdotes’ might be compiled rélative to the
Raven, and I deeply regret that I cannot do him the justice
that I would in this respect. One kept at an inn, is related
to have been in the habit of taking a seat on the top of
some one of the coaches, the coachman of which was a friend
of his, until he met some returning coach, driven by another
friend, with whom he used to come back.

Mr. Thompson gives the following:—It was a common
practice in a spacious yard at Belfast, to lay trains of corn
for Sparrows, and to shoot them from a window, only so far
open as to afford room for the muzzle of the gun; neither
the instrument of destruction, nor the shooter bemg visible
from the outside. A tame Raven, which was a nestling when
brought to the yard, and probably had never seen a shot
fired, afforded evidence that it understood the whole affair.
When any one appeared carrying a gun across the yard towards
the house from which the Sparrows were fired at, the Raven
exhibited the utmost alarm, by hurrying off with all possible
speed, but in a ludicrously awkward gait, to hide itself,
screaming loudly all the while. Though alarmed for its own —
safety, this bird always concealed itself near to and within

RAVEN. 33

view of the field of action; the shot was hardly fired, when
it darted out from its retreat, and seizing one of the dead
or wounded Sparrows, hurried back to its hiding-place. I
have often witnessed the whole scene.’ And again, the fol-
lowing communicated to him by Mr. R. Ball:—‘When a boy
at school, a tame Raven was very attentive in watching our
cribs or bird- -traps, and when a bird was taken, he endeavoured
to catch it by turning up the crib, but in so doing the bird
always escaped, as the Raven could not let go the crib in
time to seize it. After several vain attempts of this kind,
the Raven, seeing another bird caught, instead of going at
once to the crib, went to another fie Raven, and induced
it to accompany him, when the one lifted up the crib, and
the other bore the poor captive off in triumph.’

Ravens often fly at a considerable height in the air, and
perform various circling evolutions and frolicksome somersets:
the sound produced by the action of their wings is heard at
some distance. They hop on the ground in a sidelong sort
of manner and make rapid advances; if in haste, making use
of the help of the wings; and at other times walk sedately.

The present is a very voracious bird, and whatever the
sense be by which the Vultures are attracted to their food,
by the same, in equal perfection, is the Raven directed to its
meal, with unerring precision. It too is as patient in hunger
as they are, but when an abundance of food comes in its way,
like Captain Dalgetty, it makes the most of the opportunity,
and lays in a superabundant stock of ‘provant.’ It performs
the same useful part that those birds do, in devouring much
which might otherwise be prejudical.

Live stock as well, however, it stows away; weak sheep and
lambs it cruelly destroys, as also poultry: hence its destruction
by shepherds and others, and hence again its consequent shy-
ness and resort to some place of refuge. The eggs of other
birds it also eats, watching its opportunity when the birds
are absent; it transfixes them with its bill, and thus easily
conveys them away: those of Cormorants even, it has been
seen flying off with. Leverets, rabbits, rats, reptiles, shell-fish,
which, Wilson says, it drops from a considerable height in
the. air on the rocks, in order to break: the shells; worms,
insects, caterpillars, and sometimes, it is said, grain: carrion,
whether fish, flesh, or fowl, it likewise devours. I have often
seen these birds searching the sea shore for any such waifs
and strays.

VOL, I, | D

34 RAVEN.

The note is, as is so well known, a harsh croak, or rather
‘craugh, which word it resembles, and is doubtless the origin
of. It has also a different sound, uttered when manceuvering
in the air; and others rendered by ‘clung,’ ‘clong,’ or ‘cung,’
and ‘whii-ur.’

Nidification commences early, even in the coldest climates;
here sometimes so soon as January, and the eggs have been
taken in the middle of February. Incubation lasts about
twenty days: the male and female both sit, and the former
feeds and attends upon the latter.

The nest, which is large, and composed of sticks, cemented
together with mud, and lined with roots, wool, fur, and such
materials, is placed in various situations—in the clefts of the
branches of tall trees, church towers, caves, cliffs, and precipices.
The mausoleum in the park of Castle Howard, the seat of
Lord Carlisle, in Yorkshire, is still resorted to for the purpose.

The eggs are four or five, six or seven, in number, of a
bluish green colour, blotted with stains of a darker shade, or
brown. The young are generally fledged about the end of
March, or beginning of April.

Male; weight, about two pounds seven ounces; length, about
two feet two inches; bill, black; iris, grey, with an outer circle
of brown; bristles extend over more than half the bill. The
whole plumage is black, glossed on the upper part with blue.
The wings extend to the width of four feet four inches; the
first feather is short, the fourth the longest, the third and
fifth nearly as long, and longer than the second. The tail
consists of twelve feathers, rounded at the ends, and slightly
bent upwards; legs and toes, black and plated. Claws, black
and much curved.

Pied varieties occasionally have occurred, and one has been
seen entirely white.

CROW.

39

CROW.

CARRION CROW. GOR CROW. GORE CROW.
BLACK NEB. FLESH CROW.

Corvus corone, _ Pennant. Montagu.
Corvus—A Crow. (Latin.) Corone—A Crow. (Greek.)

TuE Carrion Crow is a small edition of the Raven. The
Italian proverb tells us that, ‘chi di gallina nasce convien che
rozole, ‘as the old Cock crows, so crows the young;’ and thus
do we find it to be with these two birds; the one, as it
were, a derivative of the other; the major comprehending the
minor. ?

The Carrion Crow occurs throughout Europe, in Germany,
France, Spain, Greece, Prussia, Austria, Hungary, and Italy,
in Denmark, Norway, and, but rarely, in Sweden, as also,
according to Temminck, in Asia—im Japan. It is found
throughout England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, but less
frequently in the extreme north.

These birds keep in pairs the who'e year, and are believed
to unite for life, and more than two are seldom seen in com-
pany, unless it be when met over a carrion, or while the
brood remain together. In their wild state they have been
known occasionally to pair with the Hooded Crow: in one
instance for two or three years in succession. It does not
appear for certain what the progeny are like, but one nest
was said to contain some young birds resembling one of the
parents, and some the other. The male spiritedly defends
the female when sitting, and both bravely repel any bird,
though much larger than themselves, that may shew symptoms
of having a design upon their young. They fearlessly assail

36 CROW.

the Raven, the Kite, the Buzzard, and even the Peregrine;
but the last-named frequently makes them pay their life as
the forfeit of their temerity: they roost in trees and on rocks.
Mr. Weir, in a communication to Mr. Macgillivray, relates
that having shot a male at the nest, the female soon found
a new partner, ‘some disconsolate widower, or disappointed
bachelor;? and when she was likewise shot, the step-father
continued single-handed to feed his adopted young.

The Rev. W. Waldo Cooper has known a new partner ac-
quired thrice in one winter by the survivor; I was going to
say of the original pair, but this would be almost as difficult
to decide as the case of the new-handled, and then new-bladed
knife. Mr. Weir also found that a pair of old birds either
did not discover, or did not heed the substitution of some
young Rooks for their young, but continued to feed their
supposititious children as they had done their own. The
Crow is easily tamed, and exhibits precisely the same roguish
propensities that the Raven does, and like him may be taught
to imitate the human voice and a variety of sounds.

‘The Carrion Crow,’ says Mr. Weir, in a communication to
Mr. Macgillivray, ‘is very easily tamed, and is strongly attached
to the person who brings him up. I kept one for two years
and a half. It flew round about the neighbourhood, and
roosted every night on the trees of my shrubbery. At what-
ever distance he was, as soon as he heard my voice, he
immediately came to me. He was very fond of being caressed,
but should any one, except myself, stroke him on the head
or back, he was sure to make the blood spring from their
fingers. He seemed to take a very great delight in pecking
the heels of bare-footed youths. The more terrified they were,
the more did his joy seem to increase. Kven the heels of
my pointers, when he was in his merry mood, did not escape
his art of ingeniously tormenting. His memory was_aston-
ishing. One Monday morning, after being satiated with food,
he picked up a mole, which was lying in the orchard, and
hopped with it into the garden. I kept out of his sight, as
he seldom concealed anything when he thought you observed
him. He covered it so nicely with earth, that upon the most
diligent search I could not discover where he had put it.
As his wings had been cut to prevent him from flying over
the wall into the garden, he made many a fruitless attempt
during the week to get in at the door. On Saturday evening,
however, it having been left open, I saw him hop to the very

CROW. oF

spot where the mole had been so long hid, and, to my surprise,
he came out with it in the twinkling of an eye.’

Its flight is not lofty, and is generally sedate and direct,
performed by regular flappings. Its walk too resembles that
of the Raven.

The Crow feeds on all sorts of animal food, alive and dead,
and its sense of perception, whatever it be, is as acute as
that of the Raven. It is a most predaceous bird, and a fell
and relentless destroyer of any creature it can master; young
lambs, among which it often does much damage, leverets,
young rabbits, pigeons, ducks, and the young of game and
poultry, crustacea, fish, shell-fish, which it breaks open by
lettmg fall from a height upon the rocks, as also at times
fruit, vegetables, grain, berries, potatoes, tadpoles, frogs, snakes,
insects, eggs of all birds, which it either transfixes with, or
holds in its bill, and so removes; walnuts; in fact anything.
One which carried off' a duckling from a pond, in its bill,
was observed to kill it by walking forwards and backwards
over it; another was seen to seize and kill a Sparrow engaged
at the moment in inducing its young ones to fly: Montagu
saw one chase and pounce at a Pigeon, like a Hawk,: and
strike another dead from the roof of a barn. These birds
will hide any redundant food for a future occasion; and Colonel
Montagu saw a pair of them thus removing small fish left
by the tide above high-water mark. He also saw one of them
make repeated pounces at some animal, in a field where the

rass was long, which raised itself on its hind legs, and de-

fended itself stoutly; it proved to be a leveret: a small one
has been seen to be carried off in the air by one of these
birds. Mr. Hogg saw one dart out at, and chase, but unsuc-
cessfully, a Grouse, which his approach had been the means
of rescuing from the talons of a large Hawk.

The Crow is often garrulous like the Magpie, and its note
is a croak like that of the Raven, but hoarser. Nidification
begins the end of February, or beginning of March, both
birds helping to make the nest.

The nest is built in rocks or in trees, generally high up,
and is made of sticks, firmly cemented with clay, and lined
with roots, and again with straw, wool, moss, fur, hair, or
anything else that is soft: the latter the Crows pull for the
purpose from the backs of animals. A pair built on the
ground in one of the Fern islands, and their nest was made
of pieces of turf laid one upon another, and lined with wool,

38 CROW.

all brought from the mainiand four or five miles distant. The
Rev. W. Waldo Cooper has known a nest repaired the second
year.

The eggs, four to six in number, are pale bluish green,
spotted and speckled with grey and brown: some are pale
blue undertinted with grey.

Male; weight, about nineteen ounces; length, one foot eight
to ten inches; bill, black, covered at the base by bristly
feathers turned downwards; iris, dark brown. The whole
plumage is black, glossed with blue and green, but the edges
of the feathers on the back are without the burnish; the
back reflecting shades of metallic green. The wings expand
to the width of three feet five inches; the first feather is
half the length of the fourth, the second one inch shorter
than the fourth, the third and fourth nearly equal, the latter
the longest in the wing, the fifth scarcely shorter than the
third, the sixth the same as the third. The tail, nearly
square at the end, and shorter in proportion than the Raven’s;
legs, tees, and claws, black.

The female resembles the male; length, one foot six te
eight inches; the wings, in width three feet two to three feet
four inches.

The young in the first year have less of the metallic lustre
on the back.

39

HOODED CROW.

ROYSTON CROW. GREY CROW. GREY-BACKED
CROW. SCARE-CROW. WOODY. DUN CROW. BUNTING CROW

Corvus corniz, LinN-Zvus. GMELIN.
“cinerea, Brisson. Ray.
Corvus—A Crow. Cornix—A Crow.

Tuts species has obtained the specific name given by the
Romans to some bird of the Crow kind, deemed of unlucky
omen—the ‘sinistra cornix.’

It is found in Europe—in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the
Feroe Islands, I{celand, Germany, Greece, Italy, Holland,
Russia, and Siberia; in Asia Minor, the Crimea, and Japan.
It occurs throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland.

In this country these birds are migratory, frequenting the
south only in the winter, arriving in October, and returning
in April. In the north of Scotland, and the Hebrides, Orkney
and Shetland Islands, they are stationary, but in the south
they partake of the habits of the ‘southrons.’ Mr. Selby is
of opinion that those which appear in the south have come
over from Norway and Sweden, as they generally arrive with
the first flight of Woodcocks, taking advantage of a north-
east wind. His reason of the supposition is, that there is no
apparent diminution in the number of those in the north at
the time; but such a calculation cannot be accurately made,
and unless there were any apparent simultaneous increase of
the numbers in the north, the argument would hardly be
conclusive, for it is not to be supposed that foreign birds of
the same kind as those which frequent the north of the
kingdom, would migrate westwards from the same, or a still
farther parallel of latitude, only to the south of it.

40 HOODED CROW.

The habits of this bird resemble those of the preceding
one, except that it more confines itself to the sea-shore, and
the adjacent line of country, about a dozen miles inland,
following also the course of tidal rivers and estuaries, on whose
banks it finds its food. They are to be seen in larger or
smaller companies of every possible variety of number. On
the east coast of Jura, one of the western islands of Scotland,
as many as five hundred were seen together after a storm.
In the East-Riding of Yorkshire, I generally see them in
small flocks of half a dozen or a dozen. A pair are said to
have built near Kings Lynn, in Norfolk, in 1816, but this
is the only instance that seems to have occurred so far south.
Near Scarborough, in Yorkshire, a few pairs have bred. In
one instance indeed, on a large tree at Hackness, a pair they
were not, for one was a Carrion Crow, and the other a
Hooded Crow. The former was shot by the gamekeeper, and
the next year the female returned with a black partner. He
and his progeny, some of which resembled their male parent,
and others the female, were shot; she, by cunning, managed
to keep out of harm’s way, and the third year returned again
with a fresh mate. This time, however, she was herself shot,
and is now preserved in the Scarborough Museum. Some
have supposed, from repeated instances of this kind, that this
species and the Crow are identical.

The sea-shore, with its ebbing and flowing tide, furnishes
the main support of this species, and it also plunders the
nests of sea-fowl, and is said occasionally to destroy young
lambs. No animal substance comes amiss to it, and it is
only stern necessity that makes it at all put up with a
vegetable diet. It resorts to the same mode as the Carrion
Crow of breaking shell-fish open.

Its note resembles that of the Carrion Crow, but is rather
more shrill. It has two tones; the one grave, the other more
acute.

The Hooded Crows do not build in companies, like the
Rooks, but separately, hke the Carrion Crows.

The nest is placed in trees, or in the clefts and chasms of
rocks and hill sides, and is composed of sticks, roots, stalks,
and heather, and is lined with wool and _ hair.

The eggs, from four to six in number, are light green,
mottled all over with greenish brown.

Male; weight, about twenty-two ounces; length, one foot
eight inches; bill, bright black—the basal half covered with

HOODED CROW. 41

stiff feathers; iris, brown. Head on the sides, neck in front,
zhin, and throat, bright bluish black, farthest down in the
centre; breast, nape, and back, grey, the shafts of the feathers
dark, but much more decisively so in some specimens than
in others. Wings; the first feather is three inches shorter
than the second, which is one inch shorter than the third,
the third a little shorter than the fourth, which is the longest
in the wing; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, bright black.
Tail, bright black, rounded at the end; legs and toes, bright
black, and plated; claws, bright black.

The female is less than the male, and the grey of her
plumage is tinged with brown.

Young birds resemble the old. Selby says, ‘sometimes this
bird varies in colouring, and is found entirely white or black.’

42

ROOK.

YDFRAN OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Corvus frugilegus, LINN2US. GMELIN.
Cornix frugilega, BRISSON.
“« nigra frugilega, Ray. WILLUGHBY.
Corvus—A Crow. Frugilegus. Fruges—Fruits. Lego—To collect
or gather.

Tue Rook is a native of most of the temperate regions
of Europe and Asia, and is found in Japan, according to M.
Temminck. Latham says that it does not occur in the Channel
Islands, though it does in France; also in Denmark, Sweden,
Russia, Silesia, and other countries of the former continent.
It is, perhaps, more abundant in England than in any other
part of the world, but decreases in numbers towards the
extreme north, and is not found in the Orkney or Shetland
Isles.

There are two opinions as to the bare space at the base
of the bill in these birds; some contending that it is natural,
and others that it is caused by the thrusting of the bill into
the ground in search of food. I cannot myself but lean to
the former theory of the fact, and for it I give the following
reasons conclusively set forth by the Rev. W. Waldo Cooper,
of West-Rasen, Lincolnshire, in ‘The Naturalist,’ No. 3, pages
53-54:—‘First, though the Rook is a great delver, yet he
does not at all seasons dig equally; and at some seasons so
little, as to allow the feathers to grow, at least partially,
were abrasion the ‘sole’ cause of their absence. Secondly, the
mode of his digging is not such as to cause much abrasion.
Thirdly, I have never seen or heard of a specimen, not kept
in confinement, in which this process was taking place; that
is, the feathers ‘damaged only’ by digging. Fourthly, the

oe “i Se = Ss — enna WEN agrees = TT SS oe
Gre oS aN ae Bis: E a ee ; J
i SL ¥ Tne —— > — EZ hy ie \——
3 ais 7 a
Y VW \\ (“A

oo

ee

ROOK. 43

operation of abrasion must be painful, and it must be con-
tinued; so that the poor bird must be put to torture every
time he digs deep after a worm or a grub; and this I cannot
but consider as inconsistent with the universal tender-kindness
of that Almighty Being, who has ordered him to seek go
large a portion of his food below the surface of the earth.
Fifthly, the Carrion Crow and the Jackdaw, which are also
great diggers, never exhibit, as far as I know, any signs of
abrasion. Sixthly, the exact correspondence of the line of
denudation in all the specimens I have examined, points rather
to natural, than to artificial causes.’

Rooks are strictly gregarious in all their habits, and are
thus identified with the ‘corvus’ of the Romans: they build
together in trees, and consort ‘together in search of food
throughout the year. The same colonies, however, admit of
no influx of strangers; none but natives born are made free
of their society—their freedom is that of birth. They breed
on the same trees, and occupy the same nests from year to
year; if, however, the trees give symptoms of decay, they are
quitted for sounder ones, and it has even been observed that
they have forsaken some, the bark of which had been peeled
off preparatory to their being felled. Strange stories are told,
one in my neighbourhood, of their following the fortunes of
owners who have left their dwelling-places, and of their having
through some mysterious instinct, abandoned their rookeries
near a mansion when the house was about to be pulled down,
or even to be left untenanted.

The food of the Rook consists of the larve of cockchaffers,
and those of other beetles, moths, and insects, wire-worms,
snails, slugs, and worms, as also potatoes and other fruits, and
grains; ‘fruges consumere nati,’ as their specific name imports.
In the autumn they pluck and frequently bury acorns in the
earth, and probably walnuts and fir cones, which they likewise
earry off, provident, it is thought, of a season of want.

The ‘caw’ of the Rook needs no description.

Early in March, the nests of the previous year are begun
to be repaired, and some new ones are necessarily built by
the young of that date. The male diligently feeds the female,
and occasionally takes her place on the eggs. The young
are fledged by the end of May, or the beginning of June;
and second broods are sometimes produced as late as November;
but possibly they should be considered rather as early than
late ones.

44, ROOK.

Rooks build their nests for the most part in the vicinity
of old mansions or other buildings; chiefly, as I imagine, on
account of ancient and full-grown trees being the accompani-
ments of these; but they by no means make exclusive choice
of such situations; I have seen their nests in perfectly isolated
places, and they have been known, in several instances, to
build on trees of low growth; as for example on young oaks,
only ten or twelve feet high, in the grounds of the Duke of
Buccleuch, at Dalkeith Palace, although large trees were all
around them. They have occasionally been known to domicile
even in the midst of cities, and that not only on trees, but
in other and the most unlikely places. Three pairs built on
some low poplars, in a central part of the town of Manchester,
and returned to them the following year: another pair on the
crown which surmounts the vane of St. Olave’s church, London;
and another between the wings of the dragon on Bow church,
and there they remained, clearly ‘within the sound of Bow
bells,’ till the spire required to be repaired; others in the
gardens of noblemen in Curzon Street, and others in those
of Gray’s Inn, as I am informed by W. F. Wratislaw Bird,
Esq., who says of them, ‘We have a colony of Rooks in
Gray’s Inn gardens, which are so tame, that they come regu-
larly to the trees in front of my chambers, and those of other
inhabitants who encourage them, to be fed. In winter some-
times they are so eager for food, that they scramble for it
on the ground the moment it is thrown down, lke poultry.
It is a curious and pleasing sight to see twenty or thirty
birds, usually so wild and wary, struggling and tumbling over
one another under your window, for pieces of bread, which
they sometimes catch before it reaches the ground: they soon
make away with half a loaf. A magnificent plane tree, said
to have been planted by Addison, and named after him, is a
favourite nesting-place for them. In summer, we have not
above eight or nine couples, but in winter the number is
doubled: they do not, however, appear to increase; the surplus
population emigrate probably to Kensington Gardens; they
may be seen there, and in the Parks, almost as familiar as
Sparrows. The well-known nest in the tree in Cheapside,
has been inhabited many times since 1836, when Mr. Yarrell
says 1t was deserted; and two years ago, there were two nests,
each tenanted by its pair of owners, who might be seen feeding
their young in cawing pride, by all the busy passers in that
most crowded of thoroughfares.’

ROOK. 45

The nest is composed of large sticks, cemented with clay,
mixed with tufts of grass, and is lined with roots.

The, eggs, four or five in number, are of a pale green
ground colour, blotted over with darker and lighter patches
of yellowish and greenish brown: they vary much.

Male; length, one foot seven or eight inches; iris, dark
brown. The whole plumage is black, glossed with purple,
particularly on the upper parts. The wings and tail under-
neath have a tinge of grey. The first feather of the wing is
three inches shorter than the second, the second one inch
shorter than the fourth, which is the longest in the wing,
the third is as much shorter than the fourth, as it is longer
than the fifth. Legs, toes, and claws, bright black.

The female is about one foot five or six inches in length:
her plumage has less brilliancy than that of the male. Young
birds resemble the female, but have at first feathers at the
base of the bill.

White, cream-coloured, and pied varieties of the Rook occa-
sionally occur; one which was at first ‘of a light ash-colour,
most beautifully mottled all over with black, and the quill
and tail feathers elegantly barred,’. became of the usual hue
after moulting. Malformations of the bill in this species have
also been noticed; one is figured by Yarrell, in which the
lower part is much elongated, projecting upwards; in another
the peints of both were slightly crossed; and in another, they
were greatly elongated, and much curved.

4.6

JACKDAW.
DAW. KAE.
Corvus monedula, Linnzvus. GMELIN
Corvus—A Crow. Monedula—A Jackdaw, (perhaps from

moneo—To warn; as a bird of augury.)

Tre Jackdaw is found in Enrope, Asia, and the north of
Africa; occurring in Germany, Denmark, France, Russia, Italy,
the islands of the Mediterranean, Holland, Belgium, Siberia,
Iceland, Asia Minor, and Asiatic Russia and Japan. .

It mhabits England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; but
‘doctors disagree’ about its being found in the Orkneys,
Hebrides, and Shetland Islands, and I am unable to give a
true verdict on the question.

The Jackdaw is a gay, pert, bold, sprightly, and active
bird. It is very easily tamed, and soon learns to imitate
the sounds of the human voice, and exhibit other amusing
results of its education. It naturally becomes attached to
the person who feeds it; but the thievery of its race attaches
too strongly to it to prevent it from pilfering his goods,
whether glittering objects, or cherries and other fruits. Meyer
says “We knew a Jackdaw that used to enter a bed-room
window, and strip a pincushion of pins, scattering them about
the table, to the no small perplexity of the owner, until the
perpetrator was discovered.’ One of these birds, which we
once kept in a walled garden, used invariably, in the most
cunning manner, to go down the walk on one side, so as
always to keep the ‘weather-gauge’ of any suspected pursue?
on the other.

Jackdaws frequent whatever places may be convenient to

JACKDAW. 4:7

them, whether close to, or remote from the dwellings of man:
the male and female are believed to pair for life. They are
sociable birds, and friendly among themselves, dwelling together
in considerable numbers, and associating also with the Rooks,
with whom they intermingle.

The flight of this species is more quick than that of the
Rooks, and performed with more repeated flappings of the
wings: they are seldom observed to sail.

The Jackdaw feeds on insects, shell-fish, dead fish and
animals, eggs, grain, and seeds. It may often be seen ento-
mologizing on the backs of sheep, which also supply its staple
of wool for the formation of its nest.

The well-known ‘caw’ of the Jackdaw is expressed by this
word. It is more shrill than that of the larger species of
the genus.

Jackdaws build in cliffs, church and other towers, rabbit
burrows, the roofs of buildings, the holes of ruins, hollow
trees, the sides of chalk-pits, and even in chimneys, despite
of the smoke, as if conscious that it could not blacken their
plumage: they inhabited the ruins of Stonehenge, in Pennant’s
time, and may do so yet. The nest is built of sticks, and
is lined with wool, hair, grass, and other soft substances.
Very large quantities of sticks are collected for the purpose,
so as even to block up chimneys, and the spiral stairs of
church towers; the immense masses heaped together in the
western towers of York Minster, formed a most unfortunate
kind of firewood for that tremendous conflagration. They
used to build in the tower of my own church, but when it
was restored, wire net-work was placed in the belfry windows,
so as effectually to stop them there; one persevering pair,
however, would not be even thus foiled, but actually brought
a mass of sticks through one of the loop-holes in the tower,
and though their being naturally conveyed crosswise in their
bills created an almost insuperable difficulty, quantities falling
down outside, yet it was marvellous to see the numbers which
‘by hook or by crook’ they got in. The spiral nature of
the staircase increased their difficulty, so much larger a quantity
of materials being required to make a foundation. One instance
is related by Alexander Hepburn, Esq., in the ‘Zoologist,’ of
the Jackdaw having built on the branches of trees.

The eggs, from four to six in number, are pale bluish white,
spotted with grey and brown. The young are hatched the
ena of May.

48 JACKDAW.

Male; weight, about nine ounces; length, about one foot
two inches; bill, black, covered at the base with depressed
feathers; iris, greyish white; crown, black; neck on the back,
and nape, fine hoary grey; the whole of the rest of the
plumage is black. The first wing feather is two inches and
a half shorter than the second, which is three quarters of an
inch shorter than the third, the third and fourth nearly equal
in length, and the longest in the wing. Legs, toes, and
claws, bright black.

The female is less than the male; the grey on the neck is
less conspicuous, being not so light as in the male, and less
in extent. Young birds have but little of the grey at first;
it increases with their age, unlike the ‘Prisoner of Chillon,’
whose hair was ‘grey, but not with years.’

MAGPIB.

49

MAGPIE.

COMMON MAGPIE. PIANET. MADGE.

Pica caudata, FLEMING. SELBY. GOULD.
Corvus Pica, PENNANT. Monracu.
Pica—A Pie—A Magpie. Cuudata—Tailed, (a factitious word.)

Ir I remember aright, in the great French Revolution, the
zeal of the people for ‘liberté’ was so great, that they opened
the doors of all the cages, and let the birds fly out. I should
have enjoyed the sight; though some of the captives perhaps
preferred remaining where they were, and did not value the
unwonted freedom which they had never known the possession
of, even as the poor prisoner who returned to the dungeon,
with whose walls he had become familiar. To him the world
was become the prison, the spider a more agreeable companion
than his fellow-man: certainly he had found the one more
friendly than the other. Nothing is to me more miserable
than to see a bird in a cage, and, with reference to the species
before us, who can tell what a Magpie is, either in character
or in beauty, from only seeing him thus contined? He is,
when himself, a brilliant—a splendid bird; gay alike in nature
and in plumage.

The Magpie is met with in Europe, Asia, Africa, and
America, being found in Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, Sweden,
Lapland, Norway, and Greece, Asia Minor, Russia, and Si
beria; India, China, and Japan, and the United States.

It is common in all wooded parts of the three kingdoms
of England, Ireland, and Scotland, but is unknown, except
as a straggler, in the Orkneys, the Hebrides, or the Shetland
Islands. Shy and wary, it keeps at a secure distance from

VOL. IL B

50 MAGPIE.

the gunner, and so, though a marked bird, for the most part
contrives to save itself; but many a one garnishes the gable-
end of the gamekeeper’s house.

It is a crafty, noisy, artful bird, and its chatter set up at
the sight of almost any creature, proclaims and calls forth at
once a mutual hostility. Magpies continue in pairs throughout
the year, but several are often seen together, probably the
family party in general, but sometimes as many as a score.
If taken young they are very easily tamed, and learn to
imitate many words, and to perform various tricks. Thieving
is as natural to them as to the rest of their tribe, and any
thing shining, in particular, they cannot resist the instinct to
purloin.

The flight is made with quick vibrations, as if with some
effort: on the ground this bird advances either by hopping
or walking.

The Magpie’s appetite is omnivorous; young lambs, and
even weakly sheep, leverets, young rabbits, game, fish, carrion,
insects, fruits, and grain, all meet its requirements.

Its note is a harsh chatter.

Nidification begins early in the spring.

The nest, which is resorted to from year to year, is placed
in the top of a tall tree or hedge, or sometimes in a lower
one, if otherwise suitably protectant. It is rather of an oblong
shape, built of strong sticks and thorns, cemented together
with mud, and lined with roots and grass; an aperture to
admit the bird is left on one side, and from this loop-hole
any approaching danger is descried, in order to a timely
retreat; the top is covered over. I am informed by W. F.
W. Bird, Esq. that the Magpie builds in Kensington Gardens.

The eggs are six or seven, rarely eight in number, pale
bluish white, spotted all over with grey and greenish brown,
more or less dark.

Male; weight, between eight and nine ounces; length, one
foot and a half; bill, black; iris, dark brown; head, crown,
neck, and nape, jet black; chin and throat, black, the shafts
of some of the feathers being greyish white; breast above,
black, below, pure white; back, black. ‘The wings short, and
rather rounded: the white feathers from the shoulder form a
distinct white patch along them. The first feather is only
two inches and a half long, the fifth the longest, the fourth
and sixth nearly as long; greater wing coverts, fine blue;
lesser wing coverts, black; primaries, black, with an elongated

MAGPIE. 5L

patch of white on the inner web of each of the first ten
feathers; secondaries and tertiaries, fine blue.’ The tail is
graduated, the outer feathers being only five inches long, and
the middle ones nearly eleven inches; their colours are brightly
iridescent, blue and purple shades near the end, and green
from thence to the base; the inner webs of all except the
centre pair are purple black; beneath it is dull black; tail
coverts, black; legs, toes, and claws, black.

The female is less in size than the male, being about one
foot four inches in length, and the colours not so bright; the
tail also is shorter.

Occasional varieties are met with, and malformations of the
bill, both crosswise at the tip, and in the way of elongation,
have occurred in the Magpie.

AY Try r 1

NUTCRACKER.
Nucifrayga vearyceutactes, SELBY. JENYNS.
Caryocutactes nucifraga, FLEMING.
Corvus curyocatactes, PENNANT. MONTAGU.

Nucifraga. Nuzx, (plural nuces,)—A nut. Frango—To_ break.
Caryocatactes, Kurion—A nut. Katasse, (the same as
kutagnum: and atugnuo,)—To break in pieces.

Tue Nuteracker is dispersed throughout Europe, Asia, and
America. The mountain forests of Switzerland are its strong-
hold: it is found also in Austria, France, Italy, Denmark,
Sweden, Russia, Siberia, and Kamtschatka; the north of Asia,
and North America.

In this country it is of rare occurrence. On October 5th.,
1758, one was killed near Mostyn, in Flintshire; another was
ede killed in Kent. One was seen near Bridgewater,
in the autumn of 1805; in August, 1808, one was ‘shot m
North Devon; another was seen on a tree on the banks of
Hooe Lake; another was shot in the same county, in 1829,
near Washford Pyne Moor, and another in December of the
same year, in the adjoining county of Cornwall. A specimen
was seen in Netherwitton wood, Northumberland, in the
autumn of i819, by Captam (now Rear- Adn niral) Robert
Mitford, R.N. In Surrey, one was seen in Pepper Harrow
Park, the seat of Lord Middleton; in Norfolk, one was shot
at Rollesby, near Yarmouth, on the 80th. of October, 1843.
In Sussex, one at Littlington, near Alfriston, on the 26th.
of September, 1833.

In Scotland tiree have occurred. In Ireland, Mr. Thompson
relates that one was said to have been met with at Silver-
mines, in the county of Tipperary, but that there was no
authentication of the aecount.

Mountainons countries, covered with fir woods, are the
natural resort of this species.

NUTCRACKER. 53

These birds, thongh not migratory, strictly speaking, move
about from one part of the country to another. They occa-
sionally go in large flocks, but generally in small ones of six
or eight, probably the parents and their young, descending at
times from the woods of the mountains, to those of the plains;
their food being furnished by the various cone-bearing trees.
They are shy and wary birds, like the Crow tribe, and it is
also said that they climb the trunks of trees like the Wood-
peckers, and that the end of their tails are worn, from resting
on them, as those birds do when ascending trees. They fre-
quent the depths of the forest, remote from observation; but
when they have young they may be approached very closely.
These birds are easily tamed, but they have the unfriendly
habit of devouring any companions of their captivity. As in
the case of the Woodpeckers, it mast be a strong cage that
will confine them; but if well supphed with nuts, they solace
themselves therewith.

The flight of the Nutcracker ‘resembles that of the Jackdaw,
but being wavering and unsteady, he avoids crossing any
extended space. In the course of its migration, should any
open country intervene, this bird avails itself of every bush
in its way for the purpose of resting.’

Its food, whence its name, consists of nuts; which, like the
Nuthatch, at fixes in a crevice of a tree, and pecks at till
the shell is broken, the seeds of pine trees, beech-mast, acorns,
berries, and insects of various sorts, bees, wasps, and beetles.
It sometimes attacks and devours birds, as also their eggs;
and one has been known to eat a squirrel.

The note, oddly enough, resembles the word ‘crack’ ‘crack,’
as also ‘curr.’ The latter he loudly utters in the spring of
the year, perched on the top of a tree.

The nest is placed in holes of trees, which they scoop out
like the Woodpeckers, till their purpose is gained.

The eggs are five or six in number, of a yellowish grey
colour, spotted with lighter and darker shades of brown.

Male; length, one foot and nearly two inches; the bill is
black, except the tip of the upper part, which, projecting
beyond the lower one, though both get worn down by the
‘tough morsels’ it has to operate on to an equal length, is
horn-colour; the space between the bill and the eye is dull
white; iris, brown; bristles, white with brown streaks, cover
the nostrils. A sort of semi-crest, like the Jay’s, surmounts
the head, which is brown and unspotted; forehead, crown,

54 NUFCRACKER.

neck, and nape, dark brown; chin, throat, breast, and back,
brown, each feather terminated with an elongated triangular
spot of dull white; on the throat these spots are small, on
the sides of the head larger, and largest on the upper part
of the breast, but I think that all the white markings are
variable with age.

The wings have the first quill feather one inch and a half
shorter than the second, the second three quarters of an inch
shorter than the third, the third the same length as the
eighth, the fourth, fifth, and sixth, nearly of equal length,
one quarter of an inch longer than the third, and the longest
in the wing; greater wing coverts, blackish brown, the ends
of the feathers rather lighter in colour than the other parts;
sometimes white; lesser wing coverts, brown tipped with white.
The primaries and secondaries have a small triangular spot
towards the tip, from the sixth to the twelfth feather; greater
and lesser under wing coverts, dusky. The tail, which is
composed of twelve feathers, is blackish brown, with slight
blue reflections, as have the other darkest parts of the plumage,
the two contre: ones entirely so, excepting in some specimens,
at the tips; the next on each side has a narrow white tip,
the next a more extended one, the next still more, and so
on, the outside ones having a space of three quarters of an
inch, or more, of white; beneath it is greyish brown, ending
in dull white; upper tail coverts, black, or blackish brown;
under tail coverts, greyish brown, sometimes quite white; legs,
black and scaled, as the Crows; ‘toes, the same on the upper
surface; claws, ens.

In the female the brown colour of the plumage has a tinge
of red. In some instances these virus have occurred entirely
white; and one spotted with black and white.

There is an interesting paper in the ‘Zoologist, by W. R.
Fisher, Esq., of Ya armouth, p-p. 1073-1074, “respecting two
supposed species of the Nutcracker as having occurred in
Britain. The most evident mark of difference is in the form
of the bill, that of the one being thick and obtuse, and of
the other more slender and poimted, and the upper part, as
stated, somewhat longer than the lower one. That very
eminent naturalist, M. De Selys Longchamps, has expressed
his belief, in a paper read before the Institute of Belgium,
that the two species are distinct, and I cannot myself but
incline to this opinion, In the absence, however, of either
figure or separate description of the two, I am obliged, for

NUTCRACKER. 55

the present, to leave the matter undecided. Mr. Fisher adds,
(but his own opinion, I should add, is against the supposed
difference of the species,) ‘the other distinctions between the
thick and thin-billed Nutcrackers are the greater strength of
the feet and claws of the former, a circumstance noticed by
Brehm, who described them as two species, under the names
of the long and short-billed Nutcrackers, and the different
form of the white mark at the end of the tail, which in
‘Nucifraga caryocatactes’ is much straighter than in ‘Nucifraga
brachyrrhynchus.’ This, with the other distinctions which I
have mentioned, obtain more or less in all the specimens I
have had an opportunity of examining.’

Garrulus g'andarius, FLEMING. StLBY.
Corvus oh PENNANT. MonraGu.
Garrulus—C attering, as birds. Glandarius—Of or belonging to acorns,

THE plate, if I may be pardoned a brief record of a pleasing
reminiscence, is coloured from a specimen in my collection,
the first stuffed bird I ever possessed, which was brought to
me by my father from York, just after I had gone to school.

The Jay is found in all the temperate parts of Europe, in
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Spain,
France, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Crete, and the lonian
Islands, in Asia Minor, and in Africa, in Barbary and Kgypt.
The Greeks eat it as food.

In this country it is sufficiently common, and would doubtless
be much more so were it not so unrelentingly pursued as a
‘vermin.’ It occurs in more or less plenty throughout the
southern half of Ireland, and also throughout Scotland, but
in very much fewer numbers towards the extreme north. In
Shetland it is only known as a rare straggler.

This bird is exclusively addicted to woods and their imme-
diately neighbouring trees for its habitat.

Jays, if not actually birds of passage, yet are decidedly of
a roving disposition. ‘When they are obliged, during migra-
tion, to cross a wide open country, they fly quicker, for fear
of being attacked by birds of prey; and their fear may be
perceived by their frequently turning back to their starting
point, before they finally undertake the journey, and then it
is performed in haste, one flying behind another in a singular
manner. During their migration the Jays alight on the first
tree they meet with, and from thence utter their harsh note
of joy, on having thus far travelled in safety. They never
sit long on one branch, but shift and change continually; and
when on the ground they hop about very awkwardly.’

“AVE

9 OO wa

JAY. 57

Jays continue together long after the young have left the
nest; indeed frequently until the following spring; sometimes
small flocks of from twenty to forty collect together. They
are easily tamed if brought up from the nest, and become
very familiar, imitating all sorts of sounds in a facile manner.
They are most restless birds, ever changing their position,
raising and lowering their crests, and ever and anon uttering
some outlandish note.

The flight of the Jay is very observable, as heavy and
irregular, effected with some degree of apparent difficulty, and
in a scurrying sort of manner, as if conscious that it was a
proscribed bird, and doomed to destruction for either real or
supposed faults.

As imported by its specific name, the acorn is the most
choice ‘morceau’ of the Jay, and for them he even searches
under the snow; but he also feeds on more delicate fruits,
such as peas and cherries, as well as on beech-mast, nuts, and
berries, corn, worms, cockchaffers and other insects, larve,
frogs and other reptiles, and mice, and is deterred by no
scruples or qualms from making away with young birds, even
partridges, and eggs. These birds are said, in the autumn,
to hide some food for winter use, under leaves in some secure
place, and in holes of trees.

Their true note is singularly harsh, and almost startling, .
resembling the syllables ‘wrak, wrak,’ but they have a decided
talent for mimicry, and both in their wild and their tame
state have been heard exhibiting their acquired and varied
accomplishments, in imitating the bleating of a lamb, the
mewing of a cat, the neighing of a horse, the shriek of the
buzzard, the song of the greenfinch, the human voice, the
note of the kite, the warblings of birds, the crowing of a
cock, the bark of a dog, and the calling of fowls to their
food; and Bewick says, ‘we have heard one imitate the sound
of a saw so exactly, that though it was on a Sunday, we
could hardly be persuaded that there was not a carpenter at
work in the house.’

The nest is placed in a tall bush or hedge, generally at a
not greater elevation than about twenty or thirty feet from
the ground, and sometimes less. It is of an open shape,
formed of twigs and sticks, and well lined with small roots,
grasses, and horse-hair. Some are much more cleverly con-
structed than others.

The eggs, five or six in number, are greenish or yellowish

58 es oe

white, freckled all over with two shades of light brown.
They vary occasionally both in size and in degree of polish.

Male; weight, about seven ounces; length, nearly one foot
two inches; bill, black; from its base a black streak extends
backwards about one inch; iris, light blue. Forehead and
crown, greyish and bluish white, some of the feathers longer
than the rest, streaked down the middle with black, and the
ends of those at the back of the head tinged with reddish
purple; these form a sort of crest, which the bird raises or
depresses at will; nape, cinnamon-colour; chin, greyish white;
breast, light reddish buff colour; back, cinnamon-colour.

The wings, which extend to within two inches and a half
of the end of the tail, have the first feather about two inches
and a half long, the second about four inches and a half,
and one inch shorter than the third; the fourth, fifth, and
sixth nearly equal, and the longest in the wing; the under
side is grey. Greater wing coverts, barred with black, white,
and brilliant blue alternately, across the outer webs, the inner
being nearly black; lesser wing coverts, chesnut. Primaries,
dusky black on the inner webs, the outside edges dull white;
secondaries, black, with an elongated patch of white on the
basal half of the outer web of some of the feathers; some
of the tertiaries, black, indistinctly barred across with blue,
and black at the base of the outer web, the last ones of
a rich chesnut colour, especially on the webs. Tail, dull
black, indistinctly barred at the base, the outer feather on
each side lighter than the rest and approaching to brown,
underneath it is grey; upper tail coverts, white; under tail
coverts, dull white; legs, toes, and claws, rather light reddish
brown.

The female resembles the male.

59

WAXWING.

BOHEMIAN WAXWING. BOHEMIAN CHATTERER. SILKTAI.
EUROPEAN CHATTERER. WAXEN CHATTERER.

Bombycivora garrula, TEMMINCK,
Bombycilla 3 FLEMING,
as Bohemica, BRISSON.
Ampelis garrulus, Linnzvus. GMELIN.
Bombyx—aA silk-worm, Voro—To devour. Garrula—Garrulous.

THe endless variety of nature, though doubtless in the
whole connected by almost imperceptible links, yet to the
student of only a part, is, as it were interrupted here and
there by sudden breaks, origins of fresh series, from whence
again the chain goes on. The bird before us, with its ‘hues
like these,’ is an instance and example of this.

This most singularly elegant bird, the silky texture of
whose plumage resembles that of the Jays, is distributed
throughout the more northern division of Europe, the ele-
vated regions of Asia, where, according to some, it breeds,
and North America. It is found in the Arctic regions,
Russia, Sweden, Poland, Bohemia, Silesia, Germany, Switzer-
land, and France. It is said to be very delicious food, and
is accordingly caught for the table in those countries in
which it is plentiful, being imbued with a delicate bitter
taste; doubtless, like the Grouse, from the nature of the
food on which it subsists.

Until lately the Waxwing, so called from the red wax-like
tips to some of the feathers of its wings, was considered a
rare bird in this country. ‘In the winter of 1810,’ says Selby,
‘large flocks were dispersed through various parts of the
kingdom, and from that period it does not seem to have
visited our island till the month of February, 1822, when

60 | WAXWING.

a few came under my inspection; and several were observed
during the severe storm in the winter of 1823. In the
winter of 1827, Waxwings again visited our island.’ So they
also did in large numbers in most parts of the country, though
chiefly in the eastern counties or those bordering on them,
in the months of January and February, in the year 1850,
the weather being very severe for some time; and not a few
have been met with since. I have hardly a doubt but that
some have visited us every year.

In Yorkshire, some have occurred in most winters, especially
in hard frosts, but most in the year just named. One was
eaught alive in a bush near Bridlington Quay. I am in-
formed by Mr. Robert Dunn, of Helister, near Weesdale, in
the Shetland Islands, that one was taken at Northmaven, in
the north part of Shetland, on the Ist. of April, 1851; and
about the same time another at Lerwick; and a third seen
at a place called Aithsting, near Helister. In Ireland, divers
specimens have at various times occurred. In Scotland they
are also said to appear annually.

It is migratory in its habits, leaving in the latter part of
November, the polar countries for the more genial climes of
more southern districts, from which latter it returns to the
former in March or April, according to the season.

Birds of this species seem to associate in flocks, sometimes
of two or three hundred individuals. They are easily tamed,
and are gentle and quiet.

Their flight strongly resembles that of the Starling. ‘They
roost among the thickest branches of trees and bushes; and
in windy weather seek shelter very near the ground, or hide
in the crevices of rocks in rocky countries.’

The Waxwing feeds on berries, such as those of the common
thorn, the mountain ash, the juniper, the arbutus, and the
whortle-berry.

The note is a shrill whistle.

These birds are believed to breed within the limits of the
Arctie circle—in holes among rocks, or in deep forests.

Male; length, about eight inches and a half; bill, black,
inclining to yellowish white or horn-colour at the base: the
upper part is much notched about one fourth from the tip,
and the under one has a corresponding groove on its edge,
as in the Shrikes. Iris, purplish red; a black streak runs to
and beyond it: bristly black feathers cover the nostrils. <A
pendent crest of silky feathers, nearly an inch and a half in

WAXWING. 61

length, surmounts the crown of the head. It is raised or
lowered at the pleasure of the bird: on the forehead the feathers
lay smooth, but are disunited backwards. Head, reddish grey;
forehead, black, bordered with rust-colour shaded off; neck and
nape, reddish grey; chin and throat, velvet black; breast,
reddish grey above, mellowed below into a much fainter tint;
back, reddish grey. Greater wing coverts, black tipped with
white; lesser wing coverts, brownish ash-colour; primaries,
black, all but the first two or three marked upon the shaft
near the tip with a line of bright yellow, and in some speci-
mens the feathers are tipped with the same on the outer
webs, which are there white; secondaries, grey; three or four
or more of them tipped with white and a coral-like or wax-
like appendage, or prolongation of the shaft; they vary in
number: in one described by Montagu, there were five on one
side, and six on the other; tertiaries, purple grey, tipped with
white, some of them with the coral adjunct; greater and
lesser under coverts, greyish white, greyish ash-colour towards
the tips. Tail, ash-colour at the base, black in the central
portion, and bright yellow at the tip; in old birds it is also
furnished with the wax-like appendages: upper tail coverts,
ash-colour; under tail coverts, reddish brown, with a tint of
orange; legs and toes, strong and black, the former scaled in
front, and the latter on their upper part; claws, black.

The female resembles the male, but the colours are paler.
In the young birds the iris is chesnut brown, the crest is
shorter, the yellow on the quill feathers and the tail less
bright, and the coral appendages on the wings smaller, as well
as fewer in number, than in the mature bird, and entirely
wanting on the tail. The moult takes place in August or
September.

62

NUTHATCH.
NUTJOBBER. WOODCRACKER.
Sitta Europea, Pennant, Monraav.
Sitta—............ ? Europea— European,

THE vernacular name of this bird, as descriptive of its habit
of hacking and hewing at the nuts, which furnish it with
food, is derived from some primitive word, the original likewise
of the word hatchet, as is its second name of Nutjobber, from
another root of the like import.

The temperate regions are the home of the Nuthatch: it
occurs in the central and more northern parts of Europe and
Asia—in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, and France.

In this country it is but sparingly distributed, though it
by no means ranks with very rare birds. In Yorkshire, it
breeds in Castle Howard Park, the stately avenues of beech
trees there being exactly to its taste. It is also met with
at Seacroft, near Leeds; about Harewood Bridge and Park;
in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, Doncaster, and Barnsley;
in Stainborough woods, and those of Wentworth Castle, the
splendid seat of Thomas Frederick Vernon Wentworth, Esq.
I have seen it in Dorsetshire, in the parish of Glanville’s
Wootton. It is pretty common, as W. F. W. Bird, Esq.
informs me, in Kensington Gardens, near London.

In Ireland and Scotland it appears to be unknown.

In the winter, the Nuthatch leaves the woods for less dreary
situations, and is then not unfrequently found in orchards
and gardens, but it resides with us throughout the year.

More than two or three of these birds are not often seen
together, except indeed while the parents and the young are
kept togetner by the family tie. They are easily tamed, and

NUTHATCH. 63

display their natural propensities upon whatever wood-work
may be used to confine them. Even in their wild state they
are far from shy, and may be approached pretty closely in
the ‘sweet spring time,’ when the male bird is engaged in
singing ditties ‘to his mistress’s eyebrow.’

The Nuthatch does not often alight on the ground, though
it does so occasionally in search of food. It does not use
its tail as a rest in climbing trees, as the Woodpeckers do,
but its claws are sufficiently ‘prehensile and adhesive to enable
it to traverse the trunks of trees in every direction, not only
upwards like those birds, but downwards also. Its not
requiring the help of its tail for the ‘facilis descensus,’ is
doubtless the reason of its organization being such as to
enable it to do without its aid at all. It supports itself
mainly on the hind part of the leg, and what may be called
the heel. Its posture on the tree is straight, and close to
the bark, and it does not aid its progress by an occasional
hop, as is the case with the Woodpeckers, but steps along
quickly and smoothly. It flies rather rapidly, with an undu-
lating motion, if to any ee but otherwise, in a straight
line, “with flapping wing

Nuts are its favourite food. Tt also feeds on berries, acorns,
beech-mast, seeds, barley, oats, and other grain, heetles oe
other ea and caterpillars, and, according to Bewick, will
pick bones; and lays up in different little granaries, a supply
of food against a day of want.

The note sounds like the syllables ‘quit, quit,’ and it is
uttered repeatedly while the ‘ups and downs’ of the bird are
being quietly and stealthily performed upon the tree on which
it seeks its sustenance.

The nest is placed in some hole ina tree. If the entrance
is too large they narrow it with clay, until it is of the right
width. It is lmed with dry leaves, the scales of fir-cones,
moss, bits of bark and wood, and sometimes a little grass.

The eggs, from five to seven, or eight or nine in number,
of an oval form, are greyish white, spotted, and sometimes
much blotted with reddish brown.

Male; weight, about six drachms; Jength, about five inches
and three quarters; bill, dark lcad-colour, dusky at the tip,
dingy white at the base of the lower part; it is very hard
and pointed: a black streak runs from it through the eye to
the shoulder; iris, bright chesnut; over it is a white band;
head, crown, " neck on “the back, and nape, light slate-colou=;

64 NUTHATCH.

chin, white; throat and breast, buff-colour; the latter chesnut
on the sides, and towards the neck, with a tinge of orange;
back, light slate-colour. Tail, except the two middle feathers,
which are light slate-colour, black at the base, grey at the
end, with a patch of white between these two colours on the
three outside feathers, lessening inwards; legs, toes, and claws,
light brown, the former scaled.

WRYNECK.

CUCKOO'S MATE. CUCKOO’S MAID. CUCKOO'S MESSENGER.
RINDING-BIRD. SNAKE-BIRD. TONGUE-BIRD. EMMET-HUNTER.

GWAS Y GOG, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.
Yunx torquilla, Linna&us. LATHAM.

Yunr—The Greek name of some bird, applied to the Wryneck.
Torquilla—A factitious word, from Torgueo—Lo turn, twist, or wrest.

Tus singularly elegant, though plain-coloured bird, a seeming
link between the Woodpeckers and Cuckoos, is found in the
three divisions of the so-called old world. In Europe, it fre-
quents Lapland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Spain,
Greece, Italy, and, though but seldom, Holland. It is said
also to be met with in Kamtschatka. In Asia, it is found
among the Himalaya Mountains; and also, according to Tem-
minek, in Japan.

In this country it is found in all the more southern counties,
but mostly on the eastern side of the island, and, but rarely,
as far north as Northumberland. A few have been met with
in Scotland, namely, two in Berwickshire, one in Fifeshire,
and one or two in other parts. In Ireland it has not yet
been noticed. In Yorkshire I have once seen it, between
Armthorpe and Doncaster, and it has been observed there
occasionally by others, as well as near Sheffield, Barnsley,
Halifax, Hebden-Bridge, and York. I have also seen it not
very unfrequently in Worcestershire.

This bird is a regular periodical visitant to us, and usually
arrives, though in uncertain, and, I fear, from whatever cause,
in gradually diminishing numbers, the first or second week in

VOL. IL 8

66 “ “WRYNECK.

April, a few days before the Cuckoo, whence one of its pro-
vincial names. It takes its departure the end of August or
beginning of September. On the Continent it is an inhabitant
of the colder parts, during the summer months.

The Wryneck is not a shy bird, and, if disturbed, flies only
to a short distance. It has a curious habit, whence its name,
of turning its head and neck about in an odd manner, first
extending the former forwards, then moving it slowly awry
from side to side, and even twisting it quite round, when the
black line on the back of the neck adds to its peculiar
appearance, accompanying this singular proceeding with a
fanning of the tail, and a bowing and scraping of the whole
body, uttermg the while a croaking sound. These postures,
however, are only performed by the old birds, who also, at
times, express their feelings by a puffing out and distention,
in apparent excitement, of the feathers of the head and throat,
and this they also do if approached in the nest, making at
the same time a hissing noise, the origin, probably, of their
provincial name of Snake-bird, unless indeed it be derived from
the writhing motion of the head and neck. The young are
easily tamed.

More than a pair of Wrynecks are not, except by accident,
seen together. They are unsocial birds, solitary except during
the breeding season. Orchards, gardens, coppices, plantations,
and, occasionally, trees in the open fields, are their resorts.
For the most part they may be seen on an ant-hill, a bank, or
the lower branches of a middle-sized tree, giving a preference
to a leafless or a dead one, a low bush, or a hedge-row.

The Wryneck does not, in general, fly far at a time, but
only from one bush or tree to another, and its flight is rather
awkward than otherwise. It roosts in some hole of a tree.
On the ground it moves by hopping, and, though it supports
itself against the trunk of a tree, like the Woodpeckers, yet
does not move forwards in that position.

Its food consists principally of ants, and their eggs and
larve. ‘These it obtains by means of its long projectile tongue,
to the glutinous substance on which they adhere, having first,
if necessary, shaken with its bill their house about their ears,
and so dislodged and collected them together; otherwise, if
the earth be hollow, the hard-tipped tongue, which is two
inches and a quarter in length, is thrust into the interstices,
and the tenants extracted: not a little earth is also swallowed
with them. It also feeds on other insects, and Bechstein

WRYNECK. 67

says, will eat elderberries. Montagu kept one for a short
time, and he observed that the tongue is darted forward and
retracted with unerring aim, and at the same time with such
velocity, ‘that an ant’s egg, which is of a light colour, and
more conspicuous than the tongue, has somewhat the appear-
ance of moving towards the mouth by attraction, as a needle
flies to a magnet.’ The young are fed with caterpillars, ants,
and their eggs.

The note is peculiar, and somewhat resembles that of the
Kestrel, Hobby, and other smaller species of Hawk. It is
rendered by the words ‘good, good, good,’ ‘cue, cue, cue, cue,’
or ‘qui, qui,’ and an abrupt ‘shick,’ the former before the
young brood are hatched, and the latter afterwards, but only
‘sotto voce.’

The nest is placed in a hole of a tree, the mouldered wood
of which seems to supply its chief, or only lining, or rather,
layer. The apple tree is frequently chosen. It is made of
small roots, and the old nest of a Woodpecker or some other
bird would appear to be sometimes adapted, and in some
slight degree fashioned with its bill to its own use by the
Wryneck. It domiciles at various heights from the ground,
and various depths from the surface of the tree, often close
to a road side, in view of every passer by.

The eggs, from six or seven to nine or ten in number, are
pure white. Mr. Salmon relates, that having removed the
nest of a pair of these birds, in quest of their eggs, and
having replaced it, on finding that it did not contain any,
they still resorted to it, and he obtained successively from
it, though the nest was necessarily again taken out, the several
numbers of five, six, four, and seven eggs. The poor bird
thus, according to this inveterate and unrelenting bird-nester,
‘suffered her nest to be disturbed five times, and the eggs,
(amounting altogether to twenty-two,) to be taken away at
four different periods within the month before she finally
abandoned the spot she had selected.’ The young are
hatched in about fourteen days, and the female bird is so
much attached to them, that she may easily be taken, not
only while sitting on the eggs, but even after the young are
hatched and fledged. The same spot is resorted to year after

ear.

; Male; weight, about ten drachms; length, about seven
inches, or seven and a half; bill, yellowish brown; iris,
chesnut brown; head, hoary grey, with a tinge of yellow or

68 WRYNECK.

white, most elegantly mottled, speckled, striated, and barred
with brown, the bars of an arrow-shape, and most on the
crown; neck, in front, pale yellow brown, with narrow trans-
verse black lines; nape, the same—a streak of black mixed
with brown runs down from it to the lower part of the
back; chin and throat, yellowish white and brown, with
transverse black bars; breast, white, with numerous arrow-
shaped black spots, on its sides it has a patch of brown;
back, as the head.

The wings have the first and third feathers nearly equal in
length, longer than the fourth, and a little shorter than the
second, which is the longest; greater and lesser wing coverts,
as the head; primaries, barred alternately with pale yellow,
brown, and black; secondaries, brown, speckled with yellow
brown, and a few white spots; tertiaries, the same, with a
line of black. ‘Tail, long, and much rounded at the end; the
colour is grey, mottled with brown, and with four irregular
black bars, underneath it is pale greyish brown, barred and
speckled with black; upper tail coverts, grey, speckled with
brown; under tail coverts, dull white, tinged with pale yellow
brown; legs, toes, two before and two behind, and claws,
brown.

The female resembles the male, but the colours of her
plumage are not so bright, and the band on the back not
so long as in the male.

The young are also lighter in colour.

7

69

CREEPER.

TREE CREEPER. COMMON CREEPER. FAMILIAR CREEPER.
TREE CLIMBER.

Certhia familiarrs, PENNANT. MONTAGU.
Certhia—...scceseors ? Familiaris—Familiar, common.

Tuts modest and retiring little bird is, so to speak, neither
common nor uncommon. Even where it is to be seen, it
often is not seen, for, not only is its dress of a sober and
unpretending character, bearing resemblance, likewise, as is
the case with many of nature’s animate works, to the less
highly-organized substances on which it plays its part, but,
it also, more shy apparently than fearful, shuns observation,
and, on coming within the range of your glance, withdraws
at once from sight. By watching for its return, you will
often catch a glimpse of it, but, frequently, hid by the tree,
it flies off to some neighbouring one, on which you next see
it. It is. more frequently detected by its note than by its
appearance.

It is found plentifully throughout Europe; as far north as
Russia, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden; and southwards in
Germany and Italy. It is also found in North America, and
occurs in all parts of our Islands.

. Wooded districts, and the larger kinds of trees, providing
16 with food, are its resort.

The Creeper, though in other countries it moves from
exposed to more sheltered localities, for the purpose of
rearing its young, arriving thereat in March, and departing
in September or October, remains with us throughout the

ear.

These little birds are mostly seen singly, or in pairs, and
sometimes in company with the Titmice, almost always en-
gaged in creeping up the trunks of trees, or flitting from

70 CREEPER.

one tree to another, and seldom on the ground. In winter,
‘when the hoar-frost is chill,’ they come to farm-yards and
other out-buildings, in search of any food which such less-
exposed situations may have caused to be left in their way.
They are of most diligently active and industrious habits,
being rarely indeed to be seen, from any cause, in an attitude
of rest. Their progress is only upwards on the trees, aided
by the rest afforded by their deflected tails, or underneath or
on the horizontal branches, and performed with great celerity
by a series of impulses, the outline of their general contour,
contributed by their arched bill, back, and tail, assuming
almost the form of a segment of a circle.

Their flight is undulated, and generally short—a journey
from tree to tree, alighting at the base, and nimbly winning
their way to the top, when the like course is again and
again repeated.

The food of this species consists, for the most part, of
small beetles and other insects, spiders and caterpillars, which,
with its long and slender curved beak, it extracts from
fissures in the bark of trees, as well as at times from those
of old fences and other wooden buildings; and it also eats
seeds.

The note of the Creeper resembles the word ‘tree tree,’
quickly and shrilly repeated. It attracts your attention,
being evidently produced by a very tiny throat.

Nidification commences in March, and a second brood is
very frequently reared the same year, but not, it seems to
be thought, in the same nest.

The nest is composed of grass, straws, fibres of noo and
twigs, bits of bark, spiders’ webs, and the cocoons of chrysa-
lides, lined with the latter and feathers. It is placed either
in a hole or some crevice of the bark of a tree, the willow,
as most affording such as it requires, being preferred, or even
between two stems, and has been found in the interstice
afforded by two palings: a hole previously tenanted by a
Titmouse or other small bird is sometimes resorted to. I¢ is
shaped more widely, or more narrowly, according to the
width afforded by its plot of building ground. The Rev.
Gilbert White, in his ‘Natural ay of Selborne,’ says, ‘a
pair of Creepers have built at one end of the parsonage
house at Greatham, behind some loose plaster. It is very
amusing to see them run creeping up the walls with the
agility ‘of, a mouse. They take great delight in climbing up

CREEPER. vial

steep surfaces, aud support themselves in their progress with
their tails, which are long and stiff, and inclined downwards.’

The eggs, eight or nine at the former brood, laid in April,
and four or five at the second, are white, with a few red
spots all over, or only at the thicker end. They are hatched
in thirteen days, and both birds sit on them by turns. The
young are fed with small caterpillars. ‘If the young,’ says
Meyer, ‘are disturbed, they crawl out of the nest up the tree,
but if they should fall to the ground, they run quickly
amongst the grass and hide themselves, and are almost
certain to make their escape.’

Male; weight, about two drachms; length, from five inches
to five inches and a quarter; bill, long, slender, and curved
downwards; it is compressed towards the tip, and ridged on
the upper part, which is larger than the lower one; the latter
is dull yellowish white, except at the tip, which, as is the
whole of the upper one, is dusky: the space between it and
the eye is brown ash-colour. Iris, brown; a white streak runs
over it, and ends in a spot of the same at the side of the
nape: from the eye backwards extends a dusky streak. Head
on the sides, brown ash-colour, spotted with white; crown,
dusky brown, with markings of dull white, and darker and
lighter yellow; neck and nape, the same, the spots larger;
chin and throat, white. Breast, silvery soiled white, yellowish
on the sides and the lower part; back, as the neck.

Wings; the first feather is very short, the second nearly
half an inch shorter than the third; the third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth nearly equal in length, the fourth rather the longest;
greater wing coverts, dusky, white on the tips of the outer
webs, the edges of the white yellowish; lesser wing coverts,
dusky tipped with white; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries,
dusky tipped with white, more extended over the ends of the
three last feathers; from the fourth to the fifteenth feather,
a yellowish white band across the middle of each, which is
straight when the wings are extended, but is in heraldic
phrase ‘wavy’ or, rather, ‘crenellée’, when they are closed.
Tail, reddish or brownish ash-colour, yellowish towards the
outer edge, the shafts pale brown yellow; upper tail coverts,
as the back, tinged with tawny rust-colour; under tail coverts,
reddish yellow, tipped with white. Legs, toes, and claws,
pale yellow brown, the last named with a tinge of pale red;
they are very long and curved.

The female nearly resembles the male.

wy
bo

BLACK WOODPECKER.

GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER.

Picus martius, PENNANT. Monracu.

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the
Woodpecker. MMJartius—martial—warlike ; also,
belonging to the month of March,

THE Black Woodpecker is found in Europe in the mountain
forests of Switzerland, as also in Russia, Siberia, Norway,
Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Italy, and France. It has been
met with in Persia; and also, by my friend Hugh Edwin
Strickland, Esq., in Asia Minor. It is a native likewise of
some parts of North and South America.

The following specimens of this bird have been met with
in this country:—Two were shot in Yorkshire, and unfortu-
nately not preserved; two were seen by Thomas Meynell, Jun.,
Esq., in the grounds of his father’s seat, the Friarage, at
Yarm; and one was shot the first week in March, 1846, near
Ripley, the seat of Sir William A. Ingilby, Bart.; one shot
by Lord Stanley in Lancashire; one on the trunk of a tree,
in Battersea fields, near London, in 1805; one in the col-
lection of Mr. Donovan; one in Lincolnshire; two in a wood
near Scole, in Norfolk; a pair seen several times in a wood
near Christchurch, in Hampshire; one shot in a nursery
garden near Blandford, in Dorsetshire; and another at Whit-
church, in the same county; both recorded by Dr. Pulteney.
Others, according to Dr. Latham, in Devonshire and some
of the southern counties; and one in Scotland, as recorded
by Sir Robert Sibbald.

In addition to all these, J. Me’ Intosh, Esq., of Charminster,
Dorsetshire, records in “The Naturalist,’ No. 1, page 20, that

BLACK WOODPECKER. 73

he has known these birds to occur more than once at
Charborough Park, in that county, the seat of J. S. W. S.
Hi. Drax, Esq.; and also to have built several times, one pair
he believes, three successive years, at Claremont, Surrey.

In Ireland, the Black Woodpecker has not yet been seen.

The gloomy recesses of the sunless pine woods are the
proper places of this sable species. In the ‘Black Forest’ he
is at home, and does not consider himself as an ‘Exile of
the Landes.’

These birds are of a morose and unsociable disposition.
Two are the most that associate together; a third is, imme-
diately on its appearance, banished from their neighbourhood.
‘The Black Woodpecker is a strong, active, and lively bird.
Its restless nature drives it from spot to spot; and when
aware of being observed toc nearly, it endeavours to effect
its escape, unnoticed by its pursuers, at an incredible rate,
but may generally be detected by the noise it makes, first in
one place then in another, in Jess time than seems possible.
When hurried, it runs up a tree, taking reiterated leaps for-
ward, with such force that its claws may plainly be heard
hooking into the rough bark of the tree, and its tail beating
against it alternately to balance itself. Under these cireum-
stances the bird holds its head back and raises its breast
from the tree, which gives it, in that attitude, a noble
appearance.’

Its flight is heavy, and not extended—a series of falls and
risings, performed with some degree of apparent difficulty,
the wings being exerted to a more than ordinarily forward
extension. In general it is only continued from the top
of one tree to the bottom of another, up which the bird
runs with nimble alertness, evidently perfectly at home. It
is said to roost at night in the hole of a tree, perhaps, at
times, that in which it builds, and to enlarge it for itself
if necessary.

It preys on beetles and other insects and their larve; ants
and their eggs; which are captured by means of the glutinous
substance exuded from its elongate tongue, darted out when-
ever they are likely to be obtained. In default of this food,
it is said, by Temminck, to eat nuts, seeds, and berries,

The note, at least that of the male bird, is rendered by
the syllables ‘cree, cree,’ and ‘kirr, kirr;’ and it has other
flexions of varied import, not without meaning, doubtless, to
the birds themselves. While thus engaged, the crimson

74, BLACK WOODPECKER.

feathers of the head are erected, and have a beautiful appear-
ance fanning in the sun. The beating and vibration of the
dead branches, caused by the ‘sturdy stroke’ of the potent
bill of the Black Woodpecker, is said to be heard at the
distance of half a mile.

These birds commence building in the beginning of April,
and the nest is placed in the hole of a tree, most frequently
the fir, at a height, generally, of about fifty or sixty feet
from the ground, or occasionally, in a hollow of a wall.

The entrance to it is narrow, being only of sufficient
diameter to admit a man’s hand; but beyond this, it wi-
dens in a downward direction, to the width of about nine
inches. The chips and splinters made by the bird in excava-
ting its nursery, frequently betray the locality to the curious,
some of them being of considerable size, even several inches
long; so great is the power of the bill, acting almost like a
bill-hook.

The eggs, from three, it is said, to five or six in number,
are white, smooth, and shining. The male is reported to
take his turn on the nest, and this labour of both lasts for
seventeen or eighteen days. The young are fed with ants’
eggs, and are so carefully guarded by their parents, that
they will hardly quit the nest if it be approached.

Male; weight, twenty to twenty-three ounces; length, one
foot four inches, to as much as one foot seven or eight, ac-
cording to different accounts; bill, black at the tip, the
base almost white, the remainder bluish horn-colour, ending
in yellowish: the upper part is longer than the lower. Iris,
pale yellow; a small tuft of bristly feathers extends forwards
from the base of the bill; crown, deep rich red, the feathers
black at the base. The whole of the rest of the plumage
is black, the under part more dull than the upper.

The wings, which extend to half the length of the tail,
have the first feather narrow, pointed, and only two inches
in length; the second about five inches long, also narrow and
pointed, and of equal length with the ninth; the third
shorter than the fourth, fifth, or sixth, which are of about
equal length, and the longest in the wing, the fifth the
most so; the tips of the wings are rusty black. The two
middle feathers of the tail are the longest, the outside ones
the shortest, the former being seven inches, and the latter
only two and a half long, all much narrowed at the tips,
hollowed beneath, and the webs at the tips resembling bristles;

BLACK WOODPECKER. 75

legs,. slate-colour, partly feathered; two of the toes are
turned backwards, the inner one being only half as long as
the outer one; claws, black, much curved, strong, and sharp.
The female has the crimson colour only at the back of the
head.
The young males have the iris grey, and the crown of the
head only spotted with red.

76

GREEN WOODPECKER.

ECLE. LARGE GREEN WOODPECKER. POPINJAY.
WOODSPITE. RAIN-BIRD. RAIN-FOWL. WHITTLE. HIGH HOE.
HEW-HOLE. PICK-A-TREE. AWL-BIRD. YAPPINGALL.
YAFFLE. YAFFER. NICK-A-PECKER.

Picus viridis, LINN.ZUS.
Brachylopus viridis, SWAINSON.

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the
Woodpecker. Viridis—Green.

THouGH to man it is a difficulty to make even a copy
without some variation from the original, yet, to strike out a
fresh design, is by no means so easy as it might therefore
be thought. Let the thoughtful artist then devoutly wonder
at the unspeakable beauty of the varieties which the hand
of Almighty power and wisdom has pourtrayed in the ‘fowls
of the air, as in all the other ‘wonderful works’ of nature,
‘which God created and made.’

This handsome species is a native of Europe, being found
in more or less plenty, according to the suitableness of the
locality, in Russia, Siberia, Spain, Greece, Italy, Scandinavia,
France, and Holland; also in Africa; and in Egypt, according
to Meyer.

It is common throughout England, and, according to Selby,
in Scotland, that is to say, in all the wooded districts. In
Ireland its occurrence has not yet been authenticated.

These birds roost early, and repose in their holes at night.
The young run on the trees before they are able to fly, and
if then captured are easily tamed.

Like the rest of its tribe, this species only ascends, for the
most part obliquely, on the trees; any descent is performed

y
M4
eed A
‘yf is
AG tay
' iB ty
Bf KY,
VE GY
\ eae WM,
)

RU ~My

ca

GREEN WOODPECKER. Py

by a retrograde motion. It alights near the base, and,
tapping at intervals to alarm any hidden insects, quickly
makes its way to the higher part of the bole, from which
it flies downwards to another tree, or to another part of
the same one, to commence again ‘de novo.’ Occasionally it
may be seen in strong hedges. In severe weather it ap-
proaches villages and farms, searching for its food in the walls
of old buildings and barns, as well as in the neighbouring
trees.

The flight of this bird is generally short, from tree to
tree, heavy and laboured, the wings being rapidly fluttered,
and producing a rustling noise; it gains a long reach by the
impetus it has acquired, and then drops, the effort requiring
to be renewed. On the ground it walks horizontally, the tail
dragging after it.

The ‘laugh’ of the Green Woodpecker, for so is its harsh
note of ‘glu, glu, glu, gluck’ designated, is supposed to
prognosticate rain; hence one of its trivial names. It is
almost startling if suddenly and unexpectedly heard.

Its hard and wedge-shaped bill enables it, without difficulty,
to procure its food by boring into the decayed wood of trees,
even through any sound exterior part, and with its long and
extensile tongue, it extracts the insects and their eggs, spiders
and caterpillars, on which it lives, from the crannies in the
bark in which they lie concealed, and ants and their eggs
from their hills; in searching for which it is frequently seen
on the ground; and, Bewick says, uses not only its bill, but
its feet: failing such a supply, it will eat nuts. The tongue
is a most wonderful organ, as in the rest of the Woodpeckers.
‘It has the appearance of a silver ribbon, or rather, from its
transparency, a stream of molten glass; and the rapidity
with which it is protruded and withdrawn is so great, that
the eye is dazzled in following its motions: it is flexible in
the highest degree.’

Preparations for building are commenced even so early as
February, and the old nest is frequently resorted to and re-
paired. The nest, if decayed wood-dust may be called such,
is placed at a height of fifteen or twenty feet from the
ground, in a sound hole in a tree; and it is said that the
birds carry away the chips and fragments of wood to a distance,
as if afraid that they might lead to a discovery of their retreat.
If necessary, it perforates a hole, or else suits one to itself,
with its trenchant bill, the strokes of the active worker being

78 GREEN WOODPECKER.

so incessantly repeated, that the head can hardly be perceived
to move; and the sound of the ‘Woodpecker tapping the
hollow beech tree,’ may be distinctly heard, it is said, at a
distance of half a mile.

The eggs, four or five, to six or eight in number, are bluish
white in colour. In the ‘Zoologist,’ page 2229, Alfred Newton,
Esq. mentions his having met with five eggs of this bird in
a nest at Elvedon, near Thetford, Norfolk, which were blotted
and spotted with reddish brown and tawny yellow; and at
page 2301, he speaks of having been informed of two other
similar instances, one or both of them, in the same neigh-
bourhood.

The young are hatched in June. The parents are sedulously
devoted to them, and, when fully fledged, they all quit together
in company.

Male; length, one foot one inch and a half; bill, black, or
bluish black, the base of the lower part being nearly white;
from its corner a black streak runs downwards, the middle
part being brilliant red, the feathers grey at the base; iris,
greyish white, with a faint tinge of yellow; it is surrounded
by a black space, part in fact of the streak; black bristles
surround the base of the bill. Forehead, jet black; head, on
the sides, greenish white; crown, brilliant red, running down-
wards to a point brighter than the rest; neck, on the sides,
greyish green, on the back and the nape, greenish yellow;
chin, as the breast; throat, brownish white; breast, yellowish
grey, with a tinge of green; back, above greenish yellow,
below yellow.

The wings reach nearly to half the length of the tail; the
first feather is very short, the fourth and fifth the longest
in the wing; greater and lesser wing coverts, yellowish green;
primaries, greyish black, spotted with faint yellowish white
square spots along the outer web, and the inner half of the
inner one, with round ones, the tips not spotted; secondaries
and tertiaries, green on the outer web, and greyish black
spotted with dull white on the inner one, most dull towards
the primaries; greater and lesser under wing coverts, dusky
and greyish white, in bars, and rows of spots, the whole
tinged with greenish yellow. The tail, of twelve feathers, is
barred with dull greyish white, or greenish white, and dull
greyish black; it is long, stiff, and poimted, the two middle
feathers being the longest, the others graduated; they are
grooved underneath; beneath it is dusky, with bars of greyish

GREEN WOODPECKER. 79

white; upper tail coverts, yellow; under tail coverts, with
dusky greenish transverse markings; legs and toes, blackish
grey, with a tinge of green, and strong, with large scales in
front, and small ones behind; the toes are roughened beneath,
as in all the rest of the genus; two toes are in front and
two behind; claws, black and much hooked.

Female; length, about one foot; there is no red on the
black moustache, and less on the crown than in the male.
The whole plumage is also more dull in colour.

The young have the scarlet of the moustache, which is
itself faint, as is the black round the eye and that on the
head, mixed with yellow, greyish white, and greyish black;
the neck, chin, and throat are dull greyish white, with a
tinge of dull yellowish green, streaked with greyish black;
the breast the same, but barred transversely; on the back
and wings the green feathers are interspersed with grey, and
tipped with yellow, and have a yellowish white mark along
the shafts.

Temminck says that varieties of a yellowish white colour
occasionally occur.

80

\

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

WHITWALL. WITWALL. WOODWALL. WOODNACKER.
WOODPIE. FRENCH PIE. PIED WOODPECKER.
GREATER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. GREAT BLACK AND
WHITE WOODPECKER. FRENCH WOODPECKER.

Picus major, PENNANT. MONTAGU.
“varius major, Ray.

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the
Woodpecker. Major—Greater.

Tuts species is found over the whole of the European con-
tinent, from Russia to Italy, Sweden to France, Denmark
and Norway to Germany, and other countries. In Asia Minor
it has been noticed by EH. H. Strickland, Esq.; and, Meyer
says, is found in America also.

In this country it is of local distribution, dependent entirely
on the nature of the locality, and nowhere to be called common.
Wooded districts are, of course, its resort; and it is most
frequent in the midland counties, in parks, forests, and woods,
and is occasionally to be seen in gardens. It becomes much
less numerous farther north.

In Yorkshire it occurs not very unfrequently near Hud-
dersfield, as Peter Inchbald, Esq. informs me; and it has
been known to breed there. Near Sheffield, also, it is not
rare; and has been met with near Hebden-Bridge, Barnsley,
and Plumpton, all in the West-Riding; Castle Howard, in
the North-Riding; and one at Boynton, in the Kast-Riding.
In Northumberland it is scarce, and in Cumberland. W. F.
Wratislaw Bird, Esq. has written me word, that one of these
birds, which, probably, as he remarks, had strayed from Ken-

S *
N
Ali=

y}

~ XQ
,

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. 81

sington Gardens, where they are not unfrequent, was observed,
a few years since, early in the morning, climbing up the wall
of a house near’ Cavendish Square, London. Was it making
its way to the ‘Woods and Forests?’

In Scotland it sparingly occurs in Roxburghshire and Dum-
friesshire, and even farther north; and in the neighbourhood
of the Spey and the Dee. In the Orkney Islands, one was
shot near Scapa; another by Mr. Strang, on the 10th. of
September, 1830; a young one was caught at Stronsay; and
another shot in the garden of Mr. Traill, of Woodwick, at
Kirkwall. For these particulars I am indebted to the very
complete ‘Historia Naturalis Orcadensis,’ published by W. B.
Baikie, Esq., M.D., and Mr. Robert Heddle, and very oblig-
ingly forwarded to me by those gentlemen, for the use of
this work.

In Ireland, eleven specimens have been placed on record by
William Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, as having occurred in
various parts of the island.

Mr. Selby considers that these birds are probably migratory,
as he has met with them in Northumberland in the months
of October and November, generally after storms from the
north-east. They, at all events, wander about more in the
autumn than in any other part of the year.

This species naturally displays the capabilities of climbing,
which distinguish its race. With the most easy adroitness
it runs in all upward directions over the branches and trunks
of trees, seeming at the same time to prefer having the latter
between you and it, should you approach. Sometimes they
will run up to the top of the tree, and then fly off. They
seldom alight on the ground, and their movements then are
neither quick nor graceful. The old birds shew great attach-
ment to their young. Montagu mentions one instance in
which ‘notwithstanding that a chisel and mallet were used to
enlarge the hole, the female did not attempt to fly out till
the hand was introduced, when she quitted the tree at another
opening.’ The Greater Spotted Woodpecker is a courageous,
active, strong, and lively bird; but unsociable with strangers,
and defensive of its own food.

The flight of this Woodpecker is straight and strong, but
short and curved; the wings being quickly moved from, and
brought close back again to the body.

Their food consists of insects and caterpillars, seeds, fruits,
and nuts. Mr. Gould observes that they ‘sometimes alight

VOL. II, G

82 GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

upon rails, old posts, and decayed pollards, where, among the
moss and vegetable matter, they find a plentiful harvest of
spiders, ants, and other insects; nor are they free from the
charge of plundering the fruit trees of the garden, and, in
fact, commit great havoc among cherries, plums, and wall fruit
in general.’ They alarm the insects from their recesses by
the noise made with their bills upon the trees, which is audible
at the distance of half a mile. Meyer says that they do not
eat ants; but he adds the eggs of insects, nuts, the seeds of
fir-cones, and other seeds to the above bill of fare; and he
also remarks, though I own I cannot think it a circumstance
of very common occurrence, ‘the jealousy of this bird leads
it into danger, as it is sure to take notice if any one taps
against a tree; and approaches sometimes near enough to be
caught with the hand.

In the spring, these birds produce a like jarring noise to
that made by the Green Woodpecker; and their note is ex-
pressed by Meyer by the syllables ‘gich,’ and ‘kirr,’ uttered
only once at a time, at long intervals; perched, when wooing,
at the top of a tree.

About the end of March, or beginning of April, the nidi-
fication of these birds commences.

No nest is formed; the eggs are laid on the dust that
lodges at the bottom of the hole, at a depth of six or seven
inches, but sometimes as much as two feet from the orifice.
A pine tree seems to be preferred, but the oak and others
are also made available; a pre-existing hole being adapted to
their wants, or if there be none such, a new one is scooped
out of the most unsound part of the tree. There is frequently
a second hole, which facilitates the escape of the bird in case
of danger.

The eggs are four or five in number, white and glossy, and
are hatched after an incubation of fifteen or sixteen days.

Male; weight, about two ounces and three quarters; length,
about nine inches and a half; bill, dark shinmg horn-colour;
from its base proceeds a streak of black towards the nape,
from the middle of which another passes down each side of
the neck, meeting upon the upper part of the breast, where
it forms a half-moon-shaped patch. Iris, purple red. The
eye is surrounded by a dull white ring; a few bristly feathers
project about the base of the bill; forehead, buff or rusty
yellowish white, black behind it; head on the back, bright
scarlet; crown, dark bluish black; on the back part of the

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. 83

side of the neck is a white patch; nape, black; chin, throat,
and breast, dingy or buff white; back, black.

The wings expand to the width of one foot, and have the
first feather very short; the second shorter than the seventh,
but longer than the eighth; the third, fourth, and fifth the
same length as the seventh, the sixth the longest. The outer
greater wing coverts black, the imner white; lesser wing
coverts, black; primaries, black, with from two to five white
patches on the outer web of each feather, and rounder ones
on the inner; secondaries, black; tertiaries, black. The tail
has the two middle feathers black, pointed, and longer than
the rest; the two next black, tipped with white; the next
black and white, the white barred with black; the middle
feathers are three inches and three quarters in length, while
the outer ones are only an inch and a quarter; upper tail
coverts, black; under tail coverts, red; legs and toes, blackish
grey, the former feathered part of the way down in front;
claws, much hooked and black.

The female is without the red on the head. These birds
moult as late as the beginning of November.

Young; at first the whole head is scarlet, till the first
moult, when the females lose that colour entirely, and the
males retain it only on the back of the head. ‘The young
of the year are a little less in size than the old birds; and
all the colours are less bright. Forehead, white; head, on
the back, black, and in front, behind the forehead, scarlet;
crown, red, sometimes with a few black feathers interspersed.

I am much indebted to W. F. W. Bird, Esq., for a careful
‘resume’ of the various authorities ‘pro and con,’ on the
subject of a supposed occurrence of another species of Wood-
pecker, the Middle Spotted; from which, on the whole, it
seems to be incontestably established that it is only the
young of the one before us; though, as Hunt remarks in
his ‘British Ornithology,’ ‘it is certainly a curious circumstance
that the beautiful scarlet on the head of the young is next
to the white forehead, whilst in the old bird the scarlet is
at the back of the head, and the black next to the white
forehead; and also that in the case of a nest of three young
birds and an old one, sent to him from the Rev. Mr.
Whitear, one of the young ones weighed more than its
parent; but ‘maternal solicitude’ may have been the cause
both of the one and the other effect.

84

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

LEAST SPOTTED WOODPECKER. LITTLE
BLACK AND WHITE WOODPECKER. BARRED WOODPECKER.
LITTLE FRENCH WOODPECKER.
HICKWALL. PUMP-BORER. CRANK-BIRD.

Picus minor, LINNZUS. PENNANT.
“© varius minor, Brisson.
oP “ tertius, Ray.

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the Woodpecker.
Minor—Less—lesser.

THis species is found in Europe—in France, Italy, Scandi-
navia, Siberia, and Holland; in which latter it is rare.

In Yorkshire one of these birds was shot by Peter Inchbald,
Esq., of Storthes Hall, near Huddersfield, in the winter of
1848; and this gentleman writes me word that a nest of the
same species, containing five eggs, was found in that neigh-
bourhood on the 31st. of May, 1851. In Worcestershire I
have known it to occur, as has also W. F. W. Bird, Esq. In
Norfolk it breeds, but is rare: one was shot at Blickling, in
April, 1847. In Suffolk, one was shot at Haughleigh, near
Stowmarket, in 1847. In Sussex a pair bred at Peasmarsh,
in the beginning of June, 1849, in a plum tree, only a few
yards from a house: a male was shot in 1844, at Arundel;
another at Albourne, in December, in 1848; and one was
captured at Parham House, having flown in through an open
window; a few near Chichester, and others on the eastern
side of the county. In Derbyshire, one near Newton, in the
parish of Melbourne, December 11th., 1844. It has also
occurred in Lancashire, Shropshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey,
not very unfrequently; Gloucestershire, Berkshire, Wiltshire,
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Cornwall, Herefordshire, Warwickshire,
Essex, Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Mid-
dlesex, not very uncommonly near London—in Kensington
Gardens; at Southgate, and in Greenwich Park. In North-

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. 85

umberland one was killed near Newcastle, in the month of
January, 1829. In Orkney one was shot by Mr. Low, near
Stromness, in the winter of 1774; and another was observed
at Sanday, on the 14th. of October, 1823.

Like the rest of its race, nay, like the rest of another
race, the great object of this bird is to get to the ‘top of
the tree. Its motive, however—more than can be always
said in the other case—is only a laudable one—to procure
its necessary food: it sometimes perches on the topmost
branch. It more peculiarly affects the apple, plum, beech,
and elm; but not by any means exclusively.

The Little Woodpecker is of a morose disposition, and
prefers its own company: excepting while the young birds
continue to require their parents’ fostermg care, more than
two are not seen together, and even this number only in
the breeding season. It is not at all a shy bird. Wooded
districts are its natural and necessary resort.

Its flight is undulated like that of its congeners, the wings
being drawn close to the body, and then quickly flapped
while extended.

Its food consists of small insects and their larve, spiders
and ants, which are generally procured from the branches of
trees in the fields and orchards, and, abroad, in the vineyards;
but occasionally on the ground. The mode of their capture
is the same as in the case of the other species of the genus.

It makes the same sort of jarrmg noise that the other
Woodpeckers do, but of course in a ‘minor’ key. Its note,
which is rather shrill and often repeated, but not frequently
uttered while on the wing, resembles the syllables ‘keek,
keek, keek, keek; and one of the sounds it makes is likened
by the country people to that made by an augur in boring;
hence one of its vernacular names.

The nest, so to call it, is placed at the bottom of a hole
in a tree, in some cases found ready made to its hand, and
in others adapted by itself to its requirements. Sometimes
more than one hole is either wholly or in part thus fashioned,
though only one can be finally occupied.

The eggs, generally five in number, are white: they are
hatched in fourteen days.

Male; weight, not quite five drachms; length, five inches
and a half to six inches; bill, lead-coloured, black at the tip,
rather weaker than in the other species, sharply ridged on the
upper surface: from the corner of the bill a moustache pro-

86 LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER.

ceeds, first black and white, then black, ending in a triangular
black spot, the lower part of which shades off into dusky
shaft streaks; iris, red; the feathers around it are brownish
yellow: over it, and extending down the sides of the neck,
is a white streak; greyish brown bristles surround the parts
near the bill. Forehead, brownish yellow or greyish white;
head and crown, bright red, palest towards the front and
darker towards the nape; the sides are margined with black,
which, meeting behind, forms an irregular patch, pointing
downwards, and running into the black of the neck, (which
has a patch of white on the side,) nape, and back; the sides
of the head are white; chin, throat, and breast, dull white,
with a tinge of brown on the sides, the feathers brownish
black in the centre; back, white, barred across with black,
and black downwards.

The wings expand to the width of one foot; underneath
they are greyish black, with white bars; greater wing coverts,
black, spotted with white; lesser wing coverts, black; prima-
ries, dull black; the first quill is very short, the third, fourth,
and fifth nearly equal, the fourth the longest in the wing,
the second and seventh the same length, nearly as short as
the first; the outer webs have angular spots of white, and
the inner webs rounded ones, almost forming white bars;
secondaries, dull black, very broad, and abruptly rounded;
tertiaries, dull black; greater and lesser under wing coverts,
white, with a few oval-shaped greyish black spots. The four
middle feathers of the tail are black, the two next have
white marks at the tip, the fourth is white, black at the
base and tip; the fifth white, with five black bars; the outer
black, with a white spot near the tip; underneath it is dull
black and yellowish white; upper tail coverts, black; under
tail coverts, spotted with dusky. Legs, lead-coloured, small,
and not robust; they are feathered two thirds of their length
down in front, and the remaining part is scaled; toes, lead-
colour, yellowish beneath; claws, lead-coloured, black at the
tips, short, weak, and dull.

The female wants the red on the head, which is yellowish
white, and there is more white on the side of the head; the
black of her plumage is more dull than in the male, and the
white less pure.

In the young bird, the red on the head, which is assumed
in the autumn, is at first interspersed with white; the iris
chesnut; the breast light chocolate-colour, with dusky streaks.

87

HAIRY WOODPECKER.

Picus villosus, Linn2us. GMELIN.

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the
Woodpecker. Villosus—Hairy,

I am here also indebted to W. F. W. Bird, Esq., for a
eareful collection of the different accounts of this species as
a British bird. Dr. Latham’s is as follows:—‘This has been
met with in England, but I have only heard of two or three
instances of the circumstance; one, in particular, communicated
by the late Mr. Bolton, of Stannary, near Halifax, Yorkshire,
of a pair being shot among the old trees in the park of Sir
George Armitage, Baronet, at Kirklees Hall, where they no
doubt had been bred, but the wood being cut down the suc-
ceeding winter, the rest forsook the ground, and could not
be traced further. The above pair were presented to the late
Duchess Dowager of Portland, in whose collection I saw them
many years since. These birds answered to the general des-
cription in every particular, except in not having the red
bar across the back of the head so complete, their being only
a patch of that colour on each side of the head.’ So also
says Wilson.

In the ‘British Cyclopedia,’ vol. iii, page 447, it is observed,
‘This is understood to be a discursive bird, at least to a
considerable extent, for a specimen or two are reported to
have made their appearance in England; and either it, or a
species very similar, has been found in the eastern parts of
Siberia. That an American Woodpecker should find its way
to Siberia is by no means unlikely; coming to England,
however, is a different matter.’ The writer of the above does
not seem to have calculated that though the difficulty may

88 HAIRY WOODPECKER.

have been great, for a Woodpecker to cross the Atlantic, yet
that having got, on his own shewing, to Siberia, this ‘over-
land route’ removes the said difficulty at once; and Whitby
being on our north-east coast, is In favour of the supposition
that this course may have been followed by the specimen
presently to be spoken of, as well as by the other two
previously met with in the same county.

This Woodpecker is common in North America, where it
frequents orchards.

One of these birds, a female, was shot near Whitby, in
Yorkshire, in the beginning of the year 1849, as recorded in
the ‘Zoologist,’ pages 2496-2497, by Mr. Edmund Thomas
Higgins, of York. Another was received from Worcestershire,
about the year 1846, by W. F. W. Bird, Esq., which there
seems no reason to doubt was killed in that county.

The motto of the midshipman on the mast, ‘I aspire,’ is
in practice adopted by our present subject, as by all the rest
of its genus; and doubtless it does often ‘swarve the maimast
tree,’ the very same ‘tall pine’ while growing yet in its native
forest, which is afterwards to be ‘toss’d on the stormy sea’
in some goodly man-of-war or portly merchantman: upwards
the bird toils in quest of the means to support him in life.
The Hairy Woodpecker is by no means shy; frequently ap-
proaching the farm-house and the outskirts of the town, and
pursuing its search for food in the trees, while people are
constantly passing immediately below.

Its flight is described as ‘consisting of alternate risings and
sinkings.’

The food of this species consists of insects and their larve;
and these it extracts from fissures in the bark, and holes in
branches of trees.

The note ‘is strong, shrill, and tremulous; they have also
a single note or ‘chuck,’ which they often repeat in an eager
manner as they hop about and dig into the crevices of the
tree.’

Nidification begins in May, when a branch already hollow
is pitched upon, or a fresh opening is made. ‘In the former
ease,’ says Wilson, ‘I have known his nest more than five
feet distant from the mouth of the hole; and, in the latter,
he digs first horizontally, if im the body of the tree, six or
eight inches, and then downwards, obtusely, for twice that
distance; carrying up the chips with his bill, and scraping
them out with his feet. They also not unfrequently choose

HAIRY WOODPECKER. 89

the orchard for breeding in, and even an old stake of the
fence, which they excavate for this purpose.’

The eggs are white, five, or thereabouts, in number, and
are laid in June.

Male; length, eight or nine inches; bill, bluish horn-colour,
straight, grooved, and wedged at the end; from its base a
white band passes under the eye, almost forming by a junction
a ring round the back of the neck; beneath it is a black
band; over the eye is a broad white band, and a black line
runs through it, widening as it descends; tufts of bristles, or
hair-like feathers, of a dull yellowish white colour, surround
the base of the bill. Head on the crown, black, behind
scarlet, sometimes with black intermixed; neck and nape, black;
chin, throat, and breast, white; back, above and below, black,
white on the middle; down its middle the feathers are loose,
webbed, and of a hairy appearance.

The wings expand to the width of one foot three inches;
ereater and lesser wing coverts, black, each feather with two
or three rounded white spots on the outer and inner webs;
primaries and secondaries, black, slightly tinged with brown,
with eight, (five on the former and three on the latter,)
well-defined, rather elongated spots of white on the outer
web, and rounded patches of white on the inner web, forming
eight distinct bands; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth feathers
tipped on the outer web with white; shafts, black; the first
feather is very short, the second two inches longer than the
first, and one inch shorter than the third; third, fourth, fifth,
and sixth feathers nearly of equal length, but the fourth and
the fifth rather the longest in the wing. The tail, of ten
feathers, has the four middle feathers black, stiff, and pointed,
the next on each side black on the inner half, white on the
outer, most of the latter on the outer web, two outer feathers
on each side white, tipped with a brownish burnt colour;
upper tail coverts, black or greyish black; under tail coverts,
white. Legs, toes, and claws, blackish blue, the latter are
very strong.

The female is black on the back of the head, and the white
of the chin, throat, and breast is tinged with brown.

90

THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

NORTHERN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Picus tridactylus, LINN US.
Apterus ‘“ SWALNSON,
Picoides “ LACEPEDE,

Picus—A bird that makes holes in trees, supposed to be the
Woodpecker. Tridactylus—Three-fingered.

THIS species, as conveyed by its specific name, is without
the hind toe. It is a native of the ‘far west,’ being very
common in the northern parts of North America, from
whence, by Kamtschatka, it spreads into the north-eastern
parts of Hurope—Siberia, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
especially in Dalecarlia, and is also found in the mountain
gorges of Switzerland and the Tyrol, where it breeds, and
occasionally in Germany and France. Temminck, however,
considers that the American and European species are distinct.

The pine forests which fringe the lower sides and ravines
of mountainous districts are the especial resort of this bird.

I insert this species on the authority of Donovan, vi, plate
148: Mr. G. R. Gray, in his ‘List of the British Birds in
the British Museum,’ who gives the ‘North of Scotland’ as
the place of its occurrence; ‘Stephens’ General Zoology;’
Edwards, and others; and the ‘Zoology List of Birds.’

These birds do not migrate, but in the severity of winter
some make their way southwards, in America to the United
States, and probably the like is the case in Europe.

No sooner has the Woodpecker toiled up to the summit
that it has been seeking to reach, than it finds the prospect
a barren one, and the most that it has gained has been a

XK w
A\.

%

XN
YO
ZN
“\ \
\\ AN
a wy) \
PR

THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. 91

temporary supply of necessary food; again it must begin,
again, and again, and yet again. ‘Telle est la vie. How
often! But I must not moralise; nor think that I am writing
a sermon. I can, however, do better—recommend my readers
to study the ‘wisdom of Solomon,’ and to profit by it.

Wilson says that this species is easily decoyed by imitating
its voice.

Its food consists of insects and their eggs, caterpillars, and
sometimes seeds and berries.

A hole im a pine tree is the favourite receptacle for the
egos of the Three-toed Woodpecker; and these, four or five
in number, are of a brilliant whiteness.

Male; length, between nine and ten inches; the bill, which
is remarkably broad and flattened along the basal part, is
bluish grey above, whitish beneath at the base; the tip is
obtuse—a white mark between it and the eye; iris, bluish
black; from it a white line runs to the nape, where it spreads
out; another proceeds in lke manner under the eye, dilating
sooner, and under it is a black one, which runs into the blaek
of the back; thick and long blackish bristles, white at the
base, and somewhat mixed with reddish white, are about the
base of the bill. Forehead, glossy black, with purple and
greenish reflections, as have all the black parts of the plumage,
and thickly spotted with white; head on the sides, black,
and the rest black, except the crown, which is pale yellow,
faintly tinged with orange, with white specks shining through,
and spotted around as the forehead, which perhaps disappear
with age; neck behind, and nape, black, as described above;
chin and throat, white; breast, white, thickly waved and barred
on the sides with black; in very old birds the white prevails;
back, black; the feathers on the middle part are downy, and
barred with white.

The wings, which expand to the width of one foot four inches,
reach to two thirds the length of the tail; greater wing coverts,
dull black, in some specimens a little spotted with white; lesser
wing coverts, glossy black; primaries, dull black, tipped with
white, (so at least says Swainson, but Wilson says that none
of the quill feathers are tipped with white,) and spotted with
white square spots on their margins, larger on the inner webs
and as they approach the base; the first is the longest, and
hardly longer than the seventh; the four following ones are
subequal and longest; secondaries, dull black, some of them
tipped with white; the inner web only is spotted, the spots

92 THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

taking the appearance of bands; tertiaries, dull black; larger
and lesser under wing coverts, white, barred with black. The
tail, of twelve feathers, has the four middle feathers brownish
black, and acute; the next on each side also acute, black at
the base, yellowish white at the end, obliquely and irregularly
tipped with black; the two next are yellowish white at the tip,
banded with black on the inner web at the base, the outer
one of the two being somewhat rounded, and having the white
purer; the outermost one short and rounded, and banded
throughout with black and pure white; upper tail coverts, in
some specimens spotted a little with white; under tail coverts,
white, except at the base, where they partake of the black
waves of the breast. Legs, lead-coloured, feathered in front
for nearly half their length, the feathers white, slightly barred
with black; toes, lead-coloured; claws, lead-coloured, much
curved, and acute.

The female is less than the male; head, on the sides and
back, glossy greenish black; she wants the yellow on the
crown, the top of the head being thickly spotted with white,
or, as described by Gould, white, interspersed with five black
bars. In other respects the female exactly resembles the male.

In the young the bands on the side of the head are obscure
and narrower; the feathers of the crown are tipped with white,
constituting thick dots on that part, to which they give a
silvery appearance; the yellow of the crown is gradually assumed
by the young male, being at first of a pale lemon-colour,
through which white dots are for some time seen; these are
very conspicuous in the female at first, without any yellow,
but she loses them entirely when adult; the neck on the back
is more or less varied with white. The breast is more thickly
waved with black; the back is banded with white, which gives
to that part a waved appearance. The tail has six feathers
almost wholly black, and the outer ones have only two or
three whitish spots on the outer web.

93

GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO
Cuculus glandarius, LATHAM. GOULD.
Cuculus—A term of reproach. Glandarius—Of or beionging to acorns.

THE northern and western coasts of Africa are the native
regions of this species, and it also occasionally dwells in the
southern parts of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean—
Spain, France, and Italy; it has been met with also in
Germany.

One specimen has occurred in Ireland, apparently fatigued,
as if after a long flight: whence it had flown, is indeed, as
Aristophanes says, ‘hard to say.’ It was observed, pursued
by Hawks, on the Island of Omagh, and having taken refuge
in a hole in a stone wall, was captured by two persons who
were walking there. It was fed and kept alive for four days.
The month of March, in the year 1842, is said to have been
the time of its occurrence. It was subsequently obtained by
Mr. Ball, for the museum of Trinity College, Dublin, where
it is now preserved.

Male; length, one foot three inches and a half; bill, bluish
black; iris, yellow; a crest of considerable length proceeds
from the top and back of the head; head on the front and
sides, dark ash-colour; throat and breast, light reddish white;
back, greyish black. Greater and lesser wing coverts, greyish
black; primaries, the fourth is the longest in the wing;
greater and lesser under wing coverts, white; the tail has the
middle feathers eight inches long, the outer one but four
inches and three quarters; the two centre feathers are brown,
the outer ones darker, but all tipped with white; upper tail
coverts, greyish black; under tail coverts, white; legs, toes,
and claws, bluish black,

94 GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO.

In the young the head and crest are darker-coloured; the
throat and upper part of the breast light reddish brown; the
back more inclining to reddish brown, with slight reflections
of green; primaries, rufous, tinged with greenish brown towards
the points, which are pure white.

YHLLOW-BILLED CUCZOO.,

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO

AMERICAN YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. VIRGINIAN
CUCKOO. CAROLINA CUCKOO. COW-BIRD. RAIN-CROW.

Cuculus Americanus, LINN 2&US.,
Coccyzus Americanus, Linna&us. JENYNS.
Cuculus cinerosus, TEMMINCK.
“ Carolinensis, WIson.
Erythrophrys Americanus, SWAINSON.
Cuculus—A term of reproach, Americanus—American.

Tur American Cuckoo, as its name imports, is a native of
that continent, that is to say of the northern division of it,
where it is a common bird.

In this country four examples have occurred. One was shot
in Cornwall; another in Wales, in the autumn of 1832, on
the estate of Lord Cawdor. One near Youghall, in the county
of Cork, in the autumn of 1825; and another at Old Connaught,
near Bray, in the county of Wicklow, also in the autumn
of 1832.

The American Cuckoo frequents the retired glades and deep
hollows of lonely woods, the borders of solitary swamps, and
also orchards.

The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is a migratory bird, arriving from
the more southern parts in the more northern about the 22nd.
of April, from whence it returns in the autumn.

It is a shy and solitary species. The female is remarkably
attentive to her nest, and when roused feigns lameness, after
the manner of several other birds, fluttering and trailing her
wings to endeavour to decoy any stranger from the spot. The
male keeps watch within view, and gives an alarm by his
note of the approach of any danger.

96 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

Its food consists of insects and caterpillars, as also berries,
and it occasionally destroys the eggs of other birds. With
the former-named the young are also fed, and both birds
unite in the task of providing for them.

The note, resembling the syllables ‘kowe, kowe, kowe, kowe,’
is uttered first slowly, and then faster until it ends so rapidly
that the notes seem to run into one another, and it is also
repeated backwards with a relative change of time. It appears
to have some imitative powers of voice; and hence Wilson
imagines its name of Cow-bird to be derived; but it occurs
to me as possible that its note, just described, may have been
the origin of it. The name of Rain-bird has also, he says,
been applied to it from its being observed to be most clamorous
immediately before rain.

The nest is commenced about the end of the first week in
May.

This species of Cuckoo does build a nest for itself, though
of rude construction, and nearly flat. It is placed on the
branch of a tree, and is made of small sticks and twigs,
intermixed with weeds and blossoms. Meyer says that it is
made of roots and wool.

The eggs, three, four, or five, generally four in number,
are of a uniform greenish blue colour, and of a duly propor-
tionate size. As if, however, every kind of Cuckoo must have
something peculiar about it, the one before us does not begin
to hatch its eggs when all have been laid, but commences at
once with the first, the necessary consequence of which is
that each successive egg is hatched later than its predecessor;
and thus the family of Cuckoos exhibit various stages of
advancement while yet in the nest. The ‘rationale’ of this is
assuredly not as yet ‘dreampt of in our philosophy.’

Male; length, one foot to one foot one inch; bill, rather
long, and a little curved, black at the tip above and below;
the remainder of the lower part is yellow, and of the upper
black, edged with yellow at the base; iris, hazel, but Meyer
says yellow, feathered close to the eyelid, which is yellow.
Head, crown, neck, which on the sides is white, behind, and
nape, cinereous brown, with a tinge of olive; chin, throat,
and breast, greyish white; back, as the head and nape. The
wings expand to the width of one foot four inches; the first
quill feather is more than an inch shorter than the second,
the second shorter than the third or fourth, but equal to the
fifth; the third longer than the fourth, and the longest. in

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. 97

the wing; greater and lesser wing coverts, bright rufous;
primaries, bright rufous. The tail, of ten feathers, has the
two middle feathers cinereous brown, with a slight tinge of
olive; the others black, with a broad white space at the end
of each of the three outermost; the fourth just tipped with
white; the two outer feathers are scarcely half the length of
the middle ones; the others gradually shorten to them. The
legs, of a light blue colour, black, according to Meyer, are
covered on the upper part with large feathers; the toes, two
placed behind and two before, are also light blue.

The female closely resembles the male. The four middle
tail feathers are cinereous brown, tinged with olive, with a
greenish reflection; and the white on the breast is more dull
than in the male bird.

Vor Ii iH

CUCKOO.

COMMON CUCKOO. GOWKE.

COG, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Cuculus canorus, Linnzus. Monrtacu.
“« hepaticus, LATHAM.
“ canorus rufus, GMELIN. LATHAM.
Cuculus—A term of reproach, Canorus—Musical.

‘A HORSE, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!’ cried Richard
at Bosworth field; and much would the author of the ‘History
of British Birds, give for more discursive opportunities when
he has arrived at so wide a field as the mysterious Cuckoo
opens out.

Pleasant is every thought associated with the ‘Cuckoo’s
time o’ coming:’ two opinions there will not be about this.

The Common Cuckoo is found throughout the whole of the
European continent—in the north, in Denmark, Sweden,
Norway, Lapland, and Siberia; and in the south, in Greece
and its Archipelago, and Italy. In Asia, it is found in Japan,
Java, Kamtschatka, Asia Minor, India, and many other parts.
In Africa also, in Egypt, and, according to Temminck, in
the ‘south of that continent.

In our own country it occurs in every county of England,
Ireland, Wales, and Scotland; and in the Orkney Islands the
Cuckoo is frequently heard. A few breed every season in
retired parts of Hoy and Waas: two were killed in Sanday,
by Mr. Strang, in September, 1827.

A Cuckoo in the plumage of the first year was killed at
Letton, in Norfolk, on the 5th. of May, as recorded by John

CUCKOO. 99

Henry Gurney, and William Richard Fisher, Esqrs., in their
account of the Birds found in that county.

The general appearance of the Cuckoo is ‘strikingly like that
of the female Sparrow-Hawk. It frequents localities of the
i the dreary fen, the wild heath of
the open treeless moor, as well as those in which brushwood
abounds, and the well-wooded hedge-rows of the best cultivated
districts.

It need hardly be mentioned that the Cuckoo is a migratory
bird: ‘in April come he will,’ and that about the middle of
the month—generally on the 17th.; it has been heard on the
15th.; once on the 18th., as mentioned by Mr. Thompson, of
Belfast, but frequently not until one or other of the days
between these dates and the 30th. One was both heard and
seen at Malvern, in Worcestershire, a neighbourhood which
has been noticed as more than ordinarily abounding in these
birds, on the 12th. of January, 1851, as recorded by F. R.
Gibbes, Esq., of Northallerton, in ‘The Naturalist,’ page 43;
and on the 14th. of April, also in the present year, two were
seen by J. O. Harper, Esq., of Norwich, as recorded in “The
Naturalist,’ page 162. One of them was heard at the same
time, and ae other was shot, and proved to have been carrying
its egg in its bill. The males arrive a day or two’ before
the females; and the old birds leave the country in the autumn
before the young ones. The general time for the former to
depart is in the end of July or beginning of August; but it
would appear as if, though they commence ‘their outward-bound
movement from north “to south, about this time, that they
do not finally quit the land until rather later.

An adult Cuckoo was shot near Thirsk, Yorkshire, by Mr.
Johnstone, son of the Rev. Charles Johnstone, Canon of York,
on the 14th. of August, in the present year, 1851; and another
old one near Leeds, on the 24th. of July, also in this year,
by Mr. Bond, of that place. Another has been seen on the
3lst. of July. The young birds do not leave before September;
and have been known in Cornwall until October, and likewise
in Oxfordshire, by the Revs. Andrew and Henry Matthews,
who also record in their ‘Catalogue of the Birds of Oxford-
shire and its Neighbourhood,’ that ‘on the 23rd. and 24th.
of September, 1848, a Cuckoo was heard singing in the early
part of the morning:’ another was heard near Belfast, on the
7th. of July, 1888; and another by Mr. W. H. White, on the
28th. of July, as recorded in the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’

100 CUCKOO.

vol. iv, page 184: this bird was seen for some days afterwards.
Again, in ‘Graves’ British Ornithology, the author records
that he saw two Cuckoos, on the 26th. and 27th. of August,
and heard the former one uttering its well-known note. He
too says, that he has known them in October also. On the
14th. of October, 1848, one is mentioned by Martin Curtler,
Ksq., of Bevere House, near Worcester, as having been shot
close to that city; but it must probably have been a young
bird. Two young ones were shot in a garden near Tralee, in
the county of Kerry, on the 5th. of October.

Occasionally at the time of their departure, considerable
numbers of Cuckoos have been seen collected together—sixteen
were seen flying in company from the north-east end of the
Grampian hills, in Scotland, towards the German Ocean, distant
about half a mile. Bishop Stanley relates that a gentleman
living on the Cheshire side of the Mersey, opposite to Liverpool,
was awoke one morn ning early in the s spring —the time of their
arrival, by a chattering noise, with an occasional ‘cuckoo,’ in
a low plantation near his house, which he found to proceed
from a pretty large flock of these birds, which at sunrise, or
soon after, took flight: three or four, or more, are not unfre-
quently seen together. In the county of Down, in Ireland,
from the 18th. to the 22nd. of July, not less than forty were
once observed feeding on the caterpillars that infest gooseberry
trees.

In several instances the Cuckoo has been kept, great care
being used, through the winter, until the following spring;
one for nearly two years, and it was then only killed by
accident; and Buffon says, “Though cunning and solitary, the
Cuckoo may be given some sort of education: several persons
of my acquaintance have reared and tamed them. One of
these tame Cuckoos knew his master, came at his call, followed
him to the chase, perched on his gun, and if it found a cherry
tree in its way, it would fly to it, and not return until it
had eaten plentifully; sometimes it would not return to its
master for a whole day, but followed him ata distance, flying
from tree to tree. In the house it might range at will, and
passed the night on the roost.’

Not only is the Cuckoo when come to maturity, a bird
of marvel, but even from the very first, the chapter of its
strange proceedings commences.—The instinctive propensity of
the young one to turn out of the nest, by forcible ejectment,
any other occupants, its lawful tenants by right of primo-

CUCKOO. 101

geniture who may have been preserved from previous expulsion,
is well known. “Iwo Cuckoos and a Hedge-Sparrow,’ says
Dr. Jenner, in his account of this strange bird, published in
the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’ for the year 1788,
‘were hatched in the same nest, this morning, (June 27th.,
1787:) one Hedge-Sparrow’s egg remained unhatched. In a
few hours after a contest began between the Cuckoos for the
possession of the nest, which continued undetermined till the
next afternoon; when one of them, which was somewhat su-
perior in size, turned out the other, together with the young
Hedge-Sparrow and the unhatched egg. This contest was
very remarkable—the combatants alternately appeared to have
the advantage, as each carried the other several times nearly
to the top of the nest, and then sank down again, oppressed
by the weight of its burden; till at length, after various
efforts, the strongest prevailed, and was afterwards brought
up by the Hedge-Sparrows.’

In some instances, as for example where the nest is built
on the ground, and especially if in a hollow, it may be im-
possible for the young Cuckoo to turn out his companion or
companions, and in one such case four young Wagtails were
found lying dead beneath the usurper of their abode. Other
birds who have young in the vicinity, display great apparent
repugnance to the young Cuckoo. On the other hand there
is an instance of an exactly opposite character, related in the
‘Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vi, page 83, by Mr. Ensor.
In the neighbourhood of Ardress, the son of a tenant found
a Cuckoo in the nest of a Titlark. ‘He brought it home,
and fed it. In a few days, two Wrens, which had a nest
with eight eggs, in the eaves, and just above the window
fronting the cage in which the Cuckoo was placed, made
their way through a broken pane, and continued to feed it
for some time. The cage was small, and the boy preferring
a Thrush to the Cuckoo, took it away, to give greater room
to the Thrush. On this the Wrens repaired to their own
nest, and brought out the eggs that had been laid.’

Bishop Stanley relates the two following somewhat similar
incidents: —‘A young Cuckoo was taken from the nest of a
Hedge-Sparrow, and in a few days afterwards, a young Thrush,
scarcely fledged, was put into the same cage. ‘The latter
could feed itself, but the Cuckoo, its companion, was obliged
to be fed with a quill; in a short time, however, the Thrush
took upon itself the task of feeding its fellow-prisoner, and

102 CUCKOO.

continued so to do with the utmost care, bestowing every
possible attention, and manifesting the greatest anxiety to
satisfy its continual craving for food.

The following is a still more extraordinary instance, cor-
roborating the above, and for the truth of which we can
vouch in every particular:—‘A young Thrush, Just able to feed
itself, had been placed in a cage; a short time afterwards, a
young Cuckoo, which could not feed itself, was introduced
into the same cage, a large wicker one, and for some time
it was with much difficulty fed; at length, however, it was
observed that the young Thrush was employed in feeding it,
the Cuckoo opening its mouth and sitting on the upper perch,
and making the Thrush hop down to fetch food up. One
day, when ‘it was thus expecting its food in this way, the
Thrush seeing a worm put into the cage could not resist the
temptation of eating it, upon which the Cuckoo immediately
descended from its perch, and attacking the Thrush, literally
tore one of its eyes quite out, and then hopped back: the
poor Thrush felt itself obliged to take up some food in the
lacerated state it was in. The eye healed in course of time,
and the Thrush continued its occupation as before, till the
Cuckoo was full grown.’

Mr. Jesse too, in his ‘Gleanings in Natural History,’ relates
the following circumstance as having occurred at Arbury, in
Warwickshire, the seat of Francis Newdigate, Esq., the account
having been written down at the time by a lady who witnessed
it:—‘In the early part of the summer of 1828, a Cuckoo,
having previously turned out the eggs from a Water-Wagtail’s
nest, which was built in a small hole in a garden wall at
Arbury, deposited her own egg in their place. When the
egg was hatched, the young intruder was fed by the Water-
Wagtails, till he became too bulky for his confined and
narrow quarters, and in a fidgetty fit he fell to the ground.
In this predicament he was found by the gardener, who
picked him up, and put him into a wire cage, which was
placed on the top of the wall, not far from the place of
his birth. Here it was expected that the Wagtails would
have followed there supposititious offspring with food, to
support it in its imprisonment; a mode of proceeding which
would have had nothing very uncommon to recommend it to
notice. But the odd part of the story is, that the bird
which hatched the Cuckoo never came near it; but her place
was supplied by a Hedge-Sparrow, who performed her part

CUCKOO. 103

diligently and punctually, by bringing food at very short
intervals from morning till evening, till its uncouth foster-
child grew large, and became full- feathered, when it was suffered
to escape, and was seen no more. It may possibly be sug-
gested that a mistake has been made with regard to the
sort of bird which hatched the Cuckoo, and the same bird
which fed it, namely, the Hedge-Sparrow, hatched the egg.
If this had been the case, there would have been nothing
extraordinary in the circumstance; but the Wagtail was too
often seen on her nest, both before the egg was hatched, and
afterwards, feeding the young bird, to leave room for any
scepticism on that point; and the Sparrow was seen feeding
it in the cage afterwards by many members of the family
daily.’

‘ ‘The Naturalist,’ old series, No. 16, page 7, Mr. W. H.
Benshed relates an instance of two Wagtails feeding a young
Cuckoo, which had been taken from their nest; and on its
being placed in a hive, where they could visit it, ‘delight
and joy really appeared in all their actions. They rushed
to and fro in the air, flying about the hive, and hovering
near it. At the same time, on seeing the Cuckoo, Swallows
gave their note of alarm, and their young flew off; a Wren
approached, and shewed some signs of curiosity; and a Robin,
who seemed disposed for hostilities, was attacked and driven
off by the Wagtails.

Again, ‘It is wonderful,’ says Dr. Jenner, ‘to see the
extraordinary exertions of the young Cuckoo, when it is two
or three days old, if a bird be put into the nest with it
that is too weighty for it to lift out. In this state it
seems ever restless and uneasy. But this disposition for
turning out its companions begins to decline from the
time it is two or three, till it is about twelve days old,
when, as far as I have hitherto seen, it ceases. Indeed, the
disposition for throwing out the egg appears to cease a few
days sooner; for I have frequently seen the young Cuckoo,
after it had been hatched nine or ten days, remove a nestling
that had been placed in the nest with it, when it suffered
an egg, put there at the same time, to remain unmolested.
The singularity of its shape is well adapted to these purposes;
for, different from other newly-hatched birds, its back, from
the shoulders downwards, is very broad, with a considerable
depression in the middle. This depression seems formed by
nature for the design of giving a more secure lodgment to

104 CUCKOO.

an egg, or a young bird, when the young Cuckoo is employed
in removing either of them from the nest. When it is about
twelve days old, this cavity is quite filled up; and then the
back assumes the shape of nestling birds in general.’

The young Cuckoo is for the most part hatched before the
egos of its foster-parent, if any have been left to be incubated;
and in the latter case it loses no time in asserting its
usurped rights, but generally on the very day it is hatched,
its might takes the place of right, and one by one the
true-born birds are thrown out, to be killed by the fall, or
by apy other mishap that may befall them. If it should
happen that one or more of the little birds should be, by
some means or other, preserved in the nest, their parent
feeds them and the interloper with the like attention; making
it to appear that she cannot discriminate between them.
‘Tros Tyriusve’ share equally her maternal care; and this even
after leaving the nest, both on the ground and in trees. A
Robin has been known so devoted in its attention that it
came to feed out of a person’s hand to obtain sufficient food
for its adopted child. One instance is mentioned in the
‘Zoologist, page 1637, by Mr. J. W. Slater, of Manchester,
as having been witnessed by Mr. Beech, of Droylsden, in
which the young birds of a Meadow Pipit having been found
on the ground outside the nest in which was a young
Cuckoo, and having been replaced to see what would happen,
the parent birds, on their return, Smmediately threw out
their own offspring, to make room for the parasite.’ They
do the same with their own eggs if replaced.

As before hinted, the adult Cuckoo occasionally herself
destroys, by throwing out, one or more of the eggs of the
bird into whose nest she surreptitiously introduces her own.
But how does she introduce them? Here again is another
singularity! It is perfectly certam that in some instances
she conveys them in her bill into the other birds’ nests—it
has been already mentioned that one was shot with her egg
actually in her bill—Spurzheim says he has seen one carrying
it in her feet. Mr. Williamson, the curator of the Scarbor-
ough Museum, found the egg of one in a nest which was
placed so close under a hedge, that the Cuckoo could not
possibly have got into it! and T. Wolley, Esq. records another
similar instance, communicated to him by Mr. Bartlett, of
Little Russell Street, London, in which he found one in the
nest of a Robin, which was placed in so small a hole that

~

CUCKOO. 105

the same mode must have been resorted to. So again, Dr.
Jenner has related an instance in which the egg was placed
in the nest of a Wagtail, built under the eaves of a cottage.
The like proceeding must have been adopted in all cases
where the Wren’s nest, which is a covered one, has been made
use of; and in fact, excepting in such as that of the Lark,
which is built on the open ground, most of the nests in which
the Cuckoo lays, are built in such thick and tangled parts
of hedges, that it is next to impossible for so large a bird
as the Cuckoo to approach them bodily. R. A. Julan, Esq.,
Junior, records in “The Naturalist,’ page 162, that F. Barlow,
Esq., of Cambridge, found a Cuckoo’s egg in a Redstart’s
nest, in a hole im an old willow tree, which he had great
difficulty in getting out, the aperture being only about an
inch wide. The Cuckoo has been seen removing the egg of
a small bird from a nest, in which she had just placed her
own changeling, by the same mode by which in cases where
she could not otherwise, if not in all, she introduces her own,
namely, in her bill. Cuckoos do not pair, but are polygamous,
the reason of which has been suggested to be that parental
care is not required for the young. They are bold and fierce
birds, and ruffle up their feathers in displeasure at an early
age.
”'The flight of the Cuckoo is steady and straight forward.
At times he may be seen perched upon a rail, branch, or
eminence, swinging himself round with outspread tail, and
uttering his note the while in an odd and observable manner.
The food of the Cuckoo, generally procured in bushes or
trees, but sometimes on the ground, consists of insects, spiders,
and caterpillars; and White of Selborne says seeds, but they
may have been accidentally swallowed with the insects. There
seems some slight reason for supposing that the Cuckoo will
eat the eggs of other birds, possibly those which she takes
out to make room for her own; and one instance is mentioned
by Bishop Stanley, in his ‘Familiar History of British Birds,’
in which the flock of Cuckoos, observed in the county of
Down, devoured, or at least pulled in pieces the greater part
of a late brood of young Blackbirds in the nest. The Cuckoo’s
food being insects, it is guided, one should say by instinct,
but that its instinct is, as will appear, by no means unerring
in this respect, to lay its egg generally in the nest of an
insectivorous bird, for the most part in that of a Robin, or
a Dunnock. It does not, however, invariably do so, the egg

106 CUCKOO.

having been found, as hereafter mentioned, in the nest of a
Greentinch, a Linnet, and a Chaffinch. It is, however, on
the other hand, very remarkable that such birds as these latter
will very often, though not always, in such case, feed the
young Cuckoo with insects; their own most natural food being
grain, and with which latter, when prepared in their own
craw, they feed their own young. Even a Canary, in whose
cage a young Cuckoo was lodged, fed it with caterpillars
placed there for the purpose, instead of with the seed on
which she herself was always accustomed to feed. At times,
however, birds of the Finch tribe, at whose door these un-
welcome foundlings have been dropped, supply them with
young wheat, vetches, tender blades of grass, and seeds of
different kinds.

The small bird has been known even to follow its foster-
child into a cage, and to feed it there, as well as in other
instances to attend upon it outside the cage. William Reynolds,
Ksq., of Walton, near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, has written
me word of an instance of this in the case of a Robin; and
of another which fed her charge within thirty feet of a con-
stant thoroughfare. The aperture to the nest was only three
inches and a half wide, and when the young Cuckoo found
himself becoming Taber straitened in his circumstances, he
worked himself out, and fell down, which led to his discovery
and capture; but when able to fly he was restored to liberty.

Again, it is a fact worthy of being remarked in connexion
with the above, though militating strangely against the general
theory to be deduced from it, that small birds will very
frequently, perhaps as frequently as they suffer the Cuckoo's
ege to remain in their nest, turn it out. If then they have
this antipathy, certainly no unreasonable one, against the
unwarrantable intrusion, how are they influenced to ‘their more
than ordinary and even, so to speak, unnatural care of their
supposititious foster-children ?

The Cuckoo drinks frequently. They may often be seen
pursued, or rather followed by small birds, especially by 'Tit-
larks, which can hardly be wondered at after the facts here
mentioned, which may also well leave it in doubt whether it
be in hostility, or a kind of stupid and wondering admiration.
Swifts join in the pursuit, though the Cuckoo does not lay
her egg in their nests: their migration is too early for her
young

The food of the young Cuckoo consists of caterpillars, small

CUCKOO. 107

snails, grasshoppers, flies, and beetles, but in either case, whether
it be their natural, or rather their unnatural parents, or their
foster-parents that purvey for them, they are insatiable in
their cravings for food, and their continual cry, like Oliver
Twist, is for ‘more! more!’ Hqually earnest is the foster-
parent in providing for their wants: one has been seen to
alight on the back of the mtruder who filled her nest, the
better to supply it with food.

But, though the Cuckoo entrusts her offspring in the unac-
countable and extraordinary way that she does to the fostering
eare of an alien species, she does not altogether lose sight of
it, but keeps in the neighbourhood, and, it may be, even takes
it in some degree under her own protection after it has left
the nest. This observation has just been corroborated to me
by G. Grantham, Esq., and certain it is that in some places,
probably the same where her egg has been deposited, you will
hear the note of one or the other of the parents from day
to day for a considerable time. Nay, more than this, 1t has
been indisputably established that the Cuckoo, doubtless the
female will, on occasion it may be, but certainly occasionally,
feed her own young. This interesting fact was witnessed in
the past year, 1850, by J. Mc’ Intosh, Esq., of Charminster,
Dorsetshire, who was so obliging as to communicate it to
me in the first instance, and has since published a notice of
it in the pages of ‘The Naturalist’ Magazine. In the instance
he mentions, a Cuckoo laid her egg in the nest of a Dunnock,
in which the latter subsequently laid four eggs. The young
birds hatched from these were dislodged scon after their birth,
and simultaneously their parent disappeared also—a victim
perhaps to grief, the gun of some fowler, or the talons of a
cat. The want then of her care may have been the cause of
the Cuckoo from thenceforth looking after her own young
one, over whom she must in such case have been keeping
some watch; and the like may have been the cause in some
of the other similar instances, which have indubitably occurred.
Mr. Me’Intosh distinctly saw the parent Cuckoo in question
feed its young one, from day to day, with the greatest care
and attention, with caterpillars; for which it flew over the
wall into the adjoining garden, in which they were abundantly
to be procured. ‘The indigestible part of the food of the
Cuckoo is cast up, as in the case of the Hawks, in pellets.

Mr. William Kidd, of Hammersmith, relates the following:
—‘A few years since, the sight of a Redbreast feeding a

108 CUCKOO.

young Cuckoo, assisted by the old Cuckoo, was witnessed by
a most truthful and worthy ornithologist, a friend of mine,
now no more. His animated countenance is even now before
me, whilst relating minutely, and with intense interest, the
singular and ridiculous disparity observable between the natural
and the putative parent.’ He adds, ‘nor is this by any means
a solitary instance of the natural affection of the Cuckoo.’
Mr. Blyth, too, says ‘t is certain that the maternal feelings
of the Cuckoo are not quenched: astonishing as this may
appear, Mr. John E. Gray, of the British Museum, informs
me that he has himself seen a Cuckoo, day after day, visit
the nest where one of its offspring was being reared, and
which it finally enticed away from its foster-parents. I had
previously heard of analogous cases.’

Again, in the ‘History of the Birds of Melbourne,’ in
Derbyshire, given by J. J. Briggs, Esq., in the ‘Zoologist,’
he writes, ‘I believe that, although confiding her young to
the care of other birds, the Cuckoo does not entirely forget
them. I am strengthened in this opinion by a fact which
fell under my notice in June, 1849. As I was walking over
a particular part of this parish, with a dog, I was struck
with the remarkable actions of a Cuckoo. It came flying
about me within a hundred yards, seeming agitated and
alarmed, and occasionally struck down at the dog in the same
manner as the Lapwing does. It immediately occurred to
me that the bird had young near, and that these actions were
the result of maternal solicitude. I examined the neighbouring
hedge-rows in order to find the nest, but without avail. The
next day a neighbouring farmer told me that he had something
to shew me, which proved to be a young Cuckoo in the nest
of a Hedge-Sparrow, and the place where the nest was situated
was but a very short distance from the spot where the old
Cuckoo had attracted my attention in the manner described.’

I must here observe that the statement of Mr. Mc’ Intosh
is strongly confirmed by the statement of the Rev. Mr. Stafford,
communicated by Pennant to the Hon. Daines Barrington,
and recorded by Derham in a manuscript paper on Instinct.
Walking in Glossop Dale, in the Peak of Derbyshire, he
disturbed a Cuckoo from a nest in which were two young
ones, ‘and very frequently, for many days, beheld the old
Cuckoo feed there her young ones.’ Probably only one of
them was her own veritable offspring, and it is equally probable
that she did not know which was which. Certain it is that

CUCKOO. | 109

such a statement as this of a fact, repeatedly witnessed,
cannot be lightly received by an impartial and unwarped
judgment. But it is further corroborated by another recorded
instance. The Rev. Mr. Wilmot, of Morley, near Derby, wrote
Dr. Darwin word of the occurrence of a similar fact:—In the
month of July, 1792, he was attending some labourers on a
farm, when one of them told him that he had observed a
bird ‘exactly like a Cuckoo’ sitting upon a nest. This it
must be observed is a third ev idence, all three deponents
being perfectly unprejudiced and unbiassed. The Rev. Mr.
Wilmot proceeds:—‘He took me to the spot; it was in an
open fallow ground. ‘The bird was upon the nest; I stood
and observed her some time, and was perfectly satisfied it
was a Cuckoo....In the nest....I observed three eges. As
I had labourers constantly at work in that field, I went
thither every day, and always looked if the bird was there,
but did not disturb it for seven or eight days, when I was
tempted to drive it from the nest; and found two young
ones that appeared to have been hatched for some days, but
there was no appearance of the third egg.’ This circumstance
also, is In some degree confirmatory. The other ege may
have been that of the original framer of the nest, for we
need not suppose with Dr. Fleming, from the previous instance,
that the Cuckoo sometimes makes a nest for herself. ‘I then
mentioned this extraordinary circumstance, for such I thought
it, to Mr. and Mrs. Holy oake, of Lidiord Grange, War wick-
He and to Miss M. Willes, who were on a ie at my
house, and who all went to see it.—Three more witnesses
let it be observed. ‘Very lately I reminded Mr. Holyoake of
it, who told me he had a perfect recollection of the whole,
and that considering it a curiosity, he walked to look at
it several times, and was perfectly satisfied as to its being a
Cuckoo.’

The note of the Cuckoo, uttered both when flying and
perched in trees, is expressed by its name. It is often how-
ever, varied from the plain ‘cuckoo,’ to a quicker ‘cuckoo;
cuckoo; cuc-cuc-koo.’ Both the male and female birds utter
it, but the latter, it may be, only seldom; though I am

knead to think that it is equally” common to both. They
onan besides another soft note, rendered by the syllables ‘cule,
cule,’ uttered rapidly, and continually repeated several times;
another exclamation of anger, and another more like the bark
of a little dog: the young bird has a plaintive chirp. The

110 CUCKOO.

female, as I imagine it to be, has also a very different note,
which I can best liken, so at least I did most carefully some
years ago, when I heard it, to the words ‘witchet-witchet-
watchet.’ This note, preceded immediately by the ordinary
‘cuckoo,’ I heard myself most distinctly uttered from the
throat of one and the same individual bird, flying only a
few yards from me, over an open field, so that there could
be no possibility of any mistake; and this undoubted fact may
possibly suffice to set at rest the unfounded supposition that
the female Cuckoo does not ery ‘cuckoo; for I have not yet
heard it theorized that the male bird utters the note in
question, which has been described as a ‘harsh chatter.’ The
Italian proverb says, ‘1 fatti sono maschii, le parole femine’—
‘Facts are masculine, talk is feminine:’ one is worth a hundred
baseless fancies.

That both the male and female utter the word ‘cuckoo,’ is
also thought by Mr. Yarrell, and most decidedly maintained
by Mr. Blyth, who gives in the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’
vol. vil, page 829, one unquestionable instance of a female
having been shot while in the act of repeating the well-known
note. The Cuckoo has been heard singing its song at night,
near Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, by T. Bell Salter, Hsq., at
nine, ten, and eleven o’clock; and on one occasion it was con-
tinued, as he was informed, till two o’clock in the morning.
Another has been heard to commence its song at a quarter-
past two; and another at half-past three. At times, and
especially, it is said, in warm weather, it sings all through
the night, even though there be no moon. A young Cuckoo
has been known to repeat the note of a Titlark, by whom it
had been so far educated. The note of the Cuckoo, like that
of other great vocalists, is much affected by the weather; in
times of drought it becomes hoarse, but is mollified again by
the summer shower.

At this stage of the account of the Cuckoo, its nidification
should be described; but, as is so well known, there is none
to describe. It deposits its parasitical eggs in the nest of
some other small bird, for which they are not too large, being
singularly small in proportion to its own size—just one-quarter
what they should be in proportion to those of small birds
than which they are themselves four times larger. If the
Cuckoo’s egg were larger than it is, it would require to be
laid in a larger nest, with the natural possessors of which,
the young one, as Mr. Selby points out, would be, or might

CUCKOO. hit

be unable successfully, to cope. And first, to mention the
different species of birds with whose domestic arrangements it
so unscrupulously makes free. ‘The following have been already
ascertained, and doubtless there are others to be added to the
list, or, even if not, there would be, did the parent Cuckoo
stand in need of such, failing those about to be enumerated.
These are the Dunnock, commonly called the Hedge-Sparrow,
the Robin, the Titlark, the Pied Wagtail, the Redstart, the
Whitethroat, the Willow Warbler, the Rock Lark, the Sky
Lark, the Reed Warbler, the Reed Bunting, the Sedge
Warbler, the Willow Wren, the Yellow-Hammer, the Blackbird,
the Wren, the Throstle, the Whinchat, the Greenfinch, the
Grasshopper Warbler, the Chaffinch, and the Red-backed
Shrike.

Some say that the Cuckoo deposits her egg before the other
bird has laid hers, in some instances, and in others afterwards;
but in the former case the deceived little bird goes on to lay
hers, in happy ignorance of the fate that awaits their embryo
contents when hatched. It is, I think, quite an erroneous
supposition that the Cuckoo ever meets with any delay in
finding a nest suitable for her to lay her egg in. At the
time when she does lay, birds’ nests of all the common species
are abundant in every hedge, and there is no more difficulty
in her finding one than another. It has been imagined that
she lays her eggs later in the day than other birds; and this
possibly may prove to be the case.

Mr. Blyth, alluding to the supposition that the egg of the
Cuckoo is already partially advanced towards maturity before
being laid, thinks that it 1s somewhat confirmed by its being,
as he argues, impossible for the Cuckoo to lay her egg in
the nest of a bird which has already begun to sit; but this
is quite inconclusive, for not only do birds sit more or less
from the very first, as for instance while laying the second and
following eggs, at any of which periods the difficulty he
imagines would be equally in existence, and the Cuckoo could
not tell how soon it would be removed, nor could she wait
to see; but it must also be remembered that occasionally the
bird leaves her eggs for a short time, even after she has
begun to sit, which opportunity the Cuckoo might avail herself
of; doubtless also her approach, so manifestly a cause of alarm
to small birds, as proved by the way in which the latter
pursue the former on the wing, might and would have the
effect—perhaps the desired and intended effect, of driving off

112 CUCKOO.

the bird from the nest, that the Cuckoo might, for the time,
and for her own ends, usurp her place.

It seems that in most cases where the eggs of small birds
are found in nests which contain those. of the Cuckoo, the
former have been laid after the latter, and in addition, often,
to others previously thrown out by the Cuckoo. In one
instance six young Titlarks were found in a nest with a young
Cuckoo. It appears that the Cuckoo lays her own egg before
removing any already in the nest; and her being disturbed
in the eviction, may be the cause of the other eggs being
sometimes found with hers; for more than once a small bird
has been observed resolutely attacking and successfully repelling
a Cuckoo from her nest. If there be no egg in the nest at
the time that the Cuckoo lays hers, it is asserted that the
other bird will turn the Cuckoo’s egg out, though she will
not if the Cuckoo have removed one or more that have been
in it.

The eggs are not laid until the middle of May, and they
require about a fortnight’s incubation. Montagu found one
so late as the 26th. of June; and Mr. Jesse records that a
young Cuckoo which had only just left the nest of a Wagtail,
was found in Hampton Court Park, on the 18th. of August,
1832. ‘The young birds are not able to fly in less than five
or six weeks.

Occasionally two Cuckoos’ eggs are found in one and the
same nest; but they are supposed to be those of different
birds. It is thought, however, that the Cuckoo lays more
than one egg in different nests, and probably more than two,
at intervals, in the season—Bewick says from four to six;
but I think it must have been a guess; Blumenbach also
says six. Mr. M. Capper, of Shirley, informs me that he found
on Shirley Common, in the nest of a Meadow Pipit, two
Cuckoos’ eggs, of dissimilar colouring and size, and therefore
probably deposited by two different birds. Lighter-coloured
varieties occur.

Male; weight, about four ounces and a half; length, one
foot one inch and a half to one foot two inches; bill, black,
or blackish brown, and slightly. bent, yellowish at the base
of the lower one; inside it is red; iris, yellow; head, crown,
neck behind, and nape, dark ash-colour; chin, throat, and
breast above, pale ash-colour, in some specimens inclining to
rufous brown; below the latter is dull white, barred across
with undulating black lines; back, dark ash-colour. ‘The wings

CUCKOO. 113

extend to half the length of the tail; greater and lesser wing
coverts, as the, back, but darker; primaries, dusky, barred on
the inner webs with oval white spots from the base to within
an inch and a half of their tips; the first feather is very
short; secondaries and tertiaries, dusky; larger and _ lesser
under wing coverts, white barred with dusky. The tail,
rather long, of ten feathers of unequal length; the two middle
ones are black, dashed with ash-colour on the outer edges
of the webs, and sometimes a gloss of green, and tipped with
white; the others are black, marked with white spots on each
side of the shafts; im some the side feathers have white spots
only on their inner webs, but all are tipped with white; the
outer feather is very short; upper tail coverts, as the back,
but paler; under tail coverts, white, with a tinge of yellowish
rust-colour, and crossed with transverse black bars. Legs,
yellow; toes, yellow, the outer hind toe is reversible; claws,
whitish.

The female is less in size; neck in front, tawny brown;
breast, tawny brown, barred with dusky; greater and lesser
wing coverts, marked with light rust-coloured spots; the pri-
maries have the spots inclining to reddish brown on their
edges; in the tail the white spots incline to reddish brown
on their edges. It is said that in mature age the female
assumes the plumage of the male.

It would appear that the young bird does not entirely lose
its first feathers until the second year’s moult, but that after
the first moult, and even this it would almost seem does not
take place before these birds leave us in the autumn; the
male, both male and female having been alike till then, assumes
a deep olive ash-colour, the red spots wearing off, while in
the female they continue longer. I think that the moult is
continuous and gradual, more so than in most other birds,
and, as a matter of course in late-hatched individuals, is thus
carried over longer into the ensuing year. Iris, greyish or
reddish brown; forehead, white; the head on the back has a
white patch; crown, dusky black; neck on the sides tinged
with rufous; on the back and the nape a mixture of dusky
black and clear ferruginous; chin, throat, and breast, dull
yellowish white, the latter barred across with distinct bars of
dusky black; each feather has in general two or three bars;
back, dusky black and ferruginous, faintly barred with white.

Primaries, more or less barred on the inner webs, the oval

spots reddish brown; the side tail feathers more or less barred
VOL, IL. I

114 2 CUCKOO.

with white, black, and light brown, and tipped with white;
upper tail coverts, slightly tipped with white; legs and toes,
hght yellow. The young female has more of the reddish
brown on her plumage, and has scarcely any indication of
the white on the forehead and the white patch on the back
of the head.

NIGHTJAR.

GCATSUCKER. DOR-HAWK. NIGHT-HAWK. FERN-OWL.
WHEEL-BIRD. EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER.
NOCTURNAL GOATSUCKER. CHURN-OWL. JAR-OWL.
PUCKERIDGE.

ADERYN Y DROELL, AND RHODWR, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Caprimulgus Europeus, PENNANT. MontTacu.
. punctatus, MEYER.
Nyctichelidon Huropeus, RENNIE.
Caprimulgus. Caper—A goat. Muigeo—To milk.

flurepeus— European,

Tue Nightjar may be looked upon as a kind of gigantic
and. sombre Swallow, whose movements are made in the dusk
of night, instead of in the glare of day.

It is found throughout Hurope—in Spain, France, Germany,
and Italy, Russia, Siberia, and Kamtschatka, Denmark, Nor-
way, and the rest of Scandinavia, and in Holland, but rarely.
In Africa also, and in Asia as far as the East Indies.

I¢ is tolerably common in all the southern counties of
England, and also indeed in the northern ones.

In Yorkshire it frequents the sea coast near Scarborough,
according to Mr. Patrick Hawkridge, and has been not un-
frequent near Halifax, Hebden-Bridge, and other districts. I
have seen it in the neighbourhood of Doncaster, in the wood
called ‘Sir William Cooke’s wood, between that town and
Armthorpe. It also occurs near Norwich, in fir plantations,
as I am informed by Mr. Charles Muskett, who adds, ‘Three
years since, I found a young bird on the ground in a heathy

116 NIGHTJAR.

plantation; the old bird led me to search by her dissembling
incapacity of flight. I looked again, when it was nearly ready
to fly. Being a night-feeder it is seldom destroyed by game-
keepers.’ -Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire,
Devonshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, and Westmorland, contain
localities for this bird; Wales also, and some parts of Ireland,
as also of Scotland. In the Orkney Islands, ‘two were shot
at Lopness, during the summer of 1810. One was killed near

Kirkwall, by Captain Chisholm, 9th. R.V.B.; and another
‘ was obtained at Lopness, by Mr. Strang, on the Ist. of June,
1825.’ Mr. Dunn mentions the occurrence of one in Shetland.

The Nightjar inhabits woods, both of old and young growth,
and also open moors, heaths, and commons, where fern and
brushwood afford it shelter.

It is a migratory bird, visiting this country in the middle
or end of May—a very late arrival; and leaving again by
the middle or end of September, or beginning of October;
some say so soon as the end of August: a few individuals,
however, stay longer. Montagu records his having shot one
in Devonshire, on the 8th. of November, 1805; and Mr. Couch
reports that one was shot in Cornwall, on the 27th. of
November, 1821.

The remarkable trait in the character of the Nightjar is
~ that it perches lengthwise, instead of crosswise, on the branch
of a tree, generally with its head downwards, according to
the inclination of the branch, especially while in the attitude
of repose; during the day it crouches very close to it; its
brown colour assimilating to that of the bark. They have
been seen dusting themselves in the middle of a road. In
his ‘Catalogue of the Birds of Melbourne,’ in Derbyshire, in
the ‘Zoologist,’ page 2606, J. J. Briggs, Esq. relates that in
1844 two of these birds were seen near Donnington Park,
hawking for insects at mid-day, by the side of a large wood;
which perhaps may have been rather a shady situation; and
two other such instances are recorded in the fifteenth volume
of the ‘Linnzan Transactions.’ Such, however, is certainly
not their usual habit. Occasionally these birds are to be seen
‘couchant’ on a stone heap or other eminence, and they also
at times bask in the sun on the side of a bank or other
such sheltered situation. They are very fearless when they
are engaged with their young, and will glance in their fitful
phantom way quite close by you. White of Selborne says,
‘when a person approaches the haunt of the Fern Owls in

NIGHTJAR. ELT

an evening, they continue flying round the head of the
obtruder, and by striking their wings together above their
backs, in the manner that the Pigeons called Smiters are
known to do, make a smart snap; perhaps at that time they
are jealous for their young, and their noise and gesture are
intended by way of menace.’ They are said to be good eating.
As many as eight or ten have been seen in one locality
together, skimming, like Swallows, over the surface of the
ground in search of their prey. When approached in the
day-time, they are either fearless, or listless, or taken by
surprise; and do not seem intimidated by your approach;
hence the idea of their being foolish birds. During the day
they rest on the ground, among fern, broom, or heath, or on
the low branch of a tree. At the commencement of twilight,
when first roused from their daily slumber, they perch upon
some wall or rail, or heap, or eminence; perhaps waiting
entomologically for the appearance of the moths.

The powers of flight of this bird are, as the Rev. Gilbert
White, of Selborne, has observed, truly wonderful, exceeding,
if possible, and in the most easy manner, the various evolu-
tions and quick turns of the Swallows on the wing. ‘Yet,’
says another writer, it flits along, noiseless as a shadow; ‘not
a rustle is heard.’ At other times, when disturbed, it is
abrupt and wavering, though still buoyant.’

It is a truly pleasing sight to see the Nightjar circling,
in its smooth and effortless way, round and round a tree in
the quiet calm that precedes the ‘stille nacht’—the ‘heilige
nacht’—when all nature is hushed in the deep silence that
announces the hour of rest;

‘Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.’

Save also, the poet might have added, where the hum of the
moth passes nervously by your ear; or the bark of the distant
watch-dog suddenly breaks upon the ‘solemn stillness; or the
shutting of a gate, let fall to by some returning lover or
careful shepherd, reminds you of ‘bygone hours;’ or the striking
of the bell in the grey tower of the quaint old parish church;
the lowing of some stray eattle; the cawing of a few restless
Rooks; the cooing of a Wood Pigeon or two; or the wild
ery of the Heron, keeps your attention awake, and you ‘wait
a little longer;’ or the sudden dash of a startled water-rat
into the stream wakes you from a reverie; or the ‘rise’ of a

118 NIGHTIJAR.

trout, with a sort of quiet determination, which tells you
that he is ‘on the feed, makes you wish that you had a
rod and a landing-net in your hand; and even though you
have them not, you cannot help peermg over the edge of
the bank, almost as anxiously as if you had. Well might
Horace sigh for the country; ‘O rus quando te aspiciam.’ If
you cannot find that happiness which beneficent Providence
wills you to enjoy, ‘m scenes like these, ‘far,’ and the farther
the better, ‘from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife, believe
me you will find it nowhere. Thank God for a love of nature.

But to return to the Nightjar, whom I have left wheeling
round the ‘old oak tree;? from which habit, I may mention,
has been derived one of its provincial names.

In flight, the tail is expanded, and the white spots are

very conspicuous in the male bird. Now he starts suddenly
upwards to a height of thirty or forty feet, and then gradually
descends; again he rises in a like series, and then falls as
suddenly as before he rose; now he glides round and round,
and then forwards in a straight line; now he skims along
the ground; and now drops with wings closed above him.
: The food of this bird consists of moths, beetles, such as,
in their season, the ghost-moths and the cockchaffers, which
abound in the silent air on a summer’s night, and any other
insects which it can meet with on the wing. In the pursuit
of these, Gilbert White says that it uses its feet, the middle
toe being furnished with a serrated claw, the use of which
is inconelusively supposed to be to grasp and hold the more
readily such prey, which may also be the object of the long
bristles, ‘vibrisse,’ as they are scientifically called, on the
bill. Linnzeus Martin thinks that White of Selborne was
mistaken in imagining that the bird thus conveyed its food
to its bill; and certainly its legs are very short for such a
feat; but, on the other hand, as Bishop Stanley remarks, the
idea is rather borne out by its evolutions while on the prowl;
for, as he says, ‘at twilight, it may sometimes be seen at
work, flitting about, hovering now over one spot, then over
another, occasionally dropping or tumbling over, as if shot;
this is the moment, when having seized a moth, the bird
reaches it to its mouth, and loses its balance; when again
rising, it glides away like a ghost, till lost in shade.’

The general note of this species, partaking of the nature
of a hiss and a buzz, uttered upon the tree, but at times on

the wing, and prolonged for some minutes, is a mere mono-

i ee Be

es

NIGHTIJAR. 119

syllabic ‘ja-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r’-—whence the descriptive name.
It has besides a ‘dec, dec,’ which it utters when launching
on the wing, and also a third ‘variation’—a sort of squeak.
The Nightjar, like the Corncrake, has considerable powers of
ventriloquism, for, the cause perhaps being alarm at your
approach, when you think that you are close upon the vocalist,
it seems, ‘presto,’ like the ‘will o’ the wisp,’ to have moved
by magic; ‘abiit, evasit;’ and yet all the while you are as
close to it as you were at first. The sound of the Nightjar’s
hum is exceedingly pleasing to me; it is one thoroughly
associated with sylvan scenes.

In the middle or the end of May, nidification, so to speak
where no nest is found, commences.

The nest, if a few chance leaves in a hollow of the ground
are to be called such, is found in the open rides and walks
in woods, as also in their bordering neighbourhood, in moors
and barren places, among heath, grass, or fern, from the latter
of which one of its secondary names is derived. It is fre-
quently placed at the foot of a tree or bush.

The eggs are generally two in number, but three have been
known in two instances: in one by Mr. Eddison, and in the
other by the Rev. J: Pemberton Bartlett, namely, in the latter
case, two young birds and an egg. They are very beautiful,
and of nearly a perfect oval shape, the ground colour being
white, which is most beautifully clouded and streaked with
bluish grey and yellowish brown. The eggs are laid the
beginning, and the young are hatched in the middle, of July.

The whole plumage is remarkably soft and downy. Male;
weight, between two and three ounces; length, about ten
inches and a half; bill, very short and weak, black, dark
brown colour at the tip, the lower one light brown at the
base—a, few white feathers below the corner of it; it has a
tooth on each side of the hooked tip: a line of white runs
backwards from its corner; iris, inordinately large, ‘the better
to see with,’ and dull black; nine or ten strong bristles, made
to diverge or contract, project downwards from the under
edge of the upper mandible. Head, on the hinder part of the
sides, dark brown, edged below and behind with pale yellowish
brown, making a ‘line of demarcation’ between it and the
markings of the head and back; the shafts are margined with
deep black; crown, pale greyish brown, the ground colour
being yellowish white, and dotted over with dusky specks;
two dark stripes of blackish brown feathers pass centrally to

120 NIGHTJAR.

the nape of the neck; chin and_ throat, mottled with two large
white oval spots, which nearly converge together down the
middle, and dull yellowish orange and black, the latter extending
backwards round the neck = a sort of collar; breast, pale
yellow brown, with numerous bars of darker brown and orange;
back, a mixture of orange, yellow, brown, and grey, beautifully
pencilled with rich dark brown, the shafts margined as on
the head.

The wings expand to the width of about one foot nine
inches; greater and lesser wing coverts, mottled as the back;
primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, dark brown, spotted with
yellowish brown; the three first feathers have a well-defined
oblong patch of white on the inner web, near the tip; the
first is shorter than the third, the second a little longer than
the third, and the longest in the wing. The tail, of ten
feathers, has the middle ones freckled with grey and yellowish
brown, with seven or eight dark zigzag transverse bands; the
two outer feathers are dark brown, barred with yellowish
brown on both webs, and the ends pure white; the legs, which
are partly feathered in front, the toes, whick are euial in
proportion to the size of the Pads and the hinder one rever-
sible, and the claws, dark orange brown; the middle claw is
flattened on the inner edge, and the margin is_pectinated,
forming a sort of comb of seven or eight teeth: these teeth
point forwards, and not backwards, which is against the general
supposition that they are intended for holding the insects the
better. Here, as in so many other instances, we are still in
the dark. The toes are connected by a membrane as far as
the first joint.

The plumage of the female is more subdued and blended!
darker, with less of the grey and ferruginous, and the white
markings have a tinge of yellow. The wings want the white
spots; the two outer feathers of the tail are withous the white
at the ends.

In the young the tail does not attain its full length before
the first moult. They are at first covered with grey down,
darker above and paler beneath.

“a

121

SWIFT:

COMMON SWIFT. SWIFT SWALLOW. BLACK MARTIN.
SCREECH. SCREECH MARTIN. SCREAMER. CRAN. SQUEALER.

MARTIN DU, OF THE ANCIENT BRITISH.

Hirundo apus, LINN2ZUS. PENNANT, Montacu.
Cypselus murarius, SELBY. GOULD.
“ apus, JENYNS,
Micropus murarius, , MEYER,
Hirundo—A Swallow. Apus. Apous—Without a foot.

THe Swallows seem always considered as visitants to us,
and are so spoken of accordingly: it seems to me, however,
that this is an erroneous designation; for, although absent
from us the greater part of the year, it is with us that they
build and inhabit their dwellings; and here they rear their
young: it is to other countries that they are visitants; our is
‘their own—their native land:’ elsewhere they are but sojourners
—unsettled excursionists—destitute of a ‘local habitation.’ No
one who knows the meaning of the word ‘home,’ can doubt
for a moment here.

The Swift is a native of the greater part, if not the whole,
of the continent of Africa, as also of that of Europe. It
visits Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and Italy, and is
known also in Asia Minor and Madeira; Montagu and Meyer
say in America also; but I believe this is not the case.

It is met with in all parts of the United Kingdom; but
it seems to be generally thought, and with some reason, that
it is less frequent than it used to be. Why it is so, is
entirely unknown. In Ireland it is decidedly local. In the

122 SWIFT.

tkney Islands, the Rev. George Low, in his ‘Fauna Orca-
densis,’ ‘mentions that he had once or twice seen specimens.
Dr. Bailie and Mr. Heddle, in their ‘Natural History of
Orkney,’ also record that ‘on the 25th. of July, 1830, a flock
of about forty were seen flymg south. Another flock appeared
in Sanday, on the 27th. of September, in the same year. On
the 8th. of July, 1836, Mr. Strang shot one at Fair Isle; and
one was caught alive by the same gentleman at Lopness, on
the 9th. of June, 1839. During the summer of 1847, a pair
were observed flying about St. ‘Magnus’ Cathedral, on which
most likely they had their nest.’

The favourite haunts of Swifts are buildings in towns and
villages, church-steeples, fortresses, and castles,

The Seats migratory like all our Swallows, arrives among
us later than the others, namely, not until the beginning of
May, and leaves us in the beginning or middle of August.
This is the rule; but exceptions to it, as a matter of course,
have occurred, do occur, and will occur. Thus, the Rev.
Gilbert White, in the year 1781, noticed that one pair of
Swifts remained after all the others had, on or about the
Ist. of August, taken their departure. In a few days but
one bird remained, the female, as imagined; but there is
nothing to shew that it was not the male. Whichever it
was, 1t continued feeding its young, which were then dis-
covered, until the 27th. of the month, when both parent and
children disappeared. Mr. Yarrell imagines that the other
parent forsook its family for its companions; but in the
absence of proof of this, it will be, as far as concerns the
bird, a more charitable supposition, and certainly very far
from an impossible one, that some reckless shooter cut him
or her off.

Mr. J. B. Ellman, of Lewes, saw two on the 29th. of August,
1850. The Rev. J. C. Atkinson saw three or four companies
of Swifts near Eyemouth, on the 380th. of August, 1843,
‘evidently winging their way southwards. The first lot con-
sisted of four or hve individuals, the next of twelve or fifteen.
One company loitered a little over a field of beans, but none
of them remained long in sight. For the most part their
line of flight seemed to lie along the edge of the coast; for
few of them ranged to any distance, either seaward or ralame
On the 3lst. one was seen; and on September the 3rd. two
or three at a short distance over the sea.’ F. Wayne, Esq.
observed one at Much Wenlock, Shropshire, on the 28th. of

SWIFT. 3

August, 1844; and two on the Ist. of September, in the same
year. One was seen by Robert Blagden Hale, Esq., M.P.,
of Alderley, on the 9th. of September, "1839; two by the Rev.
W. 'T. Bree, near Penzance, on the 15th. of September; three
young ones by H. W. Dowell, Esq., of Jesus College, Cam-
bridge, on the 25th. of September, 1842, at Salthouse, near
Cley, Norfolk; and one by Mr. F. A. Chennell, at St. Anne’s
Hill, Chertsey, on the Ist. of October, 1844. A pair were
observed by Mr. Salmon to feed their young until the 4th.
of October. One was seen by the Rev. Mr. Jackson, October
18th., 1836; three near Brighton, on the 29th. of October,
1849; one by Mr. Blackwall, on the 20th. of October, 1815;
others by Mr. W. H. White, on the 27th. of October. One
in Perthshire, on the 8th. of November, 1834; and one by
the Rev. Mr. Cornish, in Devonshire, on the 27th. of November,
1835. In Ireland, W. Thompson, Esq. observed a number
near Belfast, on the 19th. of August, 1840; and on the 20th.
of that month in 1832. On the 18th., in 1845, they were
as numerous as in June; and on the 22nd. and 23rd. a single
bird was seen. In 1833, he saw about twenty on the 30th.
In 1848, one or two were observed on the Ist. of September;
several about Dunluce Castle on the 4th. of that month, in
1835; and on the 11th. in the following year, three were seen
by Mr. Thompson at the seat of Lord Hillsborough, in the
county of Down. ‘The arrival of Swifts is sudden and simul-
taneous, and their departure the same; but they are more
than ordinarily noisy for a few days previously. Cold or wet
weather soon after their arrival sometimes proves fatal to these
birds; perhaps through lack of subsistence in consequence.
The following curious circumstance is recorded by Mr. T.
Catchpool, Jun., in the ‘Zoologist,’ pages 1499-1500:—Speaking
of an excursion for the day, in the end of June, 1835, to
Walton-on-the-Naze, on the Essex coast, he says, ‘Our attention
was soon directed to a Common Swift, which had just entered
a small crevice: it flew away before we could reach it. But
almost directly after, we saw others clinging to slight pro-
jections, and settling on the ledges; and so entirely did they
appear weakened by the low temperature of the atmosphere,
that they allowed themselves to be taken by the hand without
the least struggle to escape. In some places they were settled
one upon another, four or five deep, and we literally took
them up by handfulls—five or six together. So numerous
were they, that we could probably have caught some hundreds;

124 SWIFT.

but having secured about thirty in a basket, we carried them
home with us in the evening, and having placed them in a
warm situation during the night, in the morning they were
strong enough to fly away, with the exception of two which
had died.’

This bird, from the great length of its wings, and the
extreme shortness of its legs, finds it difficult to rise from
a level place; so that when it alights, it is almost always in
some situation from which it can drop at once into the air.
It may occasionally be seen adhering to the flat surface of
a wall, ‘the whole length of the toes being straightened by
an action not practised by the generality of birds, so as to
be opposed to each other in pairs; while the claws are bent
beneath, with the points directed inward.’ In the ‘Magazine
of Natural History,’ vol. v, page 736, Mr. Couch remarks,
‘It is not long that Swifts have frequented stations convenient
for my observation. At first there were about two pairs; but
they have now inereased to four or five; and it is singular
that, according to my observation, there is always an odd
bird.” Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, has remarked a like singu-
larity for two successive years at Wolf Hill, near that place.
Swifts are sociable birds, but restless, wild, and quarrelsome
in the breeding season.

‘Handsome is that handsome does,’ says the proverb, and —
well and truly does the Swift deserve its name. KHqualled in
its powers of flight, it may be and is, by some other birds,
and exceeded, doubtless, for the moment, by the impetuous
_dash of the Falcon; but for its size and the unceasing con-
tinuation of its ev olutions, there must be few that can compete
successfully with it. Wonderfully too, does it guide itself in
all the mazes of its seemingly headlong course: one _ has,
however, been known to be killed by being carried inadver-
tently against a wall. Like the rest of the Swallows, the
Swift both drinks and bathes, or rather dashes while on the
wing. It skims along the tranquil surface of the lake and
river, and wings its way through the liquid air at a great
height—the latter in clear and fine weather, the former when
the atmosphere is damp and heavy. Rarely indeed do they
take rest, except during the short summer night, or some say
in the extreme of the ‘noontide heat, or in very stormy
weather, when they are supposed to shelter in their holes;
but Mr. Thompson points out that at such times they have
only shifted their quarters to some more suitable hunting-

SWIFT. 225

place. They fly until the dusk of the evening, and have been
noticed until after nine o’clock. In the morning again they
are betimes on the wing.

They never seem to weary, nor do their wings once flag.
They are indeed marvellously endowed in this respect, as when,
says Bewick, they ‘are seen in flocks describing an endless
series of circles upon circles; sometimes in close ranks, pur-
suing the direction of a street, and sometimes wheeling round
a large edifice, all screaming together; they often glide along
without stirring their wings, and on a sudden they move
them with frequent and quickly-repeated strokes.’ They are
gregarious birds, joining in small troops of from half-a-dozen
to a score.

The food of the Swift consists entirely of insects of various
kinds. Bishop Stanley relates, speaking of the quantity of
insects destroyed by Swallows, that from the mouth of a
Swift which had been shot, a table-spoonful were extracted.
The indigestible part of the food is cast up in pellets.

The note is a harsh scream. Mr. Selby remarks upon the
theory of White of Selborne respecting the note, that it is
fanciful, and so it is; but the one he has suggested in lieu
of it—that it is the consequence ‘of irritability excited by the
highly electrical state of the atmosphere at some times,’ is
certainly still more so; for it is uttered in the most opposite
kinds of weather: I look upon it as a simple exclamation of
enjoyment, ‘particularly induced,’ says Mr. Macgillivray, ‘by
fine weather and an abundance of food.’

The nest is generally placed in holes about steeples of
churches, and the old walls of lofty towers, as also under the
eaves of cottages and barns, crevices under window-sills, and
even in hollow trees; under the arches of bridges, in the sides
of cliffs, and of chalk-pits. It is roughly formed of straws,
wool, grasses, hair, feathers, and such like materials aggluti-
nated together, picked up with great dexterity while the bird
is on the wing, or purloined, as some say, from, or found in
the nests of Sparrows, which they appropriate to themselves.
It may be that no nest, or next to none is formed, unless
the remains of a Sparrow’s nest are used. With the Martins,
however, the case is exactly opposite: ‘thou art the robber,’
they might say or sing to the Sparrow.

The ordinary number of the eggs is for the most part two,
but sometimes three; and J. J. Briggs, Esq. has, in one instance,
at Melbourne, in Derbyshire, known four. Speaking of the

126 SWIFT.

nest that contained them, he also relates ‘a pair of Swifts
has inhabited a particular hole in a cottage for more than
twenty summers.’ This is not a solitary instance of four eggs
being found in one nest. They are white. The young birds,
which are hatched towards the end of June, are sedulously
attended to by the parents, while they remain in the nest,
but soon this care ceases, being no longer required; and in
some instances the whole family leave this country as soon
as ever the young are able to fly well. They generally leave
the nest towards the end of July, but sometimes are later,
as they remain in it a long time, until able, or nearly able
to forage for themselves.

Male; weight, nearly an ounce; length, seven mches or more,
even up to eight inches and a half; bill, very short and black;
iris, dark brown; head, broad. The whole plumage, which is
close set, with the exception of a small patch of greyish white
under the chin, is blackish brown, with a tinge of green, light
yellow, and purple. The wings, of extraordinary length,
expand to the width of eighteen inches; the second quill
feather is the longest, the first a little longer than the third.
Tail, much forked; the legs, which are covered with short
feathers in front, the toes, four in number, and all directed
forwards but the innermost, which is the smallest, and re-
versible, and the claws, which are short, blackish brown.

The female resembles the male. In the young bird the
chin is white, the back has some of the feathers tipped with
buff white, and the tertiaries the same.

‘LTIMS {NIdIv

Hines rity,

~~

127

ALPINE SWIFT.
WHITE-BELLIED SWIFT.
Cypselus alpinus, SELBY. JENYNS.
Cypselus—A Martlet. Alpinus—Of or belonging to alpine places.

Tuis Swift is found throughout Europe—in Spain, France,
Switzerland, Italy, Sardinia, Malta, Greece, and the Archipelago;
it is also believed to be a native of Africa, and probably of
Asia Minor. It is considered as excellent for the table.

Several of these birds have been met with of late years in
these islands:—One was shot in the beginning of June, 1820,
at Kingsgate, in the Isle of Thanet, Kent; a second near
Buckenham Church, Norfolk, in the middle of September,
1831; a third was picked up dead near Saffron Walden, in
in Essex, in July, 1838. Another of these birds, a fourth
recorded specimen, flew into a house, through a window, at
or near Dover, as I am informed by Edward Cole, Esq., of
Ryther, and was captured on the 20th. of August, 1830;
a fifth was seen near Cambridge, by EK. B. Fitton, Esq., on
the 26th. or 27th. of May, 1845. In Ireland, one was killed
early in March, 1838, at Rathfarnham, in the county of
Dublin; and another was obtained off Cape Clear, at a distance
of some miles from land. l

Lassitude seems to be a word unknown to the vocabulary
of the Swallows. The Alpine Swift, if possible, exceeds the
Common Swift in velocity; ceaselessly chasing its prey in the
lofty regions of the air, in the more rarefied state of the
atmosphere, and lower down in dull weather, and in the
evenings. It follows the chase as long as daylight lasts; but,
though its flight has been continued in the most rapid manner,

128 ALPINE SWIFT.

and with the most untiring energy throughout the livelong
day, and though even for hours after it is dark its voice
may be heard in the midst of the aerial gambols in which
these birds delight, yet ‘early to rise’ is ever and always its
motto; and at dawn of day he is up, and like Izaac Walton’s
‘Complete Angler,’ ‘leaves ‘the sluggard sleeping.’

‘The Alpine Swifts, says Meyer, ‘are seldom seen to alight
on the ground, and when ‘they do so, the construction of tice
legs and feet not being adapted for walking and perching,
they shuffle along mi look very awkward; and the great
length of their wings renders it very difficult for them to
rise again. But when desiring to retain themselves in a
hanging position against a w all” or a perpendicular rock, they
exhibit “oreat facility in preserving their equilibrium: by means
of their strong claws they cling firmly on, and their tails
serve them as a rudder or rest, wherewith they balance
themselves so as to be enabled to move the upper part of
the body in any direction they may require.’ They are rest-
less and turbulent birds, and, though sociable among themselves,
keep aloof, for the most part, even from birds of their own
genus.

The note is a constant twitter, and an occasional brief
scream, resembling this word in its sound; but is said to be
less harsh than that of the Common Swift.

The Alpine Swift builds its nest among high rocks in
mountainous districts, and in holes in the steeples of cathedrals
and churches: the old situation is often again resorted to. It
is composed of straw, grass, leaves, wool, feathers, and moss,
cemented together with gluten, which gives it a varnished
appearance. The nest is said to be rather small in reference
to the size of the bird; and is adapted in shape to the
situation im which it is placed.

The eggs, two, three, four, or five in number, and of an
elongated form, are white: they are laid towards the end of
May, and are hatched after fourteen days incubation. The
young, when first able to fly, still follow their parents, by
whom they are for some time supplied with food on the
wing.

The general plumage of this species is of a very silky texture,
and is charged with a fine white dust, which is easily rubbed
off. Male; length, about eight inches and a half; bill, black,
and rather longer in proportion than that of the Common
Swift; iris, blackish brown. Head on the crown, brown; neck

ALPINE SWIFT. 129

and nape on the sides, brown; chin, throat, and breast, white;
there is a dusky band across the upper part of the latter;
back, brown. The wings reach two inches beyond the end
of the tail; the second quill feather is the longest in the
wing, the first feather a little longer than the third—the
shafts of all black; greater and lesser wing coverts, primaries,
secondaries, and tertiaries, brown—the two latter are very
short. The tail is forked, and the feathers, which are brown,
are very stiff; under tail coverts, brown. The legs are
feathered with brown feathers; toes, orange brown; claws,
dark brown.

The female differs in no perceptible respect from the male,
but is rather smaller in size.

VOL. II. K

130

SPINE-TAILED SWALLOW.

AUSTRALIAN SPINE-TAILED SWALLOW.
NEEDLE-TAILED SWALLOW. PIN-TAILED SWALLOW.
NEW HOLLAND SWALLOW.

Hirundo caudacuta, LATHAM.
Chetura Australis, STEPHENS.
et macroptera, SWAINSON,

fHirundo—A Swallow. Caudacuia. Cauda—aA tail. Acuta—Sharp.

Tuts is the largest of the Swallows yet discovered. It is
a native of the eastern and south-eastern part of Australia
and Van Diemen’s Land. It is believed also to be a native
of India.

The only specimen of this bird that has as yet been met
with in this country, was shot on the 8th. of July, 1846, in
the parish of Great Horkesley, near Colchester, in Essex, by
a farmer’s son named Peter Coveney. It is certainly a very
strange and unaccountable circumstance, how, why, and where-
fore this bird should have thus winged its way from so remote
a part of the earth, our very Antipodes, to our island.

Mr. Gould observes of this bird that it is so exclusively a
tenant of the air that it is rarely seen to perch, and in
cloudless weather very seldom approaches sufficiently near the
earth to admit of a successful shot. In dull weather, and
late in the evening when ‘the prey it seeks’ has led the way,
it follows it at a lower elevation. ‘Its whole form is especially
and beautifully adapted for aerial progression, and, as its
lengthened wings would lead us to imagine, its power of flight,
both for rapidity and extension, is truly amazing.’ ‘Before
retiring to roost, which it does immediately after the sun
has gone down, the Spine-tailed Swallow may frequently be

|
;
|

“MO'TTIVMS Ca TIVL-G@NIdS

\ .

<a

AS hoot >

% WAM AR: Wes
Sey

os a =
ARQ

=

ee

PAA Rn

SS

SPINE-TAILED SWALLOW. ESf

seen either singly or in pairs sweeping up the gullies, or flying
with immense rapidity just above the tops of the trees, their
never-tiring wings enabling them to perform their evolutions
in the capture of insects, and of sustaining themselves in the
air during the entire day without cessation.’ These birds are
supposed to roost at nights in the clefts of rocks and in
trees.

Male; length, eight inches; bill, short, broad at the base,
and black; iris, hazel: in front of and over the eye is a line
of stiff black bristly feathers; forehead, greyish white; crown
and neck on the back, glossy brown, with purple and green
reflections; chin, white; throat, white; breast, brown, darkest
on the sides, which are spotted with white; back, greyish
brown, lightest in the middle. The wings extend three inches
beyond the end of the tail; the first and second quill feathers
are of nearly equal length, and the longest in the wing;
greater wing coverts, dull brown, with purple and green
reflections, the innermost feathers being more or less white on
the inner web; lesser wing coverts, dull brown, with purple
and green reflections; primaries, dull brown, lightest on the
inner web; secondaries, the same. ‘T'ail above, as the crown;
beneath, brown; it is square in shape, the feathers ten in
number, and the same colour as the wings; the shaft of each
feather projects beyond the web, forming a series of spines
about an eighth of an inch long from the middle feathers, and
gradually shortening on the side ones. Upper tail coverts, as
the crown; under tail coverts, white; legs, dark brown. The
toes, which are dark brown, are placed three before and one
behind, the latter rather on the inner side; claws, dark
brown.

132

SWALLOW.

CHIMNEY SWALLOW. COMMON SWALLOW.
RED-FRONTED SWALLOW.

Hirundo rustica, LInNZus. PENNANT.
- domestica, Ray. Brisson.

Hirundo—A Swallow. Rustica—Of or belonging to the country.

Tue Swallow, so called, is a permanent resident in the
tropical parts of the western coast of Africa; but is said to
be less numerous there in the rainy season than at other
times: it appears also to be a native of Abyssinia, and to
dwell there throughout the year. In Hurope it visits the
less frigid parts of Siberia, the Crimea, Denmark, Russia,
Sweden, Norway, Lapland, as likewise Italy, and the southern
countries. It is also found in Asia Minor; and Temminck
includes it among the birds of Japan.

‘Although arriving in large flights upon our coasts, they
afterwards disperse, and penetrate by degrees further into the
country: a few alone at first are seen among us, coursing in
their never-ending chase for food: by degrees their numbers
thicken, until the air is again peopled by this interesting
race.

The Swallow always makes friends among us; its useful
and harmless life and social habits attract our notice, and its
familiar approaches to our dwellings make it looked upon as
half-domesticated; it lives among us, yet independent, requiring
of us nothing but quiet possession of its accustomed nook or
ehimney. The Swallow is almost as much respected and
cherished as the Redbreast himself, and .shares with that
favoured bird exemption even from the persecutions of village
urchins.’ ;

2
k

SWALLOW.

SWALLOW. 133

The Swallow attaches itself, for the most part, to the
habitations of man, and frequents especially such as are in
the neighbourhood of water, over which it delights to sweep
in search of its food, which there abounds. The eye cannot
fail to be attracted and pleased by its graceful flight, and
when, in autumn, we first miss the favourite bird, we feel
that a blank is made, and that the hey-day of that summer
is gone. We are not, however, altogether taken by surprise,
as, for some short time previously, we have seen the birds
marshalling themselves in large companies for their approaching
journey—collecting together at some selected place of rendez-
vous, flying to and fro, twittering and chirping, as if discussing
their route, and arranging all the preliminaries necessary for
a lengthened voyage.

Swallows are generally thought to arrive here in the night,
but it does not appear certain that this is, at all events
always, the case. They have been seen departing in the
afternoon in great numbers, ‘in a continuous line of more
than half a mile in length, their families having been of
course increased since the previous census. After their arrival
they sometimes disappear again, re-migrating, as is thought,
owing to the weather being unfavourable, or food being scarce
in consequence; but it is possible that they may only shift
their quarters, in search of a more congenial situation, or a
better supply. In the summer, on a change of weather from
drought to rain, numbers will at once appear where none had
been seen before.

The Swallow so times its migration as to pass about half
the year in this country. The period of its arrival is generally
about the 10th. of April; but there is no fixed chronology
of the date; for it varies in different seasons—sometimes
earlier, sometimes later. Three were seen hawking for insects
near Wakefield, Yorkshire, January the 18th., 1837. One was
seen near Lewes, Sussex, on the memorable Ist. of April, in
1851; and one near the Eddystone lighthouse on the 4th. of
April, 1831. Several at Plymouth, on the Sth. of April, 1849.
It has been known as late as the 8th. of May. The time of
departure is early in October, and so strong is the migratory
instinct, that if the young of the second brood are not
sufficiently advanced, they have been known to have been
deserted. Some leave, or at least change their quarters, as
soon as the middle of August; others about the middle or
end of September, which is perhaps the chief time of their

134 SWALLOW.

departure; and others not until the middle of October. One
was seen at Penzance, in Cornwall, on the 30th. of November,
1845; one at Redcar, in Yorkshire, on the 8rd. of December,
in the same year, careering over the sea—the day dull and
gloomy: one at Goole, in the West-Riding, on the 10th. of
December, 1843. In 1849, some remained about Plymouth
until the 28rd. of October. Others at Springtield, near Temple
Balsall, Warwickshire, on the 18th. of November, 1847, as
seen by the Rev. W. Bree, of Allesley.

Mr. J. B. Eliman relates, in the year 1848, ‘On the 13th.
of November I saw two young Swallows. On the 14th. the
same again. On the 17th. I saw another. On the 18th. the
same again. On the 28th. I saw nine. On the 29th. the
same again. ‘These were the last I saw.. None of these were
our Swallows, which departed long before.’ This is consistent
with what may often be observed, namely, in the words of
the Rev. William Bree, that ‘after the general fight has de-
parted, and not a Swallow is to be seen, a few will often
appear again: after a considerable interval, later in the season.’
These doubtless are those which are on their way from some
more northern district, in which possibly they may have been
themselves detained by t their young brood. Mr. Bree proceeds,
speaking of the year 1848, ‘I lost sight of the Swallows on
the 5th. of October, on which day I observed a few. Ten
days elapsed, and not a Swallow to be seen in this neigh-
bourhood. On the 16th., however, I observed one flit across
the window, as I was ea ng in aie morning ; on the 17th.
two appeared; and on the 18th., though it was very cold,
and snow had fallen in the morning, five or six Swallows,
and one House Martin, were to be seen sporting throughout
the greater part of the day on the south side of the house,
and between the church and the sheltered walk of trees,
occasionally perching and sitting in a row on the sill of one
of the south attic windows of the house. In this situation
they allowed us to approach them through the chamber from
behind, the window being closed. They were evidently all of
them young birds, which had but recently left the nest, and
had as yet no great experience of the world. They remained
with us on the 19th. and 20th., joined, on the latter day,
by a second Martin, one of which, however, before evening,
was found dead on the sill of the window, having perished
probably from cold, to the no small grief of some members
of the family, to whom they had become objects of considerable

SS ee

yd

SWALLOW. Bad

interest. On the 21st. and 22nd., the party was reduced to
one or two Swallows and one Martin. On the latter day, a
little before dark, one of the Swallows permitted itself to be
caught by the hand, as it sat on the window sill; and after
having been duly caressed, as a matter of course, was soon
restored to liberty, and flew briskly away. After the 22nd.,
we saw no more of our little feathered favourites.’

In the same year, 1848, three were observed by Mr. C. R.
Bree, at Stowmarket, Suffolk, on the 25th. of October, none
having been previously seen since the Ist. of the month. In
the year 1836, the ‘last Swallow’ was seen at Tooting, Sur-
rey, by Mr. Edward Blyth, on the 21st. of October. At
Skipton, in Craven, Yorkshire, a pair were observed by R.
Dyneley Chamberlain, Esq.,; to remain, after the others had
all gone; and on examining into the cause, he found that
one of the young birds was. detained in the nest by having
had its leg entangled in'a piece of cord; in a few days
after releasing it from which, they all disappeared, having no
doubt spent the interval in preparing the young one for its
long fight.

In Ireland, Wilham Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, mentions
two which were seen flying over the bay near that town, on
the 380th. of March, 1846; and on the following day, a
single bird was observed on each side of its shores. Winter
birds were seen at the same time, and a neighbouring mountain
‘displayed snow in its ravines; proving, as it were, that even
two Swallows do not make a summer.’ One of these birds
was observed to remain without a companion for ten days
afterwards. On the 6th. of April one was observed between
Antrim and Ballymena, but, nevertheless, the main body were
remarkably late in coming that year. On the 2nd. of April,
1835, one was seen. Mr. Templeton notes his having observed
a few on the 30th. and 31st. of October, 1818. On the
14th. of November, 1815, one was repeatedly seen flying about
Stranmillis, near Belfast, where also on the 28th. of October,
1819, three appeared after a severe fall of snow, and a good
deal of frost. In 1835, a Swallow was observed on the 26th.
of October, near that town; one on the 16th. and 17th. of
November, 1846; and one on the 28th. of November, 1845.
On the 8rd. of November, 1834, Mr. H. Dombrain shot one
at sea, near Lambay Island. From the 18th. to the 24th.
of December, 1842, a number were seen about the village of
Holywood, near Belfast. Mr. Poole saw two in the town of

136 SWALLOW.

Wexford, on the 5th. of December, 1842; also on the 10th.
of November, 1844. One was seen at the end of November,
1847, at Castle Warren, near Cork.

One would suppose, from their ceaseless flight while with
us, that the Swallows would never know fatigue; but, never-
theless, they shew unmistakeable signs of being wearied, by
alighting on the yards and rigging of ships when in their
transit; nevertheless, and it is a most striking proof of the
imperative impulse that guides them in their migration, they
will not diverge from their pathway over the ocean, to rest
on land that may be only a few miles on one side; but
‘on, on,’ is, ike Marmion’s, their motto, and from their bidden
course nothing can induce them to swerve aside. They also,
at such times, are said to refresh themselves by dropping on
the sea, from which they rise with fresh invigoration. Audubon
and other writers state this fact.

It was formerly imagined that Swallows passed the winter
in a torpid state, submerging themselves in lakes for this
purpose. The following is the scientific ‘dictum’ of Dr.
Johnson:—‘Swallows certainly do sleep all the winter. A
number of them conglobulate together, by flying round and
round, and then all in a_ heap throwing themselves under
water, and he in the bed of a river;’ a very cold bed cer-
tainly. Alexander Mal Berger also says, in a calendar kept
at Upsal in 1755; ‘August 4th.—Birds of passage, after havi ying
celebrated their nuptials, now prepare for departing; and
then ‘September 17th.—Swallows go under water.’ The
‘Kendal Mercury,’ in 1837, detailed the circumstance of a
person having observed several Swallows emerging from
Grasmere Lake, in the spring of that year, in the form of
‘bell-shaped bubbles,’ from each of which a Swallow burst
forth; and the editor added, ‘we give the fact, well authenti-
cated by the parties from whom we received it, in the hope
that it may prove an acceptable addition to the data on
which naturalists frame their hypotheses.’

That the great body of them leave our wintry shores at
the annual time of their migration for the sunny south, is
unquestionable; but, nevertheless, it appears equally certain
that some individuals, more or fewer in number, hybernate
with us. Mr. J. B. Ellman records in the ‘Zoologist,’ page
2303, some instances of their having been dug out of hollows
in banks in the winter; and Mr. Edward Brown Fitton, at
page 2590, ‘tells the tale as it was told to him’ of ‘immense

SWALLOW. iy

quantities’ having been taken out of the cleft of a rock in
the cliff near Hastings.

Mr. Selby, on this subject, says as follows:—‘Let it be
admitted that a few individuals may, at different times, have
been found in a half-dead or benumbed state, under the
eaves of houses, or in similar places of retreat, (the natural
consequence of remaining in an uncongenial climate,) such
will, doubtless, have been young birds of late hatchings, not
able to undergo the fatigue of so long a flight, or old birds
reduced by sickness and other casualties to a similar condi-
tion; and all of which, I should be strongly inclined to
believe, die before the expiration of winter. As a proof that
the circumstances may happen, I adduce two instances of
having found this bird in the months of December and
February, both of which individuals appeared to have recently
died.’ This reasoning is, however, defective in all its parts.
First, one Swallow does not make a winter. Secondly, if it
be granted, as he seems to have done, that these birds had
continued in a torpid state up to the end of the year, the
continuation of that state would be much more likely than
the destruction of it without reason. Thirdly, their being
found in this benumbed state is anything but ‘the natural
consequence of remaining in an uncongenial climate.’ The
natural consequence of so doing would be the death of the
bird, not its becoming torpid only and remaining so for
months; but when this unnatural state is entered upon,
universal experience in all other similar cases shews that
nothing breaks it off but the genial warmth of the succeeding
year. Mr. Selby also adds as another reason, the fact that
February is the time of the moult, which he thinks is totally
at variance with the idea of this bird gomg into such a
torpid state as has been represented, and sufficient to prove
the improbability or impossibility of such an event. But this
is somewhat like arguing in a circle; for the difficulty being
got over of going into torpidity, and the ordinary course of
nature which would require moulting at an otherwise fixed
time, being suspended, the suspension or postponement of the
latter follows as a necessary sequence. Before departing, large
flocks of Swallows roost together in such places as osier beds,
and the brushwood that frimges some lake or stream, and
hence has arisen the notion that they retire under water for
the winter.

The following singular circumstance has just been commu-

138 WALLOW.

nicated to me by my friend, the Rev. R. P. Alington, as
having occurred on the 26th. of September, in the present
year, 1851; a day I well remember for the dreadful storm
which came on at night, with an unusually sudden change
of wind—the cause of most disastrous and numerous ship-
wrecks on all sides of the island, and noted in my diary as
an awful gale.* He says, ‘I was dining last week at my
brother’s, near Spilsby, when a medical gentleman, Dr. Hunt,
who lives at Addlethorpe, below Spilsby, on the bleak mani
near the sea, told me a curious anecdote relative to the
severity of the weather on Friday, the 26th. of September,
1851. He said that so mtense was the cold on that day,
that in the evening he picked up no less than ninety-two
Swallows on the ground, young chiefly, completely starved;’
(starved, I must here observe, means, in the north of England,
perished by cold as well as by hunger.) “They were put
into a hamper, and the following morning being mild, they
all flew away quite well. W illiara Dodson, Esq., of Claxby,
Chairman of the quarter sessions at Louth, being present,
followed up the conversation by saying, (in ae year I
could not make out, as there was a large party, and I had
no opportunity of asking questions, ) that on an exceedingly
cold day, all the Swallows congregated on his window- alles
not singly, but in separate heaps, “with their heads all one
way, one piled on the other. ‘These balls heaved up and
down with the breathing of the birds, and upon the cessation
of the storm, when the outermost ones flew away, the lower
ones were found smothered in considerable numbers.’ Another
somewhat similar case is on record in the ‘Zoologist,’ page
2604, though without the like fatal result.

A great number of Swallows and Martins were found dead
in barns, sheds, and churehyards in various parts of the
county ae Norfolk, on the 10th. and 11th. of May, 1849,
the weather being very cold and boisterous. ‘No doubt
they perished either from the direct effects of the cold, or
from the destruction of the insects on which they cenerally
feed.’

Swallows have been kept for two or three years by judicious
and careful treatment. Bewick records instances of this, as
established by Mr. James Pearson, of London, and also by
M. Natterer, of Vienna. They may also be ‘tamed, as he
shews in an interesting account, furnished to him by the
Rev. Walter Trevelyan, of Long Witton, Northumberland.

SWALLOW. 139

Mr. Couch, in his ‘Illustrations of Instinct,’ mentions ‘a pair
of Swallows which were observed on the wing, engaged in a
chattering contest, close to an opening which led into a
solitary barn. It was the evident intention of one of them
to obtain an entrance, and equally the determination of the
other that no admission should be permitted. They flew in
various directions about the only aperture, with incessant and
angry chattering; but the bird which appeared to be the
rightful occupier always maintained his advantage in» keeping
nearest the opening. When at last nothing that, he was
able to do or utter seemed capable of repelling the pertinacious
intruder, another bird suddenly darted out through the
opening, with a double portion of indignation marked in her
motions; and without uttering a sound, joined her mate in
repelling the foe; after which she again returned to her
solitary station within the building.’ I fancy that I have
seen something of the sort, as first related, myself.

‘A pair of Swallows,’ says Bishop Stanley, ‘no doubt those
of the preceding year, on their arriving, found their old nest
already occupied by a Sparrow, who kept the poor birds at a
distance, by pecking at them with its strong beak, whenever
they attempted to dislodge it. Wearied, and hopeless of
regaining possession of their own property, they at last hit
upon a plan which effectually prevented the intruder from
reaping the reward of his roguery. One morning they appeared
with a few more Swallows, their mouths distended with a
supply of tempered clay, and, by joint labour, in a short time
actually plastered up the entrance hole, thus punishing the
Sparrow with imprisonment and death by starvation. This
instance of apparent reasoning occurred at a rectory-house
in Lancashire; and a similar story is on record near London,
of a pair of Swallows calling in the assistance of their
neighbours, for the very same purpose.’ Mr. Jesse records a
precisely similar incident as having occurred in regard to a
nest built against the window of a house in Merrion Square,
Dublin, and remarks upon it, ‘In this case, there appears to
have been not only a reasoning faculty, but the birds must
have been possessed of the power of communicating their
resentment and their wishes to their friends, without whose
aid they could not thus have avenged the injury they had
sustained.’ Again, ‘A pair of Swallows built their nest under
the ledge of a house at Hampton Court. It was no sooner
completed, than a couple of Sparrows drove them from it,

140 SWALLOW.

notwithstanding that the Swallows kept up a good resistance,
and even brought others to assist them. ‘The intruders were
left in peaceable possession of the nest, till the two old birds
were obliged to quit it to provide food for their young. They
had no sooner departed, than several Swallows came and broke
down the nest, and I saw the young Sparrows lying dead on
the ground. As soon as the nest was demolished, the Swallows
began to rebuild it.’

Every one must have observed that on a sudden ‘note of
exclamation,’ given by a single Swallow, the whole flock, which
may have been previously congregated on some spot near, on
a sudden dash off in a strange and unaccountable manner.
‘A Swallow, apparently at some height in the air, utters two
shrill notes; on hearing which the whole of the flock quit
the water, and rise into the air, so as almost to disappear
from the sight. After a short time they return to hawk for
flies, and touch the surface of the river at exactly the same
place they had just before quitted.’ ‘On mentioning this
circumstance to an observant friend, he informed me that
when he was lately at Malvern, he had observed the effect of
the two notes I have just described. A large number of
Swallows had congregated on the roof of a house at that place.
The preceding evening had been cold and somewhat frostiy, so
that early in the morning the Swallows were so torpid that
he caught two or three of them in his hand, as they rested
on the roof near the window of the room in which he slept.
While they were in this state, he heard two shrill notes from
a Swallow, and in an instant the whole of them took wing
simultaneously, and having made two or three circuits in the
air, disappeared altogether. He fancied that these circuits were
preparatory to their migration, but they were more probably
a notice that food was at hand. At all events it seems clear
to me, that there is a master or leading Swallow who guides
the movements of the rest.’

Swallows may often be seen pursuing birds of prey, and on
returning from a chase of this kind, ‘unite in a song,
(apparently,) of exultation.’ Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, records
two curious instances, one of them witnessed by himself, of
their flying up and down to and from the top of a very tall
chimney. “There was a constant stream of birds ascending
and descending; their flight had a most singular appearance,
from the circumstance of their flying upwards from the ground
to the chimney top almost in a vertical line, and coming down

SWALLOW. 141

in a similar manner. So regular were they in series, and so
vertically disposed, as at once to remind me of a rope-ladder
up the mast of a ship; really not too extravagant a simile.’
‘Who has not watched the Swallow on the wing,’ says
Linneus Martin, who has not marked its rapid flight; now
smoothly skimming along, now executing sudden turns and
intricate evolutions with astonishing celerity? If the weather
be warm, it dips in the water as it passes along, and emerges,
shaking the spray from its burnished plumage, uninterrupted
in its career.’ The Swallow is, like all its compeers, indefatigable
in its flight, and is not often seen to alight. It does, however,
occasionally settle on the ridge of a roof, or even sometimes on
the branch of a tree, or some such elevated spot, from whence
you may see it suddenly drop again into the ambient air
and renew its course, to chase its prey, or to join with some
sportive companion in all the eccentric meanderings of the
labyrinth which it ever and anon follows the thread of. ‘These
birds, says Meyer, ‘delight the eye by their ever-glancing
flight, passing and repassing us with noiseless wing; sometimes
dipping their glossy wings into the stream, or sweeping
an insect from its surface; then shooting past us quicker than
the eye can follow, they turn and wheel, as if delighting to
evade our eager sight.’
» In perching, the Swallow occasionally rests on the ground
by choice, roads being thus not unfrequently resorted to,
and sometimes the sea-beach; and objects are, though but
rarely, picked up. When they alight on trees, they for the
most part prefer to alight on withered and dry branches, in
preference to flourishing and leafy ones. The young birds do
not return to the nest after they have become able to provide
for themselves, and appear then to roost in trees. Swallows
may often be noticed in a row, or perfect line, on the ground:
after hawking for flies, the whole troop will thus settle on
the ground, as if to rest themselves:—but why in straight
rank? They may also often be seen coursing over the sea,
as zealously and regularly as over the land. They fly very
late in the evening—until nine o’clock, or after; sometimes
till they can be on longer distinguished. During eclipses of
the sun they have been observed, in some instances, to disappear,
and in some to cease to sing, and retire, as if to roost;
while in others, ‘though the Rooks and Sparrows had gone
to bed, thinking it was night, the Swallows continued flying
about as usual.’

142 SWALLOW.

The food of the Swallow consists entirely of insects, and it
is in, pursuit of these that it is seen soaring far above in
the settled days of summer, and, again, suiting itself to the
changes in the weather, skimming close above the surface of
the lake, or river, or meadow, alor ng the side of a cliff, a
hedge, a paling, or a sheltered avenue of trees. When feeding,
it flies with the mouth more or less open, and the capture
of an insect is indicated by an audible snap of the bill. It
drinks and frequently laves itself while on the wing. The
indigestible part of the food is cast up in pellets.

The utterance of the Swallow in the way of song, though
neither powerful or varied, is cheerful and pleasant—a pretty
warbling, which you lke to stop in your walk and listen to.
It may be heard very early in the morning, even so soon as
from a quarter-past to half-past two, and also very late in
the season. Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, has recorded separate
instances of his having heard its song, on the 2nd. of Sep-
tember, the 10th. of September, and the 18th. of September,
in different years.

In the month of May, about a month after the arrival of
the bird, the nest is commenced, and, as imported by one of
its trivial names, the inside of a chimney is a common
selection, and some angle or corner a few feet down is taken
advantage of for the support that it affords. The precise
situation is frequently resorted to that had been made use
of in previous seasons. ‘The nest, which 1s open at the top,
is formed of moist earth, which the bird collects bit by bit
in its bill, from the side ‘of a pond or stream, or the middle
of a road, as may often be seen: it is moulded into shape,
intermix a with straw and grass; and is finally lined with
feathers, or such like soft materials.

Bell turrets are often built in, as also the ledge under the
roof of a barn, the inside of the arch of a bridge, the shaft
of an oid mine or well, unused rooms or passages to which
access can be gained, even such as a small orifice in a door
affords; any projection of a spout, lintel, beam, or rafter that
will serve as a buttress being built upon,—a ‘coign of vantage:’
gateways, and outhouses of every kind are chosen; and I have
known a pair to build under the wooden shed of the station
at Hutton-upon-Derwent, near Malton, almost within reach
of the hand.

It is curious that in Ireland Mr. Thompson observes that
he has never known the Swallow to build in chimneys, which,

SWALLOW. 143

as before remarked, are so often built in with us. Thus
Gilbert White says, in his ‘Natural History of Selborne,’ that
‘in general with us, this Hirundo breeds in chimneys; and
loves to haunt those stacks where there is a constant fire, no
doubt for the sake of the warmth; not that it can subsist
in the immediate shaft where there is a fire,. but prefers one
adjoining to that of the kitchen, and disregards the perpetual
smoke of the funnel, as I have often observed with some
degree of wonder.’

Yarrell mentions one which was lodged in the half-open
drawer of a table in an unoccupied garret, to which access
was obtainable through a broken pane of glass; and in the
Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever, one was preserved
which had been attached to the body and wing of a defunct
Owl, which had been nailed against a barn. Sir John
Trevelyan, Bart. wrote to Bewick, ‘At Camerton Hall, near
Bath, a pair of Swallows built their nest on the upper part
of the frame of an old picture over the chimney, coming
through a broken pane in the window of the room. They
came three years successively, and in all probability would
have continued to do so if the room had not been put in
repair, which prevented their access to it.’ Yarrell mentions
the nest of one pair which was built on the bough of a
sycamore hanging low over a pond, at the Moat, Penshurst,
in Kent, in the summer of 1832. Two sets of eggs were
laid in it. The first brood was reared, but the second died
unfledged.

W. Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, mentions one or two peculiar
instances of the nidification of the Swallow, in the neigh-
bourhood of Belfast:—‘A pair of these birds built their nest
in a house, although the door, by which alone they could
enter, was locked every evening, and not opened before six
o'clock the next morning; so “that being early risers they
thus lost, for no inconsiderable part of the season, fully three
hours every day.’ A similar fact is mentioned in Captain

Cook’s ‘Sketches in Spain,’ where it is stated that in the
outhern provinces the Swallows live in the posadas, their
nests being built on the rafters where they are shut up
every night. In the ‘Northern Whig,’ a Belfast paper of
July the 2nd., 1829, the following paragraph appeared:—‘We
understand that a pair of Swallows have built their nest in
Mr. Getty’s schoolroom at Randalstown; and, notwithstanding
there are above forty scholars daily attending, the birds

‘

144: SWALLOW.

fearlessly went on with their labour, and now have their
young ones out. One of the windows had been for several
nights left down, at which time the Swallows found admit-
tance, and after much apparent deliberation commenced their
structure, which they carried on chiefly during the hours of
the school; and, though they had abundance of time to
build, either before the school commenced, or after it was
dispersed, yet they always preferred a few hours about noon
for their labour, and seemed to do little at any other time.
The scholars, much to their credit, gave them as little
annoyance as possible, and the window is still kept open.’

In a natural state, or rather in a country where suitable
structures are wanting, it is very probable that rents in rocks
and caves are always “built in.

The Rev. Gilbert White, of Selborne, ehcnaild. the choosing
of two odd situations for Swallows’ nests; one of them on the
handles of a pair of shears which were ‘placed against the
wall of an outhouse. Mr. Jesse, too, in his ‘Gleanings in
Natural History,’ mentions one which he saw built on the
knocker of the hall-door of the Rectory house of the Rey.
Egerton Bagot, at Pipe Hayes, Warwickshire. He further
observes, ‘The confidence which these birds place in the human
race is not a little extraordinary. They not only put them-
selves, but their offspring in the power of man. I have
seen their nests in situations where they-were within the
reach of one’s hand, and where they might have been de-
stroyed in an instant. I have observed them under a door-
way, the eaves of a low cottage, against the wall of a tool-shed,
on the knocker of a door, and the rafter of a much-frequented
hay-loft.’

Bishop Stanley mentions one which was built in a bracket
for holding a lamp in a corner of an open passage, close to
the kitchen door in a nobleman’s house, in Scotland, and
though the lamp was taken down to be trimmed every day,
and lighted every evening, there a Swallow, and it is naturally
believed the same Swallow, built her nest for three or four
years, quite regardless of the removal or light of the lamp,
and the¥constant passing and repassing of the servants. His
Lordship adds, that on the opposite side of the same open
court, the great house bell was hung, under a wooden cover,
fastened to the north wall of the “house. It was a large
bell, and was rung several times a day to call the servants
to their meals. Under the wooden cover of this bell, the

SWALLOW. 145

same Swallow, it is believed, which had formerly built on the
bracket for the lamp, built a nest for several years, and
never was in the least disturbed by the ringing of the bell,
or the rattling of the rope. A figure is given of the nest,
in the form of a cornucopia—both ends affixed to the roof
of the cover.

The eggs are usually from four to six in number, white,
much speckled over with ash-colour and dark red, or brown
and rufous.

Two broods are frequently hatched in the year, the first of
which flies in June, and the second the middle or end of
August. When the young are fledged, they may often be
seen perched in a row on the edge of the chimney top, pluming
themselves, and waiting for, and watching their parents’
return with food for the supply of their wants. When they
have advanced a step to some neighbouring bough or building,
they still are dependent on them; and, even when they can
fly, are still fed by them in the most dexterous, and almost
imperceptible manner on the wing. The old birds supply
them with food once in every three minutes, during the
greater portion of the day. Think of this, and, in the words
of the ‘Wanderings,’ a book I love, applied to our present
subject, ‘Spare, O spare the unoffending’ Swallow!

The glossy purple of the upper part of the plumage of the
Swallow is only to be perceived upon a close inspection, or
when you have the advantage of looking down upon the
bird as it skims from under some bridge in the light of the
sun, or beneath some other such elevation, from whence you
have a commanding view of it. Male; length, eight inches
and a half or three quarters; bill, small and black, the ridge
elevated, the space between it and the eye, black; iris, dark
brown; forehead, chesnut; crown, side of the head, neck, and
nape, very glossy dark blue; chin and throat, chesnut, below
which is a bluish black band, which ends in a straight line
across the breast, which is buff white, more or less tinged
with brown; back, glossy blue.

The wings, which expand to the width of one foot two .
inches, and reach to about the middle of the tail, are long
and pointed, reaching beyond the end of the second tail
feather; the first and second quill feathers are nearly equal
in length, but the first rather the longer of the two. Greater
and lesser wing coverts, glossy blue; primaries, dull black,

with bronze reflections and pale brown edges; secondaries, the
VOL. UU. L

146 SWALLOW.

same, very short, with slanting tips; tertiaries, glossy blue;
greater and lesser under wing coverts, buff white, darker than
the breast, and ending on the edge of the wing in a border
of black, brown, and white. ‘Tail, very much forked, the
outer feather on each side almost five inches in length, being
as long again as the others, and nearly black, with bronze
reflections and pale brown edges, with an oblong patch on
the inner web beginning near the base, and ending near the
end of the second feather, which, as well as the three next
feathers, which decrease in length, have each a rounded white
patch on the inner web; the two middle feathers are the
shortest of the whole, and dull black, without any white on
either web. The white spots on the others form a sort of
bar when the tail is expanded, but when it is closed they are
not apparent—they shine through. Upper tail coverts, glossy
blue; under tail coverts, buff white; legs, very short, and, as
the toes, slender, and reddish grey; their upper surface is
covered with small scales, underneath the latter are grey;
claws, weak, sharp, and almost black. The Swallow moults
in January and February. :

The female resembles the male in plumage. The brown on
the forehead is less extended than in the male; the black on
the upper part of the breast is not so broad; the breast has
less of the rufous and buff tinge; the back is not so lustrous,
and the outer tail feathers are shorter than in the male bird.

The young are at first thickly covered with grey down.
They soon assume the garb of the adult bird, but are without
the lustrous tint, and the feathers do not lhe so compactly
together. Bill, yellow at the corners of the base; iris, brown.
There is no chesnut on the forehead; the throat is paler and
duller—the black band is but faintly indicated. The outer
tail feathers are much shorter, not reaching to their proper
length till after the first moult; the legs are reddish black;
the toes beneath, grey.

Buff varieties occasionally occur, as well as white ones, and
also pied, or black and white; yellowish white, with a faint
rufous tinge on the head and chin; and one silver grey one
has been met with, with the same red on the head and throat,
and one white above, with the chin and breast reddish white.
One of a very light fawn-colour; another of a lighter fawn-
colour, of various shades, the wings and tail being almost
white on the upper surface; another with the body, head, and
breast, buff-colour, the wings and tail white. Mr. Thompson

SWALLOW. 147

says, I have always remarked that in particular seasons, birds
are more prone to assume variety in the colour of their
plumage, than in others.

While staying last summer, 1851, with my sincerely valued
friend and old schoolfellow, the Rev. Henry Hilton, Rector
of Milsted, near Sittingbourne, Kent, I noticed, in the course
of a walk by Torry Hill, the seat of Mr. Pemberton Leigh,
a white bird on the wing, which I at first took to be a
Starling, but which proved to be a young Swallow. After
two or three unsuccessful flying shots with an ancient ‘piece,’
which might be supposed to be from the same armoury as
that from which Robinson Crusoe was supplied, it at last fell
from a rail where I aimed at it sitting. I had _ previously
been informed of a brood of White Swallows at this place,
and having applied to Mr. Chaffey, of Dodington, near
Sittingbourne, for a chronicle of the facts, he obliged me with
the following statement:—‘In 1849, a pair of Swallows built
a nest, and hatched their young in a bakehouse attached to
a farm-house, in the parish of Frinsted, in the occupation of
a Mr. Filmer. Out of the number of young ones there was
a milk-white one, which was shot some time after they had
flown, and is now in my collection. In the following year,
1850, a pair, most likely the same, built another nest in the
same place, and hatched two white ones, one of which was
sent to me; what became of the other I never heard. This
year, 1851, a pair again built their nest in the same place,
and hatched two white ones, the fate of one of which you,
sir, are acquainted with. They had ingress and egress through
a broken pane of glass. The bakehouse was constantly used
for baking and other purposes, of which the old birds took
little or no notice.’

148

PURPLE MARTIN.
AMERICAN PURPLE MARTIN.
Hirundo purpurea, WiLson. AUDUBON,

Fitrundo—A Swallow. Purpurea—Purple—purple-coloured.

Tuts Swallow appears to hold the place in America that
our own does with us. Wilson says, ‘I never met with more
than one man who disliked the Martins, and would not
permit them to settle about his house. ‘This was a penurious,
close-fisted German, who hated them because they ‘eat his
peas. I told him he must certainly be mistaken, as I never
knew an instance of Martins eating peas; but he replied
with coolness that he had many times seen them himself
‘blaying near the hife, and going schnip, schnap;’ by which
I understood that it was his ‘bees’ that had been the sufferers;
and the charge could not be denied.’

It is a sociable and half-domesticated bird; and it would
appear that in America it is the custom to encourage these
Martins to frequent the neighbourhood of farmsteads, as they
are supposed, or rather indeed known to be useful in driving
off birds of prey. They are the terror of Eagles, Hawks,
and Crows; which at their first appearance they assail so
vigorously, that they are instantly compelled to have recourse
to flight. Poultry, as soon as they hear the voice of the
Martin engaged in fight, instinctively know what is the
matter, and exhibit alarm and consternation. The King-bird
is in like manner attacked, but if a common enemy appears,
he is united with in repelling such. Wilson relates an anec-

a

PURPLE MARTIN. 149

dote communicated to him by the late John Joseph Henry,
Esq., Judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, of the
place put up by him for the reception of the Martins having
been forestalled by SBlue-birds. The latter succeeded in
repelling the former, and kept possession of their abode, and
this for eight successive years; the Martins always attempting
to obtain a footing, but being as uniformly forced to give
up the attempt.

The following specimens of the Purple Martin have been
met with in this country:—Two were shot on different days
by Mr. John Calvert, of Paddington, the first week in Sep-
tember, 1842, at the reservoir, Kingsbury, Middlesex. One
was a young bird of the year, the outside tail feathers not
being grown to their full length, the other was an old male
in full plumage.

In Ireland, one was shot near Kingstown, in the county
of Dublin, and is now preserved in the Museum of the
Royal Dublin Society.

The Purple Martin, as may be imagined, is migratory in
its habits, arriving at the scene of its parental duties in
May, being to be observed on the way thither at various
half-way houses in February, March, and April, and leaving
again about the 20th. of August. ‘Unde datum sentit;’
whence it is gifted to know, the time when, in pursuance
of the not-to-be-resisted mandate of nature, 1t must set out
on its travels, and, in obedience to the lke dictate, the time
when it must again return by the same route by which it
went forth on its long journey, is hidden in the unfathomable
mind of that Divine Being whose thoughts are past finding
out; ‘His ways are higher than our ways, and His thoughts
than our thoughts.’ How, too, does the Swallow know the
place to which it must wend its way; and how does it track
the trackless path to it?

Insects are the food of the Purple Martin, and of these
bees constitute an ordinary portion, as also wasps, and even
beetles of large size.

‘Just as dawn approaches, the Martin begins its notes,
which last half a minute or more, and then subside until
the twilight is fairly broken. An animated and incessant
musical chattering now ensues, sufficient to arouse the most
sleepy person.’ The usual note is described as resembling
the syllables, ‘peuo, peuo, peuo,’ frequently succeeded by others
more low and guttural.

150 PURPLE MARTIN.

‘The summer residence of this agreeable bird,’ says Wilson,
‘is universally among the habitations of man; who, having no
interest in his destruction, and deriving considerable advan-
tage, as well as amusement, from his company, is generally
his friend and protector. Wherever he comes, he finds some
hospitable retreat fitted up for his accommodation, and that
of his young, either in the projecting wooden cornice on the
top of the roof, or sign-post, in the box appropriated to the
Blue-bird, or, if all these be wanting, in the dove-house
among the Pigeons. In the latter case, he sometimes takes
possession of one quarter or tier of the premises, in which
not a Pigeon dare for a moment set its foot.’ Some persons,
he further observes, have regular places fitted up beforehand
for the reception of their visitors, to which it is noted that
the same individuals return from year to year. Even the
solitary Indians of the Chickasaw and Chactaw tribes have a
fondness for this bird, and shew it by lopping the bows off
a sapling tree by their wigwam door, on which they hang
an empty gourd or calabash prepared thus for it to build
in. The Negroes also, on the banks of the Mississipi, place
the like on the tops of long canes, which they put in the
ground for the same purpose.

Nidification commences in April or May, according as the
place halted at is farther or otherwise on the ‘great north
road.’ The nest is made of leaves, hay, straw, and feathers
in considerable quantity.

The eggs are about four in number, small for the size of
the bird, and pure white without any spots. The first brood
appears in May, the second late in July. Both the male
and female assist in the work of incubation; the former
relieving and attending on the latter with much careful
tenderness.

Male; length, eight inches; bill, strong; iris, full and. dark;
head, crown, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, and back, deep
purple blue, with reflections of violet-colour. The wings
expand to the width of one foot four inches; primaries,
secondaries, and tertiaries, brownish black. The tail consists
of twelve brownish black feathers; it is considerably forked,
and edged with purple blue; legs, short, strong, and dark
dull purple.

Female; bill, strong; head, crown, neck on the back, and
nape, blackish brown, with blue and violet reflections thinly
seattered; chin, throat, and breast, greyish brown, the latter

PURPLE MARTIN. Psi

darker under the wings, and tinged below with dusky and
yellow.

The young bird is six inches and three quarters in length;
bill, black; head, crown, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, ‘and
back, shining purple blue. Greater and lesser wing coverts,
tinged with ‘blue; primaries, edged with brown; legs “and toes,
blackish brown.

MARTIN.
HOUSE MARTIN. MARTIN SWALLOW. WINDOW MARTIN.
Hirundo urbica, PENNANT. MOonrTasu.

Hirundoe—A Swallow. Urbica—urbs—A city.

‘WouLtp J a house for happiness erect,
Nature alone should be the architect.’

So says the poet Cowley, and those who are wise will say
the same, and will build after her model, and on the foun-
dation she lays, so far as is consistent with the duties of
life.

The pretty chirruping of the Martin over your window is
the pleasantest alarum to wake you up to enjoy the ‘dewy
breath of incense-breathing morn,’ and both the associations
of earliest recollection and the adventitious aids of poetry
combine to invest it with a never-failing charm. So again,
at night, when the parent bird has returned to her brood,
for whom she has toiled all the day, and takes them under
the shelter of her wings; what more pleasant sound is there
in nature than the gentle twittering of the ‘happy family’—
the unmistakeable expression of the veriest and most complacent
satisfaction! |

The Martin is an attendant on civilization, and endeavours
to establish itself about the habitations of man. It cannot
be called a native of Africa, being born elsewhere; but 1%
visits us and other countries from thence. It frequents
Lapland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, and even Siberia,
Jeeland, and the Ferroe Isles.

The trite remark of Cervantes ‘una golondrina no_ pace
yerano; ‘one Swallow does not make a summer,’ is as true

MARTIN.

& “
'
.
* =
;
b
w
>
_
= = 7
= -
~ .
‘
. ‘ ]
{
: 2 a oer
f « oe 7
inn 7 ' 1) Se

MARTIN. 153

of this species as of all the rest. There is, in fact, hardly
a month, nay, there is hardly a day in the winter half of
the year, on which, on one occasion or another, a Martin
has not been seen, either a late arrival, or a late tarrying,
or one roused up from the lethargic slumber of a torpid
hybernation, in which it would appear that, in some instances
at least, these birds are wrapped. ‘The average time of the
arrival of the Martin is about the 2ist. of April—a few days
later than the Swallow; but, as already pointed out in the
ease of that species, after they have made their first appear-
ance, they often disappear for weeks, and again shew them-
selves, and then remain through the summer. About the
middle of October they generally depart in large fiocks,
having first congregated on house-tops, church-towers and
roofs, and even on trees. They are often, however, much
later in leaving us. White of Selborne saw a small flock on
the 8rd. of November. A flock of more than one hundred
were seen at Dover, on the 13th. of November, 1831. Montagu
saw several at Kingsbridge, in Devonshire, until the 15th. of
November, 1805. A flight of more than two hundred were
seen at Barnstaple, on the 17th. of November, 1838; and
the Rev. W. F. Cornish saw one near Sidmouth, on the 10th.
of December, 1835.

‘Timid as they appear to be,’ says Bishop Stanley, ‘when
occasion calls for exertion and courage, they can not only
fight a good battle, but manifest a good deal of generalship.
A pair of Martins having built in a corner of a window,
one, of which, from a remarkable white feather in one of
its wings, was known to be the same bird which had built
there the year before, had no sooner finished their nest, than
a strange Swallow conceived the plan of taking possession
of the property, and once or twice actually succeeded in
driving the owners out. For a week there was a constant
battling; at length the two rightful owners were observed
to be very busily engaged in lessening the entrance into the
nest, which in a short time was so reduced, that it was
with difficulty they could force themselves into i - singly.
When they had accomplished their object, one or other of
them always remained within, with its bill sticking out,
ready to receive any sudden attack. The enemy persevered
for a week, but at length, finding its prospects hopeless, left
the pair to enjoy the fruits of their forethought.’

The following curious circumstance, originally communicated

154 MARTIN.

to me by Mr. George B. Clarke, of Woburn, Bedfordshire,
has been recorded in ‘The Naturalist,’ vol. i., pages 23-24:—
‘In the summer of 1849, a pair of Martins built their nest in
au archway at the stables of Woburn Abbey, Beds., and as
soon as they had completed building it, and had lined it,
a Sparrow took possession of it, and although the Martins
tried several times to eject him, they were unsuccessful; but
they, nothing daunted, leaving him in full possession, flew
off to scour the neighbourhood for help, and returned in a
short space of time with about thirty or forty Martins, who
dragged the unfortunate culprit out, took him to the grass-
plot opposite, called ‘the circle,’ and there all fell on him,
and killed him. This was related to me by an eye-witness,
a day or two after the occurrence took place.’

So also, in the ‘Zoologist, page 2605, Mr. J. J. Briggs
relates, ‘In the year 1846, a pair of House Martins built
their nest beneath one of the windows of our house, and had
just made it ready for the reception of eggs, when two
Sparrows took possession of it, and defied all the efforts of
the rightful owners to force them out. During the absence
of the | Sparrows one day, the Swallows blocked up the entrance,
and finally built another nest over it, and so excluded the
usurpers.’ Also, ‘in 1836, I was an eye-witness to an inter-
esting circumstance, which illustrated the natural affection of
this bird. During the third week in October, a pair of Martins
built a nest underneath the battlements of one of the public
buildings in Derby, in a warm and sheltered situation. At
the end of the month, the main body of Martins departed,
leaving this pair behind, which continued in the neighbour-
hood until the extraordinarily late period of November 27th.,
when the young being fledged, left the nest, and they and
their parents disappeared together. This appeared to me
extraordinary, as | have known more than one instance in
which the old birds have forsaken their offspring to obey the
migratory impulse: sometimes, if a nest is examined immedi-
ately after the departure of a pair of these birds, the young
will be found half-fledged, and evidently having died from
starvation, occasioned by the parents abondoning them.’

The flight of the Martin is powerful and rapid, but often
wavering and unsteady.

Its food consists of insects,

Its note is a lively twitter, often elevated, especially early
in the morning, into an extremely pleasing warble.

MARTIN. 155

The Martin rears two broods in the year, and sometimes
lays a third or even a fourth time, though the last brood
cannot be attended to before they themselves leave. White
of Selborne says that they are never without young ones in
the nest as late as Michaelmas; for as soon as one brood is
able to fly, the hen bird begins to lay again, but the latter
elutch is smaller in number than the former one. Those which
are unfortunately unable to fly when the ‘moving power’ seizes
their parents, are left behind, speedily to perish, as has re-
peatedly been discovered. When only two broods are produced,
the first nest is commenced about the 25th. of May, and the
young leave the nest about the 2nd. of August. The second
nest is begun about the 11th. of August, and the second
brood quit it about the 29th. of September.

The same nest is resorted to from year to year. Thus
the Rev. Gilbert White says:—‘July 6th., 1783, some young
Martins came out of the nest over the garden door. This
nest was built in 1777, and has been used ever since.” The
young birds of one year often add another the following to
‘the row’ of nests which ornament the eaves where their parents
have built, and sometimes the birds will form a continuous
line of the mud they build with along the wall, without any
apparent or discernible motive, for there it remains without
any use being made of it. The mud they use in building is
tempered and cemented in some way or other, for it will
adhere firmly even to glass.

The nest, which is generally built under the eaves of a
house, but also frequently on the sides of cliffs, is of an
hemispheric form, and is lined inside with a little hay and
feathers.

The eggs are four or five in number, smooth and white.
Incubation lasts thirteen days. At first the parent birds enter
the nest each time to feed the young ones, but by and b
the latter may be seen anticipating their arrival by thrusting
out their heads at the door of their house, in expectation of
the meal which they there receive; the old bird holding on
to the nest outside, in the attitude depicted in the plate.

Male; length, a little over five inches anda quarter. Bill,
short and black; iris, brown; head on the crown, neck on
the back, and nape, glossy blue black; chin, throat, and
breast, white; back, glossy blue black. The wings reach to
the end of the tail; the first quill feather is the longest;
greater and lesser wing coverts, glossy blue black; primaries,

156 MARTIN.

secondaries, and tertiaries, dull black. Tail, dull black and
forked; upper tail coverts, white; legs and toes, small, and
covered with short white downy feathers; claws, curved, sharp,
and of a greyish horn-colour.

The female resembles the male, but the colour is not so
bright, and the white on the chin and throat is less pure.

The young resemble the female.

White varieties are sometimes obtained; one has been shot
with the middle feather of the tail white.

‘NILUVN CGNVYS

SAND MARTIN.
BANK MARTIN.
Hirundo riparia, PENNANT. Monrtacu,

Hirundo—A Swallow. Riparia—Of or belonging to banks.
Ripa—A bank.

Tus diminutive species of Swallow makes its way from
Africa, along the whole of which continent it is believed to
be found, to its northern summer haunts; and advances to
all the south of Europe, and as far as Siberia, Russia, Den-
mark, Sweden, and Norway. It is said to be resident in
Malta all the year round. In India also and America it is
met with.

It is somewhat local in its distribution with us; in fact,
according to the localities themselves, so is its frequentation
of them.

In Ireland it occurs, though not so plentifully as the others
of its race. In Scotland also. In the Orkney Islands these
birds were formerly more numerous than they are at present.
They frequent Skaill, Sanday, and the Loch of Stenness, They
also visit Shetland.

Sand banks, especially in the neighbourhood of water, are
the favourite resort of this species.

The Sand Martin, though one would think that the wild
winds would retard the progress of so tiny a traveller, arrives
here rather before the others of its congeners. On the 24th.
of March, 1847, W. F. W. Bird, Esq. has known it at Kid-
derminster, in Worcestershire. Near Penzance more than a
dozen were seen by Edward Hearle Redd, Esq., on the 29th.
of March, 1847. In two different seasons, it has been noticed

158 SAND MARTIN. |

even so far north as Carlisle, as Mr. Heysham has recorded,
before the end of March. In Cumberland it has been observed
on the 4th. and the 11th. of April. In the Orkney Islands
it arrives in May. In the month of August it departs.

In favourite situations, the holes that these birds have bored
may be seen in great numbers, and close to each other. Two
broods in the year are sometimes reared, the first being able
to forage for themselves in about a fortnight; and when the
first batch of young have left the nest, they He in numbers
in such places as osier beds in small islands, on the banks
of rivers, and other suitable resting-places. The second brood
is not unfirequently forsaken by its parents, who find the call,
‘away, away, too strong to be ‘resisted, fal even natural ae
tion gives way to its all- -powerful command. Both parents
feed the young as long as is necessary: they all return at
night to sleep in the nest. They are sociable birds, as
evinced by the great number of their tenements that are to
be seen in the immediate vicinity of each other. In some
instances, however, single pairs have been known to build by
themselves, and in others only small numbers.

Their flight is rapid, flickering, and unsteady. When
searching for food, they may be seen skimming low over
meadows and commons; and, like the other Swallows, they
often drop upon the water as they fly, to drink, or to lave
themselves.

The food of this species consists, like that of the rest of
their genus, of insects, and these are frequently dashed at on
the water. The young are fed with the same, sometimes of
large size.

The nest of the Sand Martin, as intended by its name, is
placed in the straight banks of rivers, cliffs of the sea- shane
sand-pits, and such other lke situations as are sufficiently
soft for the bird to perforate—not always at a high elevation
—J have known them almost within reach of the hand from
the beach. It hollows out for itself a way to its intended
resting-place to the depth of from two to three, and even
nearly four feet. The work is performed with its bill, which
it keeps closed for the operation, swaying itself round as
occasion requires on its feet as a pivot. It begins at the
centre and works outwards, and hence the former is more
deeply penetrated than the latter. The gallery, which tends
upwards, is more or less tortuous; the entrance is from two
to two inches and a half wide, and is widest at the inner

SAND MARTIN. 159

end, where a little hay or wool, or a few small feathers are
placed, on which the eggs are laid; the loose sand having all
been lightly removed from the surface, as the bird has worked
on, with its feet. The ‘excavators’ complete their work, though
they are such ‘feeble folk,’ in about a fortmight. The same
hole is resorted to from year to year, or, if it has fallen away,
another is hollowed out in the same neighbourhood. The
weight of sand mined in a day is from sixteen to twenty
ounces, and pebbles of even more than two ounces in weight
have been known to be removed.

The eggs are from four to six in number, and white. They
are very tender, and are hatched after an incubation of twelve
or thirteen days.

Male; length, four inches and three quarters: Meyer says
from five and a quarter to five and a half; bill, dark brown,
or nearly black, and very small and weak; iris, dark brown;
head, crown, neck, and nape, light brown; chin, throat, and
breast, white, the latter having a band of hght brown, with
a few spots of the same below it, across its upper part, and
light brown also on the sides; back, light brown. The wings
reach beyond the end of the tail, and expand one foot in
width; the first feather is the longest, the others gradually
shortening in succession; greater and lesser wing coverts,
brown; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, dark brown, almost
blackish, underneath lighter; greater and lesser under wing
coverts, light brown. Tail, forked, dark brown, almost blackish,
underneath it is lighter; upper tail coverts, lighter brown
than the back; under tail coverts, white. Legs and toes,
dark reddish black or brown, and scaled; there are a few
buif white feathers just above the junction of the hind toe
to the leg; claws, dark brown.

In summer the plumage loses its gloss.

The female closely resembles the male.

The young birds have the chin buff white, the throat dashed
with brown and rufous, and often spotted with grey, and the
feathers of the head, back, wing coverts, and tertiaries, tipped
with the same buff white. This is sometimes separated from
the ground colour by a darker band; the legs are paler than
in the adult, and without the tuft of feathers behind the
hind toe.

Varieties have occasionally occurred
white.

white, and yellowish

160

PIED, WAGTATL.

WATER WAGTAIL. WHITE WAGTAIL.
BLACK AND WHITE WAGTAIL. WINTER WAGTAIL.
PEGGY WASH-DISH. DISH-WASHER.

Motacilla Yarreltii, GouLp, MAcGILLIVRAY.
“s alba, Linnzus. LatrHam.
a lotor, RENNIE.
Motacilla—A Wagtail. Yarrellii—Of Yarrell.

ONE is often led to wonder, and doubtless the same remark
would apply to other lands, how the most trivial names of
antiquity keep their place in the vocabulary of the country;
while modern inventions last but for the day, or for the
hour, and are then consigned for ever to the ‘tomb of all the
Capulets.’ One may soon be lost in speculation as to the
time when each of such old names was first assigned, and
who it was that gave it; what combination of circumstances
first procured for it the honour of the durability which bids
fair to be perpetual; and through what succession of changes
it has been maintained. These considerations make us smile
at the vain conceits of some of our modern self-styled
naturalists. Do they really think, dogmatically as they may
lay down the law to their own entire satisfaction, that their
whimsical combinations will ever be adopted by the people
of the country—that the old will be displaced to make room
for the new? They are fondly mistaken if they entertain the
notion. The name of the favourite and elegant little bird
before us—no case of ‘lucus a non lucendo’—will even remain
one of the ‘old standards:’ no ‘weak invention’ will ever su-
persede it in the idiom of the nation. The Wagtail will

“TIVIDVM dualId

RR, MN fi
x mn

PIED WAGTAIL. 161

always continue a Wagtail, not only in nature, but also in
name.

Two species are now believed to have been hitherto included
under one; that which is the commoner in this country being
comparatively rarer on the continent; the other being here
the more unfrequent. At different seasons of the year, too,
the one before us appears in two such different dresser that
it might naturally be supposed to be anything but identical
at each time with itself,

This bird is stated by Mr. Gould, to have been only pro-
cured by him from Norway, Sweden, and the British Islands.

The sides of rivers, and of lakes, of pools, streams, and
mill-dams, and the shores of the sea, both among sand and
pebbles, are the more natural haunts of the Pied Wagtail;
but they are frequently to be seen on the grass and walks
in our gardens, coming up often to the kitchen door; and
they also frequent ploughed fields and meadows. To the
former watery situations they resort in numbers, when the
early education of their family has been completed.

In February these birds pair, and early in March begin
their migratory movement: then they arrive from the conti-
nent: many at least of them, not all, for some have remained,
and. some still remain in the south, while others advance
northwards, even to the extremest boreal shores of Scotland.
They leave the cold north for more southerly districts before
the winter; and about the middle of August they again begin
to move southwards to the sea coast. There, at the end of
that month, or the beginning of September, they move in an
easterly direction; and towards the middle of October many
of them again wing their way elsewhere; but a considerable
number remain. In severe weather they approach more nearly
to houses and farm-yards, and may then be seen quietly
meandering along, flitting up, if disturbed, to the house top,
and occasionally, though but rarely, alighting on trees. Their
movements appear to be rather uncertain, but after a period-
ical absence, they again return—sometimes unexpected, but
at all times welcome visitors.

The Pied Wagtail is a very elegant bird, and it is truly
a pleasing sight to watch it nimbly running or lightly treading
on the most. treacherous sands, in quest of its food, ever and
anon flirting up its tail, which, indeed, is always rather ele-
vated, as if to keep its neatness unsoiled. Occasionally you

may see it wading ankle deep in the water; now perching on
VOL. II, M

162 PIED WAGTAIL.

a little stone; now flying off on a sudden to join some
neighbouring troop of companions, whose companionship it
greets with a. shrill though gentle twitter; now springing into
the air to capture a fly; now threading its way among a herd
of cattle, or a flock of domestic birds; still almost heedlessly
awaiting your near approach. If disturbed, it springs up with
a sharp but delicate note of alarm, and after a few aerial
bounds frequently alights again, but sometimes goes right
away.

The parent bird is extremely solicitous for the safety of
her young, and will almost suffer herself to be taken off the
nest sooner than forsake them. If she does fly off, it is only
to a short distance, and immediately the danger is past she
is back to her post. The young continue with their parents
during the summer and autumn, the difference in their respective
plumage pointing each out at a glance.

The flight of this bird is light and undulated, but unsteady.
It rises and falls alternately, renewing the motion of its wings
at the pause of each descent.

Its food is chiefly composed of insects; and these, as Mr.
Macgillivray well describes, are sought in various diverse
localities. Actively and dexterously the bird steps among
rocks and stones, and then pitching on the top of one, instantly
vibrates its tail, as if poising itself. Again it makes an aerial
sally, flutters about a little, seizes an insect or two, then glides
over the ground, swerving to either side, and resumes its
attitude of momentary pause. Sometimes it essays an excursion
over the water, one while darting forwards in a straight line,
then hovering in the same spot, to seize some prey; and
then, as if fatigued with the unwonted effort, it makes a
sudden detour, and betakes itself to some offering place of
yest. At times it may be seen running along the ridge of
the top of a house, and every now and then capturing a fly.
It has been asserted that it also feeds on minnows, the small
try of fish, and on minute shell-fish.

The note is a sharp cheep, which it repeats frequently when
alarmed, flying about in a wavering manner. It sometimes
aspires to a pleasant modulation, which may almost be dignified
with the name of a song.

The nest is commenced in the beginning or middle of
April, according to the season. It is placed in situations of
very opposite kinds—in a hole of a stone wall, the side of
a bridge, in a hollow of a tree, on a heap of stones, the

PIED WAGTAIL 163

bank of a streamlet or river, the side of a stack of hay, peat,
or wood, a stony or grassy bank, a mud wall, or on the
grass. Meyer has known one in the middle of a turnip field.
It is about five inches wide externally, by about three and a
half internally, and composed of stems of grass, leaves, small
roots, and moss, lined with wool, hair, thistle down, or feathers,
and any other such soft substances, all somewhat rudely, or
rather loosely put together. Mr. Weir sent Mr. Macgillivray
an account of a pair of these birds which built their nest in
an old wall, within a few yards of four men, who, during
the most part of the day, were working at a quarry, where
they were occasionally blasting the limestone with gunpowder.
There the female laid and hatched four eggs. She and the
male became so familiar with the workmen that they flew in
and out without shewing the least signs of fear; but if he
himself approached, so quickly did they recognise a stranger,
they immediately flew off, and would not return until he had
removed at least five or six hundred yards from their abode.
Also in May, 1837, another pair built their nest under the
platform at the top of a coal-pit, which was jarred against
every time that the coals were drawn up. ‘They became
quite familiar with the colliers and other persons connected
with the works, flying in and out only a few feet off them,
without shewing the least symptoms of fear. The nest was
built within a few inches of where one of the men used to
stand. Mr. Jesse mentions another pair which built their
nest in a workshop occupied by braziers, and, though the
noise was loud and incessant, there they securely hatched their
roung.

: The egos, five or six in number, and of an elongated oval
form, are light grey, or greyish or bluish white, sometimes
tinged with yellowish or greenish, spotted all over with grey
and brown. They vary, however, very considerably both in
size and colour, some being much larger than others, some
much more deeply coloured, and some most spotted at the
thicker end, in the form of a zone or belt.

The young are hatched after an incubation of a fortnight;
a second brood is generally reared in the year, the former
one having been produced early.

Male; length, seven inches and a half to seven and three
quarters; bill, deep black; iris, dusky black; there is a narrow
space of white over it. Short bristles occur at the base of
the upper bill; forehead, white; side of the head, white; back

164 PIED WAGTAIL.

of the head on the crown, deep black, with a glossy blue
tinge in summer; neck, above in front, white, as is a band
on each side in summer; on its lower part is a semicircular
band of black, narrowing upwards towards the base of the
bill. In the spring the interval is filled up with black. Nape,
deep black; chin, throat, and breast, white, the sides tinged
with grey; back above, in summer deep g glossy bluish black;
on the middle ereyish black, with a tinge of green in some
individuals, becoming darker as the season from spring to
summer advances, but still generally tinged with grey, though
in some specimens it is entirely black.

The wings extend to the width of eleven inches and a half
or one foot, and reach to within two inches and a half of
the end of the tail; the second quill feather is the longest,
the first longer than the third, but all nearly equal. Yarrell
describes the first as the longest. Greater wing coverts,
greyish black, margined with greyish white; lesser wing coverts,
greyish or brownish black, their edges and tips white in
summer, the extreme edge grey; both forming two bars of
white on the wing; primaries, greyish black, some of them
margined on the inner web with greyish white in summer;
secondaries, the same, the white edge wider, and tinged with
erey; tertiaries, one of which is very long, the same, the
edge still wider, but less in summer. The tail, which is very
lone, and composed of twelve narrow feathers, rounded at the
ends, and of nearly equal length, is black, the eight middle
feathers black; the outside feather is usually white, with a
narrow black wedge-shaped band along the inner edge, ex-
eatuae towards the end; the next also is white, w ‘ith the

aner black band more extended—the base of both black; the
third has a narrow margin of white; the middle pair are the
widest at the base, but much narrower towards the tip. Upper
tail coverts, which are very long, deep black, with a glossy
blue tinge in summer; under tail coverts, white. Legs, toes,
and claws, deep black, the hind claw rather short.

The female resembles the male. Length, seven inches and
a half; the crescent on the fore part of the neck is not so
large, and in the summer it is tinged with grey. The breast
is greyish white; the back has more grey, especially in summer.
The wings expand to the width of ten inches and three
quarters, or from that to eleven and a quarter; the quill
feathers are dusky; the tail has the two middle feathers
brownish black.

PIED WAGTAIL. 165

In the young the bill is dusky, the edges partly yellowish.
There is a narrow lght grey or yellowish white streak over
the front of the forehead ; ihead behind and crown, grey, darker
than the back; neck, in the front and on the sides, greyish
white. The throat has a dusky line down each side, forming
a curved band in the front; the white of the breast is obscured
with grey and yellowish hewn and the crescent is but obscurely
indicated: sides, light grey; the back is dull grey, in some
specimens tinged with green. Greater and lesser w ing coverts,
blackish brown, edged with greyish white, making two bands;
primaries and secondaries, larger and lesser under wing coverts,
greyish brown, tipped with whitish. The tail has the middle
feathers blackish brown, the rest darker, the two side ones
nearly all white; upper taii coverts, grey, darker than the
back. Legs ad toes, brownish; the feathers on the former
are grey ish brown, edged with whitish.

After the autumnal moult the colours become more distinct;
the head is still grey, the crescent on the breast is black,
and the back is grey as the head.

A. E. Knox, Esq. says, “These birds moult soon, having
completed the change at ‘the end of J uly, or early in August.
The black feathers gradually; disappear from the throat in
both sexes, and the dorsal plumage becomes of a lighter colour
in each; the back of the male assuming the grey of the
female during the breeding season; while that of the female,
and the young of the year in both sexes, changes to a very
light grey. Indeed, between the two latter, there is no ex-
ternal difference of appearance.” This moult is completed at
various periods, from the end of August to the end of
October; the difference being, doubtless, the consequence of
there having been one or two broods. In the spring there
is another moult, which commences in February, and is com-
pleted by the middle of April. ‘The throat first changes,
then the head, back of the neck, sides, back, and breast, in
succession ; but the quill feathers of the wing and of ‘the
tail are not changed.

Albino individuals have been met with, and there is often
some yellow on the lower part of the breast.

166

WHITE WAGTAIL.
GREY AND WHITE WAGTAIL.

Motacilla alba, LINNZvus. GMELIN.
- Brissoni, MACGILLIVRAY,

Motacilla—A Wagtail. Alba—White.

As stated in the previous article, these two supposed species
of Wagtail have only lately been considered as such; having
been previously, and, as is thought, erroneously, combined
under one. JI will not pass a decided opinion upon the
subject—the imagined differences will appear in the specific
description; but I must observe that some degree of uncer-
tainty even still prevails. Thus Mr. Macgillivray, usually so
scrupulously accurate, in treating of the present bird, quotes
Mr. Gould as saying that it, the Linnean one, has never yet
been discovered in any part of England, yet Mr. Macgillivray
is himself describing it as a sufficiently plentiful species at
the time; and then, nevertheless, after so saying, he gives
his own description from continental specimens. So again,
Myr. Yarrell says that ‘although’ believing the birds to be
distinct, he gives figures and descriptions of ‘both;’ and then
follows, with the figure of the Pied Wagtail, one of the
Continental White Wagtail, which, he says, he has very little
doubt ‘will be’ occasionally found in this country. All this
seems like ‘confusion worse confounded; and I cannot with
truth profess to be able to see my way very clearly. In
the last edition, however, he gives it. The Prince of Musignano
considers that two distinct species exist.

This bird is found over the whole of the continent of

WHITH WAGTAIL.

WHITE WAGTAIL. 167

Kurope, taking there the place, as regards numbers, which
the Pied Wagtail holds with us; the latter being the less
common species there, as the former is here. It is plentiful
from Iceland, Sweden, and Norway, to Malta and Sicily, Crete
and Corfu; and is also a native of Asia and of Africa.

Like its predecessor, this species is to be met with almost
everywhere at times—on the open moor and in the well-cul-
tivated garden; by the side of the rapid mountain stream and
the slow and sluggish river; the shore of the boundless
ocean, and the estuaries which lead to and from it. Arable
and pasture land, if indeed the herbage of the latter be short,
are both alike to it; the gravel walk and the well-kept lawn,
the village street, and even that of the larger town, the farm-
yard pond, and the running rill of the most sequestered dell.

In autumn they migrate, the young accompanying their
parents in their travels, seeking the warmer countries for their
winter sojourn, after having enlivened the colder districts in
the summer.

These Wagtails may frequently be seen in summer time
bathing and washing themselves upon some shallow shore.
They also, like the other kind, delight at times in running
along the tops of houses, walls, and buildings, and perch on
stacks of wood, and piles of stones; doubtless they ‘find good
in everything.’ At night they roost among branches of low
trees, as also among reeds and various kinds ef brushwood;
and are said to collect together for the purpose in considerable
numbers, and with some degree of clamour. They are ever
active and restless by day, and would seem to have discovered
the great secret of ‘perpetual motion.’ They run along the
ground with a quickness whose steps the eye cannot follow,
and this from morning to night, with but very few intervals
of equivocal rest. Their heads too, as well as. their tails, are
in motion, thew legs and their whole bodies. Often they
may be seen chasing each other in some fitful humour, and
again uniting with aliens in attempting to repel some common
foe. One of these birds has been noticed by M. Julian Deby
to come for a month to a window, knocking itself against
the pane of glass. Another similar instance has been recorded
by James Cornish, Esq., of Black Hall, Devonshire. A Wagtail
came in the like way to his window, and after some days it
was opened to let him in; he became very tame, and used
to alight even on the dressing-glass, which he took apparent
pleasure in inspecting himself in: his mate would not venture

168 WHITE WAGTAIL.

inside the window. In June he disappeared, but returned
again for a short time, after an absence of a few weeks. The
next year a pair, of which he probably was one, came again
to the window, but did not advance any further.

Its food a niiete of insects and their larve, and as these
are procured, as may be gathered from the previous remarks,
in every variety of situation, they are doubtless of as oreat
variety of kinds. Many a “scarce article’ that would be a
prize in the entomological cabinet, goes unheeded into the
indiscriminating pouch of the insectivorous bird.

The nest is generally placed in a hole of a bank or of a
tree, higher or lower indifferently; sometimes under the eaves
of a thatched house, or between the timbers of a roof, among
felled wood, the roots that the earth may have fallen away
from, a fee under a bridge, or in a heap of stones.
Both birds assist in its formation, bringing together for the
purpose small twigs and sticks, moss, grass, straws, leaves,
and roots, and lining the whole with wool and hair.

The eggs, which have little or no natural polish on them,
and are four or five, six or seven im number, are bluish white
in colour, speckled all over with minute grey specks, and
spotted with larger spots of brown, principally at the larger
end; occasionally in the way of an irregular belt.

Male; length, seven inches and a quarter: bill, black; iris,
black; forehead and sides of the head, white; crown, black;
neck on the sides, white; part of the nape, black; chin and
throat, black, but not extending back to that of the nape,
a white space being left between the two, which runs into
the grey of the back; in the winter it becomes white, a
crescent only of black being left on the breast. Breast, white,
light grey on the sides; back, pale grey. The wings have
the first, second, and third feathers nearly equal in length,
the second rather the longest; greater and lesser wing coverts,
black, edged with white; primaries, black, narrowly edged
with white; tertiaries, black, rather more edged with white.
The tail, which is very long, and the feathers narrow, has
the eight middle ones black, the two outer ones white with
a black stripe along the inner margin, and a small portion
of the base also black: the end is rounded; upper tail coverts,
black; under tail coverts, white; legs, toes, and claws, black.

The female has less black on the head; the forehead is dull
white; the crescent on the throat is dusky grey, and in the
summer it spreads up to the under bill. The greater and

WHITE WAGTAIL. 169

lesser wing coverts are grey; the primaries and secondaries
tinged with brown. The tail is tinged with brown.

The young are at first covered with black down; the bill
reddish brown, its corners yellow; the legs reddish brown;
afterwards a greyish brown or grey crescent spreads on the
throat, the back is light brownish grey, the wings brownish
black, the tail the same.

Varieties have been met with, either totally or partially
white.

GREY WAGTAIL.

WINTER WAGTAIL. YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Motacilla sulphurea, BECHSTEIN.
se cimerea, Ray.
“ boarula, PENNANT, MontTacu.
2% melanopa, GMELIN.

Motacilla—A Wagtail, Sulphurea—Sulphureous—sulphur-coloured.

Tuts is one of the most elegant of our native birds, and
on this account, as well as for its comparative infrequency,
‘always a welcome guest.’

It is a perennial denizen of the southern part of Europe,
being found in Switzerland, Italy, France, and Spain; also in
Madeira. It likewise inhabits Java, Sumatra, Japan, and
other parts of India.

In this country it is generally diffused, being found all
over England and Scotland, though rarely in the extreme
north. It is unknown in the outer Hebrides. In the Orkney
Islands it is occasionally seen in the summer.

The sides of small streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds, are
more peculiarly affected by this species.

The Grey Wagtail is said to migrate southwards in the
winter, and northwards in the spring, the former movement
being made in September, and the latter in April; but some
certainly do not leave Yorkshire, for I have seen them here
this winter, a pair on the 5th. of this present January, 1852;
and another a month ago in very severe weather; a few are
also seen about Edinburgh in the winter. Some in like manner
remain in the south in the breeding season. They probably

"TV IDY
LOVM AWYO

BAAD Wa

Ent pet ent, Vk Si per =——
ne
| — trae sree]

GREY WAGTATUL. 171

move into more retired situations to breed, and are then
supposed to have migrated.

They are solitary birds, a pair being the number ordinarily
seen together. Instances have been known of their coming
to windows like the other species, but whether to look at
themselves as in what in Yorkshire is called a ‘seeing glass,’
or for some other reason, is a matter about which we are in
entire ignorance. In severe weather they naturally become
more tame than at other times; one has been known, of all

laces, to enter a museum.

The flight of this Wagtail exhibits the same airy hghtness
that characterizes the rest of its family. On a sudden it bounds
away in an undulating sweep, if alarmed, to a distance, but
otherwise, probably, it soon drops again: then it runs with
rapid steps along the margin of the ‘glassy, clear, translucent
lake,’ as ‘fair’ in the eye of the ornithologist, as ‘Sabrina’
herself, or glides on the bank of the winding river, the still
pool, or the running brook; into which at times it wades, or
alights on some extant weeds, or bank of apparently treacherous
mud, or quicksand, on which its light feet scarce leave a
faint impression. On first alighting, the side feathers of the
tail are conspicuously expanded. These birds, hke the others,
are fond of running along the ridge of a‘ house top, probably
in pursuit or quest of insects. They perch occasionally on
trees, especially when first alarmed.

Their food consists of imsects and minute shell-fish. The
former they capture both by running and flying after them.

The note is rather shrill, but feeble.

Two broods are produced in the year; the first of which is
generally fledged by the end of May, the latter in July, and
these consort with’ their parents till late in autumn.

The nest is generally placed on the ground, among grass
or stones, in the hollow of a bank or rock, usually near
the borders of a stream; but not always, for it has sometimes
been met with at a distance from water. One pair has been
known to build in a spout, and the following year on a shelf
in an outhouse, to which a broken pane of glass gave them
ingress; and again, on the window sill of a dairy, near the
previous one. Another pair built their nest between the
‘switches’ of a railway, within two or three inches of every
train that passed. It is formed of small fibres and roots,
moss and grass, and is lined with wool, hair, or feathers.

The eggs are from five to six, or even eight in number,

172 GREY WAGTAIL.

greyish or yellowish white, mottled with light brown and grey.
They vary in depth of colouring, some being nearly cream
white, and others nearly pale yellowish brown: they are of a
short oval shape.

Male; weight, about five drachms; length, seven inches and
three quarters to eight and a quarter; nearly half of it the
tail; bill, rather long, dusky brown, light brown on the edges,
and the inner half of the lower one: a dark grey streak
passes from it through the eye. Ins, dark brown; over it is
a light buff-coloured streak, and another below; forehead, sides
of the head, crown, neck on the back, and nape, grey, shghtly
tinged with greenish yellow; chin and throat, black, edged with
white, and buff white in winter, until the beginning of April,
when it becomes grey. Breast, bright yellow, especially on
the lower part; greyish white with a tinge of yellow in winter,
and a slight shade of rufous on the upper part; back, grey,
yellow towards the tail.

The wings, which reach only to within three inches of the
end of the tail, and extend to the width of ten inches and a
quarter, or a little more, have the first and third feathers equal
in length, the second a little longer, and the longest in the
wing; “greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky black, bordered,
the latter more widely than the former, with buff white; pri-
maries, dusky black, bordered with dusky orey; secondaries and
tertiaries, dusky black, the last very long, and the two latter
bordered with buff white on the outer webs, and white at the
base. The tail, which is rather bent downwards, and edged
with yellow at the base, has the outside feathers white, the
second and third white, with a narrow black line on their
outer webs towards the base, the others brownish black, edged
with greenish yellow, except the middle ones, which are tinged
with grey; upper tail coverts, yellow; under tail coverts,
bright yellow; legs and toes, small, delicate, and yellowish
brown; claws, the same, but deeper tinted.

The female is somewhat less in size; length, seven inches
and three quarters; the line over the eye is tinged with yellow;
throat, tinged with yellow; the black patch changes to dark
grey, mottled with yellowish grey in summer; the wings are
ten inches in width.

In the young the bill is dusky; over the eye is a yellow
streak; on the front of the neck a crescent of grey feathers;
throat, brownish white; the breast, grey on the sides, is at
first much tinged with red on the upper part, but becomes

lend

GREY WAGTAIL. Lis:

by degrees yellow, and then paler; the grey of the back is,
for some time, tinged with green. The quill feathers of the
wings are dusky black, and are crossed by a grey bar formed
by the coverts; upper tail coverts, greenish yellow; under tail
coverts, pale yellow; legs and toes, yellowish brown; claws,
light brown.

‘After the first autumnal moult the adult plumage is assumed.

174

GREY-HEADED WAGTAIL.

BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL. YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Motacilla neglecta, GouLD. JENYNS.

Budytes flava, PRINCE OF MUSIGNANO,

Motacilla flava, LinNzZUs. TEMMINCK.
Motacilla—A Wagtail. Neglecta—Neglected.

Tue Grey-headed Wagtail is plentiful throughout the central
parts of Europe—Germany, France, or Holland; and is found
also in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, and other countries.
It occurs likewise in Asia, in India, among the Himalaya
Mountains, and in Japan, and also in Africa.

It was discriminated from our common yellow one by Mr.
Gould, and since then it has occurred in several instances.
A pair were shot by John Gatcombe, Esq., of Wyndham
Place, Plymouth, as he has informed me, in a large marsh
at Laira, near that town, May Ist., 1850; and to him I am
very much indebted for excellent coloured drawings of both
specimens, from one of which the plate is taken. In May,
1848, several were procured, and many more seen, as Edward
Hearle Rodd, Esq. has recorded, in the neighbourhood of
Penzance and Marazion, in Cornwall; one was killed near
Melbourne, in Derbyshire, November 28rd., 1846. <A_ pair
were also shot at Dover, near the harbour, in July, 1851,
which Mr. Chaffey, of Dodington, has written me word of.

One was shot by Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping, in
October, 1834, on Walton Cliff, near Colchester, Essex;
another was seen at the same time. On the 2nd. of May,
1836, another, a male bird in adult plumage, was shot by
Mr. Hoy, in the parish of Stoke Nayland, Suffolk. One of
a pair which were seen was shot in the same month of the

"TIVLOVM CHAVHH-ALUD

GREY-HEADED WAGTAIL. 175

same year, near Newcastle, in Northumberland; and another,
also a male, was taken in April, 1837, near Finsbury, London.

In Scotland, one was met with near Leith, and another
near Edinburgh.

It is a migratory bird, like the others of its clan, and
arrives here about the middle of April, departing again in
September, though some remain until October.

This species seems, if report speaks true, to frequent small
streams of water more than the Yellow Wagtail, but it also
resorts to meadows, downs, and fields.

The gait of the Grey-headed Wagtail is alike in graceful
activity to that of the rest of its congeners, and when it
alights, the same fanning motion of the tail bespeaks its
family name. It runs with great rapidity, and perches on
trees, but it seems much the most at home on ‘terra firma,’
and to be rather insecure when perched; its feet being more
adapted for walking and running than for holding on to a
branch.

Its food consists of insects of various kinds, and their larve,
and doubtless any ‘unconsidered trifles’ that are eatable.

The note is said to be sharper than that of the Yellow
Wagtail.

The nest is generally placed on the ground in holes or
hollows, especially in marshy or moist places, and among the
projecting roots of trees; also, it is said, in fields and meadows.
It is formed of grass, moss, or heath, lined with finer por-
tions of the former materials and hair.

The eggs are about six in number, whitish in colour, mottled
nearly all over with yellowish brown and grey.

Male; length, six inches and a half; bill, black: a white
band, composed in fact of two, extends from it over the eye,
and a dark one to the eye; iris, dusky brown; head on the
crown, bluish grey. The neck has a white band on the
sides, and on the back it is, as is the nape, bluish grey;
chin, white; throat and breast, bright yellow, almost white,
or pale primrose-colour in autumn. Back, yellowish green,
tinged with brown, the latter colour being on the centre of
each feather, and the yellowish fading out in autumn.

The wings extend to within an inch and three quarters of
the end of the tail; greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky
brown, margined with yellowish white; of the primaries, the
first is scarcely longer than the second, the third a little
shorter; they and the secondaries and tertiaries are dusky

176 GREY-HEADED WAGTAIL.

brown, margined with yellowish white. The tail is very long,
and shghtly rounded at the end; the middle feathers are
nearly black, edged with greenish yellow, the two outer ones
white, excepting an oblique nearly black band, widest in the
second, extending for half an inch from the end over part
of the outer web, and the greater portion of the inner web;
the next with a narrow outer edge of white; upper tail
coverts, yellowish green, tinged with brown, the former fading
out in autumn. Legs and toes, brownish black, and not so
slender as in some of the family; claws, black.

In the female the length is nearly six inches and a quarter;
the bill is brownish black; iris, dusky brown—over it runs a
white streak; head and crown, grey, duller than in the male,
mixed with greenish brown in the autumn. The neck in
front, yellowish white, with some brown feathers; on the back
and the nape the grey is duller; chin, white; throat, yellowish
or buff white; breast, pale yellow; back, greyish brown.
Greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky brown, nearly white
on the edges; under tail coverts, yellow. Legs and _ toes,
brownish black.

The young male, in his first plumage in autumn, resembles
the female, except that the grey on the head is more mixed
with brown, and afterwards with green; chin, yellow. The
yellow on the breast is clouded with brown and buff orange.

The young female has the chin and throat buff white; the
breast mottled with brown above, and on the lower part pale
yellow, as are the under tail coverts.

One has been seen pure white.

A}

_ AST sme seen:

Sage Secon.

het
-
|

a

WA GTAI L.

TKT

YELLOW

YELLOW WAGTAIL.

RAYS WAGTAIL.

Motacilla flava, PENNANT. MONTAGU.
Budgtes Rayi, PRINCE OF MusicNano. MEYER.
Motacilla—A Wagtail, Flava—Yellow.

THIS is a common species with us in summer, but most so
in the southern and midland counties. It is not numerous
either in Ireland or Scotland. In the Orkneys it has been
observed several times. One was shot near Kirkwall, by Mr.
Ranken, in the autumn of 1845; and another was seen near
the same place on the 25th. of September, 1847.

Water courses, water meadows, and such lke localities, are
the choice of the Yellow Wagtail; but it also, like the others
of the genus to which it belongs, frequents at times, and
even more than they do, very dissimilar places, such as open
downs and pastures, ploughed fields, and various other situa-
tions. On their first arrival I have often noticed them in
numbers in fields that had been flooded, the saturation of
moisture doubtless bringing many insects within reach. They
have been observed perching on the stems of plants in quest
of these. They not unfrequently appear on the lawns in
front of houses.

The Yellow Wagtail migrates hither in summer, and leaves
us again in time to avoid the hyemal blasts, which those
which stay behind must feel. It arrives about the end of
March, or the beginning or middle of April, and leaves the
north of the kingdom for the south, about the middle of
August or September.

These birds will occasionally pursue insects on the wing,
VOL. I. x

178 YELLOW WAGTAIL.

somewhat after the manner of the Flycatchers. They are of
a gentle and affectionate disposition among themselves, and
are generally seen in pairs, but in the “autumn in small
families—the parents and their offspring.

The sylph-hke motions which distinguish the rest of its
tribe, belong equally to the species before us, as well as the
vibration of its body, and the expansion of the feathers of
the tail, especially on first alighting. Its flight is extremely
graceful —a series of lengthened undulations.

Its food consists of insects, and these it seeks both on the
‘high and dry’ upland, and in moist and low situations.

Its note, which is a double one, is rather shrill.

The nest is placed on the ground, or near it on the stump
of a tree, and is compacted of dry stalks and fibres, and
lined with hair. Meyer describes one made of moss, with a
few tufts of grass outside, and a few horse-hairs within.

The eggs, four or five or six in number, are pale brown,
or greenish white, sprinkled all over with a darker shade, in
some very obscurely, of grey, or pale rufous or yellowish
brown; some specimens are nearly plain dull yellow, slightly
marbled over; these are said to be smaller in size. They
are of a rather long oval form. ‘The young birds are able
to fly about the end of May.

Male; length, six inches and three quarters; bill, black; iris,
dark brown, over it is a line of yellow; forehead, yellow;
sides of the head, crown, neck, and nape behind, yellow, with
a tinge of greyish green; chin, throat, and breast, rich
yellow; back, pale ereenish brown, the middle part of the
feathers being brown, and their margins yellowish green.

The wings “expand ‘to the width of ten inches and a half;
the first three quill feathers are of nearly equal length, the
second the longest, the first nearly as long: Yarrell describes
the first as the longest; probably difterent specimens vary in
this respect, as already shewn in the case of Montagu’s Harrier.
Greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky brown, the first row
tipped with pale yellow; primaries, dusky brown, edged with
dull yellowish white; seeondaries, dusky brown, edeed with
yellowish white; tertiaries, dusky brown, edged and tipped with
yellowish white: greater and lesser under wi ing coverts, greyish.

The tail is long, and slightly rounded, its feathers narrow,
dusky in colour, shghtly ‘edged near the base with yellow,
the middle feathers edged with greenish yellow, the two outer
ones on each side nearly white on the outer web, and the shaft,

YELLOW WAGTAIL. 17S

and haif of the inner web, with a streak of black on the
inner web; tail coverts, yellowish green. Legs, toes, and claws,
black, very slender, the hinder one long, and nearly straight.

In the ‘female the length is six inches and three quarters;
bill, brownish black; iris, dark brown; the line over it is
yellowish white. Head on the crown, light greyish brown,
tinged with green. The breast is paler “than in the male;
back, darker brown than in the male, below greenish, as in
the male. The wings expand to the width of ten inches;

toes, brownish black.

RICHARD’S PIPIY.
Anthus Ricardi, FLemine. Brwick. SELBY.

Anthus—Some small bird. Ricardi—Of Richard.

THs is a rare bird, a veritable ‘rara avis,’ even in Europe,
which is the only quarter of the globe in which it has hitherto
been discovered; its native home is probably, however, else-
where. A few specimens have been met with in Italy, Greece,
France, Germany, Spain, the island of Crete, and Austria, in
which last-named country it is the most frequent.

In our own country one was taken alive near London, in
the month of October, 1812; two others occurred, also near
London, in the spring of 18836; and another has been procured
since; a fifth was taken near Oxford. One was shot near
Howick, in Northumberland, on the 18th. of February, 18382,
by Mr. W. Proctor, Curator of the Museum of the Univ ersity
of Durham. hn as recorded by William Richard Fisher,
Esq., of Yarmouth, was killed near there on the 22nd. of
November, 1841; another in the following April, and another
on the Denes, between that town and Caistor, by the same
person who had previously killed one, and who remarked its
peculiar appearance. ‘Two were shot near Penzance, in Corn-
vall, and two near Marazion, in that county, and one near
Newcastle, in Northumberland.

In alate to these, John Gatcombe, Esq., of Wyndham
Place, Plymouth, who has most obliginely furnished me with
a highly-finished coloured drawing of the bird, from which
the plate is taken, has written me word that, in the neigh-
bourhood of that town, one was shot by himself in the month
of November, 1842. He has also informed me that three
others were procured at the same time, and two more a few
years afterwards.

“LId Id

S.duvHoly

SES
= eS

~ \\ ANY SAT Ni

AN

N

&

~

=

RICHARDS PIPIT. 181

In Ireland and Scotland it has not occurred up to the
present time.

Richard’s Pipit appears to be partial to dry rocky situations.
It seldom alights in trees, being addicted to the ground,
where it finds its sustenance.

Its food consists of insects of various kinds.

The note is said to be very loud, and to be uttered fre-
quently by the bird when on the wing.

The eggs are described as being of a reddish white ground
colour, speckled with darker red and lhght brown.

This bird seems to vary much in size, different individuals
measuring respectively, six inches and three quarters, seven
inches and a quarter, seven and more than a half, and eight
inches in length. The upper bill is dark brown, the lower
one paler in colour, with a tinge of purple: two dark lines
proceed from its base; one of them, which is made up of
small spots, losing itself in the spots of the breast; the other
ends near the ear coverts. Iris, very dark brown, nearly
black—a light streak passes over it; head on the sides, reddish
brown; on the crown, neck behind, and nape, brown in the
middle of the feather, with a tinge of green, the edges being
lighter yellowish brown; chin, dull white. Throat and breast,
dull white, tinged on the upper part and the sides, and also
the sides of the neck with yellowish brown, and the latter
inclining to rufous in some specimens, and spotted with dark
brown. Back, as the nape.

The wings, which are rather short, have the first four
feathers very nearly equal in length, the first being slightly
the longest, and the others gradually diminishing from it; the
fifth is a quarter of an inch shorter than the fourth. Greater
and lesser wing coverts, dark brown, buff white on the edge
of the feathers; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, dark
brown, bordered with rust-colour. The tail has the outer
feather on each side dull white, with an elongated patch of
brown at the base of the inner web; the next feather on each
side is also dull white on part of the web, but less extensively;
the three next feathers are very dark brown; the two middle
ones shorter than the rest, their colour a lighter brown, and
their edges also paler; upper tail coverts, as the nape; under
tail coverts, as the breast. Legs, toes, and claws, light brown,
with a tinge of yellowish pink; the hind claw is very long,
and not much curved.

The female has less of the rufous tinge than the male.

182

MEADOW PIPIT.

PPL, PEPTY PARK. TITLING... (“MEADOW ISDN,
MOSS CHEEPER. LING BIRD. GREY CHEEPER. MEADOW LARK.

Anthus pratensis, Fiemine. Latuam. SELBY. GOouLp.
Alauda 6 PENNANT. LATHAM.
ae trivialis, MonrtTAGU.
os campestris, LATHAM.
Anthus—Some small bird. Praiensis—Of, or pertaining to meadows.

Tue Titlark is a native of the three continents of the old
world—Europe, Asia, and Africa. It occurs throughout the
whole of the first-named quarter of the globe, ascending as
high in the ‘scale of nations, as the Ferroe Islands and
Iceland, the Orkneys and Shetland, Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden, and even beyond the Arctic circle; in all the more
temperate regions also—Holland, Dalmatia, and Sicily; and in
the latter, in Egypt, Asia Minor, and Japan; and doubtless
in numberless other regions. It is a very common and well-
known species with us—one of our ‘hardy perennials;’ also in
Ireland and Scotland the same.

Meadows and marshland, hill and dale, waste and wilderness,
moorland and heath, arable and pasture land, all are the
home of the sober-clad little bird before us, but especially
the wilder districts. It is found on the summits of our
highest mountains, and even in the lowest depths of the
plain below. I have observed them in hard weather to fre-
quent much the neighbourhood of the sea, searching and
finding among the heaps of sea-weed, ‘food convenient for
them;’ and indeed at all times the sandy places that are to
be met with along the line of coast, are a favourite resort

‘LIdId MOCVAN

ae mi ea SN Se
UA, Dir ( KG ASS AQVYE" e

MEADOW PIPIT. 183

of theirs. Occasionally they may be seen in the streets of
towns, driven thither by stress of weather.

The late Bishop Stanley in his truly-named ‘Familiar
History of Birds,’ mentions the fact of one of these little
birds having alighted on board a vessel, in the midst of the
Atlantic Ocean, thirteen hundred miles from the nearest part
of America, and about nine hundred from the wild and barren
island of Georgia. They move in a southerly direction in
the autumn, to avoid severe weather.

This is one of the many different kinds of birds which
feign being wounded, in order to entice away apparent in-
truders from their young, in whose safety, and even in that
of the nest and eggs, they display the greatest interest. At
times they may be seen wading into the water, and washing
themselves with much apparent satisfaction. They are alert
and nimble in all their movements, ‘watchful and wary.’ They
are easily tamed.

Their flight is but short and unequal, that of a very homely
bird of passage. They have some more immediate object in
view in their movements, than to cross the ocean and visit
a far distant clime. In the days of summer they hover
occasionally over or about their nest, singing the while, and
now and then settle on a low bush, or a rail, alighting with
a sweep, or sometimes almost perpendicularly; but their mother
earth is their more natural resort, and from thence ‘their
sober wishes seldom learn to stray.’ Akin to the Wagtails,
this species frequently oscillates its tail when standing on
some mound of earth, or stone, or other eminence, especially
on first settling, and generally perches and roosts on the
ground.

The food of the Titlark consists of insects, worms, small
slugs, and shells—of course with their contents. These it
searches for on the ground.

Its song, which is soft and musical, though with little
variety, is uttered on the wing, when watching about its
nest, and also, occasionally, when perched. It is commenced
generally about the middle of April, but has been known
earlier, not unfrequently in March, and on one occasion so
soon as the 4th. of February: it lasts till July. The ordinary
note is a gentle ‘peep; from whence, probably, the name of
Pipit; and, when alarmed, a ‘trit, trit.’

The nest is placed either on or close to the ground, often
in marshy places, among grass, near a tuft, on the branch

184 MEADOW PIPIT.

of a very low bush, a bank, or a wall of turf. It is com-
posed of grass, the finer portions constituting the lining, with
occasionally a little moss and hair. One has been known to
be built on the end of a plank, which formed part of a heap
of timber.

The eggs are from four to six in number, of a light reddish
brown, or reddish white, or pale brown, or pale blue colour,
mottled over, especially near the larger end, with darker
brown. They vary much in depth of colouring, some being
much darker than others; hardly any two sets are exactly
alike in this respect.

The eggs are laid about the middle of April, and the young
are abroad by the end of May. A second brood is often
produced about the middle of July.

Male; weight, between four and five drachms; the length
varies fons six inches and about a half, to six and three
quarters; bill, dusky, excepting on the edge of the upper and
the base of the lower, which incline to pale yellow brown: a
line of dusky spots extends from it down the side of the
neck; another stretches over it; iris, dark brown. Head,
crown, neck on the back, and nape, brown, the middle of the
feathers being darker, and the edges much lighter: after the
autumnal moult the whole assumes a tinge of rich olive; chin,
throat, and sides of the neck, pale yellowish, brownish, or
rufous white; breast, light rufous white, spotted with dark
brown; below, dull white, tinged with brown, the whole
ground-colour attaining a yellowish tint after the autumnal
moult; back, as the nape.

The wings expand to the width of from ten inches to ten
and three quarters: the first four feathers are nearly equal in
length, the first is the most pointed, some say that it is the
longest, but it is the third that is so; greater and lesser wing
coverts, brown, broadly edged with light brown; primaries,
brownish black, narrowly bordered with light brown, changing
seasonally to olive, and at other times to ash-colour: the
outer one has a white edge; secondaries and tertiaries, brownish
black, edged with light brown, changing in the same way in
the autumn, and at other times occasionally to ash-colour.
The tail is nearly two inches and a half in length; the two
middle feathers shorter than the others, and “dark brown,
highter towards the edge; the outer one on each side dull
white, or very light brown on the outer web, with a small
patch of brown on the broad inner web; the next on each

MEADOW PIPIT. 185

side is dark brown, with a small patch of white at the tip
of the inner web; the other six feathers are blackish brown,
with olive-coloured edges in the season; the upper tail coverts,
brown or olive, are long, covermg more than half of the tail.
Legs and toes, light brownish yellow; claws, dusky, darker in
age; the hind toe is slender, slightly curved, and is as long
as the toe: its tip is lght- coloured, and almost transparent.

The female closely resembles the male, but is rather smaller.
Length, from five inches and three quarters to six inches.
The wings expand to the width of from nine inches and a
half to ten inches.

The young birds of the first year have the olive and yellow
tint assumed in autumn by their parents.

There is, at all events in some individuals, a partial moult
in the spring, in March or April, owing possibly to their
accidental loss of feathers, or the state of their health.

Mr. W. Thompson, of Belfast, deseribes a beautiful variety
of this species as follows:—The crown of the head, beautiful
rich primrose yellow, which colour also broadly edged the
white feathers of the back, and those of the upper surface of
the wings and tail. The throat and under side of the neck
were pure white. One wing was very handsome, the four
first quills being pure white, the next four of the usual dark
colour, and the “remainder pure white. One half of the tail
feathers were wholly white, excepting the margins, which were
broadly edged with primrose yellow. The lower part of the
breast, and a few odd feathers here and there were of the
ordinary colour. The bill and legs were paler in hue than
usual.

186

RED-THROATED~ PIPIT:

RED-BREASTED PIPIT.

Anthus montanus, Kock.

o Ludovicianus, BoNAPARTE. LICHTENSTEIN.

ft ae AUDUBON.

“«__spinoletta, Bonaparte,

“* aquatieus, BrcnusTEIN. TEmMMINcK. MEYER.

ae s RICHARDSON. SWAINSON.
Alauda Pensylvanica, ERIsson.

“ spinoletta, LINNZUS,

“campestris spinoletta, GMELIN.

“campestris, LATHAM.

< Ludoviciana, LATHAM. GMELIN.

ss rufa, WILSON,

“" ' yubra, LATHAM. GMELIN.

Anthus—Some small bird. Montanus—Of, or appertaining to
mountains,

I mave much satisfaction in giving for the first time a
figure of this bird as a British one. Robert Gray, Esq., of
Southeroft, Govan, Glasgow, has written me word of its
occurrence in the neighbourhood of Dunbar: two specimens
were procured by himself, and one by a friend of his in a
garden there; two others were obtained in the neighbourhood
of Edinburgh, in May, 1824; and two others, it is thought,
in the same year. W.F. W. Bird, Esq. has also rendered
very valuable assistance, by a careful and accurate translation
from Temminck, who, though he not only in his first volume,
but in his third, which is an appendix to the first, and also
in his fourth, had treated two species as one, yet, in the
second part of the fourth volume, published in 1840, having
fully satisfied himself that they were really distinct, described

‘LidId GHLYOUHL-diad

— sUae eae ey

ere

i

RED-THROATED PIPIT. 187

them accordingly. Mr. Macgillivray has given a useful account
of it in his ‘Manual of British Ornithology,’ the first record,
that I am aware of, of this species as a British one.

This species inhabits principally the south and east of
Europe. It is also found in the American and Asiatic Con-
tinents; also in Japan.

The habits of this species are myotherine, that is, allied to
those of the Flycatchers, its food consisting of insects, both
of land and water, and their larve. These are the ‘spolia
opima’ of it and its allied species.

The nest is built in mountainous regions, and the neighbour-
hood of water seems to be preferred, but not the sea coast.

The eggs are four or five in number, and of a dull grey
colour, covered all over with faint brown spots, more or less
confluent.

Male; length, from rather more than six inches to six and
a half; bill, brownish black; from its base a yellowish white
line extends over the eye; head on the crown, ash-coloured
brown, the centre of each feather darker than the edges, more
or less distinctly according to the season of the year. Neck,
whitish in the front, on the sides and lower part streaked
with brown; in the spring it is tinged with rose-coloured red;
chin, throat, and breast, yellowish grey, tinged in the spring
with roseate red; the latter spotted and streaked more or
less, especially on the sides, with greyish brown. The streaks
decrease with the advance of spring, and in some specimens
are totally obliterated; afterwards they again appear. Back,
greyish brown, with a slight tinge of olive; the centre of
each feather being of a darker shade, and those on the lower
part greenish.

The wings expand to the width of eleven inches and three
quarters; greater wing coverts, brown; lesser wing coverts,
brown, edged with greenish yellow, and some of them tipped
with brownish grey. Primaries, brown, edged with greyish
white; the first four are almost equal, but the first the
longest, the fourth the shortest; secondaries, brown, edged
with greenish yellow. The tail, which is rather long, has
the two middle feathers ash-coloured brown, the rest blackish
brown; the outside feather on each side has a long oblique
white patch on the inner web, and the greater part of the
outer web is white; the next is similarly marked, but not so
extensively, and is tipped with greyish white. Legs, toes,
and claws, brownish black, with a tinge of purple.

188 RED-THROATED PIPIT.

The female is more spotted on the breast. The side tail
feathers are more tinged with grey.

In the young the bill is lighter, and the line over the
eye 18 not so broad as in the adult bird. The spots on the
breast are larger and more confluent; legs, toes, and claws,
lighter than in the old bird.

189

PET. PLP:

PIPIT LARK. FIELD TITLING. FIELD LARK.
LESSER FIELD LARK. TREE LARK. GRASSHOPPER LARK.
LESSER CRESTED LARK. SHORT-HEELED FIELD LARK.
MEADOW LARK.

Anthus arboreus, SELBY. JENYNS.
“6 minor, BEWICK.
Alauda trivialis, PENNANT. MONTASU.
2 minor, LATHAM.
Anthus—Some small bird. Arboreus—Of, or pertaining to trees.

Tue Tree Pipit is found throughout the European continent
—in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, plentifully in France
and Italy, the forests of Thuringia, and in Switzerland, and
also in Madeira. It probably winters in Africa, and is found
in Asia—in Japan.

It is rather a common species with us, but principally in
the southern counties. In Cornwall, however, it is said to
be rare, and also rather so in Wales.

In Ireland it is not certainly known to oceur. In Orkney
if is an occasional visitant. It is said by Clouston to have
occurred in Sanday.

Wooded districts in the cultivated parts of the country are
its resort, and if you

‘Know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows;
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows;’

There, if there are trees hard by, you will very probably meet
with the Tree Pipit ‘in the season of the year.’

This species is a migratory one. It appears in England
about the 20th. of April, and in Scotland in the beginning

190 TREE PIPIT.

of May, and departs again in September; sometimes a little
earlier. The males arrive a week or ten days before the
females.

It is solitary in its habits, and not gregarious like its
kindred species just described.

The Tree Pipit will be seen to ascend upwards on quivering
wings a short distance from the spray on which it has been
perched, and having attained the moderate elevation to which
it had aspired, it again descends, with outstretched wings and
expanded tail, slowly, and with a sweep, to the same or some
neighbouring spot. Over and over again is the evolution gone
through by the happy little bird, which thus doubtless gives
vent to the exuberance of its feelings. It rarely alights on
the ground without having first halted on a tree, as a sort
of ‘half-way house,’ which it, in like manner, makes its
‘Traveller’s rest,’ when leaving the ground for the short flight
that it may intend.

Its food consists of flies, caterpillars, grasshoppers, and
worms, and also small seeds.

Like ‘Annie Laurie’s,’ its ‘voice is low and sweet,’ a pretty
little song, warbled while perched on the branch of a tree,
or occasionally on the ground; and also, and most frequently,
while descending to it in the manner already described. It
begins in the spring and continues till July. It is but a
monosyllabie effusion, with therefore hardly any variety—a
‘tsee, tsee, tsee, often repeated.

The nest is placed on the ground, in woods and plantations,
under the shelter or secrecy “of some small bush, or tuft of
herbage, or perchance on ‘the branch of some low bush, if
close to the ground. It is formed of small roots and grass,
with occasionally a little moss, and is lined with a few hairs.
It measures about three inches across, and about an inch in
thickness of construction.

The eggs are four or five in number, and are generally
greyish white in colour, with a faint tinge of purple, clouded
and spotted with purple brown, or purple red. They vary
almost ‘ad infinitum,’ more so, it is said, than those of any
other land bird. Some are dull bluish white, spotted with
purple brown; others reddish white, entirely covered with
specks of deep red; others reddish white, clouded with pale
purple grey, and finely streaked and spotted with rust black;
others again pale purple red, minutely marked in a net-like
manner with a darker red.

TREE PIPIT. 191

Male; weight, about five drachms and three quarters; length,
about six inches and a quarter to six inches and a half; bill,
dark brown, all the base of the lower mandible and the edges
of the upper one yellow brown. It is rather flattened out at
the base, and a brown streak passes backwards and downwards
from it. Iris, deep brown, over it is a whitish band: there
are a few short bristly feathers at the base of the bill; head
on the crown, neck on the back, and nape, olive greyish
brown, the centre of each feather being darker than the edge;
chin and throat, pale brownish white or brownish yellow on
its sides, with a tinge of rufous in the spring, as is the
breast in front, on which are numerous small spots of dark
brown; on the sides the spots turn into streaks, and are
darker: the ground colour of the sides is olive brown, and
below it is pale brown, tinged with dull white: the autumnal
moult, which takes place in August, gives them a yellowish
rufous tint; back, as the nape: with the autumnal moult all
the upper parts assume a greenish olive tint.

The wings expand to the width of eleven inches and a
quarter, and reach to within an inch and a quarter of the
tip of the tail; greater wing coverts, dark brown, broadly
edged with pale brown or greyish white, most apparently
after the autumnal moult; lesser wing coverts, blackish brown,
edged and tipped with pale brown or buff greyish white, the
light-coloured ends of both forming bars across the wing,
most distinctly after the moult; primaries, dark brown; the
first is the longest, but all the first three are nearly equal
in length, the second very nearly as long as the first, and
the third as the second; secondaries, dark brown, more broadly
edged with a paler tint; tertiaries, dark brown, long, also
with a broad outer edge of pale brown. ‘The tail, which is
rather long, has the outside feather on each side brown; the
narrow outer web, and part of the inner one, in a wedge
shape, dull white tinged with brown; the next feather is also
brown, with only a small patch of dull white at the end of
the inner web; all the other feathers blackish brown, edged
with lighter, except the two middle ones, which are greyish
brown, having lighter margins than the rest; upper tail
coverts, olive grey brown, without the dark markings on the
centre of the feathers, Legs and toes, pale yellowish brown
or grey; claws, pale dusky brown, the hind claw considerably
curved, and shorter than the hind toe.

The female resembles the male in plumage, but she is

192 TREE PIPIT.

rather less in size. Length, a little over six inches. The
spots on the breast are not so well defined. The wings
expand to the width of eleven inches.

The young birds at first have the bill paler in colour than
the old birds; the breast with more yellow; the spots on the
front of the neck narrower; the back more tinged with green,
and the dark marks darker, the margins light greyish yellow;
the two outside tail feathers greyish white on the inner web,
and the outside one pale brownish grey on the outer web.

mm

The legs, toes, and claws, very light brown.

f fy) A Ni i F
Wh If

—

LITT)

193

BOCK, PIPIT:

ROCK LARK. SEA LARK. FIELD LARK. DUSKY LARK.
SHORE LARK. SHORE PIPIT. SEA TITLING.

Anthus aquaticus, BECHSTEIN. GOULD. SELBY.
- campestris, Berwick.
vs rupestris, NILLson,
“ ppetrosus, FLEMING, JENYNS.
Alauda campestris spinoletta, GMELIN,
= obscura, GMELIN. PENNANT. MONTAGU.
Sani: petrosa, LINNZAN TRANSACTIONS,
Anthus—Some small bird. Aquaticus—Aquatic—frequenting watery
places.

Tue Rock Lark, or Rock Pipit, is an interesting, though
very common species, and another of our true ‘ab origine’
birds.

This hardy species braves the severe cold of the polar
regions, to which it spreads from the temperate parts of
Europe. It is well known in Norway, Denmark, Sweden,
and Greenland; as also in France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy,
Holland, and other more temperate parts of the continent.
In Orkney and Shetland it is a very abundant species, and
also is found in the Ferroe Islands.

It appears to give a preference to those parts of the coast
which are rocky or hilly, but it is also found, and that in
plenty, in those parts which are of an _ exactly opposite

character.
VOL. It. oO

194 ROCK PIPIT.

It is stationary with us throughout the year, but it would
seem to be in some small degree migratory, or rather move-
able; for W. R. Fisher, Esq. has stated in his ‘Natural History
of Yarmouth,’ that in Norfolk it arrives on the coast in the
autumn, generally in the month of November.

These birds do not associate in flocks, but several are often
to be seen in the same immediate neighbourhood. If disturbed
it does not go far off, but flutters about in the neighbourhood,
frequently repeating its note, settling im a restless and uneasy
manner here and there, vibrating its body, and evidently
anxious for your departure.

In general the flight of the Rock Pipit is a mere flitting
from place to place; but in the summer-time they often mount
up to a considerable height, uttering their wild little note with
each pulsation of the wings, and then rapidly descend in a
slanting manner, in silence, and with apparently closed wings.

Its food consists of small marine and other insects, small
crustacea and worms, which it seeks and finds among the
marine plants thrown up along the coasts, or growing on the
rocks which, at low water are left uncovered by the receding
tide. Macgillivray observes that it also feeds on seeds.

The note is in general a mere rather shrill ‘cheep,’ but I
think there is a wildness in it, which invests it with an
interest that it might not otherwise possess. It has also a
small warble, charming no doubt in the ears of its species,
but not so in ours, in comparison with that of more highly-
gifted birds in this respect.

These birds commence the work of nidification early in the
season—at the end of April or beginning of May, and pitch
their tent either on or in the immediate neighbourhood of
the sea shore, or water not far from it.

The nest is placed in holes or ledges in rocks, generally,
but not always, at a low elevation, or on the ground, shel-
tered by some little projection or eminence. It is made of
fine dry grass and marine plants, but is very loosely com-
pacted, the inside being either not at all, or more or less
lined with hair, or finer materials of any kind that 1t can
procure. , '

The eggs, which have very little polish on them, and vary
much in appearance, are four or five, and occasionally six in
number. They are of a pale yellowish, yellowish white, or
whitish grey colour, sometimes tinged with green, spotted
with reddish brown, almost confluent at the larger end; some

ROCK PIPIT. 195

are wholly, or almost wholly, brown, and some wholly greenish
erey, with a streak surrounding the base.

The young ‘are hatched early in the spring.

Male; weight, about seven drachms; length, six inches and
three quarters, or nearly so; bill, dusky, the upper one yellowish
brown, except at the tip, and both yellowish at the base; iris,
deep brown; over it is a narrow yellowish white or whitish
streak, not always conspicuous, sometimes tinged with green,
and another beneath the hinder part of it. There are a few
short bristly feathers at the base of the bill; head and crown,
brown with a tinge of olive, the shafts of the feathers being
a little darker; neck on the sides, greenish white, with brown
streaks; on the back it is the same as the head, as is the
nape. Chin, dull yellowish white, the middle of each feather
by the shaft deeper coloured; throat, dull yellowish white,
streaked with brown; breast, dull greenish white, with brown
spots and streaks; lower down it is yellowish white, with only
a few dark brown streaks, and on the sides olive brown; back,
dull greenish brown, the centre of each feather dark brown.

The wings have the first quill feather the longest of the
whole, the next three successively a little shorter, the fifth
still shorter; greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky, edged
with pale olive; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, the same.
Tail, dusky; it is rather long, and extends nearly an inch
and a half beyond the wings when closed; the outside feather
has the outer web and part of the inner one dull greenish
white, the tip whitish; the second feather is only edged at
the end and tip with this colour, the others are fringed with
light olive; there is most white on these feathers in the
spring season; the two central ones are lighter coloured and
shorter than the others, and the next three on each side very
dark brown; upper tail coverts, dull greenish brown; under
tail coverts, light brown, or pale yellowish or greenish white,
changing to almost white. Legs, reddish brown; toes, the
same; claws, black, and somewhat curved, the hinder one much
more than the rest, and longer than the toe.

These birds are more or less tinged with grey, and less or
more with the olive colour, according to the season of the

ear.

The female is very similar to the male in plumage, and
nearly, but not quite, of equal length.

In the young, the bill is lighter coloured at the base; the
head, crown, neck on the back, and nape, are tinted with

196 ROCK PIPTT. ie
greenish ash-colour; chin and throat, dull yellowish white;
breast, dull yellowish, much streaked with greenish ash-colour,

more or less deep; the outside feather on each side of the
tail has the edge and spot deep olive ash-colour.

END OF VOL. Ii.

BE. FAWCETT, ENGRAVER AND PRINTER, EAST-LODGE, DRIFFIELD.

5 Tea eek we:
i ‘
mee a sr Rod

a
wae}
Lee

tie ce
Ae

omiv
th
a

2 ee - iv Luh B
, 7 ce AAS at oie