NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
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Firft Prefbyterian Church, Trenton, N. J,
H I S T O R T
T
OF THE
•
Presbyterian Church
IN TRENTOX, X. J.
FROM THE FIRST SETTLExMENT OF THE TOWN.
MEIIDEK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN inSTORICAL SOCIETT, AND OF TUB HISTORICAL
60CIETIES OF NEW-JEESEY, PENNSYLVANIA, AND WISCONSIN. ^
NEW- YORK
ANSON B. F. RANDOLPH, G3S i^HOALMVAY,
CORNER OF AMITY STREET.
1859.
U .T,
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by
ANSOI^ D. F. RANDOLPH,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Soutliern District of New- York.
- <> «
JOHN A. GRAY,
Priki£i'\i7id 'i^Cureoiyper-, l§."dJ?;lJ3 Jacob Street, N. Y.,
«r <J ■' « t 4 » <■ ' " ' I- '
F'IRE-i'BOOi'' b'ui'LDISGS.
J^r
PRE FAC E.
-• • ♦-
It will be at once noticed that this volume introduces many persons,
places, and incidents, as well as churches, that do not come strictly
within the scope of its title. But I thought that it would contribute to
the interest and usefulness, not to say the circulation of the book, to
make it contain as much information as without positive incongraity
could be collected from the materials that came before me, and which
would probably not fall so easily into other hands.
I take the opportunity of asking to be apprised of the errors or omis-
sions that may be discovered, and of any additional facts or documents
relative to the history, which would make it more complete.
Having now fulfilled the request of many esteemed friends in the
church and city, I leave the work in their hands, hoping that none will
be wholly disappointed, and praying that the result may show that the
time it has occupied has not been spent at all inconsistently with the
obligations of my sacred office and my particular charge.
Trektox, March 23, 1859.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
• • •—
CHAPTER I.
Presbyterian Settlement of Central New-Jersey — Falls page
OF Delaware— 1682-1700, 9
CHAPTER II.
TUE CUURCUES OF HOPEWELL AND MAIDENHEAD — 1698-173G, 2G
CHAPTER III.
The Trenton Church— The Rev. David Cowell — 1714-1738, 52
CHAPTER IV.
Rev. Mr. Cowell and Rev. Mr. Texnent — Schism of Synod —
173G-1760, 79
CHAPTER V.
Trenton in 1748 — Episcopal Churches — Trenton Names and
Places— 1746-1700, 97
CHAPTER YI.
College of New-Jersey— Cowell, Burr, Davies, Finley —
1746-1760, 116
CHAPTER YII.
Mr. Cowell's Death and Burial — 1759-1760, . . . 134
CHAPTER YIII.
The First Charter OF the Church — Trustees— 1756-1760, . 154
CHAPTER IX.
Ministry of the Rev. Wm. Kirkpatrick — His History —
1760-1766, 163
vi Table of Contents.
CHAPTER X. PAGE
Trustees — Trenton and Maidenhead — 1764-1*769, . . 194:
CHAPTER XI.
Elihu Spencer, D.D.— His PREVIOUS History— I721-lt69, . 208
CHAPTER XII.
Dr. Spencer's CoNaREGAxiON— 1769-17 13, .... 229
CHAPTER XIIT.
Dr. Spencer's Ministry — Revolutionary Incidents in Tren-
ton—1773-1780, 260
CHAPTER Xiy.
Close of Dr. Spencer's Ministry — His Death — 1780-1784, . 280
CHAPTER XV.
The Rev. J. F. Armstrong — Previous History and Settle-
ment—1750-1790, 295
CHAPTER XYI.
The General Assembly — New Constitution' of the Church
—Notes— 1785-1790, 319
CHAPTER XVII.
Public Occasions in Trenton — Notes — 1789-1806, . . 333
CHAPTER XYIII.
The New Brick Church— Notes— 1804-1806, . . . 362
CHAPTER XIX.
Theological Seminary — Mr. Arjistrong's Death — Notes —
1806-1816, 367
CHAPTER XX.
S. B. How, D.D. — "W. J. Armstrong, D.D. — Rev. John Smith
—1816-1828, 388
CHAPTER XXI.
*
J. "W. Alexander, D.D.— J. "W. Yeomans, D.D.— J. Hall, D.D.
—1829-1859, ■. . ...'.'. . . . 408
APPENDIX.
-• ♦ ♦-
I. History op the Proposal to make Trenton the Capi- page
TAL OF THE UNITED STATES 435
^)
ir. Basse and Revel's Deed, . . . . . . 440
III. Additional Isotes, 443
«
lY. List of the Pastors, Elders, and Trustees of Tren-
ton Church, 446
Y. Pastors op Ewing and Lawrenceville Church, . . 448
YI. Pastors, Elders, and Trustees of Pennington and
Titusville Churches, 449
YIL List of the first Members of the Presbytery of
New-Brunswick, • 451
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH U TRENTO!^.
—•->
Peesbyteria:n' Settlement of Central New-
Jeesey — Falls of Delaware.
1682—1700.
The territory occupied by the present city of
Trenton lies so near tlie boundary between tlie
Berkeley and tlie Carteret, or tlie east and the
west sections of tlie Province of New-Jersey,
tliat the history of its settlement is connected
with that of both the original divisions. The ad-
vance of the Quaker colonists from the south
and west, and of the Dutch and Puritan from
the north and east, gradually peopled this cen-
tral region. It is, however, to the policy which
•invited to East- Jersey the inhabitants of Scot-
land and Ireland that we owe the immigration.
10 Firft Proprietors.
wliich in tlie course of time, gave Presbyterian fea-
tures to tlie religious cliaracter of its inliaMtants,
and made it " tlie cradle of Presbyterianism in
America."^ In tlie year 1682, when Carteret's in-
terest in New-Jersey was purcliased by William
Penn and liis eleven associates, the Societv of
Friends, of wliicli tliey all were members, was
the smallest religious denomination there. The
few settlements that existed at the time — ^the
whole population was not more than five thou-
sand— were composed chiefly of families that had
emigrated from New-England, Holland, and Scot-
land. As West New-Jersey and Pennsylvania
were sufficient to absorb the Quaker interest, it
was a matter of policy to place the new enter-
prise on such a foundation as would be in^^Lting
to persons of all creeds. For this purpose the
twelve original proj)rietors determined to share
their interest with an equal number of new ad-
venturers. The leading varieties of ecclesiastical
connections then prevailing in the mother coun-
tries of England, Scotland, and Ireland, seem to
have been represented in the new body of pro-
]3rietors, but most of them, whether Protestants
or Romanists, and even the leading Quakers^
* Hildreth's " United States," vol. ii. chapter IT.
Scotch and Irilli. ii
were connected witli Scotland.''^ The Scotch and
Irish Presbyterians and New-England Puritans,
(many, perhaj)s most, of whom were Presbyte-
rians,f ) made the moral character of the Province.
In July, 1684, a vessel from Leith carried one
hundred and sixty passengers, and another from
Montrose one hundred and thirty to East-Jersey.
In that year Gawen Lawrie, the Deputy Gover-
nor, wrote from EHzabethtown : " The Scots and
William Dockwra'sJ peojple, coming now and
settling, advance the Province more than it hath
been advanced these ten years." In closing
a glowing account of the Province, he says : "1
have none to write for me, but you must send a
copy of this to Scotland." In another letter of
the same month, the same writer remarks : ''' The
Scots have taken a right course. They have sent
* The second set were a motley collection. The earls of Perth and
Melfoid (Drummond) had apostatized to Eomanism from the Church of
Scotland on the accession of James II. " They did this," says Macaulay,
" with a certain audacious baseness which no English statesman could
hope to emulate." ("England," chap. 6.) They were, at the time of be-
coming proprietors in the land of toleration, persecuting in Scotland such
as refused to testify against the Presbyterians. Barclay was a native of
Scotland, became a Koman Catholic in Paris, was thereupon recalled by
his father, and both became Quakers.
I See Hodge's "Constitutional History," part i. 22-39.
X " William Dockwra, of London, to whom London owes the useful in-
voution of the penny-post." (Oldmixon.)
12 Want of Minifters.
over many servants, and are likewise sending
more. Tliey have likewise sent over many poor
families, and given tkem a small stock." James
Johnston writes to his brother in Edinburgh :
" It is most desired there may be some ministers
sent us over ; they would have considerable be-
nefices and good estates f" and since it would be
a matter of great piety, I hope you will be in-
strumental to advise some over to us." Peter
Watson Vr^rites to a friend in Selkirk, (August,
1684 :) " We have great need of good and faith-
ful ministers, and I wish that there v/ould come
over some here ; they can live as well and have
as much as in Scotland, and more than many get.
We have none within all the Province of East- Jer-
sey, except one who is preacher in Newark;
there were one or two preachers more in the
Province, but they are dead, and now the people
meet together every Sabbath-day, and read, and
pray, and sing psalms in their meeting-houses."
In January, 1685, Fullerton writes from Eliza-
* There appears to have been an early provision in some places for the
ministry. Oldmixon says : "A year or two after the surrender, [of the
patents of the proprietaries to the Crown, 1*702,] Serjeant Hook purchased
3750 acres of land in West- Jersey, and gave the tenth part of it as a
glebe to the Church. He was a Presbyterian ; but I suppose glebe is as
consistent with that denomination, as any other." — British Emiyire in
America^ i. p. 29-4.
Perfecutions. i^
betlitown to Montrose : " By my next I hope to
insure sixty or seventy pounds to tlie parson, for
we Avant a minister." In March, 1685, Cockhurn
writes to Scotland : " There is nothing discour-
ages us more than want of ministers here ; but
now they have agreed about their sti^^ends, there
is one to be placed in New-Perth, Piscataway,
Woodbridge, and Elizabethtown. They have a
mind to bring them from Scotland." Among the
emigrants who left Scotland in 1685, was George
Scot, Laird of Pitlochie. It was the first year
of the reign of James II., when already the non-
conformists of England and Scotland perceived
that they had nothing to expect under the new
monarch but a continuance of the persecutions
of which their country, for its faith's sake, had
been the bloody field. " Never," says Macaulay,
'' not even under the tyi^anny of Laud, had the
condition of the Puritans been so deplorable as
at that time. . . . Through many years the
autumn of 1685 was remembered by the non-
conformists as a time of misery and terror. . . .
In Scotland the King had demanded and ob-
tained new statutes of unprecedented severity
against the Presbyterians."* " Severe as the suf-
* "History of England," chap. 5, *J.
14 Scot, of Pitlochie.
ferings of tlie non-conformists in England were at
this period," says another historian, " they were
nothing compared with that was endured by the
poor Presbyterians of Scotland."*
George Scot advertised his project in the fol-
lowing terms :
"Whereas there are several people m tliis kingdom,
who uj^on account of their not going that length in con-
formity required of them by the law, do live very uneasy ;
who, beside the other agreeable accommodations of that
place, [East New-Jersey,] may there freely enjoy their
own principles without hazard or the least trouble ; seeing
there are ministers of their own persuasion going along
with the said Mr. George Scot ; who, by the fundamental
constitution of that country are allowed the free exercise
of their ministry, such as Mr. Archibald Riddel, brother
to Sir John Riddel of Riddel, Mr. Thomas Patterson, late
minister of Borthwick, and several other ministers ; it is
hereby signified to all who desire this voyage, that the
Henry and Francis, of Newcastle, a shij) of 350 tons, and
twenty great guns, Richard Hutton, master, is freighted
for the transportation of these famiUes, and will take in
passengers and goods at Leith, and passengers at Mont-
rose, and Aberdeen, and Kirkwa, in Orkney, and set sail
thence for East New-Jersey, against the 20th day of July,
God willing."
Scot sailed abont the time specified, with near-
* Orme's "Life of Baxter," i. 294. And see Woclrow's " History of
the Sufierings of the Church of Scotland."
Scot's Model.
15
ly two liundrecl of liis countrymen, but himself
and wife died on the voyage." Previous to his
embarldng he published at Edinburgh a volume
of 272 pages, entitled : " The Model of the Gov-
ernment of the Province of East New-Jersey in
America ; and encouragement for such as design
to be concerned there."f The Scottish Presby-
terian, or one knowino^ he was writing^ to such, is
at once detected in the elaborate and learned a -
gument, which j)recedes all his statistics, to prove
a warrant for colonization from the w^ord of God.
Among his points is that the wonderful openings
* Of the company brought over by Pitlocliie, seventy-two are said to
have been "prisoners, banished to the plantations," and "made a pre-
sent to the Laird." Their crime was non-conformity ; and on the pas-
sage, " when they who were under deck attempted to worsliip God by
themselves, the captain would throw down great planks of wood in order
to disturb them." The Eev. Mr. Riddel had already been imprisoned
several years in England. After the revolution he sailed for England,
(June, 1689.) but was " captured by a French man-of-war, and after
twenty-two months' imprisonment in France, he was at length exchanged
for a Popish priest." {MS. History; citing Ci'ookshanUs Church of Scot-
land, vol. ii. 110, 428. Cloud of Witnesses^ ^PP- 337.)
f Only four copies of the original work are known to be extant, but it
has been reprinted entire in the first volume of the collections of the
New- Jersey Historical Society, as an appendix to Mr. Whitehead's " East-
Jersey under the Proprietary Governments." The facility and satisf c-
tion of reading this interesting document, are much impaired by its being
printed in the obsolete orthography and abbreviations of the original
copy — a custom of our Historical Societies which seems to have very
httle to recommend it, even to the antiquary.
l6 Scot's Model.
to tlie discovery of America, and tlie encourage-
ments offered to Protestant nations, indicated the
purpose of Providence that " he might at length
cause the glorious Gospel of Jesus Christ shine
out to them as it did to other nations, after the
sharp times of the bitter desolations thereof be-
twixt the Romans and them." In bolder terms
than in the more public advertisement of his un-
dertaking, he thus appeals to the religious jea-
lousy of his fellow-churchmen :
" You see, it is now judged the interest of the govern-
ment altogether to suppress the Presbyterian principles ;
and that in order thereto the whole force and bensill [vio-
lence] of the lavr of this kingdom are levelled at the
effectual bearing them down, that the vigorous putting
those laws in execution hath in a great part ruined many
of these, who, notwithstanding thereof, find themselves in
conscience obliged to retain these principles ; v/hile, on the
other hand, Episcopacy is, by the same laws, supported
and protected. I would gladly know what other rational
medium can be proposed in their circumstances, than
either to comply with the government by going what
length is required by law in conforming, or to retreat
where by law a toleration is by his Majesty allowed. Such
a retreat doth at present offer itself in America, and is
nowhere else to be found in his Majesty's dominions."
"We find in this connection an allusion to the
north of Ireland, which was fully realized 1)1 sub-
North of Ireland.
sequent years, in the contrihiitions made from
that quarter to the Presbyterian population of
America.
" I had an account lately from an acquaintance of mine,
that the Province of Ulster, Avhere most of our nation are
seated, could spare forty thousand men and women to an
American plantation, and be sufficiently peopled itself.
The gentleman who gave me this information is since
settled in Maryland ; the account he sends of that coun-
try is so encouraging that I hear a great many of his ac-
quaintances are making for that voyage."
But it was not contemplated to establish the
Kirk in New-Jersey. "Presbyter" of Britain
was not, according to Milton, to be " Priest writ
large" ' in America. " Liberty in matters of re-
ligion," said Scot, '' is established in the fullest
manner. To be a planter or inhabitant, nothing
is required but the acknowledging of one Al-
mighty God ; and to have a share in the govern-
ment a simple profession of faith of Jesus
Christ, without descending into any other of the
differences among Christians ; only that religion
may not be a cloak for disturbance, who ever
comes into the Magistrature, must declare they
hold not themselves in conscience obliged, for re-
lio^ion's sake, to make an alteration, or to endeavor
to turn out their partners in the government, be-
i8 Character of the People.
cause they differ in opinion from them ; and this
is no more than to follow the great rule, to do as
they would be done by."
Mr. Bancroft, after following the remark, " this
is the era at which East Nev/-Jersey, till now
cHefiy colonized from New-England, became the
asylum of Scottish Presbyterians," with an eloquent
sketch of the sufferings of that people under the
attempt of tbe Stuarts to force Episcopacy upon
them, asks : " Is it strange that Scottish Presby-
terians of \drtue, education, and courage, blend-
ing a love of popular liberty with religious en-
thusiasm, hurried to East New-Jersey in such
numbers as to give to the rising commonwealth
a character which a century and a half has not
effaced ?" " In a few years," he adds, " a law of
the commonwealth, gi^^-ng force to the common
principle of the New-England and the Scottish
Calvinists, established a system of free schools. . . .
Thus the mixed character of New-Jersey springs
from the different sources of its people. Puri-
tans, Covenanters, and Quakers met on her soil ;
and their faith, institutions, and preferences, hav-
ing life in the common mind, survive the
Stuarts."^
* Bancroft's " Colonial History," chap. 17.
Frelbyterians. 19
Eobert Barclay was tlie first Governor under
tne new proprietary administration, (1683.) Al-
though the office was given him for life, he was
not required to reside in the Province, and, in
fact, he never saw it, but was represented by
deputies. Mr. Grahame, in his " Colonial History"
says, under 1685 : ''As a further recommenda-
tion of the Province to the favor of the Scotch,
Barclay displacing a deputy, (Lawrie,) whom he
had appointed of his own religious persuasion,
conferred this office on Lord Neil Campbell, uncle
of the Marquis of Argyle, who repaired to East-
Jersey, and remained there for some time as its
Lieutenant-Governor." Campbell was followed
by another Scotchman, Andrew Hamilton.
While Presbyterians were thus finding homes
in the northern and eastern parts of the Province,
others mingled with the settlements that were
creeping up the Delaware on both banks, and
scattering between the river and the ocean. The
first church in Philadelphia (less than thirty
miles from Trenton) was organized about 1698.
There was a Dutch Presbyterian church at Ne-
shaminy (twenty miles) in 1 Y 1 0. But the church
in Monmouth county, originally called " the
Scotch Meeting-House," better known to us as the
20 Edmundfon's PaiTage.
J' Tennent Cliurcli," (tliirty miles,) was formed
of Scottisli materials about 1692. Its first j^astor
was fi^om Scotland.*
I have indulged in tlie foregoing retrospect for
tlie purpose of showing tlie origin and general pro-
gress of the i^opulation that at length reached the
more central region where the capital of the Pro-
vince came to be established. And here I intro-
duce, as a curious local memorandum, the earliest
record to be found of a journey on what is now
one of the two great thoroughfares between New-
York and Philadelphia, by Trenton, but eight
years before Philadelphia was laid out by Penn,
and when the site of Trenton was only known as
at " the Falls of the Delaware." William Ed-
mundson, a minister of the Friends from Eng-
land, made the following entry in his journal of
1675, after leaving Shrewsbury and Middletown:
* His grave is in the church-yard, w-ith a Latin inscription, signifying :
"The ashes of the very pious Mr. John Boyd, pastor of this church of
Calvin, are here buried, whose labor, although expended on a barren soil,
was not lost. They who knew him well, at the same time prove his
worth as rich in virtues. Reader, follow his footsteps, and I hope thou
wilt hereafter be happy. He died August 30, 1108, the 29th year of his
age." Mr. Boyd completed his trials with the Presbytery of Philadelphia
September 27, 1*706, and was ordained ten days afterwards. On the
minutes of May 10, 1709, the following expressive record is found;
" The Kev. Mr. John Boyd being dead, what relates to him ceases."
Edmund son. 21
" Next morning we took our journey tlirongh the wil-
derness towards Maryland, to cross the river at Delaware
Falls. Richard Hartshorn and EliakiniWardell would go
a day's journey with us. We hired an Indian to guide
us, but he took us wrong, and left us in the woods. When
it was late we alighted, put our horses to grass, and
kindled a fire by a little brook, convenient for water to
drink, to lay down till morning, but were at a great loss
concerning the way, being all strangers in the wilderness.
Richard Hartshorn advised to go back to Rarington river,
about ten miles back, as was supposed, to find out a small
landing-place from New- York, from whence there teas a
small path that led to Delaware Falls. So we rode
back, and in some time found the landing-place and little
path ; then the two friends committed us to the Lord's
guidance, and went back. We travelled that day, and
saio no tame creature. At night we kindled a fire in the
wilderness and lay by it, as we used to do in such jour-
neys. Next day, about nine in the morning, by the good
hand of God, we came well to the Falls, and by his provi-
dence found there an Indian man, a woman, and boy with
a canoe : so we hired him for some wampam.peg to help
us over in the canoe ; we swam our horses, and though
the river was broad, yet got well over, and by .the direc-
tions we received from friends, travelled towards Dela-
waretown, [probably Newcastle,] along the west side of
the river. When we had rode some miles, vf e baited our
horses and refreshed ourselves with such provisions as we
had,/b7' as yet toe were not come to any inhabitants.'''^'^
* "A Journal of the life, travels, sufferings, and labors of love in the
■work of the ministry of that worthy elder and faithful servant of Jesus
22 Falls of the Delaware.
As "the Falls of the Delaware" was not only
the first name given to the part of the river
where Trenton was afterwards built, but was for
more than a century used to denote the general
locality, it may be well to notice that w^hat is
dignified by the term, is no more than the ra-
pids of the current in the descent of about eigh-
teen feet in six miles.* The association of the
term has often led to the confounding of the
Trenton rijDj)!©^ with the truly grand falls of
West Canada Creek in Xew-York, which are
*
called "Trenton Falls" from a ^dlla^■e in their
vicinity. This has given occasion to some ludi-
crous disappointments with travellers. It was
probably the cause of the illusion of the English
tourist in 1797, who " entered the State of jSTew-
Jersey and slept at Trenton, which we left before
sunrise the next morning ; a circumstance I re-
gretted, as I wished to see the falls of the river
Delaware in that neighborhood, which, I am in-
formed, are worthy the attention of a traveller."f
Christ, William Edmundson, who departed thiglife the 81st of the sixth
month, 1712." London. 1715. (Philadelphia Library, No. 668. 8vo.)
* Some pleasant associations must have lingered about the old name
as late as 1824, when a Bible Society being formed in Trenton, the name
was adopted of " The Bible Society of Delaware Falls."
f "Priest's Travels, 1793-7." London.
The Falls. 23
Tlie translator of tlie "work of Kalm, to be more
fully quoted hereafter, raises the humLle rapids
mentioned Ly the Swede, to " the cataracts of the
Delaware near Trenton."* Another Englishman,
and president of the Eoyal Astronomical Society,
pronounced, in 1Y96, that "these do not deserve
the name oi falls ^ being nothing more than a
ledge of rocks reaching across the river, and ob-
structing the navigation for large vessels."f
* " Kalm's Travels, by Forster." London. 1170. I. 49.
•{• "Journal of a tour in unsettled parts of North America in 1196 and
1197. By the late Francis Baily, President of the Royal Astronomical
Society." London. 1856. P. 115.
"Wansey, the " Wiltshire Clothier," says in 1194 : " In passing the Del-
aware with our coacheo, we ferry within ten yards of one of the rapids,
by which we are to understand that part of a river where the bed is al-
most filled up with rocks, chiefly below the surface of the water, which
occasions the current to pass very quick, and make it dangerous to
those who are not acquainted with the navigation. {Journal of an Excur-
sion, p. 106.) In a work by Dr. Douglass, a Scotchman, but for thirty
years a resident of Boston, the following description is given of the nav-
igation of the Delaware river in 1149-53: "Prom Philadelphia to
Trent-Town Palls are thirty-five miles ; these are the first falls in the
river, and the tide reaches up so high ; these falls are practicable, and
the river navigable with boats that carry eight or nine tons iron, forty
miles higher to Durham iron works. . . . Prom Trent-Town Palls
this river is practicable upwards of one hundred and fifty miles for Indian
canoe navigation, several small falls or carrying places intervening."
{A Summary historical and political, of the first planting, progressive im-
provements, and present state of the British Settlements in North America.
By William Douglass, M.D. Boston. Vol. L 1149. Vol. IL 1153.
Vol. II., p. 312.)
24 Mahlon Stacy.
It was at the Falls that Mahlon Stacy, a
Yorkshireman, found the tract of land that com-
mended itself as the most suitable site for a new
settlement. He was one of the emigrants to
Burlington (or Bridlington) in 1678, and being
a creditor of Byllinge, he obtained from his as-
signees eight hundred acres, l}^ng on both sides
of the Assanpink, a creek which empties into the
Delaware at Trentou. Here he took up his own
abode, and built a grist mill. If, according to
Smith's " History of New-Jersey," the first name
given to the settlement at the Falls was " Little-
worth," the disparaging title must have been dis-
dained by Stacy, who pronounced it " a most
brave place, whatever envy or evil spies may
speak of it.'**
In letters dated from " the Falls of Delaware"
* The only positive evidence T have ever found that the name Little-
worth was actually used, is that of the Rev. Dr. Cooley, who states that
he had seen a deed of two lots, lying east of Greene street, between
Second street (now State) and the Assanpink, which were described as
"being in Little worth." The date of the deed is not given. It was probably
the designation of some portion of the land too much exposed to the
freshes of the creek to be as valuable as other parts. Smith's Histoiy,
in the account of the great flood at Delaware Falls in 1692, says: "The
first settlers of the Yorkshire tenth in New-Jersey had several of them
bulk upon the low lands nigh the falls of Delaware, where they had now
lived and been improving near sixteen years." It is to be hoped that
there was nothing in the character of the settlers that suggested the ap-
plication of Solomon's epithet : " The heart of the wicked is littk ivorth."
Proverbs 10 : 20.
Mahlon Stacy. 25
m 1680, Stacy extols tlie fertility of the whole
region, the abundance of fruit,* berries, game,
and fish, whilst he " honestly declares there is
some barren land, as (I suppose) there is in most
places of the world, and more wood than some
would have upon their lands ; neither will the
country produce corn without labor, nor cattle
be got without something to buy them, nor bread
with idleness ; else it would be a good country
indeed." The good Friend would not overlook
the guidance of Providence in his own case, nor
encourage his Yorkshire correspondents to follow
him over the sea, unless they felt the same in-
ward direction. " When I am walking alone,
and the sense of the Lord's good dealings is
brought before me, I can not but admire him for
his mercies, and often in secret bless his name
that ever he turned my face hitherward, and
gave me confidence in himself, and boldness by
faith to oppose all gainsayers, though never so
stronor. ... If you have clearness to come
to New-Jersey, let nothing hinder ; but if you
have a stop within yourself, let not any thing
farther you, until the way clears to your full
satisfaction."
* "Peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach-
gathering. I could not but smile at the conceit of it."
2
<I|hayti!iI ^j'lioiri.
The Chueches of Hopewell and Maidenhead.
1698—1736.
0 ® JMl
This little map will serve to explain the topo-
grapliy of the region embraced in the history of
the united churches of Hopewell and Maidenhead,
which is the history of the churches of Trenton.*
* One of the most prosaic downfalls in the history of the change ot
names, took place when the ancient English term for maidenhood
Hopewell. 27
In 1694 tlie Assanj)ink was made the northern
boundary of the county of Burlington ; and in
1Y14 the new county of Hunterdon was formed,
reaching from the Assanpink, as its southern line,
to the northern extremity of West -Jersey. Of
this large and for the most part unsettled terri-
tory, now divided into several of the most popu-
lous and important counties of the State, Hope-
well and Maidenhead were adjoining townships.
It is reasonable to suppose that the Presbyterian
inhabitants, scattered over the twin townships,
were for some time dependent on itinerant or
missionary preachers for the opportunities of
public worship, and that when such opjDortunities
opened, the people would congregate from long
distances in school-rooms, or private houses, or in
the shade of woods, in different neighborhoods,
as convenience or some system of rotation might
was converted by the Legislature, in 1816, on the petition of the inhab-
itants, into Lawrence for the township and Lawrenceville for the town,
in honor of the hero of the frigate Chesapeake. It would be a parallel
improvement if the people of Virginia should drop the name of their
State for one that would embalm the name of Captain Joha Smith. The
original Maidenhead is a small town on the Thames, in Berkshire, and is
partly in the parish of Bray ; one, at least, of whose vicars is' an historical
personage. Not far from the town is Salt Hill, famous which scholars
for the Eton Montem.
28 Maidenhead.
appoint * It is not strange, on this supposition,
that the names " Hopewell" and " people of
Hopewell," should be used in the ecclesiastical
records in reference to different neighborhoods,
and even parishes, so that after the lapse of a
century and a half it would not be possible to
determine in every instance what particular local-
ity, if any, is designated. The present churches
of Ewino;', Penninsfton, and Trenton were in
Hopewell ; that of Lawrence^dlle was in Maiden-
head. It is not imj)robable that the Presbyteri-
ans in the latter township were sometimes in-
cluded in the general reference of '' Hopewell."
Some of my readers may need to be reminded
of a ]!^ew-England peculiarity which then obtain-
ed in this Province, and will still further account
for the confusion. I may explain it in the words
* The two townships would have been a small circuit for a mission-
ary, compared with some that were assigned in the last century by
Presbyteries to Supplies and even to Pastors. In 1739 the Presbytery ot
New-Brunswick directed one of their ministers to divide his time among
the peopleof Allentown, Cranbury, Pepack, Lebanon, and Muskinicunck,_^^
In 1740 Mr. McCray accepted a call from Lametunck, Lebanon, Pepack,
Readingtown, and Bethlehem ; and Mr. Robinson was directed to supply
Middletown, Shrewsbury, Shark-river, Cranbury, Crosswicks, the Forks,
G-reen's, and Pahaqually. In 1749 Mr. Chesnut was appointed to supply
Amwell for four weeks, then Penu's Neck, then Woodbury, then seven
Sabbaths at Cape May.
Deed of 1698. 29
of Colonel (afterwards Governor) Lewis Morris,
in 1700, wlien referring to tlie " towns" of East-
Jersey. '' These towns are not like the towns in
England, the houses built close together on a
small spot of ground, but they include large por-
tions of the country of four, five, eight, ten,
twelve, fifteen miles in length, and as much in
breadth ; and all the settlements within such
state and bounds is said to be within such a
township ; but in most of those townships there
is some place where a part of the inhabitants
set down nearer together than the rest, and con-
fine themselves to smaller portions of ground,
and the town is more peculiarly designed by
that settlement."*
The first authentic notice of any efibrt on the
part of the inhabitants of the two townships to
provide a permanent place of worship is found in
a deed dated March 18, 1698-9.t In that instru-
ment, Jeremiah Basse, Grovernor of East and
West- Jersey, and Thomas Eevell, " Agents of
the Honorable West-Jersey Society in England,"
conveyed one hundred acres '' for the accom-
* "The Papers of Lewis Morris.'.' N. J. Hist. Soc, 1852.
f In this part of my researches T have availed myself of the collections
kindly placed at my disposal by the Rev. George Hale, pastor of Pen-
nington.
30 Grantees.
modation and service of the inliabitants of the
township of Maidenhead, within the lil^erties
and precincts of the said county of Burlington
and the inhal3itants near adjacent, for the erect-
ing a meeting-house, and for burying-ground
and school-house, and land suitable for the
same."* The names of many of the grantees
will be recognized as still represented in this
region.
Ralph Hunt, ^ Philip Phillips,
John Bainbridge, [or Ban- Joshua Anclris, [sometimes
bridge,"
Andrus and Andrews,
Johannes Lawrenson,
and Anderson,
William Hixon,
Samuel Davis,
John Bryerly, [Brearley ?]
Enoch Andris,
Samuel Hunt,
Cornelius Andris,
Theophilus Phillips,
James Price,
Jonathan Davis,
John Runian,
Thomas Smith,
Thomas Runian,
Jasper Smith,
Hezekiah Bonham,
Thomas Coleman,
Benjamin Maple,
Benjamin Hardin,
Lawrence Updike,
William Akers,
Joseph Sackett,
Robert Lannen, [Lannino^,'
Edward Hunt, y
The strong presumption is, that from the be-
ginning this was a Presbyterian congregation,
* Eecorded Book B., No. 2, p. 655, in the State House at Trenton.
Maidenhead Church.
31
and that, although the precise year in which a
church was erected on the ground thus con-
veyed, can not be ascertained, the first house
of worship for any denomination in the two
townships was that at Maidenhead, now Law-
renceville. John Hart, a signer of the Declara-
tion of Independence, was baptized by the Rev.
Jedediah Andrews, at Maidenhead, December
31, 1713. As Edward Hart, his father, lived
in Hopewell, three miles below Pennington, it
is probable that there was a church at Maiden-
head to which the child was taken. There were
ten baptisms at Maidenhead in April, 1713, which
32 Maidenhead Church.
goes to increase the probability of a permanent
place of worship being there at that date. There
is positive evidencce of its existence three years
later, for in the records of the Court of Sessions
for Hunterdton county, dated Tuesday, June 5th,
1716, is the entry : '^ Proclamation made and the
court adjourned to the meeting-house in Maiden-
head in half an hour."
I regret that I am not able to produce views
of any of the original churches. The engraving
here presented is a copy of the Lawrenceville
church as it now stands, but excluding the lec-
ture and school-l3uilding which stands at the
extremity of the front of the lot, and excluding
also the extensive 2Tave-yard which surrounds
the church. The present front (forty-five feet)
and about thirty-two feet of the depth, is the
same structure that was raised in 1764. The
church was enlarged in 18)^3, to the dimensions
of forty-five by sixty feet, and in 1853, fifteen
feet were added to the length. I may add that
in 1819 this congregation came into possession
of a valuable farm and parsonage devised to them
by Jasper Smith, Esq., an elder of the church.
The earliest sign of preparation for a church
in Hopewell is found in two deeds of April 20,
Hopewell Church. 33
1703."^ In the first of these, John Hutchinson
conveyed to Andrew Heath, Eicliard Eayre,
Abiall Davis, and Zel)ulon Heston, a lot of two
acres, in trust. The second and concurrent deed
declares the purpose of the trust. It is address-
ed, ^'To all Christian people to whom these
presents shall come," and sets forth that the
trust is " for the inhabitants of the said township
of Hoj^ewell and their successors inhabiting and
dwelling within the said township forever ; for
the public and common use and benefit of tbe
whole township, for the erection and building of
a public meeting-house thereon, and also for a
place of burial, and for no other uses, intents, or
purposes whatsoever." The ground thus convey-
ed is within three miles of Trenton, (marked
" Old Church" on our ma23,) a short distance be-
yond the State Lunatic Asylum. A church was
erected on this site which seems to have become
tlie exclusive proj^erty of Episcopalians, as that
denomination occupied it until St. Michael's
Church was built in the towm, and tlie cono^reo^a-
tion sold the ground in 1838 — the liouse having
long before disappeared.
It is probable that if tlie history of this
* Deed Book AAA, 106 and 114. State House.
34 OW Cemetery.
Cliiircli could be ascertained, it would read
somewliat like the following record in tlie Min-
utes of the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, Sep-
tember 19, 1Y38.
" The affair of Cranberry concerning the Meeting-house
was opened up before the Presbytery, wherein it appeared
that the peoj)le of the Presbyterian and Church of Eng-
land persuasion have a conjunct interest in the Meeting-
house, by virtue of an agreement between such of the
Presbyterians as assisted the building of it, and their
neighbors of the Church of England ; and therefore upon
the proposal of the rest of our persuasion who are not
willing to have any concern with the said house upon that
foundation, the Presbytery do advise and judge it most
proper that the gentlemen of the Church of England do
either buy or sell their interest, that so the Presbyterians
may all have a house for worship by themselves alone, and
so that this whole body may be united."
When St. Michael's Church made the convey-
ance of 1838, by which the old church-plot was
added to a surrounding farm, reservation was
made of an inclosure measuring thirty-two feet
by twenty-seven, occupied by graves. The in-
closure is made by a stone wall, now falling into
ruins, and has the appearance of having been de-
signed for a family cemetery. The only grave-
stones remaining are those of Samuel Tucker,
1789, and Mrs. Tucker, 1^87, which will be de-
Lockart's Deed. 35
scribed hereafter ; one " in memory of John, son
of William and Elizabeth Cleayton, who died
November 6, 1757, [possibly 1737,] aged 19
years ;" another of " Ma , [probably Marga-
ret,] the wife of John Dagworthy, Esq., who died
May 16, 1729, aged 37 years ;" and a few more
which can not be decij^hered beyond " Grace
Da ," or "Hend ," etc. It is said
that the widow of William Trent, whose name
was given to the town, was buried here, but there
is no trace of the grave.
In less than six years from Hutchinson's deed
to Heath and others, the Hopewell Presbyterians
took measures for the erection of a church for
themselves, within three miles of the one just de-
scribed. This was the beginning of the congre-
gation, which, after the foundation of the town-
ship of Trenton, (L7 19-20,) was called the
" Trenton First Church," but which now takes
the name of the new township of Ewing. The
original deed was dated March 9, 1709, and con-
veyed two acres of land from Alexander Lockart,
a Scotchman, to
Richard Sciidder, Jacob Reeder,
John Burroughs,* Cornelius Anderson,
* The genealogy of the family of Burroughs may be found in Riker's
Annals of Newtown, Queen's County, New- York," published in 1852.
36 Flril Congregation.
Ebeiiezer Prout, John Silerons, (or Siferons,
Daniel Howell, Severance, Severns,)
John Deane, Simon Sacket,f
John Davis, George Farley,
Jonathan Davis, Caleb Farley,
Enoch Anderson, William Reed,
William Osoorne, Joseph Sacket.f
There are no original records or documents to
remove tlie obscurity that surrounds the first
action under this deed; hut in the following
minute of the Presbytery of Philadelphia^ May
11,1 709, Hopewell may refer to this people — per-
haj)s in connection with those of what is now Pen-
nins: ton :
" Ordered, that Mr. [Joseph] Smith go to the people of
Maidenhead and Hopewell, and confer Avitli them on
such matters as shall be propomided to him by them, cou-
The first of the name came from England to Salem, Massachusetts, in
1637, and died in 1678. His name was John. His son, Joseph, "a
liberal supporter of the Presbyterian ministry in Newtown," died in 1138.
Joseph's sou, John, who married Margaret Renne in 1721, "owned land
at Trenton," and died at Newtown, July 7, J 750. Mr. Charles Bur-
roughs, who has been a trustee of our church since 1826, is a great-
grandson of the grantee in Lockari's deed. His father, John Burroughs,
died in Trenton April 28, 1842, in his eighty-ninth year.
f In Mr. Hiker's work there is also given a history of the Sacket family,
which appears to have been that with which the two grantees of the
name, and also the clergyman hereafter mentioned, were connected.
Simon was a familv-name
Church of 1712.
37
cerning his being called to be their minister ; and that Mr.
Smith preach to the people aforesaid on his way to New-
England, or return from it, or both ; and that this be in-
timated to Mr. Smith, and the people aforesaid be writ to
by Mr. Andrews.""
The first cliiircli on this ground was built of
logs, (1712 ;) this made room, about 1726, for a
frame-building, which was used until 1795, when
one of brick was erected. In 1839 the church
was remodelled. The cut represents the church
of 1795 before alteration ; and here I take the
liberty of quoting a few verses from a poem,
38 The Old Church.
written for the amusement of her grandchildren
by an estimable member of this church, and
prompted by the destruction of one of two old
oaks in the church-yard, in 1852.
its 4c 4c * 4c 4:
" Two hundred years, or more, the storms you braved
Unharmed, while round your head the tempest raved.
A faithful guard, for all that time, you kept.
Above the throng that 'neath your sha,dow slept.
The wild tornado's breath hath o'er thee past,
And prostrate on the earth you lie at last.
^ !}» <♦ H'* T* T*
And here they stood when the forefathers came,
To build an altar to their Maker's name.
Men from afar — perchance across the deep,
This place they chose their Sabbath rest to keep.
They built an altar of materials rude,
Unhewn the stone, and roughly dressed the wood,
'Twas blest of Him, whose promised dwelling-place
Is where his people meet to seek his grace.
*JC Jjj ^ SfC T» *P
Once in three weeks the stated pastor came
With gracious message in his Master's name,
Reciprocated all the greetings kind,
Rejoiced in health and peace his flock to find.
The morning service o'er, beneath your shade
They ate their bread, and kind inquiries made :
' How fared it mth the brother pioneers.
What were their prospects, what their hopes and fears?
The Old Church. 39
What news from home, afixr — beyond the sea —
Fight Hampden, Cromwell, still for liberty ?
Or to his kingdom is King Charles restored ?
Has promised, bnt again to break his word ?
Has Scotland sheathed the sword, or does she still
For conscience' sake oppose her sovereign's will ?
Worship the faithful still in caves and dens,
In forest deep, or wild secluded glens ?
For Wales who strikes to put oppression down ?
Who nobly dares to w^ear a martyr's crown ?"
^ ^ * * * ^
One to the other thus the tidings bore,
Of clime and kindred they would see no more.
That duty done, once more to praise and pray.
The church they entered — thus they spent the day.
^ * its ifi iH :i:
' Time levels all,' the old church passed away,
It served a holy purpose in its day ;
And faithful men a new foundation laid,
Offerings of patient toil and substance made ;
Well wrought, the buUding rose by careful hands.
Memorial of their zeal, the church now stands.
* * * * * H«
Now, many a mossy stone the name discloses
Of faithful Reeds and Scudders, Ho wells, Roses,
Reeder, Clarke, Hart, Carle, Furman, and the Moores,
Fish, Welling, Hendrickson, Temples, Greens by scores,
Lanning, Hunt, Cook, Burroughs, and Jones and Lott,
And hundreds lie without a stone to mark the spot."
* *****
40 Firlt Preibytery.
At tlie time of tlie formation of this venerable
cliurcli, tlie Presbytery of Philadelphia was the
only one in America. It was formed in 1704 or
1705, and included seven ministers, who were
pastors in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and what is
now Delaware. In 1706 a member was added
from New-Jersey. To this body the Presbyteri-
ans, whether organized or not into congregations,
or represented on the roll, would naturally look
for counsel and aid, esj)ecially for the obtaining
of the ordinances of worship). In Sejjtember,
1710, the Presbytery, writing to the Presbytery
of Dublin and Synod of Glasgow, in entreaty for
their help in furnishing ministers, say that they
have but two congregations " in the Jerseys ;"
" the number of our ministers from the respective
Provinces is ten in all ; three from Maryland,
five from Pennsylvania, and two from East-
Jersey."
Under date of September 27, 1711, the fol-
lowing minute ajDpears :
" Upon the desire of the people of Maidenhead and
Hopewell, signified by Mr. William Yard, for our assisting
them in getting a minister, it was agreed that in case the
people of Maidenhead and Hopewell are not engaged with
Mr. Sacket, that they use all opportunities they have for a
Robert Orr. 41
speedy supply, and apply themselves to the neighboring
ministers for assistance hi getting a minister for them."
Tliere is no further reference in the Records
of Presbytery, to the congregations of this neic>;h-
borhood until September, 1715, when Philip
Ringo presented a call from Maidenhead and
Hopewell to Mr. Kobert Orr, which was ap-
proved by Presbytery, accepted by him, and his
ordination appointed for October 20. This took
place on the day specified, when Mr. Orr was
" solemnly set apart to the work of the ministry,
by Masters Andrews, Morgan, Dickinson, Evans,
and Bradner, at Maidenhead, before a numerous
assembly."''^
As an old tablet, now in the wall of the first
church in the city of Trenton, gives 1712 as the
year in which the Presbyterian church was
" Formed," that is supposed to be the date when
the parent congregation was formally organized
in view of taking possession of the ground con-
veyed by Lockart in 1709. This then, would be
one of the centres of Mr. Orr's mmistry for Hope-
well. He appears to have resided on what is
now the boundary line between the townships
* Letter Book of Presbytery. Printed Records, p. 41.
42 Pennington.
of Lawrence and Ewing. A son of his, who died
during his pastorate, was buried in the Lockart
ground, and the grave-stone is visible from the
present church. Mr. Orr remained in this charge
nearly four years. His name occurs for the last
time in ecclesiastical records, in the minutes of
Synod, September 19, 1719, where he is spoken
of as " having at present no pastoral charge," and
the usual testimonials were given to him and an-
other minister, it "being uncertain how and
where Providence may dispose of them."
The age of the Hoj^ewell church at Penning-
ton is not precisely known, but the building was
used in 1725-6, as the township records of March
9 of that year show that it was " agreed upon
by the majority of the town, to hold their town-
meetings ensuing at the new meeting-house by
John Smith's." Smith is known to have been
owner of the land adjoining the lot which is still
the site of the church. There is a tradition that
prior to the building of a church, a school-house
was used for some time, which stood on what is
now the southern part of the grave-yard, and
long known as " the school-house lot." This lot
was conveyed by John Smith for the considera-
tion of ten pounds, to Nathaniel Moore, William
Moi'es Dickinfon. 43
Cornwell, Jolin Everitt, Ralpli Hunt, Joiiatlian
Fiirman, Reuben Armitage, and Stephen Baldwin.
Tlie Rev. Robert Orr was followed in tlie
Hopewell charge by the Rev. Moses Dickinson,
a younger brother of the first President of the
College of New-Jersey, and a graduate of Yale
when the whole senior-class numbered but ^ve^
all of whom entered the ministry. This was in
1717, the year in which the College was removed
from Saybrook to New-Haven. The history of
Mr. Dickinson's Presbyterial connection can not
be given, as the Records of that period are not
extant ; but according to the minutes of the
Synod he attended the sessions of that body in
1722, 1724, and 1725. Among the delegates of
those three years appears the name of Enoch
Armitage, who was a Ruling Elder of Ho23ewell.
Mr. Dickinson removed to the Congregational
church of Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1727, and
continued to be its pastor until his death. May 1,
1778, in the 83d year of his age, and 51st of his
ministry. In his seventieth year he took a col-
league from the Presbytery of New-Brunswick,
the Rev. William Tennent, Junior. There are
two printed sermons of Mr. Dickinson's : one of
them was preached at the ordination of the Rev.
44 Enoch Armitage.
Elisha Kent, grandfather of the distinguislied
Chancellor of New- York.
Mr. Armitage, who was a native of Yorkshire
in England, was an active elder. He officiated
in Hopewell when no minister was present, not
only in reading " the works of approved di^dnes,"
as our elders and deacons are authorized to do in
such an emergency, but occasionally reading his
own compositions. The Rev. J\Ir. Hale has in
kis possession a manuscri23t of the usual lengtk
of a sermon, in the handwriting of Mr. Armitage,
headed, " Some Meditations upon the loth, 16th,
and 17th verses of tke 27 th chapter of Numbers,
occasioned by the removal of Mr. Dickinson, and
delivered at Hopewell meeting-house by E. A.,
1 7 27." The text of the '' meditations " is : " And
Moses spoke unto the Lord, saying. Let the Lord,
the God of the spirits of all flesh, set a man over
the congregation, which may go out before them,
and which may go in before them, and which
may lead them out, and which may bring them
in : that the conorres^ation of the Lord be not as
sheep, which have no shepherd."
The discourse opens in these modest terms :
" Beloved Friends : I having no book of any subject
suitable to the present outward circumstances of the con-
Meditations. 45
gre2:ation, and being something more than ordmarily af-
fected with our present desolate condition, I thought meet
to deliver my own meditations on the forementioned sub-
ject, though I know not whether they will be of any use
to you, or meet with acceptance from you ; yet hoping
they may at least do no harm to any, and presuming on
your flivorable construction, and being encouraged by
your kind acceptance of what I have been enabled to do
in your service, since Divine Providence cast my lot
amongst you, I therefore humbly proceed to deliver my
meditations on these words."
I quote tlie annexed paragraph from the Me-
ditations for the sake of the intimation it contains
that there was more than one place of worship
within reach of the people of Hopewell — the re-
ference being probably to Maidenhead ; Mr. Ar-
mit age's farm was within a mile of Pennington.
" Now this being the case of this congregation, w^e are
as sheep that have no shepherd by the removal of our
minister from us : and whether the same Providence that
removed him, notw^ithstanding all our endeavors to the
contrary, will permit his return, as some hope, I know not :
but as however that may be, as affairs now stand, it seems
likely that some part of the congregation will be as sheep
that have no shepherd, therefore I hope," etc.
Mr. Dickinson was followed in 1Y29 by the
Kev. Joseph Morgan. He is supposed to have
come from Wales, but was educated at Yale, and
46 Joleph Morgan.
was one of the six first graduates in 1702. Pre-
sident Woolsey, in a letter to Mr. Hale, remarks
that " some interest is attached to Mr. Morgan
from the fact that he was not only one of the
members of the first class in Yale College, but
also the only one of the class who did not also
take his degree at Harvard, that is, the only one
veritably educated at Yale alone." He came into
New- Jersey from Greenwich, Connecticut, in 1 YlO,
and was pastor at Freehold from that time until
called to the united congregations of Hopewell
and Maidenhead.
In the " Presbyterian Magazine" of November,
185Y, is preserved a long letter from Morgan to
Dr. Cotton Mather, written at Freehold in Sep-
tember, 1721. It is wholly in Latin, and in such
Latin as might be expected from the circum-
stances it describes. " For," he says, " I spent
only three years in the study of languages and
the arts, and, for twenty-five years I have la-
bored almost constantly with my hands. A
Latin, Greek, or Hebrew book I have sometimes
not had in my hands for a whole year. I have
scarcely any books : possess no dictionary but an
imperfect Rider. I have no commentaries, nor
theological systems nor histories. I have no
Morgan. ^7
leisure for reading, nor for writing discourses for
the cliurcli, and often know not my text before
the Sabbath." The letter is chiefly in reference
to some physical and metaphysical arguments
against Deists, Socinians, and other heretics,
which Morgan had sent to Mather some months
before, but which had not ]:)een acknowledged.
He incidentally mentions that " in Hopewell and
Maidenhead, thirty miles distant, where the Rev.
Moses Dickinson preaches, there is a great in-
crease of the church."
Whether there were any unfavorable rumors
in regard to Mr. Morgan when he came from
New-England, is not certain ; but he seems to
have been received by the Presbytery with some
caution. On the 21st September, 1710, a com-
mittee was appointed '' to inquire into Mr. Mor-
gan's and [Paulus] Van Yleck's affair, and pre-
pare it for the Presbytery." In the afternoon
the committee reported on " Mr. Morgan's case,"
and " after debating thereon" he was admitted to
the Presbytery. There was " serious debating"
upon Van VLeck's case before he was received.
Within two years Van Vleck, (who was settled
with the Dutch Presbyterian congregation at Ne-
shaminy,) was found guilty of bigamy and other
(
48 Morgan.
offenses. Mr. Morgan's irregularities begin to be
noticed in 1716, when his "absence this and se-
veral years by-past being inquired into, it was
resolved that a letter should be writ, informing
Mm that if he comes not, nor sends sufficient rea-
sons against next year, we shall take it for
granted that he has altogether deserted us." It
was at this session that the Presbytery of Phila-
delphia di\T.ded itself into three, (Philadelphia,
Newcastle, and Long Island,) and formed the
Synod of Philadelphia, and there being no mi-
nutes of the Presbytery extant after 1716 until
1733, the furtber history of this part of Morgan's
delinquency is not traceable. He a23peared at
Synod in 1717, and was a punctual and active
attendant for several years. In 1728 "divers
papers of complaint" against bim were presented
to the Synod by some members of his church.
Of the seven charges one related to astrological
experiments, another to dancing, and a third to
intemperance. The Synod judged that, though
Mr. Morgan may have been imprudent in some
particulars, the accusations proceeded from a
" captious and querulous spirit ;" and as to th e
charge of intemperance, " it appears to the Synced
to be a groundless prosecution Against one wh^o
Morgan. 49
has ever been esteemed a temperate man." But
on tills liead tlie Synod were probably too chari-
table, as in 1736, when Morgan had been settled
in Hopewell for some seven years, he was tried by
the Presbytery and found guilty of intemperance,
and suspended. A reference from the Pres-
bytery to the Synod in May, 1737, led to the di-
recting of the Presbyteries of Philadelphia and
East-Jersey* to meet as a committee at Maiden-
head in August, and review the case. After this
resolution was adopted, a paper was presented
by Enoch Armitage, the preacher of the " Medi-
tations," " signed by many hands of the congre-
gations of Hopewell and Maidenhead, requesting
that, since Mr. Morgan is not likely to be useful
any more as a minister among them, from his re-
peated miscarriages, if the Synod should see cause
to restore him to his ministry, he might not be
* The Presbytery of East-Jersey was formed by the Synod in 1733,
by dividiag the Presbytery of Philadelphia. In 1*738 the Presbyteries of
East- Jersey and Long Island were united as the Presbytery of ISTew-Tork.
On a subsequent day of the same sessions, (May 25, 1*738,) the Presby-
tery of New-Brunswick was formed out of the Presbytery of New- York.
Its bounds were "all to the northward and eastward of Maidenhead and
Hopewell unto Raritan river, including also Staten-Island, Piscatua,
Amboy, Boundbrook, Baskingridge, Turkey, Eocksiticus, Minisink, Pe-
qually, and Crosswicks." (Printed "Records," pp. 104, 134, 136.) This
left our churches in the Presbytery of Philadelphia.
n 3
50 ' Morgan.
reinstated as tlieir minister." Upon this tlie
Synod came to the decision : " That the people of
Hopewell and Maidenhead be left at their liberty
to entertain Mr. Morgan as their pastor or not,
even supposing the committee appointed to meet
on his affair in August, should see cause to re-
store him to the ministry ; only the Synod en-
joins the people to pay to Mr. Morgan what ar-
rears are due to him for time past."^ The com-
mittee left him under suspension, which con-
tinued until 1738, when the Presbytery restored
him, but his name is not found again on the re-
cords as present after 1739.
During Mr. Morgan's pastorate — 1729-1736 —
his residence was near Maidenhead church. In the
course of that time the people of Hopewell oj)ened
a subscription for the purchase of a j)arsonage,
or as they expressed it, " a plantation to be a
dwelling-place at all times " for the minister of
" the Presbyterian society in that town," [town-
ship.] If the subscription should admit of it, a
Latin school was to be founded on the plantation.
Mr. Hale, from whose collections I obtain these
facts, thinks it " probable that this resulted in
* Eecords of the Presb. Church. The minutes of the committe*.
are inserted under the date of the Synod's session of May 24, 1738.
Paribnage.
51
the purchase of the jDarsonage-farm on the west
side of the Scotch road, where for so many years
resided the Rev. John Guild and the Rev. Joseph
Rue, successively pastors of the First Presbyterian
Church of Hopewell and Pennington."
As names help to identify localities, and pre-
serve other historical traces, I subjoin a list of
the subscribers to the parsonage :
Timothy Titus,
William Lawrence,
Thomas Burrowes, Jr.,
John Branes,
Cornelius Anderson,
Benjamm Severance,
Francis Yanuoy,
Jonathan Moore,
Edmund Palmer,
Alexander Scott,
Edward Hunt,
Thomas Hendrick,
Robert Akers,
Peter La Rue,
John Fidler,
Andrew Miibourn,
Roger Woolverton,
Benjamin Wilcocks,
Johannes Hendrickson,
Henry Oxley,
Roger Parke,
John Parke,
Ralph Hunt,
Joseph Hart,
Abraham Anderson,
Bartholomew Anderson,
Joseph Price,
Ephraini Titus,
Robert Blackwell,
Ralph Hunt, Jr.,
Richard Bryant,
Jonathan Stout,
Jonas Wood,
Thomas Read,
John Hunt,
Jonathan Furman,
Samuel Furman,
John Carpenter,
Samuel Hunt,
]Sratha.niel Moore,
George Woolsey,
Jonathan Wright,
Caleb Carman,
Elnathan Baldwin.
The TrentojS" Chuech: The Rev. David
COWELL.
1 Y 1 4 —1 7 3 8 .
EQeeetofore tlie principal settlements of Hope-
well were at some distance from the " Falls of
tlie Delaware." But now the enterj)rise of Wil-
liam Trent opened tlie way for the secular and
ecclesiastical progress of the township in another
direction. Mr. Trent had come to Pennsylvania
from Inverness, in Scotland, but belonged to the
Church of England. He was a merchant in
Philadelphia, and notwithstanding his unprofes-
sional occupation, was for many years a Judge
of the Supreme Court of the State, and Speaker
of the House of Assembly, and withal is called
" Colonel."" Mr. Trent, in 1714, bought Mahlon
* In that iaexhaustible entertainment for the local antiquary,
" Watson's Annals of Philadelphia," is a history and engraving of the
house occupied by Col. Trent in Philadelphia from 1*703 to iTog. It is
the house still standing (1858) at the corner of Second street and Norris'
alley, and was first inhabited by William Penn ; {Annals, Edition of 185 0.
William Trent. 53
Stacy's tract of eiglit liundred acres, on botli
sides of the Assaupink creek, and some time
afterwards removed his residence thither. He
soon fell into the same lines of public life which
he had left in the sister province, for he repre-
sented Burlington county in the Legislature of
1721; was Speaker in 1723; and in the same
year was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court. He died, however, in the first year of
his ofiice, December 25, 1724.
That " Trent's-town," or " Trent-town," was
growing to a respectable condition, is indicated
by the direction of the Governor in 1719, that
the county courts should be held here, and it
became the seat of the Supreme Court in 1724.
As the population thickened, the convenience of
the people would call for a church within reach
of a walk ; and it is reasonable to suppose that
before the time had come for building a new
church, the Presbyterians in and near the town
would hold religious meetings there, and might
even erect some temporary structure which
Vol. i. 164.) In a Trenton newspaper of 1840 I have marked this
announcement : " Died at her residence near this city, December 20,
1840, Mary, widow of Nathan Beakes, in her 79th year — the last person
that had borne the name of Trent."
; O*
54 Church-lot.
would afterwards be properly regarded as the
foundation of the new church. In tracing the
deeds of the lot now occupied by the State-street
church, there is an appearance of its ha\dng been
long designed, if not partially used, for church
purposes. In May, 1684, Mahlon Stacy convey-
ed to Hugh Standeland sixty acres on the north
side of the Assanjiink. His heir-at4aw, in 1707,
conveyed to Joshua Anderson one fiftla of the
same. This fifth, or twelve acres, Anderson in
November, 1722, conveyed to Enoch Andrus.
In April 10, 1727, Andrus conveyed a portion
of his lot^ — one hundred and fifty feet square —
for the nominal sum of five shillings, to
John Porterfield, William Yard,
Daniel Howell, William Hoff,
Richard Scudder, John Severns,
Alexander Lockart, Joseph Yard.*
The witnesses to the conveyance are John
Anderson, Francis Giffing, and Daniel Howell,
junior.
Now Enoch Andrus was one of the trustees in
* The deed is in the possession of our trustees. It is recorded in
hook AT., p. 108. The grant is described as " a certain piece or lot of
land lying on the north side of Second street, that goes to the iron-works
in Trenton, containing in length 150 feet, and in breadth 150 feet; with
all the mines, minerals, woods, fishings, hawkings, huntings, waters, and
v>-ater-courses." The iron-works were about a mile eastward of the
church.
Anderfon's Grant. 55
the deed of Basse and Revell of 1698-9 for tlie
Maidenhead church ; five of his eight grantees
were signers of the call of the first pastor of the
town church in 1736, which they subscribe as
" inhabitants of Trenton belonging to the Pres-
byterian congregation ;" Joshua Anderson was
an active Presbyterian, living near the town ;
Lockart was the grantor, Scudder and Howell
were among the grantees of the country church.
All this looks as if a church-plot in town may have
been long in view, although no specific object is
mentioned in the conveyances. This, indeed, does
not appear in the deeds until August 24, 1763,
when Josej^h Yard, sole survivor of the joint
tenants, conveys the same lot to " the Trustees
of the Presbyterian Church of Trenton, for the
special uses and trust following, that is to say, to
be and remain forever for the use of public wor-
ship and as a burial-place for the Presbyterian
congregation of Trenton forever."* The joint
tenancy was undoubtedly for the purpose of hold-
ing the lot for the congregation, which was not
incorporated until 1756.
* The original is with the trustees ; it is recorded in book AT., p. 114.
The church first went by the name of " Anderson's Meeting-house." The
fourth and fifth generations in descent from Enoch Andrus, (Anderson,)
aii3 now members of the city church.
56 Church-lot.
Another portion of the lot was purchased in
1759. A deed of July 23, of that year, from
Moore Furman, Sheriff of Hunterdon, conveyed
to the Trustees a lot described as follows :
" Being lot No. 3, beginning at the corner of the
Presbyterian Meeting-house lot of land on the north
side of the street or road that leads towards the old iron-
works, and from thence runs along the line of the said
meeting-house lot north three degrees west, 2 chains and
14 links to the land of WilUam Morris, Esq., and from
thence runs along his line N. 81^ E. one chain, 23 links
to a j)Ost, being a corner of lot No. 4 ; and from thence
runs along the line of the same S. 3<^ E., two chains and
14 links to the aforesaid street or road, and from along the
same one chain and 23 links to the first mentioned corner
or j)lace of beginning."
This part of the present grounds was bought
for ten pounds proclamation money, being sold
under execution, at the suit of James Hazard
and Richard Alsop, Executors of Nathaniel
Hazard, against Benjamin Stevenson, Executor
of Enoch Anderson.^ The trustees took it " for
the use and benefit of the said Presbyterian
Church of Trenton, to bury theii^ dead in, and
for other public uses of the said Church." I
* In the present church-porch is a grave-stone, "In memory of Enoch
Anderson, who departed this hfe April 15th, 1756. Aged 59 years."
In the church-yard hedge is the grave of " Margaret Anderson; 173 3."
Date of Church. 57
From this it appears that the purchase of 1759
was of a lot about eighty feet front; making
with the lot of 1727, a front of two hundred and
thirty-one feet.
The present dimensions of the lot, as surveyed
in 1840, are :
South line, (the front,) 247 feet 9 in.
Korth " 241 "
East " 142 "
West " 126 "
Over one of the doors of the Church is a
ma]*ble tablet thus inscribed :
"PRESBYTERIAI^
CHURCH.
FOEMED 1712,
Built 1726,
Result 1805."
This memorial was transferred to its present
place, from the brick church taken down in
1805 ; and the first two dates were copied from
a similar inscription found in the stone building
which preceded the brick. The date of 1712 is
presumed to apply to the organization of the
country church. There is more difference of
opinion about the second line — some supposing
'p to be the date of the frame church on Lock-
58 Church of 1726.
art's ground, which superseded the log building
first erected. But while the matter is not cer-
tain, the weight of probability appears to be in
favor of the supposition that some kind of build-
ing was erected on the Andrus ground a year
before he made the formal conveyance of 1727,
and that this is the explanation of " Built 1726."
I am strengthened in this conclusion by find-
ing that sixty-six years ago the tradition of t^ae
day was to the same eftect. In a note prepared
April 25, 1792, by the Kev. James F. Armstrong,
in compliance with the call of the General
Assembly for historical documents, and in which
he refers to " Mr. Chambers and Mr. Benjamin
Yard," as his authorities, is this statement:
" The first Presbyterian congregation in the county o:f
Hunterdon was formed in the township of Trenton ; and
the church called the Old House was built about the yej\r
1712, where the Rev. Robert Orr, a Scotsman, preach^id
part of his time during three or four years ; the remaindc er
of his time he preached at Maidenhead, where a church
was built about the year 1716. . . . The congregati -on
of Trenton, in or about the year 1726, built a church in
the village of Trenton, not as a different congregatio>a,
but for the convenience of that part of congregation I in
and near the town."
u
In this place may be approjDriately inserted &t
Stone Church.
j9
^e^c)Y'^p^ion of the original town^Qrch, furnish-
Q^ .for this volume by myjfented friend and
felL^^^ elder, Franci^^i>^strong Ewing, M.D.,
whc^^^^^parture from this life before the publi-
catii, will call upon me to introduce his name
anciharacter more fully in a later chapter. The
enjaving is taken from a drawing made by Dr.
Eamp from the descriptions of those who remem-
b' the first church.
hi
^Ije Olb ^ioite Cljurtlj.
The old stone church, built in 1^26 — the
fi;t of the series — stood on the south-west corner
ot'^he church lot, on the same site as its succes-
p Stone Church.
ircjre-
ar
.1 T -'-Tone, but not coverinsr so lardiiT
sor, the brick^ ' ^ / cl :;e a
Tx J? X ii^outh on Second street, (n^t.-
space. It ironted > ^ i r ^ .xow
State,) standing a little Ijc^it^^ - . ^ n . /the
street, and having a large flat stone^ oex. ^te
door. Its front presented in the centre a la' ^|^ie
door-way, closed by two half-doors, on each shr de
of which was a pretty large window, squa
headed, as was the door ; and probably over ij
door another window, though on this point th ^""i^e
is a difference of recollection. The stones „i[d
the building, free of wash or plaster, sho^ Sic^ri
only their native hue, or that acquired by Y, ^i^^^^
exposure to the weather. The roof, with ga .'^-^as
to the street, was of the curb or double pitj '■'^d
kind, and was covered with shingles, each ni { ly
rounded or scalloped. Entering the front /ity oj^r,
a middle aisle, floored with wood, led tof5 ^^t.s
the pulpit, which was at the opposite or ^® ^^^ th
, *6acli<. I'
end. The first object reached was a setth . ^^hu-
pied during service by the sexton. Rai^ «>,,^^;rne
step from the floor, was an inclosed sj)ace wi ith
desk in front, where stood the minister wl^^'iile
administering the sacraments or hearing i^hhe
catechism. Behind and above was the pulpliilt,
of wood, unpainted, as was all the wood-work -\ a
the building, except the ceiling, having a soun f|Wl-
f
Stone Church. 61
board over it, fastened against the rear wall. In
this wall, on each side of the pulpit, was a win-
dow corresponding to those in front. The pulpit-
stairs rose from the pastor's pew, which was
against the rear wall on the east side of the
pulpit. A gallery ran round the front and two
sides, the stairs to which rose in the front cor-
ners. Between the front door and these corner
stairs were two square pews on each side, of
unequal size, over the one of which, nearest the
stairs, was one of the front windows. Before
these pews was a cross-aisle, leading to the stairs
and to the side-aisles. These were narrower than
the middle one, and led to the north wall. All
the pews against the walls were square, and, like
all the others, had the usual high, straight backs
of the time. Sitting in church was not then
the easy^ cushioned affair of modern days. Two
square pews against the rear wall ; four on each
side, the foi'irth from the front being in the
corner, ahd the four on the front comjDleted the
number of fourteen. The rest of the floor was
occupied by narrow pews or slips, opening into
the side and middle aisles. The ceiling was
wooden, curved in four ways, (the lines of junc
tion rising from the corners,) and painted in ;
1 4
62 Stone Church.
sort of clouded style, blue and white, intended
to represent the sky and clouds, if the childish
impressions of one of my informants have not
thus mistaken the mottled results of time and
dampness.
'' "While the old church was standing, there
was a tradition that there was a vault under the
building, but it was not known where. When
the house was taken down the vault was discov-
ered, containing two coffins with plates, and
other evidences that the bodies were those of
persons of standing and importance. In the
brick church, in the floor within the railing
before the pulpit, was a trap-door, which was
said to lead to this vault. The vault was covered
over when the present church was built, and is
embraced in one of the burial lots in the space
where the old house stood.*
'' The old church was rich enougli to own a
bier, which, except during service ajid when not
in use, was kept in the middle aisle. Tliere was
no pulpit Bible ; the pastor's family Bible sup-
plied its place, being taken to church in the
morning and carried back after the afternoon
service. This return being once neglected, and
* The mysten^ of the vault will be explained in a later chapter.
Stone Church. 63
the book being needed in the evening, ' Black
George,' the minister's boy, was sent to bring
it. After a long absence he came running back,
alarmed and agitated, saying he had stumbled
over the ' pall-bearers,' meaning the bier. There
was seldom service in the evening, and no provi-
sion for it ; when needed, two large brass candle-
sticks, belonging to the pastor's wife, were put
in requisition to enlighten and decorate the
pulpit.
" In the yard behind the church stood a fine
apple-tree, much resorted to for its shade, its
blossoms, and its fruit, by the children from the
school-house, which was on the eastern part of
the same lot. This school was taught by Mr.
Nicholas Dubois, who united in himself the
offices of elder, teacher, and chorister ; in which
last capacity he had a place with his choir in the
gallery.
" In the pews of the old church I have describ-
ed, were gathered every Sabbath, to listen to
the preachers of the olden time, the princijDal
families of that day. Of these a few relics still
linger among us, treasuring u]) the memory of
others ; while even the names of most of them are
almost unknown to our present people. There
64 Stone Church.
were Hunt and Milnor, the leading merchants of
their time, whose names were for many years at-
tached to the corners they respectively occupied,
(now Norcross' and Britton's.) There was Leake,
learned in the law, but of extreme simplicity and
guilelessness ; Smith, eminent as a physician and
judge ; Belleville, from France, at the head of
the medical profession, and esteemed by the
highest authorities in the neighboring cities ; the
elder Judge Ewing ; and besides these, the Gor-
dons, Ryalls, Haydens, Calhouns, Yards, Moores,
Collins, Chambers, Woolseys, and others whose
names and memories have nearly passed away.
In another place will be found the names of
eminent preachers, whose voice at times filled
the old house.
" But all things come to an end, and so did the
old stone church. Ha\dng stood for nearly
eighty years witnessing the growth of the town
almost from its beginning, and the stirring events
of the Revolution, it was at length taken down
in the year 1804, to make room for its successor.
On the last Sabbath before its destruction, be-
sides the installation of two new elders, the com-
munion was administered. The solemnities of
that occasion must have been deeply impressive,
Hubbard. 65
for tlie language and manner of tlie pastor, and,
indeed, the whole scene, are still spoken of, by
some who were present, with strong emotion."
The Kev. Mr. Armstrong's memorandum,
already quoted, proceeds to say : " After the
founding of the two places of worship in the
township of Trenton, Messrs. Hubbard, Wilson,
and Morgan, unsettled ministers, preached in suc-
cession at Trenton and the old house ; but their
first settled pastor was the Rev. David Cowell."
Morgan has already been mentioned in connec-
tion with the other Hopewell churches and with
Maidenhead. Of Hubbard and Wilson, the
date and duration of theii* ministries, nothing is
known beyond Mr. Armstrong's record. It has
been suggested to me that the first-named person
may have been the Rev. Jonathan Hubbard,
(the family name is sometimes spelled Hobart,)
of Connecticut, who graduated at Yale in 1Y24,
and died in 1765. He was a fellow collegian
and townsman of the Rev. Dr. Richard Treat,
of Abington, Pennsylvania. Dr. Treat was at
the Synod of 1783, when the Trenton people
applied for supplies, and the conjecture is that
he may have obtained the services of Mr. Hub-
4*
66 Wilfon.
bard, wlio about tliat time discontinued his con-
nection witli the cliurcli of Eastbury, Connecticut.
There was a Eev. John Wilson, who, on Sep-
tember 19, 1729, according to the minutes of
the Synod of PhiLadelphia under that date,
" coming providentially into these parts, signify-
ing his desire of being admitted as a member of
the Synod, his credentials being read, and the
Synod satisfied therewith, was unanimously
received." He was afterwards employed at
Newcastle, where some misunderstanding arose
between his congregation and the Presbytery,
which was referred to the Synod, (September
18, 1730,) who "judged that, as far as things ap-
pear to us, they (the Presbytery) are not charge-
able with any severity to him, but the contrary."
There was another Rev. John Wilson, a Presby-
terian pastor in Chester, New-Hampshire, in
1734, who died there in 1779, aged seventy-six,
and is supposed to have been a son of the first
named.* One of these may have been the Tren-
ton supply.
The township of Trenton was set off from
Hopewell by the Hunterdon County Court of
Quarter Sessions in March, 1719-20. The new
* Webster, p. 405.
Cowell's Call. 67
township included the country (now Ewing)
and town churches, so that the name of Hope-
well did not properly aj^ply to either of the
parts of the joint congregation affeer that date,
although from habit the term may have contin-
ued to be used, especially of the country church.
The call of the Rev. David Cowell was made on
behalf of the united Trenton church. • The ori-
ginal document, in its ample sheet, and well en-
grossed by a clerkly hand, is before me, and runs
as follows :*
" Whereas we the subscribers, inhabitants of Trenton,
belonging to the Presbyterian congregation, being desir-
ous to settle a Gospel ministry amongst us, and having had
the experience of the ministerial abilities, and the blame-
less life and conversation of the Reverend Mr. David
Cowell, do hereby unanimously call and desire him to
settle amongst us, and to take the charge of this congre-
gation as their minister. And we, the said subscribers, do
herby promise and oblige ourselves to support the said
Mr. Cowell with a maintenance, and otherwise to assist
him as we may to discharge his ministerial function
amongst us ; as witness our hands the seventh day of
April, 1736.
Joseph Higbee, Clotworthy Reed,
William Hoff, Christopher J. Cowell,
* For this and other papers I am indebted to Mr, John V, Cowell,
elder of the Second Churchy Philadelphia, who is a great-nephew of our
pastor.
68
Cowell's Call.
William Worslee,
William Reed,
Joseph Jones,
Isaac Joeus,
David Howell,
Robert Lanning,
Jonathan Furman,
William Lartmoor,
Richard Furman,
Jacob Anderson,
Isaac Reeder,
John Porterfield,
William Yard,
Richard Scudder,
Ralph Hart,
Charles Clark,
Cornelius Ringo,
Samuel Johnson,
Joseph Yard,
Ebenezer Prout,
Richard Green,
Joseph Green,
Wilham Green,
Francis Giffing,
Samuel Hooker,
John Scudder,
Henry Bellergeau,
Andrew Reed,
Ralph Smith,
Arthur Howell,
Peter Lott,
James Bell, Jr.,
Eliakim Anderson,
William Yard, Jr.,
]^eal W. Leviston,
John Osburn,
Daniel Bellergeau,
William Peirson,
David Dunbar."
On tlie call is this indorsement :
" Trenton, April the Yth, 1736. The following persons,
viz., Richard Scudder, Ralph Hart, Charles Clark, Samuel
Johnson, Cornelius Ringo, and Joseph Yard, were np-
23ointed by the Presbyterian congregation present at
Trenton the day above, to be a committee to present the
withm-named call to Mr. Cowell, and to discourse with
him in behalf of the congregation, and his settling
among us.
Jos. Yard, Clerk, S."
Cowell. 69
There is also on tlie back of tlie call a memo-
randum by the hand of Mr. Cowell, " Recepi.
May 1, 1736," denoting the day on which he was
waited on by the committee.
Mr. Cowell, although then in the thirty-second
year of his age, was only four years from college,
and was still a licentiate. He was born in
Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1704, and was
graduated at Harvard in 1732, the seventh
year of the Presidency of the Rev. Benjamin
Wadsworth. Mr. Cowell was in college in dis-
orderly times. In the September of his last year
a committee of the corporation closed an eight
months' investigation of the causes of the low
condition of morals and study. The commence-
ment had become the occasion of so much dissi-
pation in the town and neighborhood, that for
some years about this time it was held on Fri-
day, and then with a very short public notice,
so as to allow but the end of the week for its
indulgence."^
I find no record of Mr. CowelPs reception to
the care of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, nor
of his licensure. They were probably in the lost
minutes of 1732-3. On the 20th July, 1736,
* Quincv's '• History of Harvard University." i. 388-H92.
yo Cowell.
the people of Trenton supplicated tlie Presby-
tery of P]iiladel23liia, to whicli tliey then be-
longed, for tlie ordination of Mr. Cowell. This
was granted, and according to appointment, a
committee of Presbytery met at Trenton on the
second of November of that year. The commit-
tee, as present, were the Rev. Messrs. Jedediah
Andrews, David Evans, Eleazer Wales, and Rich-
ard Treat. The Rev. William Tennent and Hugh
Carlile were absent. The Rev. Jonathan Dickin-
son and John Pierson sat as correspondents, having
been delegated on other business. In the forenoon
of the first day Mr. Cdwell was carried through
his examination in theology. In the afternoon
he preached his trial sermon from Romans 3 : 25,
read his exegesis, (" An lex naturse sit sufficiens
ad salutem,") and was conversed with on personal
religion and his motives for the ministry. The
next day was observed by the congregation, ac-
cording to the Directory, with fasting and
prayer. At two o'clock the services of ordina-
nation and installment took place " in the public
meeting-house at Trenton, in the presence of a
numerous assembly," Mr. Andrews, of Philadel-
phia, j)reaching from 2 Timothy 2:2.
At this Presbyterial meeting an inquiry being
Signers of Call. yi
instituted as to what pro^dsion could be made for
the vacant congregations of Hopewell and Maid-
enhead, (Pennington and Lawrenceville,) Mr.
Cowell was appointed to supply the former as
often as he could, and Mr. Wales the latter.
Mr. Cowell established his residence in the
town. He was then, and continued through life,
unmarried. In May, 1737, he was received in
Synod, and at that session a supplicatioix coming
in from Trenton for an appropriation from the
fund for the assistance of the feebler congrega-
tions, the sum of ^ve pounds was allowed for the
year.
I would be glad to give some notice of each
of the signers of Mr. Co well's call, but find it im-
possible to collect materials to any extent.
Cornelius Ringo was of the German family
which gave name to the village of Kingoes in
Amwell. Philip Ringo, of Amwell, in 1757 left
four sons, Albertus, Henry, John, and Cornelius.
Cornelius died at Maidenhead in 1768.
Peter Lott was a name of several generations.
In 1721 one of them died, leaving ^ve children,
to one of whom, Peter, he bequeathed '' six shil-
lings" more than to the rest, and made him exe-
cutor. He was of Hopewell. Peter Lott was a
72 Porterlield.
witness before Presbytery in Kev. Mr. Morgan's
case in 1737. In 1755, Peter Lott, of Trenton,
had (as appears by his will) a nephew Peter, son
of his brother Hendrick, and a nephew Peter
Kappleje, and a third nephew, Peter Schanck.
He had a brother Mewrice, or Manrice. He de-
sired " to be buried in Long Island, where my
father and mother were buried." In 1762 a Pe-
ter Lott, Jiinioi\ died at South- Amboy, leaving
sons Peter, Daniel, and Gershom, and a daughter,
Euth; and in 1764, the legatees of Peter Lott,
of Middlesex, were his grandson Gershom, and
his sons Henry, Abram, George, and Charles.
John PoRTEKFiELD died in 1738. His will,
dated three years before, describes him " of Tren-
ton, merchant," and devises a thousand acres on
the south branch of the Earitan, and other pro-
perty in East New- Jersey, " late recovered from
John, Earl of Melfort," one of the noble proprie-
taries. It mentions his brother, Alexander, of
Duchall, in Scotland, and a nephew, William
RoUston, of the shire of Air, and " Boyd Porter-
field, grandson to my brother." He bequeathed
to another nephew, William Farquhar, " chirur-
geon of Brunswick, all my interest in one third
part of the forge at Trenton." John Kinsey, of
Scudders. 73
Philadelphia, Joseph Peace of Trenton, and "Wil-
liam Farquhar were his executors.
Fra^^cib GiFFiTiG. A blacksmith of this name
died at Trenton in 1749. His children were
John, Martha, and Rebecca. His wife Margaret
and Joseph Yard were the executors.
The Bellerjeaus are of French descent, and
have their representatives still in Trenton. The
name of Samuel Bellerjeau occurs hereafter, in
1770. One of the family was a physician.
Richard Scudder came from Long Island in
1704, and established himself on a farm on the
Delaware, about five miles above Trenton, which
is still possessed by his lineal descendants. His
children were Hannah, Mary, Richard, John,
Abigail, Joseph, Samuel, Rebecca, and Joanna,
all of whom were baptized by the Rev. Jedediah
Andrews, eight of them, together with himself,
at one solemnity. He died March 14, 1754, at
the age of eighty-three.
His son John, who also signed the call, died
May 10, 1748, at the age of forty-seven. His
children were Daniel, Amos, Prudence, Jemima,
Jedediah, and Ephraim.
Daniel, the eldest son of John, died June 5,
1811, aged seventy-five. He was a trustee in
5
J4 Andrew Reed.
IY86 and subsequently. His children were
Kachel, Keziali, Abner, and Elias.
Elias, the youngest child, died February 20,
1811, at the age of forty-four. His children
were Daniel, John, Jasper Smith, and Abner.
The third of these is the present Treasurer of
the city congregation, being of the fifth generation
of the family.
Andeew Reed was a merchant in Trenton,
and is probably the person mentioned in Gover-
nor Morris's Papers, as having caused an excite-
ment in 1744, in consequence of his having been
elected Loan Officer with some informality by
the Justices of Hunterdon.*'^ He w^as the first
treasurer of the borough of Trenton upon its in-
corporation in 1746. He was made a trustee of
the church by the charter of 1756, and served
until 1759, when he removed to Am well,
where he died December 16, 1769. He was the
father of General Joseph Reed of the Revolution,
wdio followed him in the trusteeship in 1766.
Mr. Andrew Reed residedt for some time also in
Philadelphia, and was a trustee of the Second
Presbyterian Church in that city. He had a
* Papers of Lewis Morris, pp. 275, 303, 317.
Baptisms. y5
brother Josepli, who died at Am well in 1774,
wliose will mentions tlie cliildren of liis late ])ro-
tlier Andrew, namely, Joseph, Boaz, John, Sarah,
(wife of Charles Pettit,) and Mary. He (Jo-
seph) left a legacy to Margaret, " the wife of
Clotworthy Reed, of Trenton," a name which is
fonnd anion Of the sis^ners of the call. He also
left thirty pounds to Princeton College, in addi-
tion to twenty already subscribed, and fifty to
the united Presbyterian congregations of Amwell,
directing that his body should be interred in
"the old English Presbyterian meeting-house
grave-yard in Amwell," or in any other Presby-
terian grave-yard nearer which he might be at
the time of his death.
In the Register of Baptisms by the Rev. Jede-
diah Andrews, pastor of the First Church of Phi-
ladelphia, some of the names of the signers are
found. August 2, 1711, Mr. Andrews baptized
in Hopewell, Richard Scudder, and his eight
children Hannah, Mary, Richard, John, Abigail,
Joseph, Samuel, and Rebekah. At Maidenhead,
March 6, 1713, Rebekah, daughter of Ebeistezer
Prout, and Daniel, son of Robert Lanxh^o. At
Hopewell, April 21, 1713, Susanna, daughter of
Richard Scudder, and Alexander, son ot
76 Governor Morris.
Charles Claek. At Maidenliead, December
21, 1713, Abigail, claiigbter of Ralph Hart. At
Hopewell, July 28, 1714, Eunice, claugliter of
Ebe^ezer Prout. At Maidenbead, April 17,
1715, Edward, son of Ralph Hunt. July 13,
1715, Josepb and Anna, cbildren of Eliakim An-
derson"; Frances, daughter of Robert Lanning.
The year 1738 is notable in tbe history of
New-Jersey, as tbe first in wbicb tbe Province
bad a Governor exclusively its own. Heretofore
tbe crown bad united it witb New- York in tbe
commissions of tbe successive governors ; but
now Colonel Lewis Morris, a native of Morri-
sania, in New- York, was appointed for New-
Jersey alone. Tbe Legislative Assembly of tbe
Province was accustomed to meet alternately at
Pertb Amboy and Burlington. Gov. Morris was
anxious to ^x upon a permanent and more cen-
tral place for tbe seat of government. In 1740
be writes : " 1 bave bired Dagwortby's bouse at
Trenton." In 1742 be negotiates witb Gov.
Tbomas, of Pennsylvania, for a lease of bis estate
called Kingsbury — tbe property in tbe lower part
of Warren (tben King) street, subsequently occu-
pied by otber provincial governors — and wbicb,
after a long interval, became tbe executive man-
Morris.
77
sion during tlie incumhency of Governor Price.
Lewis describes it in 1744, as "about half a
mile from Trenton ; a very liealtliy and pleasant
place, parted by a small brook (Assanpink)
from Trentown, tlie great tliorouglifare between
York and Pliiladelpliia." He was not able
to obtain a cliano-e in the seat of o^overnment ;
but in accommodation to liis bad liealtli tlie
Legislature was summoned to meet at Trenton,
and once at least at Kingsbury, in order to be
dissolved in person by tlie Governor. He died
there. May 21, 1746.
Governor Morris belonged to the English
Church, and while a resident at his estate of
Tintern, or Tinton, in Monmouth county, w^hen
President (1700) of Council had recommended
to the Bishop of London, as necessary " to the
bringing over to the Church the people in these
countries," that none but " churchmen" should
be placed in the high offices — ^that members of
that Church should have " some peculiar privile-
ges above others," and that no man should be
admitted to a great benefice in England who had
not preached " three years gratis in America."
But his sectarian zeal had disappeared when he
made his will : "I forbid any man to be paid for
5"
78
Morris.
preacliing a funeral sermon over me ; those wlio
survive me will commend or blame mj life as
tliey think fit, and I am not for paying of any
man for doing of either ; but if r.ny man, whether
Churchman or Dissenter, in or not in priest's
orders, is inclined to say any thing on that occa-
sion, he may, if my executors think fit to admit
him to do it.""^^
* " The papers of Lewis Morris," vol. iv, of Collections of the Xew-
Jersey Historical Society, pp. 9, 325, etc. Morris's rent in Trenton was
sixty pounds, ($160,) the landlord expending £200 "in putting of it
into repair and building a wing for a kitchen to lodge servants." " The
lessee might cut his fire-wood, but not of timber-trees." " Our house is
good," writes the Governor in 1?44, "and not one chimney in it smokes.
I have not yet got into ploughing and sowing, having but little ground,
and that but ordinary, and much out of order, but shall try a little at
it, when I get it into something better fence, which I am doing."
(!llui})tci| (^fl.urllj.
Rev. Mk. Co well and Eey. Mr. Te]!^nent.
Schism of Synod.
1736—1760.
Mr. Cowell's name appears in the minutes of
Presbytery, first of Philadelphia, afterwards of
IN^ew-Brunswick, as a punctual attendant down
to 1746. From that year to 1762 there is a
hiatus in the records, and there is no means of
ascertaining what part he took in that judicature
during the remainder of his life, beyond what
transpires through the minutes of the Synod.
It is only from the proceedings of this court
that we obtain information of a theolos^ical contro-
versy between Mr. Cowell and the Rev. Gilbert
Tennent, of the Presbytery of New-Brunswick,
that is first mentioned in May 1738, at which time
a large correspondence had already passed be-
tween them. From the tenor of the proceedings
in three successive sessions of the Synod, it
appears that Mr. Tennent suspected Mr, Cowell
8o Cowell and
of holding tliat doctrine, or some form of it,
Tvliicli makes tlie happiness of the individual the
chief motive of religion. ISTot satisfied with the
result of the correspondence, Mr. Tennent brought
the subject to the notice of Synod, May 27,
1738, with a request for an expression of their
opinion. The Synod appointed a committee, com-
posed of Rev. Messrs. J. Dickinson, Pierson, Pem-
berton, Thomson, Anderson, Boyd, and Treat,
to converse with the two controvertists together,
" that they may see whether they so widely dif-
fer in their sentiments as is supposed ; and if
they find there be necessity, distinctly to con-
sider the papers ; that Mr. Tennent and JMr.
Cowell be both directed to refrain all public dis-
courses upon this controversy, and all methods
of spreading it among the populace, until the
committee have made their report to the Synod;
and that no other member take notice of and
divulo:e the affair." The committee findins: that
the debate was not to be settled by conversa-
tion, obtained leave to defer their rejDort until
the next Synod, and the Kev. Mr. Cross was
added to their number.
On the second day of the next year s session,
(May 24, 1739,) the committee were not pre-
G. Tennent. 8l
pared to report. Ou the 25t]i the subject was
again deferred — the Committee being probably
engaged in private conference with the parties.
On the 29th the report was presented ; npon
hearing which the Synod expressed their great
satisfaction in finding the contending parties fully
agreed in their sentiments upon the point in con-
troversy, according to the terms in which the
overture of the committee had embodied the
doctrine. The committee preface the theologi-
cal statement to which they had secured the
assent of the disjijutants, with this somewhat
caustic intimation :
" Though they apprehend that there were some incau-
tious and unguarded expressions used by both the contend-
ing parties, yet they have ground to hoi^e that the princi-
pal controversy betvreen them flows from their not having
clear ideas of the subject they so earnestly debate about,
and not from any dangerous errors they entertain."
The committee then proceeded to harmonize
the views which each of the polemics took
of his favorite side of the problem. The sub-
stance of their statement is, that God has been
pleased to connect the highest happiness of man
with the promotion of the divine glory, and
82 G. Tennent.
therefore the two designs must never be placed
in opposition.
The decision was made at the last sederunt of
the meetino\ when Mr. Tennent had not much
time to weigh the terms of the report ; but upon
the reading of the minutes at the opening of the
session of 17-iO, he expressed his dissatisfaction
and asked for a reconsideration of the subject.
After much debate upon this request, it was
refused by a great majority. ■^'"' Mr. Tennent's dis-
position was not towards concession. Neither
his pen nor voice as yet gave promise of the
future " Irenicum." x\s Dr. Finley said at his
fr'^eral, if an end seemed to be attainable, "he
would not give up the point while one glimpse
of hope remained." He subsequently alluded
in the harshest terms to what he conceived to be
the heretical standing of many of the Synod on
the point of his controversy with Mr. Cowell.
" His natural disposition," says Dr. Alexander,
" appears to have been severe and uncomprom-
ising ; and he gave strong evidence of being very
tenacious of all his opinions, and not very toler-
* Eecords, pp. 138, 142, 143, 146, 149, 150. The proceedings are
given in Dr. Hodge's Constitutional History. Part L, pp. 235-239,
The Revival. 83
ant of those who dissented from his views, as
appeared by the controversy which he had with
the Rev. Mr. Co well, of Trenton, and which he
brought before Synod."*
Our whole Church was now approaching one
of the most exciting and tumultuous epochs in
its history — an epoch signalized by the discord-
ant epithets of " The Great Revival," and " The
Great Schism," to which mio^ht be added, as
their sequel, "The Great Relapse" — the times
of Edwards, Whitefield, Wesley, Tennents, Dick-
inson, Blair, Davenport, and the parties, sects,
and controversies w^ith wdiich their names are
associated ; times of f^maticism and censoiious-
ness, yet also of awakening and reformation ; the
good of which has overbalanced the mischief —
the Divine wisdom neutralizinsr the foolishness
of men. A full and candid survey of the period
from 1740 to 1758, and a discriminatino: view^ of
what is pure and what spurious in the character
of a " Revival," may be found in Dr. Hodge's
volumes on the " Constitutional History of the
Presbyterian Church." All that pertains to my
limited purpose may be compressed in a few
paragraphs.
* "Log College," chap. iv.
84 Whltefield.
Both in this country and Great Britain, the
p^ety of the Church, its ministry and haity, was
in a languid condition. In some parts this was
accompanied with, or caused by, a looseness in
doctrinal ojDinion. The first marked symjDtoms
of improvement appeared at Freehold, New-
Jersey, in the congregation under the care of the
Bev. John Tennent, and throughout his brief min-
istry from 1730 to his death in IT 32. Under the
itinerating ministry of the Bev. John Bowland,
in Maidenhead, Hopewell, and Amwell, similar
effects appeared a few years later, and most con-
spicuously in 1T40. In Elizabethtown, Newark,
New-Brunswick, and other parts of New- Jersey,
as well as in the neighboring Provinces, and in
Virginia and New-England, the " awakening"
was remarkably extended and decided. In the
year 1738, Whitefield first appeared in America,
and repeated his visits at intervals until his death
at Newbury j)ort in 1770. His extraordinary
preaching and inexhaustible enthusiasm served
to increase and diffuse the relio^ious fervor that
had already made its appearance, while the
irrerrularities of his measures, and the marks of
fanaticism that characterized his lanc:uao:e and
conduct, excited the mistrust of some of the most
Synods of 1737-8. 85
pious and judicious, as to the ultimate effect of
Lis course.
It was tlie excitement, botli good and bad,
attending the movements just referred to, that
led some of the most zealous ministers to disre-
gard formalities and regulations which they sup-
posed were impediments in the way of attempt-
ing what the times required. In 1737, the
Synod of Philadelphia, the only Synod and the
highest court of the Church, prohibited the
intrusion of the ministers of one presbytery
within the bounds of another. The main ob-
ject of this law was to prevent itinerant ministers
from producing confusion by preaching in par-
ishes uninvited by the proper minister. Again,
in 1738, the Synod directed that every candi-
date for the ministry should present to the Pres-
bytery to which he applied, a diploma of grad-
uation, or an equivalent certificate of scholarship
from a committee of the Synod. In that year
the Synod had formed out of the Presbyteries
of New- York and Philadelphia, the Presbytery
of New-Brunswick. All the churches and minis-
ters to the north and east of Maidenhead and
Hopewell, with some others, were united in the
new Presbytery. On the first day of its consti-
6
86 Rowland.
tutioD, it deliberately disregarded tlie latter rule,
and licensed a candidate without diploma or cer-
tificate. The Synod pronounced this act disor-
derly, and refused to recognize the licentiate.
In reply, the Presbytery, led by the Eev. Gilbert
Tenuent, stated their objections to both of the
above-named rules, as infringing on Presbyterial
rights and transgressing Synodal authority."^ The
Synod slightly modified the rule of examination,
but adhered to its principles. The Presbytery
persisted in their contumacy, ordained the very
probationer (Rowland) that they had irregularly
licensed, and continued to license in the old way.
The Hopewell family of churches became in-
volved in the schismatic proceedings. Hopewell
and Maidenhead, still in the Presbytery of Phi-
ladelphia, supplicated the new Presbytery for
Mr. Rowland as their sujDply, which was granted.
The Presbytery of Philadelphia, which had.
* Mr. Tennent's warmth was undoubtedly increased by his behef that
the cautiousness of the Synod in regard to the scholarship of candidates,
arose from a want of confidence in the accomplishments of the pupils of
the Neshaminy Academy, established by his father. The arts and
sciences were not thought to bo as well taught there as the classics.
Thus, Dr. Alexander remarks that the schism " was actually produced
by the Log College." (Log College, p. 57.) Rowland was educated
there, and of course, by the Synod's rule, was subject to examination.
Hopewell. 87
tlLrough Mr. Co well, informed Rowland tliat tliey
adhered to tlie Synod's view of his defective
standing, and advised liim not to preach at Hope-
well, now refused to allow him to minister in
their jurisdiction. Thereupon the people who
favored Rowland, asked the Philadelphia Pres-
hjterj to form them into a separate congregation.
This w^as consented to, provided they would not
erect a new church without the consent of the other
part of the congregation to its location.* Upon
this agreement they were set off. The new con-
gregation at once asked to be dismissed to the
more congenial Presbytery of New^-Brunswick.
The Presbytery insisted upon their first complying
with the condition on which thev were set off.
The people complained of this decision to Synod,
* The old congregation were represented by Enoch Armitage, Thomas
Eurrowes, Edward Hart, and Timothy Baker ; the "new erection" by-
Benjamin Stevens, John Anderson, Samuel Hunt, and Joseph Birt.
"We had the privilege," wrote Rowland, "minister at Hopewell," "of
Maidenhead meeting-house, [1788.] and my people built a meeting-house
in Hopewell. There is another town [township] lying contiguous to
Hopewell, which is called Am well. They petitioned for a part of my time,
viz., one Sabbath in three." William Tennent writes in October, 1 744 :
" About four weeks since I gathered a church, and celebrated the Lord's
Supper at a new erected congregation in the towns of Maidenhead and
Hopewell." ("Ginies' Collections," ii. 137, 323.) This was a mile west
of Pennington, and was but a temporary secession, both parties reiiniting
afterwards in the old church, probably in 1766.
88 Synods of 1739-41.
wliicli (1739,) wholly sustained tlie Presbytery,
and provided for their (the Presbytery's) fixing
the place of the new house ; but none of the par-
ties submitted to its judgment.
Matters became still more complicated as the
Synod endeavored to compromise the points in
debate. Gilbert Tennent, with his characteristic
harshness and uncharitableness, formally attri-
buted the objectionable rules of the Synod, and
its adherence to them, to doctrinal unsoundness
and want of piety. Mr. Blair followed in the
same strain. Tennent encouraged the schismatic
tendencies of the Synod's opponents by a bold
sermon at ISTottingham, exciting the disaffected
to withdraw from the ministry of those whom he
condemned. It was fruitful in alienations and
divisions.
The Synod met in 1Y41. A ^^olent protest
against recognizing the Tennent party as mem-
bers of Synod was read, and then signed by a
majority. Scenes of disorder ensued. The Pres-
bytery of New-Brunswick, regarding themselves
excluded by this unconstitutional measure, with-
drew in a body from the house. The next day
it divided itself into the Presbyteries of ISTew-
Brunswick and Londonderry, and took measures
1742-1745 89
for orgauizing a new Synod. In 1742 tlie old
Synod was occupied with ineifectual plans of re-
conciliation. In 1743 Mr. Cowell being modera-
tor, and in 1744, the discussion went on, and no
union taking place, the disowned members, and
others who sympathized with them as unjustly
dealt with, met as the Synod of Kew-York in
Elizabethtown, September, 1745. In the refer-
ences to this schism the Synod of Philadelphia
is called historically the Old Side^ and the other
Synod, tlie Neio Side. The separation continued
until 1758.^
Through these agitations Mr. Cowell stood by
* The unhappy personal eflects hngered still longer. Dr. Green was
ordained in Philadelphia in 178Y, and says : " The arrangements for my
ordination had been made with a view to mingle, and if possible, to har-
monize the old side and the new side members of the Presbytery. Por
although twenty-nine years had elapsed, since in 1758 the rival Synods
had become united, two Presbyteries of Philadelphia had existed, com-
posed severally of the litigant parties ; and the aged members of both
sides had retained something of the old bitter feeliugs towards each
other." (" Life," p. 154.)
The church where Dr. Green was ordained and installed had the less
favorable associations for the purpose mentioned, as it was the one built
by the exertions of Gilbert Tennent, for a people described by Dr. Frank-
lin as " originally disciples of Mr. Whitefield." In compliance with the
philosopher's advice, Tennent "asked of every body ; and he obtained a
much larger sum than he expected, with which he erected the capacious
and elegant meeting-house that stands in Arch street." (Franklin's Auto-
biography; Sparks, i. 168.)
6-
90 Co well's Side.
tlie old Synod ; and tliongli after Ms experience
of Mr. Tennent's qualities as an antagonist, lie
may not have felt any personal prepossession for
tlie side on wliicli he was leader, his character-
istic moderation and self-command were doubt-
less preserved. According to President Davies,
perhaps alluding to these times, " in matters of
debate, and especially of religious controversy,
he was rather a moderator and compromiser,
than a party." There is no reason to believe
that he was carried away, as many were, by their
admiration of the zeal of Whitefield, to overlook
the serious perils of the excitement of his "visits.
Whitefield was, of course, a favorite with the " New
Side." He was one of those men towards whom
a broad charity is extended by the humble minds
who honor in another the zeal in which they re-
gard themselves to be defective, and overlook
extravagancies for the sake of the good which
they hope they will be the means of j^roducing.
Whitefield's history stands in need of this cha-
rity, and we should be slow in suspecting those
men of coldness to a true work of Divine grace,
who were conscientiously restrained from gi^dng
their countenance to his methods of procedure.
In the first year of his American travels
Whitefield. 91
"Whitefielcl preaclied at the towns between Plii-
ladelj)liia and New- York. His own journal of
]S"ovem"ber 12, 1739, says : " By eight o'clock we
reached Trent-town in the Jerseys. It being
dark, we went out of our way a little in the
woods ; but God sent a guide to direct us aright.
We had a comfortable refreshment • when we
reached our inn, and went to bed in peace and
joy in the Holy Ghost." He left town early
the next morning. After preaching in the neigh-
borhood he was brought back to Trenton in the
same month, by the prospect of a great gathering
of people to view an execution. " November 21,
1739. Being strongly desired by many, and
hearing that a condemned malefactor was to suf-
fer that week, I went in company with about
thirty more to Trent-town, and reached thither
by ^ye in the evening. Here God was pleased
to humble my soul, and bring my sins to remem-
brance, so that I could hardly hold up my head.
However, knowing that God called, I went out,
trusting in Divine strength, and preached in the
court-house ; and though I was quite barren and
dry in the beginning of the discourse, yet God
enabled me to speak with great sweetness, free-
dom, and power before I had done. The un-
92 Whitefield.
happy criminal seemed hardened, but I hope
some good was done in the place."
Whitefield, it appears from this, preached, ac-
cording to English custom, in the presence of the
condemned man.^ Mr. Co well improved the same
occasion by a sermon in his own church, on the
re|)entance of the dying thief, which looks as if he
did not offer his pulpit to the eloquent itinerant.
A letter of Jonathan Arnold, who appears to
have been an Episcopal minister, perhaps a mis-
sionary, in Connecticut, dated, " East Chester,
November 27, 1739," and addressed to Wm.
Smith, Esq., of New- York, refers to an incident
of that visit. " When Mr. Whitefield came with
me from Trenton, we agreed to search and exa-
mine each other. He had the preference. I
past his examination till we came to Brunswick,
after which I was to have the same liberty with
him. He escaped by turning aside to preach for
the famous Mr. Tennent."
In November, 1740, AYhitefield was*here again,
as his journal speaks of having had at Trenton
" a long conference with some ministers about
Mr. Gilbert Tennent's complying with an invita-
* The custom in Newark as late as 1791. Whitehead's Perth Amhoy,
p. 319.
Cowell in Synod. 93
tion to go and preach in Ngav-Ed gland." It is
probable that he visited Trenton during his other
tours in America, from 1744 to 1770. On the
30th July, 1754, one of his letters says: "To-
morrow I preach at Newark ; on Wednesday, at
two in the afternoon, at New-Brunswick, and
hope to reach Trent-town that night. Could you
not meet me there quietly, that we might spend
one evening together V He was advertised in
the Philadelphia papers to preach at Trenton on
the 13th and 14th September, 1754.
Mr. Cowell was an active member of Synod.
In 1738 he was on a committee to meet at Han-
over, to adjust a difficulty between two parishes.
At the same session he was placed on a commit-
tee of seven to examine candidates for the mi-
nistry. This committee had charge of the stu-
dents in the Presbyteries to the north of Phila-
delphia, and a corresponding one had charge of
those to the south. In 1743 he was Moderator,
and elected on the Synod's commission for the
year. For before the j^resent constitution of our
Church was adopted, the Synod followed the
usage of the General Assembly of Scotland, in
annually appointing a convenient number of its
members to sit as a commission in the interval
94 Commiffions.
of its stated con veniugs, and perform any Synodal
business that required immediate dispatch."^ The
Moderator of 1743 was also added to a commit-
tee to answer a communication from Governor
Thomas, of Pennsylvania, in regard to a pam-
phlet by the Rev. Alexander Craighead, which
the government considered seditious, and which
the Synod disavowed, both as to its sentiments,
and as having any jurisdiction over its author.f
In 1749 the Synod of New- York sent a dele-
gation to the Synod of PhiladeljDhia, with a pro-
posal that each Synod should appoint a commis-
sion to meet and deliberate upon a plan of
reiinion. This movement towards reconciliation
was acceded to by the sister Synod, and on the
25th May they appointed a commission of nine
members, of whom Mr. Cowell was one. The
united meeting was appointed to be held in Tren-
ton on the first Wednesday of the ensuing Octo-
ber. The meeting took place accordingly on the
* The sessions of the Commission appear to have been opened as form-
ally as those of the Synod. I have before me, in a pamphlet, " A Sermon
preached before the Commission of the Synod at Philadelphia, April 20th,
1 '735. By E. Pemberton, Pastor of the Presbyterian Church in the City of
New-York." The dedication " to the Eeverend Commission of the Synod,"
refers to its having been " preached in obedience to your commands."
I The address to the Governor, signed by Cowell, and the Governor's
reply, are in the Pennsylvania Gazette of June 9, 1743.
Conferences. 95
4tli and otli of October, and Mr. Cowell was cho-
sen to preside. The negotiations initiated at
this meeting were prolonged in various shapes
until May 29, 1755, when a commission of con-
ference was again appointed by the Synod of
Philadelphia, and Mr. Cowell was one of its seven
members. They met in Philadelphia on the same
afternoon. He was also on a committee of five
in 1756 to answer a minute then received from
the other Synod ; and on another committee to
obtain a charter for the WidoAvs' Fund from the
Messrs. Penn, the Pennsylvania Proprietors, and
also on the Synod's Commission and Fund.* In
May, 1757, another joint conference was held at
Trenton, of which Mr. Cowell was a member.
He was on the Commission of the Synod, and
Committee for the Fund for 175S, in which year
the two Synods were at length combined under
the title of the Synod of New-York and Phila-
delphia.
At the first meeting of the new Synod (May
30, 1758) Mr. Cowell and Mr. Guild, (of Penning-
ton,) were transferred from the Presbytery of
Philadelphia to that of New-Brunswick, and from
* The Synod's " Fund " was for such " pious uses " as were desig-
nated from time to time.
96 1 760.
that time tlie respective cburcbes Lave retained
the connection. The L^st mention of Mr. Cowell's
name on the Synod's records is under the date
of May 22, 1760, when, although not present, he
was placed on a committee to dispose of the fund
for the relief of poor and pious youth in the Col-
lege of New-Jersey.
Note. — It may have been expected that some notice should be found
in this chapter, of the celebrated case which was before the Supreme
Court at Trenton, in 1742, in which the Kev. William Tennent was
arraigned for perjury, on account of the evidence he had given to prove
that the Rev. John Rowland was far from Hunterdon county when Bell,
assuming his name, stole a horse. But I trust that an authentic account
of that whole affair will soon be furnished by a more competent hand,
and I believe that it will be made to appear that there is no foundation
for the story of the supernatural mission of witnesses from Maryland to
Trenton. A paper to this effect, by Mr. Richard S. Field, has already
appeared in the Proceedings of the Nevj- Jersey Historical Society. (Vol.
vi. p. 31.)
^luijjti^r c^liftlt.
Trenton in 1'748 — Episcopal Churches — Tren-
ton Na^jes and Places — 1722-1768.
1746—1760.
On tlie sixtli of September, 1746, at the in-
stance of Governor Morris, Trenton was, by royal
charter, constituted a borough-town. Thomas
Cadwalacler was the first Chief-Burgess ; JSTa-
thaniel Ward, Recorder, with twelve Burgesses.
But in April, 1750, the inhabitants haviug found
that the disadvantages of incorporation prepon-
derated, surrendered the charter through the
hands of Governor Belcher.*
For the sake of the impression it may convey
of what the town Avas at this period, I will here
make an extract from the journal of a traveller
who saw it in the year 1748. This writer was
Peter Kalm, Professor of Economy in the Uni-
versity of Abo, in Swedish Finland ; who visited
* The Charter is in book AAA of Commissions, p. 266 : the surrender
on p. 306.
7
98 Profeffor Kalm.
North America, as a naturalist, under tlie ausj^i-
ces of tlie Swedish. Eoyal Academy of Sciences.
It was in honor of his botanical researches that
Linnseus gave the name of Kalmia to our Laurel.
Under the date of October 28, 1748, Kalm
enters his observations as follows :
" Trenton is a long, narrow town, situate at some dis-
tance from the river Delaware, on a sanely plain. It
belongs to I^ew- Jersey, and they reckon it thirty miles from
Philadelphia. It has two small chm-ches, one for the people
belonging to the Church of England, the other for the
Presbyterians. The houses are partly built of stone,
though most of them are made of wood or planks, com-
monly two stories higb, together with a cellar below
the building, and a kitchen under ground, close to the
cellar. The houses stand at a moderate distance from one
another. They are commonly built so that the street
passes along one side of the houses, while gardens of dif-
ferent dimensions bound the other side. In each garden
is a draw-well.* The place is reckoned very healthy.
Our landlord told us that twenty-two years ago, when he
first settled here, there was hardly more than one house ;
but from that time Trenton has increased so much that
there are at present near a hundred houses. The houses
were, within, divided mto several rooms by the partitions
* Among the debits of the Treasurer's book, in account with the
Trenton parsonage, are frequently to be found such items as, " to hoops
for the well-bucket," "for cleaning the well," " to a rope for the well."
Kalm. 99
of boards. The inhabitants of the place carried on a
small trade with the goods which they got from Philadel-
phia, but their chief gain consists in the arrival of the
numerous travellers between that city and New- York ; for
they are commonly brought by the Trenton yachts from
Philadelphia to Trenton, or from thence to Philadelphia.
But from Trenton farther to ISTew-Brunswick, the travel-
lers go in the wagons which set out every day for that
place. Several of the inhabitants, however, likewise sub-
sist on the carriage for all sorts of goods which are every
day sent in great quantities either from Philadelphia to
New- York, or from thence to the former place ; for be-
tween Philadelphia and Trenton all goods go by watei',
but between Trenton and New-Brunswick they are all
carried by land, and both these conveniences belong to
people of this town.
" For the yachts which go between this place and the
capital of Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia,) they usually pay a
shilling and sixpence of Pennsylvania currency per person,
and every one pays besides for his baggage. Every pass-
enger must provide meat and drink for himself, or pay
some settled fare. Between Trenton and New-Bruns-
wick a person pays 2s. 6d., and the baggage is likewise
paid for separately.
" On the road from Trenton to New-Brunswick I never
saw any j^lace in America, the towns excepted, so well
peopled. An old man, who lived in the neighborhood,
and accompanied us for some part of the road, however,
assured me that he could well remember the time when
between Trenton and New-Brunswick there were not
lOO Burnaby.
above three farms, and lie reckoned it was fifty and some
odd years ago."*
Wlien it is said tliat tiie landlord told Kalm
that in 1Y26 tliere was hardly one house in
Trenton, either the Swede did not understand
the Jerseyman, or the host spoke at random ; for
if as early as 1719 the courts sat in Trenton, it is
not probable that such a selection would be
made, seven years before there was " hardly a
house."
The statistical guesses or reports of travellers
are not to be relied on, especially if the rej)ort-
ers do not speak the language of the country.
The Eev. Andrevv^ Burnaby, an English clergy-
man, describes Trenton, in 1759, as " containing
about a hundred houses. It has nothing remark-
able : there is a Church, (of England,) a Quaker's
and Presbyterian meeting-house, and barracks
for three hundred men."f These barracks, which
* In a letter of ItSO-l, quoted in Whitehead's History of Perth
Amboy. (p. 155,) the writer remarks that in 1715 "there were but four
or five liouses in the tliirty miles between Inian's Ferry (Xew-Bruns-
wick,) and the Falls of Delaware ; but now the wliole way it is almost a
continued lane of fences and good farmers' houses, and the whole coun-
try is there settled or settling very thick."
I Travels through the Middle Settlements in Xorth America, etc., in
1*759 and 1760.
Sinclair. loi
are now in part occupied by tlie " Home for
Widows," were erected in 1758, simultaneously
with those at New-Brunswick and Elizabeth-
town. Elkanah Watson, who was here in 17 Y7,
says : " Trenton contains about seventy dwellings,
situate principally on two narrow streets running
parallel."^ In the travels of the Duke de la
Kochefoucault Liancourt, in 1795-7, Trenton is
said to " contain about three hundred houses ;
most of which are of wood. Those of the high-
street are somewhat better in structure than the
rest, yet still but very moderate in their appear.
ance."f In the same year an English visitor
says: "Trenton contains about tivo hundred
houses, together with four churches. The streets
are ^mmodious, and the houses neatly built." J
Melish, in 1806-7, makes it " a handsome little
town, containing about two hundred houses."§
The Rev. Mr. Burnaby " went to Sir John Sin-
clair's, at the Falls of Delaware, about a mile
above Trenton, a pleasant rural retirement."
Sir John Sinclair's knighthood was of the order
* Memoirs, p. 29.
f Travels; Translated by Newman. London, 1*199, i. 594.
X Travels through the States of North America, etc., in 1795-7. By
Isaac Weld, Jr. London, 1799.
§ Travels, i. 143.
102 Sinclair.
known in English heraldry as a Baronetcy of
Nova Scotia. He was the first occupant of the
mansion that afterwards belonged to " Lord"
Stirling, and then to Mr. Kutherford, a short
distance west of the State House, and on the
river. The three families were connected. The
house was subsequently tenanted by Kobert
Lettis Hooper, and the walls of " the Green-
House," remained to give name to the site long
after the dwelling itself had been demolished.
A correspondent of the Trenton " Federalist,"
of March 30, 1802, states that the first ice-house
in the State, "in our recollection, was erect-
ed by Sir John St. Clair, [so written,] about the
year 1760."''^
* There was a Si» John Sk Clair in Braddock's army, who arrived in
January, 1755; was Lieutenant Colonel of the 2 2d Regiment, and
Deputy Quarter-Master General for all the forces in America. In IT 6 2
he was made a full Colonel, On the list of the wounded at the defeat
(July 9, 1155) he is put down as " Sir John Sinclair, Baronet, Dep. Q.
M. Gen." (Winthrop Sargent's History of Braddock's Expedition :
Pennsylvania Historical Society, pp. 136, 143, 285.) The death of
"Hon. Col. Sir John St. Clair, Bart.," is announced in the newspapers
of the day, as having taken place at Elizabeth town, December, 1767.
There was a "Captain Rutherford" with St. Clair in the Expedition.
From some references and correspondence, it would appear that Sir John
was a petulant officer. See " Letters and Papers relating to the Pro-
vincial History of Pennsylvania, " principally from papers of the Shippen
family, privately printed. Philadelphia : pp. 35-8, 61, 151. In one
letter Sir John speaks of "Betsey — I mean, Lady St. Clair."
Epifcopal Church. 103
I would here enlarge the notices already given
incidentally of the foundation of the Episcopal
Church in Trenton and its vicinity. I have
mentioned the building erected on the ground
conveyed by Hutchinson in 1Y03, and its occupa-
tion at intervals, if not jointly, by the Presbyte-
rians. In Huraphreys' " Historical Account of
the Gospel Propagation Society," we have the
following statement :
"Hopewell and Maidenhead are two neighbouring
towns, containing a considerable number of families. The
people of Hopewell showed a very early desire of having
the Church of England worship settled among them ; and
in the year 1704 built a church with voluntary contribu-
tions, though they had no prospect then of having a min-
ister. The Rev. Mr. May was there some short time, but
Mr. Talbot, from Burlington, often visited them. This
church was for ten years vacant. In 1720 the Rev. Mr.
Harrison was appointed missionary there, with the care of
Maidenhead, but soon wrote the Society word that he was
not able to undergo the fatigue of constantly riding
between two places, and in 1723 he removed to a church
in Stat en Island."
In the Society's "Account" for 1706, it is said :
" Many other public letters were continually sent
over, by which it appeared that the inhabitants
of Hopewell and Maidenhead were buildins: a
104 Epifcopal Church.
church, and desired a minister and some subsist-
ence for him." In 1709 Mr. Talbot writes from
Burlington : •" Poor Hopewell has built a church
and have had no minister yet.""^ In a manuscript,
headed, " State of the Church of England in
America in 1705," probably a copy of some
English document, it is said that a minister is
wanted " at Hopewell, between Cross wicks and
Maidenhead, where they are building" a church ;
and one " at the Falls, thirty miles above Phila-
delphia, where a church is building." In collat-
ing these notices, Hopewell and the Falls would
seem to indicate different localities ; and if the
former be the name of the " Old Church" of our
map, in Chapter Second, the latter may denote
some other place — perhaps in Pennsylvania — to
which the general neighborhood title of the
Falls may have been applied.f
* In the first edition (1*708) of Oldmixon's British Empire in America,
it is said there are "but two Church of England ministers in both the
Provinces" of East and West IsTew-Jersej.
Tlie most comprehensive account of the denominations existing in the
middle of the century, which I have seen, is in "A digression concern-
ing the various sectaries in rehglon, in the British settlements of North
America," contained in Dr. Douglass' " Summary, Historical and Poli-
tical." Boston, 1753, vol. ii., pp. 112-157.
f In a map in Humphreys' Historical Account of the Gospel Propaga-
gation Society, 1730, I find the following topography :
Houdln. 10^
In 1749 a lottery "for finisliiiig the cliiircli at
Trenton," was drawn in Pennsylvania. Of the
Trenton Episcopal church, however, we find
nothing definite until June, 1750, when the Rev.
Michael Houdin is reported in the Society's
Accounts as "invited by the inhabitants of
Trenton and other places in ISTew- Jersey, to go
and officiate among them." Upon this he ad-
dressed a letter to the Society, dated Trenton,
November 1, 1750, which begins: "Having
my residence at New-York, I heard of repeat-
ed comj)laints made by gentlemen and principal
inhabitants of this place, Allen's Town and Bor-
den's Town, it being for many years past desti-
tute of a Church of England minister ; and with-
out any sort of application of mine, about five
months ago, some of them were pleased to press
me by letter to come amongst them. . . .
When I waited on them I really found they
were destitute indeed, there not being a minister
of the Church of Eno^-land nearer than Burliner-
ton." The Abstracts of the Society for 1753,
° Hopewell,
° Maidenhead,
° Burlington,
If this was the understanding in 1705, the Hopewell of the manuscript
could not be so near Trenton as the "Old Church "
io6 Houdin.
say : " The Eev. Mr. Houdin, having for some
years officiated at Trenton and the neighboring
places in the Province of New- Jersey, among the
members of the Church of England, upon such
slender support as they in their poor circumstan-
ces could afford him," the Society appointed
him their " itinerant missionary to officiate in
Trenton and the parts adjacent."
Michael Houdin, whose name has been usually
given nearer to its pronunciation, as Udang or
Eudang, in which latter form it actually appears
in the first minutes of the Vestry of St. Michael's
Church, (April 30, 1755,)- — born in France in
1705 — was originally a priest in the Church of
Rome and Superior of a Franciscan Convent in
Montreal. He renounced that faith and entered
the Episcopal Church in New- York in 1747, and
thence came to Trenton as the Society's " itiner-
ant missionary in New- Jersey," on a salary of
fifty pounds. In 1759 Houdin accompanied
General Wolfe to Quebec, as his guide ; and in
October " intreats the Society that his absence
from his mission may not bring him under dis-
pleasure, as he was in some measure forced to it,
in obedience to the commands of Lord Loudon,
•
Houdin. 107
and tlie succeeding commanders, who depended
mucli on Ills being well acquainted witli that
country." After the reduction of Quebec, Hou-
din asked leave to return to his missionary post,
but General Murray retained him in the army.
He complained that he had lost much by the
death of Wolfe, " who promised to remember
his labor and services." From Canada he ap-
pears to have been sent as missionary to New-
Rochelle, Westchester county, JS^ew-York, where
were many French refugees. He died there in
October, 1Y66.* The Rev. Mr. Treadwell was the
successor to Houdin. In May, 1Y69, the Eev. Wil-
liam Thomson produced to the Vestry the Soci-
ety's letter appointing him ta the mission of
"Trenton and Maidenhead," to which the War-
dens gave their approbation.f
* Anderson's History of the Colonial Cliurch of England. London,
3856, vol. iii. Bolton's History of the Episcopal Church in Westchester
County. New-York, 1855, p. 453-471. O'Callaghan's Documentary
History of New- York. Vol. iii. 955.
f In 1732 " the inhabitants of Am well and Hopewell" applied to the
Society for a Missionary. In 1739, Col. Daniel Coxe made his will,
devising one hundred acres in Maidenhead, "known as the town-lot,
for the use of an Episcopal Church erected, or to be hereafter erected, in
the township of Maidenhead." The minutes of St. Michael's Vestry, of
1775, mention "the glebe of Maidenhead."
io8 Names and
The nearest newspaper offices accessible to
Trenton for half a century after its foundation,
were those of Philadelphia. Through all that
period the want of a local press and the obstacles
to correspondence, kept the affairs of the town
in their native obscurity. Such notices and ad-
vertisements, however, as are found in the Phi-
ladelphia journals, afford some idea of the popu-
lation and business of Trenton, and give some
names of its early inhabitants, not otherwise to
be found. From a cursory inspection of a series
of Bradford's WeeMy Mercury^ and Keimer's and
Franklin's PenU'Sylvania Gazette^ I have made
the folio wins; miscellaneous notes. A number of
the names are ^ among the signatures of Mr.
Cowell's call in 1736.
November, 1722 — William Yard, of Treuton, advertises
the escape of a negro servant.
August, 1V23. — Joseph Peace offers for sale two dwell-
ing houses belonging to Peter Pummer, near Trent's Mill.
Inquiry to be made of Mr. Peace, at his residence in Trent-
Town.
September, 1723. — A line of transportation for goods
and passengers is advertised as running between Trenton
* In the Philadelphia Library is a series of the Mercury from 1719 to
1146, and of the Gazette from 1728 to 1174. The latter appeared at first
under the extraordinary title of The Universal Instructor in all Arts and
Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette.
Places.
109
and Philadelphia, once a week each way. The agent in
Trenton was John Woollaud. The office in the city was
at the celebrated " Crooked Billet."
March, 1728. — A large stone house, with a good smith-
shop, to be sold at vendue at the house of "William Hoff.
December, 1729. — Jolm Severn's stable and seven horses
burnt.
October, 1731. — For sale a plantation, adjoining the
town of Trenton, 130 acres ; also one three miles above
Trenton, near the ferry above the falls, one mile from
Yardley's old mill, and three from his new one, 500 acres.
" Inquire of Capt. James Gould, at Trenton, and be further
informed."
December, 1731. — A bolting-house and store, belonging
to Benjamin Smith, took fire, " but was seasonably pre-
vented."
June, 1732. — Enoch Anderson, "at the Falls' ferry."
July, 1732. — Enoch Anderson, Junior, sub. sheriif.
August, 1732. — The house of Ebenezer Prout, "near
this place," was struck by lightning. William Pearson
was hurt, a boy killed.
September, 1732. — Eliacom [kim] Anderson, "now liv-
ing at Trenton ferry."
February, 1732-3. — A fresh carried away the dam of
the ii'on works, also the dam of the grist-mill, bridge and
dyeing-house.
September 19, 1734. — Xotice is given of the establish-
ment of a post office at Trenton, " where all persons may
have their letters, if directed for that county ; also where
they may put in their letters directed to any parts, and
due care vrill be taken to send them." The postmaster
8
no Poll-Office.
was Andrew Reed, and the office was at the house of Jo-
seph Keed.
The first advertisement of uncalled-for letters,
wLicli I have seen, is under the date March 25,
1755, and is as follows :
" A list of letters now in the post office at Trenton.
0
William Carnegie, near Kingston^
John Clark, (Attorney,) Trenton,
H
John Hyde, Hopeioell.
M
Joseph Morton, Princetoicn.
P
Richard Patterson, Princetovin.
S
John Stevens, Rocky Hill.
V
Ares Vanderbelt, Maidenhead.
" Letters not taken np within three months from this
date will be sent to the General Post Office at Phila-
delphia."
September, 1734. — Isaac Harrow, an English smith, has
lately set up at Trenton a plating and blade-mill, where
he makes axes, carpenters' and coopers' tools, tanners' and
skinners' knives, spades, shovels, shears, scythes, mill and
hand-saws, frying-pans, etc., " likewise all sorts of iron
plates, fit for bell making or any other use."
May, 1736. — ApjDlication for a stone house and a lot of
three quarters of an acre, to be made to Cornelius Riiigo
Advertifements. 1 1 1
in Trenton. It " lies in a very convenient part of tlie
town for any manner of business, being near the mill."
February, 1737. — There will be a stage- wagon from
Trenton to Brunswick twice a week and back ; will set
out from William Atlee's and Thomas Hooton's, in Trenton.
October, 1737. — Servants absconded from Benjamin
Smith and Richard Noland.
N'ovember, 1737. — A Scotch servant-man absconded
from Mr. Warrell.
January, 1738. — Servant absconded from Joseph Decow.
August, 1739. — To be let, the grist-mills at Trenton, with
two tenements adjoining, now in the tenure of Joseph
Peace.
December, 1739. — Andrew Reed receives subscriptions
in Trenton for Whitefield's Sermons and Journals, to be
published by Franklm.
March, 1740. — ^^Yilliam Atlee proposes to continue to
keep a store with John Dagworthy, Junior, until his part-
nership with Thomas Hooton is settled.
May, 1744. — To be sold, by Benjamin Smith, a cornei
lot ; also a stone house, fronting King street ; sundry lots
on Queen street.
September, 1745. — To be sold, " the iron plating works,
smith's shop, and all the tools and moulds for making fry-
ing-pans, dripping-pans, etc., said works being now fit for
use ;" also a good dwelling-house — all of the estate of
Isaac HajTow, deceased. Apply to Anthony Morris, Phi-
ladelphia, or William Morris, Trenton.
January, 1745. — For sale, dwelling, malt-house, brew-
house, and all utensils, and quarter of acre of land in King
112 Names and
street, estate of "William Atlee. Enquire of James Atlee,
Trenton, or Thomas Hooton, Trenton ferry.
March, 1746. — Sundry lots offered by William Morris
and William Morris, Junior, on both sides of Hanover
street 45 feet front and 147 feet deep.
October, 1746. — A fair for three days will be held in
the borough-town of Trenton for cattle of all kinds, goods,
wares, and merchandise.
1746. — William Morris, Junior, at his store opposite to
John Jenkins's, advertises rum by the hogshead, and salt
by the hundred bushels.
June, 1748. — Enoch Anderson offers for sale a house
" fi'onting the street that leads directly to Xew-York,"
also " two lots opposite the Presbyterian meeting-house,
on one of which is a very good stable."
April, 1750. — House of William Douglass at Trenton
landing.
1750. — For sale by Benjamin Biles, a " well-accustomed
tanyard, with vats enough for 800 hides, and dwelling ad-
joining the tanyard, on the west side of King street, near
the middle of the town."
May, 1750. — Thomas Cadwalader offers 900 acres of
woodland, a mile and a half north of the town, watered by
fine streams, " one of which the Trenton mills stand on."
Also a i^lantation of 700 acres, on the Delaware, where
William Douglass now lives, north of Trenton about two
miles, adjoining the plantation v/here Mr. Tuite lately
lived ; also a large corner brick house in Queen street, Jh
a very public part of the town ; also 25 acres of pasture
laud in the upper end of Queen street.
June, 1750. — For sale, plantation, 447 acres, late in pos-
Places.
113
session of Alexander Lockhart, Esq., between three and
four miles from Trenton, on Scot's road, and adjoining the
old Meeting-house lot, and the j^lantation of Charles Clark,
Esq. Enquire of John Cox, Trenton.
April, 1751. — John Evans, cooper.
January, 1752. James Rutherford's house robbed.
April, 1752. — Elijah Bond's stable and 14 horses, and
soni# adjoining houses burnt.
September, 1753. — For sale, Xathaniel Moore's mills
and plantation, six miles above Trenton, 400 acres ; apply-
to William Clayton, or William Pidgeon, Trenton.
1754. — Several men for sale by " Reed and Furman."
May, 1754. — Tickets in the Lottery in Connecticut for
the benefit of College of New-Jersey, for sale by Rev. Mr.
Cowell, and Reed & Furman.
July, 1754. — Edward Broadfield has removed from Bor-
dentown to Trenton.
1756. — The Philadelphia and New- York line. John
Butler's stage starts on Tuesday from Philadelphia, to
house of Nathaniel Parker at Trenton Ferry, thence over
the ferry to house kept by George Moschell, where Francis
Holman will meet John Butler, and exchange passengers,
and proceed on Wednesday, through Princeton and New-
Brunswick, to Perth Amboy, where will be a boat to pro-
ceed to New- York on Thursday morning.
1757. — Subscriptions for the JVew Americaii Magazine^
about to be published in Philadelphia, may be left with
Moore Furman, Postmaster of Trenton.
Apiil 1758 — Andrew Reed, of Trenton, advertises tract
of 200 acres at Amw^ll, and in Trenton two good stone
houses, with garden, well, etc., one of which now lets for
8*
114 Names and
£8 lOs. per annum, and the otlier, having a cooper's shop
on the lot, for £12 ; also three lots on the west side of
King street, 45 by 140.
April, 1758. — William Douglass, sign of the Wheat-
sheaf, or at the house of John Cummings, is authorized to
enlist a regiment of one thousand men for the King's
service.
Jvily, 1758. — For sale by executors, the seat of Jdfcph
Warrell, Esq., late deceased, well known by name of Bell-
ville, on the Delaware, three fourths of a mile from Tren-
ton, with gardens, orchards, etc. Also a plantation of
300 acres, within one fourth of a mile of the above, on the
Delaware, with a patent for ia feiTy.
May, 1759. — Robert Lettis Hooper has laid out lots 60
by 181, for a town in IN'ottiugham township, beginning on
the Delaware at Trenton ferry, running as the road runs
to the grist mills opposite Trenton, thence down the
stream of the mills to the Delaware, thence down the river
to the ferry, being the head of navigation, " where there is a
considerable trade extended from the city of Philadelj^hia,
and great parts of the counties of Hunterdon, Morris, Middle-
sex, Somerset, and Bucks, in Pennsylvania, dehver their
produce," and rafts of timber, staves, etc., come from 120
miles up the river. Offered for sale, or on lease for sixty
years. Apply to advertiser or his sons Robert L. Hooper
and Jacob Roeters [or Rutters] Hooper, " living at his
mills opposite to Trenton."
May, 1764.— Samuel Tucker, Sheriff, will sell that well-
accustomed tavern, the lot 67 feet on Front street, and 174
on Market, adjoining lands of WTliiam Morris, Junior,
Wm. Cleayton, James Smith, and Robert Singer ; house
Places. 1 15
35 feet square, having a " genteel assembly-room, with a
door opening into a fine balcony, fronting Queen street,"
late the property and now in possession of Robert Ruth-
erford.
March, 1765. — For sale a settlement on the river called
Lamberton, about half a mile below the ferry near Tren-
ton, with utensils for curing herring and sturgeon.
March, 1768. — For sale, " Hermitage" on the Delaware,
one mile from Trenton, 220 acres. Apply to Benjamin
Biles.
I Lave taken the trouble of making this collec-
tion for the sake of the local interest it may pos-
sess with the inhabitants of Trenton, and to cor-
roborate what was said in the beginning of the
chapter as to the probable size of the town in the
first quarter of the century.
College of Net7-Jeesey — Cowell, Buee,
Davies, Finley.
1746—1760.
Of the College of ISTew-Jersey, the Eev. Mr.
Cowell was so early and active a friend, that
he may be counted among its founders. The
College was indeed projected by members of the
Synod of New- York, as one of the means of
strengthening themselves after the disruption of
1741, and not unlikely as a means of remo^^ing
the taunt connected with the inadequacy of the
Neshaminy school. But as it was to be esta-
blished in New-Jersey, and for all that he knew,
in Trenton or its neighborhood, Mr. Cowell was
not so bigoted a churchman, as to withhold his
influence from a scheme which, while it had no
positive connection with any party, promised
such important advantages to the religious and
educational condition of the whole Province."^'*
* Dr. Green, in his " Notes," overlooked the pastor of Trenton and
the Rev. Mr. Guild, when he wrote : " la tlie Province of New-Jersey
Belcher. 117
He had learned the value of college training
from his own career at Harvard, and must have
shared the indignation of the friends of David
Brainerd against Yale, when he was expelled in
1742, for saying of one of the tutors, " he has no
more grace than this chair," which incident is
said to have had its influence in encouraging a
new college.
The College of New-Jersey received its first
charter in 1746, and was opened with eight pu-
pils, at Elizabethtown, under President Dickin-
son, in 1T47. Upon his decease that same year,
the pupils were removed to Newark, and placed
under the Rev. Aaron Burr, who had a classical
school in the town. In 1748 a more enlarged
charter was obtained. Of the trustees named in
this instrument, Mr. Cowell was one, and he was
deputed to wait on Governor Belcher with an
address from the corporation, acknowledging
their acceptance of the trust.
The Governor was res^arded so much in the
light of a founder of the College, that upon the
completion of the edifice they formally asked his
permission to call it Belcher Hall. He declined
it is not known that there was a single clergyman who belonged to the
Synod of Philadelphia." (Discourses and Notes, p. 281-2.)
ii8 Naffau Hall.
the lionor, professing to " have always been very
fond of the motto of a late great personage, 'pro-
desse quam conspici — to be useful rather than
conspicuous^ — but asked the liberty of naming
the College Nassau Hall, in memory of William
HI., " who was a branch of the illustrious house
of Nassau, and who, under God, was the great
deliverer of the British nation from those two
monstrous furies, Popery and Slavery."f Mr.
Burr was chosen President, and the first class,
seven in number, was graduated. J At the first
regular meeting of the trustees after the reorgan-
ization, Mr. Cowell was placed on committees
to apply to the Legislature for pecuniary aid,
and to receive subscriptions in Trenton. From
the few remains of the correspondence it appears
that President Burr frequently and familiarly
consulted with Mr. (Jo well about the affairs of
the College. In July, 1753, he presses him to
* This motto of the House of Somers was adopted, probably from the
G-overnor's answer, by the Cliosophic Society of the College, instituted
in 1765. It was the theme of the striking oration before the rival so-
cieties, by the Rev. Baynard R. Hall, D.D., in the commencement week
of 1852.
f Dr. Green's " Notes," pp. 274-5.
X There is a particular report of the first commencement in the Penti'
sylvania Gazelle, for December 13, 1T4:8.
Burr. 119
be at a certain meetiDg of the Board : " Besides
discharging your duty as a trustee, you might
consult about providing for your school in the
best manner. I find myself a great deal in your
debt as to the article of letters, and, like other
bankrupts, though I never expect fully to pay,
yet I would make some attempts, that I may re-
tain my credit a little longer. I will do my best
in providing you a schoolmaster, but have some
fears whether I can quite suit you or me. One
of the best I must keep for my own use ; one or
two more that I could recommend are otherwise
engaged. I have three in my mind, and am a
little at a loss which to send." The compensa-
tion offered for a teacher at that time was twenty-
five pounds and boarding.
From the allusion in this and other letters, it
appears that Mr. Cowell was looking for a good
teacher for Trenton, and that the school referred
to had a connection with his own parish, or at
least had been built on the church-grounds,
and conducted under some general control of the
coDgregational authorities.
Some light is thrown upon this enterprise by
an advertisement which is found in the Philadel-
120 School Lottery.
phia newspapers of May, 1^75 3, and which is not
without interest for other reasons :
" We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, sons of some
of the principal famiUes in and about Trenton, being in some
measure sensible of the advantages of learning, and desir-
ous that those who are deprived of it through the j^overty
of their parents, might taste the sweetness of it with our-
selves, can think of no better or other method for that
purpose, than the following scheme of a Delaware-Island
JOottery^ for raising 225 pieces of eight [Spanish dollars] to-
wards building a house to accommodate an English and
grammar school, and paying a master to teach such
children whose parents are unable to pay for schoolmg.
It is proposed that the house be thirty feet long, twenty
feet wide, and one story high, and built on the south-east
corner of the meeting-house yard in Trenton, under the
direction of Messieurs Benjamin Yard, Alexander Cham-
bers, and John Chambers, all of Trenton aforesaid. . . .
The managers are Reynald Hooper, son of Robert Lettis
Hooper, Esq. ; Joseph Warrell, Junior, son of Joseph
Warrell, Esq. ; Joseph Reed, Junior, son of Andrew Reed,
Esq. ; Theophilus Severns, Junior, son of Theophilus Se-
verns, Esq. ; John Allen, Junior, son of John Allen, Esq. ;
"William Paxton, son of Joseph Paxton, Esq., deceased ;
and John Cleayton, son of WiUiam Cleaytou, Esq."
The drawing was to take place June 11, "on
Fish Island in the river Delaware, opposite to
the town of Trenton, and the money raised by
School-house. 121
this lottery shall be paid into the haiuls of Moore
Furman, of Trenton, who is under bond for the
faithful laying out the money for the uses above.
. . . And we the Manacrers assure the adven-
turers upon our honor, that this scheme in all its
parts shall be as punctually observed as if we
were under the formalities used in lotteries ; and
we flatter ourselves, the public, considering our
laudable design, our age, and our innocence, will
give credit to this our public declaration."
The lottery of the innocents was drawn on the
2d July, 1753, and the building was doubtless
erected immediately afterwards on the spot indi-
cated. The minutes of our trustees record that
in 1765, Alexander Chambers and Benjamin Yard
were elected by the congregation " Directors of
the School-House." In a lease of 1800 to the
" Trenton Academy," the premises are described
as " a certain brick building, which was erected
on the lot belonging to the trustees of the said
church for the purpose of a school-house." The
lessees added a story to the building, and it con-
tinued to be used for school and church purposes
until it was taken out of the way at the erection
of the present church.
To return to the College. In 1753 the Eever-
9
122 Davies.
end Samuel Davies and Gilbert Tennent were
sent to Great Britain to solicit contributions for
building a suitable edifice for the institution.
Princeton was selected as its place. It was wliile
making bis final arrangements for tbe voyage
that Davies first made his personal acquaintance
with Cowell. In his journal of September 18,
1753, Davies writes : " Rode solitary and sad
from Philadelphia to Trenton. Spent the eve-
ning with Mr. Cowell, an agreeable gentleman,
of the Synod of Philadelphia ; but my spirits
were so exhausted that I was incapable of lively
conversation, and was ashamed of my blundering
method of talking." It was a bachelor's home.
The next evening was enlivened by his visit to
the family of the gentleman who succeeded Mr.
Cowell in the pastorship of Trenton. " Rode on
and came to Mr. Spencer's, at Elizabeth town,
where I was most kindly received, and my spirit
cheered by his facetious conversation."*
* The interestiDg and valuable journal of Davies, from ll53 to IVSS, is
given entire in Dr. Foote's Sketches of Virginia, first series, chap. xii.
It adds to my personal interest in this part of the history, to find that it
was possibly my ancestor, Matthew Clarkson, of Philadelphia, whom Davies
mentions as a fellow-passecger to London, and certainly it was the great-
grandfather of my great-grandfather, who is referred to in Davies' journal
of January 27, 1754, when having preached in Berry street^ Davies says :
Burr. 1 23
At various dates in 1754, President Burr writes
from Newark to Mr. Co well, who was on the
building committee. " I liked Mr. Worth's [the
mason] proposals very well on first view, and
think with you it is necessary to have a meeting
of the committee, and as many others as can at-
tend, as soon as may be. . . . Yesterday I
received letters from Messrs. Tennent and Davies,
dated April 30, which bring the agreeable news
that they have Id hand and promises £1400 ster-
ling." " Let me know if you think I had best
bring a man with me to Princeton that under-
stands quarrying." " They ask double the price
for carting at Princeton to what they do this
way ; so I believe it would not be best they
should cart much sand." "We must begin a
barn, buy a wagon, etc., immediately." " It
pleases me to find the College lies so much on
your mind. I have a hundred things to say that
must be deferred to our meeting, and can only
add that I am ut semper yours affectionately ."
" We appointed the committee to meet at Prince-
ton on the third Tuesday of November, but I fear,
" When I entered tlie pulpit it filled me with reverence to reflect that I
stood in the place where Mr. Clarkson, Dr. Owea, Dr. Watts, and others
had once officiated. "
124 College.
things will suffer in meantime. We depended on
Mr. [John] Brainerd's going to see how things
went on, but he is sick. I wish your affaii'S
would admit of your visiting the building ; and
if you think there is need of it, you may appoint
our meeting sooner ; but if nothing will suffer, it
is best the other appointment should stand. . . .
There should be the utmost care that the founda-
tion be laid strono;. Vie ousrht to have had a
man to oversee the work de die in diem, though
I put great confidence in Mr. Worth. I know
how much you have the affair at heart."
The trustees, by a vote on the 29th September,
1756, directed the removal to Princeton to be
made "this fall." President Finley, in 1Y64,
wrote : " In the year lYoY the students, to about
the number of seventy, removed from Newark."
President Green, writing in 1822, believed it took
place in the vacation succeeding the commence-
ment of 1Y56. Dr. Griffin, at Dr. Macwhorter's
funeral in 1807, said the removal was in October,
1Y56, and this is confirmed by a memorandum
of Nathaniel Fitz Randolph, made in 1758. The
commencement of 1757 fell on the 26th Septem-
ber; President Burr died in Princeton on the
24th of the same month. Before leaving the
President Cowell. 125
town, after the funeral and commencement, the
trustees elected the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Sr.,
to the vacant chair. Mr, Edwards not coming
immediately, the trustees in December appointed
Mr. Cowell to act as President of the College until
their next meetincf. " The choice of the said
Mr. Cowell,'' according to the minutes of the
trustees, " being made known to him, he was
pleased to accept of the same, and was qualified
as the charter directs." UjDon his election it was
" voted that President Cowell provide, as soon as
possible, an Usher for the grammar-school." He
served until February 16, 1Y58, when President
Edwards took his seat ; but held it scarcely a
month, falling a victim to the small-pox on the
22d of March.
Mr. Davies was elected his successor on the
19th April, being then but thirty-four years of
age. Mr. Cowell was appointed an alternate to
the Rev. Mr. Caleb Smith, to act at the next
commencement, and was placed on the commit-
tee to attend to Mr. Davies' removal from Vir-
ginia, import books from England, and attend to
the completion of the President's house and
the College.
Mr. Cowell had been corresponding with Mr.
9"
1 26 Davies.
Davies on other matters, before his election to
tlie presidency. In a letter of February 20,
1758, after lamenting tlie loss wliicli tlie College
and the Cliurcli had suffered in the recent re-
movals by death of Governor Belcher, President
Burr, and the Eev. Mr. Davenport, Mr. Davies
indulges in what he calls a reverie, as follows :
■' As tlie death of these good men was undoubtedly
gain to them, may we not modestly conjecture that it will
also prove an advantage to the world, though we are apt
to lament them as lost ? I can not conceive of heaven as
a state of mere enjoyment, without action, or indolent su-
pine adoration and praise. The happiness agreeable to
vigorous immortals must consist, one would think, in pro-
per exercise, suitable to the benevolence of their hearts
and the extent of their powers. May we not then suppose
that such devout and benevolent souls as these, v>'hen re-
leased from the confinement of mortality, and the low labor
of the present life, are not only advanced to superior de-
grees of happiness, but placed in a higher sphere of use-
fulness, employed as the ministers of Providence, not to
this or that particular church, college, or colony, but to a
more extensive charge, and perhaps to a more important
class of beings, so that the public good, as the good of the
tmiverse of creatures taken collectively, to which the in-
terests of private persons and inferior communities must
always be subordinate under a wise administration, may
be promoted by their removal from us, and from their
narrow sphere of beneficence in this imperfect world.
Davies. 127
And if, when they cease to be useful men^ they commence
angels^ that is, ministering spirits, we may congratulate
them and the world upon this more extensive beneficence,
insead of lamentin^: them as lost to all usefulness. Thus,
sir, I sometimes permit my imagination to rove ; but I
must confess, sense prevails against speculation and con-
jecture, and as an inhabitant of this world I deeply feel
the loss. Forgive me, dear sir, this reverie, which seems
to suggest a new thought ; if it should be new to you^ I
should for that very reason suspect it not to be just.
" I heartily rejoice in the choice the Trustees have made
of a successor to Mr. Burr. Mr. Edwards has long been
very high in my esteem as a man of very great piety, and
one of the deepest thinkers and greatest divines of the
iige. May the Lord long continue his life, and his capaci-
ties for action !"
Mi\ Davies was much perplexed as to Ms duty,
when informed of his own election as successor
of President Edwards. Upon referriDg the mat-
ter to his Presbytery they recommended his re-
maining in Virginia, and he yielded to their
judgment. His later resolution, and the state
of mind which led to it, are described in a letter
which he wrote on the 14:th September, 1758, to
Mr. Cowell, and which, notwithstanding its want
of direct connection with our narrative, I think
needs no excuse for its insertion here, especially
as this ^.orrespondence has not before been edited.
128 Davies and
" Though my mind was cahn and serene for some time
after the decision of the Presbytery, and I acquiesced in
their judgment as the voice of God, till Mr. Smith [Rev.
Caleb Smith, of the Committee] was gone, yet to-day my
anxieties are revived, and I am almost as much at a loss
as ever what is my duty ; nor can my conscience be easy
without sending this postscript to my former letter at a
venture, though I have no other medium of conveyance
but the post, which is often uncertain and tedious. I can
honestly declare, sir, I never was so much concerned
about my own estate as I have been and still am for the
prosperity of the College. And the very suspicion that I
may possibly have done it an injury by not accepting the
honor the Trustees were pleased to confer upon me, causes
me to appear almost an unpardonable criminal to myself.
This suspicion haunts me night and day, and I can have
no ease till I am delivered from it. It received a terrible
confirmation when I found that though the Presbytery
could not positively determine, it was my duty to leave
Virginia and accept the invitation. Yet they were very
skeptical about it, and wished I could have determined
the matter for myself. I am also apprehensive the gener-
ous error of their excessive personal friendship for me,
and their excessive diffidence of their own abilities to
manage affairs in a concern of so much difficulty without
my conduct and assistance, had no small influence uj)on
their determination. I am Hkewise convinced, that if I
liad been able to form any previous judgment of my own,
it would have turned the scale, and theii'S would have
coincided with mine.
" I have indeed a very large, important congregation ;
the College. 129
and I am so far from having any reason to think they
are weary of me, that it is an agreeable misfortnne to me,
that they love me so •well, lint I make no scruples even
to tell themselves that they are by no means of equal im-
portance with the College of N'ew-Jersey ; and some of
them, whose public spirit has the predominancy over pri-
vate friendship and self-interest, are sensible of it. I am
sure if I had appeared in the same light to your Board as
I do to myself, I should have escaped all this perplexity.
It is the real sentiment of my heart, without aifectation
of humility, that I am extremely unlit for so important a
trust, the most important, in my view, that an ecclesiastic
can sustain in America ; and I have never as much as sus-
pected that it would be my duty to accept it, except upon
the supposition of its being a desperate case, if I should
reject it ; and it is my fear, that it may be so, eoiisicler-
atis conside7'andis, that makes me so extremely uneasy.
When I reflect upon such things as these, I am co^istrain-
cd to send you this answer, though I am afraid out of sea-
son, that if the Trustees can agree to elect my worthy
friend, Mr. Finley, with any tolerable degree of cordiality
and unanimity, I shall be perfectly satisfied, and rejoice in
the advantageous exchange. But if not, I shall think it
my duty to accept the offer, if the Trustees judge it pro-
per to continue or renew my election.
" If this should come to hand before another election, I
give you leave, sir, though with trembling hesitation, to
communicate it to the Board ; if not, I beg you would
forever conceal it, for the real difficulty of the affair, and
the natural caution and skepticism of my mind, have given
my conduct such an appearance of fickleness that I am
130 Davies and
quite ashamed of it. My life, sir, I look upon as sacred
to God and the public ; and the service of God and man-
kind is not a local thing, in my view. Wheresoever it
appears to me I may perform it, to the greatest advantage,
there, I hope, I should choose to fix my residence, whether
in Hanover, Princeton, or even Lapland or Japan. But
my anxieties in the present case have proceeded from the
want of light to determine where the sphere of my useful-
ness would be the most extensive.
" If matters should turn out so as to constrain me to
come to Xassau Hall, I only beg early intelligence of it,
by Mr. Smith, who intends to revisit Hanover shortly, or
by post, and I shall prepare for my journey and the
removal of my family with all possible expedition. The
honor which you, sir, and the other gentlemen of the
Trustees, who are in other instances such good judges of
merit, have done me, is such a strong temj^tation to van-
ity, as requires no small degree of self-knowledge to resist.
" I shall always retain a grateful sense of it, and I pray
God it may have no bad influence upon a heart so deeply
infected with the uncreaturely vice of j)ride."
After clispatchiDg this letter, " extorted from
Mm," as lie said, "by irresistible anxieties," a
second messenger (Halsey) from tlie Trustees,
appears to liave intimated to Mr. Davies, that in
tlie event of his declining the chair, the Rev.
Samuel Finley would be the choice of the Board,
and that he was, by some, already j^referred to
himself. Accordingly, on the 18th October,
Finley. 131
Davies writes again to Cowell, to urge Finley's
election :
" Since you and a majority of the Trustees have thouglit
me fit to fill so important a seat, you must also think me in
some measure fit to judge of the proper qualifications of a
President ; I therefore beg you would not only believe me
sincere, but also have some little regard to my judgment,
when I recommend Mr. Finley, from long and intimate
acquaintance with him, as the best qualified person in the
compass of my knowledge in America, for that high trust ;
and incomparably better qualified than myself. And
though the want of some superficial accomplishments for
empty popularity, may keep him in obscurity for some
little time, his hidden worth, in a few months, or years at
most, will blaze out to the satisfaction, and even astonish-
ment of all candid men. A disappointment of this kind wiJl
certainly be of service to the College ; but as to me, I
greatly fear I should mortify my friends with a disappoint-
ment of an opposite nature ; like an inflamed meteor, I
might cast a glaring light and attract the gaze of man-
kind for a little while, but the flash would soon be over,
and leave me in my native obscurity.
'* I should be glad you would wi'ite to me by post, after
the next meeting of the Trustees, what choice they shall
have made ; for though I never expect another applica-
tion to me, yet I feel myself interested in the welfare of
the College, and shall be anxious to hear what conclusion
may be formed upon this important afiair."
"When the Trustees met in ]N'ovember,(l758,)
132 College and
after conferring, and comparing letters, it was
put to vote whether Mr. Da vies' refusal was to
be regarded as final. Upon two ballots, tlie
voters of *' not final" and " non liquet" had the
majority, but to remove the embarrassment, they
yielded ; upon which the Rev. Jacob Green, of
Morris county, father of Dr. Ashbel Green, was
chosen Vice-President, and the election of Presi-
dent postponed till the next May. I find these
particulars in a letter from Mr. Cowell to Mr.
Davies, dated at Trenton, December 25, 1758,
to which he adds :
" If I may be allowed to guess, I think :
" 1. That yon will be elected next May ;
" 2. That if you are not, Mr. Finley will not be.
" I think with you, dear sir, that the College of Xew-
Jersey ought to be esteemed of as much imjDortance to
the interests of rehgion and liberty, as any institution of
the kind in America. I am sensible your leaving Virginia
is attended with very great difficulties, but I can not
think your affairs are of equal importance with the Col-
lege of New-Jersey."
At the May meeting Messrs. Davies and Fin-
ley were both nominated. Davies was elected,
and in July arrived in Princeton. Mr. Cowell's
interest and activity as a trustee did not abate
Cowell. 133
upon the accession of Lis friend and favorite
candidate ; but scarcely had eighteen months
elapsed from the President's inauguration, before
both were in their graves. The last relic of their
correspondence shows that Mr. Cowell's medical
skill (for he had studied and on emergencies
practised medicine) was valued in Princeton.
Under date of February 15, 1760, Mr. Davies
writes :
'' Doctor Scudder has inoculated a number of the stu-
dents, who are all likely to do well, except one, who was
taken with the pleurisy about the time of his inoculation,
and had an inveterate cold for some time before. The
Doctor's own family and his father-in-law were inoculated
about the same time, and one of them is so ill that he has
not been able to give good attendance here. I made an
explicit reserve of liberty to consult any other physician
upon the appearance of any other alarming symptom,
therefore I send for you at the request of many, as well as
my own motion. I beg you would come immediately, for
the young man's life is in evident danger, and my dear
Mrs. Davies is so affected in her mouth, etc., with the
mercurial and antimonial preparations, that she has been in
exquisite agony, and stands in great need of immediate
relief. I long to hear from my promising pupil under
your care." .
10
Mk. Coavell's Death and Burial.
1759—1760.
In June, 1759, Mr. Cowell was present in the
Presbytery, wliich met at Trenton, but his health
was probably then failing, as a request was made
from the congregation, that his pulpit " might be
supplied at least in part during his illness." He
was present again at the meeting in Princeton,
July 25, 1759 ; at which time his friend. Pre-
sident Davies, was received from Hanover. At
Baskingridge, October 30 of that year, another
petition was brought from Trenton, " praying that
as Mr. Cowell is unable through sickness to attend
the ministerial function, Mr. Guild might be or-
dered to supply them every third Sabbath." In
compliance with this, Mr. Guild, pastor of the
Hopewell (Pennington) church was directed to
" supply as much of his time as he can at Trenton."
Mr. Cowell was present at the meeting of Pres-
Cowell's Illness. 135
hytery, held at Nassau Hall, March 11, I'TGO.
The regular Moderator being absent, Mr. Cowell
was chosen in his place, and President Davies
acted as clerk. One of Mr. Cowell's successors,
William Kirkpatrick, was at this meeting, and
another, Elihu Spencer, sat as a corresponding
member.
" Mr. Cowell represented to the Presbytery that he has
been long indisposed in body, and unable to discharge the
duties of the pastoral relation to his congregation in Tren-
ton, and therefore requested that he might be dismissed
from it ; and the congregation also by their petition, and
the declaration of their commissioners, intimate their ac-
quiescence in it.
" The Presbytery therefore consent to the request, and
do hereby dismiss Mr. Cowell from said congregation ;
yet they affectionately recommend it to him that, if it
should please God to restore him to an ability to exercise
his ministry, he would preach as often as he can in that
congregation while vacant, and in other vacancies as he
shall have opportunity."
The last session of Presbytery, which Mr.
Cowell attended, was at Lawrenceville (Maiden-
head) September 17, 1760, the sixth meeting held
in that year. On the 28tli of October Messrs.
Kirkpatrick and Treat were deputed to supply
Trenton.
136 Cowell's Death,
Mr. Coweirs decease took place on the first
day of December, 1760, at his residence in Tren-
ton. He was in the fifty-seventh year of his age,
having served the Trenton people in the town
and country congregations nearly twenty-four
years.
His beloved friend Davies, who was then in
the middle of the second year of his presidency
of INTassau Hal], was called upon to preach in the
church on the day of the interment. He fulfilled
this office with great affection and fidelity, and it
adds interest to the narrative to know that in a
few weeks afterwards, (February 4, 1761,) tha.t
most eminent preacher, just past the thirty-sixth
year of his age, was himself suddenly removed
by death from the new sphere of usefulness and
fame, upon which he had entered; so that on
the page of the Synod's Minutes of May 20,
IY6I, is found the sentence : " The Presbytery of
New-Brunswick further report, that it has pleased
God to remove by death, since our last, the Rev.
Mr. President Davies and the Rev. Mr. David
Cowell."
In his fatal illness Mr. Davies remarked, that
he had been undesignedly led to preach his own
funeral sermon. He alluded to the fact that he
and Funeral. 137
liad delivered a discourse on 'New Year's day
(ITGI) from the words in Jeremiah, " Thus saith
the Lord, this year thou shalt die." He took
this text, however, after having been informed
that President Burr had preached from it on the
first day of the year in which he died. Davies'
sermon at the College on the first day of the
preceding year, is entitled, " A New- Year's
Gift." The text of that is : " And that knowing
the time, that now it is high time to awake out
of sleep, for now is our salvation nearer than
when we believed." It is the fifty-ninth in the
published collection.
The autograph, from which Davies preached
at Mr. Cowell's funeral, is now before me. It is
a sermon on the words from the Epistle to the
Hebrews, "Let us labor, therefore, to enter into
that rest," adapted to the occasion by a new in-
troduction, and by what appears to be an imjDar-
tial and discriminating estimate of the character
of the deceased. As these parts of the discourse
are interesting as relics of the great preacher, as
well as for their descriptions of a prominent per-
son in our history, I shall quote them in full.
The new opening was thus :
" While death reigns in our world, and spreads its pale
10*
138 Funeral Sermon
trophies so often before our eyes, how gloomy and dismal
would our prospect be, especially at funeral occasions, if
Jesus had not brought life and immortality to light by the
Gospel! And how intolerable would be the doubtful
struggles, the toils and fatigues of life, if we had no pros-
pect of Rest ! Add an everlasting duration to them,
and they become too oppressive for human nature. But
blessed be God, there remaineth a rest for the people of
God ; a rest that may be obtained by hard labor, though
lost by unbelief. ' Let us labor, therefore, to enter into
that rest.' Here heaven is represented under the agree-
able idea of a time of rest / the way to obtain it pointed
out, namely, by hard lahoi% and the necessity of laboring
hard imphed. These are the several topics I now hitend
to illustrate for the religious improvement of this melan-
choly occasion."
Having completed this plan in tlie usual full-
ness of bis manner, tlie discourse closed with the
new matter prepared for the day, as follows :
" What remains of the present hour, I would devote
more immediately to the memory of the dead. To pro-
nounce a panegyric on the dead is supposed to be the
principal design of funeral sermons ; and to praise the
dead is a debt which envy itself will allow us to discharge.
But it is not a regard to ancient custom, nor an apprehen-
sion that the eulogium will not be envied nor disj^uted,
that excite me at present to take some particular notice of
the character of our worthy friend, who now lies a pale
corpse before us. It is rather my desire to concur with
the sentence of heaven, and to praise the virtue which I
by Davles. 139
cheerfully hope has ere now received the approbation of
the Supreme Judge. It is my full conviction that the
character of the deceased was in many respects worthy of
the imitation of the living, and that in recommending it,
I shall recommend virtue and religion with advantage, as
exemplified in life.
" Indeed, it would have relieved me fi'om some anxiety,
if my worthy friend had nominated some one to this ser-
vice, whose long acquaintance with him would have en-
abled him to do justice to his memory, and exhibit a full
view of his character. During the short time that I have
been a resident of this Province, he has been my very in-
timate friend, and I have conversed freely with him in his
most unguarded hours, when his conversation was the full
image of his soul. But I had only a general acquaintance
with him for ten of the years before, and of the earlier
part of his life I had no personal knowledge, and have re-
ceived but a very imperfect account from his earlier ac-
quaintances. But from what I have heard from persons
of credit, or have known myself, I shall give you the fol-
lowing general sketch of his character; and as I would by
no means incur the censure of flattery, or risk the reputa-
tion of my veracity, you may be assured I fully believe
myself in the account I give of his character.
" The Rev. Mr. David Cowell was born at Dorchester,
in the government of Massachusetts Bay, and educated at
Harvard College. I am informed by one of "his early
friends, that the characteristics of his youth were a serious,
'virtuous, and religious turn of mind, free from the vices
and vanities of the wild and thoughtless age, and a re-
markable thirst for knowledge. The study of books was
140 Character of Cowell
both his amusement and serious business, while he was
passing through his course of collegiate education, and
even before he entered upon it, and I am witness how
lively a taste for books and knowledge he cherished to the
last.
'' I am not able to give you an account of the sensations
and impressions of his mind from divine things in early
life, which were the beginnings of his religion. But as
every effect must have an adequate cause, from what I
have observed in him of the Christian temper, I conclude
he had been the subject of such impressions.
" He appeared to me to have a mind steadily and habit-
ually bent towards God and holiness. If his religion was
not so warm and passionate as that of some, it was j^erhaps
proportionally more evenly uniform and rational. He was
not flighty and visionary, nor yet dull and senseless. His
religion was not a transient passion, but appeared to be a
settled temper.
" Humility and modesty, those gentle virtues, seemed
to shine in him with a very amiable lustre. Far from be-
ing fall of liimself, far from taking airs of superiority, or
giving himself the preference, he often imposed a volun-
tary silence upon himself, when he could have made an
agreeable figure in conversation. He was fond of giving
way to his brethren, with Vv'hom he might justly have
claimed an equality, and to encourage modest worth in his
inferiors. ' He was not impudently liberal of unasked ad-
vice, though very judicious, impartial, and communicative
when consulted. He had an easy, graceful negligence in
his carriage, a noble indifference about setting himself off.
And though his intellectual furniture, his experience and
by Davies. 14 i
seniority might have been a strong temptation to the
usual foible of vanity and self-sufficiency, I never have seen
any thing in his conduct, that discovered a high estimate
of his own accomplishments. Indeed, he seemed not to
know them, though they were so conspicuous that many
a man has made a very brilliant appearance with a small
share of them.
" He had a remarkable command of his passions. No-
thing boisterous or impetuous, nothing rash or fierce, ap-
peared in his conduct, even in circumstances that would
throw many others into a ferment. Had I not been told
by one who has long and intimately known him, that he
was capable of a manly resentment wpon proper occasions,
I sliould have concluded that he was generously insensible
to personal injuries, for I can not recollect that ever I
heard him speak a severe word, or discover the least de-
gree of anger against any man upon earth. He appeared
calm and unruffled amidst the storms of the world, peace-
ful and serene amidst the commotion and uproar of human
passions.
" Far from sanguine, prattling forwardness, he was re-
markably cautious and deliberate ; slow to pronounce,
slow to determine, and especially to censure,. and therefore
well guarded against extremes, and the many pernicious
consequences of precipitant conclusions.
" In matters of debate, and especially of religious con-
troversy, he was rather a moderator and compromiser
than a party. Though he could not be neuter, but judged
for himself to direct his own conduct, yet he did not aflect
to impose his sentiments upon others, nor set up his own
understanding as an universal standard of truth. He
142 Character of Cowell
could exercise candor and forbearance without constraint
or reluctance ; and when he happened to differ in opinion
from any of his brethren, even themselves could not but
acknowledge and admire his moderation.
" His accomplishments as a man of sense and learning
were very considerable. His judgment was cool, deliber-
ate, and penetrating. His sentiments were well digested,
and his taste elegant and refined. He had read not a few
of the best modern authors, and though he did not often
plod over the mouldy volumes of antiquity, he was
no stranger to ancient literature, whether classical, philo-
sophical, or historical. He could think as well as read,
and the knowledge he collected from books, was well di-
gested, and became his own. He had carefully studied the
Sacred Scriptures, that grand accomplishment for a divine,
and had a rational theory of the Christian system.
" He had an easy, natural vein of wit, which rendered
his conversation extremely agreeable, and which he some-
times used with great dexterity to exj^ose the rake, the
fop, the infidel, and the other fools of the human species.
But never did his humanity allow him to use this keen
weapon to wound a friend, or the mnocent, whether friend
or foe. His wit was sacred to the service of virtue, or in-
nocently volatile and lively to heighten the pleasure of
conversation.
" He was a lover of mankind, and delighted in every
oflice of benevolence. Benevolence appeared to me to be
his i^redominant virtue, which gave a most amiable cast to
his whole temper and conduct. Did he ever refuse to
give relief or pleasure to any of his fellow-creatures, when
by Da vies. 143
it was in liis power to do it ? I never had reason to
think he did.
" That he might be able to support himself, without op-
pressing a small congregation, he applied some part of his
time to the study and practice of physic, in which he made
no inconsiderable figure. In this he was the friend of the
poor, and spared neither trouble nor expense to relieve
them.
" As I never had the happiness to hear him in the sa-
cred desk, I can say but little of him in his highest cha-
racter as a minister of the Gospel. But from what I know
of his disposition, theological knowledge, and other re-
ligious performances, I doubt not but his sermons were
judicious, serious, well-composed, and calculated to show
men the way of salvation.
" In prayer, I am sure, he appeared humble, solemn, ra-
tional, and importunate, as a creature, a sinner in the pre-
sence of God ; without levity, without affectation, without
Pharisaical self-confidence.
" In the charter of the College of ll^ew- Jersey, he was
nominated one of the trustees, and but few invested with
the same trust, discharged it with so much zeal, diligence,
and alacrity. His heart was set upon the prosperity of
the infant institution, and he exerted himself in its service,
nor did he forget it in his last moments."^
" This church has lost a judicious minister of the Gos2:)el,
and, as we hope, a sincere Christian ; the world has lost
an inoffensive, useful member of society ; this town an
agreeable, peaceable, benevolent inhabitant ; the College
* Mr. Cowell bequeathed fifty pounds to the College.
144 Epitaph.
of New- Jersey a father, and I have lost a friend ; and I
doubt not but public and private sorrow and lamentation
will be in some measure correspondent, and express the
greatness of the loss.
" Let us endeavor, my brethren, to copy his amiable
character, and make his virtues our own. The character,
indeed, is not perfect. The friend, the scholar, the min-
ister, the Christian was still a man ; a man of like pas-
sions with ourselves ; and, therefore, he undoubtedly had
his blemishes and infirmities. He is at best but a sinner
sanctified and saved. However, I shall not describe his
faults, because I hardly knew them, and because greater
can be found almost every where. His virtues and graces
are not so common, and therefore I have exhibited them
to your view for imitation.
" With him the dubious conflict of life is over, and we
hope he has entered into rest, and sweetly fallen asleep
in Jesus. Let us also labor to enter into that rest, lest
any of us fall by imbelief "
Mr. Co well's body was deposited in the church-
yard at Trenton, and the grave, which is w^ithin
a few feet of the western wall of the church, is
designated by a head-stone with the following in-
scription :
" Li memory of the
PvEVD. Me. DAVID COWELL.
Born in Dorchester, 1 704.
Graduated in Harvard College, Cambridge, IST. E., 1732.
Ordained at Trenton, 1736.
Died December the 1st, ^tatis sua) 56, 1760.
Sermons. i^_j
" A man of penetrating wit ; solid judgment ; strong
memory ; yet of great modesty, piety, and benevolence.'*
Mr. Co well was an iudustrions preacher. There
lies before me a memorandum, kept by him of
the places and texts of his preaching, from Jmie,
1735, to October, IToY. In those twenty-two
years there is seldom a Sabbath without its re-
cord of service, besides the extra duties of sacra-
mental seasons and funerals. On a very few
Sabbaths is the entry of " non valui," (not
well,) and but one or two " procellosus,"
(stormy.) The only observable blank is from
April 10 to June 5, 1748, which is accounted for
by the line, " went to New-England." He fre-
quently administered the Lord's Supper at Mai-
denhead and Hopewell. Occasionally he sup-
plied Fisher's Island, Rocky Hill, Bristol, Bor-
dentown, Whippany, Elizabethtown, Abington,
Norrington, Shrewsbury, Neshaminy. The few
notes of funerals in this little register, may be of
some chronological use or family interest.
1736, July 7. Mary Eli.
1739, January 31, Armitage.
1739, February 6. George Snow.
1741, December 26. Mrs. Green.
1742, January 10. Widow Furman.
11
] 46 Funerals.
1742, April 14. Slack's wife.
1742, July 11. Hi(?bee.
1742, September 6. Margaret.
1743, June 16. Jones's child.
1744, March 21. Widow Reed.
1744, December 8. Mr. Yard.
1746, June 17. Stephen Rose.
1747, September 22. Mrs. Snow.
1747, October 21. Mrs. Yard.
1749, July 30. Hart.
1749, November 7. Howell's wife.
1749, December 19. Mr. Griffin.
1750, July 18. Susan Osborn.
1750, September 17. Mr. Paxton.
1751, January 7. Mr. Taylor.
1752, May 1. John Green.
1753, January 2. Rose's wife.
1754, December 1. William Green.
1756, September 5. Mr. Dagworthy.
Tlie " vddow Farman" in the list is comme-
morated by Professor Kalm, who, among other
instances of American longevity, states, that " on
January 8, 1742, died in Trenton, Mrs. Sarah
Furman, a widow, aged ninety-seven years ; leav-
ing alive at the time of her decease five children,
sixty-one grand-children, one hundred and eighty-
two great-grand-children, and twelve great-great
grand-children."^
'•' Kaliu's Travels, vol. ii. 5.
Funeral Sermon. 147
The sermon of January Bl, 1739, was preached
at Pennington, at the interment of the Ekier
Enoch Armitage, and I quote a passage as a spe-
cimen of the preacher's style. The text was :
"]^ow lettest thou tliy servant depart in peace,
according to thy word."
" The words of our text Mr. Armitao^e adoDted as his
own, and desired they might be discoursed upon at his
funeral. Those most acquainted with him testified his dis-
position for peace. God had given him by nature a calm
and quiet spirit, which was his ornament and glory. He
was not subject to anger-heats and passions, as many others
are, and this happy natural talent, assisted and improved
by a religious principle and the love of God, was so bright
and shining, that his moderation was known to all men
who had the happiness of an intimate acquaintance with
him. In his dealings he was strictly just and honest ; to
those in distress charitable, and ready to help and assist.
In his conversation he was grave without moroseness, and
pleasant without levity. From the quickness of his wit,
and the strength and clearness of his judgment, he was
ready on all occasions to bring out of the good treasure of
his heart things new and old. The sum of his religion was
love to God and his neiglibor, without being rigid and
contentious for things indiiferent. The government of his
family was with the greatest economy and religious order.
His stated times for prayer, both private and secret, his
times for instructing his family, for taking refreshment,
and his times for following the works of his calHng, fol-
148 Armitage.
lowed one another so constantly by turns, and in the re-
vohition of such certam 'periods, that they seldom inter-
fered, much less jostled out each other ; and such a vein
of religion ran through the whole, that his life was like the
life of Enoch, whose name he bore, a walking with God.
If we consider him at church, we shall find he was con-
stant and devout in attendance upon God's public worship.
In the management of church affairs, which was early com-
mitted to him, and continued to the last, he deservedly
obtained that character of a good steward to be faithful ;
and as his management was the product of religious prin-
ciples and a sound judgment, he had the satisfaction to see
them approved by the wisest men and the best Christians.
Such a religious, honest, and just walk in his own house,
and in the house of God, procured to him the esteem of
persons of all persuasions and all characters. If he was
maligned by any self-conceited brethren, who run their
own ways, and give likhig unto nothing but what is framed
by themselves, and hammered on their anvil, as their
ignorance was the cause, so that only can plead their ex-
cuse. A sovereign God gave him such a fiducial sight of
Christ, and his own interest in him founded on the divine
promises, that he adopted the words of good old Simeon
for his own. He made it the business of his life to follow
peace with all men, and it was his grief his endeavors suc-
ceeded no better. He desired to die in peace, and to have
a hopeful prospect of peace after his death. With respect
to himself, his prayer was eminently answered. When he
passed through the valley of death, God was with him.
Death gave one friendly stroke, and it was over — so that
he rather seemed to conquer, than to be overcome."
Cowell's Will. 149
One of the sermons is marked as preached on
Friday, November 23, lYo9, from the text of the
crucified thieves, and a note is appended, " Exe-
cution, Trenton." This was the execution which
brought Whitefield to Trenton on the 21st of
November, as already quoted from his journaL
The only names of ministers that appear as re-
lieving him in his own pulpit through all those
years, are Guild, Huston, Leonard, Miller, Phil-
lips of Boston, Munson of New-England, and
Spencer.
Mr. Cowell bequeathed fifty pounds to "the
Presbyterian congregation of Trenton ; the prin-
cipal to remain good, and the interest thereof to
be applied for the benefit of the congregation for-
ever." He left an equal sum to the College of
New-Jersey. The will was signed only four days
before his death, " being sick and weak in body,
but of perfect mind and memory," and was wit-
nessed by Samuel Tucker, Jr., Arthur Plowell,
Benjamin Yard, and George Davis. Many of the
wills recorded at that time have the same reli-
gious phraseology as that of Mr. Cowell, the testa-
mentary part of which begins thus : '' Principally
and first of all I give and recommend my soul
11*
1^0 Archibald Home.
into the hands of God that gave it ; and for my
body, I commit it to the earth, to be buried in a
Christianly and decent manner, nothing doubt-
ing but at the general resurrection, I shall re-
ceive the same again by the mighty power of
God." It is to be feared that the scriveners'
pious formulas are not always subscribed by tes-
tators with as much sincerity, as they doubtless
were in this good man's case.
Amono: the few extant manuscripts of Mr.
Co well is a fragment of notes of a funeral sermon,
marked as preached April 1, 1744, at the " bury-
ing of Mr. Home." It contains an expression
of the preacher's intention " not to make enco-
miums on the Honorable person to whose re-
mains we have been paying the last friendly
office. That is a task to which I am on several
accounts unequal. Besides, I humbly conceive
the proper use to be made of instances of mor-
tality, is to instruct and exhort the living, accord-
ins: to that of the wise man, Eccles. 7 : 2."
This defunct was undoubtedly Mr. Archibald
Home, who was Deputy Secretary of the Pro-
vince in the time of Governor Morris, and who
upon his recommendation to the Lords of Trade
(October 18, 1740) was appointed to a seat in the
Vault. 1 J I
Council, made vacant by the death of Robert
Lettis Hooper."^
AVhen the church was taken down in 1805, a
vault was discovered under the broad aisle, con-
tainins: the remains of two bodies in their re-
spective coffins, the " dress and furniture " of
which, (according to the j)apers of the day,) " and
the habiliments of the corpses, denoted to have
been persons of distinction."f A year after the
discovery, another newspaper made this publica-
tion : " A gentleman, on whom we can rely, and
who says he will vouch for the authenticity of his
statement, informs us, that the name of one of
the persons found in the vault was Feeeman, a
man of considerable connections in the West-In-
dies, who removed to and resided at Blooms-
bury with his family, and was interred about
seventy years ago. The other was Aechibald
Hume, Esquire, a Scotchman of very considerable
literary acquirements, and brother to the cele-
brated Sir John Hume, who came over and re-
sided in Trenton some months after the decease
of his brother." J
* The Papers of Le\\n3 Morris. Pp. 122, 13t, 219, 283.
f Trenton Federalist, April 22, 1805.
X Trenton True American, April 21, 180C. "Homo," or "Hume,'" is
152 Home.
I have seen the will of Archibald Home, which
was made February 24, 1H3. The device of the
testator's seal is an adder holding a rose, which
is the crest of a Home family, in which there are
several baronets named Sir John ; but I can not
find any trace of such a resident in Trenton.
Mr. Archibald Home bequeathed all his property
to his brother James Home, Esq., of Charleston,
South-Carolina. His executors were Robert Hun-
ter Morris, Thomas Cadwalader, and the legatee.
The witnesses to the will were Joseph Paxton
and Moreton Appleby. The probate was certi-
fied October 5, 1Y44, by '' James Home, Secr'y."
This suggests the conjecture that he was the
brother reported in the newspaper as " Sir
John," and that upon removing from Charleston
to Trenton, upon Archibald's decease, he was put
into the vacant secretaryship.
There is a tradition that connects one of the
bodies in the vault with the family of Governor
Cosby. I supposed this to be a mistake of the
name of Cosby for Morris, and that the person
referred to was Mr. Home, until I found the fol-
the same family-name. " Isfy father's family is a branch of the Earl
of Home's or Hume's." {Autobiography of David Hume.)
Freeman. 153
lowing item in the Pennsylvania Gazette^ of
March T-14, 1737-38:
" We learn from Trenton tliat Thomas Freeman, Es-
quire, son-in-law to the late Governor Cosby, died there
on Saturday last after a few hours' illness."
This would reconcile the tradition w^ith the
newspaper paragraphs, and appears to identify
the body. It is part of the old report, that one
of the interments was by torch-light. Mr. Cow-
ell's memorandum shows, that Mr. Home's fune-
ral-sermon was on Sunday, and was a second ser-
vice on that day. On the removal of the site of
the church in 1839, the vault was a second time
examined, before it was carefully closed, but
neither the inscription nor arms upon the mould-
ering plate that was found in it, could be deci-
phered. That could scarcely have been a family-
vault, in which any connections of such enemies
as Morris and Cosby w^ould be associated."^
* Governor Cosby's wife was a daughter of Lord Halifax. Their eldest
daughter was married to a younger son of the Duke of Grafton.
The Fikst Chartee of the Teentoi^ Chuech —
Teustees.
1T56 — 1760.
It was during the pastorate of Mr. Co well that
the first charter of incorporation was obtained,
and his name stands first among the corporators.
The date of this instrument is Se|)tember 8, 1Y56.
It runs in the name of George the Second, through
the Provincial Governor Belcher, and incor-
porates
The Rev. David Cowell,
Charles Clark,
Andrew Reed,
Joseph Yard,
Arthur Howell,
William Green,
Alexander Chambers,
and their successors, by the name of "The
Trustees of the Presbyterian Church of Trenton."
The Charter follows the phraseology of others
Firft Charter. 155
£:iven to our churclies under tlie same adininistra-
tloD,''^ ill tlie preambulary acknowledgmeDt tliat
" the advancement of true relicrion and virtue is
absolutely necessary for the promotion of the
peace, order, and prosj^erity of the State, and
that it is the duty of all Christian Princes and
Governors, by the law of God, to do all they can
for the encouragement thereof;" and also that
" the known loyalty of the petitioners, and the
Presbyterians in general, to us, their firm aifec-
tion to our i:)erson and government, and the Pro-
testant succession in our royal house, gave the
petitioners hopes of all reasonable indulgence
and favor within the same colony, where the re-
ligious rights of mankind are so happily pre-
served, and where our equal grace and bounty
to all our Protestant faithful subjects, however
differing in opinion about lesser matters, has
hitherto been so sensibly felt and enjoyed."
Of the lay members of the first Board of
Trustees I herewith furnish all the information
within my reach.
Chaeles Claek came to Trenton from Long
Island, and occupied a farm in the township near
* See Murray's *' Elizabetlitowo," p. 62. Stearns's " Newark," p. 193.
156 Clarks.
the country cliurcli. Ke is recorded as present
at every meeting of the Trustees from 1757 to
1775. On the night of the battle of Trenton,
December 26, 1776, he met his death by falling
into the fire of his own hearth. In 1777 his son
Benjamin was elected a trustee in his place. An-
other son, Daniel, was in the Board with his
father from 1766 to 1788. At the annual meet-
ing of 1777, " Daniel Clark and Benjamin Clark
informed the Board that their father, Charles
Clark, Esq., deceased, had left the congregation
twenty pounds, to be put at interest, the interest
to be annually applied towards the support of
their minister. They produced the will of their
late fither, and paid the twenty pounds to Mr.
Alexander Chambers, who put the same to in-
terest to Mr. John Howell at six per cent."
Benjamin died ISTovember 25, 1785, in his
fifty-fifth year. The Gazette of the week says :
'' He served in the magistracy with reputation,
both before and since the Eevolution. The esti-
mation he was held in by the neighborhood was
manifest from the numerous and respectable at-
tendants on his funeral, and his loss will be sen-
sibly felt, not only by his family but by the
Church, and the county in which he lived."
Reed — Yard— Howell. 1 57
Of Andeew Eeed, tlie next on the list of
trustees, I have given all I know in a previous
chapter. There are stones in the Trenton church-
yard, marked, Sarah, wife of Andrew Eeed,
March 15, 1739 ; Ann, daughter of Andrew
Reed, July 4, 1Y5Y, 8ot. 14; and three infant
Reeds, Francis, September 12, 1747 ; Thomas,
February 7, 1754 ; Andrew, Jr., July 7, 1758.
Joseph Yaed belonged to a family, which ap-
pears among the earliest settlers of Trenton, and
spread into numerous branches. It is said that
there was a doubt whether the name of Yard
had not a superior claim to that of Trent for the
new locality. Our trustee came from England
with his four brothers, Benjamin, "William, John,
and Jethro. Benjamin was an elder of this
church in 1765, and it is probably his death
which is recorded as having taken place in Octo-
ber, 1808, in his ninety-fourth year. Joseph
acted as trustee until 1762, and was Clerk of
the Board.
Aethur Howell's name appears on the mi-
nutes of May 8, 1762, for the last time. On the
sixth of December of that year his will was be-
fore the surrogate. His "trusty and beloved
12
158 Green — Chambers.
friend Obadiah Howell" was one of liis exe-
cutors.
Y/iLLiAM GsEEiq- was in office until 1764. This
family, like the Howells and Yards, is too rami-
fied to be traced for any object of the present
work.
Alexandee Chambees, the last-named corpo-
rator, belonged to a family Avhich has its fifth and
sixth generations to represent it at this time. I
avail myself of a paper prepared by Mr. John S.
Chambers, to furnish all the information neces-
sary to my purpose.
" John Chambers, tlic ancestor of the Chambers family
of Trenton, came to America from the county of Antrim
in the north of Ireland, about the year 1730.
" His tombstone stands near the present church-edifice
in good preservation, by the inscription on wliich it appears
that he died September 19th, 1747, at the age of seventy
years.
" He had several children, of vrhom his son Alexander
continued to live in Trenton. Alexander was his second
son, and was born in Ireland in the year 1716. He was
one of the first trustees named in the Charter of the Pres-
byterian Church of Trenton, given from the King through
Gov. Belcher, and held the oflice from September 8th,
1756, until his death, September 16th, 1798, a period of
forty-two years, during all which time, as is shown by the
Chambers. 159
Trustees' Book of Minutes, his name is recorded as present
at every meeting of the Board. He was elected Treasurer
of the Board May 6th, 1766, and performed the duties of
that office till August 1st, 1796, a period of thirty years,
when he resigned on account of his advancing age. He
was also chosen President of the Board on the 5th of May,
1783, which office he filled till his death, a period of fifteen
years.
"He was by occupation a turner, spinning-wheel and
chair-maker. He built the brick house on the corner of
State and Willow streets, for many years used as a store,
and known as Chambers' Corner, and carried on store-
keeping in the old mud house built by his father, which
stood adjoining.
"He died SejDt. 16th, 1798, at the age of eighty-two, and
lies buried near his father in the church-yard. The first
bequest in his will is in these words :
" ' Item. I give unto the Presbyterian Church in Tren-
ton, Thirty Pounds, to be put at interest, and the interest
to go towards the support of a minister, said Thirty
Pounds to be paid to the Trustees one year after my de-
cease.'
" Alexander Chambers left several children. Two of
the sons, John and Alexander, remained in Trenton.
John carried on the trade of his father at his own shop at
the head of town in Warren street. Alexander converted
the brick house built by his father on the corner of State
and Willow streets into a store, and carried on an exten-
sive business for many years. He was the first to estab-
lish Bloomsbury as a port for sloops, and built a wharf and
storehouse there about the year 1803 ; the transportation
1 6o Chambers.
business having been previously conducted at Lamberton,
about a mile below.
" On the Vth of August, 1799, about a year after the
death of his father, he was chosen a trustee, and so con-
tinued till his death in 1824, a period of twenty-five years.
John S. Chambers, son of the last-mentioned John Chambers,
was chosen a trustee ISTovember 24th, 1823, and so con-
tinued till his death in November, 1834, a period of eleven
years ; for the last two of which he was also President of
the Board, having been elected to that office October 13th,
1832."
To tills I may add tliat tlie son of the last-
named, who furnishes this paper, is the present
Clerk of the Board. There was a John Cham-
bers in the eldership in 1760-4. My correspond-
ent says :
" I have not yet ascertained who the elder, John Cham-
bers, was. It is evident from the dates he could not have
been the ancestor who first came over, as I at first sup-
posed."
According to the terms of the charter, the
seven trustees were to hold their office until the
first Tuesday of June, 1757, when and thereafter
the trustees were to be elected by " the Minister,
Elders, and Deacons of the said Presbyterian
Church and Congregation." This unpopular
feature of ecclesiastical corporations passed away
Officers. 161
in due time, together with the loyalty to the
house of Hanover ; but the minister, elders, and
deacons continued, until after the indejiendence, to
elect the trustees, of whom the minister himself
was usually one, and also President of the Board.
As such, he was constituted by the charter keeper
of the books, seal, and all papers of the corpo-
ration."^ In 1760 the pastor w^as Treasurer as
well as President.
In 1760, June 12, John Chambers, John Hen-
drickson, and Stephen Rose were " chosen
elders," and on the same day is this entry on the
trustees' minutes: " Memorandum, that it is
agreed by the congregation now met, that the
Presbyterian Congregation of Trenton shall an-
nnally meet on the first Tuesday in June to
choose elders, and that then the minister, elders,
and deacons shall proceed to the choice of trus-
tees of said Presbyterian church." From this
provision, and occasional subsequent records, it
seems that there was for a time a departure from
the principle of our church, that the lay-elder-
ship, like the clerical, is perpetual, and is not
open, even as to the exercise of the office, to re-
* The original Ciiarter is still preserved.- It is recorded in Book Q,
p. 163, State House.
12*
i62 Officers.
peated elections, as is the custom of our sister
Presbyterian Churcli, tlie Keformecl Dutch. It
must be remembered that this was nearly thirty
years before the constitution of our American
Church was framed.
In 1760 the name of Moore Furman appears in
the Board in the place of Andrew Eeed. In
1762, Obadiah Howell filled the vacancy made
by the death of Mr. Cowell. A personal notice
of Mr. Furman will come in more appropriately
under a later date. Obadiah Howell was a
trustee until 1770. He lived on a farm which is
still in the family, on the Scotch road on the
borders of Trenton.
Ministry of tiie Key. Williai\i Kirkpatrick
— His History.
1760—1700.
Soon after the Eev. Mr. Cowell's withdrawal
from the pastorate, and before his decease, the
attention of the people, perhaps at his suggestion,
was turned towards Mr. William Kirkpatrick
as his successor.
Neither the place nor time of Mr. Kirkpatrick'e
birth is known. Judging from his age, as given
without dates on his grave-stone, he was born
about 1720. He probably had not a liberal edu-
cation at the usual age, as he was at least thirty
years old when he took his Bachelor's degree at
Princeton. This was with the class of 1757, a
year noted in the college history as that in which
it was removed from Newark to Princeton, and
in which its distinguished President Aaron Burr
died. Among his class-mates were the young men
afterwards eminent as Governor Joseph Eeed, of
164 Kirkpatrick apxd
Pennsylvania, and the Eev. Alexander Mac-
wliorter, D.D., and in the class next below his
were John V. and William Tennent, sons of the
Eev. William Tennent, Jr. It was in the March of
that year that the College was blessed (according
to the language of Gilbert Tennent) with " an
extraordinary appearance of the divine power
and presence there."^ In the next year, (June
13 and 14, 1758,) at the meeting of the Presby-
tery of New-Brunswick, which was the first after
the union of the Synods of New- York and Phila-
delphia, and when Messrs. Cowell and Guild had
been transferred to it from the Presbytery of
Philadelphia, Kirkpatrickf and Macwhorter were
taken under trials as candidates for the ministry.
Upon their preliminary examination the Pres-
bytery pronounced themselves " well pleased that
they can with so great freedom encourage them
in their design." The theme for Kirkpatrick's
exegesis was " an certitudo subjectiva salutis sit
de essentia fidei justificantis :" his trial text was
* Preface to Sermons. Rev. Wm. Tennent, of Freehold, wrote an ac-
coiint of the state of things to Dr. Finley, which is printed in Dr. Alex-
ander's "Log College," pp. 36T-9. In that letter ho mentions that
both of his sons, John and WilHam, were partakers " of the shower of
blessing."
f His name is written Kiilpatrick in the earlier minutes.
Macwhorter. 165
Rom. 3 : 28. On tlie 25tli of the next month,
the Presbytery met at Princeton, when no other
business was attended to but the hearing and ap-
proving of the compositions of the two candidates,
and giviug them texts for further exercises.
These were heard on the 15th August, at Prince-
ton ; Kirkpatrick's second trial text was Philip-
pians 4:5; and the course of trials being com-
pleted, they were licensed, and both of them
were immediately sent out to supply vacant con-
gregations till the Fall Presbytery. Kirkpatrick's
appointments were to Oxford, Forks of Delaware,
Greenwich, Bethlehem, Kingwood, and wher-
ever else he should find opportunity. In Octo-
ber he was appointed to the same circuit, with
Shrewsbury added to the places named.
In the early part of 1759 he wrote the follow-
ing letter to Dr. Bellamy, of Connecticut r"^
"l^ewark, Feb. 12, 1759.
"Rev. anb woethy Sir : I think, if I remember right, I
came under a promise of writing to you, which, if made,
I am now about to fulfill.
" I remember we had some conversation about George's
Town on Kenuebeck river when I was with you. I have
since seen a man who once Uvedon the spot, who seems to
* In tLG manuscript collections of the Presbyterian Historical Society,
Philadelpbia.
i66 Letter to Bellamy.
be an intelligent, sober man, and his account of that people
discourages from thoughts of settling there. He says they
are a remarkably contentious, brawling, difficult people, and
that no minister can have any comfort, or be long useful with
them. I have had an invitation from the Presbytery ot
'New Castle, (of which Mr. Finley is a member,) to come
under their care, and settle among them, should Providence
oiDcn a way for it. Likewise I have had a probationary
call from a place under the care of our own Presbytery,
(viz., N'ew-Brunswick.) And another of the same kind
from a congregation near Elizabethtown in York Presby-
tery bounds. I have not yet seen my way clear to accept
of an invitation from any of these places, but continue to
itinerate among the small vacancies towards the frontiers
of this Province. If any door of more extensive usefulness
opens with you, I would be very glad if you would
take care to inform me ; my inclinations lead me much to
New-England. If you can send a letter to this place from
whence I write, or to Mr. Hazard's in ISTew-York, dii'ected
to me at Princeton, it will soon come to hand. However
the matter stands, I would be very glad of a letter from
you, at least before the sitting of our Presbytery, (the
third week in June.)
" I am lately informed that some of the trustees of our
College have sent a messenger yesterday to Mr. Davies, a
third time to invite him to the Presidentship of om* Col-
lege, after two former denials^-we wait the event. Mr.
Green presides 2^0 temjwre, I have lately heard from
good Mr. Finley that he is well,
" Religion is here at a low ebb. Truth is fallen in the
streets, and equity can not enter. Christians fallen from
Calls. 167
their first love, and vice triumphaut. A spirit of cTeadness
prevails. How long, Lord, liow long?
" But being in great hurry, I can not add anymore, but
salutations to Mrs. Bellamy, best respects to Mr. Wells and
Mr. Day, with aflectionate duty and regard to yourself
from
" Rev. sii', your unworthy son and servant,
"Wm. Kirkpateick."
Ill June, 1759, tlie united congregations of
Bethleliem and Kingwood broiiglit a call for
Mr. Kirkpatrick. There was also a request or
'^supplication," as suck petitions were called,
from tke people of Tokikan (or Tekicken or Tini-
cum) tkat ke skould supply tkeir pulpit. But
tke Synod, wkick in tkose days often exercised
wkat are now considered Presbyterial preroga-
tives, kad, in its sessions a montk before, made
otker arrangements for tke Presbytery's proba-
tioner.*"* It " ordered, tkat Messrs. Macwkorter,
Kirkpatrick, and Latta, take a journey to Vir-
C'inia and Carolina, as soon as tkey can tkis sum-
* Presbyteries would act for Sessions, too. Thus in October, 1156, a
request was presented by Jacob Eeeder, a member of Hopewell and
Maidenbead congregations, "that for the sake of the conveniency of his
family, the Presbytery would please to dismiss him from the aforesaid
congregation, (which yet he professed a regard to,) that he may join Tvith
Am well ; and the Presbytery taking mto consideration said request, judge
it to be reasonable, and grant it."
i68 Ordinations.
mer, or ensuing fall, and spend some months in
those parts f and the Synod " further consider-
ing the destitute condition of Hanover^ and the
uncertainty of their being supplied, if suppliers
are left to their own discretion, respecting the
time of their going to Virginia," directed that
Kirkpatrick should be at Hanover by the third
Sabbath of July, to be followed by the two other
licentiates in September and November; and
their respective Presbyteries were counselled to
"take care that these gentlemen fulfill this ap-
pointment, and neither prescribe nor allow them
employment in our bounds, so as to disappoint
this our good intention." The direction of
their work was to lie with the Presbytery of
Hanover, which belonged to the same Synod.
Deferring to the superior authority, the Presby-
tery took no order upon the Tohikan supplica-
tion, but directed their two probationers to sup-
ply vacancies as far as they could before their
journey South.
In view of their mission, the Presbytery de-
termined to hasten their ordination. They gave
to Kirkpatrick for his trial sermon the text,
" The poor have the Gospel preached to them ;"
and for a Latin exegesis, the perseverance of the
Calls. 169
saints.'^ These were presented at Cranbury,
July 4, 1759, and both Kirkpatrick and Mac-
whorter were ordained on that day. After all,
none of the three fulfilled the Synod's appoint-
ment ; but whatever were their reasons, (Mac-
whorter's was his call to Newark,) they were
admitted to be sufficient by the Synod, at their
annual meeting in 17 GO. Mr. Kirkpatrick, in
the mean time, had declined the Bethlehem and
Kin^rwood call ; and had received one from
Hanover, Virginia.
The Trenton congregation now first signified
their inclination to him. On the day (March 11,
1Y60) on which the Presbytery released Mr.
Cowell from that charge, they were petitioned to
* A second exegesis used to be required of candidates, besides the
one given for licensure. The Minutes of the Presbytery of New-Bruns-
wick for October, 1761, providing trials for certain licentiates in view of
ordination, state " that these three young gentlemen represented to the
Presbytery their great fatigue and continued hurry in riding from place
to place, and begged to be excused from making exegeses, as usual be-
fore ordination, and these their requests were granted." In the last cen-
tury a branch of trial was sometimes introduced, which would scarcely
be considered reverent now. In the licensure of Charles Tennent, by the
Presbytery of Philadelphia in 1136, record is made of "a previous test
of his ability in iwayery The examinations on scholarship were more spe-
cific than with us ; for example, Latta and Anderson, at one sederunt,
were examined on " Logic, Pneumatics, and Ontology." (Second Pres-
bytery of Philadelphia, 1*765.)
13
1 70 Chaplaincy
send Mr. Kirkpatrick to supply the pulpit, and
he was accordingly directed to preach there " as
many Sabbaths as may consist with his other
obligations betvreen this and the next Presby-
tery."
But another and different kind of field was invit-
ing him. The French war, though near its close,
was still calling out the loyal colonists to the fron-
tiers. Kirkpatrick, through his associations with
Hanover Presbytery, may have caught the mar-
tial spirit of sucli sermons of Davies, as the one
we read "on the curse of cowardice,*' preached
" at a general muster. May 8, 1Y58, with a view
to raise a company for Captain Samuel Meredith,"
or the one " preached to Captain Overton's inde-
pendent company of volunteers." But in the
French and Revolutionary wars our clergymen
required no special stimulus to accompany the
troops, at least as chaplains. All v\^e know of
Kirkpatrick's engagement is derived from this
entry on the minutes of his Synod, May 21,
1^60 :
'-' 'Tis allowed that Messrs. Alexander McDowel and
Hector Alison go as chaplains to the Pennsylvania forces,
and that Mr. Kirkpatrick go with the Xew-Jersey forces,
the ensuing campaign."
Supplications. 1 7 1
That liis absence was not expected to Le long,
is intimated by the recommendation subjoined
by tlie Synod, *' that Mr. Kirkpatrick pay a visit
to the people of Windham on his return." If he
went at the time mentioned, he was back in sea-
son for the meeting of Presbytery in Princeton,
February 8, 1761, at which he was clerk.
Supplications were made to Presbytery from
^'arious quarters for his services as a supply, or as
a candidate for settlement; and on the 28th
April, 17G1, a regular call was presented from
the Trenton congregation. No further order was
taken in resrard to it at that meetiuof, but it was
probably with a view of affording an opportunity
of making up his mind, that the Presbytery ap-
pointed Mr. Parkhurst, a new licentiate, to sup-
ply four Sabbaths at Trenton, and deferred giv^-
ing Kirkpatrick any appointment till the meet-
ing in the intervals of the next Synod.
At that Synod (May, 1761) we find Mr. Kirk-
patrick one of a committee of nine to whom was
referred the consideration of what vras to be done
for the better support of John Brainerd, who had
left Newark at the solicitation of the Indians, made
destitute by the death of his brother David, and
had become his successor in the mission. Cross-
172 Crofswicks.
wicks, a pLace hallowed in tlie memory of tlie
w^liole Cliurch by these associations, is but eight
miles from Trenton, and Mr. Kirkpatrick appears
to have had the leading of the business devolved
on him, as, though last-named on the committee,
the overture, urging an addition to the missionary
force as well as the funds, is minuted as comins^
from him. The Synod, however, concluded that
as, after all their inquiry, no new missionary pre-
sented himself, they could do no more than direct
a hundred and fifty pounds to be raised for Mr.
Brain erd for the ensuing year. Two years after
this, (May, 1763,) w^hen the Synod appointed
Messrs. Brainerd and Beatty to visit " the dis-
tressed frontier inhabitants and to report their
distresses," and also what opportunities were
opened for the Gospel among the Indian nations,
Mr. Kirkpatrick was made the alternate of either
who misfht fail.
Between the hours occupied by the Synod at
the session of 1761, the Presbytery had a special
meeting, in the proceedings of which Mr. Kirk-
patrick was an interested party. The minutes,
drawn probably by his own hand, as he was
clerk, are thus :
"Applications were made from ElizabethtowD, Brims-
Trenton Call. 173
wick, and Deerfield for the labors of Mr. Kirkpatrick till
our next Fall Presbytery. The Presbytery conclude to
leave the disposal of his time entirely to himself, as he is
supposed to be best acquainted with the necessity of
these vacancies ; and the Presbytery advise these vacan-
cies not to insist upon his tarrying long among them, un-
less they design to put in a call for him; as they declare
this to be their design, and he appears disposed [fa-
.settlement."
It would seem from this, though there is no re-
cord to the eflfect, that the Trenton call had not
been accepted. Neither was it declined. From
the complexion of the proceedings all through
these years, and from the subsequent transactions,
I should judge that Mr. Kirkpatrick preferred
Trenton, but that the congregation were so back-
ward on the point of salary or other arrange-
ments, that he held the matter in suspense. Per-
haps the minute last copied was ingeniously
worded by himself so as to suggest motives ^ to
the people of Trenton to be more in earnest, if
they wished their call to be preferred above the
others that v/ere coming in at every Presbytery.
That that people supposed they had a special
claim upon him, is seen in the tenor of the pro-
ceedings of a special meeting summoned for Au-
13*
I74 Kirkpatrick
gust 11, 1761, at Trenton, to dispose of a fresh
invitatioD.
"A call wasbronglit inby Capt. Samuel Morris and Capt.
AYm. Craighead, commissioners from the congregation of
Hanover, in Virginia, soliciting the settlement of Mr.
Kirkpatrick among them as their minister, which was
objected to by the congregation of Trenton ; and the
Presbytery, having deliberately heard and matm'ely con-
sidered the arguments and reasons offered by both parties,
and having likewise had a declaration by Mr. Kirkpatrick
of his sentiments and mclmations relative to the case, came
to the following conclusion, namely, that, although they
would gladly concur vrith the congregation of Hanover in
their call, yet as they can not think it their duty to ap-
point Mr. Kirkpatrick contrary to his own inclination and
judgment to settle among them, they judge that it is in-
expedient to present him the said call."
It appears, therefore, that he continued to
serve the Trenton congregation without install-
ment ; but took his share with the other mem-
bers of the Presbytery and Synod in giving an
occasional Sabbath to the numerous vacancies in
their extended bounds.. Among the j^laces thus
visited by him from time to time were Mount
Holly, Hard wick, Smithfield, Springfield, Black-
river, Burlington, Bristol, Amwell, Williams-
burgh, (Virginia,) Second Church Philadelphia,
and Presbytery. I75
Boiindbrook, Teliicken. At one time, (November
2, 1763,) the Presbytery of Philadelpliia, being
applied to by the Kev. Gilbert Tennent for a sup-
ply for his pulpit during a winter, on account of his
ill-health, the Presbytery advised the congrega-
tion to ask the Presbytery of New-Brunswick,
to alio w Messrs. Kirkpatrick and Enoch Green to
supply them as much as they can.
Towards the end of the year (1761) commis-
sioners from the Trenton congregation aj)pear to
have proposed to the Presbytery some advance
on the amount of salary previously offered to
Mr. Kirkpatrick. The Presbytery expressed their
stratification at the exertion made to this end,
O 7
but pronounced the '' medium proposed " to be
insufficient. As the commissioners, however, had
given their reason to hope that a still further ef-
fort would be made for " said medium's being in-
creased," Presbytery advised Mr. Kirkpatrick to
officiate among them until the next Spring
meeting.
At this meeting (December 1, 1761) President
Finley was received from the Presbytery of New-
castle, and he and Mr. Kirkpatrick vf ere deputed
to draw up and present an address to Governor
176 Parsonage
Handy, on Lis accession to tlie administration of
the Province.
In the spring (April 20, 1762) no better pro-
posals were received from Trenton. The Pres-
bytery confessed great embarrassment as to their
course, but finally gave their unanimous advice
to Mr. Kirkpatrick to accept the call. He com-
plied with the advice, ])ut no direction was given
for installment.
An important measure, however, was taken by
the congregation, immediately after this meeting,
tovv^ards encouraging the permanent settlement
of their minister. This was the purchase of a
parsonage. The people bought a lot on the
north side of Hanover street, which runs in the
rear of the church, sixty-five feet front, and about
one hundred and sixteen feet in depth, containing
twenty-eight perches of land, on which was a
dwelling-house. This property v/as conveyed to
tlie trustees by deed of Stacy Beaks, and his
mother Mary Beaks, a widovr. May B, 1762, for
the consideration of two hundred and seventy
pounds, proclamation money, " to be and remain
for a parsonage for the Presbyterian congregation
of Trenton forever, and the use, benefit, and profits
thereof to be held and enjoyed by the Presby-
Calls. 177
terian minister of TrentoD, that sliall be regularly
called by the Presbyterian congregation of Tren-
ton, and approved by the Presbytery of New-
Brunswick."
May, 1763, brought another trial of the strength
of Kirkpatrick's attachment to Trenton. This was
in the shape of a petition from the congregation
of Huntington, Long Island, that he should be al-
lowed to settle there as the assistant or colleague
of the Rev. Mr. Prime, who was disabled by age
and infirmities for the pa'storal service. The de-
cision on this application was deferred till June,
when he was allowed to relieve Mr. Prime for two
Sabbaths in July. This was followed in August
by an aj)plication in person by Dr. Zophar Piatt,
on behalf of the Huntington congregation. To
this oral call the Presbytery objected that it was
too informal and indefinite ; there was no liberty
from the Presbytery of Suffolk, no mention of the
capacity in which Kirkpatrick was desired, whe-
ther as stated supply, sole pastor, or colleague.
Moreover, the Trenton difiiculty existed here also ;
" the Presbytery look upon the proposed medi-
um of support to be insufiicient," and therefore
could not encourage Mr. Kirkpatrick to make a
change. Immediately afterwards, however, upon
178 Harker.
a petition from Loudon county, Virginia, for a
candidate or supply, Kirkpatrick, among others,
was directed to " pay a visit there as soon as pos-
sible, and tarry a number of Sabbaths at discre-
tion." The Rev. Messrs. McKnight, Hait, Ten-
nents Senior and Junior, and Guild were ap-
pointed to supply his pulpit ^ve Sabbaths.
The Synod of 1763 brought to a final issue a
series of investisrations into certain erroneous
opinions of the Eev. Samuel Harker, and of con-
ferences with him, which had occupied some por-
tion of their attention at every meeting since
that of 1758, when the case was first brought to
tlie Synod's notice by the Presbytery of JVew-
Brunswick, of which he was a member. Finding
him the more mischievous and obstinate for their
forbearance, the Synod pronounced him disquali-
fied from exercising his ministry. This decision
coming to the Presbytery, they directed Mr.
Kirkpatrick to go as soon as possible to Mr. Har-
ker's congregation, [Blackriver,] "warn them not
to receive his doctrines, or receive his ministra-
tions, vindicate the conduct of the Synod, signify
the paternal care of the Presbytery over them,
and inquire whether they are resolved to abide
under our care; that if so, we may order them
Presbytery, 1763. 179
supplies." At the uext meeting Kirkpatrick re-
ported that lie had fulfilled his appointment, and
that the cono;re2:ation were in such a confused
and divided state, they were unable to form a
determination.
At the October meetins: of 1TG3 the Trenton
congregation is again before Presbytery with
an application for the installment of their favorite
minister, now in the fourth year of his service as
their supply. He declined to accede to the pro-
position ; but no clew is given to his reasons be-
yond the statement, " that he could not in the
present situation of affairs." At the same time
he crave no intimation of withdrawing; from the
place, or of a willingness to yield to any of the
numerous invitations that had come to him from
other quartei's. The Court was perplexed. They
declared they could advise neither the people
nor their called minister to proceed any further
towards the installation, but rather inclined to
the opinion that by mutual consent both parties
should allow " things by a natural and easy clian-
nel to return to their former state and situation."
What follows in the minute does not help to
throw light upon the difficulties of the case. " If
this advice be complied with by the said parties,
1 8o Trustees.
the Presbytery foresee, that a congregation will
become a vacancy of whom they had entertained
hopes that they might have been happily and
permanently settled, which is to them a very dis-
agreeable prospect. But if this should finally be
the event, the Presbyter}^ do recommend it to
the people to pay off the arrears to Mr. Ivirk-
patrick in proportion to what they have hitherto
done ; and in the j^resent exigence of affairs do
advise Mr. Kirkpatrick to supply the congrega-
tion of Trenton at discretion, as much as he and
they may agree upon till our next Presbytery."
The charter of the congregation, as we have
before seen, vested in the Minister, Elders, and
Deacons the power of electing trustees. As long
as Mr. Cowell lived after the charter was re-
ceived, he was one of the trustees. There was
no election in 1761. In 1762-3 the Trustees
were all laymen. But in 1764 Mr. Kirkpatrick
was elected Trustee and Clerk of the Board ; an
evidence that his relation was not considered that
of a transient supply. In those times a formal
installment was sometimes dispensed with as un-
essential to the constitution of the pastoral con-
nection. In 1736 the Presbytery ratified a de-
cision of their commission, (for Presbytery as
well as Synod Scit in those days in interims by
Calls. 181
commission,) that the Rev. William Tenuent was
to be considered "tlie proper Gospel minister
and pastor" of the congregation of Neshaminy,
though he had never been regularly installed, on
the ground that he had accepted their call ; that
in the preamble of their subscription for his sa-
lary, they had spoken of him as their minister ;
that the body of them once owned him as such
when the question was openly proposed to them
in the church, and that he had for ten years car-
ried on all parts of the Gospel ministry without
opposition. An aj^peal from this decision was car-
ried to Synod in the same year, but the Presby-
tery was sustained ; the Synodal decision declar-
ing, that though the omission of a formal install-
ment was not to be justified, it v/as far from nulli-
fying the pastoral relation."
The people of Huntington, not discouraged by
previous failures, and having repaired the infor-
malities of the ye^r before, renewed their appli-
cation for Mr. Kirkpatrick at the October session
of 1764. At this time his position in Trenton, as
inferred from the Records, takes a more definite
phase. The congregation aj)peared by their repre-
sentatives, and expressed their opinion that Mr.
*" Records," p. 125.
14
i82 Kirkpatrick
Kirkpatrick should be either installed or dis-
missed ; but " earnestly desired the former." On
the other hand, a paper was presented with the
signatures of fifteen members of the congrega-
tion, charging their minister with using the people
ill, especially in his delays about a permanent
settlement, and concluding with a disavowal on
their part, of any further obligations to him as
their pastor, or for his future maintenance.
The Presbytery considered these allegations
and pronounced them groundless. They likewise
assured the malcontents that the obligations be-
tween the congregation and Kirkpatrick re-
mained in force " while he continues their regular
minister." They proceeded to say that in the
present confusion the way was not clear for the
installment, and deferred final action in the pre-
mises till their next meeting, which was to be
held in a few weeks in Trenton. Meanwhile
Mr. Kirkpatrick was at liberty, to spend two or
three Sabbaths in Huntington.
Accordingly on the 4th December, after or-
daining Mr. James Lyon as a minister to Nova
Scotia, it was determined, when the parties had
been fully heard, first, that the opposition of
some of the congregation to the settlement of the
and Presbytery. 183
pastor was witlioiit just cause ; secondly, that
there was no satisfactory evidence that he could
be duly supported in the execution of his office,
if settled ; thirdly, that the way is not clear for
the installment ; fourthly, that Kirkpatrick was
under no obligation to settle in the place ; fifthly,
that as the body of the congregation were in his
favor, he might supply them for the present sea-
son ; sixthly, that he should be paid his salary
and arrears ; seventhly, that he should have li-
berty to preach for vacant congregations ; and
eighthly, if he should wish to leave the bounds of
the Presbytery, Dr. Finley was authorized to give
him the usual certificate.
From all this, it appears that no advance or
change in the position of affairs was accom-
plished, and Mr. Kirkpatrick retained his place.
In the Synod as well as in the Presbytery, the
minister of Trenton was a punctual and active mem-
ber. He was often clerk, and his name is found in
connection with much of the prominent business.
In the S3mod of 1763, he was on the committees
for the education of pious students at Princeton,
and for the direction and support of missionaries
on the frontiers, and seems to have been gene-
rally in request as a practical worker in the
1 84 Trenton
financial and judicial transactions of Churcli
courts. On one occasion he is recorded as hav-
ing left town without leave : but it was for the
two tedious days, in which the roll of Synod
w^as called, that each member might express his
opinion on the question, whether a candidate
should be required to narrate his religious expe-
rience before a judicature, as a ground of decid-
ing upon his reception.^
New^-Brunswick and Metuchin, White Clay
Creek and Christiana Creek and Walkill, ap-
plied to Presbytery in 1765, for the services of
Kirkpatrick, with a view to settlement, or as a
supply ; but without resulting in any change.
In April, 1766, there came once more a formal
call from Trenton, and at the same time one
from Am well. The former of these is spoken of
in the course of the proceedings, as his " re-settle-
ment," probably meaning a renewed effort for
his settlement, as his w^ork as pastor, in every
thing but the name, had been continued with-
out suspension. Both congregations made their
plea^ before the Presbytery. It would seem
from the Minutes, that, after both the minister
* a
Records," p. 31t-8.
and Amwell. 18;
and people of Trenton, had signified their assent
that the Amwell call should be prosecuted, both
were disposed to retract, when the time of sepa-
ration approached ; for this is the deliverance :
" That there was some degree of nnprudence on the part
of Mr. Kirkpatrick, or the people of Trenton, or both, in
proceedmg so far in their call, without the advice of Pres-
bytery, and that^ after they had jointly and severally given
encouragement to the people of Amwell to invite him
amono; them.
" As the above congregations are places of importance,
and equally dear to the Presbytery, and said congrega-
tions, together with Mr. Kirkpatrick, have submitted the
final determination of the aflair to the Presbytery, they
do therefore judge, upon the whole, that it is most expe-
dient for Mr. Kirkpatrick to accept the call from Am-
well."
But neither was this the close of this pro-
tracted business. Mr. Kirkpatrick's dilemma was
not relieved by the decision he had invoked.
The matter went on undecided for another
month, when a new influence interposed. The
Synod met in May, in New-York. In the course
of their meetings, the Presbytery held a session.
At this, two members of the Presbytery of Phi-
ladelphia— the Kev. Andrew Hunter, and Wil-
liam Eamsey — were present, and in their capa-
14*
i86 Trenton
city as corres^pondents, urged the re-consideration
of tlie vote in April. They apprehended the
most serions consequences to the interests of reli-
2:ion in Trenton, if Kirkpatrick shonld be re-
moved. They pleaded, that from the hapj^y
union of " all societies " in the last call, and the
extraordinary exertions that had been made in
view of its acceptance, a happy prospect opened
-of " an important congregation being gathered
there," if he was settled among them. " But if
not, that the hearts of the people would be so sunk
and discouraged, that they would be effectually
prevented from future applications, especially
considering the unhappy prejudices they have
contracted against the Presbytery, for the afore-
said judgment." " It was therefore earnestly
overtured by these brethren," (and Mr. Kirk-
patrick, if not the reporter, was the recorder of
their language,) " that the matter should be re-
viewed, in order to prevent the ruin of that grow-
ing society, which, on account of its situation,
etc., is really important ; and the rather, as the
number of ministers present at said determina-
tion, was but small."
The subject being thus opened afresh, the
Presbytery, at six o'clock in the morning of the
and Amwell. 187
following day, resumed tlie discussion, and con-
sented to adjourn to tlie next month at Trenton,
and there re-consider their decision. The con-
gregations of Amwell and Trenton were to be
notified of the opportunity of being heard.
On the 24th June, the parties were again pre-
sent; and the judicatory, perhaps tired of the
subject, turned the whole responsibility upon the
candidate, by putting both calls into his hands,
and requiring him to make his own choice.
Thus constrained, Kirkpatrick decided for Am-
well, and the Presbytery immediately appointed
the second Wednesday of the following August
for his installment there, which was accomplished.
Kirkpatrick had but a short career left. In 1 7 6 7
he was elected a Trustee of the College of New- Jer-
sey. He was among the supplies for Trenton for
that year. He w^as Stated Clerk of Presbytery,
and Clerk of Synod, a member of the Commission
of Synod, one of the Synod's deputation to meet
the Consociated Churches of Connecticut at Xew-
Haven in September, for a plan of union, in view
of the prospect of the establishment of Diocesan
Episcopacy in America by the Church of Eng-
land.^^ In 1768 he supplied 'Q.ve Sabbaths in
* The Convention had annual sessions alternately in New- Jersey and
Connecticut, until 11 7G. See Minutes by Pr. Field.
i88 Last years
Trenton ; is again on the Synod's commission ;
a delegate to tlie General Convention or
Union meeting witli the Connecticut Consocia-
tion at Elizabethtown ; in May a correspondent
for the Presbytery with the Kev. Job Prudden
in Connecticut ; and in October for the Synod
with ministers of Dublin, according to a system
of intercourse with foreign churches. In 1769
he was Moderator of the Synod in Philadelphia,
and a member of the Presbytery's committee to
draft a memorial to obtain funds for the College
at Princeton. This memorial is recorded on the
minutes. Amonsf its statements is this : " It is
with pleasure they observe some very eminent
departments of a civil nature already filled with
the sons of this College, and that in the year
1767 not fewer than eighty of them were minis-
ters dispersed through the several colonies ; since
which time there has been a considerable addi-
tion." In the archives of the Assembly is a
copy of this memorial in a printed folio-sheet,
signed by Mr. Kirkpatrick as Moderatoi'. There
is also preserved in the same collection, and in
the same form, with his signature as clerk, the
Synod's circular of 1767, recommending congre-
gations to provide glebes for their pastors — a
greater care for widows, orphans, and the poor
and Death. 189
— tlie avoidance of law-snits — tlie aj)pointment
of masters to teacli the catechism and psalmody
— the disuse of spirituous liquors at funerals — and
the establishment in each congregation of a so-
ciety for the reformation of morals.
In 1769 Kirkpatrick was Loth Treasurer and
Clerk of Presbytery. On the 15th of June of
that year his 'familiar name appears for the last
time amons: its livins: members. He died in
Amwell on the eighth of September, not yet forty-
three years of age. His body was buried in
front of the pulpit of the First Church of Am-
well or " Old House '' between the villasres of
Eingoes and Reaville. The church has been
since taken down, and a new one built at Rea-
ville, but the tomb remains in its first position,
and is thus inscribed.
" Here lieth the body of tlie
Rev. WILLIAM KIRKPATRICK,
Late Pastor of this church,
Who died in the 43d year of his age.
Reader, vrouldst thou know his character for thy good ?
Think what a Man, a Christian, a Minister of the Gospel?
a Friend, a Husband, a Father, a Master should be ;
For in imitating this pattern (if justly drawn) thou shalt
imitate him, and witli him shalt with distinguished
honor attain to the resurrection of the just."
Kjo ■ Hannah Kirkpatrick.
u
Xear him " (says a correspondent of T/ie Preshy-
terian) lie the " remains of a daughter who survived him,
and whose name is found on the records of Amwell First
Church as a member in full communion. We give the in-
scription on her tombstone.
" In memory of
Hanxah, daughter of the late Rev. William Kirkpatrick,
Pastor of this church,
Who died August 7th, 1786, in the nineteenth
year of her age.
The dust beneath
Proclaims this solemn truth :
The young are fading,
Frail's the bloom of youth ;
Life's a short dream,
A false and empty show,
And all is
Fleeting vanity below.
0 reader ! speak,
Can you believe too soon,
The fairest morn of life
Will not insure the noon."
" Mrs. Margaret Kirkpatrick, his widow, was after-
wards married to the Rev. John Warford, who having
been called by the Amwell j^eople April 3, 1776, was or-
dained and installed their pastor. The man of God, who
is the subject of this sketch, fulfilled his course in about
eleven years ; but short as that course was, it left an abid-
ing impression in the region where he closed his labors.
Testimony to this effect has been frequently given to the
writer by a highly intelligent parishioner, who was born in
Recollections. ' 191
1760, and lived to euter his ninety-first year. There is
now Uving [185 7] a venerable mother in Israel, aged
ninety-seven, who, though only eight or nine years old at
the time, has a distinct recollection of Mr. Kirkpatrick's
personal appearance. She describes him as being above
the ordinary size, but not corpulent ; grave, dignified, and
commanding in his aspect, and of most engaging address.
But by no survivor was he more loved and revered than
by a slave, whom he owned to the time of his death, i^ew-
Jersey being then a slaveholding State. This slave lived
to be about one hundred years of age. To old Cato his
master was the model of a man and a Christian minister,
and but for his greater love to the Lord Jesus Christ, his
profound veneration and deep-rooted afiection might have
been looked upon as idolatry."*
I am sorry to find, not only in the Eecorcls of
our Trustees, but of the Presbytery, that there
was both before and after Mr. Kirkpatrick's
death, some irregularity and delay in the dis-
charge of his salary. Insufficiency of stipend and
unpunctuality in receiving it, have long been
amonp* the trials of pastors, especially of those
* The name of the Rev. Jacob Kirkpatrick, D.D., is so much identified
with the churches of Amwell, where he is now [1858] actively passing
the forty-eighth year of his pastorate, that it will meet a natural inquiry
to state, that Dr. Kirkpatrick does not know that he has any family con-
nection with his predecessor and namesake.
192 Salary.
settled in rural districts where tlic people, accus-
tomed to maintain their own families from their ^
farms, or by barter, have an inadequate idea of
the necessity of money to those who have nothing
else to live upon. In the times of which I am
writing, these evils frequently engaged the at-
tention of the Presbytery, and for a while re-
ports of such delinquencies were statedly called
for and acted upon. In regard to Mr. Kirk-
patrick's case, inasmuch as the subject stands
upon the Records, it ought to be said that ac-
cording to the church-books, it appears that
there was a difficulty in determining the claims
for arrears due on the last six months' salary,
and that the committee of the Trustees, ap-
pointed for the purpose, could not get access
to the accounts of Mr. Kirkpatrick, so as to
ascertain what amount, or whether in fact any re-
mained unpaid. The subject was dismissed from
Presbytery with the conclusion, " that all has
been done that can conveniently be done relating
^"^^o the Trenton arrears." One source of the diffi-
1 Q
^ulty probably was, that the salary was collected
•.jy a committee in each church, who may have
handed their collections to the minister without
Minute. 193
the agency of tlie treasurer. Thus in March,
1765 is a minute in the Trustees' book:
" Appointed to collect the six months' salary for Mr.
Kirkpatrick :
*' In town : John Ely, Hezekiah Howell.
" In the country : Isaac Green, Richard Palmer."
15
Trustees — Tkenton and Maidenhead.
1T64— 1769.
Fro:m Mr. Cowell's death, until Mr. Kirkpat-
rick's removal, tke Trenton Board of Trustees re-
mained unckanged, at tke annual elections, except
tkat in 1762 the name of Obadiak Howell ap-
pears in the place of Mr. Cowell's ; in 1764, the
names of Mr. Kirkpatrick, James Cumin es, and
Abraham Hunt, come in the places of Arthur How-
ell, Joseph Yard, and Moore Furman; in 1766,
the names of Joseph Reed, Jr., Samuel Tucker,
and Daniel Clark, succeed those of Mr, Kirk-
patrick, William Green, and James Cumines. In
1764, John Chambers, John HendricksoD, and
Joseph Green, were elected Elders; in 1765,
Benjamin Yard, Hezekiah Howell, and William
Tucker were elected, apparently to succeed them.
James Cumestes, or Cumine, or Cumins, died
February 21, 1770, aged sixty-six. He be-
queathed ten pounds to the Trustees, to be in-
Abraham Hunt. 195
vested for the support of the pastor. This was
not payable until the death of his wife, at which
time the rest of his property was to be divided
among James, William, Samuel, and Joseph,
sons of William Cumines, of Nottingham, Chester
county, Pennsylvania. A Mrs. Jean Cumins
signed the call of Mr. Spencer, in 1769.
Abraham Hunt was, for many years, the
most prominent and opulent merchant of the
town. He was in the Board from 1764 till his
death, at the age of eighty-one, October 27, 1821,
a space of fifty-seven yer.rs. He was regular in
his attendance at the meetings, down to 1818.
In that year he made his will, bequeathing one
hundred dollars to this church, and the same
amount to the Episcopal. Mr. Hunt was Post-
master of Trenton, both before and after the
Kevolution. His grandson, Mr. Wesley Hunt, has
in his possession o;Qe of his commissions, dated
January 10, 1764, by which "Benjamin Frank-
lin and John Foxcroft, Postmasters-General of all
his Majesty's Provinces and Dominions in the con-
tinent of North- America," appoint Abraham
Hunt, Deputy Postmaster in Trenton, for three
years; and another, dated October 13, 1775,
also for three years, from " Benjamin Franklin,
196 Jofeph Reed.
Postmaster-General of all the United Colonies on
the continent of North- America."
The tradition is now on record, that Colonel
Rahl was spending a late evening at Mr. Hunt's
house, in Christmas festivities, the day before the
battle of Trenton, in which he fell, and that his
hilarity caused him to leave unopened a note
that warned him of the approach of Washing-
ton's army."^ Mr. Hunt was the father of Pear-
son, Wilson, John W., and Theodore Hunt. Of
his first wife, Theodosia, who died March 4, 1784,
at the age of thirty-nine, her tomb-stone declares :
"Such was the cheerful, uninterrupted benevo-
lence of her heart, such was the gentleness and
purity of her manners, that she never made an
enemy, nor ever lost a friend. To know her
once, was to love her forever." His second wife
was Mary Dag worthy, who died April 4, 1814,
in her sixty-sixth year.
Joseph Reed, Jr., is well known in American
history, in connection with the public positions
enumerated in the title of the two volumes of
his " Life and Correspondence," as " Military Se-
cretary of Washington at Cambridge, Adjutant-
* LossiDg'g Field-Book of the Revolution.
Jofeph Reed. 197
General of tlie Continental Army, Member of the
Conerress of the United States, and President of
the Executive Council of Pennsylvania.""' He
was also (1777) elected Chief- Justice of Penn-
sylvania, but declined the office. Mr. "Reed was
born at Trenton, August 27, 1741. Of his father,
Andrew Keed, who was one of the original Cor-
porators and Trustees, I have already made men-
tion. Joseph Reed graduated at Princeton, in
1757 ; studied law with Richard Stockton, and
was admitted to the bar in 1763. He then went
to London, and prosecuted his professional stu-
dies in the Middle Temple, until 1765, when he
returned and commenced practice in Trenton.
According to a letter of 1766, his family in Tren-
ton, at that time, consisted of himself, his father,
sister, two brothers, his half-sister, (Mrs. Charles
Pet tit,) and her three children. In the same
year he writes : " There are sixteen courts which
I am obliged to attend from home, oftentimes
near a whole week at each, besides attending the
assizes once a year through the whole province,
* Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed, by his grandson William
B. Reed, 2 vols., 1847. Memoir of the same, by Professor Henry Reed,
in Sparks' American Biography, vol. viii. The Life of Esther de Berdt,
[Mrs. Joseph Reed,] by W. B. Reed ; privately printed.
15*
198 Jol'eph Reed.
which contains thirteen counties." His dwelling,
according to an advertisement of the property,
in 1779, was near the market-house, having
nearly two acres of ground attached to it, ex-
tending two hundred feet on Market street, and
commanding a beautiful view of the Delaware,
including the Falls.
In 1770, Mr. Reed re- visited London, and was
married to a daughter of Denys de Berdt, after
which he took up his residence in Philadelphia,
and his j)ublic life thenceforward was identified
with his adopted State.
Mr. Reed was a Trustee of the congregation
from 1766 to 1769. On his removal to Phila-
delphia, he attended the Pine Street (third Pres-
byterian) Church. His biographer says : He " was
firmly attached to the Presbyterian Church, in
which he had been educated." In one of his pub-
lications, he said of it : " When I am convinced
of its errors, or ashamed of its character, I may
perhaps change it ; till then I shall not blush
at a connection with a people, who, in this great
controversy, are not second to any in vigorous
exertions and general contributions, and to whom
we are so eminently indebted for our deliverance
from the thraldom of Great Britain."
Jofeph Reed. 199
In the Pennsylvania Packet of April 22,1779,
is an address, presented to President Reed, from
the officers of the Scots' Presbyterian Church of
Philadelphia, applauding his administration. The
Pine Street congregation, for whom Mr. Reed
had acted as counsel, in settling a difference
about property with the Market Street, or First
Church, presented him with a pew. It was to the
pastor of Pine Street, that the direction of Mr.
Reed's will referred in saying : " If I am of con-
sequence enough for a funeral sermon, I desire it
may be preached by my old friend and instructor,
Mr. Duffield, in Arch street, the next Sunday
after my funeral."
When John Adams was attending Congress in
Philadelphia, he often attended the Arch and
Pine Street churches with Mr. Reed. Thus in
his Diary of 1774: "September 10, [which was
Saturday, and preparatory to the communion.]
Rambled in the evening with Jo. Reed, and fell
into Mr. Sproat's meeting, [Arch street,] where
we heard Mr. Spence preach. September 11.
Mr. Reed was so kind as to wait on us to Mr.
Sproat's meeting." "October 24, 1775. Heard Mr.
Smith, of Pequea. This was at Duffield's meet-
ing," Mr. Adams pronounced Sproat to be "to-
r
200 Samuel Tucker.
tally destitute of the genius and eloquence of
Duffield."^
Colonel Reed vvas witli General Cadwalader's
division when Washington crossed the Delaware,
in 1777. In 1782, he was one of the professional
representatives of Pennsylvania, before the Com-
missioners of Cono^ress, who met at Trenton to
decide the dispute between that State and Con-
necticut, in regard to the Wyoming lands. In
one of his letters he writes of having received a
letter " under cover of Mr. Spencer," then the
pastor at Trenton. He was a Trustee of the
College of New- Jersey, from 1781 until his death.
In 1783, visiting England for his health, he was
associated with Dr. Witherspoon, who went out
in the same vessel, on a mission to obtain sub-
scriptions Ibr the College abroad. Ee died in
Philadelphia, March 5, 1785.
Samuel Tuckee served in the Trusteeship
from 1766 to 1788, and for most of the time was
Clerk of the Board. He held many public sta-
tions. He had been Sheriff of Hunterdon, and
when as a member of the Provincial Assembly
of 1769, he took an active part in the investiga-
♦ Life and Works of John Adams, vol. ii. In 1 7 1 T, Mr. Adams boarded
•with the family of Mr. Sproafc.
Samuel Tucker. 20i
tion of alleged professional abuses of lawyers,
there was a recrimination in regard to his own
fee-bills as Sheriff.* He was President of the
Provincial Congress of New-Jersey, which sat in
Trenton from October 4 to 28, 1YY5, and offi-
cially signed the Constitution which it framed,
July 2, 1776. On the 4th September of that
great year, he was appointed a Justice of the
Supreme Court. He was also for a time Treas-
urer of the new State, and in that relation
there will be occasion to introduce his name
hereafter. In 1776 he was Chairman of the
Provincial Committee of Safety, but in the sub-
sequent panic he took advantage of the offer of
British protection.f Perhaps some of this weak-
ness was attributable to the family connection of
Mr. Tucker — his vnfe being an English lady. It
is said, that Mr. Tucker and John Hart (after-
wards a signer of the Declaration) were compe-
titors for the Assembly, in 1768 ; Tucker was
supported by the Episcopalians, Methodists, and
Baptists, Hart by the Presbyterians. "During
the first and second days of election, Hart was
* Field's Provincial Courts of New- Jersey, p. 169.
f Journal of Assembly of New- Jersey, Dec. 17, 1717, Sedgwick's
Life of Governor Livingston, p. 194.
202 Mr. and Mrs. Tucker.
ahead, but on tlie third, one Judge Brae, coming
up with a strong reserve of Church of England
men, secured Tucker's return." ^
Mr. Tucker died in 1789. By his will he left
fifty pounds to " the Trustees of the Presbyterian
Church of Trenton and Lamberton," as it is
named in the will, to distinguish the town from
the country church ; the interest was to be paid
annually " to the minister, to attend divine ser-
vice in the Presbyterian Church in Trenton, to-
wards his support." He left thirty pounds to
the Episcopal Church. His will made judicious
provision for the emancipation of his slaves, either
immediate or at a conditional time; as, upon
learning a trade, adding a legacy of money to
that of liberty.
Mrs. Tucker's maiden name was Gould.f In
1766 she inherited from Elizabeth Gould, of
Exeter, Devonshire, (perhaps her mother,) some
property, which, by her own will, in 1787, she
bequeathed to her nieces, White and Murga-
troyd.
* Sedgwick's Livingston, p. 143.
] There was a "Captain Gould" in Trenton, in 1725, with whom
Thomas Chalkley, the Quaker minister, lodged — " who treated me very
politely." A brook, running through the meadows, near the old ceme-
tery where the Tuckers were buried, is called Gould's or Gold's run.
Epitaphs. 203
Mr. aud Mrs. Tucker were buried in the old
grave-yard described already as lying inclosed
but desolate, in the midst of cultivated fields.
The two large stones that cover their graves, are
the only ones in the little inclosure that remain
unmutilated. The inscriptions are as follows ;
1 . " Underneath this stone lie the remains of Samtjel
Tucker, Esq., who departed this life, the 14th day of
January, 1789, aged 67 years, 3 months, and 19 days.
" Though in the dust I lay my head,
Yet, gracious God, thou wilt not leave
My soul forever with the dead.
Nor lose thy children in the grave."
2. "In memory of Elizabeth Tucker, the wife of Sam-
uel Tucker, Esq., of Trenton, and daughter of James and
Ann Gould, who departed this life on Sunday, the 13th
day of May, 1787, aged 57 years, 8 months, and 14 days.
" This life's a dream, an empty show,
But the bright world to which I go
Hath joys substantial and sincere ;
When shall I wake and find me there ?
Then burst the chains with sweet surprise.
And in my Saviour's image risa"
At the meeting of Presbytery, in the fall of
the year in which Mr. Kirkpatrick left Trenton,
the congregation applied for supplies, " and in
particular for the Eev. Mr. McKnight, in case of
204 Charles McKnIght.
his dismission from his present charge, which they
inform us, they have heard is probable." This
was the Rev. Charles McKnight, who was the pas-
tor of Allentown, but who at the same meeting
was, at his request, dismissed from that charge.
At that time also, a call for him was presented
from Shrewsbury, Shark River, and Middletown
Point, which he subsequently accepted.
The people next turned their attention to Mr.
Jonathan Edwards, son of the eminent President
of Princeton College, and himself afterwards dis-
tinguished as President of Union College, at
Schenectady. Mr. Edwards graduated at Prince-
ton, after his father's death, and in 1767 was
employed there as Tutor. He had been licensed
by the Litchfield Congregational Association, in
17S6 ; but in April, 1767, he applied to be taken
under the care of the Presbytery of New-Bruns-
wick, which was done, and among the vacancies
assigned to him was Trenton, which he was
directed to supply for three Sabbaths. On the
20th October, 1767, a call was brought for him
from the congregation. As Mr. Edwards was
not present, the matter was deferred, but " in the
mean time the Presbytery can not help express-
ing their pleasure to see such a harmony among
Jonathan Edwards. 205
said people in the call aforesaid, and that they
have exerted themselves so far for the support
of the Gospel; and we assure said people, we
will concur with them in their prosecution of said
call ; and we appoint Mr. Edwards, to supply at
Trenton as much as he can do, till our spring
Presbytery."
The exertion, for which the people are com^
mended, refers to a subscription for the support
of the pastor elect, which accompanied the call,
and the lack of which — added perhaps to the
want of the same unanimity in the people — had
been the main cause of preventing the installment
of their late minister. The application, however,
was ineffectual, and on the 19th April, 1768, the
entry is :
" Mr. Edwards, having been chosen a Professor of Lan-
guages, etc., in the College of IsTew- Jersey, and being now
employed as a Tutor there, could not see it to be his duty
to break his connections with the College aforesaid ; and
therefore, as he would not accept the call from Trenton,
it was returned." *
* Mr. Edwards, on the 20tli AprD, 11Q8, was appointed to supply at
Allentown and New-Brunswick at discretion ; and this is the last time
his name appears in the records of the Presbytery. He did not accept
the Professorship, and on January 5, IT 69, was ordained over the Con-
gregational Church of White Haven, Conn. It may be doubted whetlier
16
2o6 Trenton.
The College was often looked to for ministers.
Just before callina' Mr. Edwards, Trenton was
one of three vacant congregations tliat applied
for Mr. James Thompson, a recent licentiate, to
sujiply them statedly; ''but Mr. Thompson's
connections with the College of New- Jersey as
a Tutor, so embarrass him, that it appears inex-
pedient to the Presbytery to lay him under any
positive appointment ; but only recommend it to
him to supply as much as he can at these places,
at discretion." (Minute of June 23, 1767.)
In the year 17^9, the two congregations of
Trenton united with the Maidenhead congi'e-
gation in an arrangement, by which one pastor
could serve the three societies. There must have
been some strong necessity, financial or other-
wise, for a measure that would reduce the share
of each congregation from one half of a minister's
his coming under tlie care of tlie Presbytery meant more than asking to
be employed by them dming his continuance in the College ; but the
Minute of April, 1*767, is, " Being desirous to be taken under the care of
this Presbytery, we do gladly receive him according to his desire." In
1807, there was a case of this kind: "Mr. Enoch Burt, a licentiate of
the Southern New-Hampshire Association, appeared in Presbytery, and
being asked whether he was wilhng to accept of appointments to preach
in our vacant churches the ensuing summer, answered in the affirmative.
The Committee of Supplies was directed to take notice of the same."
and Maidenhead. 207
care to one third. The iirst evidence of the
nnion is in a minute of October 18 :
" A petition was brought into the Presbytery, from the
congregations of Trenton and Maidenhead, signed by the
respective elders, requesting them to invite the Reverend
Mr. Spencer, a member of the Presbytery of Newcastle,
to settle among them : which the Presbytery unanimously
complied with."
The Reverend Eliiiu Spencer, D.D.— His
Previous History.
1721—1769.
Elihu Spencer, thus introduced into our his-
tory, Avas a son of Isaac and Mary (Selden)
Spencer, and ^vas horn in East-Haddam, Con-
necticut, February 12, 1721. He entered Yale
College in 1742, and commenced Bachelor of
Arts in 1746, in the class with President Stiles
and John Brainerd. The families of Spencer
and Brainerd were doubly connected, for Han-
nah Spencer, a sister of Dr. Spencer's grandfather,
was the grandmother of David and John Brain-
erd ; and their sistei', Martha Brainerd, was the
wife of General Joseph Spencer, brother of Elihu.
In the Life of David Brainerd, President Ed-
wards relates that when David was on his death-
bed, his youngest brother, Israel, came to see
him ; " but this meeting," he says, " was attend-
ed with sorrow, as his brother brought him the
Brainerd and Spencer. 209
sorrowful tidings of liis sister Spencer's deatli at
Haddam. A peculiarly tender affection and
mucli religions intimacy had long subsisted be-
tween Mr. Brainerd and bis sister, and be used
to make ber bouse bis borne, wbeuever be went
to Haddam, bis native place."
Mr. Spencer bad entered college witb tbe de-
sign of preparation for tbe ministry, and soon
after bis licensure be was cbosen by tbe Ameri-
can Correspondents, or Commissioners, of tbe
Scottish Society for propagating tbe Gospel in
New-England and parts adjacent, as a suitable
missionary to tbe Indian tribes. At tbis time
David Brainerd w^as tbe most prominent evangel-
ist among tbe Indians, and it was partly owing
to bis favorable opinion tbat young Spencer was
engaged for tbe same work. Under date of
September, 1747, in tbe Life of Brainerd, it is
said tbat, " Brainerd having now, witb much de-
bberation, considered tbe subject referred to him
by tbe Commissioners, wrote them about tbis
time, recommending two young gentlemen of bis
acquaintance, Mr. Elibu Spencer, of East»Had-
dam, and Mr. Job Strong, of Northampton, as
suitable missionaries to tbe Six Nations. The
Commissioners on the receipt of tbis letter, cheer-
16*
210 Spencer and Strong.
fully and unanimously agreed to accept of and
employ tlie persons whom he liad recommended."
But upon David's death, in l'r47, his brother
John became the principal agent of the Society,
and it was with him that Mr. Sjoencer and Mr.
Job Strong spent a winter (1748) in studying
Indian languages, and otherwise availing them-
selves of the Brainerd experience. Jonathan
Edwards was himself an active friend of the
Indians, and after his removal from Northamp-
ton, in 1750, accepted, at the same time, a call to
the church at Stockbridge, and an appointment
of the Boston Commissioners as missionary to
the Indians living in that part of Massachusetts
Bay. Spencer passed a summer with Edwards,
and accompanied him to Albany to witness a
treaty with the aborigines, many of whom spent
their winters about Stockbridge, and the rest of
the year near Schoharie, beyond Albany. What
it was to travel from Stockbridge to Albany a
century ago, may be learned from the Rev.
Gideon Hawley's narrative of such a journey in
1753.* Mr. Hawley was a teacher and minister
of the Indians, under Edwards' instructions, and
* Iq Massachusetts Historical Collections, and in the Documentaiy
History of New-York, (vol. iii, p. 1033.)
Indian Miflion. 211
says of the great metaphysician : " To Indians
he was a very plain and practical preacher ; upon
no occasion did he display any metaphysical
knowledge in the pulj)it."
Thus prepared, Spencer was ordained in Bos-
ton, September 14, 1Y48, and went to the Onei-
da tribe — the chief of the Six Nations of the
Mohawks, or Iroquois. His station was at Ono-
quaqua, (afterwards Unadilla,) at the head of
the Susquehannah, one hundred and seventy,
miles south-west of Albany, and one hundred
and thirty beyond any white settlement. One of
the results of his mission was a vocabulary of the
Oneida language, which he prepared. Hawley
says he " could not surmount the obstacles he met
with." These obstacles are indefinitely described
elsewhere, as difficulties connected with his in-
terpreter, and other causes frustrating his useful-
ness. He soon withdrew from the mission, and
gfoino^ to Elizabethtow^n he received a call from
the Presbyterian Church left vacant by the
death of President Dickinson. Having accepted
the call he was received by the Presbytery of
New- York, and installed February 7, 1749. Re-
cording that date in his family Bible, he writes :
^' This day was installed E. Spencei*, and took
2 1 2 Spencer.
tlie great charge (onus liumeris angelorum for-
midandum) of the ministry in Elizabethtown ;
^etatis su?e 28. The Lord help me." Mr. Spen-
cer gave part of his time to Shrewsbury. In
1848 two men were living in that town, one
in his ninety-seventh, the other in his eighty-
ninth year, who remembered Mr. Spencer, and.
showed the house he occupied on his visits.^
He took his place in Synod, September, 1T50,
at their meeting at Newark, and was placed
on a committee of -Q.Ye for drafting proposals
for a reiinion with the Synod of Philadelphia.
He was often on the commission for the interim.
In 1753 he was on a committee to settle diffi-
culties in w^hat was then our onlv church in the
city of New-York ; the subject of discord being
the introduction of Watts's Psalms, the use of
anthems, and prayer at burials.f In 1753,
Spencer was appointed to take his part in sup-
plying Mr. Tennent's pulpit in Philadelphia,
during his absence in Europe for the College, the
* Letter of the Rev. Rufus Taylor, of Shrewsbury, to the Rev. Dr.
Miller. In October, 1750, Mr. Spencer was married to a daughter of
John Eaton, of Eatontown, in the neighborhood of Shrewsbury.
f See " Alexander Gumming," in Dr. Sprague's Annals, vol. i. 462.
"Records," Sept. 2G, 1754.
Da vies. 213
Synod directing at the same time tliat, "Mr.
Spencer's congregation be supplied in liis absence
the whole of the time, at the request of his ex-
cellency, the Governor," (Belcher.)
When Mr. Davies was preparing for his voyage
with Tennent, in September, 1753, he saw much
of Spencer. After passing a night at his house
in Elizabethtown, and proceeding the next day
to Newark, Davies writes in his journal : "The
Governor insisted that I should preach for Mr.
Spencer next Sunday come se'nnight, that he
might have an opportunity of hearing me." On
the following Saturday he " sailed to Elizabeth-
town : was pleased with the company of my
brother Mr. Spencer, and Mr. James Brown."
The next day Davies preached ; and on Tuesday
returned to Philadelphia to meet the Synod, in
company with Messrs. Spencer, Brainerd, and
Brown, " and spent the time in pleasing conver-
sation, principally on the affairs of the Indians."
At the Synod of October, 1755, various peti-
tions having been presented from North- Caro-
lina, " setting forth their distressing circumstan-
ces for want of a preached Gospel among them,"
the Synod resolved to extend what relief was in
their power, and appointed Mr, Spencer with Mr.
214 Spencer and Bralnerd.
John Brainerd to take a journey thither before
winter, and supply the vacant congregations for
six months, or as long as they should think neces-
sary. This is a specimen of the manner in which
Synods then exercised their authority over set-
tled ministers, and of the manner in which con-
gregations yielded to the necessity which called
for the missionary services of their pastors. No
objection from any of these quarters prevented a
comjDliance with the Synod's direction ; the en-
try of September, 1756, being that "the diffi-
culties and dangers of the times rendered it in
a great degree impracticable for Messrs. Spencer
and Brainerd to answer the end of their appoint-
ment to the southward, and for that reason said
appointments were not fulfilled.'' The difficulties
were those which arose from the French and In-
dian incursions. At the same session '' the Sy-
nod agree that an address be prepared and pre-
sented to Lord Loudoun, Commander in Chief
of all His Majesty's forces in JNTorth-America,
and they do appoint Messrs. Aaron Burr, Elihu
Speucer, David Bostwick, and Caleb Smith, or
some one of them, to prepare and present it, in
the name of this Synod, on the first proper op-
portunity."
Chaplaincy. 215
In 1756 iMr. Spencer was released from Eliza-
bethtown, having accepted an invitation from
the church at Jamaica, Long Island, in the Pres-
bytery of Suffolk, vacant by the removal of Mr.
Bostwick to New-Yoik. After a ministry of
about two years there, as stated supply, he em-
braced an offer from Governor Delancey, of New-
York, of a chaplaincy to the troops of the Prov-
ince then detailing for the French war. The
Synod made provision for the Jamaica pulpit,
" in case Mr. Spencer shall go out as chaplain
with the New- York forces." I do not know the
nature or duration of his services in this connec-
tion, but " Jamaica, July 2, 1759," is the date
of a published letter of his to Dr. (afterwards
President) Ezra Stiles, on " the state of the dis-
senting interest in the Middle Colonies of Amer-
ica ;" and " Shrewsbury, November 3," of the
same year, is the date of a postscript added to it.
In May, 1761, he was received by the Presby-
tery of New-Brunswick from the Suffolk Presby-
tery, and was clerk at another meeting in the
same month in Princeton, and in Auofust in
Trenton. In October he was appointed to sup-
jAj three Sabbaths at Amboy Southward, Mid-
dletown Point, and neighboring places ; in April,
2i6 Spencer.
1762, the same places, "as much as he can;"
in October, 1762, and May, 1763, one fourth of
his 'time at South- Amboy ; and in Aj)ril, 1764,
four Sabbaths along the sea-shore towards Egg
Harbor. 1
The day on which the Synod of New- York
provided for Mr. Spencers absence with the I
army, (May 27, 1758,) w\as the last but one of '
the separation or schism. The two bodies as-
sembled in Philadelphia, May 29, and constitut-
ed " The Synod of New- York and Philadelphia." |
The number of our ministers in all the Colonies
was then nearly one hundred. Mr. Spencer first
appeared in the new organization in May of the
next year, when he was again put on the Synod-
al Commission. In the session of 1761 he was
Moderator, and was added by the house to a
committee appointed to devise means for obtain-
ing funds to support John Brainerdin his Indian
mission. As has been already stated in the no-
tice of his predecessor, it was Mr. Kirkpatrick
who reported an overture from this committee,
upon which it was determined to raise one hun-
dred and fifty pounds for the maintenance of Mr.
Brainerd another year. Mr. Spencer opened the
sessions of 1762, in the First Church, Philadel-
Mission in Carolina. 217
phia, with a sermon from Acts 20 : 28. The
matter of tlie Rev. Mr. Barker's heretical opin-
ions, the issue of which has been mentioned in
the course of our notice of Mr. Kirkpatrick,
came before this meeting, in consequence of
Harker's having, " without the approbation of
the Synod, printed a book containing his prin-
ciples," and Mr. Spencer was first on a committee
to examine and report on the publication, which
was next year condemned.
"We have seen that Dr. Macwhorter was asso-
ciated with Mr. Kirkpatrick in college; that
they were candidates and licentiates together,
and with Mr. Latta were commissioned to itin-
erate in Virginia and North - Carolina. The
same excellent man was also connected with
Mr. Spencer on another important mission. The
Synod meeting in Elizabethtown in May, 1764,
learning that many congregations in the South,
particularly in North-Carolina, needed a proper
organization, deputed Messrs. Spencer and Mac-
whorter to visit that region, as general overseers
and counsellors for the welfare of the Church.
They were to form and regulate congregations,
adjust their bounds, ordain elders, administer the
sacraments, instruct the people in discipline,
11
2i8 Carolina.
direct them how to obtain the stated ministry,
and do all things which their inchoate or feeble
condition required ; not failing to assure the peo-
ple every where of the Synod's interest in them,
as the highest judicatory of the Church, and its
readiness to do all in its power for their assist-
ance. Under the date of May 16, 1Y65, we have
the Synod's record as follows : " Messrs. Spencer
and Macwhorter fulfilled their mission to the
southward. Mr. Macwhorter's pulpit was suj^-
plied during his absence, and the Presbytery of
Brunswick were satisfied with the care taken to
supply Mr. Spencer's people." Mr. Macwhorter
contracted a disease during this journey, from
which he did not fully recover for two years.
A journal of this apostolic tour would be of
o^reat interest and value. The influence of two
ministers of such piety, prudence, and talents
must have been as happy as it was welcome.
The efi:ects of their visit are partly developed in
the proceedings of their Presbyteries and Synod
after their return. In Synod a committee, at
the head of which were Doctors Alison and Fin-
ley, were appointed to converse with the two
missionaries, not only with reference to their ex-
penses, which Synod had assumed, but "for the
Carolina. 219
settlement of Gospel ministers in Carolina." At
a meeting lield by the Presbytery during the
same session of Synod at which they made their
report a call was presented for Mr. Spencer from
the people of Hawfields, Eno, and Little Run,
in North-Carolina ; but " upon the whole he de-
clared he could not see his way clear to accept
of it, and returned it to the commissioner." Im-
mediately another call was presented from
Cather's (afterwards Thyatira) and Fourth-
Creek settlements, in JSTorth-Carolina, for Mr.
Spencer, and to this he returned the same un-
favorable answer.^ It appears that the same
calls were introduced into Synod by the commit-
tee for overtures, who also reported a supplica-
tion for supplies from the inhabitants between
the Yadkin and Catawba rivers ; " particularly
for the removal of Mr, Spencer and Mr. Mac-
* The Church at Hawfields became distinguished in the rehgious his-
tory of North-Carolina, in the end of the last century and the beginning
of the present, by the efficient ministries of its successive pastors, James
McGready and William D. Paisley, The latter died in Greensborough,
March, 1857, in his 87 th year. "The first camp-meeting held in the
South was held at Hawfields, in October, 1802, and grew out of the
necessity of the case." "Fourth-Creek Church was organized by Mr.
Elihu Spencer, and embraced the inhabitants between the South-Yadkin
and the Catawba rivers." Foote's North-Carolina, chap. xvi. xxiv.,
where will also be found a history of the churches of the Haw and p]no.
220 Carolina.
wliorter to settle among tliem ;" two other sup-
plications for supplies from Betliel and Poplar
Tent, in Mecklenburg county ; tlie same from
ISFew-Proviclence and Six-mile Spring ; a call for
Macwliorter from Hopewell and Centre con-
gregations ; and suj)plications from Long-lanes,
in Soutli-Carolina. The Synod proceeded to
meet, as far as was in tlieir power, the numer-
ous opj)ortunities opened through their judi-
cious measures, by appointing six ministers to
visit North-Carolina, and each of them to tarry
half a year in the most destitute neighborhoods.
Next year Sugar Creek, Fishing Creek, Bethel,
the Jersey Settlement, Centre congregation. Pop-
lar Tent, and Eocky River united in a petition
" for one or more of the Pev. Messrs. Spencer,
Lewis, Macwhorter, and James Caldwell to be
sent there, promising that the sum of eighty
pounds be paid by any of these congregations in
w^hich he shall choose to spend half of his time,
and another eighty pounds by the vacant con-
gregations he shall supj^ly." The record pro-
ceeds : '' This petition being read, the several
gentlemen mentioned in it were interrogated
whether they would comply with this request, to
which each of them returned a negative answer."
Carolina. 22t
Petitions for supplies were poured in at the same
meeting from various sections of Virginia, tlie
Carolinas, and Georgia, but all tlie Synod could
do was to nominate seven ministers to make
journeys throughout those districts, as their
other engagements would permit.
In his notes on this mission of the Synod, Mr.
Foote, after mentioning that the report of the
two deputies has not been preserved, remarks :
" We are not left at a loss for the names of part of the
congregations whose bounds they adjusted, as in that
(1765) and the succeeding year, calls were sent in for
pastors from Steele Creek,* Providence, Hopewell, Centre,
Rocky River, and Poplar Tent, Avhich entirely surround-
ed Sugar Creek, besides those in Rowan and Iredell.
These seven congregations were in Mecklenburg, except
a part of Centre which lay in Rowan, (now Iredell,) and
in their extensive bounds comprehended almost the entire
county." " This mission was fulfilled to such entire sat-
isfaction, that these gentlemen were importuned to settle
in Carolina ; and Mr. Macwhorter was ultimately chosen
President of the College erected at Charlotte. From the
term of this visit we may consider the bounds of the old
churches in Orange and Concord Presbyteries as settled,
* " It is probable that the church on Steele Creek was organized by
Messrs. Spencer and Macwhorter." Foote, chap, sxviii. The same is
said of Poplar Tent. Chap, xxx. It was called Tant from the temporary-
shelter used before a church was built. 11.
222 Spencer and Rodgers.
and the sessions as generally duly organized. Previous
to this, the settlements acted independently in their reli-
gious matters."'^
lu January, 1765, tlie Rev. John Rodgers, the
pastor at the town of St. George's, Delaware,
accejDted a call from the first church in the city
of New- York. Both Mr. Rods^ers and the con-
giegation appear to have considered Mr. Spen-
cer as a desirable successor ; for in Synod on the
20th of May, 1765, "at the request of the Rev.
Mr. Rodgers, and of the congregation of St.
George's, Mr. Spencer is apj)ointed to suj)ply
tha.t congregation four weeks before Mr. Rodg-
ers removes from them." In the following Sep-
tember, the proper steps having been first taken
in the Presbytery of Lancaster, to which St.
George's belonged, that congregation and Ajdo-
quiminey,f which was connected with it under
Mr. Rodgers, presented their call, and upon Mr.
Spencer's expressing his acceptance, he was trans-
ferred from New-Brunswick to Newcastle — the
* Foote : North-Carolina, ch. xiv. xxiv.
f "Apoquiminey is the corporate name of the Forest Church, now
called Middletown. It is not to be confounded with the old church of
Apoquiminey from which it broke off in the great revival, and which is
now called Drawjers." MS. letter of late Rev. C. Webster, 1848.
Finley's Death. 223
bounds of Newcastle and Donegal Laving been
changed for a single year, and the names of Lan-
caster and Carlisle substituted, but the original
ones being now restored. On the seventh Jan-
uary, 1Y66, Spencer was received by Newcastle,
and took his seat, together witli Mr. Valentine
Dushane as the elder of St. George's. On the
seventeenth of the following April he was install-
ed over the united congregations.
Mr. Spencer was one of the witnesses of the
serene and haj^py close of the life of President
Finley, which took place in Philadelphia, July
IT, 1766. On the day before that event, Mr.
Spencer said to him : " I have come to see you
confirm by facts the Gospel you have been
preaching." In reply to his friend's inquiries,
the dying minister said he felt full of triumph :
" I triumph through. Christ. Nothing clips my
wings but the thoughts of my dissolution being
prolonged. Oh ! that it were to-night ! My very
soul thirsts for eternal rest." Mr. Spencer asked
him what he saw in the future to excite such
strong desires. " I see," said he, " the eternal
love and goodness of God ; I see the fullness of
the Mediator. I see the love of Jesus. Oh ! to be
dissolved, and to be with him ! I long to be
224 Presbytery of
clotlied with tlie complete righteousness of
Christ." At his request Mr. Spencer prayed:
" Pray to God," said he, " to preserve me from
evil — to keep me from dishonoring his great
name in this critical hour, and to supj)ort me
with Lis presence in my passage through the
valley of the shadow of death."
The Rev. Mr. Dubois, the present Clerk of the
Presbytery of Newcastle, has kindly furnished
me with the annexed notes from the books in his
charge.
"Between April 16, 1766, and March 22, 1769, there
are a number of long minutes, the substance of which is
that overtures were made to have the con2:re2:ations of
Drawyers and Pencader united wdth St. George's and the
Forest; that the Presbytery seeing that this would re-
quire too much labor for one minister, agreed to it on con-
dition that they would procure an associate pastor, to
which they all consented. But either a suitable associate
could not be found, or the plan did not work well, and
accordingly, at the suggestion of Drawyers and Pencader
that ' the said union was not for the edification of the
Church,' and ' the people of St. George's and the Forest
makmg no objection against having said union dissolved,'
it was dissolved, March 22, 1769.
" The same day — ' A petition, by a representative from
the Forest congregation, under the care of the Rev. Mr.
Spencer, was made to the Presbytery, requesting that
Newcastle. 225
they would confirm a line lately drawn between them and
the congregation of St. George's, and also give the people
of the Forest congregation leave, according to terms stip-
ulated in their subscription for the Rev. Mr. Spencer, to
try to raise their subscription, in order to obtain more of
the labors of their minister ; the Presbytery grant the
petition, so far that the Forest congregation may trj^ their
strength, according to said line, and that both they and
St. George's lay their subscriptions before this Presbytery
at their next meeting, at which time the Presbytery will
more fully judge of, and settle the whole affair.' "
" This is not referred to again, and seems not to have
been done, but soon after comes this minute :
" Oct. 19, 1769. ' The Rev. Elihu Spencer informs the
Presbytery that the i)lace where he now lives does not
agree with his own and his family's constitution, so that
his health has been much impaired, and, should he con-
tinue there, is likely to be wholly destroyed ; therefore he
is under the disagreeable necessity of requesting a dissolu-
tion of his pastoral relation to the congregations of St.
George's and the Forest. A commissioner from St.
George's agrees with Mr. Spencer resj^ecting the neces-
sity of his request; upon the whole, the Presbytery judge
that they have clearness to dissoWe Mr. Spencer's pastoral
relation to the aforesaid congregations, and hereby do
dissolve it.'
" After this he was not present at any of the meetings,
and I can find no mention of him, until at a meeting in
Philadelphia, during the sessions of the Synod, he was
present, and this minute occurs :
" May 16, 1771. *Mr. Spencer, having removed out of
226 Call to Trenton.
the bounds of this Presbytery into the bounds of the
Presbytery of Xew-Brunswick, requests a dismission from
us in order to join them, which is granted.' "
In a Pliilaclelpliia newspaper of the clay, it is
mentioned that Mi\ Spencer preached at the
funeral of the wife of the Rev. Joseph Mont-
gomery, of Kent county, Maryland, March, 1769,
in the Presbyterian church, Georgetown.
It was on the eighteenth October, 1769 —
the day before his separation from Delaware —
that the congregations of Trenton and Maiden-
head obtained permission from their Presbytery
to call Mr. Spencer ; and although he was not
dismissed by Newcastle, nor received by New-
Brunswick, until the spring of 1771, he was
elected a Trustee of the Trenton church and
President of the Board, May 7, 1770. His sal-
ary was fixed to begin from October 17, 1769,
which was probably the time of his taking
charge of the congregation.
Until his actual reception in Presbytery he is
only " requested" to open a subscription for the
college in Trenton, Hopewell, and Cranbury.
After that he is " ordered" to do it. From the
year 1752, till his death, Mr. Spencer was a
Trustee of the College of New- Jersey. He was
James F. Wilson. 227
on the committee in tlie first year of Jiis office to
negotiate witli the people of Princeton in view
of establishing the College there. The short
distance between Princeton and Trenton, and
his relation to the College, often secured, as in
the case of his predecessor, Cowell, and succes-
sor, Armstrong, exchanges of pulpit services.
The record of one such visit is preserved in the
blessing it was instrumental in bringing to a
student who became an eminent minister. This
was James Feuilleteau Wilson, who was a mem-
ber of the College in 17 1 2, when there was a
general awakening on the subject of religion
among the students. Wilson for some time de-
cidedly, and even rudely, resisted every effort to
draw his attention to his spiritual condition, and
was the more averse in consequence of his pre-
judices as a member of the Church of England.
But it was one evening while Mr. Spencer was
preaching in the College Hall, that his con-
science became deeply, and for a time, hopeless-
ly affected. After gaining relief, he became an
humble, zealous Christian. Upon his graduation,
in 1773, he went to London, where his father
resided, intending to take orders in the English
Church, but farther reflection and inquiry led
228 James F. Wilson.
him to return to Princeton, and to the study of
theology under Dr. Witherspoon. After the in-
terruption of his course by the war, during part
of which time he studied and practised medicine,
he was licensed by the Presbytery of Orange,
and became pastor of Fourth Creek (the church
established by Mr. Spencer) and Concord, in
North-Carolina. He died in 1804. Two of his
sons were in the ministry."^
* Foote's North-Carolina, chap. xxv.
I
De. Spencer's Congeegation.
1769— 1773.
The town and country congregations of Tren-
ton still j)reserved their nnion. The people of
Maidenhead had their distinct corporation, but
shared the services of the same pastor with Tren-
ton. Each of the Trenton houses had its own
spiritual officers. Thus May 6, I'T'Tl, Samuel
Hill and Ebenezer Co well were chosen " Elders
for the town ;" Jacob Carle, John Howell, and
Timothy Hendrickson, " for the old house," and
Benjamin Smith " a deacon for Trenton." The
Trustees acted for both. Thus, at the meeting
just mentioned, it was " ordered by the Board
that the Treasurer pay eight pounds out of the
interest due on the fifty pounds left to the con-
gregation by the Bev. Mr. Cowell, deceased, to
the Bev. Mr. Spencer, to make uj) the Old
House subscription for the year 1^770, and that
the members belonging to Trenton meeting-
18
230 Agreement.
house Lave liberty to apply the like sum out of
the interest aforesaid, on the like occasion."
The subjoined document will show the rela-
tion in which Mr. S^^encer stood to the three con-
gregations. The signatures will serve to record
the names of the heads of the families in the
town charge as they existed in November, 1769,
and a few years afterwards.
" Whereas it is mutually agreed between tlie townships
of Trenton and Maidenhead, to raise one hundred and
fifty pounds as the annual salary of the Kev. Mr. Elihu
S2:)encer, during such time as he shall be and remain as their
settled minister, and to preach one Sabbath in the town
meeting-house, one Sabbath in Maidenhead meeting-house,
and every third Sabbath at the old house in the upper
part of the township of Trenton, and so to continue one
third part of the time at each meeting-house ; and, where-
as, the congregation belonging to each of the meeting-
houses aforesaid, have agreed to raise by way of subscrip-
tion, the sum of fifty pounds, as their part and share of
the annual salary aforesaid, we, the subscribers, being de-
sirous to encourage and support the ministry of the Gospel,
and as members of, and belonging to the meeting-house in
the town-spot of Trenton, do hereby severally promise and
engage to pay unto the Trustees of the Presbyterian con-
gregation of Trenton the sums by us herein resj^ectively
subscribed ; to be paid half-yearly, in two equal payments
during each and every year the said Mr. Spencer shall be
and remain their settled minister, and preach alternately
Signers.
231
one third jiart of his time at each house as aforesaid. In
testimony Avhereof we have hereunto set our hands with
the several sums subscribed this eighteenth day of No-
vember, Anno Dom., 1V69 :
Samuel Tacker.
Alexander Chambers,
Benjamm Smith,
John Chambers,
Ebenezer Cowell,
William Tucker,
Benjamin Yard,
Elijah Bond,
William Bryant,
A. [Abigail] Coxe,
Archibald Wm. Yard,
David Pinkerton,
James Paxton,
Abraham Cottnam,
Hezekiah Howell,
Isaac Decow,
Micajah How,
Mrs. [Jean] Cumin es,
Dunlap Adams,
Joseph Higbee,
Hannah Merseilles,
Isaac Smith,
Isaac Pearson, (17V0,)
Daniel Coxe,
John Wigton,
David Bright,
Samuel Bellerjeau,
Richard Collier,
Richard Tennent,
William Reeder,
Samuel Ellis,
James Wilson,
William Smith,
Robert Booth,
Elizabeth Bell,
George Brown,
Godfrey Wimei',
Lott Dunbar,
Hugh Campbell,
John Reeder,
Wilham Yon Yeghter,
Samuel Anderson,
Richard Howell,
Benjamin Woolsey,
James Mathis
William Pido-eon,
George Creed, (June, 1770,)
R. L. Hooper, (Sept. 1770,)
Jeremiah Anderson,
Samuel Hill,
Robert Singer, (Sept. 1771,)
Job Moore, (1770,)
232 Carle.
John Courtnay, (1771,) John Cknm,
John Chambers, Jr., Henry Drake,
John Ely, James Ashmoor,
Lewis Case, John Fitch,
Abraham Hunt, (1772,) Mrs. Livesey,
Craghead Ryle, (1773,) Joseph Brittain,
Joseph Cknm, Samuel Henry,
Andrew Wilson, Andrew Reed,
Hugh Runyon, John Yard,
John James, Stephen Lowrey."
The Trustees at tlie date of this agreement
were Charles Clark, Alexander Chambers, Abra-
ham Hunt, JosejDh Keed, Jr., Samuel Tucker,
Obadiah Howell, and Daniel Clark.
Of the names thus brouGfht before us, which
have not already been the subject of notice, I
proceed to give such particulars as I have been
able to find, and as are consistent with the gen-
eral purpose.
Jacob Caele (elder in 1771) died on his farm
in 1800. He left sons, John and Israel; a grand-
son, Jacob ; daughters, Hannah, wife of Aaron
Vancleve, and Elizabeth, wife of John Van Ma-
ter. In a minute of the Trustees, March 31, 1787,
it was " agreed that Mr. Jacob Carle, or his son,
Captain Israel Carle, attend Mr. Armstrong to
the Presbytery." In the church-porch is a stone
Cowells — Tuckers. 233
marking tlie deatli of Eliza, wife of Israel Carle,
Marcli 12, 1790, aged 29 years. Carle is a
Huguenot name ; Jean Carle "was minister of the
French Protestant church in the city of New-
York in 1763.''
Benjamin Smith's name will be commemorat-
ed in a future chapter.
* Ebenezer Co well was a brother of the j^astor,
and his residuary legatee. He was chosen an
elder for the town church, May 6, 1771. In
1782-4 he was a member of the " Committee of
the West-Jersey Proprietors," with Joseph Reed,
Jr., Jonathan D. Sergeant, Clement Eiddle, and
Daniel Ellis. He died May 4, 1799. His wife
Sarah died in 1774. His children were John,
Ebenezer, Joseph, Robert, Eunice, and Sarah,
(Bowlsby.) The eldest of these was a physician,
and died in 1789. A "Robert Cowell" died
very suddenly, July 5, 1808 ; and a " Joseph
Cowell" died September 30, 1808, aged 63 ; and
at Broadway, Warren county, July 30, 1829,
died, " Eunice Cowell, at an advanced age, form-
erly of Trenton."
AYiLLiAM Tucker was brother of Samuel
* Documentary History, vol. iii. p. 489.
18*
234 Bond.
Tucker, the trustee, and died January 16, 1Y90 ;
aged 55. His wife's name was Mercy ; liis sons
William and Ellet; his daughter Mary, who
was married to James B. Machett, a native of
Trenton, and a member of the congregation.
Mrs. Machett died at St. Charles, Missouri, July
20, 1833, in her 71st year ; Mr. Machett, at the
same place, August 1, 1833, in his 80th year.
Elijah Bois'd was probably an Episcopalian,
but one of a number who had pews in the Pres-
byterian Church as w^ell as their own. By his
will, proved in 178G, he bequeathed ^ve hun-
dred pounds to St. Michael's Church, the interest
of which was to be paid to the minister, in addi-
tion to his salary, provided one should be ap-
pointed and should officiate within seven years
after his decease.
In the Trenton Gazette of June, 1784, Elijah
Bond advertises at public sale a farm on which
Major Willian Trent had lately resided, within
two miles of Trenton, and containing about seven
hundred acres. This property is in the vicinity
of Lamberton, and was purchased by Barnt De
Klyn, and in November, 1785, the mansion was
destroyed by fire. It is not much out of place
in this connection to mention that Mr. De Klyn,*
Bryant. 235
wlio was a member of our cliurcli, was of a
Huguenot family, born in Boston, October 31,
1745, and died on bis farm, September 1, 1824.
A daughter of Mr. De Klyn — the widow of
General John Beatty — is among the living mem-
bers of our church. In October, 1857, this ven-
erable lady, " as a memorial of love to this
church," presented a valuable silver flagon, in-
herited from her parents, which, according to her
desire, the session accepted for the use of the
communion-table, and to be kept without alter-
ation.
WiLLiA:\r Beyais^t was a physician, and in his
more advanced years, associated with him in
practice the well-remembered Dr. Belleville.
Dr. Bryant was a son of Captain William Bry-
ant, of Perth Amboy, whose tombstone in that
town records that he made fifty-five voyages be-
tween New-York and London, and died in 1772,
at the ao^e of 88. His wife survived him. " It
is presumed," says Mr. Whitehead, "that they
left tyj(o children — one son. Dr. William Bryant,
who was living at Trenton in 1776, and thence
supplied his mother's wants ; and one daughter,
Mary, who crossed the Atlantic with her father
in early life, and resided some time in London,
236 Yards — Coxes.
wliere slie became acquainted with the Eev. Dr.
Watts, under whose instructions she received
those religious impressions which in after life
' brought forth fruit abundantly,' being eminent
for her piety and benevolence. She became the
wife of the Hon. Wm. Peartree Smith, of New-
York, and subsequently of New-Jersey — a scho-
lar a,nd a Christian."^
Archibald William Yard was one of the sons
of Joseph Yard the Trustee, He died March 8,
1810, at the age of Y8. BEN"JA]\riT^, another sub-
scriber, was Joseph's brother.
Mrs. Abigail Coxe and Daniel Coxe were of
the family of that name which was one of the
earliest and most respectable among the large
land-owners. Their more immediate membership
was with the Church of England, and their loy-
alty to the mother-country survived the Kevolu-
tion. In the case of Coxe vs. Gulick, in 1829, it
was contended that on the third July, 1776, Daniel
Coxe, residing in Trenton, was a subject of Great
Britain, that he withdrew from the State in
1777, at the time of his decease lived under the
* History of Perth Amboj, p. 145.
Pinkerton — Paxton. 237
British Government, and never acknowledged
allegiance to New- Jersey."^
David Pinkerton is supj)osed to have died in
1781, leaving a family of children named David,
Jane, Ann, John, Samuel, Joseph, William, and
Mary, to whom, with his wdfe, he bequeathed his
" shop-goods, cows and horses," dwelling-house and
lot, " with my two orchard lots and meadow lot,
and my little farm where Joseph Roberts lives. . .
I thus take my leave of a troublesome world."
The witnesses of his will were three of his co-
signers in the congregation — Howe, Moore, and
Woolsey. Another of them, Decow, was an ex-
ecutor, and a fifth, Paxton, was the Surrogate
before whom it was brought to probate. Mr.
Pinkerton's son and namesake w^as a clerk in the
Trenton Bank, and is remembered for his passion
for fishing in the Delaware after bank-hours.
The only stone in our yard that bears the name
of Pinkerton is that of a child (John) who died
February 9, 1769. In August, 1794, there was
a John Pinkerton, Jr., " intending shortly to re-
move to Philadelphia."
Joseph Paxton was the Surrogate just named.
* Halsted's Reports, v. 328. Sabine's American Loyalists, p. 232.
Whitehead's Perth Amboy, p. 201. Field's Provincial Courts, p. 185.
238 Cottnam.
In the portico of tlie cliurcli are meniorials of
Paxtons, namely : Joseph Paxton, who died Sept.
15, 1Y50; aged 48. (The Kev. Mr. Cowell was
one of his executors.) Jane PaxtoD, June 1, 1768 ; '
27 years. Children of Paxtons 1Y47-8.
Abraham Cottnam was a magistrate. In
April, 1778, his executors (Robert Hoops, his son-
in-law, and George Cottnam, his son,) advertise
for the recovery of his dockets, taken from the
o:Sce of Ebenezer Cowell, Esq., when the enemy
were in Trenton. They offer for sale what had
probably been the testator's residence, " Dows-
dale, near Trenton, on the Hopewell road."
His will, which was proved in February,
1776, directs his body to be "laid in Trenton
church-yard, as near to my first wife and child-
dren as may be convenient, .... with as
little expense as possible, consistent with de-
cency." Robert Lettis Hooper and Benjamin
Smith were two of the witnesses of his will, and
Hon. Daniel Coxe was an executor. He desired
and entreated his friend, William Pidgeon, Esq.,
to assist the executors vf ith his advice. His wife
was a daughter of Joseph Warrell, Sen. He gave
to his son, Warrell Cottnam, all his law-books,
including those which he claimed under the will
Warrells. 239
of Joseph Warrell, Esq., tlie elder, and to the
same " his mother's family-pedigree roll by her
mother's side, being of the Bradshaw family."
The senior Warrell here alluded to, was Attor-
ney General in the administration of Governor
Morris, and died in 1758. He left his own pedi-
gree-roll to his son, his wife's to Mrs. Cottnam.
David Cowell and Peter Kemble were witnesses
to the will.
Joseph Warrell, Jr., died in Trenton in 1775.
His will directed that his body be bmied as near
as possible to his parents, in the Trenton church-
yard, but if he should happen to die a consid-
erable distance from Trenton, " I will that by
no means my estate shall be put to the expense
of a conveyance thither." His grave is in our
ground, near the church, and is thus inscribed :
" In the memory of Josepli "Warrell, Esq., who departed
this life March 6th, 1775 ; aged 36 years. This stone is
erected, not from pomp, or pageantry, but from true
affection.
" For other thoughts employ the widowed wife ;
The best of husbands, loved in private life,
Bids her with tears to raise this humble stone,
That holds his ashes, and expects her own."
240 Howell — Decow — How.
Hezekiah Howell. " An aged and respect-
able inhabitant," of tliis name, died October 15,
1800.
Isaac Decow was for a time the High Sheriff
of Hunterdon. Isaac Decow, Alderman, died
Jnne, 1795, and was buried in the Friends' Meet-
ing ground. PerhajDs it was an ancestor of the
family, of whom Dr. Franklin's Autobiography
makes mention, when he says that among the
principal people of JS'ew-Jersey, with whom he
made acquaintance in 1727, when he was print-
ing paper-money for the Province, was " Isaac
Decow, the Surveyor General, ... a shrewd,
sagacious old man, who told me that he began
for himself when young by wheeling clay for the
brick-makers, learned to write after he was of
age, carried the chain for surveyors, who taught
him surveying, and he had noAv by his industry
acquired a good estate; ' and,' said he, 'I fore-
see that you will soon work this man [Keimer]
out of his business, and make a fortune in it at
Philadelphia.' He had then not the least inti-
mation of my intention to set up there or any
where."
Mica J AH How was the second who bore the
name of the old prophet. The first, a shoe-
Higbee. 241
maker, died in 1*740, wlio had a son Samuel, and
a kinsman, Israel Hewlings. Of tliis family was
the Rev. Thomas Yardley How, for a time Rec-
tor of Grace Church, (Episcopal,) New-York,
who had a share in the celebrated church contro-
versy with Hobart, Linn, Beasley, Mason, Miller,
and others in the early part of the present century.
The Trenton newspaper of January 14, 1Y99, an-
nounces the death of Micajah How, Esq., formerly
Sheriff of the county of Hunterdon, and one of
the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the
County. In July, 1807, Dr. William Innesly, of
Chester county, Pennsylvania, was married to
"Mary, daughter of the late Micajah How, Esq.,
of this place." January 1, 1831, died, " Mary,
wife of Dr. Inslee^ and daughter of Micajah
How, Esq., deceased, formerly of Trenton."
Six of the subscribers seem to have lived in
the same neighborhood in February, 1772, as at
that time a fire broke out in the house of Dun-
lap Adams, and spread to those of Merseilles,
Cumiugs, Moore, Pinkerton, and How.
Joseph Higbee died in 1796, at the age of
seventy-six. Another of the name died Decem-
ber 12, 1829, in his sixty-fifth year.
Merseilles is a French family which has had
19
242 Merseilles.
its representatives witli us for a century. Peter
Mersellis — as the name is on his grave-— died
June 25, 17G4, set. forty-three. He was a carpenter.
His wife was Hannah, and he had a son Edin, Eden,
Edon, Edow, or Edo, according to the whim of the
scrivener or copyist — perhaps, after all, a French
termination attempted in English, like Eudaug
and Udang for Houdin, the rector of St.
Michael's.^" Edin or Edo Merseilles' will was
proved in April, 1800 ; he was then residing in
Prekness, Bergen county, and his wife's name is
given as Aurenche and Arreanche. He left sons
Peter, Edo, Cornelius, John, and Garret. His
sisters were Rachel, Mary, and Elizabeth. His
daughters, Anna, Caty, Arreanche, and Jenny :
a oTandsou, Adrian Van Houten. An Eden
Merseilles, merchant, died at Bridgeton, January
13, 1808, in his forty-ninth year. " He had been in
business longer than any other person in town."
Henry Marsd^s was a brev>^er in Trenton until
his death, in 1753. His will mentions a sister
Catherine, and brothers Peter and John. There
* None of these blunders are so remarkable as one upon a marble now
standing in Northampton, Massachusetts, on the grave of a " daughter
of the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, President of Prenceia College, New-
Jersej." Nor does this equal a professed quotation from a ^-ermon of
Edward Irving, in a work of Mr. Wilks, London, 1854, where the Pres-
byterial exegesis is called an *' ecce Jcsum^'' !
Isaac Smith. 243
was a John Merseloiis^ of Hopewell, whose will,
in 1784, requires that fifteen geese should be
kept on the farm to supply feathers for the beds
which he bequeathed to his daughters. He had
a son, John Holder.
Isaac S:\riTH was at first a ph^^siciau, and per-
haps never wholly relinquished the profession ;
but at a time v/hen the constitution of the high-
est judiciary department of the State allowed of
lay-judges, Mr. Smith was placed on the Supreme
Court bench, (February 15, 1777.) Hence,
when he was elected a trustee of the congrega-
tion, Marcli 12, 1788, his name is entered as
"Doctor Isaac Smith, Esc[uire." His titles might
have been extended ; for he was Colonel-Com-
mandant of the militia in the neighborhood of
Trenton in the campaign of 1776. He was the
first President of the Trenton Banking Company,
having been elected to that post on the institu-
tion of the Bank, February 13, 1805, and con-
tinued in it until his deatk. He served eighteen
years on the bench, " during whick time," ac-
cording to his obituary, " ke was also elected by
tke suffrages of tke people of New-Jersey, at a
general State election, to tke konorable station
of a member of tke House of Representatives of
244 Smiths.
the United States, where his high character for
political wisdom and tried integrity was known
and duly appreciated by all his co-patriots, and
particularly by the illustrious "Washington and
Adams, with whom he enjoyed the intimacy of
particular friendshijD." His epitaph is :
"Isaac Smith, Esq., died August 29th, 180V, in the
sixty-eighth year of his age. With integrity and honest
intentions, as a physician and a judge, to the best of his
abiUty, he distributed health and justice to his fellow-men,
and died in hopes of mercy through a Redeemer."
Of his wife, who died in 1801, the comprehen-
sive character is graven on an adjoining stone :
" She was what a woman ought to be."
It appears by other inscriptions that three sons
preceded their pa^rents to the grave : Edward, lost
at sea, in 1791, at the age of twenty-five ; John
Pennington, in 1797 ; and Charles, Lieutenant of
the first United States Kegiment, in 1800, aged
thirty-two. One of the bec[uests of Dr. Smith's will
was as follows : " To the Trustees of the Presby-
terian Church in the city of Trenton, one hun-
dred dollars, with the interest that may arise
thereon, to be applied towards building a new
church ; and provided, also, that they keep the
Bellerjeaus and others. 245
tombstones of myself and family in good repair.
I liave no descendants to perform tliis duty.'-
His executors were Lydia Imlay of Trenton,
Kichard Stockton of Princeton, and Edward
Pennington of Philadelphia.
Samuel Belleejeau was a nephew of Samuel
Tucker. His wife was Achsah ; daughters, Han-
nah Gee and Sarah Brearley ; sons, Henry, Ben-
jamin, John, Samuel, Thomas, and Daniel. He
died July 8, 1795, at the age of fifty-six, and his
grave-stone is one of those that pave the portico
of the present church.
Godfrey Wimer. I find no more than that a
person of this name died in ISTottingham town-
ship, June 5, 1801.
Bell. The only traces of this family are in
the church-yard : James Bell, (probably the
signer of Mr. Cowell's call,) September 10,
1747 ; age, seventy. John Bell, November 10,
1788 ; age, forty-six.
Vo:^ or Vait Vegkten and Vegute occur fre-
cpiently in the Dutch churches of Somerset
county, as commemorated in the " Pastor's Me-
morial " of the llev. Dr. Messier, of Somerville,
(1853.)
WooLSEY has long been a highly respectable
19*
246 Mathis — Pidgeon.
family in the township and town. Benjamin was
elected elder in 1797, but declined. Dr. Jeremiah
Woolsey, " formerly of Trenton," died in Cincin-
nati, February 9, IS 34, in his sixty-fifth year.
Mathis, sometimes Mathias, and probably
also Mathews. The house of Captain James
Mathis, deceased, at Lamberton, was advertised
for sale in 1796.
Wn^LTAM PiDGEOiT, already named in the no-
tice of Mr. Cottnam, died at Stafford, Monmouth
county, January 5, 1780. Elizabeth Cottnam
appears in his will, among his relatives. He left
fifty pounds to the Methodist Society of Trenton,
" for the repair of their meeting-house." He also
put three thousand pounds at the discretionary
disposal of his executors, for charitable purposes,
and " for the relief of my negroes as they may
merit it." To the registration of his will is ap-
pended this paragraph : " Note, that the within
named William Pidgeon was so burnt by getting
out of his house when on fire, that he could not
hold a pen to write his name, but a mark as above,
and escaped in his shirt." From the testimony
before the Surrogate, and from the newspapers,
it appears that two children of Captain Isaac An-
drews, two men-servants, and a hired man, were
Creed — Hooper. 247
burnt to death at this time, and that the Sre was
the cause of the fatal illness of Pidgeon himself.
Geoege Creed was a physician. He removed
to New-Jersey from Jamaica, Long Island, of
which town William Creed was one of the pa-
tentees in 1686. Dr. Creed was born in Jamaica,
October 1, 1735, and resided for some time in
Flemington, before coming to Trenton. He
married Susanna Coleman, of Maidenhead, in
1762, who died in Trenton, September 24,1835,
in her ninety-fourth year. Dr. Creed died sud-
denly, of apoplexy, on a visit to Jamaica, about the
year 1775. His daughter, Mrs. Abigail Creed
Eyall, still survives, (1859,) in the ninety-first year
of her age, having been a communicant of our
church for about sixty-three years.
Robert Lettis Hooper. The first person of
this name was Chief- Justice of the Province from
1724 to 1728, and again from 1729 till his
death in 1739. In an advertisement of February
18, 1752, occurs the name of "Robert Lettis
Hooper, now living at Trenton ;" and that of his
son, Reynald, is in the lottery j)rospectus of 1753,
copied in our Sixth Chapter. Robert L. Hooper,
Jr.^ had a store in Philadelphia, in December,
1762; was Deputy Quarter Master General in
248 Hoopers.
1778 ; and was a Judge of the Common Pleas of
Hunterdon in 1784. Kobert Lettis Hooper died
April 25, 1785, in his seventy-seventh year, and
was buried in the Episcopal ground in Trenton.
In Aicgu-st^ of the same year, the death of a
stranger (Ebenezer Erskine) is announced " at
the seat of Eobert Lettis Hooper, near Trenton,"
and Mr. Hooper was one of his acting executors.
A paper of Xovember 7, 1785, says : "Since our
last the Hon. Robert Lettis Hooper, Esq., has
been elected Vice-President of the Legislative
council, in the room of John Cleves Symmes,
appointed to Congress." In 1796, " Died at
Belville, near Trenton, Mrs. Elizabeth, wife of
Robert L. Hooper, Esq." July 30, 1797, died
" the Hon. Robert Lettice [so spelled sometimes]
Hooper, formerly Vice-President of this State,
in his sixty-seventh year." Soon afterwards is
advertised for sale " that elegant seat called Bel-
ville, late the residence of R. L. Hooper," on the
Delaware, and containing one hundred acres.
Belville was the Sinclair and Rutherford country-
seat already mentioned. It is advertised in Sep-
tember, 1806, by John Rutherford, as " the sum-
mer residence of the subscriber in the city of
Trenton," having three hundred and tliirty
Singer — Cluims. 249
acres on botli sides of the river, and one of the
lots between the new street and Colhoun's Lane,
including " Prospect Hill." This exhausts my
memoranda of this name in the list of the con-
tributors to Mr. Spencer's salary.
Robert Singer was at one time connected in
merchandise with Bernard Hanlon, and at an-
other in the auction business with Francis Witt.
Witt kept a public house ; at one time " the
Blazing Star," at another, " an ordinary at the
sign of Dr. Franklin, near the market." The
Trustees sometimes held their meetings at his
inn.
John Clunn lived in Lamberton. In August,
1781, the Gazette mentions the death of the
widow of John Clunn, aged eighty-three, " and in
the evening of the same day, the w^eather being
very warm, her remains were interred in the
(Episcopal) church burying-place."
Joseph Clunn ap^^ears in the Be volution as
" Captain in the State Begiment." In 1785
" Captain Clunn" kept an inn which bore the
sign of Alexander the Great. In the Episcopal
ground are the graves of Joseph Clunn, Sen.,
who died in 1798, aged fifty-nine; and of John
H. Clunn, 1798, aged twenty-eight. In the
250 John Fitch.
Presbyterian ground is the grave of Amey
Clunn, December 12, 1834 ; aged seventy-six.
John Fitch is one of the historical names of
America, in connection with the invention or
introduction of navigation by steam. He was a
native of Connecticut, where his father was '' a
most strenuous Presbyterian." In May, 1769,
he came to Trenton, and Matthew Clunn, a tin-
man, employed him in the manufacture of brass
buttons. He also picked up some knowledge of
the watchmaker's trade. Clunn's next door
neicrhbor was James AVilson, a silversmith, who
employed Fitch as a sort of apprentice ; but in
a short course of time Wilson ftiiled, and became
Fitch's journeyman. One of his biographers says :
" His skill and perseverance soon enabled him to master
the difficulties of his calling, and money began to flow in-
to his pockets. When the war of the American Revolution
commenced, he was w^ell established, doing an extensive
business. The faculty of acquiring property appears to
have been in him as strong as his disposition to spend
it when acquired. His shop and its contents were esti-
mated at three thousand dollars when the British army
entered the village of Trenton. The troops were attract-
ed to it, because he had large contracts for the repair of
American arms. They proceeded to burn the establish-
ment, and destroy the tools and all his visible property."
John Fitch. 251
When the first military company was formed
at Trenton, in support of the Revolution, Fitch
was one of the lieutenants, and had that rank
in the cantonment at Valley Forge. The Com-
mittee of Safety afterwards made him their gun-
smith, or armorer, and he was expelled from the
"Methodist Society" for working at that busi-
ness on the Sabbath. He had a quarrel with
Alexander Chambers, in the Commissary de-
partment, and with John Yard, about military
rank. When the enemy entered Trenton, in
December, 1776, Fitch removed to Bucks county.
He attended the Presbyterian church of ISTe-
shamony, of which the Rev. Nathaniel Irwin
was for many years the minister, and who ap-
pears to have taken much notice of his ingenuity.
It was on his return afoot from that church,
lame with rheumatism, that the passing of vehi-
cles caused him to feel the contrast with his own
difficult locomotion, and suggested the idea of
"gaining a force by steam," that would relieve
pedestrians of their disadvantage.* After mak-
* " I do certify that I was returning with John Fitch from the Ne-
shaminey meeting, some time in Agril, 1*785, as near I can recollect the
time, when a gentleman and his wife passed by us in a riding-chair ; he
immediately grew inattentive to what I said. Some time after he in-
2C2 John Fitch.
ing the first draft of a steam-power, Mr. Irwin
showed him, in " Martin's Philosophy," that the
steam-engine had been already invented, and
that the desideratum was to apply it to naviga-
tion. It was to the Neshamony pastor that Fitch
addressed his autobiography, which was deposit-
ed under seal in the Philadelphia library, with in-
junctions that it was not to be opened until thirty
years after the inventor's death. Stacy Potts
was one of the company formed to assist Fitch
in his experiments, and he, with Isaac Smith,
Robert Pearson, Jr., Samuel Tucker, Abraham
Hunt, and Rensselaer Williams,"^ John and
Charles Clunn, and others of Trenton, gave their
names to the application to the Legislature of
1790, whicli obtained for him fourteen years' ex-
formed me that at that instant the first idea of a steamboat struck his
mind. Ja^ies Ogilbee." (Fitch's Pamphlet, Philadelphia, 1788; re-
printed in Documentary History of New- York, vol. ii.)
* Rensselaer Williams was a Justice of the Peace. In 1781 he was
Librarian of the " Trenton Library Company." He was one of the found-
ers, in that year, of the " Trenton School Company," or Academy. He
■was found dead in the street, opposite the State House, December, 1796.
His grave is ia the Episcopal ground, where his age is given at sixty-
four. Adjoining it is the grave of Rensselaer WUliams, Jr., who died at
»♦ the house of Abraham Hunt, in 1801 ; aged thirty-three years. He was
in mercantile business in Cooperstown, New^-Tork.
Fitch's Map and Boat. 253
elusive privilege on tliis side of tlie Delaware.
His boat Perseverance made several ti'ips be-
tween Philadelphia and Trenton in that year.'^'
Fitch visited the Western States, and was for
some time in captivity among the Indians. In
Collins's Trenton Gazette^ of July, 1785, is the
followino: advertisement :
" John Fitcli liaiiag traversed the country north-west of
the Ohio, in the several capacities of a captive, a surveyor,
and a traveller, as the result of his labors and remarks has
completed, and now wishes to sell, a new, accurate Map of
that country, generally distinguished by the Ten i^ew
States, including Kentucky, which opens immense sources
of wealth and advantageous speculation to the citizens
of the United States, and therefore is an object of general
attention. Having performed the engraving and printing
himself, he is enabled to sell at the very small price of a
French crown.
* It was one of Fitch's or Rumsey's experiments that j'ranklin wrote
of in Philadelphia, October, 1788 : " We have no philosophical news
here at present, except that a boat, moved by a steam-engine, rows itself
against tide in our river, and it is apprehended the construction may
be so simplified and improved, as to become generally useful." (Sparks's
Franklin, x. 363.) I have seen a letter of Fitch to Stacy Potts, Philadel-
phia, July 28, 1786, in which he expresses the greatest satisfaction in
his prospects. " We have now tried every part, and reduced it to as cer-
tain a thing as can be, that we shall not come short of ten miles per
hour, if not twelve or fourteen. I will say fourteen in theory and ten in
practice."
20
\
254 John Fitch.
" IsT. B. — They are also to be sold by Enos Kelsey, in
Princeton, and by tlie printer hereof."
It is said that this map, projected and engrav-
ed by himself, was printed also by him in a
Bucks county cider-press. In May, 1785, he
wrote to his patron, Potts, from Bucks, that his
map is so far formed that he " shall want paper
for it thirty inches by twenty-three, and would
wish to see you on the occasion, but am so en-
gaged that I can not sj)are the time to go over
to Trenton."
In ISTovember, 1785, Fitch gave to the Gov-
ernor of Virginia (Patrick Henry) a bond for
three hundred and iifty pounds, " conditioned for
exhibitiuij: his steamboat" on the waters of that
State, " when he receives subscriptions for one
thousand of his maps, at Qs. Sd. each.
From the Methodists and Presbyterians, Fitch
went over to the Universalists. One of his bio-
graphers says he was "a drinking man" in
his later years, " but it is believed he was not a
drunkard." Another says he was " a man of
extremely temperate habits for that time." The
latter writer attributes his death to " gradual
suicide" by the use of spirituous liquors, and says
Wilson — Smith. 255
that he '' foretold the length of time that his con-
stitution would survive, by a mathematical ratio
of debility."^* But the version of the other, and
latest author, is that being ill, he purposely made
one dose of twelve opium pills, which had
been directed to be taken at intervals.f He
died at Bardstown, Kentucky, in IYO8. " Will
a delay of half a century," asks his biograplier
of 1847, '' in rendering public justice to the
watch-maker and gunsmith of Trenton, weaken
the obligations of his countrymen to admire his
genius ?"
James Wilson was probably the silversmith
mentioned in the preceding article. His father
had prospered in Perth Amboy; and AYilson,
having some patrimony, neglected his trade and
became intemperate. It was upon his becoming
involved in some responsibility in Wilson's busi-
ness, that Fitch undertook to pay the debt, by
taking his tools, when the master and journey-
man exchanged places.
WiLLiA^r Smith was the name of the landlord
* Memoir by Charles Whittlesey, in Sparks's Library of Americari
Biography, vol. svi. 184t.
f Life, drawn from his Autobiography in the Philadelphia Library :
by Thompson Westcott, 185*7.
256 Brittain.
of whom Fitcli hired a room in Trenton where
he cairied on the manufacture of silver and brass
"buttons for peddling. The only place in which
I find the name is in an inscription in the grave-
yard, the age of the suljject of which is rather
too youns: for a subscriber in 1770.
" In affectionate remembrance, from a bereft consort
and fatherless offspring of 'William Smith, who died April
11th, 1799, aged forty years."
Joseph Beittai]^ was a shoemaker, and a man
of property. He was the principal owner of the
lot on which the State House is built. In Jan-
nary, 1792, he conveyed two and a quarter acres
to the Commissioners of the State for the nom-
inal price of iive shillings, and in February, of
the same year, three quarters of an acre for six-
ty-seven pounds and ten shillings.^ Mr. Brit-
tain was a member of this church from 1809 to
1813, w^hen his connection ceased in consequence
of his havins: embraced doctrines too much at
variance wdth those of our communion for his
comfortable continuance.
* On the same day William Keeder (which name is also among the
signatures) conveyed one quarter of an acre for the same purpose, at the
price of sixty-two pounds ten shillings ; and George Ely half an acre for
one hundred and twenty pounds.
Henrys.
Samuel Henky was a large owner of real
estate in Trenton and elsewhere. He devised to
his cliildren extensive tracts in Nottingham and
Trenton, including '' the old iron- works," and in
Pennsylvania. His children (mentioned indivi-
dually as son or daughter of " Mary Ogilbee")
were George, Samuel, Frances, and Mary. He
left a property in Trenton to Maiy Yard, daugh-
ter of William Yard, on condition of her keeping
it as a comfortable home for his children during
their minority ; making special reference to the
vacations of his sons when they should be students
at Princeton College. Their names, however, are
not on the Catalogue. Mr. Henry had a brother
Alexander in Ireland, whose son Arthur H. is pro-
minent as the first legatee in his will, but is dis-
posed of Yfith ^ve shillings. He left a contingent
legacy of three hundred pounds " to the Trustees
or managers of the English Church in Trenton, for
the maintenance and support of an orthodox min-
ister." In the yard of that church are the tomb-
stones of Samuel Henry, January 9, 1795, twenty-
four years ; Samuel Henry, May 10, 1781, sixty-
seven years; George Henry, October 23, 1846,
seventy-six years. The wives of George Henry
and Aaron D. Woodruff, Attorney General, were
258 Runyon — Lowrey.
sisters — Mary and Grace, claiigliters of Thomas
Lowrey. Tliere is a fourtli stone in tlie group,
marked Mrs. Mary Henry, January 23, 1804;
twenty-nine years. There died in Bloomsbury,
January 5, 1832, " Katy Willis, a native of
Africa, aeed one hundred and twelve years.
She was formerly a domestic in the family of
Samuel Henry, Sen., of Trenton."
Hugh Runyoi^, or Runyan, built one of the
few good houses now standing in Lamberton,
lately of the estate of John E. Smith, probably
included in fifty acres in Nottingham township,
which Runyon conveyed to Elijah Bond in 1777.
He removed to King wood, and died there. I
have seen a deed of 1799, in which he conveyed
land to his son, Daniel C. Runyon, of Nottingham.
Stephen Loweey married Sarah, daughter of
the Rev. Mr. Spencer. He had been a merchant
in Maryland, but after his marriage in Trenton
resided there, and for some time, at least, at the
parsonage ; as there are advertisements of " Ste-
phen Lowrey, at the Rev. Mr. Spencer's," ofi:er-
iug " the highest price for loan office bills on
the Commissioners in France." He appears also
to have been connected with the Commissariat
Department in the Revolution ; as in November,
Unity. 259
1YY9, he offered a reward of a tliousand dollars
(Continental currency) for nine barrels of ilonr
stolen from " the Continental store-house at
Trenton." Mrs. LoAyrey's grave is next to that
of her fiither. Elsewhere in the church-yard is a
stone marked Thomas Lowrey, Jr., March 11,
1803; age, thirty-one.
Of this sort was the congregation to which
Mr. Spencer came to minister. At a time when
neither the Episcopalians nor Presbyterians
were strong enough to maintain pastors for the
exclusive service of their town churches, a num-
ber were accustomed to hold pews in both, that
they might have the opportunity of worship in
one or the other place every Lord's day. There
seems to have been no difficulty even in holding-
offices alternately in both. Of the subscribers
to the agreement when Mr. Spencer was called,
the names of Pidgeon, Bond, Coxe, Hooper,
Cottnam, How, Decow, Singer, Witt, Clunn, and
Adams are to be found amons^ the Wardens and
Vestrymen of St. Michael's between 1755 and
1783. From July 7, 1776, to January 4, 1783,
that church was not opened at all for divine
service.
Dk. Spencer's Ministey. — Revolutionaky
Incidents in Trenton.
ms— 1780.
In the year 1773 there appears to have "been
a rearraDgement of the pew-holding, probably
in consequence of some addition to the number
of pews. A meeting of the congregation took
place on the seventeenth May, '' for regulating
and granting seats and pews in the meeting-
house." Certain pews — from one to twenty-four
— are directed to be '' numbered," and they are
"rated," from £1 106". in the gallery, to £3 106*,
below. It was ordered that
"Every person, or persons, entitled to a pew by
original purchase or grant, be continued in their right,
on his or their paying their annual subscription or rate,
in proportion to the size of the pew such person may pos-
sess ; not inider forty shillings, nor exceeding three pounds
ten shillings." " William Patterson made application for
one half of any pew below stairs." " James Peak applied
Spencer. 261
for one half of Mr. Piclgcon's pew in the gallery : in case
Mr. Pidgeon should give it up, he would give iifteen shil-
lings per annum for the half."
There is no record to show wlien, if at all, Mr.
Spencer was installed in Trenton. At his recep-
tion by tlie Presbytery, in 17Y1, it was without
the mention of any particular charge. One
cause that prevented this, may have been the
confusion and uncertainty arising out of tlie
state of public affairs in colonies approaching a
revolution. His patriotic sj)irit may have fore-
tliousrht that he should be called, if not like his
co-presbyter, Witherspoon, to the public councils,
yet to a return to liis chaplaincy in the army. In
1775 such, an opportunity of serving both his
country and Church was presented, and it ori-
ginated in the impressions made during his mis-
sionary visit to North-Carolina."^ In December
of that year a sjoecial meeting of the Presbytery
was summoned at Princeton, to hear an applica-
tion from him. He then stated that in conse-
quence of a resolution of Congress, he had been
* The Provincial Congress of New- Jersey, which sat from October
4tli to 28th, ]715, had their daily sessions opened with prayer. Mr.
Spencer was the first to officiate as chaplain.
262 Patriotic MifTion
invited by tlie vlelegates of l^ortli-Carolina to
take a journey tliitlier, "and preach and con-
verse for some time among those people, as their
case is extremely critical." Dr. Witherspoon
was Moderator of the meeting ; and the minute
is that " the Presbytery most cheerfully acquiesce
with the motion, and appoint Mr. Spencer to
comply with the request ; and appoint supplies
for his several cono^resrations durins: his absence ;
and ordered that the Moderator furnish Mr.
Spencer with proper testimonials to the churches
of Christ in North-Carolina."
In the Journal of the Continental Confess, of
December 20, 1775, is this minute:
" Resolved, That orders be dra^va on the Treasurers,
in flwor of the Rev. Mr. Ehliii Spencer and the Rev. Mr.
Alexander Mncwhorter, who have undertaken to go to
l!^orth-Caroliua, for the sum of one hundred and twenty
dollars each, being three months' advance, they to be
accountable."
The late Mrs. Biddle, of Carlisle, Pennsyl-
vania, a daughter of Dr. Spencer, who survived
him until 1S58, gave to me in 1841 the follow-
ing memorandum of this mission :
" In the beginning of the Revolutionary contest my
to the South. 263
father and Dr. Macwhorter, of Newark, were appointed
by Congress to visit the more remote parts of Virginia,
Georgia, IsTorth and Soutli-Carolina, for the purpose of in-
forming the settlers there, who were at the time exceed-
ingly ignorant, of the cause of the Revolution and the neces-
sity of standing forth in defense of their right and country.
This circumstance made my father very obnoxious to the
British, who suifered his library with all the writings of
his whole life to be burnt and entirely destroyed."
A daughter of Mrs. Bid die has since written
to me thiit she has frequently heard her mother
relate the incidents of that period, and their seri-
ous consequences to the zealous advocate of In-
dependence, after his return to Trenton, which
was soon in the centre of warfare. His inter-
ference was considered rebellion, and the author-
ities of the royal government offered a rev/ard
of a hundred guineas for his head.
*' This was known," says my correspondent, " to the
American officers, and one of them (I think General Mer-
cer) sent a messenger to him in the night to say that the
British army were near, and that he must fly for his life.
My mother was about nine years old, and recollects per-
fectly the panic and flight in the middle of the night.
They went to St. George's, in Delaware, where they were
treated with the utmost kindness and affection. My
grandfather preached there until it was safe to return to
264 Loffes.
Trenton. On tlie return of the family they found their
furniture, books, and j^apers destroyed, and the house
itself so much injured that it was scarcely habitable. My
mother has often told me that her father was so discour-
aged by the loss of his papers, that from that time he
never wrote another sermon ; preaching merely from
short notes."
In 1781 the Legislature of Xew- Jersey ap-
pointed Commissioners to '' procure an estimate
of the damages sustained by the inhabitants
of this State from the waste and spoil com-
mitted by the trooj)s in the service of the
enemy, or their adherents." Peter Gordon,
Sidney Berry, and Joseph Phillips were the
Commissioners for Hunterdon county. From
their report we can ascertain minutely the loss
suffered by Dr. Spencer, and also that of the
Church corporation. In the return of the former
are given, " five hundred and twenty-four panel
fence, four rails with post ;" " one hundred and
sixty-seven panel of red cedar post and rail-
fence, good as new;" agricultural implements,
wheat in the stalk and in the ground, cattle, fur-
niture, maps, clothing, china, glass, three spin-
ning-wheels, provisions ; " stable totally destroy-
ed." To this inventory Dr. Spencer adds :
Lofses. 265
" A large chest and barrel of books, packed close, but
the particular volumes I can not remember or fully recol-
lect. Araons: them were all the school-books and classics
in Greek and Latin ; a large collection of Hebrew books,
French dictionary, grammar, and Bible, and several other
books in French ; Pool's Annotations on the Bible, Bates'
Works m large folio, AVillard's Works, with his Body of
Divinity ; six large volumes of Caryl upon J ob ; Pope's,
Swift's, and Addison's Works ; Mr. Edwards's Works, of
Northampton, with a number of mathematical and philo-
sophical books ; Dr. Witherspoon's Works, a good many
of Wall's Works, several volumes of Doddridge's Works,
besides his Family Expositor, and a great number of vol-
umes on different subjects, which I can not recollect. The
estimate of these books I leave to the discretion of the Com-
missioners, not being able to give a more particular
account, but beg leave to say, I have always estimated
the loss of the library to be one hundred pounds at the
least."
His affidavit was made September 6, 1783.
Putting the books at eighty pounds, the total
of the Commissioners' appraisement was £oSl
17s. 9d.
The parsonage was used by the Hessians for
an hospital. The communion plate was plun-
dered. The particulars of the loss sustained are
given as follows :
" An inventory of damages done to the Presbyterian
21
266 Damages.
Ohurcli in Trenton, and public property destroyed by the
enemy in December, 1776 :
" 303 feet of board fence three feet high, 45
romid posts and rails, which was romid the
burying-gronndj
11 panel post and 4 rail fence, . .
140 panes glass, ....
Large gates, hooks, and hinges,
A silk damask curtain and hangings,
A silver can Vv'ith two handles, and large plate,
Damages done to the parsonage house whilst an
Hessian hospital, (app'd by Miss Axford,) .
1400 feet of boards stript oiFthe stable,
310 feet board fence, five feet high, 40 posts
and rails, rounds the parsonage garden, .
2 large front gates, hooks, and hinges,
1 well-curb, bucket, and chain, .
1 table-cloth and about ten yards diaper,
£80 10 0
" Alexander Chambers being duly sworn, deposes and
says, that the within inventory is just and true, to the
best of his knowledge, and that no pay or compensation
hath been received for the same or any part thereof.
" In behalf of the congregation,
" Alexander Chambeks, Trustee."
*' Sworn this seventh day of September, 1782,
" Jos. Phillips."
On the second January, 1777, Cornwallis en-
6
0 0
1
2 0
4
1 8
1
10 0
12
0 0
20
0 0
19
5 0
5
5 0
6
16 4
1
0 0
1
10 0
2
0 0
Rosborough. 267
tered Trenton. One of tlie members of our
Presbytery was a victim to the barbarity of tlie
troops under bis command. This was the Eev.
eTohn Rosborough, pastor of Allentowu, Pennsyl-
vania, who was received as a candidate May 2?,
1Y62 ; licensed a probationer, August 16, 17G3,
and ordained December 11, 1764. He was
Moderator of the Presbytery in 1776. Accord-
ing to the report made to Synod, he was " bar-
barously murdered by the enemy at Trenton on
January second." In a letter to Richard Henry
Lee, of January 14, Dr. Rush wrote : " The sav-
ages [Hessians] murdered a clergyman, a chap-
lain to a battalion of militia, in cold blood, at
Trenton, after he had surrendered himself and
begged for mercy. His name was Rosborough."*
It ought, however, to be mentioned that before
he was commissioned as chaplain, Mr. Rosborough
had united with his neighbors in forming a com-
pany to recruit Washington's forces on their re-
treat through New-Jersey, and from a sentence
in a letter to his vrife, a few days before his
capture, it seems probable that he was even then
'' ridins: with a French fasee sluno: at his back."
* Memoirs of R. IT. Lee, vol. ii, 1 Go.
268 Rosborough's death.
The particulars of the outrage are given by
Dr. Sprague as follows :
" Mr. Rosborough proceeded with his company to
Trenton ; and, as he was going towards the river in
search of his horse, he was met "by a company of Hessians
imder British command. He immediately gave himself
up as a prisoner, but begged, for the sake of his wife and
children, that they would spare his life. He quickly
found, however, that his request was to be denied, and
that the bloody deed Avas to be performed without de-
lay. He instantly knelt down, and, in imitation of his
blessed Master, prayed for the forgiveness of his murder-
ers, and scarcely had this prayer passed from his lips be-
fore a deadly weapon pierced his body, and he lay strug-
gling in death. They tben took his watch, and part of
his clothing, and left him weltering in his blood. The
wretched creature who had committed the act, or had had
a principal part in it, vrent immediately after, with the
fury of a madman, into one of the hotels in Trenton, and
profanely boasted to the woman who kept it, that he had
killed a rebel minister, and showed her his watch ; but he
added that it was too bad he should have been praying
for them when they vrere murdering him. A young man
by the name of John Hayes, of Mr. Rosborough's congre-
jzation, took char ore of the corpse, and buried it the next
day in an obscure place in Trenton. The Rev. George
Duffield, of Philadelphia, having heard of the sad event,
took measures to have the body removed to the church-
yard for its final interment."*
* Annals, vol. iii. 254. I am sorry to say that there is no trace of tlio
chaplain's grave in onr grounds.
Dullield. 269
Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Daffield, mentioned in
this extract, was one of tlie cliaplains of the
First Cono:ress. He would occasionally leave
his conoTeo^ation for a short time to serve as a
missionary to the troops when they were within
easy reach. It was probably during such an
errand as this that he became acquainted with
Mr. Rosborough's death ; for, according to the
annalist just quoted :
"He Yras with the army in their battles and retreat
through Jersey, and was ahiiost the very last man that cross-
ed the bridge over the stream immediately south of Trenton,
before it was cut down by order of the American General.
For this preservation he was indebted to a Quaker friend,
whom he had essentially aided in his hour of trial — though
of politics opposed to his own — and whose deliverance lie
had been the means of securing. The British officers had
put a price upon his head, and were particularly anxious
to destroy him, because of the influence he exerted among
the soldiers of the American army. After the retreat from
Princeton, he had retired to a private house in Trenton to
seek repose, and was not aware that the American army
had taken up their line of march, and had nearly all crossed
the bridge, until his Quaker friend sought him out and
gave him the alarm, just in time for him to escape, before
the bridge was destroyed by the retreating army of
Washington."*
* Aonalf, vol iii. 191. From the same authority I find that the Rev.
21^
270 Rahl.
From the "blanks in the minutes of the Trus-
tees, it appears that there was no meeting of the
Board in 1T76. In that eventful year the
Presbytery hehi five sessions : at Boundbrook in
April, at Philadelphia (during Synod) in May,
at Princeton in June, (to receive Mr. Armstrong
as a candidate,) at Am well in July, at Basking-
I'idsre in October. The State was the seat of
w^ar. In the beginning of December Washing-
ton and a large body of troops were at Trenton.
Later in the month a brigade of three Hessian
regiments, one of them Colonel Rahl's, was sta-
tioned here. The Colonel kept the town in
commotion, even before he thought of being
attacked.
" The cannon," said one of his lieutenants in his jour-
nal, " must be drawn forth every day from their proper
places, and paraded about the town, seemingly only to
make a stir and uproar. There was a church [the Episco-
pal] close by his quarters, surrounded by palings ; the of-
iicer on guard must march round and round it, with his
men and musicians, looking like a Catholic procession,
wanting" only the cross, and the banners, and chaunting
Mr. Macwhorter was in the camp of Washington, opposite Trenton, at
the time of the battle of 1776: and that Wilham Paxton (afterwards
D.D.) was in the ranks on that occasion, iii. 210, rjr>4.
Battle of Trenton. 271
choristers. The hautboys — he could never have enough
of them."*
On tlie twenty-sixtli was tlie famous battle.
Rabl was carried mortally wounded to his quar-
ters in Warren streetf — tlie residence of Stacy
Potts. J
The journal of his Lieutenant, as translated in
Mr. Irving's work, says :
" He died on the following evening, and lies buried in
this place which he has rendered so famous, in the grave-
* Irving's Life of Washington, ch. xliii.
f Then King street, as the present Greene was Queen. The former
was also famiharly called Front, and the latter Back street. The "Fed-
eral Post or Trenton Weekly Mercury," was printed in 1788, by Que-
quelle and Wilson, " on the north side of Front St., opposite the Eng-
lish Church," the neighborhood of Rahl's death.
:|: This house is advertised for rent in the Trerdon Gazeiie, December,
1784, where it is said to have been lately occupied by the President of
Congress. It was provided for his use by James Evving, Moore Furman,
and Conrad Kotts, by the direction of the Legislature, (August 25, 1784)
The lease, which is before me, stipulates also for " the hay-house nearly
full of very good hay, with the stables on each side thereof, together with
a tenplate stove belonging to the front part of the said house," but "re-
serving the use of the road as it now goes to the tan-yard, and so much
of the lot as Samuel Phillips may have occasion for, adjoining his shop."
The lease was for one year from October 30, 1784, at one hundred and
fifty pounds in gold or silver, (four hundred dollars.) The house was
the residence of Stacy Potts, and not a tavern, as is stated in Lossing's
♦'Field Book." It was taken down in 1857.
2^2 Battle of Trenton.
yard of the Presbyterian Church. Sleep well ! dear com-
mander ! The Americans will hereafter set up a stone
above thy grave with this inscription :
" Hier liegt der Oberst Rahl,
Mit ihm ist alles all !"*
The first mention of celebrating the anniver-
sary of the battle of Trenton which I have found
is in 1806, December 26, when the Trenton
Light Infantry had a parade and a dinner, and
in the evening the Eev. Mr. Stamford preached
in the Baptist Church, from the text, " I was
free-born." The observance afterwards degene-
rated into an annual sham-fight.
Mr. Spencer was present at the election of
Trustees of the congregation, September 2, 1111^
" at the house of Mr. John Chambers." He at-
tended the sessions of Synod and Presbytery in
Philadelphia, May, 1776, and of Presbytery, at
Amwell, July 31, on vvKich day he presided and
preached at the ordination of Mr. Warford, and
his installment over the congregation of Amwell.
In April, 1782, this minute is found :
* " Here lies Colonel Eahl ; all is over with bim." The Americans
have delayed the fulfillment of the prediction until it has become impos-
sible to identify the " hier'' for the epitaph.
Lois of Papers. 273
" The Presbytery thinks it proper here to note, that the
trouble occasioned by the war has been the general rea-
son why the members of Presbytery have attended with
so little punctuaUty for a number of years past — this
State having been either the seat of war, or contiguous to
it, since the year 1776."
To the ravages of war is probably owing the
order of the Trustees in August, 1780, that " a
subscription be opened in town and country for
repairing the parsonage-house, which at present
is in a ruinous condition." A committee of 1792,
to search for missing records, reported " that
none were to be found, and that there is much
reason to believe that those minutes were lost
during the late Revolution, among the papers of
Dr. Spencer and Mr. Halsey." And in their
reply, through the Rev. Mr. Armstrong, to the
requisition of the General Assembly for histori-
cal materials, the Presbytery of April, 1793,
report : " They labor under peculiar difficulties,
in this respect, from the extent of the ravages of
the enemy in the State of New-Jersey during the
late war. The minutes of the Presbytery have
been lost with the papers of the late Dr. Spen-
cer, down to a late date." As early as 1779, Mr.
Spencer himself.
274 Mr. Tucker's
"As Standing Clerk, is requested to collect all the
papers belonging to this Presbytery, from the several
members or others in whose hands they may have been
heretofore deposited ; to be complied with by our next
Presbytery."
Nine years after Spencerls death,
" Mr. Woodhull informed the Presbvterv that the old
minutes, [prior to 1771,] so long searched for in vain,
were known to be in the possession of Mr. Warford, of the
Presbytery of Albany, and it was ordered that Mr. Wood-
hull take suitable measures to procure them," (September
18, 1793.)
As a further illustration of tlie hazards of
ecclesiastical records of tlie times, and a proba-
ble explanation of the fate of many documents of
the Trenton congregation, I produce the sub-
stance of an affidavit presented to the New- Jer-
sey Legislature, in February, 1777, by Samuel
Tucker, who was both a Trustee and Clerk of the
Board. As Treasurer of the State he had a large
amount of the paper currency, and other valuable
public property in his custody. Hearing that
the British army under Howe was likely to pass
through Trenton, he removed his effects to the
house of John Abbott, fiYQ miles off. Howe
arrived in Trenton December 8, 1776, and next
Adventures. 275
day Lieutenant General Abercrombie sent Lieu-
tenant Hackshaw witli a detachment to Abbott's
under the guidance of one Mary Pointing, where
they captured Tucker's property and carried it to
New-Brunswick. On the 14th December, Tucker,
on his way to Trenton, was met near Crosswicks by
a party of horsemen, w^ho took him prisoner, and
detained him until a protection was obtained
from the Hessian Colonel Rahl. He lost all the
papers, public and private, which were thus re-
moved. This statement of Tucker's was the
cause of a controversy between him and Govern-
or Livingston, (who wrote under the signature
of " Scipio,") in the New- Jersey Gazette of 1784.
I suppose they were our pastor and trustee
whose names occur in the diary of John Adams,
September 19, 17YY, when Congress were with-
drawing from Philadelphia on the approach of
the enemy. He says : " We rode to Trenton,
where we dined. Drank tea at Mr. Spencer's ;
lodged at Mr. S. Tucker's, at his kind invitation."
The journal of the next day may have its local
interest for some of ray readers :
"20tli. Breakfasted at Mrs. J. B. Smith's. The old
gentleman, his son Thomas, the loan officer, were here,
and Mi*s. Smith's little son and two dauQ-hters. An ele-
276 John Adams.
gant breakfast we had, of fine Hyson, loaf-sugar, and
coffee, etc. Dined at Williams's, the sign of the Green
Tree ; drank tea with Mr. Thomson [Charles Thomson ?]
and his lady at Mrs. Jackson's ; walked with Mr. Duane
to General Dickinson's house, and took a look at his farm
and gardens, and his green-house, which is a scene of
desolation ; the floor of the green-house is dug up by the
Hessians in search for money. Slept again at Tucker's."
Mr. Adams's first sio-lit of Trenton was in Au-
gust, 1774, when his diary records :
" Rode to Trenton [from Princeton, where he heard
Dr. TVitherspoon preach] to breakfast. At AYilliams's the
tavern at Trenton ferry, we saw four very large black-
walnut trees, standing in a row behind the house."^ The
town of Trenton is a pretty village. It appears to be the
largest town we have seen in the Jerseys. We then cross-
ed the ferry over the Delaware river to the province of
Pennsvlvania."
* Williams's tavern is also mentioned by the Marquis de Chastellux,
at the time of whose visit an addition seems to have been made to the
emblems of its sign ; for he says it represented a beaver at work "with
his teeth to bring down a large tree, and had the motto ^'Ferseverando.^^
{Travels in North- America^ 1780-2.) The tree, beaver, and legend con-
stituted one of the devices printed on the Continental currency of 1776 ;
the money which fell so much below the promise on its face, that in the
Trenton advertisements of 1780 may be found ofiers of a thousand dol-
lars reward for an absconding servant — fifteen hundred for a stolen
mare — ten thousand for the detection of the incendiary of a barn. The
subscription of the Weekly Gazette, of that year, was fourteen dollars by
the quarter.
Debow's Complaint. 277
In the Presbytery of August, 1776, a singular
complaint was presented against Mr. Spencer,
arising out of his visit to North-Carolina. Mr.
John Debow, who had iust been called to Eno
and Hawfields, submitted a letter from the Pres-
bytery of Orange, in North-Carolina, complain-
ing that Mr. Spencer had baptized a child of the
Eev. Mr. Lisle, a minister from Scotland, who,
without joining the Presbytery, was preaching
in some of their vacant congregations, and gath-
ering a nevv^ parish out of them. The minutes
proceed to narrate that,
" After diligent inquiry of Mr. Debow, concerning what
he knew of the life and conversation of Mr. Lisle, and hav-
ing received all the light he was able to give them, the Pres-
bytery judge that Mr. Lisle hath a right to Church priv-
ileges, and that Mr. Spencer, in baptizing his child, has
done no more than what the laws of charity and church-
fellowship required of him, and that the complaint against
him is without foundation."
The States were divided into three military
departments. The middle department com-
prised New- York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania,
the lower counties on the Delaware, (now the
State of Delaware,) and Maryland. In October,
22
278 Committe
1776, William Shippen, Jr., was directed to pro-
vide and superintend an hospital for tlie army
in ISTew- Jersey, and on October 20, 1777,
" Congress proceeded to the election of a chaplain for
the hospital in the middle department, and the ballots be-
ing taken, the Rev. Eliliu Spencer was elected."
In May, 1780, Mr. Spencer was aiSicted by the
death of his daughter, Mrs. Sarah Lowrey, in
her twenty-fifth year. She was buried from her
father's house. She was one of the ladies of
Trenton who sympathized in the measures which
originated in Pennsylvania, for the relief of the
suffering troops by raising contributions to add
to their slender wages. Active measures were
taken here on the fourth of July of that year, to
effect this object. A general committee was then
appointed, composed of Mrs. Coxe, Mrs. Dickin-
son, Mrs. Furman, and Miss Cadwalader, and an-
other committee for each county. That for
Hunterdon consisted of " Mrs. Vice-President
Stevens, Mrs. Judge Smith, Mrs. Charles Coxe,
Mrs. E. Stevens, Mrs Hanna, Mrs. T. Towrey,
Mrs. J. Sexton, Mrs. B. Vancleve, Mrs. Colonel
Berry, Mrs. Doctor Burnet." Mrs. Moore Fur-
man was Treasure]', and Miss Mary Dagworthy,
of Ladies. 279
Secretary. A letter is preserved in Washing-
ton's correspondence, from Miss Dagworthy, dat-
ed at Trenton, July 17, 1780, whicli transmitted
to tlie Chief the sum of 815,488 — allowiug for
the depreciated currency, actually about §390.*
* Sparkfe's "Writings of "Washiugton, vol. vii. Qo.
Close of De. Spexcek's Ministry — His Death.
ITSO— 1Y84. •
Throughout the years of Mr. Spencer's
ministry in Trenton lie was a prominent mem-
ber of the different church-courts, and often
served as Moderator, Clerk, Treasurer, and Com-
mittee-man. AYhen the Synod (1769) regarded
the College of New-Jersey so much of a church
institution as to divide themselves into commit-
tees for collecting donations from all parts of
their territory, Mr. Spencer and Mr. McDowell
had Chester and parts of Lancaster county, in
Pennsylvania, assigned to them. In 1770 and
the ^ve consecutive years Spencer w^as a delegate
from the Synod to the Congregational and Pres-
byterian Convention which met alternately in
Connecticut and JSTew-Jersey. He was frequent-
ly called to take part in collecting and disburs-
ing the Students' Fund, and Widows' Fund, and
Doctor's Degree. 281
was an official visitor of Mr. BrainercVs Indian
School. In the absence of the Moderator he
opened the Synod of 1782 with a sermon. His
name then appears for the first time v/ith the
title of Doctor of Divinity, which degree was
given him by the University of Pennsylvania, in
March, 1782, at the same time with the Rev.
William White, who was afterwards so distin-
guished as a Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal
Church.^^
In 1782 Dr. Spencer was associated with Dr.
Witherspoon and Joseph Montgomery, in a
committee " to prepare an address to the Minis-
ter of France, cono^ratulatinsf him on the birth of
a Dauphin, son and heir to the crown of his
royal master ; expressing the pleasure the Synod
feel on this happy event.^f The last office
assigned to him by the Synod was in 1784, the
* In the minutes of the Trustees of the University, Mr. Spencer is
called Elisha. The same mistake is made in the first edition of Thomp-
son's History of Long Island, where also his great-grandfather Jared is
called Gerard.
f The Minister was the Chevalier de la Luzerne. The Dauphin was
son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, and died in childhood. The
birth was formally announced to Congress, and by Congress to the G-ov-
ernors of the States. It was celebrated in Trenton, May 24, 1782, when
the "town artillery paraded at the market-place," and a dinner was at-
tended by the officers of the State at " the French Arms."
282 Minutes of
year of his deatli, when lie was made one of the
committee of conference and correspondence with,
the Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church.
There being extant no record of the proceed-
ings of the Session during Dr. Spencer's minis-
try, nor any registry of the communicants of
that period, it is not in my power to furnish such.
statistics as might show the progress of the three
churches in those relations. The minutes of the
Trustees have been preserved, but are meager in
their details. The following persons were mem-
bers of the Board during Dr, Spencer's incum-
bency :
Charles Clark, Obadiah Howell,
Alexander Chambers, Daniel Clark
Abraham Hunt, Joseph Tindal,
Joseph Reed Jr., Nathaniel Furman,*
Samuel Tucker, Moore Furman.
These Trustees served for the country and town
congregations, but not for Maidenhead. Their
meetings were held in town, and either at the
church or parsonage. Mr. Chambers was uni-
* Mr. FuRiiAN was in the Board from 1780 to 1788. I suppose that
it is his death which is published as haviag taken place April 27, 1831,
in his eighty-eighth year. Mr. Tindal's is an old and respectable fami-
ly. The other Trustees are spoken of in detail in other chapters.
Trustees. 283
formly chosen Treasurer, Mr. Tucker, Clerk, and
Mr. Spencer, President, until May, 1783, when
he ceased to be a Trustee, and Mr. Chambers
was both President and Treasurer. The pro-
ceedin were not of much greater importance
than to build " a shed between the parsonage-
house and the stable, out of the six pounds rent
put at interest ;'' " to repair the roof of the sta-
ble," " to rent out and agree for the several pews
that at this time are vacant, and get the two
long seats made into four small pews, and rent
them out also ;" to order " that all the pews shall
pay the annual assessment as they may be stat-
ed— not under forty shillings per annum the
smallest."
The heirs of Daniel Howell and Joseph Green
claimed a right to the pews " built by their an-
cestors, v/ithout being liable to pay the annual
assessment ;" on this question the yeas and nays
were called at two different meetings, and both
times the claim was refused by the casting vote
of the President. The salary accounts of the
two churches were separate : " Ordered, that the
Treasurer do pay the Eev. Mr. Spencer fifty-five
shillings towards the deficiency of his salary for
last year for Trenton, and fifteen shillings towards
284 Nev/ Charter.
the salary for the last year for the old meet-
iDg-hoLise." There were " collectors" for each
house.
On the sixth of June, 1Y81, it was resolved,
" To petition the Legislature to confirm by law the char-
ter granted by Governor Belcher ; a memorial was accord-
ingly drawn and signed by the President and all the Trus-
tees. The President being desired, readily agreed to wait
on the Legislature, and took with him the original charter
to lay before them."
On the twenty-fifth March, 1782,
" The President informed the Board that agreeably to
the order of this Board, of the sixth of June, 1781, he
waited on the Legislature, and took with him the original
charter, which he has since returned to the Clerk, which
was laid before the Board this day, and that the Legisla-
ture told him they did not think proper to take the same
into their consideration at present."
I do not find any note of this application in the
Journals of either branch of the Legislature, On
the seventh June, 1781, an act incorporating the
Second Presbyterian Church of Newark, which
had passed the Assembly, was brought into the
Council, and after a second reading, was postponed
until the next sitting ; immediately after which it
Legacies. 285
was " Ordered that Mr. FreliDghuysen and Mr.
Caldwell be a committee to prepare and bring in
a bill upon a general plan for incorporating reli-
gious societies." On tlie next day, a petition
from the Baptist Churcli of Pittsgrove, Salem
county, was read, " praying a law to incorporate
them as well as all other religious societies," which
was referred to yesterday's committee. The
general law was not passed until March 16,
1786, when it was adopted under the title of
" an act to incorporate certain persons as trus-
tees in every religious society or congregation in
this State, for transacting the temporal concerns
thereof."
As the Treasurer was directed in 1771 to
fund and loan any sums that might come into his
hands, it looks as if there were occasionally some
receipts beyond the pew-rents, of which there
was certainly no surplus for investment. Seve-
ral small legacies were realized besides those
already mentioned. By the will of Jethro Yard,
proved February 16, 1761, seven pounds were
left " to the Presbyterian Congregation of Tren-
ton, to be paid to the overseers of the poor of
said town." In 1780, John Howell, one of the
executors of his brother Daniel, gave notice that
280 Public Occasions.
the testator had given twenty pounds for the
use of the congregation."^^
Dr. Spencer's name is usually found in connec-
tion with such patriotic demoustrations of his
times as were consistent with his profession.
When the surrender of Cornwallis was celebrat-
ed in Trenton, October 27, 1781, the Governor,
Council, Assembly, and citizens, went in proces-
sion to the Presbyterian Church, vv^here Dr.
Spencer delivered a discourse. On the fifteenth
April, 1783, similar ceremonies were observed
upon the conclusion of peace v/ith Great Britain.
The Governor, Vice-President of the State, Mem-
bers of the Legislature, Judges, and other pub-
lic officers met at Williams's hotel ; the Trustees,
teachers, and students of the Academy joined
them there, and proceeded to the Court-house,
where the Governor's proclamation of the cessa-
tion of hostilities was read. At noon divine
service w^as attended, when a discourse was deliv-
* Daniel Howell's will was proved in 1118; the legacy was payable
in two years. He was brother of Hezekiah, John, Abigail, Eunice,
(Phillip?,) and Phebe, (PhOlips.) His children were Ehoda, Sarah, and
Elizabeth. A relative of his, David Howell, died in 1785, leaving three
daughters — Prudence, Patience, Charity.
Jethro Yard, (as I gather from his will,) was a carpenter. He was
a son of William Yard.
Dr. Spencer's Death. 287
ered by Dr. Spencer. Public dinners followed
at Witt's, Williams's and Cape's hotels. A few
days afterwards, when the Governor (Living-
ston) was about to leave the capital for his resi-
dence at Elizabethtown, Dr. Spencer's name was
at the head of a committee of citizens who pre-
sented him a valedictory address."^
Dr. Spencer preached at the opening of Pres-
bytery at Freehold, October 21, 1783. Pie was
present in that court for the last time, in Pen-
nington, June 15, 1784, when he was appointed
to preach at the ordination and installment of Mr.
William Boyd, at Bedminster, on the nineteenth
October. This proved to be within a few weeks
of his decease, but his failure to take the part
assigned to him was not owiug to his final ill-
ness, for that was an inflammatory fever of a few
days' continuance. He died December 27, 1784,
in the full support of the Christian hope. His
remains lie on the western side of the church-
yard under a tomb inscribed as follows :
* Mr. Jefferson, in his Autobiography, says : "I left home on the six-
teenth of October, [1783,] arrived at Trenton, ivTiere Congress was sit-
ting, on the third of November, and took my seat on the fourth, on which
day Congress adjourned, to meet at Aunapohs on the tv/enty-sixth."
This statement has been followed by his biographers. Tucker and Ean-
dall, but Congress was sitting at Princeton, not Trenton.
288 Epitaphs.
" Beneath this stone lies the body of the Rev. Elihu
Spencer, D.D., Pastor of the Presbyterian Church in
Trenton, and one of the Trustees of the College of New-
Jersey, who departed this life on the tw^enty-seventh "of
December, 1'784, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.
"Possessed of fine genius, of great vivacity, of emi-
nent and active piety, his merits as a minister and as a man
stand above the reach of flattery.
" Having long edified the Church by his talents and ex-
ample, and finished his course with joy, he fell asleep full
of faith, and waiting for the hope of all saints.
" Mrs. Joanna Spencee,
"Relict of the above, died November 1st, 1791, aged
sixty-three years.
" From her many virtues she lived beloved and died
lamented. The cheerful patience with which she bore a
painful and tedious disease threw a lustre on the last
scenes of her life, and evinces that with true piety death
loses its terrors."
The late J3r. Miller declares that the eulogy
of Spencer's epitaph is not exaggerated :
" His piety was ardent, his manners polished, attractive,
and full of engaging vivacity ; his public spirit and activ-
ity in doing good indefatigable, and his character as a
preacher singularly prompt, popular, and impressive. To
all this may be added that in the various relations of life
he was peculiarly amiable, exemplary, and beloved."
The venerable father who wrote these sen-
Dr. Spencer's Family. 289
tences was connected by marriage with Dr.
Spencer's family ; for tlie widow of Dr. Miller is
the granddaughter of Dr. Spencer, by the mar-
riage of the Hon. Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant
to Margaret Spencer. The late Hon. John Ser-
geant, the Hon. Thomas Sergeant, and the late
Elihn Spencer Sergeant, Esq., of Philadelphia,
were children of the same marriage. Dr. Spen-
cer's ancestors came from England to Massa-
chusetts early in the seventeenth century. Of the
^ve brothers who established the family there,
one was a forefather of the late Chief-Justice
Ambrose Spencer, of New- York; from another
brother was descended, in the seventh generation,
the late Eev. Ichabod Smith Spencer, D.D., of
Brooklyn ; and General Joseph Spencer, whose
name often occurs in the Eevolutionary history,
was an elder brother of our pastor.
Dr. Spencer bequeathed to his -^ve survivino*
daughters, and the children of a deceased one,
three thousand acres of land in Saltash, Vermont
and to his son, John Eaton, one thousand acres
in Woodstock, Vermont. There still remaics
in the possession of his descendants a lot of
ground in the city of Trenton, which has in the
lapse of time become more valuable than all the
Vermont acres. 23
290 Governor Livingston,
NOTES.
I.
GovEKXOR William Liyixgstox resided three years
in Trenton, and was, undoubtedly, a regular attendant
on Dr. Spencer's ministry. His j^reyious life had brought
hini into prominence as an ecclesiastical controvertist.
His ancestors were of the Dutch Church in ^^ew-York,
but the Governor had early united with the party which,
for the sake of having English preaching, had merged into
the Presbyterians. The dispute, which arose in 1751, be-
tween the adherents of the Church of England and the
other churches in reference, at first, to the claims of the
former to have the College (then King's, now Columbia,)
which was founded in that year, under their control, was
warmly espoused by Mr. Livingston in defense of those
who were threatened with exclusion. He wrote largely
and vehemently for his side in "The Independent Reflec-
tor" and " The Watch-tower." He entered into the sub-
sequent controversy on the attempt to establish the Eng-
lish episcopacy in America, and in 1768 pubhshed a let-
ter to the Bishop of LlandaiF, which was rej)rinted in
London. His opposition, it should be noted, was not to
the liberty of any church, but to the proposal to establish
a particular denomination in the Colonies, as in England.
Mr. Livingston must have departed from his habits in
those days, if he were not punctual in his pew at Trenton ;
for, according to his biographer :
"Actively engaged during the week, in discharging the
duties of a laborious profession, [the law,] or in an angry
Dr. Cowell. 291
warfare in defense of his civil and religious rights, three
times on every Sabbath, surrounded by his numerous fami-
ly, he went up to that church, [Wall Street,] formerly
contemned and oppressed, but for which his exertions had
procured respect ; of which he was one of the brightest
ornaments and chief supports."*
In his first address to the Legislature, as Governor, (Sep-
tember 13, 1*776,) Mr. Livingston had used the expres-
sion, " setting our faces like a flint against that dissolute-
ness of manners and political corruption which will ever be
the reproach of any people." From this phrase and the
religious tone of the whole passage, the Governor was for
some time nicknamed " Doctor Flint." This gave rise to
an amusing contreUm^js at a dinner-table in New- York,
when Fislier Ames, addressing Livingston, said uncon-
sciously : '•^Doctor Flinty is the town of Trenton well or
ill-disposed to the new Constitution ? "f
II.
Li December, 1783, died Dayid Cowell, M.D., who
has been mentioned in a previous chapter as a student in
Princeton College at the time of the death of his uncle,
the pastor, who bequeathed him an annuity of twenty
pounds for three years. Upon his graduation, in 1763,
he studied medicine in Philadelphia, took his degree and
came to Trenton, where he practised until his death. For
two years he was senior physician and surgeon in military
hospitals. Dr. Cowell undertook to draft an outline of
his will while sufleriug under an attack of quinsy, and
* Sedgwick's Memoir of Livingston, chap. iv.
f Sedgwick, chap. vii.
292 Dr. Cowell's Will.
Yv'itliin a few hours of its fatal termination. Unable to
articulate, be bastened to make a rougb outline of bis in-
tentions, wbicb be doubtless boped to bave bad put into
form by anotber band ; but be was compelled, by tbe
force of tbe disease, to bave tbe paper copied in tbe in-
complete terms in wbicb be bad drat^m it. It began : " I,
Doctor David Co well, being of sound judgment, but not
able to talk mucb." One of tbe first items was, "my
negro man, Adam, and tbe wbole aiiair to tbe Presbyte-
rian Congregation." In equally brief and informal pbrases
stood a bundred pounds to "tbe Grammar Scbool in
Trenton" — tbe same amount to tbe Colleofe of New-Jer-
sey, and "to tbe Congress of tbe United States of Ameri-
ca, one bundred pounds, if tbey settle tbemselves at Lam-
berton."* He appointed Major William Trent one of bis
executors, and made Jobn Trent, probably a son of tbe
Major, bis residuary legatee. As be drew towards tbe
close of bis painful task be tbrows in tbe burried remark :
" Had not I been on many public matters, it's likely I
sbould bad a more particular will before tbis time." By
tbe time tbe copy was ready for bis signature, be must
bave felt unable to write, for it was subscribed by bis
" mark." But baving tbe pen in band, be seems to bave
made a last effort, and baving made tbe customary
cross between bis Christian and surname, scribbled tbe in-
coherent or illesjible sentence : " But I believe I am not
quite so clear to me as my own D. C. our connection is
* I hope to find room in an Appendix to this volume, for a notice,
somewhat in detail, of the proceedings of Congress that had reference to
making Trenton or its vicinity the national capital.
Adam. 293
now dissolved." Ebenezer Cowell, Jr., entered a caveat
against the probate of the will, but after taking evidence,
the Siirroorate admitted it. The documents of the Trustees
do not discover whether the legacy of the negro became
available. " The whole aifair" appended to it was prob-
ably a law-point ; for in the Neio Jersey Gazette of 1780,
there are inserted, first, an advertisement by Dr. Cowell,
of a negro man to be sold, or exchanged for a boy ; and
immediately under it, another, cautioning all persons
against making any such purchase or exchange, as the
man was entitled to his freedom, and ending with an ex-
pression of his hope for
" That freedom, justice, and protection which I am en-
titled to by the laws of the State, although I am a negro.
"Ada:\i."
These missives are followed by the Doctor, with a denial
of Adam's averment; and this by a rejoinder in Adam's
name, which in turn is answered by Cowell, who alleges
that the negro is acting under the instigation of two very
respectable citizens, whom he names.
The New-Jersey Gazette of the week announces Dr.
Cowbell's death as having taken place early in the morning
of December 18, 1783, and his burial on the following day,
in the Presbyterian church-yard, attended by the " Trus-
tees, tutors, and students of the Academy in procession,
and a very large concourse of respectable inhabitants."
An address was made at the grave by the Rev. Dr. Spen-
cer. After mentioning the legacy to the Government, the
Gazette adds : " The above is the first legacy we recollect
to have been given to the United States, and is respect-
23*
294 Cowells.
able for a person of moderate fortune." In the same
paper Dr. John Cowell advertises that he has been pre-
vailed upon by the friends of his deceased brother to
establish himself in Trenton as a physician. But he had a
short time, as his gravestone marks^ his death " January
30, 1789, in the thirtieth year of his age."
The Rey. James Feakcis Ar:\istrong — Pre-
vious History a^d Settlemei^t.
1750—1790.
Dr. Spexcer's successor in tlie Trenton
cliurclies was the Rev. James Feais^cis Aem-
STEOxa, and the liistory of liis pastorate will be
introduced by a sketch of his previous life.
Mr. Armstrong was born in West-Notting-
ham, Maryland, April 3, 1Y50. His father,
Francis Armstroner, was an elder of the church
in that place. Part of his education was receiv-
ed at Pequea, but his chief training was at the
celebrated school founded by the Rev. Samuel
Blair, at Fagg's Manor, or New-Londonderry,
Chester county, Pennsylvania, where President
Davies, Dr. Rodgers, and Dr. Finley had preced-
ed him as pupils. When Mr. Armstrong w^as in
the school it was under the Rev. John Blaii^, a
younger brother of its founder, afterwards chosen
296 At College.
as Vice-President and Professor of Theology in
Princeton College.
In tlie autumn of 1Y71, Armstrong entered
tlie junior class at Princeton, and had the ad-
vantage of residing in the family of President
Witherspoon. Several of his classmates are
now known from the public stations they were
called to fill; such as Governor Henry Lee of
Virginia, Governor Morgan Lewis of New- York,
Governor Aaron Ogden of Kew- Jersey, President
Dunlapof Jefferson College, President Macknight
of Dickinson, President John Blair Smith of
Hampden Sidney and Union, and President Wil-
liam Graham of Liberty Hall, (Washington Col-
lege,) Virginia. Aaron Burr, the unworthy son of
the Princeton President, was one of his contempo-
raries in College. Of the twenty-nine graduates of
Mr. Armstrong's class, all but three became clergy-
men. He himself had the ministry in view when
he entered college, and accordingly, upon his grad-
uation in the autumn of 1773, he commenced a
theological course under Dr. Witherspoon. On
the sixth June, 1776, he was recognized by the
Presbytery of ISTew-Brunswick as a candidate for
the ministry. It was not easy at that period of
American history for Presbyteries to assemble in
A Candidate. 297
full number, and the only members present at
tills meeting:, wbicli was held in Princeton, were
President Witberspoon, Eev. William Tennent,
Rev. Elibu Spencer, and Mr. Baldwin, an elder
of tbe Princeton Cbnrcb. The subject assigned
for Mr. Armstrong's exegesis was, " De veritate
Christiance religionist"' and 1 Timotby 1:15 tbe
text for a sermon. On tbe first of tbe following
August, at Amwell, tbose exercises were beard
and sustained. His trials were continued at
Baskingridge in October, wben be passed tbe ex-
amination on scbolarsbip and tbeology, and was
directed to prepare a sermon on Eomans 12 : 2,
to be delivered at tbe next meeting, wbicb was
appointed to be beld in Shrewsbury, in Decem-
ber." But great events happened between tbe
* A candidate who had been examined wilh Mr. ArmstroDg, up to
this point, was not so successful ; and for the sake of illustrating the
proper care of a Presbytery in the matter of licensure, and the manner
in which it is performed, I copy the minute in this case :
"The Presbytery then proceeded to consider Mr. W.'a examination
and sermon ; and after the most mature deliberation are unanimously of
opinion that they can not sustain either his examination or his sermon as
parts of trial, inasmuch as in his examination, although he manifested a
competent skill in the languages, yet he appeared almost wholly unac-
quainted with several of the most important of the liberal arts and scien-
ces, and also greatly deficient in his knowledge of divinity ; and although
his sermon contained some jast and pious sentiments, yet there appeared
in it such confusion in the arrangement of the thoughts, such obscurity in
298 The War.
June and the December of 17 76. Accorclins: to
the minutes, the " appointment could not be ful-
filled, as the enemy were on their march through
this State." Another minute of the same session
(April 23, 1777) postpones the prosecution of a
plan for the education of poor and pious youth,
on account of '' the great difficulties of the times,
arising from the ravages of the British army
within our bounds." In consequence of this con-
fusion, the regularity of Mr. Armstrong's pro-
gress as a candidate was interrupted, and acting
upon the best advice, he was transferred to an-
expressioD, and inaccuracy in many of the sentiments, that they can not
consider it as an evidence of his capacity to be useful as a public teacher
in the Church of Christ.
"Therefore the Presbytery agreed to recommend to Mr. W., if he
choose to prosecute his trials further with a view to the Gospel ministry,
that he apply himself diligently to the study of logic, natural and moral
philosophy, and divinity, for one year from this time, as in these branches
he appeared to be most deficient; also that he study composition with
care, and labor to acquire a more clear and perspicuous method of com-
municating his ideas. And as they entertain a favorable opinion of
Mr. W., for his modest, decent, and humble deportment, will always be
ready to give him all due encouragement, provided he make such im-
provement in the above articles as shall remove the difficulties that now
lie in the way of their admitting him into the ministry."
The candidate probably withdrew from this Presbytery ; but he must
have found some way to licensure, as in 1784 the Presbytery of New-
castle began to call him to account for neglecting to preach, and in 1785
dropped him as their probationer, on evidence that he had devoted him-
self to a secular life.
A Probationer. 299
other Presbytery, in tlie manner stated as fol-
lows :
" The Presbytery [of Kew-Brunswick] is informed by
one of the members present, that in November last, about
the time that the British army made an irruption into
New-Jersey, Dr. Witherspoou gave Mr. Armstrong a let-
ter of introduction to the Presbytery of Newcastle, in-
forming them of the progress he had made in his trials,
and of the difficulties in the way of the Presbytery's meet-
ing to receive his popular sermon in December last, ac-
cording to appointment ; in consequence of which letter
the Presbytery of Newcastle admitted him to finish his
trials before them, and licensed him to preach as a candi-
date for the Gospel ministry."
He received his license as a probationer in
January, 17 77.
Even before that date (which was the month
of the battle of Princeton) the war h ad apjDroach-
ed so near the region of his residence, that Mr.
Armstrong thought it to be his duty to unite
with its armed defenders, and took a musket in
a company of volunteers commanded by Peter
Gordon, Esq., afterwards an elder with him in
the session of the Trenton Church. This was, jDro-
bably, only for an emergency ; but he felt that
his patriotic ardor could be indulged in a better
consistency with his duties as a Christian minis-
goo Ordination.
ter, by serving as a cliaplain in tlie American
army. With that view the Newcastle Presby-
tery admitted him to ordination in Januar}^,
1778. When this was reported to the Synod in
May, the higher court hesitated about approving
an ordination which appeared to be sine titulo^
that is, before his being called to some parti-
cular charge. The misapprehension arose from
the absence of the official records ; upon the pro-
duction of which, in May, 1779, (when Mr. Arm-
strong took his seat,) the Synod made this min-
ute :
" By the report now made by the Newcastle Presby-
tery, it appears that there was a mistake m the report of
last year respecting Mr. Armstrong's ordination ; that he
was not ordained sine tltulo, but in consequence of his
having accepted a chaplaincy in the army."*
* "Sine titulo," "ia retentis," "pro re cata," "sederunt," " non
liquet," "nemine contradicente," "ad futuram rei memoriam," "inter-
loquitur," "pro tanto," "in defenso," "in hoec verba," " de novo,"
and other Latin substitutes for plain English, (sometimes even " Janitor"
for Sexton,) are freely used in the ecclesiastical records of the last cen-
tury. The old Presbyteries and Synods used to date their sessions in
Latin : " Die Jovis,^^ " Die Saturni,'^ " Fast Ilerid. Stssione 5ta. Precib'os
peraciis.^^ They habitually employed the learned tongue to say that
after prayer the members named took their seats. Some of the Xew-
Brunswick clerks ventured on writing "present after prayer," and
"present as before," but in April, 1198, this innovation was checked by
the fcUowing direction : " Resolved, that tlie Presbytery in future, for
Chaplaincy. 301
The Newcastle records, as furnish ed nie by
their obliging clerk, the Eev. Mr. Duhois, are as
follows :
" December 2, lYv 7, Mr. James Armstrong, a probation-
er of this Presbytery, being chosen chaplain for General
Sullivan's brigade or division, applied for ordination to
the work of the Gospel ministry, having produced a certi-
ficate of his moral conduct frq^n General Sullivan. The
Presbytery, after examining Mr. Armstrong at some
length upon experimental and systematic divinity, were
satisfied with his answers, and having had a good report
of his labors, appointed Mr. Armstrong to deliver a
discourse at our next meeting, with a view to his ordi-
nation."
The ordination took place at Pequea, the
place of his early education, January 14, l'r'78,
and the official record of it gives these particu-
lars :
the sake of greater uniformity, make use of the old technical terms ubi
-post preces sederunt, in recording the first session of their meetings, and
at any subsequent session, post preces sederunt qui supray It was,
however, considered lawful to give only the initials of the formula, and
many a clerk spent more time and room in an elaborate execution of the
capitals U. P. P. S. and U. P. P. S. Q. S., than would have answered for
the words in fall. The act of the Presbytery was, perhaps, a testi-
mony against the course adopted by the Synod of 1795, when it " Resolv-
ed, that the Synod will discontinue the use of Latin terms in their records
to express the opening of their session, and their attendance on prayer,
and that the same in future be expressed in English."
24
302
Ordination.
" Mr. Armstrong Imviiig accepted the Westminster
Confession of Faith and Catechisms, as received in onr
Church, as th.e confession of his faith, and the Directory
for Discipline, Worship, and Government as the plan for
substance constituted by Christ ; and given satisfactory
answers respecting his views in entering upon the Gospel
ministry, and to other questions, the Presbytery conclude
that we have clearness to set him apart to the work of the
ministry. And, accordingly, after a sermon preached,
suitable to the occasion, by the Rev. Mr. Robert Smith,
he was solemnly set apart to the Gospel ministry, with
fasting, prayer, and imposition of hands. The charge was
given by the Rev. Mr. Foster, and Mr. Armstrong now
becomes a member of Presbytery, and having received
the right-hand of fellowship, takes his seat."
In consequence of the unsettled life into whicli
he was thrown by the duties of the chaplaincy,
and by other incidents of the state of the coun-
try, it was not in Mr. Armstrong's power to
maintain the punctual corresjiondence with his
Presbytery, recjuired of all its members. In
1Y84 official inquiry was made of him on this
account, and his reasons were received as satis-
factory. He retained his connection with the
ISTewcastle Presbytery until his dismission to that
of Kew-Prunswick, April 26, 1786.
The minute of his appointment appears in the
Journal of Congress, of July 17, 1778 :
On a Campaign. 303
" 111 consequence of a recommendation, resolved, that
the Rev. James Francis Armstrong be appointed chaplain
of the Second Brigade of Maryland forces."
Before receiving: Lis commission lie bad accom-
paniecl the troops on tlie Southern campaign,
and probably remained in the service until the
decisive victory of Yorktown, October, 1781.
During this period Mr. Armstrong communicat-
ed to the New- Jersey delegates in Congress his
observations of current events, and from a few
of those addressed to the Hon. Wm. Churchill
Houston, I introduce ?ome passages, showing at
once a glowing and intelligent interest in the
cause of his country, and a strong abhorrence of
the evils of the raost justifiable war.
" WllcocJc's Iron WorJcs^ Deep Miver^ ITortli- Carolina^
July 8, 1*780. We have marched five hmidred miles from
Philadelphia, ignorant as the Hottentot of the situation or
numbers of the enemy. Though it was long known that
we were marching to the assistance of the South, not the
least provision was made to hasten or encourage our
march. Wagons to transport the baggage, and provi-
sions to subsist the troops, have both been w^anting. We
have for some time depended upon the precarious and
cruel practice of impressing horses from post to post.
We have also been driven to the disao-reeable alternative
of permitting the men to murmur and languish for the
304 Letters during
want of meat, or seizing cattle on the march; not know-
ing whose property they were imless the owners came to
camp to comjilain of the injury. Horrid war ! Heaven's
greatest curse to mankind ! We are told things will grow
better, the further we proceed south ; but the hope must
be precariously founded which depends upon the com-
plaisance of Gen. Lord Cornwallis. I would not write
such plain truths, did you not know that I am not given
to despondency ; and I have the same providence to call
forth my hopes, which exerted itself so miraculously when
Howe was in IsTew-Jersey."
'''' River Peedee^ Masque's Ferry ^ August 3, 1780. "What
the troops, officers, as well as privates have suifered is be-
yond description. The corporal of Gen. Gift's guard has
returned for the second time to-day from the commissary's
w^ithout being able to draw any provisions, and declares
to me that for seven days they have only drawn two
days' beef, but not a particle of meal or flour. The eye of
the most rigid justice must wink at plunder in such cir-
cumstances ; and such is the scarcity which reigns upon
the Peedee, that provisions can not be obtained even by
unjustifiable methods. Ai^ples have been the only sup-
j)ort of the troops for several days at a time. Indeed I
thought it impossible for human nature to have subsisted
so long as I have known it to do upon green fruit. For-
tunately green corn has succeeded apples, but, without
some less precarious and more substantial supplies, the
effect must be dreadful. The hopes of final success never
forsake me for a moment, but every thing discouraging
dwells around our little army. We have not much, I be-
lieve, to fear from the enemy, but troops must be more or
less than men who can long endure what we now suffer."
the Campaign. 305
He wrote as follows of the panic then prevail-
ing in tlie Southern States, and the injury done
to the American cause by the conduct of the
militia :
•"
" The march of Howe througli Jersey spread not half
the terror which has been inspired by our defeats at the
South. Those who escaped spread universal terror. All
was conquered, ruined, undone ! Even the dominion of
Virginia must fail ! And, by the by, had Clinton entered
it with his army, they must have made a temporary sub-
mission, at least until our array could have marched to
their assistance. "We scarcely meet a man who has not
taken the oath of allegiance to his majesty of Britain, or
given his parole that he would be neuter, and give him-
self up a prisoner when called upon. The common peo-
ple of the Carolinas are not to blame. Looking upon
every thing as lost, what could they do ? The appearance
of an army with lenity would, in a short time, have called
all such to the American standard, vrere they not pre-
vented by the militia, vv'ho take them prisoners, use them
unmercifully, plunder and destroy their effects, and leave
their helpless women and children in the utmost distress ;
so that many of them have left their families and carried
off their negroes and cattle, some to the enemy and
some to escape the route of our army. We have passed
whole neighborhoods deserted by the inhabitants, and the
few who remain trembling alive from the horrid accounts
w^hich have been spread of our army as a number of ban-
ditti, plundering all before them, and hanging forty or
24*
306 Letters during
fifty at a tiroe of those wlio Lad taken the oath to the
King : though false, very laughable."
A letter dated at Hillsborough, tlie head-
quarters '^of the army, October 16, 1Y80, is re-
sumed after a few lines, on the thirty-first of the
same month. The explanation of the interval
fixes the beginning of the disorder which afflict-
ed Mr. Armstrong during the remainder of his
life:
" The blank between the dates has been filled up with
the most violent pains through my bones. To what spe-
cies they belong, I can find no one wise enough to inform
me. They have at times been so violent, that insensibil-
ity by the use of opium has been my only resource for
rest. They seem to be pretty well removed, but an at-
tempt to ride on horseback has once or twice brought
them back again, which makes me unwilling to renew the
experiment until their light flying parties comj^letely take
themselves off."
"1 am highly delighted," he remarks to his
correspondent, " with your sentiments on uni-
versal liberty. They have long been mine. I
was instructed in them before I could reason."
The last letter of the campaign which is ex-
tant, is dated at Charlotte, December 8, 1780,
when Gen. Greene had just taken the chief com-
mand. In it he says :
the Campaign. 307
" There is not a single department of our army which
has, for some time past, maintained the least regularity,
unless we are permitted to call it regular confusion.
Think then what must be the situation of our present
Commander in Chief, with few regulars, and those in such
circumstances as often to stagger my faith whether deser-
tion be a crime, especially in a person of no more refined
sentiments than a soldier of the common level, and with
militia whose conduct has been one cause of our common
disasters. The Y\'ant of provision, which lays the founda-
tion for the distressing necessity of permitting the troops
often to cater for themselves, has prostrated every idea of
discipline, and given the reins to the most licentious conduct.
An unremitting supply of food alone can restrain, and in
time correct our dangerous manners. Gen. Greene has
already taken measures which promise every thing. The
heads of the Roanoke, Dan, Catawba, and the Rocky
river, which have hitherto been considered as useless in
the creation, are to transport our provisions from Vir-
ginia."
" I have made an observation since I came South which
I did not advert to before. The inhabitants of a State
necessary for its defense in time of war, or even on a sud-
den invasion, must treble or quadruple the number im-
mediately necessary for the field. Without establishing
this proportion, when those necessary to cultivate the
land, the timorous, the disaflected, and delinquents of all
orders, whom it is out of the power of government to
bring to the field, are laid aside, no coimtry can defend
itself This appears to me to be the condition of Virginia
and North-Carolina, unless the blacks are called in to their
3o8
Wm. C. Houston.
assistance. I really pity the gentlemen of Virginia, of en-
larged and liberal minds. They are as good theoretic
politicians as any on the continent ; but when they meet
in Assembly and make the best laws in the world for the
defense of a State, there are not white subjects sufficient
in the State for the laws to operate upon."*
We find Mr. Armstrons: returned to Xew-
Jersey in 1782, as in the June of tliat year he
* "^"iLLiAM CnuRCHn-L HOUSTON, Mr. Armstrong's correspondent, and
afterwards a parishioner in Trenton, was a native of South-Carolina.
After the age of twenty-one he entered Princeton College as a Freshman :
while himself a student he assisted in teaching the Grammar-School.
He graduated 1768. In 11Q9, being then Master of the School, he was
elected Senior Tutor of College, and in 1171, Professor of Mathematics
and Natural Philosophy. He resigned the chair 1783, at which time
he was also Treasurer of the Trustees. Two years before his resignation
he had been, after the requisite course of study, admitted to the bar. He
removed to Trenton, and had a large practice, notwithstanding his rigid
adherence to the determination that he would never undertake a cause
which he did not believe to be just. Mr. Houston held several public
ofiBces, such as Receiver of Continental taxes, (1782-5,) and Clerk of the
Supreme Court, (1781-8.) He was five times (first in 17*79) elected to
the Congresses of the Confederation. He was one of the three delegates
of New-Jersey to the body of Commissioners which met at Annapolis,
(1786,) which resulted in suggesting the Convention which formed iLe
Constitution. He was appointed a member of that Convention, but de-
clining health seems to have prevented his attendance. In 1788 he left
Trenton to try the benefit of his native climate, but before he reached
Philadelphia illness compelled him to stop, and he died at an inn in the
village of Frank ford. His body was taken for burial to the ground of
the Second Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia. For most of these
particulars I am indebted to a notice commuaicated by my friend, Wil-
liam C. Alexander, Esq., to the Neiv-YorJc Observe?' of March 18, 1858.
Call to Trenton. 309
began to supply the cliurcli of Elizabethtown,
made vacant by the assassination of the Kev.
James Caldwell. In the month of August he
was married, by Dr. Witherspoon, to Susannah
Livingston, a daughter of Robert James Living-
ston, whose widow, Mrs. Armstrong's mother,
was residing at Princeton for the education of her
sons, three of whom, William Smith, Peter K.,
and Maturiu, graduated at that College. Mr.
Armstrouo:'s service at Elizabethtown was ter-
minated in 1783, by an illness which recjuired.
him to suspend his labors.
LTpon Dr. Spencer's death in Trenton, in De-
cember 1Y84, Mr. Armstrong preached his fune-
ral sermon, and afterwards frequently supplied
the vacant pulpit. At a meeting of the Trustees^
October 17, 1785, they " agreed to present a call
to the Presbytery at Pennington, to-morrow for
the Rev. Mr. Armstrong to settle in this congre-
gation, and appointed Mr. Benjamin Smith [one
of the elders] to present the call to the Presby-
tery." It is probable that there had been a pre-
vious election by the congregation, at which the
Trustees were empowered to take the regular
steps for effecting the call. The minutes of the
meetins: at Pennino^toa were never recorded.
310 Transferred to
When tlie Presbytery met in Trenton,"^ April
25, 1786, Mr. Armstrong being present as a cor-
responding member, it is recordedt :
" On the call offered to the Rev. Mr. Armstrong at tlie
last meeting of Presbytery, Mr. A. informed the Presby-
tery that several steps have been taken towards obtain-
ing his dismission from the Presbytery of Newcastle, and
preparing the way for his settlement in the congregation
of Trenton ; and that he hoped soon to give his final
answer."
On the day he made this statement the New-
castle Presbytery complied with his request, and
on the seventeenth October, his name appears
among the members of the New-Brunswick Pres-
bytery, without any preceding ] ecord of his form-
al reception. The question of the call being up :
" Mr. Armstrong being not yet prepared to accept this
call from the congregation of Trenton, requested longer
time to consider the matter, which was granted."
The iniDediment seems to have been indefinite-
ness as to the salary. Mr. Armstrong was, how-
* For several years the Presbytery met at Xew-B runs wick, Prince-
ton, and Trenton in rotation. The efforts to repeal the rule were not
successful until April, 1801.
New Brunswick Presbytery. 311
ever, considered so far committed to the congre-
gation that as early as February 14, 1786, bis
name appears in tbeir minutes as present as " tbe
minister," wbo, according to tbe cbarter, was unit-
ed witb " tbe eMers and deacons" in tbe election
of Trustees.'''* It was not until April 26,l78Y,tbat,
" The congregation of Trenton having informed Pres-
bytery of the sum annexed to their call, presented to Mr.
Armstrong some time ago, and having given written obli-
gation for his support, Mr. Armstrong accepted of their
call."
Tbere is no record of tbe installation.
From tbe earliest date of bis residence bere,
tbe cburcb was open for tbe commemoration of
tbe national anniversary, and otber acknowledg-
ments of tbe divine providence in public affairs.
In tbe Gazette of July, 1786, it is publisbed tbat
on tbe fourtb instant tbe inbabitants at eleven
o'clock attended tbe Presbyterian Cburcb, wbere
tbey beard " an animated address by tbe Rev.
Mr. Armstrong ; after wbicb tbey met at tbe
* The business meetings were not always held in sacred place?. This
one was " at the house of Francis Witt, in Trenton." At the next stat-
ed meeting of the Trustees, " the weather being severe, they adjourned
to the house of Francis Witt, inn-keeper." At other times the place
was " the house of Henry Drake, inn-keeper."
312 Salary.
house of Mr. Drake, partook of a cold collation,
and retired to their several employments."
In August, 1786, a subscription of one hun-
dred pounds was directed to be undertaken for the
repairing of the parsonage for the new pastor.*
Two thirds of the sum were assessed on the town
church, and the other third on the country church,
and in this proportion the two divisions of the
congregation were to receive tlie Sabbath servi-
ces of their minister. The salary was two hun-
dlred pounds, payable in the same ratio. In April,
I'-YS'T, "the old house congregation" informed
tL-e Board of Trustees that they could not raise
their ij^rd of the salary for only a third of the
pastor's tiiii^^e ; whereupon the town congregation
offered to p^^ay one hundred and fifty pounds sal-
j'y, and hav e the exclusive services of the minis-
ter. In the- following October a motion was
made in t^^e Board,
'V'By Mr. William Burrouglis, Mr. Jolin Howell, and
]^.»Ir. Ebenezer Rose, for a separation ; and that we join
with the country part to give up the present charter, and
endeavor to get each a separate charter, and divide the
property belonging to the present congregation ; which
was postponed for further consideration."
* The actual cost exceeded the estimate by seventy-five pounds.
New Charter. 313
When the Board met, March 12, 1788,
" The gentlemen of the country j^art of the congrega-
tion agree to give their answer on Wednesday next, the
nineteenth instant, what they can and will do with the
town part."
On that day, it being reported to tlie Board
that " fifty pounds can not be raised in the coun-
try part of tlie congregation belonging to the
Old House," a new modification was su2:o*ested,
namely, that " the congregation of Trenton"
should pay the pastor one hundred dollars year-
ly for one half of his time, and consent '' that he
may dispose of the other half between Maiden-
head and the Old House, as he and they may
agree."
By an Act of March 16, 1786, the Legislature
of New-Jersey changed the law of corporations
(which had hitherto required a special applica-
tion for each new charter) so that any Christian
society, numbering at least thirty families, upon
the election of trustees, and their qualification by
oath, and the filing of a certificate to that effect
with the County Clerk, should, by that process, be
admitted to be fully incorporated. The town part
25
3i4 Seal.
of the Trenton con^Te^ation soon took aclvantao^e
of this provision to obtain a charter to supersede
that of George II. ; and for which they had inef-
fectually applied to the Legislature of 1Y81,
through Dr. Spencer. The congregation met
May 4, 1Y88 ; " haviug previously agreed to ad-
mit and receive the inhabitants of Lamberton,
and those between that and Trenton, who may
at any time join said congregation, as entitled to
all the rights and privileges of their Act of In-
corporation ;" and elected as their Trustees,
Alexander Chambers, Samuel Tucker, Abraham
Hunt, Moore Furman, Isaac Smith, Bernard
Hanlon, and Hugh Eunyon. The corporate
title assumed was, " The Trustees of the Presby-
terian Church of Trenton." The device adopted
for the seal (1790) was an open Bible with a
burning lamp suspended over it, and the motto,
" Light to my path." Around the edge is,
" Presbyterian Church of Trenton."
In September, 1788, "the Board of Trustees
from the countrv," met with the town Board,
for the purpose of an equitable division of the
bonds and other securities of the old corporation ;
and in April, 1790, the town church bought the
Parsonage. 815
third of the parsonage of their late co-partners?
for one hundred pounds/'''
On the twenty-third April, 1790, the congre-
gation were called together in reference to a
proposal from the Maidenhead church ; the re-
sult of which is seen in the proceedings of the
Presbytery of the twenty-eighth April :
" A call from the congregation of Maidenhead, in due
form, signed by their Trustees, stipulating the payment of
one hundred pounds in gold or silver, in half-yearly pay-
ments, for half of the ministerial labors of the Rev James
F. Armstrong, accompanied with a certificate from the
congregation of Trenton, of their willingness that he
should accept of it, was laid before Presbytery, and the
Presbytery having presented the said call to Mr. Arm-
strong, he declared his acceptance thereof."
This arrauo^ement continued until 1806 ; the
pastor residing in Trenton and giving his attend^
ance on the Lord's day alternately at the two
* The parsonage deeds may be found in Book AT. 103, 106. The
Trustees of "the First Presbyterian Church of Trenton," which was the
title taken by the country church upon the separation, w^ere Daniel
Scudder, John Howell, Ebenezer Rose, Timothy Howell, William Green,
James Burroughs, and Benjamin Johnston. Mr. Kirkpatrick was
probably the first occupant of the parsonage. In l'768-'70, " Mrs. S^rah
Trent" was credited for the rent. The Rev. Dr. How (1816-21) was the
last of the pastors who resided in it before it was sold.
3l6 Erfkines.
churclies. In assenting to the plan, the Trenont
people stipulated for " the privilege of present-
ing a call at some future time to Mr. Armstrong
for the whole of his labor, if Providence should
continue him in this part of his vineyard."
NOTE.
In August, 1785, the Trenton Gazette announced the
death of '' Ebexezer Eeskine, nephew to the late Robert
Erskme." He died " at the seat of Robert Lettis Hooper,
near Trenton, and was hiterred in the Presbyterian
ground." In his will, made in his last illness, he describes
himself as " late of the city of Glasgow, in Scotland."
" Being weak in his hand, he had not strength to write
his Christian name," but after a legacy to a poor boy at
the Iron Works in Newfoundland, Morris county, he be-
queathed his property to his sister, ^N'ancy Erskine, of
Edinburgh. Mr. Hooper and Samuel W. Stockton were
his executors.
The will of the uncle, Robert Erskine, is somewhat of
an autobiography. It was made in iSTew-York, Ring-
wood, and Philadelphia in 1776-9, and proved at Glou-
cester, iS". J., November 21, 1780. It begins: "I, Rob-
ert Erskine, son of the Rev. Ralph Erskine, author of the
Gospel Sonnets, etc., by the providence of God at present
in America for the purpose of directing, conducting, and
taking charge of several Iron Works, and other lands and
property belonging to gentlemen in England, who style
Erlkines. 317
themselves the Proprietors of the New-York and New-
Jersey Iron Works." It further transpires through his
w^ill, that the testator, having sunk his patrimony in his
London trade, became a surveyor and engineer, and was
the author of several inventions, especially of a centrifugal
engine, of the success of which he was so sanguine as to
leave detailed directions how his widow" should share the
profits with his old creditors. Mr. Hooper was connected
with these Iron Works. Advertisements in 1782-3,
signed by him, in behalf of " the American lihigwood
Company," in Bergen county, refer to Ebenezer Erskine
as on the premises at Ringwood, and to Robert Erskine
as " the late agent for said Company."
In the Trenton Gazette of October 18, 1780, is this
notice : " Died the second instant, at his house at
Ringwood, Robert Erskine, F.R.S., and Geographer to
the Army of the IJnited States, in the forty-sixth year of
his age." Some of the military maps in Mr. Irving's Life
of Washington give credit for their origin to Mr. Erskine's
manuscripts, which are now in the possession of the New-
York Historical Society.
The memoir prefixed to the two great folios of the
Glasgow edition (1764) of the Rev. Ralph Erskine's
Works, opens thus : " The Rev. Mr. Henry Erskine, the
author's father, was amongst the younger of the thirty -
three children of Ralph Erskine, of Shielfield." The cele-
brated sonnetteer had three sons in the ministry : " his
only son now in life is Robert, a merchant in London,"
wdio died in New-Jersey, as stated above. Lord Camp-
bell, (himself a son of the celebrated Presbyterian divine,
Dr. George Campbell, of Aberdeen.) in his Life of Lord
3i8 Erfkines.
Chancellor Erskine, says : " The Earl's [Buchan, the
Chancellor's father] great -grandfather had suffered in the
Covenanting cause in the preceding century ; and those
pious men, Ralph and Ebenezer Erskine, who had recently
seceded from the establishment, and whose sentiments
have been adopted and acted upon by the Free Church of
Scotland, were his ' far-away cousins.' " {Lives of the
Lord Chancellors^ chap, clxxvi.)
The General Assembly — New Constitution of
THE Church — !N"otes.
1T85— 1790.
Mr. Armstrong was active, both in Synod and
Presbytery, in the measures which resulted in
the formation of the General Assembly.
In the year 1785 the Synod of New- York and
Philadelphia was the Supreme Judicatory or
Court of our whole Church in the United States.
It comprised fourteen Presbyteries ; namely,
Suffolk, Dutchess, New-York, New-Brunswick,
First Philadelphia, Second Philadelphia, New-
castle, Donegal, Lewes or Leweston, Hanover,
Abington, Orange, Redstone, and South-Caro-
lina. Every minister and one ruling elder from
each session were then, as now, entitled to seats
in the Synod ; but the list shows how distant
were the extremes of its bounds, and the roll of
that year's session in the central city of Phila-
delphia, shows how this distance prevented a full
320 The General
representation ; for on the first day there were
thirty ministers present and sixty-eight absent,
not counting six entire Presbyteries Vv^ithoiit a
single commissioner. There were only six elders ;
and during the session no more ^han twelve of
both orders dropped in. The overture was there-
fore timely which was then presented, proposing
a division of the existing Synod into several, and
the formation of a new delegated body, as a
General Synod, Council, or Assembly, out of the
whole. The subject being deferred until the
session of IY86, a resolution was in that year
j)assed in favor of the overture, and a committee
appointed to report a plan of division. Their
report recommended a new arrangement of the
bounds of the Presbyteries and the formation of
four Synods, to be subordinate to a General As-
sembly. The proposed alterations in the Pres-
byteries were adopted, and the remaining sug-
gestions postponed for another year. At the
same session a committee was raised to digest a
system of government and discipline, which was
to be printed and distributed among the Presby-
teries for their opinion. This pamphlet was in-
troduced into the New-Brunswick Presbytery
April 25, 1 787, when it was referred for examina-
Afsembly. 321
tion to Dr. Witberspoon and Mr. Armstrong,
together with James Ewing, Esq., an elder of the
Trenton Church, and Mr. Longs treet, an elder of
the Princeton Church, to report in the next
month ; but the elders not attending the com-
mittee, the clerical members did not offer any
report. On the seventeenth May, 1787, the com-
mittee of Synod reported the draught of the
government and discipline, and it was daily dis-
cussed by paragraphs until the twenty-eighth,
when a thousand copies of the work, as amend-
ed, were ordered to be distributed before final
action. The same committee were directed to
revise the Westminster ''Directory for Public
"Worship," and add it to the printed volume to
be submitted to the judgment of the churches.
The last meeting held by the Synod of New-
York and Philadelphia was opened in Philadel-
phia, May 21, 1788. Mr. Armstrong was Clerk,
and was one of a committee to select and pub-
lish the most important proceedings of the two
closing sessions of the Synod, with certain statis-
tics of the churches. On the twenty-third the
draught of the new system came up for consider-
ation, and on the twenty-sixth it was completed.
On the twenty-eighth it was ratified and adopt-
322 Standards.
ed as " the Constitution of the Presbyterian
Chiircli in Am erica." A correct coj)y was order-
ed to be printed, together with the " Westmins-
ter Confession of Faith, as making a part of the
Constitution."
The Synod proceeded to consider the draught
of the " Directory for the Worship of God," con-
tained, like the basis of the parts ah-eady adopt-
ed, in the standard books of the Church of Scot-
land, and after revision this was adopted. The
Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms
were then sanctioned as they stood, excepting a
slight amendment of the former on a point re-
ferring to civil government, and were ordered to
be inserted in the same volume with the confes-
sion, form of government, and discipline — the
whole to be considered " as the standard of our
doctrine, government, discipline, and worship."
Dr. Duffield, Mr. Armstrong, and Mr. Ashbel
Green^ were made the committee to superintend
the publication of the whole work. Mr. Arm-
* This name has become so venerable and familiar that it strikes one
with surprise to find that in the sermon preached by Provost Ewiag at
his ordination and installment, (May 15, 1787,) it is given both on the
title page and in the resolution of the corporation of the Second Church
calling for its publication, as Ashhald Green.
New Synod. 323
strong was also associated at this time with Dr.
Witberspoon, Dr. S. S. Smith, and others on a
delegation to the convention, with corresponding
delegates from the Synods of the Associate Ee-
formed and the Reformed Dutch Churches, which
had been already holding several conferences with
a view to some systematic intercourse of those
three Presbyterian bodies.
On the twenty-ninth day of May the Synod
was dissolved. It had then one hundred and
seventy-seven ministers, eleven jDrobationers, and
four hundred and nineteen congregations. Fif-
teen ministers and twenty-six congregations were
in the Presbytery of New-Brunswick.
By the new arrangement the Presbyteries of
Dutchess, Suffolk, New- York, and New-Bruns-
wick constituted the " Synod of New- York and
New-Jersey." It held its first meeting in New-
York, October 29, 1788, when Mr. Armstrong
was one of the clerks. The Synod taking "into
consideration the distressed state of the peo|)le
of the Presbyterian denomination on the fron-
tiers," resolved to send missionaries among them
the next summer, and appointed Dr. Macwhorter
and Mr. Armstrong to spend three months in
this service. For satisfactory reasons the first
324 Firfl General
appointment was not carried into effect, but for
several sessions an annual delegation of mission-
aries was made. In 1794 the Synod resolved to
establisli " a standino^ and continued mission on
the frontiers of New- York,'' and Mr. Armstrong,
who was the Moderator of that year, was by the
house placed upon a committee to initiate it.*
The three other Synods into which the parent
body was divided were named Philadelphia, Vir-
ginia, and the Carollnas. " The General Assem-
bly of the Presbyterian Church in the United
States of America," which was the style given
to the chief judicatory, was required to be com-
posed of delegates from each Presbytery, in pro-
portion to their numbers. The first Assembly
met in the Second Church (Arch Street) of
Philadelphia, on " the third Thursday of May,"
(twenty-first,) 1789.
* The region of Xew-Tork around the Cayuga and Seneca lakes was
named, sixty years since, "the north-western frontiers" of our Church.
In 1798 Mr. George Scott, of the Presbytery of New-Brunswick, was
sent to that region to " itinerate for at least five months as a missioner."
The minutes of 1805 contain an interesting historical document in a
" general report concerning those districts within the jurisdiction of the
Synod of New- York and New-Jersey, which most particularly require
the labors of missionaries and the distribution of pious tracts among the
people."
Afsembly. 325
Tlie first ratio of representation in the Gene-
ral Assembly was one minister and one elder,
where a Presbytery consisted of not more than
six ministers ; double the number where it con-
sisted of more than six, but not more than
twelve, and so on. New-Brunswick, consisting
of fifteen ministers, was entitled to three com-
missioners of each order, and their first repre-
sentatives in the Assembly were Dr. Wither-
sjDOon, Dr. S. S. Smith, and Mr. Armstrong, with
elders John Bayard of New-Brunswick, John
Carle of Baskingridge, and Nehemiah Dunham
of Bethlehem.
Mr. Armstrong's associations with the Presi-
dents Witherspoon and S. Stanhope Smith were
those of neighbors and strong personal friends.
The names of the three constantly occur on the
same committees of the ecclesiastical bodies of
which they were fellow-members. The ancient
custom of making a formal acknowledgment of
the civil authority was continued, for some time
after the Eepublic was founded; and in 1790
the three friends were part of a delegation of
Presbytery to present a congratulatory address
to Governor Patterson on his accession. In 1799
Smith, Hunter, and Armstrong were appointed
26
326 Trenton
to report on a recommendation from the superior
judicatories favoring tlie formation of societies
to aid tlie civil magistrate in the suppression of
vice. The next year a majority of the commit-
tee reported adversely to the proposition, on the
ground that the civil and religious institutions of
our republic being totally separate, the best way
left for ecclesiastical bodies and men to aid the
laws is fidelity in pastoral duties and in strength-
ening moral and religious principles by the ex-
tension of religious knowledge. Mr. Armstrong-
entered his dissent, not from the principles of the
report, but because he regarded it as contraven-
ing the recommendations of Synod and Assem-
bly.
In the classical Academy which was founded
by the " Trenton School Company" in 1781, Mr.
Armstrono' took an active interest. In 1786 he
o
furnished the trustees with a draught of laws for
the government of the schools. In June, 1787,
he was engaged, on a salary, to take the general
superintendence of the Academy, giving direc-
tion to the studies and discipline, attending in
person as occasion required, and employing a
master. This plan was relinquished in Septem-
ber, 1788, but resumed in March, 1789, and con-
Academy. 327
tinued until Ms resignation in January, 1791.
Upon his withdrawal the Trustees granted him
the privilege of sending two of his children to
the school ; and in the newspaper of January 6,
1797, is printed an oration delivered at a late
public examination of the Academy by his son,
Eobert Livingston Armstrong.
NOTES.
I.
"TAe Trenton School Compo.ny'''' originated in a meet-
ing of citizens, held February 10, lYSl. The original
capital was seven hundred and twenty dollars, divided into
thirty-six shares. Part of the lot still occupied by the
Academy in Hanover (then Fourth) street was purchased,
and a stone building erected, one story of which was
occupied in 1782. The next year it wa? enlarged, and the
endowment increased. In 17 85 it was incorporated, and
in 1794 its funds were aided by a lottery. In 1800 the
girls' school of the Academy was removed to the school-
house belonging to the Presbyterian Church. The gram-
mar-school attained a high reputation under a succession
of able masters. The public quarterly examinations were
usually closed with exercises in speaking in the church.
JThe newspapers tell of the " crowded and polite audi-
ences" which attended, usually including the Governor,
Legislature, and distinguished strangers. Among the
latter, in 1784, were the President of Congress, the Baron
328 Isaac Collins.
Steuben, and members of the Congress and Legislature.
A fall history of the Academy down to 1847 may be
found in ten successive numbers of the &tate Gazette of
April and May of that year.
II.
One of the most useful and worthy citizens of Trenton
in this part of its annals was Isaac Collins, a member of
the Society of Friends, and an enterprising printer. He
came from Burlington to Trenton in ITYS, and resided
here until his removal to Xew-York in 1786. His wife,
Rachel Budd, was great-grandaughter of Mahlon Stacy,
the original proprietor of the land. Mr. ColUns was one
of the active founders of the Academy, and although nine
of his children were pupils, he would not take adA^antage
of his rio'ht as a stockholder to have them instructed
without further charge. It is a remarkable fact in the
history of his family of fourteen children, that after the
death of one in infancy, there was no mortality for the
space of fifty years. His eldest daughter (still surviving,
1859) was the wife of Stephen Grellet, whose singular
career as a convert from the faith of Rome and the posi-
tion of body-guard of Louis XVI., to a devoted Quaker
minister and missionary, has been commemorated in a
printed discourse by Dr. Van Rensselaer. The first news-
paper in this State, *' the Xew- Jersey Gazette," was
issued by Mr. Collins at Burlington, December 5, 1777.
It was tben transferred to Trenton, and published there
from February 25, 1778, to November 27, 1786, (except-
ing a suspension of nearly five months in 1783,) when
Collins's Gazette. 329
it was discontinued. Mr. Collins was the conductor as
well as proprietor of the paper. Indeed the title of
editor had not then superseded that of " the printer."
Collins's paper was established to counteract the anti-
republican tendency of Rivington's " Royal Gazette" in
New- York. Governor Livingston was a correspondent of
the Trenton Gazette as long as it remained in Collins's
hands.*
The publication of the entire Bible was, at that period,
so adventurous an undertaking for the x\merican press
that it was necessary to secure extraordinary encourage-
ment in advance ; and the first edition of the Scriptures,
that of John Aitken, was recommended to the country by
a resolution of Congress. This was on September 12,
1782, just five years after the report of a committee on a
memorial had stated that to import types and print and
bind thirty thousand coj^ies would cost £10,272 IO5., and
therefore recommended the importation of twenty thou-
sand Bibles, which was adopted.
In 1788 Isaac Collins issued proposals to print a quarto
edition of the Bible in nine hundred and eighty-four pages,
* Sedgwick's Life of LivingstoD, ch. vii. viii. The Legislature (Dec. 9,
1717,) exempted Mr. Collins "and any number of men, not exceeding
four, to be employed by him at his printing office," from militia service
during the time they were occupied in printing the laws or the weekly
newspaper. The pacific but courageous printer vindicated the liberty of
the press by refusing to give the name of a political correspondent (1779)
on the demand of the Legislative Council. "In any other case, not in-
compatible with good conscience, or the welfare, of my country, I shall
think myself happy in having it in my power to oblige you." {Selections
from Corres])ondence of Executive^ 1776-86 published ly Legislature in
184.8, p. 199.)
26*
330 Collins's
at the price of " four Spanish dollars, one dollars to be
paid at the time of subscribing." The Synod of New-
York and New-Jersey (Nov. 3, 1788,) earnestly recom-
mended the undertaking, and appointed Dr. Witherspoon,
President S. S. Smith, and Mr. Armstrong, to concur with
committees of any other denominations, or of our own
Synods, to revise the sheets, and, if necessary, to assist in
selecting a standard edition. This committee was author-
ized to agree with Mr. Collins to append Ostervald's
Notes, if not inconsistent with the wishes of other than
Calvinistic subscribers. In 1789 the General Assembly
appointed a committee of sixteen (on which was Mr. Arm-
strong) to lay Mr. Collins's proposals before their respect-
ive Presbyteries, and to recommend that subscriptions
be solicited in each congregation, and report the number
to the next Assembly. The recommendation was reiter-
ated in 1790 and in 1791.
Thus sustained, the quarto edition (five thousand copies)
was published in 1791.* Ostervald's " Practical Observa-
tions," which added one hundred and seventy pages of
matter, were furnished to special subscribers, Collins's
Bible was so carefully revised that it is still a standard.
* The American historiographer of printing makes no mention of this
edition, but speaks only of Collins's odo.vo New Testament of 1788, and
Bible of 1793-4. {Tliomas's History, ii. 124.) Collins printed in Trenton
two thousand copies of Sewel's History of the Quakers, of neariy a
thousand pages folio; Ramsay's South- Carolina, two volumes, and other
large works.
In 1848 the surviving family of Mr. Collins printed for private use a
memoir of their venerated parents, for the help of which I am indebted
to my friend, Isaac Collins, of Philadelphia. See also Blake's Biogru'
phiccU Dictionary, I3t?i, edition.
Bible. 331
Himself and his children read all the proofs ; and it is
stated in the Preface of a subsequent edition, after men-
tioning the names of several clergymen who assisted the
publisher in 1791, "some of these persons, James F.
Armstrong in particular, being near the press, assisted also
in reading and correcting the proof-sheets."
As an instance of the weight which the most incidental
acts of the Assembly carried at that early period of its exist-
ence, I would allude to a letter to the Moderator of 1790
from the Rev. David Rice, often called the Presbyterian
pioneer, or Apostle of Kentucky, in which he states that
having received from Mr. Armstrong, as Clerk of the As
sembly, a notification of the action in reference to the Col-
lins Bible, he had procured the calling of a special meeting
of the Transylvania Presbytery, " that Ave might be in a
capacity to obey the order of the General Assembly."
" Such is our dispersed situation," that it was some weeks
before the meeting could convene. " After two days'
dehberation on the subject," they found that a com-
pliance was impracticable, and on Mr. Rice was devolved
the office of explaining the cause of the delinquency. One
of the difficulties was that of sending a messenger to Phil-
adelphia in time for the Assembly, to carry the advanced
subscription money ; " the want of horses sufficient for so
long a journey, or of other necessaries, laid an effectual
bar in our way."*
There was a paper-mill in Trenton before the time of
the publication of Collins's Bible. In December, 1788, it
was advertised by its proprietors, Stacy Potts and John
* Green and Hazard MSS.
332 Rags.
Reynolds, as " now nearly completed." The manufac-
turers issued earnest appeals for rags ; in one of their
publications, presenting " to the consideration of those
mothers who have children going to school, the present
great scarcity of that useful article, without which their
going to school would avail them but little." In January,
1789, "the Federal Post, or the Trenton Weekly Mer-
cury," printed by Quequelle and Wilson, was obliged to
have its size reduced " on account of the scarcity of demy
printing-paper."
Public Occasions m Tre:^ton — Notes.
1789—1806.
The twenty-first of April, 1789, was a me-
morable clay in the history of Trenton. On his
journey from Mount Vernon to New- York, for
the purpose of being inaugurated as the first
President of the United States, General Wash-
ington rode through the town, and was received
at the Assanpink bridge in the manner which
has become too familiar to require repetition
here."^ In the procession of matrons who met
the President, was the wife of Mr. Armstrong ;
and one of " the white-robed choir" who sang
the ode was their daughter, afterwards the wife
of Chief Justice Ewing. Washington's note
* Marshall's Life of Washington, vol v. ch. 3. Sparks's Writings of
Washington, vol. xii. p. 150. Irving's Washington, vol. iv. chap. 3*7.
Mr. Irving says of the incident at Trenton : " We question whether
any of these testimonials of a nation's gratitude afifected Washington
more sensibly than those he received at Trenton,"
334 ^i^^ Company.
acknowledging the compliment was first deliver-
ed to Mr. Armstrong, and read to a company of
ladies at tlie lionse of Juds^e Smitli. Tlie auto-
graph is nov/ in possession of the family, who
also preserve the relics of the arch or arbor under
which the illustrious traveller was received.
It was formerly required that the names of all
persons duly proposed as candidates for Con-
gress, should be advertised by the authority of
the Governor. In the list of 1792 is the name
of Mr. Armstrong ; but from what nomination
or whether with his consent, I have no informa-
tion.
On the seventeenth June, 1795, Mr. Arm-
strong preached in BaskiDgridge, at the ordina-
tion of Robert Finley and Hollolvay W. Hunt,
when the former was installed minister of that
congregation. In August of that year we find
Mr. Armstrong taking a prominent j^art in a pub-
lic meeting in reference to an expression of popu-
lar opinion on the recent treaty between the
United States and Great Britain. There were,
indeed, fev^^ objects of public interest, whether
political or philanthropical, with which his name
was not found connected. It even stands on the
roll of the "Union Fire Company," (instituted
Library Company. 335
February 8, 1747,) which included the most re-
spectable citizens among its working members.
The few minutes that are extant (1785-94) show
that the clergyman's membership was more than
nominal.*'^
When the " Trenton Library Company" was
founded, in May, 1797, Mr. Armstrong was im-
mediately among its supporters and directors.
The same interest was evinced by him in the
" Christian Circulating Library," established by
the excellent Daniel Fenton, in 1811.
The third General Assembly (1791) began to
take measures, through the Presbyteries, for col-
lecting materials for a history of our Church in
North-America. The New-Brunswick Presby-
tery directed each of its pastors to furnish the
history of his own parish, and assigned that of
the vacant congregations to committees. Mr.
Armstrong was appointed the collector for Am-
well.
* " Ordered, that Mr. Armstrong, Mr. Singer, and Mr. Taylor work
the large engine in time of fire, and that Conrad Kotts and Isaac Barnes
work the small engine." " Ordered, that Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Tay-
lor be a committee to have good trail ropes put to both engines, and a
necessary harness for one horse for the large engine." The members
being at one time required to give account whether they had done their
duty, it is entered that "Mr. Armstrong, ladder-man No. 1, attended,
and brought forward his ladder and hook to the late fire."'
336 Hiftory.
In 1Y92 Dr. "Witherspoon and three others
were appointed to write the history of the Pres-
bytery ; in April, 1793, (before the discovery of
the old minutes,) Mr. Armstrong reported that,
" either through inattention in the first minis-
ters and congregations, or the loss of records
during the Avar, no documents are to be found
from which to furnish materials respecting the
first formation of congregations, or the early set-
tlement of ministers." The order, however, was
renewed, and the historical committee continued.
In 1801—
" The Presbyteries of ISTew-Brnnswick and Ohio report-
ed that, agreeably to order, they had drawn up histories
of their respective Presbyteries, which were produced and
laid on the table."*
On the eleventh of May, 1794, Mr. Armstrong
preached at the first opening of the new church at
Flemington. In 1797 he was on the Assembly's
delegation to the General Association of Con-
necticut, which met at Windham ; and again in
1806 to the same body at Wethersfield.
The enthusiasm of the Revolutionary soldier
* I have looked in vain for the New-Brunswick history in the archives
of the Assembly.
Fourth of July. 337
and chaplain was never wanting on the public
occasions which appealed to it. The New- Jersey-
branch of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which
Mr. Armstrong was a member, (and for a time
Secretary,) usually made it a part of their cele-
bration of the Fourth of July to hear the Decla-
ration read at his Church, in connection with
devotional services. On the anniversary of 1794,
according to the Gazette of the week, that Soci-
ety proceeded to the Church,
" where an elegant and well-adaj^ted discourse was de-
livered by the Rev. James F. Armstrong, in which the
citizen, the soldier, and his brethren of the Cincinnati
were addressed in a strain truly animated and pathetic,
as the friends of freedom, of government, and of neu-
trality."
A fast-day was observed, by appointment of
President Adams, in May 1798, on account of
the warlike aspect of our relations with the
French Kepublic. The Trenton pastor appears
to have aroused his audience on the occasion to
a mode of response not common in our churches.
According to the newspaper report, the sermon,
" while it deprecated the miseries of war, yet unequi-
vocally showed that our existence and prosperity as a
nation, depended, under God, on the union of our citizens,
27
338 Responses.
and their full confidence in the measures adopted by our
government ; to which all the congregation, rising with
him, said. Amen ! "
A few montlis later there was a still more vo-
ciferous demonstration in the same place. I take
the account of it from " The Federalist and
ISTew-Jersey Gazette" of July 9, 1798:
" "We should do injustice to the Rev. Mr. Armstrong,
orator of the day, [Fourth of July,] were we to pass in
silence the universal approbation with which was received
his animated, patriotic, and elegant address, delivered
before the Order of Cincinnati, and the most crowded audi-
ence we ever remember to have seen on any former occa-
sion in this place. One circumstance demands our pecu-
liar attention : the orator, in closing his address, observed
in substance, that as in defense of the American Revolu-
tion they had pledged their honors, their lives and for-
tunes, to defend the American cause, it might be expect-
ed that the Government would again solicit their aid to
preserve and defend her from tributary vassalage ; and
then called on his brethren of the Society again to join
him in pledging their sacred honors, lives, and fortunes
to defend the government and laws of their country.
With animated firmness and glow of patriotism the orator
then pronounced, ' I resolve to live and die free y ' to
which the whole Society, as with one voice, made the re-
sponse ; and three animated cheers heightened the scene
of sublimity and grandeur, far better to be conceived than
expressed." ,
Ill health. 339
It appears from another column that the Cin-
cinnati repeated the emphatic sentence after the
orator, and that " the whole military and audi-
ence" joined in the cheers, and afterwards in
singing the chorus of " Hail Columbia."
Two days after this celebration Mr. Armstrong,
with Generals Dayton, Bloomfield, Beatty, and
Giles, as a committee of the Cincinnati, presented
to President Adams, in Philadelphia, an address
appropriate to the politics of the day.*
In 1799 and several subsequent years Mr.
Armstrong's health was so much impaired that
he was obliged to ask for supplies for his two
pulpits. There were intervals in which he was
able to officiate, but during the remainder of his
life he suffered severely from the rheumatic dis-
order contracted during his service in the camp,
and he was frequently deprived of the free use of
his limbs. Among those often appointed in these
emergencies were President Smith, Dr. John
Woodhull, Geo. Spafford Woodhull, Robert Fin-
* At that time, and for many years, the custom obtained in Trenton
of adorning the windows and fronts of the houses on the Fourth of July
with flowers and evergreens, instead of the former practice of ilhimina-
tion. It was also a custom to spend the evening at the State House,
where the usual entertainments of an evening party were provided by
the ladieF.
340 Death of Washington.
ley, Andrew Hunter, David Comfort, Samuel
Snowden, Matthew L. Perrine, Joseph Rue, John
Hanna. In a written exhortation sent to the
people during one of these illnesses, Mr. Arm-
strono- after enumeratino; some of the reasons for
their gratitude, said :
" Added to this, if variety of faithful jDreaching is to be
esteemed an advantage, you have enjoyed it in a signal
degree. Though I am bold to say that no congregations
were less nesrlected in the stated administrations of the
Gospel ordinances while I was well, so also during the
many years of sickness and inability to preach, you have
enjoyed the abundant labors of love and of friendship of
my brethren in the ministry, with all that variety of faith-
ful preaching with which the best-informed mind or the
most curious ear could wish to be indulged. Paul has
planted — ApoUos watered."
The newspaper of Monday, December 30,
1799, preserves another instance of a communi-
cation made by Mr. Armstrong to the people on
one of the Sabbaths in which he must have pecu-
liarly lamented his inability to be in the pulpit :
"The Rev. Mr. Hunter, who officiated yesterday for
Mr. Armstrong, after reading the President's proclama-
tion respecting the general mourning for the death of
Dr. Hunter. 341
General Washington, gave the intimation, in substance as
follows, by the particular request of Mr. Armstrong •• *
" ' Your pastor desu-es me to say on the present mourn-
ful occasion, that while one sentiment — to mourn the
death and honor the memory of General Washington —
penetrates every breast, the proclamation which you have
just heard read, he doubts not, will be duly attended to ;
yet believing, as he does, that he but anticipates the
wishes of those for whom the intimation is given, Mr.
Armstrong requests the female part of his audience in the
city of Trenton and Maidenhead, as a testimony of respect
for, and condolence with Mrs. Washington, to wear for
three months, during their attendance on divine service,
such badges of mourning as their discretion may direct.' "f
* The Rev. Andrew Hunter, D.D., (already mentioned on p. 185,)
"was a personal friend, and in the pulpit a frequent assistant, of Mr. Arm-
strong. He graduated at Princeton 1772 ; was chaplain in the Revolu-
tionary army ; taught a classical school at Woodbury ; cultivated a farm
on the Delaware near Trenton ; was professor of Mathematics and As-
tronomy in Princeton, 1804-8 ; head of an Academy in Bordentown,
1809 ; afterwards a chaplain in the "Washington Navy Yard, and died
in Burlington, February 24, 1823. His second wife was Mary, a daugh-
ter of Richard Stockton, signer of the Declaration. Dr. Hunter had an
uncle who was also the Rev. Andrew Hunter, and was pastor in Cumber-
land county, N. J., (about 1746-1760.) He married Ann, a cousin of
Richard Stockton, the signer. He died in 1775. His widow was buried
in the Trenton church-yard, October, 1800, and the funeral sermon was
by President Smith.
f In this year the national offices were removed to Trenton for some
weeks, in consequence of the prevaleace of the yellow fever in Philadel-
phia. The Secretary of the Navy urged the President (Adams) to fol-
low his Cabinet, remarking that "the officers are all now at this place,
27*
34^ Politics.
Mr. Armstrong's ill health now often inter-
rupted Ms habitual punctuality at the church
courts ; but he continued to take an active part
in their work whenever present. He was one of a
committee that endeavored in vain from 1803 to
1812, to obtain a charter of incorporation for the
Presbytery — a measure that was desirable in
consequence of two legacies (Miller's and Patter-
son's) that had been left to the Education Fund."^
and not badly accommodated." The President was reluctant to come.
He had written in 1797 of the " painful experience" by which he had
learned that Congress could not find " even tolerable accommodation"
here. However, he promised to go by the middle of October, submis-
sively assuring his correspondent, " I can and will put up with my pri-
vate secretary and two domestics only, at the first tavern or first private
house I can find." He arrived on the tenth, and on the next day was
greeted with fire-works. He found " the inhabitants of Trenton wrought
up to a pitch of political enthusiasm that surprised him," in the expecta-
tion that Louis XVIII. would be soon restored to the throne of France.
{Works of John Adanvs, vols. ii. vii. ix.) Adams had at this time a con-
ference of six days with Hamilton and other members of his Cabinet be-
fore they could agree on the French business. {RandaWs Life of Jeffer-
son, vol. iL 496-8.)
* Three columns of the "True American," of Trenton, for November
23, 1807, are filled with the Presbytery's petition to the Legislature of
that year, in which the two objections to former applications are ably
met, namely, that the incorporation would endanger civil liberty, and
that it would be granting an exclusive privilege. The political prejudi-
ces of the times had probably more to do with the refusal than these
pleas. The democratic newspapers of the day contain many bitter
articles against the Presbyterian clergy, who were generally Washing-
Mr. Armstrong, Moderator. 343
la 1805 lie was appointed to receive from the
Assembly's Committee of Missions the Presby-
tery's share of certain books and tracts for dis-
tribution on the seaboard of the State, and in
the counties of Sussex, Morris, and Hunterdon.
In June, 1804, he preached at the installation of
the Kev. Henry Kollock in Princeton, and in
1810 presided at the ordination and installation
of the Rev. William C. Schenck in the same
church. He sat as a Commissioner in most of
the General Assemblies from the first in 1789 to
that of 1815. In 1804 he was elected to the
chair of Moderator, and, according to rule, open-
ed the sessions of the following year with a ser-
mon. The text was John 14 : 16. He also
preached the sermon at the opening of the
Assembly of 1806, in consequence of the absence
of Dr. Richards, the last Moderator. On that
occasion his text was John 3 : 16, 1^7.
Mr. Armstrong was elected a Trustee of the
College of New- Jersey in 1799, and Dr. Miller
observed at his funeral that, " few of the mem-
bers of that Board, as long as he enjoyed a toler-
ton Federalists. Among other delinquencies they were charged with
omitting to pray for President Jefferson. In February, 1813, the Pres-
bytery received a charter for ten years.
344 Mock Funeral.
able share of health, were more punctual in their
attendance on its meetings, or more ardent in
their zeal for the interests of the institution."
NOTES.
I.
A public commemoration of the death of Washington
was observed in Trenton on the fourteenth January, 1800.
By invitation of the Governor and Mayor, with the Rev.
Messrs. Hunter, "Waddell, and Armstrong, on behalf of
the citizens, President Smith delivered the oration, and it
was published. The late Dr. Johnston, of Newburgh,
who was then in college, relates in his Autobiography
(edited by Dr. Carnahan, 1856) that a large number of
students walked from Princeton to hear the oration. A
procession was formed opposite the Episcopal Church,
from which a bier was carried, preceded by the clergy,
and all passed to the State House, where the ceremonies
were performed. At a certain stanza in one of the elegiac
songs, " eight beautiful girls, of about ten years of age,
dressed in white robes and black sashes, with baskets on
their arms filled with sjorigs of cypress, rose from behind
the speaker's seat," and strewed the cypress on the mock
cofiin.
II.
Some idea of the appearance and condition of Trenton
at the date of this chapter may be formed from the obser-
vations of passing travellers.
Brilsot — Wansey. 345
Brissot, the Girondist, who died by the guillotine in
1793, was here in 1788. " The taverns," he writes, "are
much dearer on this road than in Massachusetts and Con-
necticut. I paid at Trenton for a dinner Ss. 6cl money
of Pennsylvania. We passed the ferry from Trenton at
seven in the morning. The Delaware, which separates
Pennsylvania from ISTew-Jersey, is a superb river. The
prospect from the middle of the river is charming. On
the right you see mills and manufactories ; on the left two
charming little towns which overlook the water. The
borders of this river are still in their wild state. In the
forests which cover them there are some enormous trees.
There are likewise some houses, but they are not equal,
in point of simple elegance, to those of Massachusetts."*
In 1794 an EngHsh tourist says of our town: "The
houses join each other, and form regular streets, very
much like some of the small towns in Devonshire. The
town has a very good market, which is well supplied with
butcher's meat, fish, and poultry. Many good shops are
to be seen there, in general with seats on each side the
entrance, and a step or two up into each house." The
market prices on the day of this visit were, beef Scl., mut-
ton 4c/., veal 4c?. " This was dearer than common on two
accounts ; the great quantity lately bought up for expor-
tation upon taking off the embargo, and the Assembly of
the State being then sitting at Trenton. Land here sells,
of the best kind, at about ten pounds [twenty-seven dol-
lars] an acre."!
* Nouveau Voyage dans les Etats-unis, fait en 1188. J. P. Brissot de
Warville. i. 148.
f Journal of an Excursion to the United States in the summer of
1794, by Henry TVansey, F.A.S. A Wiltshire clothier.
34^ Rochefoucault — Michaux.
The Duke de la Rochefoucault, about the same time,
makes this entry in his journal : " About a quarter of a
mile beyond Trenton is the passage over the Delaware by
a ferry, which, though ten stage-coaches daily pass in it,
is such that it would be reckoned a very bad ferry in
Europe. On the farther side of the river the retrospect
to Trenton is, in a considerable degree, pleasing. The
ground between that town and the Delaware is smooth,
sloping, decorated with the flowers and verdure of a fine
meadow. In the environs of the town, too, are a number
of handsome villas which greatly enrich the landscape."*
The celebrated French naturalist, F. A. Michaux, son
of A. Michaux, sent over by Louis XVI. for botanical re-
search, passing in 1802, gives us this paragraph : "Among
the other small towns by the roadside, Trenton seemed
worthy of attention. Its situation upon the Delaware, the
beautiful tract of country that surrounds it, must render
it a most delightful place of abode."t
* Travels in 1795-Y, vol, i. 549. In April, 1795, Peter Howell ad-
vertised a "two-horse coachee" to leave Trenton for Philadelphia
every Wednesday and Saturday, at eleven o'clock. Fare for a passen-
ger, 125. Qd. ; fourteen pounds of baggage allowed.
\ Travels of Francois Andre Michaux. By act of March 3, 1786, the
Legislature granted Andre, the traveller's father, permission to hold
land, not exceeding two hundred acres, in any part of the State for a
botanical garden. There is a Memoir of Francois (who was the author
of the "North American Sylva") in the Transactions of the American
PliHosoplikal Society, vol. si. Three years before the above-mentioned
act, the French Consul for New-Jersey offered in the King's name all
kinds of seeds whenever a botanical garden should be established. The
Legislature (Dec. 10, 1783) made the ingenious reply that as soon as
they estabhshed such a garden they should be glad to receive the seeds.
SutclIfF— Castiglioni. 347
The situation of the town seems to have something that
takes the French eye. In 1805 General Moreau establish-
ed his residence on the opposite bank of the river, and
Joseph Bonaparte was disappointed in the purchase of a
site adjoining (now in) the town, before he settled a few
miles below.* It may have been the reputation of the
river scenery that gave the hint to the wits of Salmagundi,
in the journal of an imaginary traveller : " Trenton —
built above the head of navigation, to encourage com-
merce— capital of the State — only wants a castle, a bay,
a mountain, a sea, and a volcano, to bear a strong resem-
blance to the bay of Naples."f
An Englishman found nothing to remark of Trenton in
1805, than an exemplification of what he calls the Ameri-
can "predilection for wearing boots." "At Trenton I
was entertained with the sight of a company of journey-
men tailors, at the work-board, all booted as if ready for
mounting a horse."J;
An Italian savant, crossing the State, takes time only to
say : "Although Trentown is not very large, nor very pop-
ulous, it is to be regarded as the capital, where the Council
and the Assembly convene."§
* Moreau's mansion was burnt down on Christmas day, 1811. The
stable is now a manufactory. Upon his first arrival the General resided
•' at the seat of Mr. Le Guen, at Morrisville." By virtue of an act of
Legislature (March 5, 1816) the estate of one hundred and five acres
was sold by Moreau's executor, three years after his fall at Dresden.
f Salmagundi, by Irving, Paulding, etc. 1807.
:}: Travels in some parts of North-America in 1804-6, by Robert
Sutcliff.
%Viaggio negli Staii Uniti^ 1785-7. Da Luigi Castiglioni, Milan, 1790.
348 Rutherford and
III.
In the Trenton newspaper of July, 1*799, is an advertise-
ment by Mr. Armstrong, relative to a suit in the English
courts, the latest report of the progress of which is given
as follows in the London papers of May, 1856 :
EQUITY COrRT, LOXDOIST, MAY 7.
Before 'Vice- Chancellor Kindersly.
PARKIXSON VS, EEYXOLDS.
"About the middle of last century there lived in the
north of Ireland a family of the name of Rutherford. Be-
tween the sons a quarrel arose, and the father, conceiving
that the younger, Robert, was in fault, chastised him.
Robert Rutherford thereupon quitted his father's house,
and shortly afterwards enlisted in Ligonier's troop of
Black Horse. After a time he came to England, but he
soon quitted the Kingdom and settled at the village of
Trenton, in the United States, where he opened a tavern,
which he called ' The Ligonier or Black Horse.' In the
course of his migrations he had married, and the year
1770 found him settled at Trenton, at the ' Black Horse,'
with a family consisting of one son and four daughters.
About that period there one day drove up to the tavern,
in a carriage and four, an English officer, by name Colonel
Fortescue. Colonel Fortescue dined at the tavern, and
after dinner had a conversation in private with one of
Rutherford's daughters. Within two hours after this con-
versation Frances Mary Rutherford had, notwithstanding
her sister's entreaties, quitted her father's house in com-
pany with Colonel Fortescue. With him she went to
Fortescue. 349
Paris, where after a few years he died, leaving her, it is
supposed, a considerable sum of money. On his death she
quitted Paris and came to England ; and here she married
a gentleman of considerable property, named Shard. In
1798 Mrs. Shard had a great desire to discover what had
become of her father's family, whom she had quitted near-
ly thirty years previously, and through her confidential
solicitor inquiries were made of Mr. Armstrong, the Pres-
byterian minister at Trenton. The inquiries were fruit-
less— her brother and all her sisters were dead ; it appear-
ed hopeless to expect to find a Rutherford, and the mat-
ter was dropped. Mr. Shard died in the year 1806, and
in 1819 Mrs. Shard died a widow, childless and intestate.
No next of kin appearing, the Crown took possession of
the property. In 1823 an attempt was made to set up a
document as the will of Mrs. Shard, but it was declared a
forgery. In 1846 the present plaintiff made a claim to the
property, setting up that claim through a Mrs. Davies,
who was alleged to be first cousin of the deceased. It
turned out that Mrs. Davies was not first cousin ; but fur-
ther evidence having been procured, the claim was again
made, through the same Mrs. Davies, who was now
alleged to be a second cousin of the deceased.
The Vice Chancellor now delivered judgment, and
came to the conclusion that as between the Crown and
the claunant the latter made out a case. It was sufiicient-
ly proved that Mrs. Davies was a second cousin of the
deceased Mrs. Shard ; but as it did not follow that there
might not be a still nearer relative than the claimant in
existence, and as the evidence on this latter point was not
conclusive, the matter must go back to chambers for fur-
ther inquiries." 28
350 Thomas Paine.
IV.
Public morals were in such a low state in Trenton in
1804, that on the third of August a public meeting was
held to consider measures for reform. Intemperance,
obscenity, noisy assemblages on the Lord's day, brawling,
fighting, and throwing stones in the streets were named
among the signs of disorder. The causes assigned were
the unlicensed selling of spirituous liquors, especially on
Sunday, and " the relaxation of discipline in family govern-
ment." In August 1806, Stacy Potts, the Mayor, pub-
licly solicits Christians of all denominations, who as par-
ents, guardians, masters or mistresses have charge of the
young, to restrain them from vice and temptation. The
same officer made a similar apj)eal to " the serious and
prudent inhabitants of Trenton," in April 1810, and
trusts that the public authorities may be so assisted by
the citizens " that religious people abroad may no longer
be deterred from jDlacing their children ai^prentices in this
city, lest they become contaminated with the vicious
habits which have too much prevailed among the rising
generation in the city of Trenton."
V.
Half a century ago, as now, political animosity was
ready to take any handle to create prejudice against an
opponent. Thomas Paine was a strong partisan of Jeffer-
son. Having rode up (Feb. 28, 1803) from his residence
in Bordentown to Trenton, to take the stage for N"ew-
York, the proprietors of both the stage offices, being
Federalists, refused with strong oaths to give a seat to an
Mrs. Washington. 35'!
infidel. When he set out in his own chaise, accompanied
by Col. Kirkbride, a mob surrounded him with insulting
music, and he had difficulty in getting out of town. The
author of " Common-sense " showed neither fear nor
anger, and " calmly observed that such conduct had no
tendency to hurt his feelings or injure his fame, but rather
gratified the one and contributed to the other."
Mr. Lyell, the geologist, gives a better account of the
temper of Trenton politicians as he saw it in the proces-
sions of October, 1841. {Travels^ 1841-2, vol. i. p. 82.)
VI.
The incidental reference to Mrs. Washington on p. 341,
may recall a record in the Trenton newspaper of Decem-
ber 29, 1779: "Yesterday Mrs. Washington passed
through this town on her way from Virginia to Head
Quarters at Morris-Town ; when the Virginia troops pre-
sent (induced through respect) formed and received her
as she passed, in a becoming manner,"
The New Brick Chuech — ISTotes.
1804—1806.
The Trenton congregation, wliich had so long
felt obliq'ed to associate itself witli one or other
of its neighbors for the support of a pastor, at
length found itself able to assume an indepen-
dent position. According to the understanding
which was had with the Maidenhead Church,
when Mr, Armstrong divided his care between
it and Trenton, he became the exclusive pastor
of the latter in October, 1806. About the same
time that congregation accomplished the erection
of a neYi house of worship.
The stone building then in use was nearly
eighty years old. The want of a better edifice
had long been felt. In 1769 there v\\as a sub-
scription for repairs. It v/as probably with a
view to rebuildinn^ or enlarsrement thcit the Trus-
tees, in 1773, proposed to the vestry of the
Episcopal Church a joint application to the Le-
Lotteries. 353
gislature for a lottery. The vestry appointed a
committee of conference on the lottery, " and to
be managers thereof,"^ but the project seems to
have dropped until 1791, (Nov. 18-23,) when
" an act to empower the Trustees of the Presby-
terian Church, and the minister, wardens, and
vestry of the Episcopal Church in Trenton to
have a lottery for the purpose therein noticed,"
after passing the Council and being ordered to a
third readinsr in the House, was lost. Another
experiment in this line was attempted in Decem-
ber, 1793, when the Trustees appointed a com-
mittee to unite with the Episcopalians in a lot-
tery for the benefit of the two congregations ;
but nothing further is said on the subject.
However unequivocal the immorality of such
an expedient may seem to us, the lottery has been
a frequent resource of churches, as well as other
institutions, even less than sixty years ago. At
the same meeting in which the last lottery sug-
gestion was made, Maskell Ewing and Alexander
Chambers were appointed " to take about a sub-
scription paper for the purpose of raising money
to build a new Presbyterian Church in Trenton."
* Minutes of Vestry of St. Michael's, February 28, 17*73.
28*
354 Corner-stones.
In 1796 the price of building materials was so
high that the design was abandoned. It was
not until May, 1804, that the successful measures
were taken. The building was now represented
to be " in so ruinous a state that it can not long
continue to accommodate those who worship
there, in a comfortable manner." The subscrip-
tion was headed by four names giving two hun-
dred dollars each. By the twenty-fourth August
nearly four thousand dollars had been subscribed,
and it was determined to build in the ensuing
spring." The corner-stone was laid April 15,
1805 ; the old house having been first taken
down. The newspaper of the time has this
reijort :
J.
" On the fifleenth instant were laid tlie corner-stones of
tlie foundation of a new Presbyterian Chnrch in this
city. The Elders, Trustees, and Managers of the building,
with a respectable number of the citizens attending, an
appropriate prayer was made by the Rev. Mr. Armstrong,
i-ninister of the congregation. The scene was solemn, im-
* Moore Parman and Aaron D. Woodruff were appointed to obtain a
plan ; Benj. Smith, John Chambers, and Peter Gordon were the Building
Committee or " Managers." It v/as determined that the size should be
forty-eight by sixty feet, in the clear ; with a projection or tower in
front of four by ten, with a cupola. The four largest contributors were
Abraham Hunt, Benj. Smith, Alex. Chambers, and Moore Purman.
Dedication. 355
pressive, and affecting. A plate of copper, inscribed
April, 1805, with the minister's name, was laid between
two large stones at the foundation of the south-east cor-
ner. The foundation, though much more extensive, is
laid nearly on the site of the old church, which stood
about eighty years."
While the building was in progress, Mr. Arm-
strong preached on every alternate Sabbath in
the Ej^iscopal Church, the rector of which (Dr.
Waddell) had a second charge at Bristol, as Mr.
Armstrong had at Maidenhead.
The new Church was opened for its sacred
uses August 17, 1806. The pastor conducted
the services in the morning, and President S. S.
Smith in the afternoon.'^
The pastor preached from part of Solomon's
prayer at the dedication of the temple : 1 Kings
8 : 22, 23, 27-30. At the next public service in
which he officiated, he preached on the conduct
becoming worshippers in the house of God, from
Hebrews 10 : 25 and Job 13:11. This subiect
t)
* From the Trenton "Federalist" of Monday, August 11, 1806:
"yoiice. Divine service v^ill be performed for the first time in the
new Presbyterian Church in this place, next Lord's day. Service will
begin at eleven o'clock in the forenoon and three in the afternoon. Col-
lections will be raised after each service, to be appropriated for the ex-.
penditures incurred in finishing the house."
35^ Mr. Armstrong's
was pursued in a third discourse on public wor-
ship as a duty to God, to society, to ourselves. '
For the services of the dedication Mr. Armstrong
pre]3ared a prayer ; and in the belief that on its
own account, as well as for its historical associa-
tions, it will be read with interest and benefit by
the people who worship in a house, which,
though not the same as the one then dedicated,
was included in the references of its supplica-
tions, I here insert it :
PRAYER.
" Holy, holy, holy Lord God Almighty. There is no
God like thee in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who
keej)est covenant with thy servants that walk before thee
with all their heart. Thou art our God, and we would
praise thee ; our fathers' God, and we would exalt thee.
" Thou art the God who hearest prayer. Where shall
we go but to thee, who art the way, the truth, and the
life?
" We adore thee for all the mercies and benefits which
thou hast conferred on us through our lives. But espe-
cially we adore thee for the everlasting Gospel, and those
gracious privileges to which we are called in thy Church
on earth, and m thy Church in heaven. We adore thee
that'thy Church is founded on the rock Christ Jesus, and
that the gates of hell shall never be able to prevail against
it. We adore thee for the promise of thy presence to thy
Prayer. 357
Churcli and people, that where two or three are met
together in thy name, thou wilt be with them to bless
them. We adore thee, O Lord, that when the place
where our fathers had long worshipped was decaying with
age, and the congregation of thy people needed room and
accommodation in thy house, thou didst put it into our
hearts to build a house for thy worship and service, and
where thy people may meet and enjoy thy presence. We
adore thee that thou hast permitted us to meet to set it
apart, and dedicate it to the Lord our God by preach-
ing, prayer, and praise.
"And now, O Lord, our God, we thus offer this house
to thee ; that thy people may here meet for purposes of
reading, preaching, and hearing thy word ; of prayer and
praise ; of fasting and thanksgiving ; of the administra-
tion of baptism and the Lord's supper, agreeably to the
word of God and the constitution of our Church.
" And now, O Lord, make this house continue to be
the habitation of the God of Jacob forever ; a place where
prayer shall be ever made to thee, and where Gospel
worship shall be fixed and stated as long as it shall last
for this purpose ; and that there never may fail a people
and a congregation to worship thee in this place through-
out all generations.
" We pray that thou wilt be pleased to give su ccess to
the labors of the ministers of the Gospel in this place ;
accompanying the means of grace with divine power and
energy, making the administration of the Gospel effectual
to convince and convert, establish and sanctify thy people.
" And now, O Lord, our God, make it good for us that
we have built a house for thy worship. But as the most
358 Mr. Armstrong's
sumptuous works of our liands can not communicate any
holiness to the worshipper, make it good for us to draw
near to God in the assembling of ourselves together at all
commanded, fixed, and proper times in this place. Enable
us, thy people of this congregation, and all who may
worship with us in this place, collectively and individual-
ly, to dedicate ourselves unto the Lord ; to present our
souls, and our bodies, and our spirits unto the Lord as
living sacrifices, holy and acceptable, which is our reason-
able service ; to consecrate our time, our talents, our
privileges, and opportunities, with all we have and. are, to
thy service ; that each of us, and each of our families,
with all who are near and dear to us, may prepare an
habitation in our hearts and. souls for God, and that our
bodies may be the temples of the Holy Ghost.
" And we do most earnestly pray that all our ofienses
may be blotted out ; that we may be washed in the blood
of Christ ; that the vows and ofierings, the prayers and
the praises which we and our jDosterity ofier up now, and
in all future time, may be accepted through the merits
and intercession of our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ,
and made effectual for our and their salvation.
"Let thy grace and thy Spirit, O Lord our God, be
with us to direct, assist, and strengthen us in all the
prayers and supplications that we now and in future may
off*er in this place. Be graciously pleased to vouchsafe us
thy presence herein continually. Hearken, O Lord, to
the prayers and suppHcations of me thy servant, and of
these thy people, in all times and in all circumstances, and
in all places where we may pray in, or as towards this
place ; and when thou hearest answer us in mercy.
Prayer. 359
" If we sin — for no man liveth and sinnetli not — and
turn and repent, hear and forgive our sins, O Lord !
" If the love of thy people wax cold ; if our grace lan-
guish, faint, and be ready to expire, give renewed faith,
grace, and love.
"Hear us, O Lord, if we pray to be delivered from
drought, famine, war, pestilence, disease, or death.
" Hear us, O Lord, if we pray to be delivered from
blasting, mildew, and whatsoever might threaten to pre-
vent or destroy the harvest.
" Hear us, O Lord, when we pray for all schools, col-
leges, and seminaries of learning ;
" For our nation and country ;
" For all who bear rule and authority over us ;
" For peace and prosperity ;
" For all missionaries and missionary labors throughout
the world ; that the Jews may be gathered, and the full-
ness of the Gentiles may come in ; that the land of Ethi-
opia and the heathen may be given for an inheritance,
and the uttermost parts of the earth for a possession to
Christ Jesus.
" Hear, O Lord, and hasten the time when all the fami-
lies of the earth shall be blessed in Christ our Lord, and
when his knowledge and his righteousness shall cover the
earth as the waters cover the sea.
" Now, therefore, arise, O Lord God, into thy resting
place, thou and the ark of thy strength. Let thy f)riests,
O Lord, be clothed with righteousness, the ministers of
thy religion with salvation. Let thy saints shout for joy,
and thy people rejoice in goodness.
"Blessed be the Lord God — Father, Son, and Holy
360 Church of 1806.
Ghost. As he was with our fathers, so let him be mth us.
Let him not leave us nor forsake us ; and incline our
hearts to do all things according to his holy will.
" Pray for the peace of Jerusalem ; peace be within
these walls, prosperity within this place. For my breth-
ren and companions' sakes I will now say, peace be within
thee. Because of the house of the Lord our God, I will
seek thy good.
" The Lord bless thee and keep thee !
*' The Lord make his face to shine upon thee, and be
gracious unto thee.
" The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give
thee peace.
" And in testimony of the sincerity of our desii'es, and
in humble hope of being heard, let all the people say,
Amex."
A sketch of the new Church was made from
memory, by the late Dr. F. A. Ewing, who wrote
of it:
" Elevation seemed to be the great object to be attain-
ed, and so the walls were carried up to a height which
would now be thought excessive. Its galleries were sup-
ported on lofty columns, and in consequence its pulpit
was so hicrh. as sometimes to threaten dizziness to the
preacher's head. Above the gallery the vaulted ceiling
afforded almost room enough for another church. It had
its tower, its belfry and bell, still sweet and melodious,*
* From a Trenton newspaper of July 29, 180T :
" On Saturday, the twentieth instant, was hung in the steeple of the
Church of 1806. 361
its spire, which, had it been proportioned in height to the
tower supporting it, would have ascended needle-like
almost to the clouds. With all its architectural defects,
however, it was a fine old building, well adapted to the
purposes of speaking and hearing ; filled an important
office, both to the congregation and on public occasions ;
stood for years the chief landmark to miles of surround-
ing country, and at last resisted sternly the efforts of its
destroyers. Its site, on the south-west corner of the
grave-yard, is well defined by the old graves and tombs
which clustered close to its northern and eastern sides,
and is the only part of the ground divided into burial-
lots."
Alas! before this manuscript could be brought
to the use for which it was prepared, the body of
its accomplished writer was occupying a grave
in the very part of the church-yard described in
its closing sentence.
The building was of brick, and cost ten thou-
sand eight hundred and twenty dollars. It had
seventy-two pews on the floor, divided by two
aisles, and thirty-six in the gallery. Forty-six
were put at the annual rent of twelve dollars ;
New Presbyterian Church in Trentoa, a new bell, weighing four hun-
dred and seventy-eight pounds, cast by George Hedderly, bell-founder
and bell-hanger of the city of Philadelphia, which does its founder much
credit, both for the neatness of its casting and its melodious tone.
" B. Smith.
^» )
29
B. Smith, ) ^^ „
P. Gordon, C ^^^^gers."
362
Church of 1806.
eighteen larger ones at fourteen dollars. The
gallery pews were free, and one side was reserv-
ed for colored person s.^'""
* The salary was eight hundred dollars. Mr. Armstrong was suc-
ceeded in Maidenhead by the Rev. Isaac Y. Brown, at whose ordination
and iDStallation (June 10, 1S07) he gave both the charges.
Mafkell Ewing. 363
NOTES.
I.
Maskell Ewixg, named in this chapter, belonged to
what is now the wide-spread family of Ewing in New-
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Maryland. Thomas Mas-
kell, of England, married Bythia Parsons in Connecticut,
in 1658. Thomas Stathem, of England, married Ruth
Udell, in New-England, in 1671. Maskell's son married
Stathem's daughter. Their daughter was married in
1720 to Thomas Ewing, who had recently come to Green-
wich, West-Jersey, from Ireland. Their eldest son was
Maskell, (1721,) who was at different times. Justice of the
Peace, Clerk and Surrogate of Cumberland county. Sheriff,
and Judge of the Pleas, and died in 1796. One of his ten
children was the Maskell Ewino^ of Trenton. He was
born January 30, 1758 ; in his youth he assisted his father
in the clerkship in Greenwich, and before he was twenty-
one was elected Clerk of the State Assembly. This
brought him to Trenton, and he filled the office for twenty
years. He was for a time Recorder of the city, and also
read law in the office of William C. Houston. In 1803 he
removed to Philadelphia, and in 1805 to a farm in Dela-
ware county, Pennsylvania. He represented that county
in the State Senate for six years. He died on a visit to
Greenwich, August 26, 1825. His son Maskell was born
in 1806, was a lieutenant in the army, and has died within
a few years.
Among the branches of the Ewing stock was the
family of the Rev. John Ewing, D.D., Provost of the
364 Moore Furman.
University of Pennsylvania, (1779-1803,) and pastor of
the First Church of Philadelphia. On our session records
of September 17, 1808, are the names of " Margaret and
Amelia, daughters of the late Rev. Dr. Ewing," as then
admitted to their first communion, and May 6, 1808,
" Mrs. Dr. Ewing" to the same.
II.
Xot lono; after the establishment of the con srre oration in
their new house, two of the oldest Trustees, both corpo-
rators of 1788, wxre removed by death, namely, Mooee
FcKMAN and Isaac Smith. A notice of Mr. Smith has
already been given.
Mr. Furmax was one of the successful merchants of
Trenton. In the Revolution he served as a Deputy Quar-
ter-Master General. He was the first Mayor of Trenton,
by appointment of the Legislature, upon its incorpora-
tion, in 1792.
Mr. Furman was elected a Trustee June 12, 1760, and
Treasurer in 1762. Soon after that year he removed to
Pittstown, and afterwards to Philadelphia. He returned
to Trenton, and was reelected to the Board in 1783, and
continued in it until his death, March 16, 1808, in his
eightieth year. His grave-stone is in the porch of the
present church.
Though so long connected with the temporal afiairs of
the congregation, Mr. Furman was not a communicant
until Xovember 1, 1806. He made a written request of
Mr. Armstrong that in case he should be called to ofiiciate
at his funeral he w^ould speak from the words: "Into
thine hand I commit my spirit : thou hast redeemed me,
Peter Hunt. 365
O Lord God of truth." (Psalm 31.) This request was
fiiithfiilly followed in the body of the discourse, to which
the Pastor added as follows :
" This congregation well know his long and faithful
services as a zealous supporter and Trustee of the con-
cerns and interests of this Church. In the revolution he
was known as a faithful friend of his country, and was in-
trusted by government and the Commander-in-Chief of
our revolutionary army — whose friendship was honor in-
deed— in offices and in departments the most profitable and
the most important. When bending beneath the load of
years and infirmities, how did it gladden his soul and ap-
pear to renew his life, to see this edifice rising from the
ruins of the old one and consecrated to the service of his
God ! And did you not see him, shortly after its conse-
cration, as a disciple of his Redeemer recognizing his bap-
tismal vows, and in that most solemn transaction of our
holy religion, stretching his trembling hands to receive
the symbols of the body and blood of our Lord and
Saviour, and in that act express the sentiment of the
words selected by himself for the use of this mournful
occasion : ' Into thine hand I commit my spirit : thou hast
redeemed me, O Lord God of truth.' "
III.
One of the Trustees elected to supply the vacancies
made by the death of Moore Furman and Isaac Smith
was Peter Hunt, whose wife was a daughter of Mr. Fur-
man. Mr. Hunt had a large store-house at Lamberton
when it was the depot for the trade of Trenton, and at
29*
366 Peter Hunt.
the time of his death was in partnership with Philip F.
Howell. He resided on the estate now occupied by his
son, Lieut. W. E. Hunt, of the navy. General Hunt (he
was Adjutant General) died at Charleston, S. C, March
11, 1810, at the age of forty-two, having spent the winter
there on account of his health. The Rev. Dr. Hollings-
head had a highly satisfactory conversation with him on the
day of his death, when he said : " He had no reluctance nor
hesitation to submit to all the will of God in the article of
death ; freely committed his soul into the hands of his
Redeemer, and left his surviving family to the care of a
holy and gracious Providence."* He was buried, with
military honors, at Charleston, after services in the Circu-
lar Church, and there is a cenotaph commemorating him
in our church-porch.f
IV.
The newspapers of the day record the burial, in the
Presbyterian ground, of William Roscoe, who died Oct.
9, 1805, in his seventy-third year, " a first cousin of, and
brought up by the celebrated Wm. Roscoe, of Liver-
pool, author of the Life of Leo X., etc. In the Revolu-
tion he was express-rider to Governor Livingston, and for
many years Sergeant-at-arms to the Court of Chancery."
* Letter from Dr. H. in Trenton "True American," March 26, 1810.
f Jonathan Doan (now v/ritten Doane) having contracted to erect a
State Prison at Trenton, Messrs. Hunt and Furman (1797) conveyed the
ground on which the jail (now the arsenal) was built. The measurement
was more than eight and one quarter acres ; the consideration £369 Is,
Theological Seminaey — Mr. Armsteoi^g's
Death — ISTotes.
1807—1816.
Mr. Armstrot^g Lad the happiness of seeing
the first Theological School of our Church estab-
lished within ten miles of Trenton, and in the
village so much associated with the earlier scenes
of his academical and domestic life. He was in
the General Assembly of 1810, which agreed
upon the policy of one central institution ; and
in that of 1813, which established it at Prince-
ton. With Dr. Alexander and Dr. Miller, the
first Professors, his intercourse was intimate dur-
ing the few years of life that remained to him
after their coming into the neighborhood, and
both of them frequently supplied his pulpit dur-
ing his protracted infirmity. It was an addition-
al mark of providential favor that he lived to
see the first fruits of the Seminary, and to give
368 Minutes of Seffion.
his voice for tlie licensiDg of its earliest gradu-
ates. The last time he appeared in Presbytery
was at the session of April, 1815, which was
held in Trenton. On that occasion Messrs.
Weed, Parmele, Stanton, and Kobertsou, of the
first class, were licensed.*
The records of each Session are annually re-
viewed by a committee of Presbytery. In the
meeting of April, 1813, the committee, (Drs.
Woodhull and Alexander,) reporting favorably
on the Trenton minutes, add,
" That in one particular especially, the utmost care and
attention have been paid to the purity and edification of
the Church, and to guard against errors in doctrine and
practice."
This commendation refers to an act of the ses-
sion excluding from church privileges a member
who had adopted, and was promulgating the
Universalist heresy, vilifying the communion to
* Dr. Wm. A. McDowell's name is first in the catalogue of Alumoi,
having been licensed in 1813 by the New-Brunswick Presbytery, but he
had entered in an advanced stage of his studies. The first three students
■were Wm, Blair, John Covert, and Henry Blatchford. The Presbytery
of April, 1813, which sat in Trenton, received both Drs. Green and
Alexander, from Philadelphia ; the former having b^en elected President
of Princeton College in 1812.
Anniverfaries. 369
which he belonged, and refusing to attend its
worship. In April, 1816, the general approval
of the book was qualified by some exceptions as
to the summary measures pursued by the session
in suspending one of their own number, upon his
declining to take their advice to discontinue his
service as an elder. Upon this exception the
session reversed their judgment, and the elder
withdrew from the exercise of his office ; but he
appears afterwards to have been reinstated.
When the New-Jersey Bible Society was or-
ganized in 1810, Mr. Armstrong was elected a
manager. In 1813 the anniversary of the Society
was held in his church, when Dr. Wharton, the
Episcopal minister of Burlington, preached, and
the Bev. Wm. H. Wilmer, of Virginia, read the
liturgy. This courtesy was extended in conse-
quence of the Episcopal Church being under
repair.
On the anniversary of Independence, in 1808,
Mr. Armstrong was again the orator at the cele-
bration by the Cincinnati, and citizens. He act-
ed as chaplain on that day in 1812, when the
"Washington Benevolent Society of Trenton,"
made their first public appearance, and the con-
course in the church was swelled by the mem-
370 Meffages.
bers of a political convention opposed to tlie war,
whicli was then meetins: in the towD."^
The suflPering, and incapacity of freely moving
his limbs, produced by his tedious disease, were
now depriving Mr. Armstrong of the prospect of
ever resuming his pastoral duties. The mere
ascending into the pulpit cost the most painful
exertion. He suppressed, as far as possible, the
exhibition of his anguish, that he might perform
the work in which he delio:hted ; and althouo:h
the act of writing must have been peculiarly dis-
tressing to his distorted hands, I have seen more
than one discourse from his pen, indorsed as
prej)ared to be read to the congregation by a
substitute, when too ill to leave his house. One
of these (not dated) begins thus :
" Unable, through the dispensation of Divine Providence,
to address you in public, I embrace the only means in my
power to convey a portion of that instruction which, I
trust, has often been administered to our mutual edifica-
* January 18, 1806, a public dinner was given in Trenton to Capt.
(afterwards Commodore) Bainbridge, upon his return from Barbary. The
Commodore's family were of this locality and church. Edmund Bain-
bridge was an elder from the united churches of Trenton and Maiden-
head in the Presbytery of October, 1794. John Bainbridge was one of
the grantees in the church-deed of 1698, (page 30,) and that name 13
still visible on a tombstone in a deserted burying-place in Lamberton»
marked — " Died 1732 ; aged seventy-five years."
David Bifliop. 371
tion. During the space of many years I have not for any
whole day been free from pain. Reduced at times to
the borders of the grave, and reviving, contrary to all
human expectation, I have ardently desired to address
you as one rising from the dead. A person on the verge
of two worlds, contemplating the dread realities of eter-
nity, standing equal chances to be the next hour an in-
habitant of time or eternity, must have most impressive
sentiments from the relations which they bear to each
other. In these moments, and under these impressions, I
have wished for strength and opportunity, if it were but
for once, to appear in the assemblies of the people of God,
as I was wont to do. But on a conscientious review of
the matter and the manner of my public instructions, I
am constrained to ask Avhat could I do more than I have
done ? All I could hope for would be that your sympa-
thy, excited by my long and painful affliction, and heighten-
ed by an unexpected restoration to health, might, through
the aids of divine grace, awaken a more lively attention,
and give a more impressive solemnity to eternal things."
This touching preface was followed by an
earnest and tender apj^lication of the lessons of
our Lord's parable of the fig-tree that remained
unfruitful after years of faithful culture.
In Aj^ril, 1815, the congregation authorized
the session to engage an assistant minister, and
they chose Mr. David Bishop, a licentiate, and at
that time a teacher in the Trenton Academy —
372 Laft Service.
afterwards pastor in Easton. In the summer of
that year Mr. Armstrong performed his last
public service, and many still remember an af-
fecting incident connected with it. Though
emaciated and worn down by pain, there was
no reason at that time to suppose that he might
not yet, as for years past, make his way to the
pulpit and assist in the services. But on that
Sabbath it was noticed that the only psalm used
in the singing was the third part of the seventy-
first ; the first half (or to the " pause") being
sung at the beginning, and the remainder at the
close of the devotional exercises. His text was
"Woe unto me if I preach not the Gospel."
There could not have been many unmoved
hearts as the feeble pastor, verging on three-
score and ten, read —
" The land of silence and of deatli
Attends my next remove ;
Oh ! may these poor remains of breath,
Teach the wide world thy love.
" By long experience have I known
Thy sovereign power to save ;
At thy command I venture down
Securely to the grave.
Mr. Armftrong's Death. 373
*' When I lie buried deep in dust,
My flesh shall be thy care ;
These withered limbs with thee I trust,
To raise them strong: and fair."
'o
In a few months this faith was realized, and
he entered on his rest, January 19, 1816, in the
sixty-sixth year of his age, the thirty-eighth of
his ministry, and (counting from the date of his
call) the thirty-first of his pastorship.
On the twenty-second the remains of the de-
ceased pastor were followed to the church by a
large concourse, and, before they were commit-
ted to the earth, an instructive discourse was de-
livered by the Rev. Dr. Miller. The preacher
closed as follows :
" With respect to the character and the success of his
labors among you, my brethren, there needs no testi-
mony from me. You have seen him for nearly thirty
years going in and out before you, laboring with assiduity,
and during a great part of the time under the pressure oi
disease, for your spiritual welfare. You have seen him
addressing you with affectionate earnestness, when his en-
feebled frame was scarcely able to maintain an erect pos-
ture in the pulpit. You have heard him lamenting, in the
tenderest terms, his inability to serve you in a more
active manner. And you have seen him manifesting with
frequency his earnest desire to promote vour best in-
30'
374 Funeral Sermon.
terest, even when weakness compelled him to be absent
from the solemn assembly.
" But why enlarge on these topics before those who
knew him so well ? or why dwell upon points of excel-
lence in his character which all acknowledged ? The
warmth of his friendship ; his peculiar urbanity ; his do-
mestic virtues ; his attachment to evangelical truth ; his
decided friendliness to vital piety; his punctuality, as
long as he had strength to go abroad, in attending on the
judicatories of the Church ; these, among the many ex-
cellent traits of character exhibited by the pastor of whom
you have just taken leave, will no doubt be remembered
with respect and with mournful pleasure, for a long time
to come.
" More than once have I witnessed, during his weak-
ness and decline, not only the anxious exercises of one
who watched over the interests of his own soul with a
sacred jealousy, but also the aflectionate aspirations of his
heart for the eternal welfare of his family and flock.
Farewell! afflicted, beloved man, farewell ! We shall see
thee again ; see thee, we trust, no more the pale victim of
weakness, disease, and death, but in the image and the
train of our blessed Master, and in all the immortal youth,
and health, and lustre of his glorified family. May it
then, oh ! may it then appear that all thine anxious
prayers and all thine indefatigable labors for the spiritual
benefit of those who were so dear to thine heart, have
not been in vain in the Lord."*
* Mrs. Armstrong survived her husband until February 13, 1851,
when she peacefully and triumphantly departed, in the ninety-third year
of her age. I had the privilege of the friendship of this most estimable
Epitaph. 375
The epitaph on the tomb of Mr. Armstrong,
in the church-yard, was written by President S.
Stanhope Smith.
" Sacred to the memory of the Reverend James Fran-
cis Armsteong, thirty years pastor of the church at
Trentdn, in union with the chm-ch at Maidenhead. Born
in Maryland, of pious parents, he received the elements of
his classical education under the Rev. John Blair ; finish-
ed his collegiate studies in the College of New-Jersey,
under the Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, and w^as licensed to
preach the Gospel in the year 1777. An ardent patriot,
he served through the war of Independence as a chaplain.
In 1790 he was chosen a Trustee of the College of N"ew-
Jersey. A w^arm and constant friend, a devout Christian,
a tender husband and parent ; steady in his attendance on
the judicatories of the Church ; throughout his life he was
distinguished as a fervent and affectionate minister of the
Gospel, and resigned his soul to his Creator and Redeemer
on the nineteenth of January, 1816. 'Blessed are the
dead who die in the Lord. Amen : even so come Lord
Jesus.' "
lady for ten years after becoming pastor of the church, and the discourse
deUvered on the Sabbath after her funeral has been published under the
title of " The Divine Promise to Old Age." One of the daughters of
Mr. and Mrs. Armstrong, was the wife of Chief Justice Ewiug, who died
in Trenton, July 4, 181G, Their son, Robert L. Armstrong, a member of
the bar at Woodbury, died in Trenton, September 22, 1836.
376 Communicants.
NOTES
I.
For the years of Mr. Armstrong's pastorate before
1806, there is no official record of statistics. In a memo-
randum made by him, he says that when he first came to
Trenton " the nmnber of communicants did not exceed
perhaps eight or nine in that church, exclusive of Maiden-
head. The numbers increased slowly and gradually. At
every communion season, which was twice a year, a few
were added ; generally of such as had been under serious
impression for some time before admission."
In 1806 the whole number of communicants in Trenton
was sixty-eight. Two only of these are known to be sur-
viving in 1859. At the two communions of 1808 seven-
teen persons made their first profession at one, and thir-
teen at the other. In 1809 seventeen more were received.
Among the manuscripts of Mr. Armstrong is a series of
sermons on the divine being, attributes, and perfections,
marked by him as having been preached "just before so
many were added to the church in 1808 and 1809." In
1810 the whole number of communicants was one hun-
dred and twenty-four; in 1815, one hundred and eleven.
II.
I throw into this note some miscellaneous items collect-
ed from the books of the Treasurer and Trustees at the
close of the last century.
Miscellaneous. 377
The windows of the church appear to have been ex-
posed to extraordinary casualties, as there are constant
entries of payments for glazing, and sometimes subscrip-
tions for that object. Evening services were only occa-
sional, as we learn from such entries as, '' 1786, March
18, paid for candles when Mr. Woodhull preached in the
evening, 25. 6(i." There were collections on every Sab-
bath; their amount varied from 25. 4:d. to £1 155. 2d.
That the old prescriptive coin was freely used on these
occasions is revealed in such entries as, " By old coppers ;"
" to amount of old coppers on hand that won't pass." The
collections were sometimes for other than church pur-
poses. "1788, collection for Rev. Samson Occom."*
" 1789, collection raised for a poor traveller, 275. 6f?.''
In 1792, £2 Is. 6d. were collected " for Lutherans to build
a church at Fort Pitt." In 1806, five mahogany "poles
and [velvet] bags for collecting at church," were provid-
ed, according to a fashion long since superseded by boxes.
For several years there is an invariable charge of I5. Qd.
for " sweeping meeting-house," every fortnight. The
supplies for the pulpit, and the expense of their horses,
seem to have been regularly paid. " 1779, paid Rev. Mr.
Grant, as a sujjply, being a young man unsettled, £l 2s.
6c?." 1785, " Supply one day and a half, 455." " Half a
day, 155." The office of Deacon was performed by the
pastor and elders at their discretion, out of funds in the
* Occom was a Mohegan (Connecticut) Indian, and the first of his race
educated by Dr. Wheelock at Lebanon. In 1766 he collected more than
£1000 in England for the Wheelock School. His agency is mentioned
in the celebrated case of Dartmouth College : Wheaton's Eeports, vol.
iv. See Sprague's Annals, vol. iii. 192.
30*
378 Mifcellaneous.
Treasurer's hands. " Paid Mr. Armstrong for a sick wo-
man at Mr. Morrice's." " Shirt for ." " Re-
lieving: her distress." " Paid Bell that was scalded."
" Seth Babbitt, a stranger that was in distress, being cast-
away, as he said." Fuel was often distributed. Decem-
ber 20, 1799: "Bill for sundries to put the pulpit in
mourning for G. Washington, and Mrs. Emerson for put-
ting it on." The expenses of Presbytery were sometimes
borne by the church treasury. " To Presbytery's ex-
penses at Mr. Witt's," one of the hotels, means probably
the keeping of their horses ; but I must not conceal that
in 1792 there is this charge, "for beer at Presbytery,
4:S. 10c?." In the same year the other congregation were
more liberal in their entertainment, as appears by this
entry : " Bought of Abraham Hunt, for the use of the con-
gregation when Presbytery sat in Maidenhead,
" 8 gal. Lisbon wine at Is. 6c?., , . . £3 0
5 " spirits, 95., 2 5
£5 5
Ten years before — "half gallon of rum." The last,
we may suppose, was for the use of workmen about the
church, according to the custom then universal. In build-
ing the church of 1805, "spirits" were bought for this
purpose by the barrel. The churches were sometimes re-
paid for this branch of their expenditures; as in 1798,
Mr. Bond, (probably a magistrate) divided between the
Presbyterian and Episcopal churches a fine collected by
him from some unlicensed vender of SjDirituous liquors.
In ISTovember, 1786, the purchase of "an elegant, large
Bible for the use of the Trenton Church," was authorized.
Notes. 379
The sexton's fee for digging a grave, inviting to the fune-
ral, and tolling the bell, was fixed at two dollars. In 1799
it was increased to three dollars and a half As late as
1842 it was the custom for the sextons to go from house
to house, and make verbal notice of funerals at the
doors. There were not then, as now, three daily news-
papers to supersede the necessity of publishing notices of
this kind from the pulpit or otherwise.
The Trustees appear to have jDrovided for the convey-
ance of the pastor to the places of the meeting of the Pres-
bytery. At one time it was " agreed that Mr. Jacob Carle
or his son, Capt. Israel Carle [neither elder nor Trustee]
attend Mr. Armstrong to the Presbytery." At another
time (1787) James Ewing, Esq., [then in no church office,]
was designated to this service. There may have been
that deficiency of acting elders (at least in the town) at
this time, to which Mr. Armstrong refers in a note of
1813, in which he speaks of his having had charge of the
charity-fund: " I am inclined to believe before there were
any elders in the congregation." The expenses of the
session in attending judicatories were paid by the Trus-
tees.
The j^ew-rents in town were received by a collector an-
nually appointed by the Trustees out of their own num-
ber, or from the congregation. Delinquents were some-
times threatened with the last resort. In 1788 it was
ordered, " that no horses or other creatures be put in the
grave-yard." It is presumed that this was a prohibition
against hitching the animals there on the Sabbath, or pas-
turing them at any time. The sexton, however, had
" leave to pasture sheep in the grave-yard."
380 Potter's Field.
In 1*788, "the present meeting taking into considera-
tion the great defect in public worship in the congrega-
tion, by want of a regular clerk, and Mr. John Friend, a
member of the congregation, having voluntarily offered
himself steadily to supply that office, the congregation ac-
cepted of his offer and desire the Trustees to make any
agreement they may think proper with ,^said Friend on
that subject."
In 1799, (at a congregational meeting,) " whereas ap-
plications are often making for the burial of strangers in
the ground belonging to this congregation, by which
means it is filling up very fast, therefore it is ordered that
no stranger be permitted to be buried in said ground
hereafter, without paying what may be agreed upon by
the Trustees of said church ; and for relief in the premises
it is agreed that proposals he made to the other societies
of Christians in this place, and to the inhabitants in gen-
eral, to open and promote subscriptions for the purpose of
purchasing a piece of ground for a Potter's field." The
Trenton " Potter's field" is on the IsTew-Brunswick road,
and was probably purchased by the town about 1802.
One of the graves is designated as follows : " Sacred to
the memory of Judy, wife of William Field ; faithful and
favorite Christian servants of the late Robert Finley,
D.D., of Baskingridge, New- Jersey. Erected 1839."
In 1*799 the Trustees " ordered that the minutes and
proceedings of the congregation and Trustees be read by
the minister or clerk of the church the next Sabbath, or
as soon as convenient after their meetings, in order that
it be generally known how the business of the Society is
conducted."
Dubois. 381
Some precedence seems to have been accorded to the
Governor of the State. He was allowed the first choice
of a pew in the new church of 1806. The incumbent at
that time was Joseph Bloomfield, known by the titles
both of Governor and General. He resided in Trenton
during the successive terms of his administration, (1801-
12.) Mrs. Bloomfield was a communicant of the church,
and her nei^hew, Bishop McBvaine, remembers the visits
of his childhood to the then new, but now demolished
church.
In the earlier part of Mr. Armstrong's ministry he con-
formed to the custom, then common in our pulpits, of
wearing a gown and bands. The practice seems to have
fallen gradually into disuse, more from its inconveniences
than from any rise of scruples. The variety of English
academical gowns seems to have been known in our State
as late as 1800, for in that year a Burlington tailor adver-
tises in the Trenton Gazette : " D.D., M.A., and other
clerical robes made correctly."
III.
In 1815 the church lost one of its ruling elders. His
epitaph is :
" In memory of Nicholas Dubois, many years teacher
of the Young Ladies' Academy, and an elder of the Pres-
byterian Church of this place. Died November 4, 1815.
An. 83t. forty-four. A man amiable, pious, and exem-
plary ; a teacher, able, zealous, and faithful ; an elder
ardently devoted to the welfare of his Father's flock."
382 The Firft
IV.
The interval between Mr. Armstrong and bis successor
is marked in our history by the commencement of the
Sunday-school of the church. The earliest school of this
description was instituted by members of the Society of
Friends, for the instruction of colored persons. It was
called the " Trenton First-day School," and the primary
meeting of the Society was called for " the second second-
day of the second month," 1809. This failed, as it would
appear, from want of means to pay a teacher ; and in
May, 1811, a society of all denominations foraied " a first-
day, or Sunday-school, for the instruction of the poor of
all descriptions and colors." I am indebted to John M.
Sherrerd, Esq., of Belvidere, for the following interesting
memoranda as to the introduction of the more strictly re-
ligious, or church Sunday-school :
" While a student of law in the office of the late Chief
Justice Ewing, in the winter of 1 815-16, 1 became a mem-
ber of the Trenton church, under the preaching of Dr.
Alexander, who chiefly supplied the pulj)it after the death
of Mr. Armstrong. There was some awakening among
the churches in that winter. We held a union prayer-
meeting, weekly, for some time, and at one of these it
was mooted whether we might not do good by starting a
Sunday-school. Several of us had read about such schools
in England, and heard that they had been begun in Phila-
deljDhia, but none of us had ever seen one.* Our j)rayer-
* The '-Narrative" of the General Assembly of 1811 mentions the
establishment of a Sabbath-school for poor children in New-Brunswick.
Sunday-Schools. 383
meeting was composed of about a dozen young men who
had just united with the different churches, and a few others
who were seriously disposed. I recollect the names of Ger-
shom Mott, John French, and Mr. Bowen, Baptists ; John
Probasco, a Methodist ; Lewis Evans, who was brought
up a Friend. At first I was the only Presbyterian, but
others soon joined me. I was appointed to visit the
schools in Philadelphia, and accordingly spent a Sabbath
there, during which I visited the old Arch Street, Christ
Church, and St. John's Schools, which were all I could
find. The teachers furnished me with all the desired in-
formation, and gave me specimens of tickets, cards, books,
etc. On my return we determined to make the experi-
ment, and obtained the use of the old school-room over
the market-house on Mill Hill, which then stood nearly
opposite the present Mercer court-house, and eight o'clock
on the next Sunday morning found us assembled there —
six teachers and twenty-six scholars.
" We kept up our weekly prayer-meeting at different
places, in the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist con-
nection — chiefly in the first two. Every Sunday the
school was dismissed in time to attend the three churches,
on alternate days, each teacher accompanying his class and
occupying a part of the gallery. We seldom failed of
having a word of encouragement from the officiating min-
ister, and I well remember the address of Dr. Alexander,
the first Sabbath we met in the Presbyterian Church. At
the end of three months, the room becoming too small for
us, we formed a school in each of the three churches, and
each soon became as large as the original one. The Pres-
byterian was held in the school-building on your church-
384 Sunday-Schools.
lot. The others in the Baptist Church and Trenton
Academy. I continued there about nine months, and
until I left Trenton, during which time we kept up our
union prayer-meeting, and the visits of all the schools al-
ternately at the different churches on Sunday mornings.
Towards the last they almost filled the gallery of each
church. After the separation on Mill Hill female teachers,
for the first time, took part. We followed the old plan of
each scholar committing as much as he could during the
week — receiving tickets, redeemed, at a certain number,
with books. One factory boy, I remember, who, although
twelve hours at work daily, committed so many verses
that I could not hear him in school-hours, but took the
time for it after church."
From a document in a Trenton newspaper (August 8,
1817) it appears that the three schools mentioned by Mr.
Sherrerd were organized under the title of " The Trenton
and Lamberton Sunday Free-School Association." The date
of its beginning is there given as March 9, 1816. "From
April to October the school consisted of ninety scholars.
On the twenty-seventh October it wasdivided into three."
" It is with peculiar pleasure the Association notice those
two nurseries of mercy, the Female and African Sunday-
schools, which have arisen since the establishment of their
own." A column of a newspaper of Oct. 4, 1819, is occu-
pied with a report of the " Trenton Sabbath-day School,"
which opens with saying, " Nine months have now elapsed
since, by the exertions of a few gentlemen, this school was
founded." The report is signed by James C. How, after-
wards the Rev. Mr. How, of Delaware, a brother of the
Presbyterian pastor. In February, 1821, the same Socie-
Teachers. 385
ty reports that it had four schools, the boys', the gh'ls', the
African, and one at Morris ville. The last school had, in
November, 1819, eleven teachers and one hundred and
sixteen scholars. The " Female Tract Society" furnish-
ed tracts monthly to the schools, and the " Juvenile Dorcas
Society" supplied clothing to the children.
Six female members of our congregation (Ellen Bur-
ro wes, Mary Ann Tucker, Mary A. Howell, Hannah E.
Howell, Eliza R. Chambers, and Hannah Hayden) origin-
ated "The Female Sabbath Association," Oct. 4, 1816.
To these were soon added Sarah M. Stockton, (afterwards
wife of Rev. W. J. Armstrong,) Rosetta C. Hyer, Jai^e
Lowry, Eliza C. Palmer, Lydia Middleton, (afterwards
wife of Rev. Henry Woodward,) Ellen E. Burrowes, (Mrs.
Stacy G. Potts,) Catherine Schenck, Mary Creed, Abigail
Ryall, Juliette Rice,* Susan Armstrong, Anna Jackson,
(wife of Rev. Jos. Sanford.f) The session granted the use
of the gallery of the church, as a place of teaching. The
school was opened Oct. 20, and was held for an hour and
a half in the afternoon. A boys' school was afterwards
formed, of which Mr. James C. How was the first Super-
intendent. There are eight hundred and twenty-two
names on the roll of female pupils from 1822 to 1839.
* Miss Rice maintained her active interest in the School until her
death in May, 1855, She served the general cause as a writer. Two of
her books, " Alice and her Mother," and " Olive Smith," were published
by the American S. S. Union ; three others, " Consideration, or the
Golden Rule," "Florence Patterson," and "Maria Bradford," by the
Massachusetts S. S. Society.
f Miss Jackson's name and Trenton associations frequently occur in
the Memoir of Mr. Sanford, by Dr. Baird, pp. 28, 63, G6, 86, 97, 118, 121.
31
386 Benjamin Smith.
V.
Ill tlie minutes of the Trustees, March 19, 1814, is this
entry :
" Benjamin Smith, Esq., who has for a long time been
a Trustee and President of the Board, as also Treasurer
for the church, all which offices he has filled with faithful-
ness, but expecting shortly to remove to Elizabethtown,
and make that his final place of abode, begged for said
reason to resign his trusteeship."
Mr. Smith was elected " a Deacon for Trenton," May
6, 1777, and was an elder in 1806, and probably for some
years before. He died in Elizabethtown, October 23,
1824, and a sermon was preached at his funeral by his
pastor, the Rev. Dr. John McDowell, from the words :
" Lord, I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the
place where thine honor dwelleth." This text had been
selected by himself for the purpose, and his will directed
the same to be inscribed on his tomb. By the kmdness
of Dr. McDowell I am enabled to present a copy of the
statements in the funeral discourse, which show how ap-
plicable was its inspired motto.
" Our departed friend loved the house of the Lord, and
he has told the speaker that this evidence has often en-
couraged and comforted his soul, when he could get hold
of scarcely any other. His conduct in this respect corre-
sponded with his profession. Through a long life he
manifested that he loved the Lord's house. It was tauo^ht
him, I have understood, from his childhood. At an early
age he became the subject of serious impressions, and
The Smith Scholarfhip. 387
hopefully of divine grace. He was first received into this
church under the ministry of the Rev. James Caldwell, in
the year 1765, when he was about eighteen years old.
He afterwards removed to Trenton, and connected him-
self with that church, where he spent most of his days.
There he long acted in the office of ruling elder. During
the latter part of the time of his residence in Trenton, the
congregation erected a new house of worship. In this he
took a deep and active interest. Pie bestowed much of
his time, contributed liberally of his means, and went
abroad soliciting aid for its completion. About ten years
since he i-emoved to this town, and in the decline of life
agam connected himself with this church. He was soon
elected a ruling elder, which office he executed with
fidelity until his decease, in the seventy-ninth year of his
age. He manifested his love to the house of God by his
constant attendance on its worship until his last short ill-
ness ; and he manifested it in his will, by leaving a be-
quest for the support of its worship, and remembering
other conoTesrations in the town. His last words w^ere :
' Welcome sweet day of rest.'
5 5?
Araon^r the lesjacies of Mr. Smith's will was one of
twenty-five hundred dollars for the endowment of a scho-
larship in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, which
was realized in 1839, upon the decease of his widow. It
stands the twenty-sixth on the list of scholarships, and
bears the name of its founder.
Samuel B. How, D.D.-— William J. Aemsteo^^g,
D.D. — The Rev. Joh:n" Smith. — Notes.
1816—1828.
O]^ the nineteenth of August, 1816, the con-
gregation met and elected for their pastor the
Kev. Samuel Blanchaed How.
Mr. (now Dr.) How, a native of Burlington,
graduated in the University of Pennsylvania,
(1811 ;) was tutor for a short time in Dickinson
College ; then a master of the Grammar School
of his University ; was licensed by the Presby-
tery of Philadelphia in 1813 ; then passed a ses-
sion at the Princeton Seminary, and on ISTovem-
ber 10, 1814, was ordained and installed pastor
at Solebury, Bucks county.
Mr. How ^as installed over the Trenton con-
gregation December 17, 1816, on which occasion
Dr. Miller presided. Dr. Alexander ])reachecl,
(2 Cor. 3 : 16.) Dr. Miller gave the charge to
the pastor, and the E,ev. I. V. Brown the charge
to the congregation. This pastorship was hap-
Dr. How. 389
pily and usefully continued until April, 1821,
when a call from the First Church of New-
Brunswick was laid before the Presbytery, and
he was installed in that city in the following
June.^'* The additions to the communion of the
church in these five years were fifty-six on their
first profession, and thirty on certificates from
other churches.
Dr. How was followed by the late William
Jessup Ap.mstrojs^g, D.D., son of the Kev. Dr.
Amzi Armstrong:, of Mendham and Bloomfield.
Mr. Armstrong graduated at Princeton College
in 1816 ; studied theology under his father, and
for a year in the Piinceton Seminary ; and upon
his licensure in 1819 (by the Presbytery of Jer-
sey) entered on two years' service of the Board
of Missions in Virginia, in the course of which
he founded the Presbyterian Church in Char-
lottesville. Mr. Armstrong returned to ^ew-
Jersey in 1821, and on the twenty-eighth Sep-
tember he w^as unanimously elected pastor of
Trenton. On the twenty-seventh November the
* In October, 1823, Dr. How became pastor of the Independent Pres-
byterian Church of Savannah; in 1830 President of Dickinson College ;
and subsequently returned to New-Brunswick upon a call- to take the
pastoral charge of the First Reformed Dutch Church in that city, which
position he still occupies.
81*
390 Dr. W. J. Armftrong.
Presbytery of New-Brunswick, meeting in Tren-
ton, the session was opened, according to a cus-
tom tlien prevailing, witli Mr. Armstrong's trial
sermon for ordination. On the next day,
too^ether with Charles rlodo^e and Peter O. Stud-
diford, he was ordained, and himself installed."^
At this service Dr. Miller presided ; E-ev. George
8. Woodhull preached, (2 Tim. 4:12;) Eev. E.
F. Cooley gave the charge to tlie ministers, and
Pev. D. Comfort that to the congregation. The
date of Mr. Armstrong's actual entrance upon the
duties of the pastorate is October 20, 1821.
During his short residence of about two and a
half years, fifty-three new communicants were
received on their profession, and fourteen on cer-
tificate.
While residinof here Mr. Armstrono^ was mar-
ried to Sarah Milnor, daughter of Lucius Hora-
tio Stockton.
When Dr. John H. Rice w^as called to relin-
quish the church at Richmond, Vii'ginia, he re-
* It is pleasant thus to meet with names, now well known, while
in the uncertainties of their novitiate. Mr. Armstrong preached at the
•ordination of " C. C. Beatty," in 1822; and at the same meeting of
Presbytery trials were assigned to "Mr. Albert Barnes." "Mr. Francis
McFarland" preached his trial sermon, and was ordained. "Messrs.
Robert Baird and John Breckinridge" were licensed.
Dr. Armftrong. 391
commended Mr. Armstrong: as Lis successor, and
a call from that congregation was put into his
hands February 3, 1824 — the same day on which
one of bis successors in Trenton (James W. Alex-
ander) was received by the Presbytery as a can-
didate for the ministry. At the following April
meeting the j)astor read to the Presbytery a
statement he had previously made to the Tren-
ton parish, of the reasons of his favorable inclina-
tion to the Richmond call. The Rev. Jared D.
Fyler (then residing in Trenton) and Joshua
Anderson, one of the elders, presented a written
statement of the views of the people, expressive
of their reluctant submission to the wishes of
their pastor in the matter, and accordingly the
dissolution took place.
Dr. Armstrong remained ten years in Rich-
mond, v/hen he en tred the service of the Amer-
ican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis-
sions, first as agent, then as secretary ; and it
was on his passage from Boston to New- York, on
tlie business of the Board, that he was wrecked
in the steamboat Atlantic, November 2Y, 1846.
The last scene of that catastrophe of which there
is any account, presents him reading the Gospel,
praying with, exhorting, and comforting his fel-
392 Dr. Armftrong.
low-passengers, so long as the fatal event was
delaying.
The characteristics of Dr. Armstrong's preach-
ing have been stated by two good judges. The
Rev. Dr. James W. Alexander wrote to the com-
piler of his Memoir :
" While he was at Trenton I often listened to his ser-
mons, and there was no man whom at that day I heard
with more impression. His sermons were carefully pre-
pared, and were pronounced with a degree of w^armth
and emotion which are quite unusual. My recollection is
vivid of his appeals to the heart, as being of a high order.
When at a later period I was called to labor among the
same people, I found that he had left that good name which
is ' better than precious ointment.' There were manifest
tokens of his faithfulness in public and in private."
Mr. Theodore Frelinghuyseu, now President of
Rutgers College, then a member of the bar, says
in a letter in 1851 :
" I very often enjoyed the privilege of hearing him
while he was a stated minister at Trenton, and the im-
pression made upon my mind, deep and unfading, was
that of uncommon earnestness, sincerity, and power. He
commenced in his calm and solemn manner ; he rose with
his subject ; his mind kindled and his heart warmed as he
discoursed ; and towards the conclusion he poured his
Rev. John Smith. 393
whole soul into it, as if he thought he might never speak
again, and as if some impenitent friend before him might
never hear ao-ain the voice of warninsr and the invitations
of mercy."*
The Kqv. J. C. Smith, of Washington City,
says : " One of our own elders knew him as a pas-
tor in Trenton, and he blesses God that through
him he was converted to God."f
The congregation was without a settled pastor
for about twenty months, when having united in
the choice of the Eev. Jopin Smith, of Connecti-
cut, that minister began to supply the pulpit
regularly in December, 1825. He was not re-
ceived by the Presbytery until the following Feb-
ruary ; and on the eighth March he was both or-
dained and installed in Trenton. In that service
Dr. Carnahan presided. Dr. Hodge preached,
* Memoir and Sermons, edited by Eev. Hollis Read, 1853, pp. 31
and 104. A visitor in Trenton thus wrote, November 4, 1822 : " I
heard Mr. Armstrong preach a most eloquent sermon yesterday morning.
He is one of my favorites. At night Mr. L , the Methodist, a very
good preacher ; the coolest Methodist I ever heard. The Trentonians
say that the Presbyterians have got the Methodist preacher, and the
Methodists the Presbyterian."
•{■ The excellent man here referred to, was Mr. John Voorhees, who
was admitted to the communion in Trenton in April, 1822 ; and elected
a ruling elder in 1829. He emphatically discharged the duties of his
office " well," until the removal of his residence to Washington, in 1843,
where he died October 28, 1849.
394 Lalor.
(1 Cor. 1:21,) and both tlie charges were given
by the Kev. E. F. Cooley. Mr. Smith was a na-
tive of Wethersfield ; a graduate of Yale College
(1821) and of the Andover Theological Semina-
ry, and a licentiate of the Congregational Associ-
tion of East-Fairfield.
Mr. Smith continued in this charge less than
three years, but in that time fifty-nine persons
made their first profession. Twenty-six of these
were received at the communion of April, 1827 ;
two of whom afterwards entered the ministry,
namely, Mr. George Ely, pastor of Nottingham
and Dutch-Neck, who died August 14, 1856, and
George Burrowes, D.D., pastor of Kirkwood, in
Maryland ; Professor in Lafayette College, and
now pastor in Newtown, Pennsylvania. One of
eleven new communicants in April, 1828, is com-
memorated in the following inscrij)tion in our
church-vard :
" Here lie tlie remains of jEREiiiAH D. Lalor, who de-
parted this life March 8th, A.D. 1845, aged thirty-two
years. To those who knew him the remembrance of his
virtues is the highest eulogy of his character. He had de-
voted himself to the service of God in the ministry of re-
conciliation, and when just u2:>on the threshold of the
sacred office was removed by death from the brightest
Rev. John Smith. 395
prospects of usefulness, to serve his Maker iii another
sphere."
Some confusion was created during Mr. Smith's
ministry by the indiscreet, however sincere, zeal
in what they called the cause of Christ, of two or
three superserviceable ministers and candidates,
who wished to introduce those measures for the
promotion of the work of a pastor, that had,
then at least, the apology of being too new to
have taught their warning lessons. An attempt
was made to form a distinct congregation, and
separate meetings were held for a time, and
even a small building erected, which was j^ut
into connection with the German Reformed
Church ; but the Presbyterians gradually return-
ed, and no effort was made, or probably design-
ed, to produce a schism. Mr. Smith, however,
in August, 1828, requested a dissolution of the
pastoral relatiou, which was granted by the Pres-
bytery, and in February of the next year he was
detacbed from that body and took charge of a
Congregational Church in Exeter, ]N"ew-Hamp-
shire. He has since exercised his ministry in
Stamford and other towns of Connecticut, and
larsre numbers have become united with the
churches he has served. "While resident in
39^) Societies.
Trenton. Mr. Smitli was married to a dauofliter
of the late Aaron D. Woodruff, Attorney Gen-
eral of tlie State.
NOTES,
I.
Durinsj Dr. How's residence in Trenton several useful
public enterprises were undertaken, in wliicii he, together
with the other ministers of the town, participated. In
January, 1817, he was of the committee (with Colonels
Beatty, Bayard, and Frelinghuysen, and Mr. Wm. Coxe)
to prepare a constitution for the ]*^ew-Jersey Colonization
Society, then formed. In 1820, the Presbyterian and
Episcopal clergymen were associated with Samuel L.
Southard, George Sherman, Charles Ewing, and other
philanthropic citizens, in encouraging the institution
of a Savings Bank. The same persons were active in
founding the Apj^rentices' Library in April, 1821, and
Mr. Ewing delivered a discourse in the Presbyterian
Church on the last day of that year, in view of the open-
ing of the Library on the following day. In 1816 " The
Female Tract Society of Trenton" began the useful minis-
try which it still continues. In 1822 the ladies of the con-
gregation formed a " Missionary and Education Society,"
which met once a fortnight to provide clothing for theolo-
gical students and for children at mission stations.
Whilst the work of the hands was going on, one of the
Aaron D. Woodruff. 397
ladies read missionary intelligence. Two associations for
the circulation of the Scriptures were formed in 1824 ; in
May " The Aj^prentices' Bible Society," of which Wm.
P. Sherman was Secretary, and in August " The Bible
Society of Delaware Falls, Auxiliary to the American
Bible Society." The latter was organized in the State
House, and among the speakers were the late Rev. Dr.
JVIilnor, of New- York, and " Mr. Bethune, a theological
student."
On the twenty-fourth June, 1817, died Aaron Dickin-
son Woodruff, who had been a Trustee from May 4,
1789. He was born September 12, 1762; delivered the
Valedictory at the Princeton Commencement of 1779;
was admitted to the bar 1784 ; was made Attorney Gen-
eral of the State in 1793, and annually reelected, except
in 1811, until his death. He also served in the Legisla-
ture, and was influential in having Trenton selected for
the State capital. He was buried in the Trenton church-
yard, where his epitaph records that,
" For twenty-four years he filled the important station
of Attorney-General with incorruptible integrity. Ad-
verse to legal subtleties, his professional knowledge was
exerted in the cause of truth and justice. The native be-
nevolence of his heart made him a patron of the poor, a
defender of the fatherless ; it exulted in the joys, or par-
ticipated in the sorrows of his friends."
Mr. Woodruff's successor was Samuel L. Soutkaed,
who signed the triple oath required by the charter, (of
allegiance to the State, to the United States, and of fideli-
32
398 Lucius H. Stockton.
ty as a trustee,) May 11, 1818. Until called from Tren-
ton, in 1823, to the cabinet of President Monroe, he was
one of the most punctual and active officers of the congre-
gation. He was a Manager and Vice-President of the
" Education Society of the Presbytery of Xew-Bruns-
wick," formed in 1819, and a Vice-President in the Board
of Trustees of the Theological Seminary at Princeton.
Mr. Southard's public life as Legislator, Judge, Attorney-
General, and Governor in his own State, and as Senator,
Secretary of the Navy, and President of the Senate at
Washington, needs no record here. He died in Frede-
ricksburg, A^irginia, June 26, 1842, at the age of fifty-five.
The name of Lucius Horatio Stockto:n^ having occur-
red in this chapter, it deserves commemoration as that of
a prominent member of the congregation and church.
He was a son of Richard Stockton, the signer of the De-
claration of Independence, and a nephew of Ehas Boudi-
not. Mr. L. H. Stockton was for some time District -At-
torney of Xew-Jersey, and his nomination to be Secretary
of War, within a few weeks (Jan. 1801) of the close of
the administration of President Adams, was one of the
causes of umbrage to Mr. Jefferson. He died at Trenton,
May 26, 1835. Mr. Stockton was eccentric, and a very
earnest politician, but did not deserve to be called " a
crazy, fanatical young man," as Wolcott wrote.* In a
long series of articles in the Trenton Federalist of 1803,
* Gibbs's Federal Administrations, ii. 468. In Mr. Jeremiah Evarts's
journal, of April 18, 1827, he mentions a meeting in the Theological Sem-
inary at Princeton on the subject of Foreign Missions, when Dr. Alex-
ander " was followed by Mr. Stockton, a lawyer of TrentoD, -who spoke
with great feeling." {Ti-acy's Life of Evarts.)
Samuel W. Stockton. 399
Mr. L. H. Stockton defends himself and his deceased uncle,
Samuel Witham Stocktois^, from attacks in the Demo-
cratic True American. Mr. S. W. Stockton went to
Europe in 1774, and was Secretary of the American Com.
mission to the courts of Austria and Prussia. He nego-
tiated a treaty with Holland, and returned to Kew-Jersey
in 1779, where he held various public offices. In 1792 he
was an Alderman of Trenton ; in 1794 Secretary of State ;
and his monument in our church-yard records that he
died June 27, 1795, (in his forty-third year,) in conse-
quence of being " thrown from his chaise."* The Rev.
James F. Armstrong, who was " long on the most friendly
and intimate terms with him," preached at his funeral from
1 Sam. 20 : 3.
While Dr. How was pastor another of the prominent
citizens of Trenton and members of this church was re-
moved by death. Samuel Leake was born in Cumber-
land county, Nov. 2, 1747. He received his prej^aratory
training in the two celebrated schools of Fagg's Manor
and Pequea. The Rev. John Blair, Dr. R. Smith, and
Enoch Green gave him certificates, 1767-9, of proficiency
in different branches, and of his high religious charac-
ter. After teaching three years in iSTewcastle, he received
(May 1772) testimonials from Thomas McKean and George
Read, (two of the three Delaware signers of the Declara-
tion of Independence,) George Monro, John Thompson,
* Not many steps from this monument are those of two brothers,
(Douglass and Philip P. Howell,) on one of which it is said that the de-
ceased "lost his life by a fall from his horse," (1801,) and on the other
that the deceased was "thrown from hid gig, and died in a few minutes,"
(1833.)
400 Samuel Leake.
and the Rev. Joseph Montgomery. He then entered
Princeton College, and took his Bachelor's degree in
September, 1774. In the following March President
Withers230on gave a written certificate of his qualifications
to teach Greek, Latin, and mathematics, to which he ap-
pended : " I must also add that he gave particular atten-
tion to the English language while here, and is probably
better acquainted with its structure, propriety, and force
than most of his years and standing in this country."
Mr. Leak, however, did not resume the employment of
teaching, but entered upon the study of the law, first with
Richard Howell, Esq., afterwards Governor of the State,
and then with Charles Pettit, Esq., of Burlington, and
with their certificates, and that of Thomas McKean, (af-
terwards Governor of Pennsylvania,) he was licensed as an
attorney in November, 1776. He began practice in Salem,
but in October, 1785, removed to Trenton, where he pur-
sued his profession so successfully as to be able to retire
before he was enfeebled by age. He paid unusual atten-
tion to the students in his oflice ; regularly devoting one
hour every day to their examination. I have before me
an example of his systematic ways, in a document engross-
ed in a large hand, beginning thus :
" I. Be it remembered that Samuel Leake, on Sunday,
the thirteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eleven, in the Presbyterian
Church in Trenton, received the Lord's Supper ; James
F. Armstrong then being mmister of the Gospel, and ad-
ministering the Supper in that church."
Epitaph. 401
Entries in the same form, with the proper dates, follow
as to each of the semi-annual communions until October 1,
1815, when the record is that, "Dr. Miller preached the
Action Sermon ; Dr. Alexander administered the ordiance,
Mr. Armstrong was sick and absent." The paper con-
tinues to make a formal register of each attendance at the
Lord's supper until it closes with that on January 2, 1820,
two months before his decease. He prepared similar docu-
ments for each of his daughters as they became communi-
cants. Mr. Leake died on the eighth of March, 1820, in
his seventy-third year. The Supreme Court being in ses-
sion at the time, the bar not only resolved to attend the
funeral, but recommended to their brethren throughout
the State to wear the customary badge of respect. His
epitaph is as follows :
"Sacred to the memory of Samuel Leake, Esquire,
Sergeant at Law. Died eighth March, A.D. 1820. A.E.
V2. Educated to the Bar he attained the highest degree
of eminence ; Distinguished for candor, integrity, zeal
for his chents, and profound knowledge of jurisprudence,
he fulfilled the duties of his station with singular useful-
ness, ' without fear and without reproach.' Deeply versed
in human literature, and devoutly studious of the words
of sacred truth ; he lived the life of a Christian, and died
the death of the righteous."
II.
In the term of Dr. Armstronof's ministrv the session and
church were painfully concerned with a public affair in
32*
402 Gordon — Hayden.
which one of their members was implicated. Peter Gor-
Dox, Esq., (who was elected an elder in March, 1797, and
a Trustee in September, 1804,) after eighteen years' tenure
of the office of State Treasurer, was found to be in default.
While the matter was in course of investigation by the
Legislature (1821-2) Mr. Gordon voluntarily withdrew
from the communion, and from his place in the session,
but was restored in June, 1825, and the next month took
a certificate of dismission to New-York.
III.
During the time of the Rev. John Smith, two of the
elders of the church died.
Benjamin Hayden was in the session in September,
1806 — how long previously to that date can not be ascer-
tained. He was also a Trustee from September, 1811, tiU
his death, which took place February 28, 1827, in his
seventy-fourth year. This venerable and excellent man
left a son of the same name, who died a member of this
church, April 11, 1858, in his eighty-fifth year.
John Beatty was a son of the Rev. Charles Beatty, the
successor of Wm. Tennent, at Neshamony. His mother
was a daughter of Governor Reading, and his grand-
mother was of the family of Clinton, so distinguished in
the history of New-York. Mr. Beatty was a native of
Bucks county; graduated at Princeton 1769; was educated
in medicine under Dr. Rush, but entered the army of the
Revolution, where he soon became a Lieutenant Colonel.
He was among the captured at Fort Washington, on the
Hudson, and afterwards rose to the rank of Major, and
General Beatty. 403
was Commissary General of prisoners.* After the
peace he practised medicine in Princeton, and was Secre-
tary of the New- Jersey Medical Society; but in 1783 and
other years was in Congress; in 1789 was Speaker of the
State Assembly; and from 1795 to 1805 was Secretary of
State. From May, 1815, until his death, he was Presi-
dent of the Trenton Banking Company. He was Presi-
dent of the company which built the noble bridge that
unites Trenton to his native county in Pennsylvania.!
General Beatty was a Trustee of the church from 1799 to
1804, and again from 1822 till his death. He was received
to the communion May, 1808; ordained to the eldership
September, 1817, at the same time with James Ewing.
Robert McISTeely, and Joshua Anderson. Chief Justice
Ewing wrote his epitaph :
" Sacred to the memory of General John Beatty ; born
* Major Beatty is mentioned by "Washington in a letter of May, 1*788,
and there are letters from the Commander in Chief to him, of 1779, in
Sparks's Writings of Washington^ v. 393, vi. 295, 351.
f The foundation stone of the first pier was laid by General Beatty,
May 21, 1804, and on the thirtieth January, 1806, the completion of the
bridge was formally celebrated with a procession, an address by the
President, and a dinner. The Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1825) was " sorry
for the great hurry" in which he had to take the boat for Philadelphia,
" because I should have liked to have examined Trenton; it is a very
handsome place. . . . There is, moreover, at Trenton a remarkable bridge
crossing the Delaware. It consists of five great suspended wooden
arches, which rest upon two stone abutments and three stone piers. The
difference between this bridge and others consists in this, that in com-
mon bridges the road runs over the tangent, but in this bridge the
roads form the segment of the arch." (Travels through North-America^
vol. i. 136.)
404 Summerfield.
December 10, 1749 : died May 30, 1826. Educated as a
physician, he became early distinguished for benevolence,
assiduity, and skill. In the war of Independence, in im-
portant military stations, he faithfully served his country.
By the public A^oice he was called to the discharge of emi-
nent ci\dl offices. In the State and national Legislatures
repeatedly a representative, always active and influential.
For many years a ruling elder of this church. In every
walk of life amiable, honorable, and useful. He crowned
the virtues of the man, the patriotism of the soldier, and
the sagacity of the statesman by the pure piety and sin-
cere relio'ion of the devout and humble Christian."
Colonel Erkuries Beatty, of Princeton, was a brother of
Gen. Beatty, and father of C. C. Beatty, D.D., of Steu-
benviile.
IV.
In the summer of 1821 the Rev. John Summerfield, the
English Methodist preacher whose visit to this country
produced an impression still vividly retained by many of
his hearers, passed a few days in Trenton, and occupied
the Presbyterian pulpit for two successive evenings. Ab-
stracts of both his sermons are given by his latest biogra-
pher, who was one of the large audience that crowded the
church. He says : '' Mr. Summerfield received the most
marked attention from every class during his brief stay in
Trenton ; and though suffering all the while from sickness,
(for he was attacked the day after his arrival,) he strove to
entertain and edify the various company that sought his
society." "^ Neio Life of S>ummerfield^ by WilUam W.
Willett." Philadelphia, 1857.
James Ewing. 405
The most notable public event of 1824 was the visit of
General Lafayette to the United States. In his tour he ar-
rived in Trenton on Saturday, the twenty-fifth of Sep-
tember. Next morning he attended public worship in our
church ; afterwards* he visited Joseph Bonaparte at Bor-
dentown, and returned to spend the night. He break-
fasted here again July 16, 1825.
President Monroe, (who was wounded in the battle of
Trenton,) on his tour of 1817, arrived here on Saturday,
June seventh, and attended worship the next day in the
Presbyterian Church.
V.
James Ewing, father of the Chief Justice, and the tenth
child of Thomas and Mary Ewing, (p. 363,) first came to
Trenton as a representative of Cumberland county, in the
Legislature in 1774, and removed his residence there in
1779. He was afterwards, under Congress, Auditor of
Public Accounts, Commissioner of the Continental Loan
Office for N"ew-Jersey, and Agent for Pensions. He was
Mayor of Trenton, 1797-1803. For some years he was a
partner of Isaac Collins (p. 328) in merchandise, and there
is a letter of condolence from him to Mr. Collins, on the
death of his wife, in the Memoir of Mr. C. He was one
of the founders of the Library and the Academy. He
was a corporator, commissioner, and secretary of the
Society incorporated March 15, 1796, to make the Assan-
pink navigable from the " Trenton Mills " to *' the place
where it intersects the stage road from Burlington to
* " Apres I'office divin que nous entendimes dans I'eglise Presbyte-
rienne." Levassmfs Lafayeiie en VAmerique.
4o6 Jofeph Lancafter.
Amboy ;" and doubtless was in the company wbo on the
third February, 1797, descended the creek in the boat
Ho23e, from '' Davidstown," where the upper lock was
situated, to Trenton, in three hours, and so opened one
half of the proposed line of navigation.* Mr. Ewing was
elected a Trustee of the church September 5, 1808, and
ordained an elder September 21, 1817. He continued in
both offices until his death, which took place October 23,
1823. In accordance with his known objections to the
practice, no stone was placed to mark the spot of his in-
terment, which was in our church-vard.
VI.
It may be placed among the miscellaneous items of
1828, that on the fourteenth July the church was struck
with lightning ; but the conductor answered its purpose
so well that no mischief was done beyond the shattering
of a few panes of glass.
In October, 1827, the celebrated Joseph Lancaster
established his residence here, and opened a school. In
the next year a girls' school was taught by Mrs. Lancas-
ter. For a quarter the public schools were under their
joint direction. Their contract was to teach eighty child-
ren for one year, and supply books and stationery, for two
hundred and seventy-fiye dollars.
In October, 1828, the Synod, meeting in Trenton, unit-
ed in a general convention, which assembled in the church,
^ It may have been a revival of this scheme that was contemplated in
November, 1814, when a public meeting was called to form an associa-
tion " to supply the town with fire-wood by water."
Mrs. Mary Dunbar. 407
Chief Justice Kirkpatrick presiding, and the present Chief
Justice Green being Secretary. A project for raising forty
thousand dollars in two years, for erecting school-houses
and supplying teachers and missionaries through the
State, was recommended, as were also the objects of the
" General Sabbath Union," the American Temperance
Society, and the Sunday-school enterprise. In Novem-
ber, 1817, a convention met at Trenton and formed a State
Society for the supjjression of vice and the promotion of
good morals, principally by aiding the civil authorities in
executing the laws, and by diffusing a knowledge of the .
statutes and their penalties.
immjr:m^ —
VII.
Copy of an inscription on a stone in the pavement of
the church-porch :
" To 2^erpetuate the memory and the modest worth of
Mrs. Mart Du^stbar, this marble is placed over her grave,
a tribute of the grateful and affectionate remembrance of
her pupils, whom for three successive generations as school-
mistress she had taught in this city. Ever attentive to
the pious nurture of her pupils in private, and to the du-
ties of religion in public, she closed an exemplary and
useful life, December 9, A.D. 1808 : aged 1Q years."
James W. Alexander, D.D. — John W. Yeo-
MANS, D.D. — John Hall, D.D.
1829—1859.
The successor of Mr. Smith was the Rev.
James Waddel Alexander ; who graduated at
the Princeton College in 1820 ; entered the
Seminary 1821 ; was licensed 1825 ; installed at
Charlotte Court House, Virginia, 1827, and over
the Trenton Church, February 11, 1829. On
the last occasion Dr. A. Alexander presided. Dr.
Miller preached, (Matt. 4:19,) Kev. Eli F. Cooley
and Henry Perkins gave the charges.
The services of this pastorship began January
10, 1829, and terminated, October 31, 1832 ;
during which period iifty-one new communicants
were received, and thirty others on certificate.
Dr. Alexander having complied with a request
which I made of all the ex-pastors surviving at
the time of preparing this volume, for such remi-
niscences of their residence here as would come
Dr. Alexander's Letter. 409
witliin the scope of my work, I gladly incorporate
his letter in this stage of the narrative.^^
"I^EW-YoRK, February 10, 1859.
" My Dear Friexd : Tlie retrospect of my ministe-
rial life brings to view so many defects, and such unfruit-
fulness, that I have never been able to take pleasure in
numbering up sermons preached, visits made, and mem-
bers added ; nor have I any anniversary or autobiographi-
cal discourses to which I could refer. At your request,
however, I can not refuse to give you a few reminiscences
of my connection with the church of which you are the
pastor.
"A great intimacy subsisted between my father and our
predecessor, the Rev. James F. Armstkoxg, and the
friendship between their respective descendants continues
to this day. Mr. Armstrong had been the friend of With-
er spoon, Smith, and KoUock. He was laid aside from
preaching, by a disabling and distressing rheumatism, be-
fore I ever entered his delightful and hospitable house —
rich in good books, good talk, and good cheer — where old
* The ruling elders during Mr. Alexander's term were : 1. Nathaniel
BURROWES ; first an elder in Pennington, and received into the Trenton
session December 24, 1815, His monument is inscribed : " A memorial
of Nathaniel Burrowes, who died January 29, 1839, aged seventy-one
years. An elder of the Presbyterian Church for forty years." 2. Egbert
McNeely, who came to Trenton in 1791, was ordained to the elder-
ship 1817; died January 27, 1852, in his eighty-fifth year. He was for
eighteen successive years annually elected Mayor of Trenton. 3. John
VoORHEES, who is mentioned in the preceding chapter. 4, Samuel
Brearley, elected with Mr. A^oorhees in 1829, and died May 27, 1848-
33
4io Reminiscences.
and young were alike made welcome and happy. Bat
this brought me acquainted with Trenton, with that fami-
ly, and especially with Chief Justice Ewixg, by whose
means and influence, more than any other, I was after-
wards led to settlement among them. The family of Mr.,
afterwards Judge, Ewing, was the home of my childhood
and youth ; vvhich led that distinguished and excellent
man to look upon my early performances in the pulpit
with undue partiality. By him, and by»the late General
Samuel R. Hamilto^s^, who was a Princeton man, my
name was broug-ht before the con o;r eolation, and I was in-
stalled as their pastor, by a committee of Presbytery, on
the eleventh day of February, 1829. I had, however, be-
gun my labors with them on the tenth of January, when I
preached from 1 Cor. 11 : 28. My strictly pastoral labors
ended on the last day of October, 1832, when I preached
from Ezekiel 16 : 61, 62 ; though I continued to supply
the pulpit until the end of the year. My term of settle-
ment may therefore be called four years. The records
of the Church-session will show the number of accessions
to the communion of the church ; these were few. There
was nothing like a revival of religion during my contin-
uance with them, and it was cause of painful thought
to me that my labors were so little owned to the awaken-
ing of sinners. IsTeither am I aware that there was any
remarkable addition to the number of hearers. But the
people were forbearing and affectionate towards their
young and inexperienced minister, who for most of the
time was feeble in health, and was subjected, as you know,
to some unusual afflictions in regard to his early children.
" In those days we worshipped in the old church, which
Elders. 411
was sufficiently capacious, with one of the old-time high
pulpits. The congregation had been trained to habits of
remarkable punctuality and attention. Notwithstanding
some inroads of new measures during the previous period,
under the labors of a so-called Evangelist, the church was
as sound and staid a Presbyterian body as I have ever
seen. It comprised some excellent and experienced
Christians, and among these the valued elders whose
names you have recorded. Good Mr. Mcl^eely was slow
but sure ; an upright man, of more kindness than appear-
ed at first ; of little vivacity, and no leaning towards risks
or innovation. Mr. Voorhees and Mr. Samuel Brearlcy
came later into the session ; both, in my judgment, judi-
cious and godly men. Mrs. Armstroxg, the venerable
relict of the pastor first named, does not belong particu-
larly to my part of the narrative, except that she chose to
treat me with the regard of a mother for a son. She was
then in health and strength, and lived to exhibit a digni-
fied, serene, and beautiful old age. Having come of a
distinguished family, the Livingstons of ISTew-Tork, she
never ceased to gather around her fireside some of the
most elegant and cultivated society. Her conversation,
though quiet, was instructive, turning often upon the
heroes of the Revolution. She was, I think, at Princeton
during the battle ; indeed she was a native of that town.
From that excellent family I received support and encour-
agement of the most useful and delicate kind, during a time
of manifold trials. My term of seiwice was marked by no
striking external events, no great enlargement, excitement,
or disaster. The longsuffering of God was great towards a
412 James Pollock.
timid and often disheartened servant, who remembers the
period with mingled thankfulness and humiliation.
" At this time the Trenton church contained some ex-
cellent specimens of solid, instructed, old school Presby-
terianism. I shall never forget the lessons which it was
my privilege to receive from aged and experienced Christ-
ians, who must often have looked with wonder and pity
on the young minister who undertook the responsible task
of guiding them. The dying scenes which a pastor be-
holds in his early years make a deep impression ; and I
recall some which were very edifying, and which attested
the power of the doctrines which had been inculcated.
Among my most valued parishioners was a man in humble
life, who has lately gone to his rest, I mean James Pol-
lock. At a later day he was most wisely made an elder.
At that time he lived in a small house on Mill Hill, and
worked as a dyer in one of the woollen-factories on the
Assanpink. His figure was somewhat bent, and his hands
were always blue, from the colors used in his trade. But
his eye was piercing and eloquent ; his countenance would
shine like a lantern from the light within ; and the flame
of his strong and impassioned thought made his discourse
as interesting as I ever heard from any man. He had the
texts of Scripture, as many Scotchmen have, at his finger"
ends, and could adduce and apply passages in a most un-
expected manner. _ The great Scottish writers were fami-
liar to him. I think his favorite uninspired volume was
Rutherford's " Christ Dying and Drawing Sinners to
Himself." I lent him CaMn's Institutes, which he re-
turned with expressions of high admiration for 3Ir. Caul-
Pollock. 413
vin. His acquaintance with the reformation history of
his native land, in both its great periods, was remarkable,
being such as would have done credit to any learned
clergyman. Unlike many who resembled him in attain-
ment, Mr. Pollock was inwardly and deeply affected by
the truths which he knew. His speech was alu^ays sea-
soned with salt, and I deemed it a means of grace to
listen to his ardent and continuous discourse. He was
certainly a great talker, but without assumption or any
wearying of competent hearers. His dialect was broad,
w^est-country Scotch, for he was from Beith, in Ayrshire;
and while I was resident his sense of the peculiarity kept
him from praying in the meetings, though none could
otherwise have been more acceptable. Having from my
childhood been used to Scotch Presbyterians, and know-
ino- how some of the narrower amoncj them will stickle for
every pin of the covenanted tabernacle, and every shred
and token, as if ordained in the decalogue, I was both
surprised and delighted to observe how large-minded Mr.
Pollock was, in respect to every improvement, however
diiferent from the ways of his youth. I have witnessed
his faith during grievous illnesses, and I rejoice to know
that he was enabled to give a clear dying testimony for
the Redeemer whom he loved. Such are the men who
are the glory of our Presbyterian churches.
" During the term of my incumbency it is remarkable
that the two persons who had most influence in congre-
gational aftairs were not communicants, though they were
closely connected with all that occurred in the church ;
these were Chief Justice Ewixg and Mr. Southard, after-
wards Secretary of the [N'avy. It deserves to be noted,
OtJ
4H Chief-Juftice Ewing.
among the traits of a Presbyteriauism which is passing
away, that Judge Ewing, as a baptized member of the
chm'cli, always pleaded his rights, and once in a public
meeting declared himself amenable to the discipline of
chm-ch courts. (Discipline, chajx i. § 6 page 456.) There
is good reason to believe that he was a subject of renew-
ing grace long before his last illness in 1832. During this
brief period of suffering he made a distinct and touching
avowal of his faith in Christ.
" Judge Ewmg is justly reckoned among the greatest
ornaments of the Xew- Jersey bar. His acquaintance with
his own department of knowledge was both extensive and
profound, closely resembling that of the English black-
letter lawyers, who at this moment have as many imita-
tors at the IS^ew-Jersey bar as any where in America. He
was eminently conservative in Church and State ; punctu-
al in adherence to rule and precedent, incapable of being
led into any vagaries, sound in judgment, tenacious of
opinion, indefatigable in labor, and incorruptibly honest
and honorable, so as to be proverbially cited all over the
State. In a very remarkable degree he kept himself
abreast of the general hterature of the day, and was even
lavish in regard to the purchase of books. He was a truly
elegant gentleman, of the old school ; an instructive and
agreeable companion, and a hospitable entertainer. He
deserves to be named in any record of the church, for I
am persuaded that there was no human being to whom its
interests were more dear. As the warm and condescend-
ing friend of my boyhood and youth, he has a grateful
tribute from my revering affection.
" In one particular the people of Trenton were more
Dr. F. A. Ewing. 415
observant of our Form of Government (see chap, xxi.) than
is common. When from anv cause there was no one to
preach, the service was nevertheless carried on by the
elders, according to the book, and a sermon was read.
The reader on these occasions was always Mr. Ewing, and
the discourse which he selected was always one of Wither-
sj^oon's ; the choice in both cases being significant. I
have often been led to consider how much better this is,
for instance in country congregations, than the rambling
away to hear some ignorant haranguer, perhaps of an
erroneous sect, or the listening to a frothy exhortation
from some zealous and forward brother, without gifts and
without authority.
" The name of Dr. Feaxcis A. Ewixg, son of the Chief
Justice, naturally occurs to our thoughts here. Space is
not allowed for that extended notice which mio-ht else-
where be proper, for the Doctor's was a character well de-
serving close study. Though a professional man by title,
he was in fact and of choice much more a man of letters
and a recluse student of science. His attainments were
large and accurate, though made in an irregular way, and
though he never seemed to others to be studying at all.
In the classical languages, in French, in the natural scien-
ces, and in all that concerns elegant literature and the fine
arts, he was singularly full and accurate. In matters of
taste he was cultivated, correct, and almost fastidious.
Music was his delight, and he was equally versed in the
science and the art. It was after the term of my pastor-
ship that he developed his skill as an organist, but at a
much earlier day he devoted himself for years to the gra-
tuitous instruction of the choir ; and though I have heard
4i6 Samuel L. Southard.
many noted precentors, I can remember none who had
greater power of adaptation and expression. Though his
own voice was slender and uninviting, he long made his
influence felt in rendering all that was musical subservient
to the spirit of worship.
" Dr. Ewing professed his foith in Christ during my
years of ministry. His early religious exercises were very
deep and searching, and the change of his affections and
purposes was marked. He had peculiarities of tem-
per and habit which kept him much aloof from general
society, and thus abridged his influence. His likes and
dislikes were strong, and if he had more readily believed
the good will of others towards himself, he would have
been more useful and more happy. I should sin against
truth if I did not say that towards me he was for forty
years a warm, forbearing, tender, and at times most effi-
cient friend. I have been with him at junctures when it
was impossible not to detect, through all his extraordina-
ry reserve, the workings of a heart agitated and swayed
by gracious principle.
" Samuel L. Southaed was also a member of the con-
gregation, and a friend of all that promised its good.
More sprightly and versatile than Mr. Ewing, he resembled
a tropical tree of rapid growth. Few men ever attained
earlier celebrity in Xew- Jersey. This perhaps tended to
produce a certain character which showed itself in good-
natured egotism. Mr. Southard was a man of genius and
eloquence, who made great impressions on a first inter-
view, or by a single argument. He loved society, and
shone in company. His entertainments will be long re-
membered by the associates of his youth. It is not my
Elders. 417
province to speak of his great efforts at the bar ; he was
always named after Stockton, Johnson, and Ewiug, and
with Frehnghuysen, Williamson, Wood and their coevals.
Having been bred under the discipline of Dr. Finley, at
Baskingridge, he was thoroughly versed in Presbyterian
doctrine and ways ; loving and preferring this branch of
the Church to the day of his death. Defection from its
ranks gave him sincere grief, as I am ready more largely
to attest, if need be. In those days of his prime, Mr.
Southard was greatly under the salutary influence of
the Chief Justice, who was his Mentor ; I think he felt
the loss of this great man in some important points. So
earnestly and even tenderly did he yield himself to divine
impressions, that his friends confidently expected that he
would become a communicant. During this period he
was an ardent advocate of the Temperance Society, then
in its early stage. I remember attending a meeting at
Lawrenceville, in company with my learned friend, the
present Chief Justice, where Mr. Southard, following Mr.
Frelinghuysen, made an impassioned address in favor of
abstinence and the pledge. In regard to religious things,
the change to Washington did not tend to increased
solemnity or zeal. I have been informed that Mr. South-
ard felt the deep impression of divine truth at the close
of his days. As a young minister, I received from him
the affectionate forbearance of an elder brother, and I
shall always cherish his memory with love.
" Before closing this hurried letter of reminiscences, let
me note that the ruling elders during my day were
Robert McISTeely, Nathaniel Burrowes, John Voorhees,
and Samuel Brearley, all good and believing men, and all
41 8 The Rices.
gone to the other world. The Trustees were Messrs.
Rose, Chambers, Ewing, Burroughs, and Fish ; of whom
likewise all are gone, except my esteemed friends, Messrs.
Burroughs and Fish.
" Before taking my pen from the paper, let it be per-
mitted to me to give expression to a feeling of personal
regard to the late Mrs. Rice and her family, under whose
roof my years of early ministry in Trenton were passed.
She was a woman of a meek and quiet spirit, and was
honored and beloved, during a long life, for the benignity
of her temper and the kindliness of her words. Juliette
Rice, her daughter, was a person who in some circum-
stances would have become distinguished. To sincere
piety she added more than usual cultivation, delicacy of
taste, refinement of manners, and a balance of good quali-
ties which elevated her to a place among the most accom-
plished and even the exclusive. Under the disadvantage of
a deafness almost total, and a pulmonary disease which
slowly wasted her away, she manifested a sweet, uncom-
plaining disposition, and a steady faith in Christ. Amidst
the kindnesses of these good people I spent the first months
of my married life, and welcomed the tender mercies of
God in our first-born son, long since taken to be with the
Lord.
"Thus I end my rambling letter, (which, by-the-by, is
only the last article of an epistolary series extending
through forty years.) and am, as always,
" Your faithful friend,
" James W. Alexaxdee.
" The Rev. Dr. Hall."
Dr. Yeomans. 419
For neai'ly two years after Mr. Alexander's
removal tlie pulpit was siij)plied by transient
ministers. Amono: tliose who were most fre-
quently engaged were tlie Rev. Asahel Nettle-
ton and Truman Osborn. The minutes of Pres-
bytery for 1834 and 1835 show that efforts were
then proposed by some of the congregation for
enlarging the means of religious instruction,
either by employing an Evangelist or the erec-
tion of a Free Church. An " Evan^^elical Socie-
ty" had been formed which sustained Mr. Os-
born as a missionary in Trenton, Morrisville, and
Millham, but after his departure, and the settle-
ment of a pastor, things gradually returned to
their old channel.
On the sixteenth March, 1834, the Rev.
Symmes C. Henry, of Cranbury, was chosen
pastor, but he declined the call. On the sixth
of June following, the Rev. John William Yeo-
mans was elected, being then pastor of a Con^n^e-
gational Church in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
Dr. Yeomans is a graduate of "Williams College,
(1824,) and of the Andover Seminary. He was
duly received by Presbytery, and on the seventh
October, 1834, was installed. In that service
the Rev. David Comfort presided, the Rev. J.
420 Church of 1840.
W. Alexander preached, (from 1 Cor. 11 : 1,)
and Drs. B. H. Kice and A. Alexander gave the
charges. The actual ministry of Dr. Yeomans
is to be dated from September 11, 1834, to June
1, 1841, when he entered on the Presidency of
Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. To his energy
and influence not less than to the enterprise of
the congregation is owing the erection of the
commodious church which is now occupied by
the cou2:re2:ation. The corner-stone of the new
building was laid May 2, 1839, and services were
held for the first time on the Lord's day, Jan-
uary 19, ISIO."^' On the afternoon of that day
Dr. How preached, and Dr. A. Alexander admin-
istered the Lord's Supper. On that occasion also
three elders and three deacons were ordained.f In
the evening the Eev. J. W. Alexander j^reached.
"** The preceding structures stood upon the western part of the church
lot. The present one was placed in the central part. The dimensions
are one hundred and four feet length ; sixty-two feet breadth ; steeple one
hundred and twenty feet. Dr. Yeomans' dedication sermon was published.
For the very accurate and artistic sketch of the church from which the
frontispiece was engraved, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. J.
Fletcher Street, of the Normal School.
f The elders were James Pollock, Aarox A. Hutchinsox, and
Fraxcis a. Ewing, M.D. The deacons were Johx A. Hutches'sox,
Bexjamin S. Disbrow, and Joseph G. Brearlet,
In the year 1836 Thomas J. Stryker and Stacy G. Potts were
elected and ordained elders.
Rev. Dr. Webfter. 421
In the April of 1837 a church was organized
by a committee of Presbytery in Bloomsbury,
then a suburb of Trenton, and the place of wor-
ship was the building erected by those who fol-
lowed the Rev. Wm. Boswell in his secession
from the regular Baptist denomination, and
which was vacated upon his death in 1833.
This mission was diligently conducted for a year
by the Rev. Charles Webster,''^* beginning on the
second Sabbath of 1837, and was then suspend-
ed until the present " Second Church " of Tren-
ton was formed there.
Dr. Yeomans had a seat in the General As-
sembly of 1837, when the decisive acts were
adopted which resulted in the division familiarly
known as the Old School and New School — the
latter portion forming a distinct organization.
]N^o disturbance was produced in the Trenton
congregation by this revolution ; with entire
unity it remained in the ancient fraternity of
* "I preached in the church," says Mr. Webster in a letter written at
my request, "in the morning and evening; in the afternoon attended
the Sabbath-school. Once a month I took my turn of preaching in the
State prison and visiting the cells. One evening in the week I lectured
at private houses in Bloomsbury, Lamberton, or Mill Hill, and occasion-
ally at Morrisville (on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware) in the
afternoon."
34
422 Dr. Yeomans' Letter.
tlie cliurclies of the New-Brunswick Presbytery.
In tlie letter written at my solicitation, Dr. Yeo-
mans, after mentioning separately tlie elders
already introduced in this chapter as composing
the session of his time, thus proceeds :
" As then constituted, the session was in all respects the
most interesting one I have ever known. It was a great
pleasure and benefit to be with them in our frequent
meetings, (sometimes held every week.) I remember
those brethren with grateful respect and love, and for
their services in the Church can commend them, as I have
always done, for an example.
" The erection of the new house of worship was an in-
teresting occasion for that congregation. The whole pro-
cess was conducted in a manner and spirit unusually com-
mendable. The congregation felt the awakening enter-
prise of their venerable city, and the moment the business
of the place showed signs of revival, they were ready to
conduct the motion into their measures for religious
improvement. The building of the church fairly led the
way to the construction of tasteful architecture in the
place. The Court-House was built at the same time, but
the draft of the Church helped to determine the form of
that ; and the row of cottages beyond the canal, and some
other handsome dwellings which followed in the course of
improvement, were built by the men who came there to
build the church.
" I shall never forget the cordial and earnest way the
Reminiscences. 423
Trustees and others of the congregation, and indeed the
whole body, engaged in the work. I have scarcely
known a people who resolved to appropriate so much to
the erection of a house of worship in proportion to their
means at the time. They went through the work with-
out one case of personal disaffection arising out of their
proceedings, and their zeal and labor have since proved a
great blessing to them and to others. It is also a gratifi-
cation to remember the harmony and energy with which,
when they got ready, they paid off the debt ; and with
what liberality they have supported their minister, and
contributed to the extension of Christian influence in their
growing and important city. I consider the history of
that house of worship, from first to last, a very great
credit to the conoTCg-ation.
" We had during my ministry there no occasion which
was signalized as a revival. The accessions to full com-
munion were, if I rightly remember, more or less at every
sacramental celebration of the Supper. Sometimes, per-
haps the records will show, twenty or thirty in a year ;
perhaps even on a single occasion twenty.*
" It was probably one of the defects in my labors there,
that they were attended with so few striking results.
But many are far more decisive than I am inclined to be,
in aiming at the kind of awakenmgs which are frequent
in some parts of the Church, and pubUshed with so much
avidity in the papers. But the fact in the history of my
ministry in Trenton is as stated above. The duties of the
* The total additions to the communion in Dr. Teomans' pastorate
were seventy-two on examination, eighty-five on certificate.
424 Calls.
pulpit, thougli very imperfect, were performed with very
few interruptions through the period ; and the excellent
spirit and active cooperation of the session were a great
help to the efficacy of the divine ordinances.
"Among the signs of imjDrovement which appeared
during that term, was that of increased attention to the
baptism and religious training of children. The subject,
when brought up in public instruction and private conver-
sation, appeared acceptable and j)rofitable. In following
up the labors of Brother Alexander there, I recollect no
evidence of imi^rovement with more interest than that.
As to general progress, the growing activity and intelli-
gence of the leading members of the congregation, to-
gether with the increase of their number, would enable
any discerning observer to foresee the progress made
there since, under the incitements of a growing popula-
tion, and of expanding business, and the impulse and guid-
ance of a faithful and effective ministry."
On tlie third May, 1841, the congregation
unanimously resolved to recall Dr. Alexander,
who was still in the professorship in the College
at Princeton, to which he had been transferred
from his charge in Trenton ; but upon being
assured that it would not be in his power to
comj^ly, it was prosecuted no further. A new
election on the last day of May resulted in the
choice of Mr. John Hall, of Philadelphia, who
immediately took charge of the congregation,
Present Statiftics. 425
and was both ordained and installed August 11,
1841. The Eev. Dr. Cooley presided, Dr. Yeo-
mans preached, (Ephesians 4 : 11,'^) Dr. J. W.
Alexander and Dr. S. C. Henry gave the charges.
The incidents of the last eighteen years' his-
tory of the Church in Trenton must be despatch-
ed in a few particulars.
The statistics are as follows :
Communicants received on examination, . . 217
" " by certificate, . . 262
Present number of communicants, . . . 312
Infants baptized, ...... 290
Adults " 114
Funerals, 335
Marriages, . . . . . . . .216
The Brick Church, already spoken of as once
occupied by Mr. Boswell's congregation, was
purchased, refitted, and opened for public wor.
ship with a sermon by Professor Albert B. Dod,
July 24, 1842. The Second Presbyterian Church
was organized there November 15, 1842, and
the Rev. Baynard R. Hall was its first stated
supply. The Rev. Daniel Deruelle, of Pennsyl-
* The substance of the sermon (on " the pastoral ofSce") appeared in
the Biblical Eejpertory for January, 1842.
34*
426 Second Church.
vania, was installed its pastor May 21, 1843. In
September of the same year a small lecture-
room was built adjoining that church. Mr.
Deruelle's pastoral relation was dissolved Feb-
ruary 1, 1848, and on the ninth October the
Rev. Ansley D. White, of Indiana, was installed.
In 1851 the church was enlarged to twice its
original size, and was reopened September 27.
In 1857 a spacious building was erected, of two
stories, for a lecture-room and Sunday-schools.
The church was organized with eleven members
from the First Church ; the present number of
communicants is two hundred and sixty-five.
In the year 1846 there remained a debt of
six thousand seven hundred dollars for the build.-
ing of the First Church. By a general subscrip-
tion in the cono:reo:ation at the close of that
year, the entire sum was at once obtained, and
all obligations cancelled.
In April, 1849, thirteen communicants of the
First Church, and four from other churches,
were organized as the Third Church. Twenty-
five others from the parent body were soon
afterwards added. The new congregation first
met for public worship June 17, 1849. The
Kev. Theodore L. Cuvler was installed pastor
Third Church. 427
October 3, 1849, and their house of worship
was opened November 7, 1850. Mr. Cuyler re-
signed the charge April 27, 1853, and the Rev.
Jacob Kirkpatrick, Jr., was ordained, and in-
stalled November 3, 1853. The decline of his
health compelled his resignation February 2,
1858. The communicants then numbered about
two hundred. A parsonage was provided dur-
ing Mr. Kirkpatrick's incumbency. On the
eighth of February, 1859, the Rev. Henry B.
Chapin, of Ohio, was installed as pastor.
A mission chapel, built (at the cost of twenty-
two hundred dollars) in the northern extrem-
ity of the city, on ground given by Mr. John
S. Chambers, was opened for religious services
January 8, 1854, and a Sunday-school organ-
ized. Worship was conducted on the after-
noons of the Sabbath by the pastor of the First
Church, with occasional assistance, until May,
1856, when Mr. John H. Sargent served statedly
as the chaplain for one year. No successor has
yet been found.
In 1853 the First Church was extensively im-
proved by the building of an iron fence and lay-
ing a stone pavement along the entire front of the
lot, introducing gas, painting the interior walls,
428 Fourth Church.
and other repairs, at a cost of thirty-four hundred
dollars, mostly defrayed by jDrivate subscription.
While the work was in progress, the congrega-
tion worshipped with the Third Church, then
without a pastor.
On the sixth November, 1858, the Foueth
Church was organized, with a few members from
the First, and sixty from the Third Church. On
the twenty-fifth February, 1859, the Rev. En-
WAED D. Yeomans, son of Dr. John W. Yeo-
mans, was installed their pastor.
The followino: rulino: elders have been elected
and ordained, in the First Church, during the
present pastorate :
Samuel Roberts, ) t 1 ^ 1 o ^ r.
Jonathan Fisk, [ J=*°"^'7 16, 1846.
George S. Green, ) y /. lo^o
Augustus G. Richey, [ ^^"^^ ^' ^^'^'
NOTES.
I.
N^iCHOLAs Jacques E^^iaxuel de Belleville was born
at Metz, France, in 1753; studied medicine under his
father ; passed seven years in the schools and hosj^itals of
Paris,* and came to Trenton under the circumstances re-
* Dr. Belleville was in Paris iu llli, when Louis XYI. came to the
throne, and used to tell of his hearing the populace cry, (in allusion to
Dr. Belleville. 429
lated in the following note furnished to me by Philemon
Dickinson, Esq., as heard from the Doctor's lips :
" He happened to be, in the spring of 1777, on a visit
to a gentleman, an acquaintance of his father, who lived
in the south of France, whither he usually repaired in the
winter season, on account of the delicate state of his health.
He there met and was introduced to Count Pulaski, who
had just come from Italy, where he had been obliged
to take refuge on account of the active part he bore in
the well-known attempt to restore the liberties of Poland.
" The Count was then on the eve of his departure for
this country, and having taken a liking for the Doctor,
invited him to accompany him. For some time he hesi-
tated, by reason of his want of money, but the gentleman
at whose house he was, when informed of this fact, told
him if a hundred guineas would be sufficient for his pur-
pose he would supply him, and that his father could re-
imburse him. He further supplied him with every thing
necessary for the voyage, and on the last day of May,
1777, he left Paris, and embarked at ISTantes on the ninth
of June, for the United States.
" The vessel in which he sailed was a sloop-of-war,
mounting fourteen guns, with a crew of one hundred and
five men. She had on board about sixteen hundred stand
of arms for the American troops. On the twenty-sec-
ond July they arrived in Massachusetts, and the first
town he entered was Salem, where he staid some days
and afterwards went to Boston.
the tradition of Henry lYtli's wish that every peasant might have a fowl
for his pot-pie,) '■^ Poule-au-pot ! x>oule-au-pot P"*
430 Dr. Belleville.
" He attended the Count, in the capacity of surgeon, in
the different parts of the country to which he went for
the purpose of recruiting a legion, which the Count was
authorized to raise by the Provincial Congress.
" Pulaski remained some time at Trenton for that pur-
pose, where Belleyille became acquainted with Dr. Bry-
ant, a physician of eminence, who took a fancy to him,
treated him kindly, and endeavored to jDcrsuade him to
give up the army and settle in Trenton ; offering to do all
in his power to introduce him into practice. Dr. Belle-
ville, however, attended Pulaski to the South, and while
stationed there he received a pressing letter fi'om his friend.
Dr. Bryant, repeating his offer, and urging his leaving the
army ; representing the improbability of his succeeding
there so well as by settling down to the practice of his
profession. This letter he showed to Pulaski, who told
him it was not his wish to stand in the way of his advance-
ment, and if he thought he could do better, to accept the
offer of Dr. Bryant. He did so, and in the fall of 1778
took up his residence in Trenton, where he remained until
his death."
Dr. Belleville was eminent in his profession, and highly
esteemed for his social qualities. He was sometimes called
to attend the exiled King of Spain at Bordentown, and
was his almoner on at least one occasion, (February 5,
1831,) when the Female Benevolent Society of Trenton
acknowledged fifty dollars " from the Count de Survil-
liers, by Dr. Belleville." Mrs. Belleville was a communi-
cant ; the Doctor was a pew-holder and occasional attend-
ant, but was too fond of his elegant edition of Voltaire to
Chief- Justice Ewine. 431
'to*
relish the Gospel. He was buried in our church-yarcl, and
one of his pupils, Dr. F. A. Ewing, in addition to a dis-
criminating obituary in the State Gazette of Dec. 24,
1831, furnished the inscription for his tomb :
" This stone covers the remains of Dr. Nicholas Belle-
ville. Born and educated in France ; for fifty-four years
an inhabitant of this city. A patriot warmly attached to
the principles of liberty ; a physician eminently learned
and successful ; a man of scrupulous and unblemished in-
tegrity. On the seventeenth day of December, A.D.
1831, at the age of seventy-nine years, he closed a life
of honor and usefulness ; by all respected, esteemed,
lamented."
II.
For a more extended notice 01 Chief Justice Charles
Ewing, than I can find room for now, I must refer to the
eulogy, pronounced in the church at the united request of
the Council of Trenton and the bench and bar of the State,
by his intimate friend. Governor Southard, and to the
memoir furnished by the same hand to Longacre's " Na-
tional Portrait Gallery."* He was born July 8, 1780;
prepared for college at the Trenton Academy, when it
was under Mr. Armstrong's direction ; took the first honor
at Princeton College at his graduation in 1798; read law
under Mr. Leake, (p. 399,) and was admitted to the bar
in 1802. The next year he was married to a daughter of the
Rev. James F. Armstrong. He was appointed Chief Justice
* There is also an extended notice of his character in an address by
Lucius H. Stockton, published in the New-Jersey Gazette, Sept. 15, 1832^
432 Epitaph.
in October, 1824, and reappointed in 1831. He died of
cholera, August 5, 1832. Mr. Ewing was a jDunctual and
leading member of the board of Trustees, and of the con-
gregation, from his election, April, 1814, till his sudden
death. Mr. Southard declared in his public discourse that
he was in the habit of holding up the entire character of
the Chief Justice as a model for aspirants after profession-
al honors, and said that " his exposition of the system of
jury-trial, before the Literary and Philosophical Society
of New- Jersey, [Jan. 28, 1826,] is the most finished and
beautiful exhibition of its merits which is to be found, in
the same compass, in our language." He drew his friend's
character in the following terms, as they are now read on
his monument :
" Beneath this marble rest the mortal remains of
Charles Ewixg, LL.D., Chief Justice of the State of
N'ew-Jersey.
" In intellect, vigorous and discriminating. In indus-
try, assiduous and persevering. In integrity, pure and
incorruptible. In manners, affable, dignified, and polish-
ed. In morals, spotless. A profound jurist and upright
magistrate. An accomplished scholar, and patron of lite-
rature and science. The advocate and supporter of be-
nevolent institutions. He won, in an eminent degree, the
respect, the love, and confidence of his fellow-citizens.
Happy in his domestic relation, home was the theatre of
his most endearing virtues, and the sphere in which he
loved to move. He reverenced the doctrines and prac-
tised the precepts of the Christian religion. In the vigor
of his mental and bodily powers, surrounded by blessings,
cheered by the approbation of his fellow-men, with an ex-
Boswell — Allison. 433
tended prospect of service and usefulness before him, lie
"Was attacked with a violent disease, which suddenly ter-
minated his life on the fifth day of August, A.D. 1832, in
the 53d year of his age."
III.
The Rev. Wm. Boswell had been for sixteen years pas-
tor of the Baptist congregation of Trenton and Lamber-
ton, when (1823) he issued an address to its members, on
account of his adoption of some new tenets, which leaned
to Swedenborgianism. His address was answered by a
longer letter from the Rev. John Burtt, (first editor of
" The Presbyterian " in Philadelphia,) who was then
preaching in Trenton. Mr. Boswell died June 10, 1833,
at the age of fifty-seven. His grave is in the rear
of the building where he last preached — now the Second
Presbyterian Church. Near to it is that of another prom-
ment Baptist minister, the Rev. Buegess Allison, D.D.,
who died on a visit to Trenton, February, 20, 1827.
The First Baptist Church of Lamberton was opened
November 26, 1803; when the sermon was preached by
Dr. Staughton.
Mr. Bosw^ell's was called " The Reformed General Bap-
tist Meeting-House." It was built (of brick) in eleven
weeks, and was opened October 19, 1823. The dimen-
sions were fifty-four feet by forty.
IV.
Thomas Wilsox, an intelligent colored man, was re-
ceived to our communion on certificate from New- York,
November, 1839. He was a shoemaker, but was bent
35
4 '^4 Wilson — Lowry.
upon becoming qualified as a missionary in Liberia. For
this purpose lie removed to Easton, and studied under
the direction of his late pastor, the President of the
College. He sailed for Africa, as a missionary of our
Board, in April, 1843. His wife and infant died soon
after their arrival, and a second child not long after-
wards. Wilson's station was Sinoe, where he opened a
day-school and Sunday-school, and preached every week.
In 1845 he opened a small building as a church, and under-
took to teach a school of native children in a neighboring
town, and an evening school of adult colonists. He per-
severed manfully through great hardships till September
8, 1846, when he died of an illness of a few days. In the
•artless language of one of his children who sent me the
intelligence : " I hope he is resting, for when he did labor
he labored hard, and suffered much from want of food
and clothing." The Annual Report of the Board in the
next year, says : " His death is a great loss to the Church
and to Africa. His experience and knowledge, his indus-
try and perseverance, fitted him for usefulness in this im-
portant sphere of labor."
Another colored member of our church, Elymas P.
RoGEES, was ordained by our Presbytery March 6, 1845,
and is now pastor of a large congregation in Xewark.
V.
By the will of Miss Jaxe Lowey, who died Novem-
ber, 1851, the sum of two hundred dollars and her pew
were bequeathed for the benefit of the poor of the church.
By the will of Mr. James Brearley, who also died Novem-
ber, 1851, the sum of five hundred dollars was left to the
Trustees, without specific directions.
APPENDIX.
History of the Pkoposal to make Trenton the Capital of the
United States.
In the notice of Doctor Cowell's will, on page 292, it was stated
that one of his legacies was to the United States, in case Congress
should make Lamberton — then a precinct of Trenton — the seat of
the National Government. Although this gives the subject a very-
slender connection with the title of this volume, I depend on the
local interest it possesses, to make acceptable what I have digested
from the Journals of the Congress of the Confederation.
The Congresses before the Constitution held their sessions in
different places, but principally in Philadelphia and New- York.
In June, 1783, preparation was begun to select what was called a
" permanent residence" for Congress, by appointing the first
Monday of the following October, to take into consideration such
offers as might be made from the places that aspired to that dis-
tinction. In the same month in which the resolution was passed
by Congress, the Legislature of New-Jersey agreed to offer to
yield to the United States, jurisdiction over any district to the ex-
tent of twenty miles square, and to grant £30,000 in specie for
the purchase of lands and the erection of buildings.
On the sixth of October, 1783, the question was taken, " In
which State buildings shall be provided and erected for the resi-
dence of Congress ; beginning with New-Hampshire, and proceed-
ing in the order in which they stand." Upon this vote all the
States were successively negatived. On the next day a motion
was made by Mr. Gerry, " That buildings for the use of Congress
43^^ Capital of
be erected on the banks of the Delaware, near Trenton, or of the
Potomac near Georgetown, provided a suitable district can be pro-
cured on one of the rivers aforesaid, for a federal town." By
amendment the names of the towns were stricken out, and the
rivers left ; and it was finally resolved on that day, first, that the
federal town should be erected on the banks of the Delaware ; and
then, that the site should be "near the falls," that is, near Tren-
ton on the New-Jersey side, or in Pennsylvania on the opposite.
A committee of five was appointed to view the respective situa-
tions, and report.
The question of locality how became a subject of agitation be-
tween the North and the South. On the day after the appoint-
ment of the Committee, a motion was made to reconsider the pro-
ceedings, " in order to fix on some other place that shall be more
central, more favorable to the Union, and shall approach nearer to
that justice which is due to the Southern States." This failed.
On the tenth, a motion of Mr. Williamson, of North- Carolina,
was unsuccessful, which proposed that the present Congress
(then in session at Princeton) should adjourn at once to Philadel-
phia, sit there till June, and then adjourn to Trenton. A motion
of Mr. Duane, of New- York, also failed, which called for an imme-
diate adjournment to Trenton. On the eleventh, Mr. Ellery, of
Rhode Island, moved for an adjournment to Annapolis till June,
and then to meet at Trenton, The latter clause was stricken out,
and the words, " for the place of their temporary residence," were
joined to "Annapolis ;" but the amended motion was lost.*
The selection of Trenton, or its immediate vicinity, seemed now
to be most probable ; but the minority against the Delaware loca-
tion was so large and influential, that Mr. Gerry proposed as a
compromise that Congress should have two residences, to be occu-
* " Trenton was next proposed, on which question the votes were divided by the
river Delaware." " The vicinity of its falls is to become the future seat of the Feder-
al Government, unless a conversion of some of the Eastern States can be effected."
Madison to Randolph, October 13, 17SS. Madison Papers, vol. i. 576.)
the United States. ^ 437
pied alternately ; the one to be on the Delaware, as already
determined, and the other on the Potomac, at or near George-
town. On the twentieth, Mr. Gerry further proposed, that
until the buildings on the Delaware and Potomac were pre-
pared, the residence of Congress should be alternately in Trenton
and Annapolis. On the twenty-first, Mr. Gerry's entire motion
was adopted.*
In December, 1783, Congress met at Annapolis, and the ques-
tion of the Federal city was reopened. Mr. Jefferson and Mr.
Monroe endeavored to have Alexandria substituted for George-
town, as the Southern capital, but Virginia was the only State
that voted aye.t
Congress met in Trenton, November 1, I78i. On the tenth
December, South-Carolina moved that : " It is expedient for Con
gross to adjourn from their present residence." This was nega-
tived on the eleventh, and on the twentieth it was resolved to
take measures for procuring suitable buildings for national pur-
poses, and a sum, not exceeding $100,000, was appropriated for
that object. It was also determined to be inexpedient to erect
such buildings at more than one place at that time. Mr. Pinck-
ney made an unsuccessful motion to have the arrangements for
alternate sessions at Trenton and Annapolis repealed, and on the
twenty-third December an ordinance was introduced, providing
for the appointment of three commissioners, to lay out a district of
not less than two, nor exceeding three miles square, on the banks
of either side of the Delaware, not lower than Lamberton, nor
more than six miles above it, for a Federal town.
The whole discussion was renewed on a motion for the appro-
* This act was the occasion of one of Judge Francis Hopkinson's humorous publica-
tions, in which, under the title of " Intelligence Extraordinary," he described the
new mechanism of government as a pendulum vibrating between Annapolis and
Trenton. {Hopkinson's Works, vol. i. 178.)
t August 22, 1784, a memorial was presented to the New-Jersey Senate from John
Cox and others, citizens of New-Jersey and Pennsylvania, praying that the ten miles
square might be laid out on the Delaware, and furnishing the draft of such a tract.
35*
438 Capital of
priation. An effort was made to substitute Georgetown for Lam-
berton, but the ordinance was finally adopted that the Commis-
sioners, without delay, should have the Federal city laid out in
some district not more than eight miles above or below the lower
falls of the Delaware ; and enter into contracts for erecting and
completing, "in an elegant manner," a Capitol, houses for the
President of Congress, and principal officers of the government,
with a " due regard to the accommodatipn of the States with lots
for houses for the use of their delegates respectively," and that
Congress should hold its sessions in New- York until the public
buildings were ready for their reception. The immediate outlay
of the Commissioners was not to exceed $100,000. Congress ad-
journed on the day after the decision, after acknowledging the
attentions of the Legislature of the State, and the exertions of the
inhabitants of the town in providing the members with accommo-
dations.*
The order of the day for February 8, 1785, was to elect Com-
missioners under the ordinance of December 23, 1784. Various
efforts were made by the Southern delegates to delay the progress
of the measure, but the majority persevered, and Philip Schuyler,
Philemon Dickinson, and Robert Morris were elected Commission-
ers, and upon Mr. Schuyler's declining, John Brown was put in
his place. None of these were members of Congress. Mr. Dick-
inson was an inhabitant of Trenton, and Mr. Morris had an estate
on the opposite side of the Delaware, now the town of Morrisville.f
* The lanrlholders near the falls were not insensible to their opportunity. In the
New-Jersey Gazette of May, 17S5, and many following months, Joseph Higbee offers
for sale " a valuable tract of land, containing three hundred acres, situate within
three miles of Trenton, in the county of Burlington and township of Nottingham,
and within a mile of Lamberton, where it is expected the Federal town will be built."
t Washington foresaw the disadvantages of Lamberton. On the day of the above
resolution, he wrote from Mount Vernon, to the President of Congress, in a private
letter : " Ey the time your Federal buildings on the banks of the Delaware, along the
point of a triangle, are fit for the reception of Congress, it will be found that they
^re very improperly placed for the seat of the empire, and will have to undergo a
second erection in a more convenient one." ( Writings, vol. ix. 95.)
the United States. 439
!
When the first appropriation to tlie Commissioners was called
for by the Committee of Supplies, (April 5, 1Y85,) — "Federal
buildings, $30,000" — Mr. Grayson, of Virginia, moved its refusal,
but he was overruled. Then, on motion of j\Ir. Pinckney, that
vote was reconsidered, and the report was recommitted. Here
the matter rested until the twenty-second September, when the
appropriation of $30,000 coming before the house, Mr. Gerry
loved to make it the whole sum of $100,000, but none of the
'^States except Massachusetts and New-Jersey voted for it ; upon
rwhich, on motion of Mr. Hardy, of Virginia, the item was en-
Vtirely stricken out of the bill, which was a virtual repeal of the
prdinance.
'^ The question of location was not revived after this until May
^10, 1787, when Mr. Lee, of Virginia, moved that the Treasury
•Board take measures for erecting public buildings, for the accom-
jjmodation of CongTess, at Georgetown on the Potomac. This was
/ost.
J In a few months (September, 1787) the Constitution of the
XTnited States was adopted, and the Congress of the Confederation
'g3xpired. The Constitution contained a provision implying that the
'^eat of Government should be placed in a district " not exceeding
jten miles square," which should be ceded to the exclusive legisla-
tion of Congress. Offers came in from all quarters. The Convention
■,t)f New-Jersey, which ratified the Constitution, recommended to
ithe Legislature to enter into the competition for the Capital, which
'^hey did by a vote, September 9, 1788, offering the requisite ter-
ipitory.
j} In September, 1789, Mr. Boudinot, in the House of Representa
■'^ives, once more proposed "the banks of either side of the river
iPelaware, not more than eight miles above or below the lower
■ialls," but it failed by a vote of four to forty-six ; and so Dr.
'^IJowell's legacy to the United States lapsed.
I I may close the history by stating that the main question was
.iifinally settled by a compromise between the North and the South.
440 Deed oi
The Northern States being anxious for the assumption of the debts
of the several States by the General Government, and the Southern
States being opposed to that measure, and the two sections being
in like manner on opposite sides as to the locality of the Capital,
there was a mutual bargaining of votes. The scheme is said to
have originated with Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton,
(Secretary of the Treasury,) and consummated at the dinner-table
of Mr, Jefferson (Secretary of State) by Messrs. White* and Lee
of Virginia, who agreed to change their votes on the assumptior'
question, in consideration of Morris and Hamilton undertaking tc
effect a corresponding change in the Northern votes for the Capi-
tal ; accordingly, the Assumption measure passed the House by a
vote of thirty-four to twenty-eight, and the Potomac site bj'
thirty-two to twenty-nine.f In July, 1790, it was determined t(
have the seat of Government on the Potomac, and in 1791, "Wash-
ington selected the spot which now bears his name. According to
the terms of the act, Congress remained in Philadelphia until De-
cember, 1800. J
DEED OF BASSE AND REVEL.
EEFEEKED TO ON PP. 29-30.
To all people to whom these Presents shall come :
The Honorable Jeremiah Basse, Esq., Governor of the Province
of East and West-Jersey, and Thomas Revel, of the town and-
I
* " With a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive," says JeflFerson in his Ana. I
t HUdretli's United States, vol iv. 210-21G. Mr. Jefferson said in ISIS that he|
was " most ignorantly and innocently made to hold the candle" in this game, (Ana.,j
Works, vol. ix. p. 92 ;) and again, " I was duped into it by the Secretary of the Trea-i
sury, and made a tool for forwarding his schemes, and of all the errors of my politi-
Cil life, this has occasioned me the deepest regret." (Letter quoted inHildreth, vol.
iv. 363.)
X " We are to remove before the first of December to Philadelphia, and, if we livej
so long, in ten years to the Indian place with the long name on the Potomac.*'!
[Conococheague.] {Oliver Wbleotf, July 23, 1T90. Gihhs' Federal Administra-
tions^ ch. il)
Bafse and Revel. 441
county of Burlington, in the Province of West New-Jersey,
Gentleman, Agents for the Honorable the "West-Jersey Society in
England, send greeting :
Know ye that we, the said Jeremiah Basse and Thomas Revel,
(as agents as aforesaid,) for the accommodation and service of the
inhabitants of the township of Maidenhead, within the liberties or
precincts of the said county of Burlington, and the inhabitants
I near adjacent, (being purchasers of the said Society's lands there,)
' or the erecting of a meeting-houSe, and for burying-ground and
, fcSchool-house, and land suitable for the same, for and in considera-
-cion of five shillings to them, the said agents, or one of them in
Ipand paid for the use of the said Society by Ralph Hunt and'
{John Bainbridge, of Maidenhead aforesaid, as well for themselves
^a,s by the appointment and on the behalf of the rest of the inhab-
i'.tants of said township, at or before the sealing hereof, whereof
rind wherewith the said agents do hereby acknowledge themselves
-fully satisfied and paid on behalf aforesaid, they, the said Jeremiah
(Basse and Thomas Revel, have given, granted, and sold, aliened,
•bnfeoffed, and confirmed, and by these presents, on behalf of the
paid Society, do fully and absolutely give, grant, and sell, alien,
■enfeoif, and confirm unto the said Ralph Hunt, and John Bain-
Ibridge, and Johannes Laurenson, Wm. Hixson, John Bryerly,
jSamuel Hunt, Theoph. Phillips, Jonathan Davis, Thos. Smith,
«cXasper Smith, Thos. Coleman, Benjamin Hardin, Wm. Akers,
^Robert Lannen, Philip Phillips, Joshua Andris, Samuel Davis,
^i:lnathan Davis, Enoch Andris, Cornelius Andris, James Price,
»Vohn Runion, Thos. Runion, Hezekiah Benham, Benjamin Maple,
"jLawrence Updike, Joseph Sackett, and Edward Hunt, all of Maid-
( enhead aforesaid, one hundred acres of land, already taken up,
Ijaid forth, and surveyed, within said Society's tract of land above
t^he falls, commonly called the fifteen thousand acres, in the town-
ship of Maidenhead aforesaid, for the use aforesaid ; together with
.'rill and every the ways, easements, profits, commodities, hercdita-
■ ments, and appurtenances to the said one hundred acres of land
442 Deed.
belonging or appertaining, and all the estate, liglit, title, interest,
possession, property, claim, and demand whatsoever, as well of
the said Jeremiah Basse and Thomas Revel (as agents as afore-
said) as of the said Society in law and equity, and either of them
of, in, or unto the said one hundred acres of land and granted
premises belonging or appertaining ; and the reversion and rever-
sions, remainder and remainders of the same and of every part
thereof To have and to hold the said one hundred acres of land
aid granted premises, and every part and parcel thereof, with the
appurtenances, unto the aforesaid persons particularly mentioned,
and to their heirs and successors forever, as well to the only pro
per use and behoof of them the said persons particularly mentioned
as abovesaid, as to all and every other, the inhabitants of thc'i
said township aforesaid, and parts adjacent, who are or shall -
be purchasers of the aforesaid Society's lands, and to the heirs,' 1
assigns, and successors of them and every of them forevermore ■^ .
to be holden for, by, and under the quit rents thereout issuing'
unto our Sovereign Lord, the King, and his heirs and successors,
and the arrears thereof, (if any be.)
In witness whereof the said Jeremiah Basse and Thomas Revel,
in the name and on the behalf of the said Society, have hereuntoj
set their hands and seals the eighteenth day of March, Anno Dom.j
169f, Annoq. R. R. Gulielm. tertii Angl. etc., undecimo.
J. Basse, (L.S.)
Thos. Revel. (L.S.)
Sealed and delivered in the presence of
Jxo. Tatham,
Nath. Cortland, Justice. 1
Joseph Revel.
A true copy of a deed recorded in liber B, No. 2, page 655.
Thos. S. Allison, '•
Sec. of State. |;
It will be seen from the above that the name of Blnathan Davu}.
\\
was omitted on p. 80. '
Trenton and Falls. 443
ADDITIONAL NOTES.
Page 24. Smith's language, when he mentions the death of
Wm. Trent, Dec. 29, 1T24, is : "Being a large trader at Trenton ,
w\ n that place was laid out for a town, it from him took its
If lat J, being before significantly called Little-Worth." (History
( f New-Jersey, chap, xxii.)
In 1726 the Legislature granted to James, son of ^Ym. Trent
the exclusive use of the Delaware for a ferry, " two miles above
and two below the falls."
Smith's History, under date of 1765, says : " The courts are
.held at Trenton, a place of concourse and lively trade. It stands
;at the head of the tide, and in a high, pleasant situation. The in-
habitants have a public library. Of places of worship, [in Hun-
terdon county,] the Presbyterians are nine, the Low Dutch do.
one, German do. one. Episcopalians three, Quakers two. Baptists
two."
In a letter from Wm. Franklin (afterwards Governor) to his
father, Burlington, June 10, 1767, he says : " Governor Went-
worth [of New-Hampshire] visited me on his journey home, and
lay a night at my house. I next morning accompanied him as
far as Trenton Falls, where we spent the day a fishing, and
supped together." {FranMhCs Correspoiidence., ly Duane, p 35.)
" The first falls in Delaware river in Trent Town are opposite
to the forty-seventh mile of this divisional line" — that is, Law-
rence's line between East and West-Jersey, run in 1743, and start-
Ino- from Little Egg Harbor. {Douglass' Summary, ii. 282.)
Page 27. The statement at the beginning of this page would
be more exact by inserting, that by act of Assembly Jan. 22,
1709-10, Burlington county was made to include Maidenhead,
Hopewell, and Amwell. The portion of Trenton, now above the
Assanpink, was then in Hopewell. Hunterdon county, as set off
in March, 1713-14, included what are now the counties of Morrit*,
444 Notes.
Sussex, Warren, and Hunterdon, and the present townships of
Trenton, Ewing, Lawrence, and Hopewell, in Mercer county.
Pages 30 and 870. The inscription on Bainbridge's grave
stands thus :
"In memory of
i
lohn Banbridge who di'd Febry.
the 14^^^- 1732. In y" 75^^^ Year of his Age."
The first i in his name was inserted after the name had been
cut. The family name in England had another variety, as is
found in an epigram quoted in Bayle's Dictionary, beginning —
" Doctor Banibridge came from Cambridge." {Art. on John
Bairibridge ; 5(?7Vi 1582.)
Page 33. Kichard Eayre. This is probably the same family
that has since been better known as Eyres and Eyre. In our
church-yard is the grave of " Sophia, relict of Capt. Richard
Eyres, formerly of Philadelphia ;" February 9, 1801 : aged 60.
Page 51. For " «?if? Pennington" read "«^ Pennington."
Page 66. "A letter from the people of Trenton, desiring care
to be taken to procure a minister for them, was read ; but nothing
was or could be done to purpose about it at that time." Minutes
of Presbytery of PMladelpTiia., September 19, 1734.
Page 76. In a letter of Gov. Belcher, June 8, 1751, it is said
that " Mr. Thomas's interest in Trenton had been bought by
Robert Lettice Hooper, for £2900 sterling — thought a good sale."
( WhitelieacVs Analytical Index^ p 273.)
Page 83. For the records and documents relative to the Schism,
see Baird's Assembly's Digest^ pp. 592-617. (Second edition.)
Pages 95 and 280. The "Analytical Index" gives the heads
of several communications that passed between Governor Franklin
and the royal authority in England, in reference to a petition of
the Presbyterian clergy in New-Jersey, for a charter for the
Widows' Fund. See Index under dates of May 11, 1772, Feb.
27, April 10, June 2, Oct. 18, 1773. The charter was granted.
Notes. 445
Page 111. Wm. Morris and Richard Salter were Justices of
the Peace at Trenton. Gov. Belcher (Dec. 1755) disapproved of
their course in committing a number of Susquehannah and Dela-
war3 Indians to jail, as they belonged to Pennsylvania. An.
Ifidex, p. 830. See also p. 280. Nov. 2. Saltar was the name of
the Treasurer of the State who, in October, 1803, was seized in
his house in Trenton, and robbed of the public funds to the amount
of eleven thousand dollars.
Page 163. The date of 1757, as that of the removal of the Col-
lege, is incorrect. The explanation is on page 124.
Page 171. " Trenton, June 21, 1761," is the date of a letter,
from John Brainerd to the Rev. Enoch Green, written "in a
minute or two, as I passed through town" — ^printed in the Presby-
tericm Magazine^ Oct. 1852.
Page 200. The Commissioners held their court at Trenton
from November 12th to December 30th, 1782. Their decision,
which was in favor of Pennsylvania, is known as " the Trenton
decree." (ITollister^s History of the Lackawanna Valley^ p. 59.)
The Commissioners were TVm. Whipple, Welcome Arnold, David
Brearley, William C. Houston, and Cyrus Griffin. The Agents for
Pennsylvania were Joseph Reed, Wm. Bradford, James AVilson, and
Jona. D. Sergeant. Those for Connecticut were Eliphalet Dyer,
Jesse Root, and Wm. Samuel Johnson. Henry Osborne was
Solicitor.
Page 223. May 30, 1766, Mr. Spencer, as Moderator, signed
the Synod's Pastoral Letter upon the repeal of the Stamp Act.
The letter is given in Baird's Digest^ p. 836.
Pages 229 and 231. The name of Samuel Hill is in the grave-
yard; "born September 14. 1716: Died May 5. 1785." An
adjoining stone is marked "Smith Hill: Died January 9. 1822,
aged 71 years."
Page 338. The result of the experience of such uses of the
Church as are related on this and other pages, was given by Mr.
Armstrong in his sermon at the opening of the new church in
3G
] 1 6 Officers (){
1806. The position taken by him in the annexed paragraph is
now an established rule of our Trustees. " I know," said the
preacher, " that superstition has often conferred upon churches
a degree of sanctity which can only belong to the object of all reli-
gious worship. But I know also that in the attempt to wipe out
this vestige of superstition, too many have swept away with it
that respect and veneration which we ought to cultivate for places
where God has promised his presence to his people. The use of i
churches, for purposes not immediately connected with religious
exercises, though innocent in itself, must have a tendency to
weaken our respect and veneration for them. Civil, political, or
literary scenes and exhibitions, mingled at intervals, though not
on the Lord's day, will more or less weaken a sense of that serious-
ness and solemnity which is associated with a house set apart for
the worship of God. Nothing, therefore, but urgent and unavoid-
able necessity should open the doors of our sanctuaries for exer-
cises which are not immediately subservient to the purposes of reli-
gion or devotion."
Page 425. Add to the statistics that in the time included, 262
communicants were dismissed by certificate.
OFFICERS OF THE TRENTON CHURCH.
PASTORS.
1736-60
1161-66 .
1169-84
1786-1816
1816-21
:» 32 1-24 .
1825-28
1829-33 .
1834-41
David Co well.
William Kirkpatrick, (Supply.)
Elihu Spencer.
James F. Armstrong.
Samuel B. How.
William J. Armstrong.
John Smith.
James W. Alexander.
John W. Yeomans.
1841- .... John Hall.
Trenton Church.
447
ELDERS AND DEACONS.
1760 John Chambers,
1806 Nicholas Dubois.f
John HendricksoQ,
1815 Nathaniel Burrowes.
Stephen Rose.
1817 JohnBeatty,
1764 Joseph Green.
James Ewing,
1765 Benjamin Yard,
Robert McNeely,
Hezekiah Howell,
Joshua S. Anderson.:}:
William Tucker.
1829 John Voorhees,
1771 Samuel Hill, ) *' Elders
Ebenezer Co well. ^ for town.'
Samuel Brearley.
'1836 Thomas J. Stryker,
Jacob Carle,
Stacy G. Potts.
John Howell,
" For the
1840 James Pollock,
Timothy Hen-
Old House."
Francis A. Ewing,
drickson.
Aaron A. Hutchinson,
Benjamin Smith. " Deacon
John A. Hutchinson, ")
for Trenton.'
' Benj. S. Disbrow, >■ ^^^'
1777 Wm. Green, )
Joseph Green, f beacon?.
Joseph G. Brearley. ) ^^^^'
1846 Samuel Roberts,
1782 John Howell. Deacon.
Joseph G. Brearley,
1787 Alexander Chambers,
Jonathan Fisk,
Jacob Carle,
Stanhope S. Cooley, ) Dea-
B. Wesley Titus. ) con?
Isaac Smith,
Benjamin Smith,
Nathaniel Furman,
1856 Andrew R. Titus, )
William J. Owens j^^^^°^^-
Ogden Woodruff.*
1858 George S. Green,
1797 Peter Gordon.
Augustus G. Richey.
1806 Benjamin Hayd
en,t
* After several years' service, Mr. Woodrufif was, at his own request, excused from
acting ; but at the wish of the Session he resumed his place Jan. 1, 1S09. There was
another suspension of his services in 1S15-1G, but he again took his seat and acted
until his death, Nov. 4, 1821.
t Time of election is uncertain,
X Mr. Anderson's name appears in the Records of Session until 1828; after this he
removed to Philadelphia, where he resided for some years, but returned to Trenton ,
and died here in June, 1S40, in his sixtieth year.
448
Officers of" Trenton, Ewing,
TRUSTEES.
n56 David Cowell, 1789
Charles Clark.
Andrew Reed,
Arthur Howell, 1799
Joseph Yard,
William Green,
Alexander Chambers. 180-4
17 GO Moore Furman, vice Reed. 1808
1762 Obadiah Howell, v. Cowell.
1764 Wm. Kirkpatrick, J v.A.How- 1811
James Cumine, > ell, Yard,
Abraliam Hunt. 3 and Fur- 1818
[man. 1822
1766 Joseph Reed, Jr., ^ v. Cumine, 1823
Samuel Tucker, > Kirkpa- 1825
Daniel Clark. 3 trick, and
[Green.
1770 Elihu Spencer, v. Reed.
1771 Joseph Tindal, v. 0. Howell.
1777 Benjamin Clark, v. C. Clark.
1780 Nathaniel Furman ?;. Tindal.
1783 Moore Furman, v. Spencer.
1786 Daniel Scudder, v. B. Clark.
1788 Isaac Smith, v. M. Furman. 1838
1788 Bernard Hanlon, ^ v. D, Clark,
Hugh Runyon, > N". Furman,
Moore Furman, ) & Scudder, 1856
Aaron D. "Woodruff,
Benjamin Smith,
I V. Tuck-
\ er, and
[Runyon.
V. Hanlon,
& A. Cham-
bers, Sen.
1826
1833
John Beatty,
Alex. Chambers,
Jr.,
Peter Gordon, v. Beatty.
James Ewing, \ v. I. Smith &
Peter Hunt, ) M. Furman.
Benj. Hayden, v. P. Hunt.
Charles Ewing, v. B. Smith.
S. L. Southard, v. Woodruff.
John Beatty, v. A. Hunt.
John S. Chambers, v. J. Ewing.
Amos Hartley, ^ v. Gordon,
Ebenezer P. Rose, > Southard,
Benjamin Fish, ) and A.
[Chambers.
Charles Burroughs, v. Hartley.
Henry W. Green, ^ v. C. Ew-
Armitage Green, v ing, Hay-
Thos. J. Stryker. ) den, and
[Beatty.
Sam'l R. Hamilton
X. J. Maynard,
) b(
Geo. S. Green,
Wm. G. Cook.
Cham-
bers and
[Rose.
V. A. Green
& Maynard.
PASTORS OF EWING,
(or trexton first church,) ses'ce separaton from town church.
1789-1821 Joseph Rue. 1858-A. P. DeYeuve.
1823-1858 Eli F. Cooley.
Lawrenceville and Pennington. 449
PASTORS OF LAWRENCEVILLE,
(since separation.)
1807-28 Isaac Y. Brown. 1836-48 Joseph Mahon.
1830-35 Henry Axtell. 1851- Abraham Gosman.
PASTORS OF PENNINGTON,
(or first church of HOPEWELL.)
1731-85 John Guild. 1826-38 Benjamin Ogden.
1785-1826 Joseph Rue. 1838- George Hale.
ELDERS OF
(fro3i the beginning
Enoch Armitage,
Reuben Armitage,
Ephraim Titus,
Thomas Baldwin,
Joseph Titus, (Sen.,)
Nathan Hunt,
John Smith,
Abraham Pittenger,
John Hunt,
John Muirheid,
John Carpenter,
Jesse Christopher,
Nathaniel Burro wes,
Charles "Welling,
Stephen Burro wes,
Jacob Hoff,
Israel Hart,
John Hoflf,
PENNINGTON,
to the present time.)
Enos Titus,
Daniel G. Howell,
Aaron Hart,
Enoch Ketcham,
Theophilus Furman,
Joab Titus,
Edmund Roberts,
Isaac Welling,
Joseph Titus,
Nathaniel R. Titus,
John Guild Muirheid,
Azariah Hunt,
John Smith Hunt,
Benjamin S. Holt,
John Ellis Burd,
Enoch Armitage Titus,
"Wilson Black well.
DEACONS OF PENNINGTON.
Titus Hart,
Solomon Titus,
Edmund Roberts, (Sen.,)
John Davison,
Jacob Hoff,
Daniel G. Howell,
450
Officers of Pennington
Aaron Hart,
Enoch Ketcham,
Eenjamin Hoffj
Andrew Titus,
Reuben Titus,
Daniel H. Hart,
George Woolsey,
James Burroughs,
Jonathan Smith Hart.
TRUSTEES.
The earliest record of a meeting of the congregation of "The
First Presbyterian Church of Hopewell," bears date September
30th, 1786 ; when the seven following were elected Trustees,
namely :
John "Welling, Jr.,
John Smith,
John Price Hunt,
Amos Moore,
Stephen Burro wes, Jr.
Nathaniel Hart,
Dr. Hezekiah Stiles Woodrufif,
Subsequently, at various times, those named below have been
elected :
Henry Baker,
John Muirheid,
John Yancleve,
Ephraim "Woolsey, (Sen ,)
Enoch Hunt,
Stephen Titus,
Jesse Hunt,
Jesse Moore,
Stephen Hunt,
John Carpenter,
James Stevenson,
Enoch Ketcham,
Edmund Roberts,
Charles "Welling,
George Muirheid,
Samuel Moore,
Aaron Hart,
Josiah Hart,
Andrew Titus,
Joseph Titus,
John Guild Muirheid,
Garret J. Schenck,
Christopher L, 'Wynkoop,
George Woolsey,
Asa Hunt,
Stephen B. Smith,
"William D. Blackwell, ,
Jonathan S. Hart,
George R. Cook,
Ephraim Woolsey,
John Ellis Burd.
and Titusville.
451
TITUSVILLE
The Presbyterian congregation of Titusville was formed by a
colony from the Pennington Church, consisting of thirty-five
families, with eighty-five church-members. The church was
organized on the tenth of January, 1844. The first pastor, the
Eev. Garret Van Artsdalen, was ordained and installed May 22d,
1844. His pastoral relation was dissolved February 3d, 1852.
On the fourteenth of September, 1852, the Rev. Jesse B. Davis
was installed pastor, and still continues.
The names of the ofiicers of this church and congregation are as
follows :
ELDERS
Joseph Titus,
Edmund Roberts,
Theophilus Hunt,
John TV. Burroughs,
John Welling,
Theodore HofF.
DEACON.
Isaac S. Nevius.
TRUSTEES
Joseph Titus,
Theodore Hoff,
John Welling,
Philip T. Hunt,
John Johnson,
Isaac Parley.
FIRST MEMBERS OF NEW-BRUNSWICK PRESBYTERY.
At the end of the fifth volume of the Records of the Presbytery
of New-Brunswick, is " A Catalogue of Ministers and Candidates
who have been members of, or belong to, the Presbytery since
the time of its first constitution, August 8, 1738." This Cata-
logue is arranged to give to each name the dates of license, ordina-
tion, and reception by Presbytery, from whence received, the
pastoral charge, changes of charge, date of dismission, to what
body dismissed, date of death, and miscellaneous items. The
45^
First Members
Catalogue continued to February 1, 1859, numbers about five
hundred and eighty. The " Candidates" on the list appear to be
only such as were in due time licensed by this Presbytery. I
wish I had room for the entire document, but must be satisfied
with transcribing the first one hundred and seventeen names,
(which embrace all to the year 1800,) with the date of ordination
as far as given. The first five were the original members from the
Presbytery of New- York :
Gilbert Tennent,
John Cross,
Eleazar Wales,
"William Tennent,
Samuel Blair,
John Rowland, 1739,
James McCrea, 1741,
Wm. Robinson, 1741,
James Campbell, 1742,
Samuel Finley, 1742,
Wm. Tennent, Sen.,
Richard Treat,
Samuel Sackett, 1742,
David Youngs, 1742,
Charles McKnight, 1744,
Charles Beatty, 1743,
Wm. Dean,
Joseph Lamb,
Andrew Hunter, 1746,
Daniel Lawrence, 1747,
James Davenport,
Job Pruddeo, 1757,
Thomas Lewis,
John Campbell, 1750,
Timothy Allen,
Benjamin Chesnut, 1751,
Israel Reed, 1750,
Samuel Kennedy, 1751,
John Todd, 1751,
Eliab Byram,
Samuel Harker, 1752,
Henry Martin,
Conradus Wortz, 1752,
Benjamin Hait, 1755,
Jeremiah Halsey, 1767,
David Cowell,
John Guild,
Wm. Kirkpatrick, 1759,
Alex. Macwhorter, 1759,
Samuel Davies,
John Carmichael,
John Clark, 1761,
John Hanna, 1761,
Wm. Mills, 1762,
James Caldwell, 1760,
James Hunt, 1760,
Joseph Treat, 1762,
Amos Thompson, 1763,
Samuel Parkhurst, 1762,
Thomas Smith,
Elihu Spencer,
Wm. Tennent. Jr., 1762,
Enoch Green, 1762,
Jacob Ker, 1763,
of New-BrunswiciC Presbytery. 453
James LyoQ, 1764,
Nathan Ker, 1763,
David Caldwell, 1TG4,
John Rosbrough, 1764,
Francis Peppard,
Simon "Williams,
Alexander Mitchel,
Jonathan Edwards, Jr,
James Thompson,
John Blair,
Jacob Vanartsdalen, 17*71,
John "Witherspoon, 1745,
John Simpson,
Wm. Schenck, 1771,
Alexander McLean,
Caleb Wallace,
Moses Allen,
John Debow, 1775,
Oliver Reese,
James Gourlay,
Philip Stockton, 1778,
Hugh White,
John Warford, 1776,
George Faitoute, 1779,
John Woodhull, 1770,
Samuel S. Smith,
Peter Willson, 1784,
Joseph Rue, 1784,
Joseph Clark, 1784,
Russel,
Wm. Boyd, 1784.
Ira Condict, 1787.
James Muir,
Asa Dunham, 1787,
Walter Monteith, 1786,
James F. Armstrong,
Ashbel Green,
Thomas Grant, 1791,
Daniel [or Darius] 0. Gillct,
Gilbert T. Snowden, 1790,
Adam Ramsay,
Cyrus Gildersleeve, 1792,
John J. Carle,
Charles D. Green,
Stephen Yoorhees,
Samuel F. Snowden, 1795,
David Barclay, 1794,
Thomas Hickman,
Robert Finley, 1795,
Hollo way Hunt, 1795,
Robert Russell,
Joseph Caldwell,
George Scott, 1798,
Wm. B. Sloan, 1789,
Andrew Hunter,
Geo. Spafford Woodhull, 1798,
Ebenezer Grant, 1800,
David Comfort, 1800,
M, Lerue Perrine, 1800,
John Cornell, 1800,
Nathaniel Harris.
INDEX
TO SUBJECTS, AND TO BOOKS CITED.
» ♦ »
-Academy, 121, 326, 32t
"Adam," 292
Adams' Life and Works, 199, 2 to,
339, 341
Aitken's Bible, 329
Akers, 30
Alexander, A.. 367, 383, 388, 401,
408, 420
Alexander, J. W., 391, 392, 408, 420,
424
Allison, 433
Amwell, 184, IST, 189
Anderson, (or Andris,) Joshua, 30,
54
Anderson, Cornelius, 30, 35
EUakim, 76,
Enoch, 80, 36, 54, 56
History of Colonial
Church, 107
Andrews, Jedediah, 31, 73, 75
Arch Street Church, 89
Armitage, E., 43, 44, 49, 87, 109,
112, 147
Armitage, R., 43
Armstrong, J. F., 58, 295, 409
" " Mrs., 347, 411
" W. J., 389
Arnold, 92
Assanpink, 24
" Navigation, 405
Bailey's Travels, 23
Bainbridge, 30, 370, 444
Baird, 385, 390
" Digest, 444, 415
Baldwin, 43
Bancroft's History, 18
Bank, 243, 403
Barclay, 19
Barnes, 390
Barracks, 101
Basse's Deed, 29, 55, 440
Battle of Trenton, 243, 403
Bayle's Dictionary, 444
Beakes, 53, 176
Beatty, John, 235, 402
" C. C, 390, 404
" Erkuries, 404
Belcher, 117, 213
Bell, 245
Bellamy, 165
Bellerjeau, 73, 245
Belville, 248
Belleville, 64, 428
Bethune, 397
Bible Printing, 329
" Societies, 22, 397
Biddle, 262
Bishop, 371
Blairs, 295
Blake's Biog. Dictionary, 330
Bloomfield, 381
Bolton's History, 107
Bonaparte, 347, 430
Bond, 113, 234
Bonham, 30
Boswell, 421, 433
Boyd, 20, 287
Braduer, 41
Brainerd, 171, 208, 415
ii Index to Subjects, and to Books cited.
Brearley, 409, 411, 420, 434
Bridge, 403
Brissot's Travels, 345
Brittain, 256
Brown, I. V., 362
Bryant, 235, 430
Bryerly, 30
Burnaby's Travels, 100, 101
Burr, 117, 123, 163
Burroughs, 35, 36
Burro wes, 394, 409
Burt, 206
Cadwalader, 9V, 112
Call, 67
Campaign, Southern, 303
Campbell's "Chancellors," 318
Candidates, 297
Carle, 229, 232
Carnahan, 393
Capital, U. S., 292, 435
Castiglioni, 347
"Cato," 191
Chalkley's Journal, 202
Chambers Family, 121, 158, 160,
427
Chapin, 427
Chaplaincies, 170, 215, 267, 278,
300, 303
Charter, 154, 284, 313
Chastellux, Travels, 276
Cincinnati, The, 337, 338
Clarks, 76, 155, 156
Clarkson, 122
Cleayton, 35
Cliosophic Society, 118
Clunns, 249
Coleman, 30
College of Xew-Jersey, 116, 121,
188, 280
Collins, 328
Commission, 93
Congress, Journals of, 262, 278,
435
Constitution, 322
Convention. 187
Cooley, 24, 390, 408, 425
Coppers, 377
Corner-stone, 354
Cornwallis, 266, 286
Corn well, 43
Cosby, 152
Cottnam, 238, 248
Cowell, Rev. D., 67
" Dr., 291
" Ebenezer, 233, 238
" John, 294
Coxe, 236
Craighead, 94
Cranbury, 34
Creed, Dr., 247
Crookshank's History, 15
Cumines, 194
Cujler, 426
Dagworthy, 35, 76, 111, 146, 196
Damages, 264
Dauphin, 281
Davies, 90, 122, 126, 128, 131, 133,
137, 170, 213
Davis, 30, 33, 36
Deane, 36
Debow, 277
Decow, 240
Dedication, 355
Deeds, 29, 33, 35, 55, 440
Deklyn, 234
Delaware Falls, 22, 443
Deruelle, 426
Dickinson, M., 43, 47
" P., 429, 438
Dockwra, 11
Dod, 425
Douglass's Summary, 23, 104, 444
Dubois, 63, 224, 301, 384
Dufiaeld, 269
Dunbar, 407
Dutch Colonists, 9
East- Jersey Presbytery, 49
Eayre, 33, 444
•' Ecce Jesum," 242
Edmundson's Travels, 20
Edwards, Sr., 125, 210
" Jr., 204 ■
Index to Subjects, and to Books cited. iii
Edwards' Life of Brainerd, 208,
209
Ely, 394
Episcopal Church, 103. 290
Epitaphs, 20, 144, 189, 190, 203
239, 244, 256. 288. 375, 386,
394, 397, 401, 40S, 407, 409,
431,432
Erskines, 248, 316
" Works, 317
Evans, 41
Everiit, 43
Ewing Church, 28, 35, 37, 448
'• Jame?, 405
" Charles, 396, 413, 431
" Fraijcis A., 59, 360, 415. i
420, 431
Ewing, John, 363
" Sermon, 322
Maskell, 363
Examinations, 297
Execution, 91, 149
Exegesis, 169, 242
Ealls of Delaware, 22, 62, 443
Farley, 36
Fast -day, 337
Field's Miuutes, 187
" Provincial Courts, 201, 237
" on Tennent, 96
Finley, 82, 129, 131, 175, 183. 223,
334, 380
Fire Company, 334
Fitch, 250
Flemington, 336
"Flint, Dr.," 291
Foote's North-Carolina, 219, 221,
228
Foote's Virginia, 122, 213
Fortescue. 348
Fourth Church, 428
Franklin's Life and "Wriiings, 89,
240, 253
Franklin's CorrespondeLce, 443
Freeman, 151, lf>3
Frelinghuysen. 392
Funerals, 145
Furraan, 43, 113, 146, 162. 194.
282, 364
General Assembly, 319
Gibbs's Federsl Administrations,
398, 440
Giffing, 73
Gillies's Collections, 87
Gordon, 264, 299, 402
Gospel Propagation Society, His-
tory, 103
Gospel Propagation Society; ab-
stracts, 105
Gould, 109, 202
Gowns, 381
Grave-yard, 34, 370, 379
Green, 158
" Dr. A.. 89, 322, 368
'* His Auto-memoir, 89
" Notes and Discourses, 116.
118
Grellet, 328
Griffin Funeral Sermon by, 124
Guild, 51, 95, 134
Hale, 29, 44, 46.
Hall, 424, 425
" B. R. H.'s Oration, 118
Halsted's Reports. 237
Hamilton, 410
Hanlon, 249
Hardin, 30
Harker, 178, 217
Hart, 31, 76, 201
Hayden, 402
Heath, 33
Henry, 257, 419, 425
Heston, or Hasten, 33
Higbee, 241, 438
Hildreth's History, 10, 440
Hill, 229, 231, 445
History, Church, 335
*' Documentary of N. Y., 107,
210, 23.3, 252.
Historical Collections of N. J.. 78,
96
Historical " Penn., 10'.^
*• Mass., 210
iv Index to Subjects, and to Books cited.
Hixon, 30
Hodge, 390, 393
" ' liistory, 82, 83
HoUister's History, 445
Home, or Hume, 150, 151
Hook, 12
Hooper, 102. 114, 247. 316, 444
Hopewell, 26, 28, 32
HopkinsoD's Works, 437
Hospitul 278
Houdin, 105, 242
Houston, 303, 308, 445
How, 240, 384. 388, 420
Howell, 36, 157, 158, 162. 194.
240, 286
Hubbard, 65
Humphrey's History, 103, 104
Hunt, 30, 43. 76, 195, 365
Hunter, 185. 341
ilunterdon, 27, 444
Hutchinson, 33, 420
Ice House, 102
Incorporation of Presbytery, 342
Indian Missions, 211
Irish Colonists, 9, 17
Irving's Life of Washington, 271,
333
Irwin, 251
Jefferson's Life and Works, 287, 440
Randall's, 287. 342
Tucker's, 287
Jersey. East, 9
Johnston's Autobiography, 344
July Fourth, 337
Kalm's Travels 23, 97, 146
Kent, 44
Kmgsbury, 76
Kirkpatrick, 135, 163, 190. 191,
427
KoUock. 343, 409 I
Ladies' Committee, 278
Lafayette, 404
Lalor, 394
Lancaster, 406
Lanning, or Lannen, 30, 75
Latin, 300
Lawrenceville, 27, 28, 32
Lawrenson, 30
Lawrie, 11
Leake, 64. 399
Legacies, 149, 156, 159, 194. 196,
202, 244, 285, 286, 292, 434
Levasseur's Travels, 405
Lee, Memoirs of R. H., 267
Library, 335
Lightning, 406
Littlewortb, 24, 443
Livingston, 275, 287, 290, 309, 329
Lock art, 35
Log College, by Alexander, 83. 86,
164
Longacre'a Gallery, 431
Lossing's Field Book, 196, 271
Lott, 71
Lotterie.s 105, 113, 120,353
Lowrey, 258, 278
Lowry, 434
Ly ell's Travels, 351
Lyon, 182
Macaulay's History, 11, 13
Macwhorter, 164. 167. 169. 217.
270
McDowell, 386
McKnight, 203
McNeely, 409, 411
Madison Papers, 436
Maidenhead, 26, 27, 31
Map. 26
Maple, 30
Marshall's Washington, 332
Mather, 46
Mathis, or Mathias, 246
Meditations, 44
Medium, 175
Melish's Travels, 101
Merseilles, 241
Messler's Memorial, 245
Michael's, St., 33. 34, 103, 106,
107, 259
Michaux, 346
MiUer, 288, 367, 373, 390, 401, 408
Index to Subjects, and to Books cited.
Monroe, 406
Montgomery, 226
Moore, 42
Moreau, 347
Morgan, 45
Morris, 29, 76, 438
" Papers of Lewis, 29, 74,
78, 151
Murray's Elizabethtown, 155
Nassau Hall, 1 1 7
Neshamony, 19, 86, 181, 251
New- Jersey, 9, 70
" Legislature. 201, 284,
302, 329
New-Jersey Executive Correspoud-
ence, 329
Neltleton, 419
Newspapers, 108
North-Carolina, 167, 213, iil7, 221,
261
Nottingham Sermon, 88
Occom, 377
Officers, 446
" Old Church," 26, 33
Old and New Sides, 89
Oldmixon's History, 11, 12, 104
Orme's Life of Baxter, 14
Orr, 41
Osborn, 419
Paine, 350
Paper mill, 331
Parsonages, 32, 50, 176, 312, 316
Pastors, 446, 448, 449, 451
Paxlon, 237, 270
Pemberton's Serraou, 94
Pennington, 28, 42, 449
Persecution, 13
Pettit, 197
Pews, 260
Philadelphia Churches, 19, 89, 199
" Newspapers, 93. 94,
108, 118, 120, 153, 199
PhiUips, 30
Pidgeon, 238, 246
Pine Street, 198, 199
Pinkerton, 237
Poem, 38
Pollock, 412, 420
Porterfield, 64, 72
Post Office, 109
Potter's field, 380
Potts, 250, 254, 350
Prayer, 356
Prenceta, 242
Presbyterian Magazine, 46, 445
Presbytery, Members of, ^51
Presbyteries, 40, 48, 49. 85 88
Price, 30
Priest's Travels, 22
Proprietors, 10
Prout, 36, 75, 109
Pula.ski, 429
Puritans, 9
Quakers, 9, 10
Quincy's History, 69
Hah), 196, 270
Ramsey, 185
Read's Memoir, 393
Records of Presbyterian Church,
41, 49, 50, 82, 181, 184, 212
Reed, 36, 74, 75, 110, 111, 113,
157, 163, 196, 445
Reed, Life and Correspondence, 197
" Memoir, 197
" Mrs., Life of, 197
Reeder, 35, 256
Revel, 29, 440
Revival, 83
Riddel, 14, 15
Rice, 331, 385, 418
Riker's Annals, 35, 36
Ringo, 42, 71, 110
Rochefoucault's Travels, 101. 346
Rodgers, 222
Rogers, 434
Rosborough, 267
Roscoe, 366
Rowland, 84, 86, 87, 96
Rue, 51
Ruuyon, 30, 258
vi Index to Subjects, and to Books cited.
Rutherford, 346
Ryall, 247
Sabine's Loyalists, 237
Sacket, 80, '36, 40
St. George's, 222
Salary, 173, 175, 191, 205, 230,
313
Salmagundi, 347 !
Sanford's Life, 385
Sargent, 427
'• History, 102
Saxc-"Weiraar's Travels, 4(i3
Schism, 83
School, 120
Scot, 13
Scot's Model, 15
Scotch Colonists, 9
Scudder, 35, 73, 74, 75
Seal, 314
Second Church, 421
Sedgwick's Life of Livingston, 201,
202, 291,329
Sergeant, 289
Settlement of New-Jersey, 9
Severos, or Severance, or Siferons,
36
Shard, 349
Sherman, 396, 397
Sherrerd, 382
Shippen Papers, 102
Sinclair, or St. Clair, 101, 102
Singer, 249
Smith, 30. 32, 36, 42, 64, 243, 255,
386, 393
Smith's History, 24, 443
Southard, 397, 416, 431
Sparks's Library, 255, (See Frank-
lin and Washington)
Spencer, 122. 135. 207, 208, 445
Sprague's Annals. 212. 268, 269. 377
Sproat, 199
Stacy. 24, 54
Standards, 322
Stamford, 272
Staughion, 433
Stearns's Newark, 165
Stirling, 102
Stockton, 390, 398, 399
Stone Church, 59
Strong, 209
Siuddiford, 390
Sammerfield, 404
Sunday- Schools, 382
SutclifTs Travels, 347
Synods, 89, 95, 216, 313
Tennents, 43, 79, 84, 96, 122, 169
" Sermons, 164
Tennent Church, 20
Theological Seminary, 367
Third Church, 426
Thomas's History of Printing, 330
Thompson, 206 '
" Long Island, 281
Tindal, 282
Tinicum, (Tohikan,) 167
Tracy's Life of Evarts, 398
Trent, 35, 52, 443
Trenton, 29, 53, 66, 73, 97, 98, 108
Decree, 445
Newspapers passim
Trustee.^, 154, 180, 447
Tucker, 34, 200, 203, 234, 274
"Udang," 106
Ulster, 17
Union Fire Company, 334
Updike, 30
" U. P. P. S. Q. S.," 301
Van Vleck, 47
Vault, Qi, 151
Von Veghten, 245
Voorhees, 393, 409, 411
Waddell, 355
"Wansey's Travels, -^3, 345
Warford. 190, 272
Warrell, 111, 114. 239
Washingtjn, 333, 341, 344. 378
Mrs., 341, 351
Writings, 279. 333,
403, 438
Washington Benevolent Society,
369
Index to Subjects, and to Books cited. vii
•Vatson's Anuals, 52
" Memoirs, 101
Webster, 222, 421
" History, 66
Weld's Travels, 101
Westcott's Life of Fitch, 255
Wharton. 369
Wheaton's Reports, 277
While, 281, 426
Whiteiield, 84
" Journal?, 91, 92
Whitehead's East-Jersey, 16
" Perth Amboy, 92,
236
100,
Whitehead's Analytical Index, 444
Whittlesey's Life of Fitch, 255
Widows' Fund, 95, 280, 444
Willett's Life of Summertield, 404
Williams, 252
Wilson, 66, 227, 255, 433
Wimer. 245
Witt 249
Wod row's History, 14
Woodruff, 396, 397
Woolsey, 46, 245
Yard, 40. US, 121, 151, 157, 23'6
Yale College, 43. 46,
Yeomans, 419, 422, 425, 428
r
I
JUL ;h1 1931