A history of the state of Ohio : natural and civil

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HISTORY

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STATE OF OHIO,

NATURAL AND CIVIL.

BY CALEB ATWATER, A. M.

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY ; OF THE RHODE ISLAND
HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF
NEW YORK; AND OF THE AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL SOCI-
ETY ; AUTHOR OF WESTERN ANTIQUITIES ; TOUR
TO PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, ETC., ETC.

FIRST EDITION.

.J* J O >' > >

CINCINNATI:
STEREOTYPED BY GLEZEN & SHEPARD,

ecked

Kv\

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.--,«.

Entered according to the act of Congress, in the yeJir eighteen hundred and

thirty-eight,

BY CALEB AT WATER,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ohio.

• « « « • «
• • • ••

« • f r • •

May lSi3j

TO

THE YOU N G MEN*

OF

OHIO.

4

This volume is respectfully dedicated to yon, and as the des-
tiny of this great state soon will be, so this book is delivered
to you for safe keeping. In writing this volume, my thoughts
have always rested on you, in the full confidence that you will
carry out all the great measures of your fathers ; that you
will rectify our errors, and keep pace with the age in which
you will live. Your fathers have done more than they even,
ask you to do. They have even gone ahead of the age in
which they lived. Their toils, sufferings and privations have
been but feebly depicted by me in this work, because, I did
not wish to boast in their names of what they had done, as a
duty which they owed to their children-

The liberties of this country, have been preserved by those
who achieved them; and their suns have also preserved them
until very recently; but great efforts have been made, are
making, and will be made to pull from beneath it, all the main
pillars, on which our temple of liberty rests. So far as I could
in this volume, place before you the principles of your fathers,
as the cynosure of liberty, I have fearlessly done so.

I have every where, spoken exultingly of the future, but
my young friends, candor compels me to confess, that all such

4 DEblCATION.

passages, in my writings, of late years, have been written
with a heavy heart. However, to you, under the direction of
a kind Providence, kind indeed to you, I commit my volume,
and all the. aspirations which I feel, for your prosperity, in
common with your parents and friends.

If this Republic must be destroyed, it will be effected by
destroying the liberty of speech and of the press, on some par-
ticular subject, at first; but extending its encroachmeats, all
freedom of speech and of the press will be blotted out. In
that case the party then in power will seize the occasion to
intrench themselves in the high places, and unless the people
shed rivers of blood, those in office will remain an incubus
on the body politic. When that day arrives, rather than yield
up the liberties of this country, to the men who are aiming at
their destruction, I would prefer to see our own Ohio, breasting
the storm of war, alone, if need be, and our citizens, either
maintaining their ground valiantly, and victoriously, or dy-
ing gloriously. If Liberty ever quits this Union, may her last
footsteps, tinged with blood, be imprinted deeply on every
plain and every hill of Ohio. My young friends! we live
in an eventful period, and you can hardly expect to sustain
the liberties of this country, without the utmost vigilance.
Watch the men in power at Washington city. What I say to
you, I say to all — watch them, because they need it — watch
yourselves— watch all parties, and resist every encroachment
on your rights. Beware of too closely following any party,
and be sure not to adhere too much to any popular favorite.
Bitter experience teaches us to do so no more

Yours truly,

CALEB ATWATER.
Ohio, June 25, 1838,

PREFACE.

The history of this work, which has been on the au-
thor's hands, more than twenty years, since it was origin-
ally projected, demands a few remarks. That it has cost
me no small portion of an extended life, is true, but,
whether my friends will affix to it, a value commensurate
with what of labor, care, diligence, time and money, which
it has cost me, I do not know. Its plan is my own, and
was long since made known to the public, who appeared
to approve of it, twenty years since. Two portions of
the original history have been already published, relating
to our " ancient works," and to the " Indians" who once
inhabited the territory now indcluded within the state of
Ohio.

The Natural History has been greatly abridged from
my original manuscripts, with the hope of rendering that
part of my work, acceptable to common readers. My
Geological survey cost me much time and money, unaid-
ed by any government patronage. Whether I shall pro-
ceed to fill up my original plan, and continue the work,
in a second volume, must be, as it is, left for my friends
to determine, whose decision I will obey, and by which,
I will abide.

Truth has been my polar star in writing this, my last
volume. Method and perspicuity, have not been forgot-
ten by me.

Two subjects, that is, a history of the legal and medical
professions, are omitted, in this volume. Charles Ham-
mond, Esquire, is the person to write the history of our
laws, our lawyers and our judges; and to publish it, in

6 PREFACE.

his valuable volume of Reports. Dr. Daniel Drake is as
clearly indicated by his position and information, to give
us a history of the medical profession in this state, in his
Medical Journal. To those gentlemen vi^e naturally look
to fill up the chasm, which we have purposely left for them.
Relying on the patronage of our fellow citizens, so
liberally and so promptly extended to me, on all former
occasions, I have been at the expense of Stereotyping, this
first History of Ohio.

Its mechanical execution, shows what is daily doing in
Cincinnati, in the arts of book making. It is an Ohio pro-
duction, in all its parts, fairly representing the views and
feelings of a large majority of the reading people of this
state. The number of copies of this work hereafter to
be issued from the press, will depend solely on the pub-
lic demand for it. I shall publish but five hundred copies
at a time, and deliver them, at any point in the state,
where there shall be a demand for them. None will ever
be left for sale, on commission.

On taking leave of my friends, who have so long en-
couraged me to proceed in my literary labors, I have only
to thank them, for all their kindness to their old friend,

CALEB ATWATER.

Cincinnati, June 25, 1838.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Natural History.

Prefatory Remarks ----- 9

Geology --------10

Sandstone -------13

Millstone— Flint Family - - - 16
Marble— Lias - - _ - - - 17
Clintonite -------18

Iron ores— ^Clays - - - - - 19

Coal 23

Prairies in Ohio ----- 25
Reliquiae Diluviaiias - - - - 31
Slate and Limestone Regions —

Limestone ------ 37

Mortar 39

Organic Remains ----- 40

Primitive Rocks ----- 41

Rivers — Ohio river - - - - 44

Muskingum -------46

Hocking — Scioto ----- 47

Little Miami ------ 49

Great Miami — Mad river - - - 50
Maumee — Sandusky - - - - 51

Huron — Cuyahoga ----- 52

Grand river -------54

Alluvial deposites - - - - 56

Mineral springs ----- 58

Delaware springs Petroleum

springs --59

Lake Erie, its Islands and Min-
erals 60

The Fishes, &c. - - - - _ 53

Reptiles --------65

Wild animals, &c. - - _ _ 67
Botany — Trees — Oaks - - - 71
Walnuts— Maples — Dogwoods —

Coffee tree — Magnolias - - 72
Pawpaw — Butionwood — Pines —
Poplars, &c. ----- 73

The Frost Grape 76

Native Flowering Plants - - - 78
Medicinal Plants ----- 81

Plants naturalizpd atCincinaati 82
Naturalized Plants - - - - 88

Naturalized Trees, &c. - - - 90
Grasses, native and naturalized - 92
Birds, resident and migrating - 93
Medical Topography, Diseases,
Climate, Tornadoes and the
Winters in this state - - 96
Milk sickness ------ 97

Currents of Air _ _ _ - 101
Oui- Winters - - - - • 103

PERIOD I.

Civil and Political History 107
Lord Dunmore'a War « - - 110

Indian Treaties ----- 125

PERIOD II

First settlement of Ohio - 128
Harmar's Campaign - - - - 133
St. Clair's Campaign aiid Defeat 136
Wayne's War ------ 144

First Territorial Legislature- - 162
Remarks on the Constitution of

Ohio 171

PERIOD III.

Organization of the state
government ----- 176

Burr's Expedition - -
" Sweeping Resolution"

179

183

CONTENTS.

PERIOD IV.

War with Great Britain -
General Tapper's Expedition
Missisiiwway Expedition
Siege of Fort Meigs - - -

- 187

- 197

- 199

- 215

Croghan'3 Defence of Fort Ste-
venson ------- 226

Peng's Victm-y on Lake Erie - 231

PERIOD V.

General Events ----- 249
School Lands and Common

School system of Education 253
School Report ------ 255

Preparatoi-y Measures leading to

the Ohio Canals - - - - 263
DeWitt ("linton's Visit to Ohio 266

PERIOD VI.

Civil History ----- 274
Canals 275

The Miami and Maumee Canal 277
Cincinnati and White Water

Canal 279

Roads— Rail Roads - . - - 279

Turnpike Roads 280

Common Roads and Highways - 283
Bridges --------

The state of leakn^ing in Ohio
Colleges Academies and Com-
mon Schools — ^Kenyon Col-
lege -------

Miami University — Ohio Uni-
versity ------

College of Teachers - - - -

Medical College of Ohio - -
Woodward College of Cincinnati 295
Select Schools in Cincinnati - 297
Public Common Schools in Cin-
cinnati ------

Immigrants Friend Society - -

Common Schools in other parts

of the state -----

State of the mechanic Arts - -
The Ohio Mechanics' Institute
State of Religion - - - - -

Religious Sects ----- 305

Presbyterian Church - - - - 306

Methodist Church ... - 307

284
285

288

290
291
295

298
299

300
301
302
303

Protestant Episcopal Church - 307
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb 308
Trade and Commerce — Exports 309
Our Imports ------ 310

Banks in Ohio ------ 315

State of Agriculture, Price of

Lands, Produce and Labor 316
Raising of Hogs, Horses and

Cattle 318

State of the Press 318

Benevolent Societies - - - 322
Colonization Society - - . 323
Cincinnati Orphan Asylum - - 332
Organization of Counties - - 333
Cities and Towns - - - - 335

Population and Remarks - - - 348
Character of the People - - - 352
Officers of the Territorial Gov-
ernment ------ 357

Senators of Congress - - - - 359

Representatives of Congress - - 360
Members of Assembly - - - 361
Members of Senate - - - - 362

Vote on Canals ----- 363

Appendix No. I. — Ordinance of

July 13, 1787 - - - - 365

No. II. — Constitution of the

State 377

No. III. — Remarks from a Brit.

ish paper --...- 397

HISTORY OF OHIO,

PART FIRST.
NATURAL HISTORY.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.
PREFATORY REMARKS.

This state is situated between 38° and 42° north latitude^
and between 3° 30' and 7° 40^ longitude West of Washington
city.

On the surface of the earth, within our limits, is, alffiost
every where, a rich vegetable mould, made by the decay and
putrefaction of vegetable substances. Along the Ohio river
and all its larger tributaries in this state, are wide intervales
of rich alluvial soil, on which, when we settled in the country,
a thick growth of gigantic forest trees flourished. In the hilly
region hereafter to be noticed, there are two kinds of soil-^
the silicious and argilaceous. The former is made by the
disintegration of the sandstone, near the surface, the latter
by the clay slate which exists there. And where it is quite
hilly, as it often is, these two kinds of soils, become intimately
blended together. By a wise provision of nature, we see
here, the clay for bricks, and the sand in which to Hiould
them. The wild scenery, of this region, seventy, or evert
fifty years ago, must have been eminently beautiful. If any
one, at that time, had ascended any elevated ground, near
the Ohio, or of any of its larger rivers, the prospect, of hill
and dale, spread out, immense, must have been delightful to
2

10 HISTORY OF OHIO.

the eye of the beholder. The spectator beheld tall trees,
covered with vines of the grape, and of wild roses, hanging m
clusters from near the ground to the topmost boughs. He
saw, too, a beautiful shrubbery of flowering plants, tall grasses,
and a great profusion of wild flowers in full bloom, of every
shade of color. All was silent and still, except the singmg
birds of every variety, of wild fowls;— the paroquette, bob-of-
lincoln, quail,'turkey, pigeon and mocking bird. If he ascended
the second bank of lake Erie, he saw, what appeared before
him, a boundless ocean, or bounded, only by the distant horizon.
"Wlicn the lake was calm, he heard the same solemn, sublune
hum, that the Atlantic rolls to its shore. When the spectator
approached near to the lake in mid summer, he felt the land
and the lake breezes succeed each other, and felt all the in-
conveniences produced by sudden changes of temperature.

While he stood on some lofty summit fronting the Ohio, and
near it, he saw that delightful stream moving slowly, but ma-
jestically along, noiseless as the foot of time, and as resistless.

But, we will proceed, directly to our object, which is, to
consider for a moment our

GEOLOGY.

The whole valley of the Mississippi, is what Geologists de-
nominate " a secondary formation." Those who have written
on Geology, may be divided into two classes, Huttonians and
Wernerians, from Hutton and Werner, the founders of the two
sects of naturalists. The former, refer all the changes ob-
served on the earth's surface, to the action of heat, the latter
to that of water. We may say, with great propriety to those
theorists: " Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites."
It belono-s not to us to settle such disputes between you.
That both these causes, have operated on this globe, to pro-
duce changes in its external surface, at different periods of
time; — and, that both these causes are still operating, is
equally certain. But, the great valley of the Mississippi, ex-
hibits very few marks of volcanic action, whereas every thing
shows its Neptunian origin. From the Erie, Huron, Michi-

GEOLOGY. 1 1

gan and Superior lakes, to the Mexican gulph, this great
valley, every where exhibits, a deposite of great depth, evi-
dently derived from the action of the ocean, upon the surface
of the earth, north of this valley, running in currents, so power-
ful, that nothing of the kind, now in existence, resembles them.
This whole valley, is covered, to a vast depth, with the ruins of
a former world. This is the greatest valley, and the largest
tract of secondary formation, in the whole world. This vasl
field has been but recently visited by geologists, and books can
afford us very little aid, in the remarks we are about to make,
on this subject. Having examined no small portion of this tract,
we venture a few general observations on its principal out-
lines, as Ohio is connected with them. On the south side of
Lake Ontario, we find the same formation. That the surfaces
of all our northern lakes were originally much higher than
they are now, appears certain from indubitable evidence.
Ontario has been once so elevated, as to wash the edge of what
is now, a considerable ridge, about twenty rods south of what
is called the ridge road, between Rochester and Niagara river
That road, resembles a turnpike, consisting of sand and pcb
bles, which the waves had dashed upon the shore, with such a
force, that these materials rebounded, and finally settled where
they now repose, forming the best natural road, in the Union.
In process of time Lake Ontario wore down its outlet, and set-
tled its surface, to where we now find it. The falls of Niagara
began to be, at Queenston, and have ascended the river, seven
miles to the interesting spot, where they now roar.

The present bank of lake Erie, on the southern side, is about
seventy feet above the now, common surface of the lake.
Running all along the present southern shore and generally
about two miles and a half south of it, is another elevation of
about seventy feet. We have said generally, because there
are exceptions, as to the width of the strip of land, between
the old and new banks of Lake Erie. Cleaveland stands on
the present bank of the lake. And the earth, on which it
stan-l?, is made up of sand, and pebbles rounded and smoothed,
by the action of water. The first strip of land south of the

J 2 HISTORY OF OHIO.

lake, is, (where no stream has brought down its alluvial depos-
ite,) composed of pebbles and sand, water worn, abraded and
smoothed, by friction, in water. The whole belt of land, near
est the lake, is composed of sand and water worn pebbles, all
along its southern shore. The strip of land, which we have
described, is elevated about seventy feet above the present
surface of the Erie, and immediately south of, and touching
its waters, and generally about two or two and a half miles in
width, is succeeded on its southern side, by another elevation
of about seventy feet in height, above the land, lying imme-
diately along the present lake Erie. The second ridge con-
sists of slate rock, which shows on its northern edges, every
where, marks of the violence of the waves and rocks, and ice
driven against it by the winds, in a storm. This slate rock,
which lies under the second rise of land, is evidently older
than lake Erie, and it is composed of secondary slate, crumb-
ling into a blue clay, where long exposed to the action of the
atmosphere, rain and frost. This slate rock contains some few
remains of small shells, but more frequently, we find in it,
zoophitse. Reposing on this old clay slate, east of Sandusky
city, in Ohio, we often see sandstone, of the same age, with
the slate, or perhaps of even a more recent date. West of
Huron river, in Huron county, limestone, lies upon the slate
rock. Among the sandstones, we have every variety, of sec-
ondary, in colour, and hardness, cemented by much, or a little
lime. Some sandstones are cemented by iron. Its grains are
quartz, frequently very fine, but sometimes very coarse, so
much so, as to be called pudding-stone. Some of these rocks,
in the county of Huron, when first raised from their native
beds, may be conveniently sawed into suitable slabs for build-
ings, for grind and whetstones. Some eight miles, or more,
south of the mouth of the Geauga or Grand river, at Fairport,
there are, what are called "the little mountains," consisting of
sandstone of a very coarse grain. At an early date of our set-
tlement of that region, mill-stones were made of this pudding
gtone. It proved not to answer that purpose very well, being

GEOLOGY. 1 3

destitute of the necessary hardness, and liable to crumble into
small pieces.

The height of the surface of the earth, in Ohio, above the
surface of the ocean, varies, from seven hundred, to fifteen
hundred feet. As a whole, it may be fairly estimated, at
eight hundred feet. Its surface is infinitely varied, in its
hilly region; sometimes it rises into abrupt precipices, in the
sandstone regions, and then again, falling oflf, into long plates.
It was generally covered with a thick growth, of forest trees,
while in its natural state. We have neither the highest hills
nor the deepest vales, but, generally, a surface undulating
enough, for every useful purpose. The dividing line, between
the sandstone and limestone formations, both of the same
age, begins on Lake Erie in the mouth of Huron river, the
sandstone lying on the east, and the lime stone on the west of
it. Running nearly south, it is about nine miles east of Co-
lumbus, bearing rather westwardly it is four or five miles east
of the Scioto river, quite across Pickaway county, when, it ab-
ruptly crosses the Scioto westwardly, almost as soon as it gets
fairly below Pickaway county, south line. Extending west-
wardly, near to, but west of Bainbridge, on Paint creek, it
bears off, southwardly and westwardly until it strikes the Ohio
river at or near Aberdeen, opposite Maysville, Kentucky.
Thence turning southeastwardly it strikes the highlands west
of the Big Sandy river, some eighty miles above its mouth.
This line, as we have stated, which separates the sandstone
from the limestone region begins on lake Erie, at the mouth
of Huron river, and, passing through the town of Huron, in
Huron county, and extending to the Ohio river, at Aber-
deen, thence to the Alleghany mountains, by the route which
we have indicated.

SANDSTONE.

We proceed to remark upon, the minerals East of the above
mentioned line — and we begin with the sandstone, which of-
ten lies nearest the surface of the earth. In many parts of the

14 HISTORY OF OHIO.

region, in question, numerous interesting, and impressive
views present themselves. Sometimes the strata of sandstone
seem to have been broken down, into large tabular masses,
which arc promiscuously scattered about, or they are piled on
each other, in wild disorder. In some places, this rock rises
into conical hills, as in Licking county, near, and also north,
and northeastwardly of the town of Granville. Here, these
mounds, of a very friable sandstone, resemble, in appearance,
at a distance, the limestone knobs, in the barrens of Kentucky.
Sometimes these rocks rise into pillars, as in Fairfield county,
whose sunmiits are high and their angles acute, and, standing
in piles not very distant from each other. The summits of
these hills and pillars are often, nearly on the same level, and
the seams which separate their strata, correspond through the
whole series.

Hence, it is inferred, that these hills and pillars, once con-
stituted a continuous mass, traversed by perpendicular fissures,
and that the elements have operated the changes in them
which we now see. Alonor the Ohio river, in the counties
of Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia and Meigs, and in corresponding
parts of Kentucky and Virginia, the hills assume a lofty as-
pect, of five and sometimes, seven hundred feet, in height, ris-
inor with acute angular sides. In front of the town of Ports-
mouth, the sandstone hill, on the Kentucky shore, rises, five
hundred feet above the bed of the river. This rock consti-
tutes the broken, and often abrupt surfaces of the hilly por-
tions of Scioto, Lawrence, Pike, Jackson and Hocking coun-
ties. It lies in beds, between three and four miles east of the
Scioto river, across Pickaway county, diverging from it, as we
travel north, until at Columbus, in Franklin county, these beds
are nine miles east of the Scioto river. From these beds
stone is procured for buildings of various sorts, and the great
aqueduct, across the Scioto river at Circleville, where the ca-
nal crosses the river, rests on pillars of this sandstone.

It is easily quarried, and answers many useful purposes. It
underpins houses and barns; — and it is made into spring-houses,
in the sandstone region. Of it, fronts of houses are built, ia

GEOLOGY.

u

Cincinnati, which look very well, though, it is not as durable
a rock, as granite, or very hard limestone.

This stone is frequently used for grind stones, whetstones,
6sc. and large quantities of these articles, are used in Ohio,
and begin to be carried beyond the limits of the State, for sale
to our neighbors.

In some places, it is finer, and others are coarse. They are
very fine grained, near Waverly, but they are a pudding stone
in Jackson county. Where this rock is hard, and where it
once stood in a perpendicular mass, with a rivulet running off
it, caverns have been formed, in which the aborigines once
lived, and, before them, wild animals there, found a home, es-
pecially in winter. Such caves exist in Jackson, Lawrence,
and Gallia counties. Many such caverns were often used, as
cemeteries, in times long past. The small eagle, finds a place
of security, for itself and young ones, in the cavities, existing
in the perpendicular walls of this rock, fronting the Ohio river
and along it; — and hence, the name of the river, among the
Indians — Kiskepeela Seepee — Little-Eagle river. In some
places, the mass of sand, originally deposited, in this region,
by the ocean, for want of any cement in the mass, never be-
came a rock, but is sand still, in which, trees are imbedded,
but not petrified. Such a tree, was found on the high land,
near Marietta, in digging a well, (many years since) forty feet
below the surface.

We suspect that it will eventually be ascertained, that the
whole sandstone formation northwest of the Ohio river, from
the Portage summit, south of it, dips towards the southeast,
about thirty feet to the mile : that inclination ends on that sum-
mit, which is the cause of that summit's location where it is,
nearer the lake than it is to the Ohio River. Should that be
ascertained to be the fact, it answers to a general law, notic-
ed in every thing, east of the Mississippi, which lies parallel
with the shore of the Atlantic ocean, and is inclined towards
it. Even the Alleghanies as a whole, obey the same law, and
the Atlantic rivers, originate in the most westwardly ridge of
that chain of mountains. The Avestern edges of the Allega-

16 HISTORY OF OHIO.

nies, are more acute than the eastern ones, just as our lake
rivers have more descent in them, in a given distance, than
those have falling into the Ohio river. We say it is so, with-
out knowing or caring, why it is so.

MILLSTONE.

The burghstonc, of which millstones are made, in considerable
numbers, in the counties of Muskingum, Hocking, Jackson
and Gallia, occurs in amorphous masses, partly compact, but
this rock always contains in it, more or less irregular cavities.
These holes are occasioned sometimes, by the seashells which
originally filled them having fallen out of their places in the rock.
The aspect of this millstone is somewhat peculiar, resembling
paste, which had been in a state of fermentation, when moist,
and warm; but when the the heat had ceased to act, the mass
became dry, hard and compact, with all the marks of fermenta-
tion remaining in it. The cavities are sometimes, filled with
crystals of quartz. The fracture of this burghstone is com-
monly dull, and its colour is whitish or redish brown. Its hard-
ness and cavities, when not too numerous, render it very use-
ful for making mill stones, many of which are manufactured,
and sent all over this state, and to the western ones generally.

FLINT FAMILY.

We have, perhaps, every species of the flint family, in our'
sandstone region. In the counties of Licking, Muskingum,
Perry, Hocking and Athens, the several species of this family
exist in considerable quantities. The nodules of flint, occur
in thill layers, between compact limestone, and sandstone.
They are so connected with the rocks above and below them,
that the flint partakes of the color of the nearest rocks
with which it comes in contact. These flint rocks, are some-
times made up of Zoophitae, or, of the most ancient sea shells,
which have now become silicious. They generally lie in hori-
zontal lines, though sometimes, gently declining, towards the
southeast. They are of every colour from a deep red or black,

GEOLOGY. 17

to a pure white. Some of them are beautifully striped with
reddish and whitish streaks.

l/lXRBhK,

Resembling that found near New Haven, Connecticut, exists
on Monday creek in Hocking county, in amorphous masses.
The texture of this beautiful marble, is fine, but granular. Its
colors are grey, or blue, richly variegated with clouds of
white, black and green. Green pervades the whole mass, it
takes a fine polish and endures the action of heat very well.
It contains chromate of iron, magnetic oxide of iron, and ser-
pentine. It is a most beautiful marble, and will, one day,
become as celebrated as that of Milford hills, Connecticut,
which had been used one hundred years, at least, for common
stone fences, before its value was discovered and made known
by Professor Silliman, many years since.

LIAS.

There is a deposite of this rock near Kingston, in Ross
county, near the line, which separates the sandstone from the
limestone formation, and east of that line, it underlies the
surface of about fifty acres of land, belonging to a Mr. Richie.
On being exposed to the atmosphere, it shows reddish stripes.
When burned in a hot fire, until it assumes a whitish appear-
ance, and then the heat ought to be taken from it. Pound it
until it is as fine as common slacked lime, it soon afterwards
assumes a dark appearance, and becomes, finally, a deep brown.
By mixing it with common slacked lime, in the proportions of
twenty eight parts of lime, to one hundred parts of the lias, it
hardens in water, almost instantly, and continues to harden,
until it is as hard as any limestone in this region. In the
burnt and granulated state, as before mentioned, by mixing a
certain proportion of salt brine with it, it colors every object
with which it comes in contact, a deep brown. Hence it is
3

J8 HISTORY OF OHIO.

ascertained to be a most valuable ore of manganese, useful to
the dyer and clothier.

In the same pulverised state, before described, it is inval-
uable as a manure, or stimulant for vegetation, altogether
superior to sulphate of lime.

It is composed of silex, lime, sulphur and manganese, and is
a new mineral, which we call the

CLINTONITE.

This mineral was subjected to one hundred experiments,
by myself, in May and June 1828.

There is a lias, near the Portage summit, which makes an
excellent water cement. I know of no salt water in the in-
terior of the United States, which does not issue from beneath
a lias limestone, and from a great many experiments, tried on
specimens of this rock, found in many parts of the secondary
region, of the Western states, we are disposed to the belief
that our salt water, in the interior, is produced by this rock,
from below which, salt brine rises to the surface, wherever the
earth has been bored deep enough, to pass below this rock.

Throughout nearly our whole hilly region, equal to ten thou-
sand square miles of territory, this lias, is deposited, declining
gently towards the southeast. There are about 100 salt works,
in the state, employed in the manufacture of salt, about seventy
of which, are located along the Muskingum river and its branch-
es, in the counties of Muskingum, Morgan and Guernsey. The
other salt works are in Athens, Hocking, Meigs and Gallia coun-
ties. The declination of this salt rock is ascertained to be at
least, thirty feet in a mile, towards the southeast. Many of the
salt wells in Morgan county are six hundred feet deep ; some of
them are two hundred feet deeper. The same declination, is
observed along the Ohio river, from the mouth of the Scioto
river, to that of the Muskingum, in all the rocks lying in place. It
is true, of all the strata in all that region, of iron ore, limestone,
sandstone, and clay. So it may be said, of the coal formation.
This information is of importance, to the miner and the salt

GEOLOGY, 19

manufacturer, and should be always remembered by them,
when in search of either ores, or salt water.

Are found in quantities, sufficient for every useful purpose,
forever, in almost every county in our hilly region, from the
summit between the waters of the Ohio, and lake Erie, to the
Ohio river itself. In Tuscarawas county, the canal passes
through the iron ore, where it lies in inexhaustible beds, within
sight of the canal, and very near it. This ore melts easily,
and yields a soft malleable iron, suitable for castings and bars.
In some places, it is combined with sulphur, from which cop-
peras was made, formerly, in considerable quantities at Zanes-
ville and Steubenville.

The common red hematite exists in large quantities, in the
counties of Tuscarawas, Holmes, Coshocton, Muskingum,
Hocking, Athens, Meigs, Lawrence, Scioto, Adams, Ross, High-
land, Licking and several other counties in the hilly region.
It exists, also, in Kentucky, opposite to Lawrence and Scioto
counties, where large quantities of iron are manufactured, by
the Messrs. Trunble, and others. To estimate the value of
the iron manufactured in this state, now, is impossible from
any data in our possession, though we know that it does amount
to, from seven to ten milhons of dollars annually. Its value
and quantity are rapidly increasing, and will increase, for cen-
turies to come, because the quantity of ore is inexhaustible.

CIAYS.

In the counties of Lawrence, Perry and Muskingum, a white
clay is found, in abundance, suitable for pots and crucibles,
used in glass factories. It stands the heat very well, growing
whiter when it is exposed to the greatest heat. It will one
day, be used extensively, in the manufacture of Liverpool
earthen wares. It contains no iron, and is almost infusible be-
fore the blow pipe.

The substances denominated clays, are mixtures of silex

20 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and alumine ; and they sometimes, contain other ingredients,
which give them various colors. Their hardness is never great.
They are easily cut with a knife, and may be polished by the
finger nail. When thrown into water they crumble more
or less readily, and become minutely divided. Many of
our clays, when moistened, yield a peculiar odour, called ar-
gilaceous. Some varieties, by a due degree of moisture, and
by proper management, are converted into a paste, more or
less ductile, and constitute the basis, of several kinds of pot-
tery. Other varieties, when immersed in water, are resolved
into a fine, loose powder, nearly, or quite, destitute of ductili-
ty, and are employed as pigments. Such are found in Law-
rence county, where they vvcre formerly used instead of Span-
ish whiting.

A few remarks on the uses of clays which are ductile, may
not here be out of place. These clays when duly moistened,
if they possess unctuosity, ductility and tenacity, are capable
of assuming various forms, without breaking. They possess
a strong affinity for water, hence their avidity for moisture,
and hence, they strongly adhere to the tongue or the lip.

To the existence of clay beneath the surface, we are chief-
ly indebted, for all our springs, which rise and flow on the sur-
face, because these clays resist the further progress down-
wards, of the waters which falling on the surface, settle
downwards, until stopped by the clay beneath. They are then
compelled to rise in valleys, or run out of the sides of hills,
and descend into the valleys below them. They then form
rivulets and heads of rivers.

Of all the earthy matters, clays contribute most to the uses
of man. They constitute the basis of bricks, with which, our
houses are built ; — they constitute too, the basis, of almost ev-
ery variety of pottery, from the homely, common earthen
ware, up to the beautiful, translucid procelain. On so exten-
sive a subject, a few facts only, will be brought forward, as
more, would not be tolerated, by the general reader. Clays
are essentially composed of silex and alumine, and this mixture,
in any given proportions to each other, is infusible, in any fur-

GEOLOGY. 21

siace, whose fire, is supported by atmospheric air only. So,
also, pure alumine, or a mixture of alumine and lime, is infu-
sible, but, a compound of these three earths, becomes fusible —
most easily, when the proportions are, alumine one part, lime
one part, and sand three parts. But if the proportions of sand
be increased it becomes infusible.

According to M. Alexandre Beogniart, Director of the
celebrated procelain factory at Sevres in France, the general
process, in all kinds of pottery, made with washed clays, may
be reduced to the following six steps : subject to modification,
in different varieties.

1. The washing of clays, by agitation in water. The
sand subsides, while the finer particles of clay remain suspend-
ed in water, which is decanted, and the sandy particles re-
main at the bottom, and are thrown away, while the water, in
which the finer particles remain, is left to precipitate its clay.
Thus the sand is separated from the finer parts of the clay.
Having gotten rid of the sand, the next process, is,

2. The composition of the paste. This paste, is the clay
that gives it consistency, Avhen moist, and hardness when bak-
ed; but to this clay, is added, either silex or hard baked clay,
in a state of powder, to prevent cracks while drying and bak-
ing, to give firmness and solidity, and to enable the pottery to
resist the frequent changes of temperature. Sometimes a
fusible ingredient is added to the paste.

3. This paste, after remaining for a time in water, is beat-
en and kneaded, to render it ductile, and of uniform consisten-
cy, and, to drive out the air, that may be in it.

4. The forming the several articles on a lathe or in a
mould.

5. When the articles are sufficiently dried, they are baked
in a furnace or kdn; but, in most instances, they are put in
cases of infusible clay. The baking should be conducted slow-
ly, and as the heat becomes more intense, the ware becomes
more dense and compact, but at the same time, more liable to
injury by alternate exposure to heat and cold. In this state,

22 HISTORY OF OHIO.

when merely baked, the finer wares are called biscuit, and, in
appearance, resemble white marble, or a tobacco pipe.

6. The last step, is the application of a coat of glazing to
prevent the ware from soiling, and from absorbing liquids, when
the vessels are employed in the arts of life. This enamel or
glazing is varied and modified, according to the nature of the
ware. It generally consists of some oxide, or earth, and in
many cases, is vitrified before it is applied to the biscuit. The
oxide of lead, is the common ingredient, in these enamels, being
easily fusible. But its use is dangerous, when used in large
quantities, to the health, in consequence of the action of acids
upon it, or even of oils. The enamel is generally applied by
immersing the ware, in water, in which, the enamel, reduced
to a very fine powder, is suspended. The biscuit rapidly ab-
sorbs the water, and thus, a thin coat of enamel is uniformly
deposited on its surface. Sometimes the same degree of heat
is required, to fuse the enamel and bake the ware. For the
benefit of our Zanesville manufacturers of earthen ware, we
have been to France, for information, for them, and now, step
over to England, on the same errand. In England, they have
employed a very ingenious method of applying colored figures
to their wares. The figures are first cut on copperplates, the
coloring matters, are mixed with a flux, and ground in oil, and
applied to the copper plate ; an impression is taken on a paper,
which is applied to the ware, or biscuit, which is at the proper
time, immersed in water, until by a gentle agitation, in the
water, the paper falls off", while the impression of the figures,
remains on the ware, which is then baked. By looking care-
fully at some articles of queensware, we can discover, where
the ends of the paper, met, on the article. It is said, that this
art of printing figures on ware, was discovered by mere acci-
dent. When an article was about to be put into the furnace, to
be baked, a printed paper, adhering to a vessel, the potter sup-
posing that the fire would burn the paper, and destroy it, let
the paper remain on the vessel ; but what was his surprise, on
seeing every figure and letter of the burnt hand-bill, on tho
baked ware!

GEOLOGY. 23

It ought to be known and remembered by every family, that
no article, which is glazed with oxide of lead, can be safely
used, in the preparation of food or drink, in which, acids are
contained; — or, in which, an acid may be produced by fermen-
tation. It is at the risk of health, perhaps of life, that pickles,
apple sauce, &c. are put into such vessels. Oils and fat ought
never to be put in such vessels, because, they act on the oxide
of lead, and endanger the lives of those who use them, in their
food.

Bricks and tiles, are usually composed of common feruginous
clay, sometimes ground, and but seldom washed. To prevent
absorption of water by bricks exposed to the weather, a glaze
may be applied, at a trifling expense, by throwing common salt
into the kiln, when at its greatest heat. The ancient Egyptians
and Babylonians dried their bricks in the sun.

The Hessian crucibles, are composed of a refractory clay
and sand, moderately fine. Others are made of old pots, or,
crucibles reduced to a fine powder, or, a coarse one, in the
place of sand, then black lead is mixed with it.

Manufactories of fine procelain, have long been established,
in Saxony, and, at Sevres in France ; — at Berlin, in Prussia ;
at Vienna, in Austria, at Naples, and at several towns, in Eng-
land. They are, or have been established at Philadelphia, and
New York, and may soon be established in Ohio. Why the
manufacture of the common Liverpool ware, should not have
been yet established in America, is surprising, but, as we have
all the materials which enter into the composition of this ware,
let us hope, that the ware will soon be made here.

It requires experience and skill, and the first manufacturer
may be ruined by undertaking to introduce this art, but it will
certainly be introduced into Ohio, before many years, we feel
assured.

COAL,

Occurs in nearly every county east of the Scioto river, in
our hilly region, but, is most abundant, in Gallia, Lawrence,

24 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Meigs, Scioto, Athens, Hocking, Washington, Morgan, Mus-
kingum, Perry, Licking, Coshocton, Guernsey, Belmont, Mon-
roe, Jefferson, Harrison, Carroll, Columbiana, and Tuscarawas
counties. It is found in Portage county, near the Cuyahoga
river.

It burns easily, with a whitish flame, yielding a black smoke,
and a bituminous odour. Its color is black, and it soils the fin-
gers, when touched. Sometimes, it is combined with sulphur
and iron. Some beds, especially, in Licking and Guernsey
counties resemble, in appearance and distinctive characters,
the cancl coal of England.

We find the following minerals connected with our coal, in
this state, viz : L friable, micaceous and feruginous sandstones,
coarse or fine grained. 2. Shale, or argilaceous slate, some-
times micaceous, and often bituminous, presenting impressions
of leaves and vegetables, sometimes of fishes. 3. Beds of
marl and compact limestone, flint rock, and hard clay. 4. Ar-
gilaceous iron ore, or pudding stone, cemented by iron ore.

This coal is almost always found in strata, and there are three
such strata, extending from Zanesville, to Wheeling, in Vir-
ginia. There is one stratum near the surface; — secondly, an-
other stratum, a considerable depth below it, and a third one, a-
bout two hundred feet below the upper one. The upper stra-
tum, in some places, is washed away, being near the surface.
It is a thin one; — the second one is thicker and better, and the
lower stratum is not so good for fuel, as the two strata above it.

On the whole, we may safely conclude, that we have coal
enough, and more than enough, to last forever, for ail the uses,
to which, we shall put it, in all ages, yet to come. The coal,
iron ore, and salt water, ore all abundant in the same region.
They form materials sufficient, to support and sustain millions
of industrious, healthful, happy human beings, so long as man
shall dwell on this earth.

These three articles, furnish sources of wealth, of health and
happiness, that will endure, and become, more and more valua-
ble and useful, forever.

GEOLOGY. 2Q

PRAIRIES IN OHIO.

There are two species of natural meadow, which in popular
language, are called Prairies. The name is derived from the
early French travelers; who, in their own language, called them
Prairies, or meadows. They are clothed with tall grass and
flowering plants in the spring, summer and autumnal months,
and on the whole, produce an aspect, in those months, on a first
view, very agreeable. It must be confessed though, from their
uniformity and sameness, having few or no hills in them, that
their beauties soon become tiresome to the weary traveler, who
traverses these plains ; for such is their uniformity in appear-
ance, that after riding all day across them, on looking around
us at night, we fancy ourselves exactly where we started in the
morning.

Wet Prairies, generally, have a rivulet winding its devious
way through them. Its waters are of a reddish hue, of a disa-
greeable flavor to the taste, and unfit for the use of man.
They are sometimes very wet and miry, and it is not uncom-
mon for many of them during the winter and spring, to be cov-
ered with water to a considerable depth. Lying, as they do,
either on almost a dead level, or surrounded by higher grounds,
the water which accumulates on their surface, runs off slowly,
while the main body of it is left, either to stagnate, or to evapo-
rate, under the influence of a summer's sun.

On the north side of Circleville, commences a wet prairie,
extending northwardly, several miles. In width from east to
west, it averages from half a mile, to one mile. Its descent^
towards the south, is about one foot in a mile, as ascertained by
a competent engineer, employed for that purpose, by our Canal
Commissioners. The Ohio and Lake Erie Grand Canal, passes
through it from north to south. A small rivulet winds its way,
from near its centre, towards its southwestern corner, where it
finds itself in the bottom lands near Hargus's creek; and a sim-
ilar rivulet discharges its turbid waters into the Scioto river,
near the north western corner of this natural meadow. Near
4

26 HISTORY OF OHIO.

its centre, is its highest elevation, owing to the mouth of " Dry
run," being discharged there, from the east. A ridge of
land of considerable elevation, in some places, separates this
prairie from the Scioto, on the West, the river being from
one fourth, to a half mile distant from its western edge.
These particulars must supply the absence of an accompany-
ing map.

Several years since, for the double purposes of makuig a
fence, and of draining a portion of these wet lands, a ditch was
dug in them of considerable length, and from appearance, we
shoild say, it was four feet wide, and as many in depth. By
examining this ditch, while the digging was going on, as well
as the materials excavated from it, we ascertained that this
prairie contained a great abundance of peat. We have speci-
mens of it, which burn briskly, and produce a good degree of
heat. Its quality is of the very best species; it exists in quan-
tities entirely sufficient, amply to supply with fuel, the sur-
rounding country, for ages yet to come. It is composed of
fibres, and is of that species called "compact." Similar peat
exists in a prairie through which the main road from this town
to Columbus passes, six miles south of the State Capitol. It
exists in all the wet prairies, which we examined for it, in this
county, and in those of Madison, Champaign, Clark and Mont-
gomery. In December, 1814, we found it in the wet prairie,
adjoining to, and east of the town of Urbana. While on the
same tour, we saw similar peat, in the prairie skirting the Mad
river, from near to Springfield, Clark county, almost all the
way to Dayton, situate at the confluence of the Mad river, with
the Great Miami. The prairie north of Circleville, appears to
have been the bed of some considerable stream, the Scioto river
perhaps. In some places it is four feet from the present surface,
to the ancient one. On the latter, once stood a thick forest of
white cedar trees ; these trees now lie on the ancient surface,
in diflTerent stages of decay. Some of them appear to have
been broken down by violence, others were turned up with
their roots, entire, while others seem to have mouldered away,
and died of old age. Wc have a fragment of one of these

GKOLOGY. 27

trees*, which has on it, evident marks of an axe, or of some
other sharp edged tool. From its appearance, since the axe
was applied to it, this fragment must have lain many, very many
centuries in the earth, where it was interred four feet below
the present surface. There can be but little doubt, that the
axe used, was owned by one of the people, who erected the an-
cient works here. The whole prairie was once a cedar swamp ;
and from undoubted sources of information, avc are satisfied that
many of our wet prairies were once cedar swamps also. Near
Royalton, in Fairfield county, and in several places in the west-
ern part of Pickaway county ; and, also in Warren county, sim-
ilar proofs of the former existence of cedar groves in wet prai-
ries, have been discovered. Time, and the accumulation of a
deep soil, on the former surface, have made these prairies what
they are.

We have seen the bones of deer and other animals reposing
on the ancient surface of these natural meadows; and we con-
fidently expect to be able to find here, in great numbers, the
bones of the great mastodon of Cuvier. The bones of that
animal, found near Jackson Court House, in this State, were
discovered on the ancient surface of a wet prairie. A tooth in
my possession, disinterred in the bank of "Plum run," three
miles west of me, was discovered in a situation exactly similar.
Many persons seem to have adopted the idea, that the mam-
moths found in such places, were mired there and thus lost their
lives. That individuals of that family, might have thus died,
no one will pretend to doubt; but all the remains of that ani-
mal, discovered in Ohio, so far as we know, seem to have be-
longed to such as died a natural death ; their bones having been
scattered about in confusion, in a manner entirely similar to
those of our domestic animals which die of old age or disease.
I know of no skeleton of that animal's being found in this state,
though parts of them, especially the teeth, are very often dis-
covered. They are washed out of the banks of small streams,
passing through wet prairies. The teeth of the animal being

* This specimen was deposited in Lelton's P.Iuseiim, Cincinnati.

28 HISTORY OF OHIO.

less destructible than other parts of the skeleton, may be the
reason why these are so often found; yet, I suspect, that, by
examining the earth around where the teeth are procured,
whole skeletons might be discovered'— or nearly whole ones.
It is true, that teeth of the mastodon are frequently found in
and about Pickaway Plains, lying on the present surface of the
earth; but these were doubtless brought and left where they
are now found, by the Indians. These teeth, thus found, were
near the dwelling houses of the aborigines, and no search has
been made for the remaining -parts of the skeletons.

Where teeth are found in situ, further search ought always
to be made, which would doubtless lead to the discovery of
other relics, highly valuable. At the time when our wet prai-
ries were cedar swamps, and presented almost impenetrable
thickets, it is evident enough, that they were frequented by
the great mastodon and other wild animals ; and that man was
here also, then, or very soon afterwards, appears equally evi-
dent, from the marks which he has left, of his labor and his
art, on the fragment of a tree, above mentioned.

The fear of rendering myself tedious to the reader, admon-
ishes me to quit the ancient abode of the mammoth, and
describe

The Dry Prairies. — They are not, as in Kentucky, under'
laid with limestone; nor have we, in this part of Ohio, any
barrens thus underlaid. Ours are, so far as we know and be-
lieve, in appearance like the bottom lands along our streams.
The surface is a rich, black, deep loam, underlaid with peb-
bles, which are water worn, rounded and smoothed. Manv
of these natural meadows, lie high above any stream of water,
now, or probably ever in existence. — If we have any tracts in
Ohio, very properly denominated Diluvium, Pickaway Plains,
three miles below Circleville, belong to that class of forma-
tions. This is a dry prairie, or rather was one not many
years since. This prairie is about seven miles long, and near-
ly three miles broad. It was in this plain, that a human skel-
eton was dug up, which circumstance was mentioned by me
jn a former vojume of Sillimaij's Journal, to which I refer the

GEOLOGY. 29

reader. The works of man too, arc often found in such prai-
ries, at a great depth in the earth. Such natural meadows,
being for the most part, destitute of trees, have induced super-
ficial persons, (who never reflect, and who are too indolent to
examine into the real facts in the case,) to conclude, that fires
had been employed by the aboriginals to produce that effect!
The formation of these diluvian plains is entirely different
from that of the country around them; as much so beneath
the surface as above it. In tracts of country, denuded of
trees by fire, briars and bushes, forthwith, appear in their
stead. In fact, the growth of grass and flowering plants,
which cover these delightful plains, is abundantly able to pre-
vent the taking root, of almost any forest tree. The falling
of a walnut, an acorn, or the seed of any other tree, is hardly
sufiicient to disturb the possession of the present occupants of
these ancient domains. The plum sometimes gets a foot hold
in them: and the delicious sweet prairie grape is sure to take
advantage of the circumstance, and climb up to, and cover
the tops of the plum bushes with its vines, its leaves and its
clusters of purple fruit in due season.

Besides, had fires destroyed the trees on Pickaway Plains,
charcoal would have been discovered there, which is not the
case, although the land, has been cultivated with the plow,
during from fifteen to twenty years past.

Charcoal is as indistructible, almost, as the diamond itself,
where it is not exposed to the action of the atmosphere. On
a surface so large, as that occupied by the plains, it is hardly
possible, if they had been denuded of their woods by fire, that
no charcoal should have been found. With me, this argument
' is entirely a conclusive one.

The botany of these natural meadows is rich, and would
afford matter enough for a volume. A Torrey, a Nuttall, a
Mitchill, a Mulenburgh, a Barton, an Elliott, or evena Linnseus
might here usefully employ himself for years, without exhaust-
ing his subject, or gathering all the harvest which these vast
fields present. It appears to me, that our botanists have neg-
lected our prairies ; but let us hope, that the day is not far

30 HISTORY OF OHIO.

distant, when some future Linnseus will appear in them. If
the field is vast, and the laborers are few, the harvest of fame
will be the richer.

Among the flowering plants, growing in them, the helianthus
offers, perhaps, the greatest number of varieties.

From a careful examination of our prairies, wet and dry,
we are satisfied that the dry ones are the most ancient, of
the two — that fires produce neither of them — that in their na-
tural state, a luxuriant vegetation is raising their present sur-
face, every year; that the dry ones are extremely valuable
for cultivation, and that the wet ones will, at no very distant
day, furnish us with an abundance of fuel, in a country but
thinly timbered, indeed almost destitute of wood, and without
fossil coal, so common in our hilly region. If, as it is known
to be the fact, our hilly region be well supplied with ironstone,
and other useful minerals, together with salt water, nature has
supplied the same region with inexhaustible mines of coal
for their manufacture. If the level parts of this State,
where the dry prairies abound, contain large tracts of rich
land, the time is at hand, when they will be covered with well
cultivated farms, where the rich harvests will wave, and where
naturalized grasses will afford food for large flocks of domestic
animals.

These remarks on our Prairies, were written, originally,
more than twenty years since, and apply especially to that pe-
riod of time. The reader will see, how our then predictions,
have since been verified, within the intermediate space of
time. They are now, well cultivated fields, cloathed with
tame grasses, and grains. Our herds of domesticated animals
feed and fatten, where, so recently only wild animals, and
still wilder men, roamed over the surface of these diluvial
plains. In the conclusion of this article we may say, that
this state contains the most and the best peat, of any state in
the Union.

GEOLOGy. 31

KELIQUIAE DILUVIANAE.

The relicts of the Deluge, though common in all parts of this
state, yet, we will now confine ourselves, for the present, to
those belonging to the coal region of it. In the vicinity of the
Ohio river in the counties of Galiia,, Lawrence and Meigs, also
in the counties of Muskingum and Morgan, on the waters of
the Muskingum river, these relicts are numerous and very in-
teresting. Near Gallipolis, imbedded in sandstone, are not
a few trees of different kinds; such as the sugar maple, and
one such tree was found, that had been perforated, to all
appearance, by the the common red headed wood pecker. A
fragment of this tree, with the hole, for the bird's nest in it,
was, many years since, brought to Chillicothe, and presented
to Governor Edward Tiffin. Several trees, were discovered
in the sand rock, about three miles above Gallipolis, imbed-
ded in the rock which there stood, in a perpendicular mass.
Among these trees, we discovered a black walnut, with its
roots projecting beyond the rock in Avhich the trunk lay im-
bedded. A black oak, was near it, projecting in the same man-
ner. The mass of rock, appeared to be, eighty feet thick, where
it was bare, uninjured and entire. In this mass on looking up
at it, from its base, barks, leaves and branches of trees, ap-
peared at different altitudes, all lying in the rock, as they were
deposited with the sand, now become a hard sandstone. In a
ravine, where the sandstone had been washed away, by a riv-
ulet, a whole tree was found, by a man, with an axe, which he
attempted, by a blow, to fasten in the tree, on which he had
seated himself to rest awhile, after a fatiguing walk. The
axe, struck out sparks of fire, rebounded and appraised him,
that this tree, was no longer wood, but a hard sandstone. We
saw, among the trees of Gallia county thus petrified, white
birch, sycamore, walnut, oak, and others not recollected.

Near Zanesville, indeed, in the very town, where a canal was
cut through the sand-rock, some twenty years since, there
was found among other things a considerable number of tropical
plants, such as the trunks, leaves, branches and roots of the

32 HISTORY OF OHIO.

bamboo; the leaves, large, full, fresh, uninjured and entire, of
cocoa-nut-bearing palm; the impressions of the tea leaf, of the
cassia plant; of ferns, a great many; of the leaves and flowers
of the bread-fruit tree, fully expanded, fresh and entire, and
perfectly uninjured, in appearance, as if they were in full
bloom. The bark, also, of the bread-fruil tree, much flattened
and compressed, we discovered in shale. Our Ohio fossil date
tree, is large, and has wide spreading branches. Such an one,
exists on the north side of the bed lying in the bed of the Mox-
ahala creek, not for below the stage road, nine miles, west of
Zanesville, on the road to Lancaster, Ohio. The sand-
stone, in which these tropical plants are imbedded, contains
considerable mica, and, resembles exactly, the sandstone, in
which Mens. Brogniart found tropical plants, in France. The
iron-stone, at Zanesville, is sometimes composed almost wholly
of the roots, trunks and leaves of the bamboo. The sandstone
contains the same tree and its parts. Small trees are often
much flattened by pressure. The shale sometimes, contains
barks of trees, between diff'erent layers of shale ; the bark is now
fossil coal; and these layers, alternate with each other, shale
and coal.

Fishes, are said to have been found, though we saw but one
fish, found at Zanesville, and that one was a pike. Fossil
fishes are more frequently found, in sandstone, and we had
one, several years, in our possession, it was a red horse, a
species of perch, still living in our waters. That fish, perfect
and entire, fell out of a mass of sandstone, which was split with
wedges, by some stone masons, who were building a wall of a
cellar, at Burlington, on the Ohio river. It was a year since,
in Letton's museum, at Cincinnati. The shells of oysters,
sometimes, unchanged, are found, in beds of sand, an ancient
diluvian deposite, at Cincinnati. J. Dorfeuille's museum con-
tains these shells. A few remarks, on the tropical plants, at
Zanesville, seem to be called for before we leave this town and
its environs. At this day, the bamboo, cassia, bread-fruit tree,
cocoa-nut-bearing palm, &c. &c. are considered as tropical
plants, and grow only in such a climate, or in one, that is not

GEOLOGY. 33

v^ery cold- That fact being admitted, two questions naturally-
present themselves, to the mind: — Have these plants changed
their nature? Or, has our climate become colder, than it was
formerly? Tropical plants, that are annuals, without changing
their nature essentially, have been carried farther and farther
north, until they have become naturalized, to a northern cli-
mate. This remark applies, perhaps, to the palma-christi,
and several other annuals- But, the bamboo, date, cocoa-nut
bearing palm &c. found at Zanesville, are not annuals. Has
our climate become colder ? Some countries have become
warmer, than they once were. We suspect, indeed, we know
from the writers of the Augustan age, that Italy, France, Ger-
many and Britain, have become warmer, than they were, eigh-
teen hundred years since. Horace, in the days of Augustus,
introduces, us to Soracte, a mountain near Rome, covered
with snow, and gives us a picture of winter, and here that
picture is.

" Vides, ut alta stet nive candidum,
" Soracte ; nee jam sustineant onus
•' Silvae laboiantes ; geluque,
"Flumina, constiterint acuto?
" Dissolve frigue, ligna super foco,
" Large reponens."

What a picture of the winter at Rome, in the days of Augus-
tus ! It would now best suit the meridian of Quebec. Who
now sees such snows breaking down the trees, unable to sus-
tain their load, at Rome? Who now sees the Tiber one solid
bed of ice, so that its current is congealed by frost ? Who
now, in the Eternal city, needs such large piles of wood on
the hearth in winter ?

Are the snows along the Ister five ells in depth? Virgil tells
us they were so deep, in his time : That the largest deer,
could hardly push the snow aside with their breasts, so that
their horns, scarcely showed themselves above the snow's, sur-
face. What a horrid picture does he give us, of the winters,
where Vienna now raises its imperial spires? The people
5

34 HISTORY OF OHIO.

there no longer, are compelled to live under ground, in the win-
ter months, and be obliged to bum whole trees at once to keep
the people from freezing.

Europe, has certainly been growing warmer, not colder,
during the last eighteen hundred years, and we have no proof
that our climate, in Ohio, has been growing colder, during that
period. If these plants have not changed their nature, nor
our climate become colder, within the last eighteen centuries,
at least; were not these plants floated here, by the ocean
from tropical countries, in some remote period of time? The
very appearance of these plants, on a first view, answers such
a question. Had they been floated here from any great dis-
tance, would their leaves, and especially their delicate blos-
soms, been uninjured, fresh, expanded fully and entire, as they
were when in full bloom? Certainly not. Between the time
of their being in full bloom, in life, vigor and beauty, and
that aViful moment, in which they were overwhelmed, buried
and imbedded, fixed fast and turned to stone, iron and shale,
where they now repose, and for unknown ages past have re-
posed; scarcely one day could have intervened ; perhaps only
a fev,- hours elapsed.

Wc state facts. And, besides, whole trees, turned into stone
with every root, limb, and the trunk; with the earth, where
it grew turned up, showing that the tree had been only pros-
trated, not removed, otherwise than thrown down by violence;
such a tree, a hemlock, still remains, at Chitteningo, New
York, unless travelers have carried it away for specimens.
That tree grew in exactly such a formation as ours in Ohio,
and must be referred to the same period of time with ours,
and must have been overwhelmed by the same catastrophe, i

which overwhelmed, our palms, dates, bamboos, and other tro- I

pica! plants. Imagination can hardly grasp, the horrors of "
that dreadful catastrophe, which scooped out those vast beds
of seas, bays and lakes, all around the northern end of our
globe, filling the vast space, between the Alleghany and the
Rocky Mountains, with the ruins of the northern portion of
our planet; — covering our once tropical region, with the ru-

i

GEOLOGY. 36

ins of the old world. Well might he, who wrote our only
short history of the deluge, declare, that "the foundations of
the great deep were broken up." We throw out a suggestion,
for the consideration and reflection of our readers.

If we suppose quite the largest portion of our globe to be
water, and we have no reasons to come to any other conclu-
sion (if we except to opinions, without proof, and even contra-
ry to all evidence) and, that the eastern and western contin-
ents and their islandic appendages, lie in the waters of the
ocean, like two icebergs in the sea, it is easy enough to under-
stand, that whenever, and by whatever means, the centre of
gravity is lost which now keeps these continents exactly where
they are, a revolution of these continents will take place al-
most instantly. By this catastrophe, the earth would be swept
of all its land animals, who would all perish, except such as
happened to be on the earth where the two new poles would
be formed, at the moment when the event happened.

If all the rivers and all the currents in the ocean also, run in
the same direction, not only every sea, and every ocean, but
every river, every brook, and every rill, and even every show-
er of either rain, snow or hail — nay every dew would hasten
on another grand catastrophe of this globe. But the rivers do
not all run in the same, but opposite directions. The Red
River of Hudson's Bay runs northwardly, the Mississippi and
its branches southwardly. The waters of the northern lakes
move northeastwardly — and the current in the ocean along our
Atlantic coast runs in the same direction. The streams issuing
from the bases of the Alleghanies and the Rocky Mountains,
run in opposite directions. Wherever mountain streams are
shorter in their courses on one side of a mountain, than on the
other side, their descent is greater than the rivers on the op-
posite side of their common sources ; and the shorter rivers bear
along in their currents an equal weight of matter with the
longer and larger rivers. This is true, probably, of all the
rivers in the world, but where it is not so, a current in an adja-
cent ocean makes up the deficiency. We have been long since

36 HISTORY OF OHIO.

surprised that no author had noticed this exhibition of wisdom,
in the formation of mountains and rivers.

We will not say, that formerly, catastrophes of the globe
have been effected, by the running of rivers, which carried
along in their currents such a weight of matter, as, by that
means to change the centre of gravity in the earth, and pro-
duce any one of the awful catastrophes, which have several
times overwhelmed our world, with temporary ruin and desola-
tion. All we say, is, that by exactly such means, it might
have been effected, almost in a moment, and that all the effects
of such a revolution, are visible, all over the world. Every
portion of the earth, by such means, might have been, at some
day, a tropical region, and productive of tropical plants.

Man and his works, have been found in many places, in the
Valley of the Mississippi, in a fossil state. According to in-
formation received eighteen or twenty years since, from the
Honorable Thomas Tod, then a Judge of the United States
Court, a human skeleton, buried in an ancient stone mound,
two hundred feet below the surface of a hill, was discovered
in Kentucky. The owner of the land, dug through the hill
at its base, for the purpose of uniting two small creeks, whose
united waters were sufficient to turn the machinery of a mill.
In perforating the earth, between the two creeks, an ancient
stone mound, consisting of many cart loads, was met with,
and on removing the stones, an entire human skeleton was
found at the mound's base. Judge Tod saw the place, the
stones and the human bones, but my memorandum of the con-,
versation with my learned and revered friend, does not state
the place, where the discovery was made. The death of the
Judge, prevented my visiting the spot in question. We re-
spectfully request his family, if they know where it is, to
inform us. To his worthy sons, Robert S. Tod and Charles S.
Tod, Esquires — we apply for an answer to this request.

In a natural mound of earth, near the high road, some
fourth of a mile, north of Circleville, seven human skeletons,
were found, about eighteen years since. These skeletons,
lay among earth and pebbles, evidently brought there and left

GEOLOGT. 37

by water — the sea. They lay in every inclination with the
horizon, and were deposited by the deluge, where they were
found.

At Louisville, Kentucky, when digging the canal there, on
the surface of a flat rock, many feet below the surface of the
earth, above the rock, the works of man, were found. Fires
had been made on the rocks and men had dwelt there. Since
these fires had ceased to burn there, several feet of earth had
accumulated on the surface of the rocks, and trees, of the larg-
est size, had been growing on that earth, during several cen-
turies.

SLATE AND LIMESTONE REGIONS.

West of the geological line, before mentioned, the minerals
are very different from those of the hilly region, which we
have been considering. Several of the counties, lying along
this line, west of it, are underlaid, with clay slate, such as
we have noticed near lake Erie. Such a slate underlays the
western parts of Pickaway and Franklin counties. It pre-
dominates all over Madison county; mostly so in Fayette
county, and in Union county also; — as well as in the eastern
parts of Clark, and Clinton counties.

Where that blue slate underlays the surface, and comes to,
or near it, the slate dissolves into a blue clay, and produces
swampy lands. We refer our reader to the Licking summit;
and, indeed, to nearly all our summits, north of our hilly re-
gion, or west of it, where he will find such clay, and such
swamps. Hence, the origin of most of our ponds, swamps
and wet lands, all over this state. They exist nearly all the
way across this state, from the Pennsylvania line, to that of
Indiana, on the summit level, between the Saint Lawrence
and Mississippi valleys.

LIMESTONE.

Ours is a subspecies — the compact limestone, and is a very
valuable mineral. It usually occurs, in extensive, solid, com-

58 HISTORY OF OHIO.

pact masses, whose fracture is dull, splintery and sometimes
though, rarely conchoidal. It is opaque, at the edges; its
more common color is bluish or grey; it is seldom a pure car-
.bonate, but contains from two, to ten per cent, of silex. Some
of these limestones, are so impure, that they melt, rather than
burn into lime. Our limestone is of a recent formation, gen-
erally, and may be called, shell limestone. It is either found
in hills, with rounded summits, or under a level country. Its
strata are often thin, lying between strata of clay slate and
is composed almost wholly of sea shells. This limestone of-
ten presents fissures and rents, holes and cave?.

In Kentucky, are caves of vast extent, and one of them,
has been explored twenty-one miles, under ground, called the
mammoth cave, in the vicinity of Green river. We have but
a few caverns, in our limestone region, and they are of no
great extent.

In Highland county, are some caverns, near the Sinking
spring, and a few sharks' teeth were found in it, several
years since. The most valuable bed of limestone, now known
to exist, in this state, is situated five miles above Columbus,
on the main branch of the Scioto river, the property of Mr.
John McCoy. Large blocks are constantly taken from it, of
any desirable size, for pillars, and for fronts of houses. It is
a durable and beautiful building stone, and bears a tolerable
good polish. In McCoy's marble quarry is stone sufficient, to
last many centuries, for the Scioto country.

Our limestone, furnishe an excellent lime, for building.
Its calicination is now effected by wood, but the heat should
not be great.

Count Rumford, has invented an oven for burning lime. It
is a high cylinder, with the hearth at the side, and at some
distance above the base. The fire burns, with a reflected, or
inverted flame. The lime is taken out at the bottom, while
fresh additions of limestone are made at the top, so as to keep
the oven constantly heated. Limestone, either moistened or
just dug, calcines easiest. If dry, it should be moistened whea
put into the kiln.

GEOLOGY. 39

MORTAR.

We have a few remarks, on making it. This is commonly
a mixture of sand and slacked lime. When sand cannot be
had, pulverised dry clay or brick-dust, will answer as well.

To the sand and slacked lime, if iron dust, or manganese be
added, a cement may be made, which will harden under water.
With such a cement, cisterns may be made, tan vats, and cel-
lar walls, that will answer many useful purposes.

Compact lime, is often used, as a manure, and our shell
lune, is the best for that purpose. Sometimes, the stone is
only pulverised, sometimes it is burnt. Many of our marbles
that are full of shells, are very beautifully variegated, with
spots of different forms and colors. Sand and emery, putty
and tin filings, with water, are employed in polishing this
limestone. As yet, we have discovered but few beds, of this
stone, which are used as marbles. Time and further research
may discover to us, other marbles, at no distant day, in our
limestone region. It is quite probable, that the best marbles
lie deeper in the earth, than we have, as yet, sought for
them.

Southwest of Springfield, on the road to Dayton, is a lime-
stone of peculiar appearance. Its structure and aspect re-
semble, those in western New York, where gypsum and lime-
stone abound. That near Springfield deserves examination,
by some one, acquainted with those minerals of western New
York. It is quite possible, that the limestone near Spring-
field may answer a good purpose for backs of chimneys, and
ought to be tried, by exposure to great heat, and, by then
throwing it into water, while thus heated. That it is an ex-
cellent limestone, for producing mortar, we doubt not, and by
mixing with it a proper proportion of sand, it may produce a
cement that will harden under water.

40 HISTORY OF OHIO.

ORGANIC REMAINS,

Found in the limestone formation, in the Miami country and
above Columbus, on the Scioto river, in McCoy's quarry^.
R. Buchanan furnished us with the names of them.

Zoophitm.

FAMILY.

Calumopora — four species.
Cyathophyllum — three species.
Syringopora — one do.

Casinopora.
Thestra.

Radiara.
Encrinies — many species.

Conchifera.
Spirifer — many species.
Terrabratula — many species.
Producta do. do.

Modiola — three species.
Mytilus.

Molusca.
Trochus. Turritella.

Turbo. Orthoceratites

Crustacea.
Calymena — several species
Isotelus do. do.

The organic remains found in Tennessee and Kentucky,
and probably in Ohio, not mentioned above, viz :

FAMILIES. SPECIES.

Astrse, Delphinata.

Pentremites, Enomphalus.

Bellerophon, Natica.

Nautilus, Ampullaria.

Karaites, Asaphus.
Ammonites.

Of Favosites, we have a great many along the Scioto
valley.

i

GEOLOGT. 41

PKIMITIVE ROCKS-

These are discovered, as soon as we have ascended the sec^
end ridge, south of lake Erie, as we travel southwardly.
They consist of granite, sienite, black mica, and indeed eve-
ry variety of mica slate, gneiss, and all the primitive rocks
of this continent. They occur in amorphous masses, abrad-
ed, and smoothed, by friction, and show conclusively, that they
are out of place, and are unconnected with any other rocks
in, or near, where they now lie. They are generally, at an
elevation of about seven hundred feet, above the present sur-
face of the ocean. But where the earth has been worn away
by some stream of water, near them, they have, in some in-
stances, been undermined, and have fallen down, on a lower
level. These boulders, are found in large masses, covering
in some places, several acres, reposing on the north sides of
hills, of a diluvial deposite. They are rarely found on the
southern ends of hills, unless removed thither, by some more re-
cent revolution, than the one which deposited them originally in
this country. These primitive rocks, we have seen all along
the southern shores of the northern lakes, from the east end
of lake Ontario, to the western side, of the southern end of
lake Michigan. They are uniformly found at about the same
height, unless removed by some force more recent, apparent-
ly, than that, which, originally deposited them in this region.
From east to west, they extend, at least eight hundred miles,
in a right line. Their elevation is everywhere, nearly the
same, above the present surface of the ocean, and they are
most numerous, on the northern ends of hills, pointing a little
east of north — about three points of the compass-
When we say, that these rocks are found, thus, in a line
extending from the lower end of lake Ontario, to the western
side of the southern end of lake Michigan, we do not say,
that these rocks are not found, east and west of these limits.
But, thus far, we have seen them, and have carefully examin-
ed them, in person, and have noticed, carefully, every circum-
6

42 HISTORY OF OHIO.

stance attending them. We saw none of them, west of lako
Michio-an, between that lake, and the Upper Mississippi.

They are found, in some instances covering half an acre ul
surface — and sometimes, three acres. There is such a depo?-
ite, resting on the northeastern end of a diluvial hill, just south
of the road leading from Dayton to Cincinnati, about three
miles, perhaps less than three miles, southerly of Dayton.
There is such a deposite, in the northwestern corner of the
town plat of Circleville, partly covered with earth, by some
later event than the one which brought these rocks here. There
was, when this town was first settled, such a deposite, on the
north side of the great mound, in this town. These rocks
are found in considerable numbers in Madison county, rest-
ing on the surface of that elevated, diluvial plain.

Considerable numbers, may now be seen, resting on the bed
of the Olentangy creek, several miles below the town of Del-
aware between that town and Worthington. They have been
undermined by the washing away, of the clay slate under
them.

These rocks, have been often used, for millstones and
sometimes, one boulder, is so large, as to make several mill
stones. These are granitic rocks. They are used too, for
underpinnings of houses and barns. The court-house in Mad-
ison county, stands on these old rocks.

By what means, were these rocks, transported here, and
left, on our surface? That they have been brought here, long
since the revolution, which deposited our sandstone and slaty
rocks, of secondary formation ; seems evident, from the fact,
that they rest on the surface of a diluvial deposite of rollc^l
pebbles. This diluvial deposite of pebbles, &c. 'is more recent
than the sandstone and slate rocks. It seems evident, too,
that the force which transported our primitive rocks here, was
not so great as the one which transported the rounded pebbles,
otherwise, the large boulders would have been whirled around
the hills, and left at the southern ends of them.

Northern navigators, often tell us, of icebcrges, floating in
polar seas, with rocks, imbedded in fhem. We see the same

GEOLOGY. 43

thing take place, on a small scale, in all northern countries,
where the ice adheres to the beds of the rivers, on the re-
turn of the spring, when the current breaks up the ice. At
its bottom, pebbles adhering to the ice, are borne downwards,
by the current, and transported, until the ice is dissolved by
the warmth of the sun. So, in polar regions, powerful winds
and waves, break up the ices, the rocks at their lower surface
adhere to the iceberges, and are borne away, to climes far dis-
tant from their native beds. What adds to the evidence, in
favor of such a transportation of our primitive rocks, is the
fact, that their lower surfaces, show evident marks of having
been scratched, raked and injured, by coming in contact with
obstacles, on their journey hither. The upper surfaces and
sides, have not on them, marks of equal violence. The last
revolution or catastrophe of our globe, brought these rocks
here, and they moved slowly over the surface of the ocean,
then elevated only seven or eight hundred feet, above its pres-
ent level.

If the same catastrophe, at its commencement deposited the
round pebbles, in oblong, narrow hills, their ends pointing a lit-
tle east of north; our primitive rocks, though brought here by
the same current of water, yet it had, by that time, lost nearly
all its force, and had settled its surface, five hundred feet, at
least, at that time, and, soon afterwards, subsided altogether,
and left our present lakes and rivers, to accomplish what they
have done since. Lake Erie has settled its surface one hun-
dred and seventy feet, since that period, and many of our riv-
ers have also lowered their beds, in the same time. These
rocks, are Fragments of History, not to be overlooked, by
the historian. They speak a language not to be misunder-
stood. The masses of rocks, in the hills of our sandstone
region, show on their northern ends, and sides, marks of vi-
olence ; — ^they are scratched, raked and injured by violence.
We have examined these points of rocks, on the northeastern
ends and sides of hills, in Scioto, Lawrence, Jackson, Fairfield,
Hocking and Meigs counties, and we always found the same
evidences, of violence done to their northern extremities.

44 HISTORY OF OHIO.

The primitive rocks, were generally stopped, in their slow
progress, southwardly, by the hills, in the State of Ohio, be-
cause, we never saw one of them, in Kentucky or Tennessee;
nor did we find them in the southern parts of the State of
Illinois.

The same cuiTent seems to have swept over all the country,
west of the Alleghanies, but it remains doubtful, with the wri-
ter, whether any primitive rocks, were transported by it,
west of the Mississippi river. Whether primitive rocks are
found, between Fort Winnebago and lake Superior, we do not
know, not having visited that elevated tract of country, in
person.

RIVERS.

The streams of water, which we call rivers, and which orig-
inate in this State, are the tributaries, either of Lake Erie or
of the river which gives its name to the state.

THE OHIO RIVER,

Assumes that name at Pittsburgh, in western Pennsylvania,
at the confluence of the rivers Alleghany" and Monongahala.
From Pittsburgh, it flows in a gentle,current, southwestward-
ly, nine hundred miles, to the Mississippi river, in latitude 37°
north, where it is lost, in the " great water" as the Indian
name implies — Meesyseepee. In a straight line from Pitts-
burgh, it is six hundred and forty miles to its mouth, in longi-
tude, 12° west of Washington city. Its mean breadth, is
about eight hundred yards. Its gentle current, in a common
stage of water, is no where great, except at Louisville, in lati-
tude 38° 10' north, where, in about two miles' distance, it de-
scends twenty-two feet. The Louisville canal, obviates these
rapids, and promises to be forever useful to all the towns locat-
ed above it, on the Ohio river. Towards the upper end of this
river, are several islands, the largest of which, are Blanner-
liassett's, below the mouth of the Little Kanhawa; Zane's near
Wheeling; and one, a few miles above Steubenville, formerly

RIVERS. 45

owned by General Darke. Between the states of Ohio and
Kentucky, there are no islands in this river, worth naming.
Those near Manchester, are mere collections of mud. Ten
states of the Union, contribute to the volume of water, flowing
along in the channel of the Ohio river, — to wit : New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Virginia, North Carolina,
Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama. Its valley occupies
eight degrees of latitude, and eight degrees of longitude. It
remains impeded by frost, but about two months in the year,
from Cincinnati to its mouth. So many of its tributaries rise
on its southern side, that it closes late in the year and opens
early in the succeeding one. These southern streams have
freshets in them, one after another, so as scarcely ever to be
all up, at any one time.

When the freshets in the southern branches have done
pouring their increased waters into the Ohio, the northern ones
begin to pour theirs into it, though, inasmuch as the streams
in Ohio state, all rise in about the same latitude, and on the
same elevation, they often rise about the same time. The Al-
leghany and Monongahala branches rise in the Alleghany
mountains, among the snows and ices of that Alpine region, and
these are the last to swell the Ohio. Those who dwell alono-

to

the banks of this fine river, know, from the drift-wood, and oth-
er indications, what particular stream, has produced the fresh-
et. The Big Sandy, sometimes brings down from its sources,
in North Carolina, the reed cane. The hemlock floats from
the head waters of the Alleghany. When this last river is
up, and it is the last to rise, the rafts of pine boards, descend
the Ohio, covered with families, removing into the Western
states. These bring along with them, their all — their wives,
children, horses, cattle, dogs, fowls, wagons, and household fur-
niture, of all sorts. Sometimes from four to seven rafts, after
they have descended to Pittsburgh, unite all together, and float
onward to Cincinnati, before they are separated. Wherever
the raft is sold, the immigrants either settle down, or land, and
move forward in their wagons, to where they wish to settle.
Since the introduction of steam boats, the old keel boat, is

46 HISTORY OF OHIO.

seldom seen on the Ohio. And, even the old Orleans ark, is
less and less used, every year, while the steamer is employed
more and more, to convey persons and their property.

If the surface, drained by any river, gives a very correct
idea of the quantity of water, passing off through its channel ;
the Ohio is as large, as all the rivers in Pennsylvania, New-
Jersey, New-York and the six eastern states. It rises early
in February, and continues up, generally in good order for
steamers, until in July or even in August. From that month
and frequently, even earlier, it is too low for the navigation
of vessels of much burden, during two, or even three months,
until the autumnal rains raise it, so as to be in a good naviga-
ble condition. It rises and falls, about sixty feet, on an aver-
age, along the coast of the state of Ohio. Indeed it rises,
even more than sixty feet, sometimes, as it did, early in the
spring of the year 1832, when it rose sixty-five feet, and produced
immense injury, by carrying off fences, houses, hay and grain.
It carried off the bridges on, or near it, across its tributaries.
From Wheeling to Cincinnati, this freshet did a vast deal of
damage, to all sorts of property. It flooded the lower part of
Cincinnati, and drove away, for several days, nearly all the
people, residing in the lower part of the city. This was the
highest freshet ever known, since the settlement of the west-
ern states, by the English. This extraordinary rise, was occa-
sioned, by a rise of all the streams at the same time, which
empty into the Ohio, whether originating north or south of its
channel. This circumstance was never known to have occur-
ed before, and may not occur again, within a century to come.
But, we must leave this beautiful river — this Belleriviere, of
the early French missionaries and traders, and, notice some
of its branches ; especially such as originate, in " The Thriv-
ing State," and we begin with the

MUSKINGUM,

Which rises and runs wholly within the limits of this state.
In Richland county, it originates in a swamp, not over thirtj'-

RIVERS. 47

miles, in a direct line, from lake Erie. The ponds in Portage
county, (from whence the Tuscarawas issues, southerly and the
Cuyahoga northerly,) are little more than thirty miles distant,
in a straight line, from lake Erie. The surface drained by the
Muskingum, may be fairly estimated, at about two hundred
miles from east to west. It passes wholly, through a hilly re-
gion, abounding in the minerals, most useful to man. Its cur-
rent is gentle, with few rapids in it, and these will soon contri-
bute to put in motion, the machinery of a great number of mills
and factories.

On the banks of this river, from its utmost sources to its
mouth, fossil coal and iron ore are abundant. In Tuscarawas,
alone, these minerals exist in sufficient abundance, for this
state during a century to come.

Next, lower down the Ohio river, the

!

HOCKHOCKING,

Pours its tribute into its parental stream. The Hock-hock-uk,
[Bottle river] of the Indians, rises rather north of Lancaster,
and after meandering along eighty or ninety miles, finally en-
ters the Ohio river, in Meigs county, some distance below
Blannerhassett's island, and twenty-five miles below Marietta.
Its size, may be estimated from its valley, which is eighty
miles, from north to south, and averaging about fifteen or twen-
ty miles from east to west. Its only rapids are near the town
of Logan, called the falls of Hocking.

This stream runs wholly through a mineral, hilly region,
where fossil coal, iron ore, and salt water abound.

Into the Ohio river, at Portsmouth far to the west of the
Hockhocking, flows the beautiful, mild and gentle

SCIOTO.

It rises, on the high, marshy summit level, between the Erie
lake, and the Ohio river, in the counties of Hardin, Marion,
Crawford, Union, Delaware and Richland. Its branches

48 HISTORY OF OHIO.

are lono- and numerous; hence its Indian name, Seeyo toh!
'' Greatleo-s." On the east side of it, empty into it, the Little
Scioto, Olentangy, Gahannah, or Big Walnut, Little Walnut,
and Salt creeks. On the west side, are Rush creek, Mill
creek, Boke's creek, Darby, Deer and Paint creeks, and these
are all " longlegs,'''' for their size. They all rise in a compar-
atively level and alluvial country, except Salt creek.

Where they rise, and also where they flow, the surface of
the country, is either level, or very gently undulating. The
soil, where these branches rise and run, is as fertile as any
can be in the world, producing maize, grass, and grain of all
the kinds which arc cultivated in this state. At Chillicothe,
the Scioto, enters the hilly, sandstone region, and passes through
it, to the Ohio river, in a valley, of several miles in width.
Above Chillicothe, the Scioto spreads its branches, like the
frame work of a fan fully expanded, forming a semicircle, of
about seventy miles in diameter at its upper extremity. The
Scioto may be estimated by the contents of the surface of its
vallev. It is one hundred and thirty miles in a direct line,
from its summit to its mouth, at Pourtsmouth. Its breadth
from east to west, will average seventy miles. From the town
of Delaware, to Chillicothe, a distance of seventy miles, from
north to south, in the summer months, the traveler sees the
most beautiful country, in Ohio. It is a perfect paradise, wav-
ing with grass and and grain as far as his eye can see. The
country is animated by a people, living either in beautiful towns,
or along the road side on farms. Sometimes are presented to
view, large droves of cattle, horses and hogs. From Delaware
to Columbus, the road runs near the Olentangy. From Colum-
bus downwards, the traveler almost every where sees the canal,
with its boats, he hears the sound of their horns, and sees the
* Scioto winding its way along to the Ohio river. TTiis is the
Scioto country, famed, in all time, since man dwelt on its
surface, for its beauty and fertility. That ancient race of
men, who were the earliest inhabitants, dwelt here in greater
numbers, than any where else, in the western states. The
Indians of the present race, preferred this country, to any other,

RIVERS. 49

and lived here in greater numbers, in towns. Here, the Avild
animals lived in the greatest numbers, and we have placed our
Capitol, on the most beautiful spot of the whole Scioto country.
Nature has already done her part, for this region, and man
has done, is doing and will continue to do his, to make it all
that man can ever desire it to be, forever, " a hojie, sweet

HOME."

Next in order, as we descend the Ohio river, one hundred
miles below Portsmouth, near the small town of Columbia, the

LITTLE MIAMI

Pays its constant tribute, to the Belle Riviere. It rises in
Madison county, in a small spring, a few miles from London.
Some of its branches, rise in Clinton, but most of them in
; Green county. This river passes through a limestone region.
Its length is nearly eighty miles, and its average breadth of
valley, may be estimated, at about twenty miles. Originating
in durable springs, it is for its size, one of the best mill streum;:,
in the state. Though its valley is not much longer than that
of the Hockhocking, yet, in summer, while the latter is dry
in its bed, at its mouth, and for many miles upwards, the Little
Miami rolls along, its good sized volume of water, to its mouth,
fertilizing and adorning the earth along its banks, and furnish-
ing a water power, which the people of that region, are con-
stantly using for mills of all sorts, and for other machinery,
moved, by its power. On this river, Jebemiah Morrow, our
former member of both houses of congress, canal commissioner,
and governor of the state, owns and superintends, himself, sev-
eral excellent mills. Along this stream, more sea shells are
found, than any where else, in the limestone region of Ohio.
Many specimens of them, are perfectly uninjured and entire.

The soil of this region is warm, especially on its western

side and is very productive of grass and grain. Green and

Warren counties, lying in the Little Miami valley, are among

the best watered, most fertile counties in the state, and they

7

50 HISTORY OF OHIO.

are as healthful, and their people as good, and live in as easy
an independence, as any farmers in this state. Towards the
head of this river are some remarkable falls and rapids.

Descending the Ohio river, thirty miles below the mouth of
the Little Miami, we come to the mouth of the

GEEAT MIAMI.

It rises on the same summit, as the Muskingum and Scioto,
in wet, marshy grounds, or in ponds, and small lakes.

Tlic main branch of this river, rises in Hardin county, and
some of its waters interlock with the Au Glaize, a tributary of
the Maumee, so that by a portage of only five miles, we may
pass from the waters of the Mississippi, to those of the St. Law-
rence. The Cincinnati and Dayton canal is progressing north-
wardly, and Avill soon make a line of communication, by canal
navigation, from the Ohio river to Lake Erie.

MAD EIVEE,

A tributary of the Great Miami, rises in some ponds, from
which, not only the Great Miami flov/s but the Scioto also. Mad
river empties its waters into the Miami, at Dayton, a thriv-
ing town of 5000 people. The Miami valley has always been
admired for its beautifully variegated and fertile surface. Its
valley may be estimated at one hundred and ten miles from
north to south, and forty miles, or more, from east to west,
^orhe'of it lies in Indiana. This is called the Miami country,
fthd "takeit, all in all, for soil, climate, water-power, but more
still, for its improvements in agriculture, and for its denseness
01 population, compared with any part of this state, and it is
unsurpassed. Cincinnati is a large city, with all the arts
of one— all the institutions which are calculated to enoble, exalt
polish, refine and render happy, the human family.

'i)a\)^t6ri, Xenia, Hamilton, Springfield, Urbana, Troy, Piqua
and Rossville arc thriving towns, in this region.

Bu(, we'niust leave for awhile these towns, and the waters

RIVERS. 51

of the Mississippi, and pass over the miry, marshy summit, at
their heads, and visit the Great Valley of the St. Lawrence.
And, we will cross over to the

MAUMEE,

Of lake Erie. The surfaces of the states of Ohio and Indi-
ana, have, in a friendly way, contributed equally to make
this river, as the citizens of the same states now arc uniting
their efforts to make a splendid canal along its whole length.
It assumes its name, at Fort Wayne in Indiariu.- The town
of Fort Wayne stands at the confluence, of the St. Mary''s,
which rises in Ohio; and the St. Joseph's, a'^treaiim of Indi-
ana. After this junction of waters, the Maumee, flows Ohwatds,
crosses into the state of Ohio, and feeling new life, after ithas
moved along slowly awhile in our territory, it finally leaps
madly from rock to rock forming for eighteen miles' above
Perrysburgh one of the best, if not the very best' mill stream,
in the state. At the latter town, it finds itself on a' level
with lake Erie, and is at rest. The lake Vessels will ascend it
to Perrysbugh. The Maumee, is one hundred miles, in length,
and for the first fifty miles from its mouth upwards, it is sev-
enty rods wide. It is one of the largest rivers in the state.
Its banks are high, and begin to be very well cultivated.
Along its borders, are fine bottom lands and its waters are stor-
ed with fine fishes from the lake.

The state of Ohio, is about to make a canal along it, from its
mouth upwards, sixty feet wide, six feet deep, with a double
set of locks, so as to admit lake vessels to navigate it to Fort
Wayne. At no distant day, the Maumee valley will by thickly
settled, and well improved; and, this canal will be studded
with flourishing villages, towns and cities.

SANDUSKY

River, rises in the western part of Richland county, on the
same summit level, with the head waters of the Muskingum
river, and turning westwardly, crosses Crawford, Senccn, San-

52 HISTORY OF OHIO.

dusky and Huron counties, and fincilly discharges its waters
into Lake Erie, at the mouth of Sandusky bay. It u about
eighty miles long including its windings from a straight line,
and its volume of water is about equal to that of the Little
Miami. Its Indian name, imports a water with whirlpools in
it. It abounds with lake tishes, and it has a safe and excellent
harbor, for lake vessels, at its mouth. We proceed to

HURON

River, whose mouth is a few miles east of the Sandusky
bay. Huron river rises in Richland county near the heads of
the Sandusky and Muskingum. Running slowly out of Rich-
lan<i into Huron county, which it crosses, it pays its tribute
to the lake, at the town of Huron. It is forty miles long and
turns many water wheels, in its course.

Sailing eastwardly, sixty miles, along an iron bound, and
rocky shore, mostly; we arrive at the mouth of the Cuyaho-
ghan-uk, of the Indians.

In our voyage, we have passed two small rivers, rising in
Medina county, and running quite across Lorain county, in-
to lake Erie. They are fine mill streams, for short ones — forty
miles long. These are Black river and Rocky river. But we
are now at the mouth of the

CUYAHOGA,

Or, as the Indians called it "Cuyahoghan-uk," Lake river.
It is emphatically lake river; it rises in lakes, and falls into a
lake. Rising in Geauga county, on the summit, it proceeds
along on that second level above the Erie in doubt, whether to
unite its waves with the Mississippi or St. Lawrence, until, it
wends its way cautiously along, across Portage county, to its
falls, which are about thirty miles, in a direct line, from the
lake, where having determined which way to go, it leaps exult-
ingly, from rock to rock one hundred and twenty five feet, in one
mile, pouring along its channel, even in a dry time, five thousand
cubic feet of water, in a minute, creating the very best water

RIVERS. S>3

power, iii the state, within so short a distance. These are
THE Cuyahoga palls, on which, mills of all sorts are erected,
and erecting; creating an active, thriving and prosperous vil-
lage. The people seem to be emulating the activity of the
mills, and v/ater, near them. The saw, the plane, the hammer,
the trowel and the axe, are rivalling in speed, the roaring,
tumbling, descending waters. Turning abruptly, here, away
from the dull homely ponds, on the south, the Cuyahoga runs
eagerly and rapidly to join lake Erie, falling on an average,
eleven feet in a mile. The Cuyahoga, is about eighty miles
in length, forty miles of that distance, or more, are on the same
summit, with the Mahoning and Tuscarawas. The former runs
into Pennsylvania, and enters the Ohio at Beaver. The lat-
ter is the main branch of the Muskingum river.

From these falls to Cleveland, the water power is great; and
on the canal, at Akron, not very far distant from these falls, the
same descent, is already under the control of man, creating
twenty-eight locks, within the distance of about six miles.
From Akron to Cleveland, there may be, and soon will be, one
continued village, for the distance of thirty-eight miles. At
the very falls, themselves, are iron ore, sandstone of difTereni
colors, of a fine grain, and of good texture, suitable for build-
ing stone, grindstones, whetstones and many other articles,
useful toman. Fossil coal exists also, on the spot; — so that,
here are all the materials of industry, health, happiness and
prosperity. The forest presents its tre«s, the earth holds out
her minerals, and the water offers its never failing power, in
aid of industry in all its forms, to produce wealth in all its
shapes; and happiness in all its modes of existence, either cor-
poreal, mental, or mixed. From Akron and Cuyahoga Falls,
to Cleveland, including the last named town; and all the space
between them, there will be eventually, one great city of five
hundred thousand people. The river, the canal, the coal, the
iron ore, the sandstone, and, finally, the most beautiful inland
sea, in the world, all conspire, to produce the same great result.
The harbour of Cleveland now presents, in summer, a port as
bustling, active and heart-stirring, as the port of Baltimore.

54 HISTORY OF OHIO.

The canal boats, the lake vessels, the steamer of seven hun-
dred tons, with its tall masts, its wide expanded sails, with the
sailor's " ye up ye o," fill the mind of the spectator, with
life and energy.

GRAND RIVER,

Rises in the northwestern part of Trumbull county, and
proceeds cautiously along towards the lake, turning, some
times to the right and then again to the left hand, a distance of
thirty miles, to Austinsburg in Ashtabula county, where its
course being arrested in that direction, it turns abruptly off to
the westwaard after its repulse at Austinsburg, and runs more
rapidly twenty miles farther onward and enters lake Erie, at
Fairport. General Paincsville, three miles from its mouth, is
the largest town, on its banks. Iron ore abounds along its
shores, in some places, and a furnace for its manufacture is
erected, in its vicinity. Mills are erected on this river at Aus-
tinsburg, and at some other places.

Fairport, is as good a port as its name imports, and. both sides
of the river, at its mouth, are improving. The United States
have improved the harbor, which is constantly visited by lake
vessels. It is thirty-two miles cast of Cleveland.

Thus we have noticed, very briefly indeed, all the principal
streams, along lake Erie, within the State of Ohio. The
Maumee is much the largest — the longest, widest and deepest.
The Cuyahoga, in size ranks next, and is the best for mills and
machinery, moved by water power. It has the most min-
eral wealth on its banks, or near them. As to canal navicra-
lion, the Cuyahoga has the start of the Maumee, though the
scene will be shifted within a few short years, when the Ohio
canal, ending at Portsmouth and Cleveland, three hundred and
nine miles in length, will be surpassed by the Wabash and
Maumee canal, extending from Evansville, near the mouth of
the Wabash, quite to lake Erie, at the entrance of the Maumee
river, into the lake. The lower end of the Maumee bay, is
several miles in width, and this canal mingles its waters with

SUMMIT LEVELS. 55

those of the lake, at Manhattan. If the rivers which descend
into the Ohio river, from the same summit level, where the lake
rivers originate, are longer than the latter, yet, they are not so
useful as mill streams. The rivers descending into the Ohio
river, seem to have been intended to produce, by their slug-
gishness, a rich alluvial country, where grain would best come
to maturity, and the lake rivers, by their great descent and
constancy of volume, were designed to furnish a water power,
to grind their neighbors' grain, and to manufacture the south-
ern minerals into all the articles, that a whole great state shall
eventually, and, forever need.

Here, a few remarks on the summit level of all our longer
rivers, may not be improper.

Lake Erie is five hundred and sixty -five feet above the sur-
face of the sea. The summit between Grand river and Mahon-
ing is three hundred and forty-two feet above lake Erie — that
is the lowest summit, and two hundred and twenty-four feet
above the Ohio river at the mouth of the Mahoning-.

lit- ^ * ' '

The summit between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas in Mor-
tage county, is in a swamp, from which, streams run northerly "
into the Si. Lawrence a:nd southerly into the Mississippi — it is
there four hundred and four feet above lake Erie and four hun-
dred and twelve feet, above the mouth of the Muskingum, at
Marietta.

The summit of Black river of lake Erie, and the Killbuck, a
branch of the Muskingum, is three hundred and thirty-seven
feet above the lake, and three hundred and sixty-one feet above
the mouth of the Muskingum, at Marietta.

The summit between the sources of tlie Scioto and Sandus-
ky rivers, is three hundred and fifty-four feet above the lake,
and four hundred and fifty-five feet above low water in the
Ohio river at Portsmouth.

The summit between the Maumee and Great Miami rivers
is three hundred and fifty-four feet above the lake, and six hun-
dred feet above the mouth of the Miami river.

These are the lowest summit levels between the waters of
the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence in the state of Ohio. The

k

56 HISTORY OF OHIO.

highest lands in the state, are along these summits and on the
summits between the valleys of the largest rivers— such as
the Muskingum, and the Scioto— the latter, and the Little
Miami rirer. Jackson, Highland, Lawrence and Guernsey
counties contain as highly elevated grounds as any in the
state. The high grounds, on the summits near lake Erie, are
swampy and wet; but, in the counties lying in ihe southern
parts of the state, the summits are dry, mountainous, or hilly

tracts.

The swampy lands in the state, (excepting those near lake
Eric, over which, the lake flows so as to drown them) are,
mostly underlaid, with blue clay, of such a thickness and
compactness, as to prevent the water's descent below it. We
except, too, the swampy grounds along the rivers, which are
too low to be drained..

ALLUVIAL DEPOSITES.

Those beds of clay, sand, gravel and pebbles which consti-
tute so large a portion of the earth's surface along all our riv-
ers, which fall into the Ohio river, are called alluvial depo-
sites. These substances, which have been disintegrated, by
the action of the atmosphere, frost and water, have been
transported subsequently by the rivers, and deposited in hori-
zontal beds, in valleys, in the beds of streams, or in plains.

These deposites are of a comparatively recent date. Some
of them have been deposited within our own memory and others
are now forming, under our own observation. They are pe-
culiarly interesting, indicating important changes in the earth's
sirrface; and the examination of these deposites, is important
to many classes of men; — to the farmer, miner and manufact-
urer. Their contents are sometimes very valuable, because
they often contain beds of clay, which are useful to the brick-
maker, the potter and the clothier. Besides peat, they often
contain bog-iron ore, and calcareous tufa.

Besides trees, the remains of extinct animals are sometimes
found in these deposites. Numerous organic remains, the

ALLUVIAL DEPOSITES. oH

shells of the oyster, and the muscle, the teeth of sharks, and
of the elephant, are sometimes found m them. A tusk of the
Asiatic elephant, several feet in length, was found on Walnut
creek, not many years since, by the late Thomas H. Gibson,
M. D. Walnut creek is in the upper part of Pickaway county.

The teeth of the Mastodon were formerly found, along the
bed of the Scioto river. A whole skeleton was found north
of Lancaster, when the Lancaster laternal canal was digging,
four or five years since. Another whole skeleton was found
a few years since, near Massillon, in alluvial earth. The
remains of the Asiatic elephant were discovered, while the
the canal was excavating, a mile or two above Chillicothe.

But, the greatest collection of the bones of all sorts of ex*
tinct and non-extinct animals have,been found at Bigbonelick,
forty miles, by water, below Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side
of the Ohio river. The licks are a few miles from Colonel
Robert Piatt's house, situated at the point, where travelers
should land from the steamer, if they wish to visit this inte-
resting spot.

Of the animals, whose bones have been disinterred, at the
Bigbone, are those of the mastodon, of the megalonix, of the
deer of several species, and, even of the common horse 1
Tono of these remains, have been dug up, and carried away,
to all parts of this country, and, to Europe. A nephew of
Chief Justice Marshall, we believe, owns the land — Jabies
Marshall, Esquire.

One of the most stupendous animals of the extinct race, or
rather its skeleton, was discovered several years since, in allu-
vial earth, below New-Orleans, near the Mississippi river.

About ten years since, its bones were brought to Columbus,
and there exhibited, by their owners. This individual of an
extinct species of alligator, was at least, when alive, one hun-
dred and eighty feet in length, and its body was thirty feet in
diameter ! This river-god of the greatest river in the world,
as a heathen would say, must have lived in the times of the
mastodon, megalonix and Asiatic elephant, of this region.
8

58 HISTORY OF OHIO.

The skeleton of this ancient and venerable chelonian reptile
was found in the ancient alluvion of the Mississippi, and near
the mouth of that river.

Of the mastodon, thousands, doubtless of their skeletons
repose, in our alluvial deposites, which will be yet discovered.
They are all on what was once, the surface of the earth,
and are now, from four, to thirty feet below the present sur-
face.

The bones have been preserved in many places, by the an-
ticeptic nature of the earthy matters which cover them.

Trees are often found imbedded a great many feet below
the present surface. Such were found at the junction of the
Ohio and Erie canal, with the Ohio river at Portsmouth. Se-
veral trees entire, were discovered many feet under the
ground, on the surface of which, trees of the very largest
growth, had grown up, since this subterranean forest had been
buried. Doctor Moss is our authority for the above facts.

Man's works, such as arrow heads, are often found in our
alluvial earths. Such an article — an arrow head, was found
ninety feet below the surface, while digging a well for the
Hon. Jacob Burnet, at Cincinnati. That well was dug on the
high plain, where the upper portion of the city stands. That
plain is diluvial, not alluvial. The upper level of Cincinnati
belongs to the same age, and to the same catastrophe of our
globe, that the sandsktne of our hilly region does. The cur-
rent which moved the sand along in it, being checked in its
course, by the hills on the Kentucky side of the river, depos-
ited its load here, creating a spot, for one of the most beautiful
cities of the west, to stand upon, where the citizens could be
high, dry and healthful — forever.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

THE YELLOW SPRINGS. '

Nine miles north of Xenia, and the same distance south of
Springfield, on the stage road from Columbus to Cincinnati,
possess strong medicinal qualities. The water is a chalybeate.

MINERAL SPRINGS.

tind IS resorted to, more and more, annually, by persons in
health, as well as by invalids. The accommodations, at the
springs, are as good as could be expected, in a country so
new as this. There is a post office there, as well as a tavern,
with one hundred guests, frequently, in the summer months.
The proprieter has laid out some beautiful gardens on his
grounds, and has erected suitable buildings.

THE DELAWARE SPRINGS.

Are in the town of Delaware, twenty-four miles north of Co-
lumbus. Here are accommodations for a considerable number
of guests. The water in the springs is strongly impregnated
with sulphur. This watering place is more and more resorted
to, annually, by those who are in pursuit of health or pleasure,
or both, at the same time.

There are many chalybeate watering places in the state.
There is one at Williamsport, ten miles west of Circleville,
on Deer creek. A similar one at Chillicothe, also, is coming
into repute. It is situated on an acclivity west of the town.
At the spring, a good view of the town is obtained, as well
as of the adjacent country, above and below Chillicothe.
It belongs to Thomas James, president of the Bank of Chilli-
cothe.

PETROLEUM SPRINGS.

Four or five miles above the north line of Washington coun-
ty, on a water of Duck creek, and within the limits of Monroe
county, petroleum was found by boring for salt water. This
Seneca oil, rises about four hundred feet. It is subject to such
tremendous explosions of gas, as to force out all the salt water
in the well. The sale of the petroleum affords considerable
profit, and the article begins to be used in lamps, workshops,
and in manufactories. It affords a clear, brisk light, and
will be a valuable article for street Lamps in our future large
cities.

There is a petroleum spring, in Chatauqua county, New York,

60 HISTORT OF OHIO.

from which the light house at Portland, is supplied with all the
oil, used in that establishment. This spring indicates coal in
that region.

There are many other such springs, all over the coal region
of this state. Such springs issue from beneath beds of either
coal or shale, and, we doubt not, many such springs will be
found, in the same region, from which, vast quantities of petro-
leum will be obtained. Large quantities of this petroleum are
sold in bottles labeled " American Oil," and used for sprains,
rheumatism, gout, &c. dec. It has acquired considerable cele-
brity, already, and should it fall into the hands of some enter-
prising " water doctor," or some, Swaim, a large fortune, would
be realised by the sale of it.

LAKE ERIE, ITS ISLANDS AND MINERALS.

Lake Erie bounds this state, from the western limits of
Pennsylvania, in the middle of the lake, extending westward-
ly, along to a point in the water, north of Mauraee bay.
Lake Erie bounds this state, in a direct line, about one hund-
red and sixty miles.

The lake itself, is nearly three hundred miles in length, and
is one hundred miles in width, in the widest place. Its aver-
age breadth, is about fifty miles, and its circumference is at
least seven hundred miles, following the various windings of
its shores. Its surface occupies, about eight millions of acres
of water. It is a beautiful inland sea, and is as useful as it is
beautiful. It has many landing places, and, since the United
States have begun to improve the harbors, along its southern
shore, it has several excellent harbors, for such vessels as nav-
igate it. Towards its western end, from Sandusky bay, west*
ward, it contains in it, several valuable islands. Their names
follow, viz :

Cunningham's island, Put-in-bay island,

Bass island. Gull island.

The three Sisters, Ship island.

Rocky island, Pick pocket island,

LAKE ERIE. 61

Point Pele island, Bolton's island,

Middle island. Hen and chickens,

Strontian island, Turkey island,

Snake island, Cedar island,

Besides, many islets, when the lake is low.

All these islands are west of the line, which separates the
sandstone from the limestone formation, — so they are either
underlaid with the latter rock, or some of its kindred miner-
als. Some of them contain beautiful sulphate of lime, or
crystaline gypsum.

One island contains so much sulphate of Strontian, as to
give the whole island the name ft bears. In the summer of
1828, while in that region, we procured hundreds of specimens
of this mineral, which we brought home, and now describe
them, as they lie before us. They occur both massive and
regularly crystalized. The crystals are usually four-sided
prisms, variously modified, and terminated by two, four or
eight sided summits, sometimes compressed into tables.

Its most common form, is an oblique four-sided prism, ter-
minated at both ends, by four faces, standing on the edges, at
the sides. The crystals are frequently long and slender, col-
lected into fascicular groups, whoso faces have a strong lustre,
but are not transparent, though translucent. Its fracture is
foliated and glistening; — its color varies, but is either, bluish,
milk-white, gray or reddish.

Strontian island, is about twenty miles from Sandusky City,
and is well worth visiting, by the mineralogist. This lake
rises seven feet higher in some years than in others, so that
islands one year may be covered with water the next. We
have said many of these islands contain gypsnm, but, that
mineral is found in great abundance under the waters of San-
dusky bay, and on the point of land which lies between that
bay and the lake. This is a granular gypsum, crystalized,
and beautifully variegated by streaks of blue, red and white.
Large quanties of this gypsum are dug and carried away,
down our canal, as far as Muskingum county. It is used as
a cement and as a manure, or stimulant for vegetables; for

g2 HISTORY OF OHIO.

we cannot say which, though wo do know, that it acts very
beneficially on all sorts of vegetables, in certain soils, though
not on others. It acts most beneficially on vegetation, in a
sandy soil, and in a time of drowth. We have reason to be-
lieve, that this beautiful variety of gypsum, exists in great
abundance, on many of the lake islands, far westwardly, all
the way possibly, to lake Superior, or even, on the islands of
the Superior — itself.

The compact limestone of these islands, so easily approach-
ed by vessels, will soon become very valuable, and be trans-
ported all along the eastern end of lake Erie, where that rock
is not foimd. The beautiful red cedar, of these islands, too,
will be sought for, and transported, to the lake cities and towns,
on the southern shore.

It is now one hundred and fifty-seven years since the first
white man sailed across lake Erie, in the Griffin. Our har-
bors, along lake Erie, are already visited by a mercantile ma-
rine, of no little value and importance.

Beginning at the west end of the lake, we have Maumec bay
at the entrance of the Maumee into this inland sea. This bay
is several miles in width, and deep enough for all the lake
vessels. Next to this bay castwardly, is Port Clinton. The
next port eastward, is Sandusky bay, which is sheltered from
all winds, and is an excellent harbor. There is a light-
house here, as in Maumee bay, built and under the control
of the United States. Next eastwardly, is the mouth of
Huron river, where the United States have done much for
its harbor. At the mouth of Black river. Congress have
expended money ver}' usefully to make a harbor. Next go-
ing eastward, we come to Cleveland harbor, where a great
deal of lake shipping resorts. This is the mouth of the Cuy-
ahoga river, and the end of the Ohio grand canal.

So long ago as August 1834, we counted, twenty-eight
canal boats, twelve lake schooners, and four large steamers
each averaging four hundred and fifty tons, lying in Cleve-
land harbor, at one time. The steam vessels had tall masts,
and they carried sails.

THE FISHES, ETC. 63

Our commerce is constantly increasing on this lake, and
will increase, annually, for ages yet to come. There is a
light house at Cleveland, and there ought to be, a marine
HOSPITAL, for disabled seamen. Proceeding eastwardly, the
distance of thirty miles, we arrive at the harbor of Fairport,
where there is a light house, and an increasing commerce.
Conneaut and Ashtabula are ports farther eastward. The
beforementioned, are the principal ports, in Ohio, on lake
Erie, upon which the United States, have wisely expended
money, to improve them.

To the officers who have disbursed the public money, at these
ports, we are compelled to award our unqualified approba;
tion, for the science and skill, industry and enterprise, econ-
omy and good management, which they have displayed, in
all which they have done, in improving these harbors. We
regret that we cannot name them, we being ignorant on
that point, not knowing even one of them, — ;but their labor?,
praise them much.

Lake Erie has its land and sea breezes, in summer, and
it presents the same boundless prospect to the eye and the
same solemn, sublime hum t^ the ear, in a calm, as the
ocean does. In a storm, lake Erie, to all the senses, pre-
sents the same aspect as the Atlantic, when swept by a gale
of wind. This inland sea is not rivalled by any other, in the
world, for beauty or usefulness. Its cities will soon rival the
Atlantic ones, in size, commerce and wealth.

j THE FISHES, IN OUR RIVERS, PONDS AND LAKES, AND THE

; DIFFERENT MODES OF TAKING THEM.

When this country was first settled by us, fishes were found
in all our waters, in great abundance, but since so many steam
boats are employed on the Ohio river, and so many dams have
been erected on all our other rivers, these fishes have become
scarce and more difficult to take. The kinds usually caught,
are black, yellow and white perch; spotted perch, pike, trout,
bufialoe, several species of sucker, two species of sturgeon,

64 HISTORY OF OHIO.

one is the shovel nose sturgeon, eels and herrings, (not the
eastern herring, but larger,) and taken in nets; gnrMi, chubs
and minnows; catfishes of two species, black and yellow.
Along the Ohio and its branches, many fishes are taken in the
spring months; by setting what is called, a trot line, where the
water is deep and still. The line is usually from forty to sixty
yards in length. The middle of it is supported by buoys, while
its ends are fastened down, by large stones. To this line, a
large number of short lines are fastened, with hooks attatched
to them well baited, with minnews or cray-fishes. This line
is visited morning and evening, or even oftener, by a man, in
a canoe, who takes hold of the main line, and pulls himself
along by it until he comes to one of these shorter lines, which
he pulls up, and takes off its fish, baits it again and so proceeds
along the whole length of his main line, taking off the fishes,
and rebaiting the hooks. In this manner catfishes are some-
times caught, weighing one hundred pounds. When the waters
are low, in the summer months, seines, are drawn, and large
quantites are taken by them. Pikes are sometimes caught in
nets weighing thirty, forty and fifty pounds. There is another
method used, in taking fishes which is with a spear; sometimes
by torch light. Of this method of fishing, the Indians were
extremely fond. The fishes are attracted to the surface of the
water, by the light, and the expert spearsman darts his spear
into him, and drags him into the skiff or canoe.

In lake Erie, are found all the fishes that we have named,
as being in the Ohio, and branches. And in addition to these,
there are many others whose names we do not even know. The
white fish, of lake Erie, is a valuable fish and a delicious one
too. Vast numbers of them are caught in Detroit river with
seines. The specled trout is in lake Erie near Buffaloe.
The salmon trout of Michigan, the muskelunge of the Erie,
Michigan, Huron and Superior, are valuable fishes, millions of
which are taken, salted, barrelled up, and some of them sent
down our canal, to the towns along it. But there are not
enough caught, nor one half enough for our population. Not
a few barrels of shad, mackerel, salmon, as well as dried cod-

i

REPTILES. 65

fishes, haddock, &c. are annually brought here and sold trom
the Atlantic cities.

If we cannot now get a full supply, from our rivers, jwnds
and lakes, what will be our need in twenty five years hence,
when our population, in Ohio alone, will exceed, four millions
of people? Since our canal is opened between the Ohio river
and lake Erie, the fishes of the lake are making their way to-
wards the Ohio, while those of the river are traveling towards
the lake in the canal.

REPTILES,

Have been, or rather ought have been divided by Naturalists
into four oedees [viz.] 1. Chelonian, 2. Saurian, 3. Ophidian
4. Batracian. In common language, these animals are, 1. tor-
toises and turtles, 2. lizards and crocodiles, 3. serpents, and
4. frogs and salamanders.

These orders are divided into several genera and these are
again subdivided into several species. The batracians are
divided into nine genera (to wit:) Bufo, Pipa, Hyla, Rana, Sal-
amandra, Menopoma, Amphiuma, Siren and Proteus. All the
orders and most of the genera, and their species live in this
state. We are satisfied that they are imperfectly described
by authors, at best, and not a few species are not even known
to them. To any one who wishes to examine and describe
them, Cincinnati should be visited by him, where he can see
them, in Dorfeuille's Museum. Of batracians we have several
new species, if not genera. We speak understandingly on
this subject, when we say that they are imperfectly described at
best. European Naturalists have shown much ignorance of our
animals, and the authors of our Atlantic states are about equal-
ly ignorant. In a volume like this, intended for common read-
ers, we have neither the space for a full view of this subject, nor
the inclination to indulge our own taste in pursuing it, into
details. We have divided our reptiles as we know that they
should be divided and leave it to the young men of Ohio to ex-
9

fjt; HISTORY OF OHIO.

tend their researches into this obscure, and as yet, quite mis-
understood subject.

Having said what we have, for scientific readers, we proceed
in the common method to treat this matter, in a way, to suit
common readers.

We have taken but a few steps into the path of Natural His-
tory leading the way and pointing ahead, for the young men
of this state, to follow us, and when we stop short, and stand
by the way side, we pray them to march forward to the end of
the path. Any one of them who feels within his own bosom,
that he holds an appointment, to make a correct survey of Na-
ture, not from any civil ruler, but from Nature's God, let such
an one move onward, and fame and glory will follow his labors.
No governor will appoint him, nor Legislature pay him. The
Creator will reward him.

We have fresh water clams — (unio) in all our tributaries of
the Ohio river, as well as in that river itself. AVe have strong
reasons for believing that this family of shell fishes inhabit all
the streams in the Mississippi valley. Thirty or forty years
since, this family were divided by conchologists into four species
of unio. Since that thne one naturalist, makes them three
hundred species! We have seen this animal in all the larger
streams of the Ohio river; in that stream, in the Wabash, Illi-
nois, Missouri, Upper Mississippi, Rock river, loway, and Wis-
consin rivers, but we believe that every species of this- family,
existing any where in the western states and Territories, may
be found in the Scioto river. We are not among those who be-
lieve that natural history gains any thing by multiplying spe-
cies of animals, on paper, which have no existence any where
else.

Linnaeus simplified science, and rendered it easy to under-
stand, so that any child of twelve years old could understand
and comprehend it. Miss Elizabeth Buchanan of Cincinnati
is an excellent botanist. Since the days of Linnsus, weak
men have often been, the pests of science, by using terms not
understood by common readers. These quacks in science,
would be quite below our notice, did they not impose upon those

WILD ANIMALS, ETC. ^7

in power, who are sometimes quite as ignorant as those pre-
tenders. No man more scorned such quacks than Governor
Clinton; who often condemned them in his writings.

We have ten species of snail, or, exactly the same num-
ber found east of the AUeghanies.

We have the gopher which lives in our wet barrens. The
prairie wolf never lived in Ohio, nor east of the Wabash coun-
try, for which we feel quite thankful, and we have not either,
the green prairie fly, of the far-west, which is there so trou-
blesome as to render it difficult, in the warm weather, to trav-
el across those immense prairies where they dwell, unless it be
in the night season.

But our wild animals will soon be destroyed, indeed, they
are mostly killed off already.

WILD ANIMALS, SERPENTS, TORTOISES, AND OTHER AMPHIBIOUS
ANIMALS, QUADRUPEDS AND INSECTS.

The wild animals of this state, are such as were formerly
inhabitants of Kentucky, Tennessee and Indiana. Among
the carnivorous animals we have the bear, black and yellow
wolf and the panther, and the black and gray fox.

Of those animals, that are carnivorous and herbiferous, we
have the opossum, raccoon, polecat and mink. The wood-
chuck or ground hog, and rabbit, are herbiferous. Of squir-
rels, we have the black, gray, striped and fox squirrels. We
have too, the red, and flying sqirrels. The native rats are
black and small, but the boats on the Ohio river have long
since introduced the wharf rat. Mice are of the same species
with those in the eastern states. We have the weasel, and a
small porcupine. Beavers were once here, in large numbers
on the high lands, at the heads of our rivers, but with those
who caught them, they have long since disappeared from among
us. A few otters remain, along our rivers, and the muskrat is
more common, doing injury, to our canals in places.

We had once the bison and the elk, in vast numbers all over
Qhio. When Circleville was iirst settled, the carcasses, or

68 HISTORY OF OHIO.

rather skeletons, of fifty individuals of the family of elk, lay
scattered about on the surface, which the Indians had left
here. We had an abundance of deer, and they are numerous
still in the newer parts of the state. They are the common
red deer.

Our serpents are rattlesnakes, of two species, one is a
large one, the male black and the female yellow. These inhab-
ited all this state, especially the hilly regions, and they are
there now. The small spotted rattle snake, dwelt in the north-
western corner of the state, in the prairies there. It is scarce-
ly twenty inches in length and is quite venomous. Cap-
tain James Riley encountered not a few of them, while trav-
eling in that region. Wherever hogs run in the woods, they
destroy the rattle snake. At an early period of our settle-
ment, the large rattlesnake was found along the Scioto, in
considerable numbers, but the newly settled inhabitants, as-
certaining that these serpents burrowed in a large stone mound
a few miles northeastwardly from Circleville, after the ser-
pents had gone into their winter quarters, fenced in the
mound, and, as the serpents came out of it in the spring of the
next year, they killed them, so that it is rare thing now,
to find one in this region. Five miles above Columbus, on the
main branch of the Scioto river, there was, formerly, a den of
serpents, of the rattlesnake family, and a Mr. Thomas Back
us, who then owned the land there, endeavored to destroy
the serpents, by keeping a fire, during the winter months,
in a cave, where the snakes had entered their den. This
expedient, not succeeding, he fenced in the den, and put a
large number of hogs into it. This effected his object, and
very few of these serpents are now found at, or near the
place.

Why the bite of this serpent should not injure the hog, we
do not know, unless it be, on the principle, that oil is an
antidote to the poison of the serpent. The oil of olives, is
known to be an antidote, and the fat of the hog may be so,
likewise.

The hog is fond of eating the serpent, and his poison is no

WILD ANIMALS, ETC. 69

protection against this, his worst enemy. We have two or
three species of black snake, very long and slender, one with
a white ring around his neck. We have water snakes of sev-
eral species and the common garter snake, but none of our ser-
pents are poisonous, except the rattle snake, and the copper-
head. The two latter, are mostly confined now, to our hilly
region, and will soon be gone. We have three species of tor-
toises, viz: large black, small brown, with yellow spots on its
shell, and the soft shelled tortoise. The latter lives wholly in
the water, and is equal to the sea turtle, for food. It weighs
from six to ten pounds, sometimes more.

Lizzards are common in the woods, and in pleasant weather
bask on old logs, in the sun shine. Newts are common, in our
waters. And in the Ohio river, and indeed, in all our rivers,
is an animal, between the newt and alligator, and is often tak-
en on hooks set for fishes. It is sometimes two, or, even three
feet in length, and of a most disgusting appearance. Is it the
Proteus-lateralis ?

Cray fishes are quite abundant, in our low lands, some of
which are six inches long, weighing eight ounces. They taste
like the lobster, and have the property of reproducing their
antennse, when broken off. Their limbs when cooked, taste
like the lobster or oyster — saltish. We have all sorts of frogs
and toads. Our bull frogs are larger than any east of the
mountains.

Our insects are too numerous to be even enumerated, unless
we devoted a large space to them. One of the most interest-
ing and curious, is the cicada. It is somewhat smaller than
the harvest fly. They are said to appear at regular periods,
which some persons have fixed at once in seven years. Otiiers
have asserted, that these periodical returns are once in four-
teen years — others say, once in seventeen years. His com-
mon name is "locust," he appears by the middle of May, and
they are all gone, early in July. When he first appears, on
the surface of the earth, ho resembles a grub worm; is half an
inch long, and three-eighths of an inch in diameter. He rises
from the earth, perpendicularly, by a hole, which he makes,

70 HISTORY OF OHIO.

with equal ease through any kind of soil, whether of sand or
of clay. They first appear on the surface, in the night, and
are then white and soft. They crawl up some bush, tree or
limb, and wait until the sun dries their shells, which envelope
them, This shell bursts on the insect's back, out of which
prison the locust crawls. Their bodies are very tender at
first, and they cannot then, either crawl or fly far. In this
state they remain one night, their bodies still moist, their
wings expanding, and during the day following, they begin to
fly a few feet, at a time, and by the first night, they can fly
several rods. The insect has now arrived at full maturity.

When the state was first settled by us, and during twenty
years afterwards, wild bees were very numerous. The Indi-
ans collected great quantities of honey, and sold barrels of it
to the white settlers. In the woods along the Ohio river, but
more still in the forests immediately around all our prairies,
bees lived in the hollow trees. During all the warm weather,
these useful and industrious insects hovered over the profusion
of wild flowers in these meadows, and flew through the air to
and from their homes. Along the intervals of all our rivers
among the wild roses and sweet briars, they plied their busy
work, spun through the air like so many wires, in right lines,
and lulled to rest, the wild man, by their buzzing, humming
music. But they are become scarce, and tame bees have not,
as yet supplied their place. We rear but few l^cos, and honoy
is not often seen in the state. Why, we do not know.

BOTANY.

71

BOTANY.
TREES.

OAKS.

White oak,

Common European oak,

Mossy cup oak,

Over cup, white oak,

Post oak.

Over cup oak.

Swamp, white oak,

Chesnut, white oak,

Rock chesnut oak.

Yellow oak,

Small chesnut oak,

Willow oak,

Laurel oak.

Upland willow oak,

Running oak,

Bartram oak.

Water oak.

Black Jack oak,

Bear oak,

Barrens scrub oak,

Spanish oak.

Black oak.

Scarlet oak.

Grey oak,

Pin oak.

Red oak,

Quercus alba.
Quercus pedunculata.
Quercus olivaformis.
Quercus macrocarpa.
Quercus obtusiloba.
Quercus lyrata.
Quercus prinus discolor.
Quercus prinus palustris.
Quercus prinus monticola.
Quercus prinus accuminatus.
Quercus prinus chincapin.
Quercus prinus phellus.
Quercus prinus imbricaria.
Quercus prinus cinerea.
Quercus pumila.
Quercus heterophilla.
Quercus aquatica.
Quercus ferruginea.
Quercus banistera.
Quercus catesbcei.
Quercus falcata.
Quercus tinctoria.
Quercus coccinea.
Quercus borealis.
Quercus palustris.
Quercus rubra.

72

HISTORr OF OHIO.

WAIJiUTS.

Common European walnut.
Black walnut,
Butternut,
Pecawnnut hickory,
Butter nut hickory.
Water butternut hickory,
Mockernut hickory,
Shellbark hickory,
Thick shellbark hickory,
Pignut hickory.
Nutmeg hickory,

Juglans regia.
Juglans nigra.
Juglans cathartica.
Juglans olivceformis.
Juglans amara.
Juglans aquatiqua.
Juglans tomentoso.
Juglans squamosa.
Juglans laciniosa.
Juglans porcina.
Juglans myristicoe porcinis.

MAPLES.

White maple,
Red flowering maple,
Sugar maple.
Black sugar maple,
Norway maple,
Box elder.
Mountain maple,

Acer erocarpum alba.
Acer rubrum.
Acer saccharinum.
Acer nigra.
Acer pseudo platanus.
Acer negundo.
Acer montanus.

White flowering,
Yellow do.

DOGWOODS.

Cornus florida alba.
Cornus flava.

Coffee tree,

COFFEE TREE.

Gymnocladus canadensis.

MAGNOLIAS.

Big laurel,
Small magnolia,
Cucumber tree,
Heartleaved cucumber,
Umbrella tree,

Magnolia grandiflora.

Glauca.

A-Ccuminata.

Cordata.

Tripetela.

BOTANY.

78

Pawpaw,

Button wood, or
Sycamore — -two species.

Yellow pine,

Poplar,
Cotton tree,
Balsam poplar,
Heartleaved,
White poplar,
American aspen.

PAWPAW.

Annona triloba.

BUTTON WOOD.

Platanus occidentalis4

PINES.

Pinus flavia.

POPLARS.

Populus.

Populus argentea.
Populus Balsamifera.
Populus Candicaus.
Populus canescens.
Populus tremuloides.

TREES NOT VERY COMMON.

Crab apple,
Mountain laurel, .
Black birch.
Yellow do.

Black alder, or Alnus,
Buckeye, two species.
Sweet buckeye.

Malus coronaria.
Kalmia latifolia, rare.
Betula nigra, do.
. « flava,
Alnus ohiensis.

Pavia lutea.

do.

Pavia ohiensis.

Besides the above named trees, we have many more.
Among the trees enumeratad above, the over-cup-acorn oak,
the white and black oaks, the sycamore, the beech, the black
walnut, the white wood, the sugar maple, the shell barked
hickory, the chestnut, the yellow pine, the common European
walnut and several others are the largest trees we have grow-
ing in this state. Their height is often one hundred feet»
and their diameter, from three to four, or five feet. We have
two or more species of mulberry and so congenial are our soil
10

74 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and climate to their growth, that this state might, with more
propriety, than any portion of Greece, be called " Mokea."
We have about four thousand plants natives of the state, and
we know of no plant, either in Tennessee or Kentucky, not a
native of this state. Of the oak family, we have more spe-
cies, than any other state has, and if any native tree deserves
to be an emblem of it, the oak, deserves that distinction.
The walnut has the next claim on us.

Whether we consider our latitude, our climate, our soil, our se-
condary formation, or our low elevation above the sea, we readi-
ly ascertain that our botany is rich. To those of our patrons,
who, are thorough botanists, and possess all the large works on
botany ; any remarks which "we can make, in this volume, ne-
cessarily brief oh all subjects, would be useless. To common
readers they would be equally useless. We shall therefore con-
fine the remarks which follow, to our grape vines, flowering
shrubs and plants, and to such as are medicinal or useful in the
arts of life.

And we begin with a parasite and lover of all the trees, and
shrubs, which w^e have noticed, under this head of botany.
That parasite and courtier is the grape vine.

FAMILY. BOTANICAL NAMES.

Grape vine, Vitis.

SPECIES. SPECIES.

Fox grape, Vitis Vulpina.

Sweet prairie grape, Vitis Sciotoensis.

Hill grape, Vitis Accuminatis.

White grape, Vitis Alba maxima.

Red large grape, Vitis Rubia maxima.

Frost grape, Vitis Gigantea ohioensis.

Besides these, there are a great many varieties, of these
vines.

The fox grape has a large fruit, as big as an ounce
ball, it is whitish in color, and produces abundantly. It is
cultivated in many places.

The WHITE GRAPE, is the largest grape and the shortest vine,
growing in rich, wet and swampy grounds, in Brown and Cler-

BOTANY. 75

mont counties. Its fruit is transparent, showing every seed,
in the grape, which is nearly an inch in diameter. The vine,
attains a height of only ten feet, and half an inch in diameter.
It deserves to be extensively cultivated, by Longworth of Cin-
cinnati, who has been long worthily employed, in cultivating
all sorts of vines, native and naturalized.

The next valuable native vine, now attempted to be introduc-
ed to public notice is the sweet prairie grape. Its fruit is red,
and when wild, grew extensively along the banks of the Scioto,
in our once extensive natural meadows. It never grew more
than twenty feet in height, and its vine, was only one inch in
diameter. It grew near the plum bushes and covered them, in
the proper season, with its vines loaded with the delicious, sweet
clusters of its fruit. Twenty years since, we have seen at one
view, (near us on the Scioto,) treeless meadows, with whole
acres of these vines, loaded with fruit, and covering the low
plum bushes. Packed in sugar, these grapes produce excel-
lent raisins, and pressed, their juice makes a most delicious
wine, which we prefer to any imported from Europe. A Mr.
Myers near us, raises more and more of them annually, which
in appearance and flavor resemble the grapes brought from
Lisbon. They are exactly alike, except ours is a native, and
thrives best here, of the two.

There is a larger grape than these, found originally on Deer
creek, some twenty miles southwest of Circleville. The
fruit is larger, but hardly so sweet as our Scioto, sweet prairie
grape. The last one, or deer creek grape, is naturalized and
thrives well.

The Scioto hill grape vine, grows on gentle acclivities,
ill this region, and attains, twenty or thirty feet in height, and
its stem is half an inch in diameter. It grows on sunny sides
of hills, among under-brush, and bears fruit well, when not too
much shaded by trees. Its fruit is not so large, as either of
the forementioned grapes, and it is rather too well stored with
seeds. For a tart or jelly, it has no rival in any country, so
delicious and pure is it, to the taste. It makes an excellent
preserve, and is highly prized by all who know its worth.

76 HISTORY OF OHIO.

All these vines, we cheerfully, and pressingly and warmly
introduce to our friends, N.Longworth, Esquire, of Cincinnati,
and to William Prince and sons, of the Linnsan garden, Long
Island. We wish also to introduce it to ail other lovers of a
vine, of modest merit, genuine and modest worth. Having
brought forward these vines, humble, as to pretension, show
and parade, which they avoid, like those of the human family,
who rely solely on their own intrinsic goodness and worth; we
now mention

THE FROST GRAPE,

Whose vine, in diameter, is from twelve to eighteen
inches, and whose topmost boughs often tower more than
one hundred feet on high, covering the tops of the largest
trees, along the Ohio river, and, all its tributaries. This
most stately vine, after climbing to so great a height; after all
its lofty pretension, show, effort and parade, produces a fruit
that is small, of a sourish-bitter taste, and is of little or no val-
ue. It resembles, in all respects, a cold, heartless politician,
who flatters, some foolish, weak man in power, to help him
up to the highest station, in a state, which the parasite merely
j^hades with his luxuriant foliage, without producing in return
for the favor, a single cluster of any value. But we dismiss
the whole grape family, with a few remarks.

We have, in Ohio, not only one of the best regions for the grape
vine, but the very best grapes, now already, for wine or for rai-
sins, and these are natives of our own soil and climate. Lying
in the same parallels with those countries of Europe, where the
vine flourishes best, our soil is even superior to theirs, for our
own most delicious grapes. Having the fruit, the soil and the
climate best adapted to these grapes, all that is now needed, is
the disposition to cultivate our own vines! Every family in
this state, who own a few acres of land, might raise, annu-
ally, all the grapes which they need. Properly trimmed, and
taken care of, the vine never grows too old to bear fruit, and
there arc vines now in Italy, which are two thousand vears old.
Such a vine might be laid on a stone wall, on any sunny side

BOTANY. 77

of a hill, in our hilly region, and be trained along, for miles in
length. Even one such vine, might in time support a great
number of persons, by the sale of its grapes, wine, vinegar,
brandy, fuel, &c. &c. A volume would hardly suffice to tell
all the advantages, which this state might derive, from the cul-
tivation of the vineo Our hilly region is, in places, fit for noth-
ing else, yet it is adapted best of all places, to the cultivation
of the vine.

The vines, imported from Switzerland and the Cape of Good
Hope, cultivated at Galilopolis by our old friend, Menager and
others ; by N. Longworth Esquire of Cincinnati ; and, by the peo-
ple of Vevay, Indiana, thrive very well,, and produce abun-
dantlyj.but, we prefer our own Ohio grapes, to all others, in
the world. The wines of the places which we have named,
are hard, and contain so much spirit in them as to make one's
head ache, severely, after drinking a bottle of it at dinner,
whereas, our wines, made along the Scioto and Miami rivers,
from our own grapes, never produce any disagreeable effects,
on those who drink them. This wine is as delicious as cham-
paign or .Burgundy. It makes one's lips water to even think
of our own delicious wines, made of our own native grapes,
without either sugar or spirits of any sort, in them.

Our cider-wine, is composed of cider, twenty eight gallons,
and grape juice, three or four gallons. In such cases, sweet
apples are used to make the cider, and this mixture sells at
about fifty cents a gallon. It is used in the upper Miami coun-
try, as well es all along the Scioto river.

Besides the grape, we have the currant, in our gardens,
whose berries are often used in the fruit, either new, preserved
in pots, or made into wine. This plant, thrives no where, better
than in this state, and no where produces more or better ber-
ries. They make an excellent wine, but, require a great deal
of sugar to render the wine palatable.

78 HISTORY OF OHIO.

NATIVE FLOWERrNG PLANTS.

We mention only a few of them, not for the mere botanist,
but for all other readers. Those who want technical terms,
are referred to Nuttall's Botany of the United States.

FAMILY. BOTANICAL NAME. SPECIES.

Red bud. Cercis. Canadensis.

This plant is between a shrub and a tree, and it is every
where dispersed through the woods, along the Ohio river, and
all its tributaries. Whoever sees, but even once, the red-bud,
in early spring, will never lose the impression, made on his
mind, through the eye. The tree is then, one surface of beau-
tiful, red blossoms. It is redder than the peach blossom, which
it much resembles, in aspect. Its whole top appears to be one
mass of red blossoms, forming a delightful contrast, with the
dull, brown woods around it.

To any lover of nature, who passes along the Ohio river, in
a steamer, the red-bud, offers a rich treat, in early spring. In-
stantly, almost, after this tree shows its red blossoms, the fami-
ly of dogwood, cornus florida, of two varieties, one with white
and the other with pale-yellow blossoms, opens its flowers and
adds much to the beautiful aspect of the woods. These two
trees or shrubs, as we please to call them, are nearly of the
same size. One species of dog-wood has a white and the other
a pale-yellow flower, and they both expand their large blossoms,
about the same time. Thus, we have red, white and yellow
flowers, in every direction in the woods, at the same time. At
a distance, each tree resembles in aspect, so many large
bunches of flowers every where dispersed in the woods.

In autumn, the red-bud, is loaded with its pods, filled with
seeds. The pods, siliquae, are about as large as the pods of
a small bean, whereas, the cornus, is loaded with red berries,
rivalling in its aspect, the red-bud, in spring. Thus each tree,
takes its turn, in wearing its beautiful scarlet livery.

Several birds live on the berries of the cornus florida in win-
ter, and man uses the bark of its roots, as a medicine. It is
denominated the " yellow bark," and is as valuable, as the quin-

BOTANY. 79

quinna of South America, and is often sold in the shops, under
that name. The wood of the same tree " the American box-
wood" is a very valuable wood of which to make flutes and other
musical, wind instruments. It is used also by the engraver of
wood cuts, in his trade. It is equally valuable as the English
boxwood, which it very much resembles.

FAMILY. BOTANICAL NAME. SPECIES.

Pawpaw. Annona. Triloba,

This is a beautiful bush, between a shrub and a tree. Some
of them grow thirty feet high, and are three or four inches in
diameter. Its trunk is straight and smooth, its leaves are long,
and they are shaped like those of the tobacco plant. Their co-
lor is a bright green. Before ripe, its fruit resembles in ap-
pearance, that of the date of Austral Asia. This resemblance
exists too, in its shape, size and color. The fruit grows in
bunches of three, four and five in number, and sometimes, they
are twelve inches long and are three inches in diameter. Its
flower is trumpet shaped and is of a pale red color. Its blos-
soms appear about the same time, with those of the dog- wood and
the red-bud. The pawpaw grows all along the Ohio, and its
tributary waters, in the richest soils. For the size of the tree,
it bears the largest fruit of any plant in our own forests. The
seeds of the pawpaw are of a dull-brown color, they are flat,
and of a large size. When ripe, its fruit furnishes the opos-
sum with a delicious food. The squirrel prefers it, when near-
ly ripe. When fully ripe, the fruit is yellow, and resembles
the custard in taste and aspect.

Thus far, we have followed the season in its advances, as to
time, but having mentioned one trumpet-shaped flower we wil-
lingly refer to others which bear similar shaped blossoms. Of
these, there are ten or fifteen species. The largest one, the
Creeper has a stem several inches in diameter. It is a vine,
ascending our loftiest trees, to the tops of their highest boughs.
Itis already extensively domesticated. This creeper and crafty
politician can climb up the side of any house, and cover the
whole roof, with its vines, leaves and bunches of blossoms. These
vines have flowers, several inches in length, trumpet-shaped,

80 HISTORY OF OHIO.

of a beautiful red color \Vlien the flower falls off, a pod, (sili-
qua) appears on the vme, instead, which grows several, inches
m length. The seeds are ali winged, very light and arc easily
transported by the winds, to a great distance. These plants
will soon cease to be wild, where our cattle can get at the
vine, which they are fond of eating, at least its bark, which
being destroyed, the vine dies

There are other trumpet-flowers, of a white color, as large as
the one which we have described These are all about to dis-
appear from the same cause with the red flowered one.

We have less ambitious trumpet flowers, than these of every
color, tint and shade the red, the white, the blue, the green,
the yellow and of every intervening shade of color. The vines
of the latter, are some of them longer, others shorter, running
along upon the ground, or ascending any little eminence, where
they can show themselves and breathe a purer air. These
flowers are indeed very beautiful. Besides these, we have
two species of honey suckle, which climb the highest trees of
our forests, in our bottoms, and show an abundance of flowers.

But, we have a rose, a multiflora, growing in our richest,
moist lands, which ascends the very highest tree, it can find,
in all the woods, to the very topmost bough of a tree. It blooms
for months together, hanging in festoons, from branch to branch,
and even, from tree top to tree top, clothed with its gorgeous
bunches of roses Its aspect regales the eye, the bees that
hover among its blossoms, charm the ear with their humming
noise, while its odors fill all the air, with their delicious per-
fumery. This rose is domesticated. How many other wild
roses we have, besides many sweet briars, we cannot say,
but we know, that we have many growing in every sort of
soil, and accommodating themselves to each, in size, color, and
aspect. But, for the present, enough of these ambitious flow-
ers, that boldly challenge our observation, and compel us, to
notice them, and celebrate their praises.

We have three species of lily. They first appear in July
and August. The largest one, is red, its stem rises from three
to five feet, in height and throws out, from five, to twenty bbs-

BOTANY. 81

soms, in succession one after another, or two or three at a time.
The second lily, is of a paler red, and grows three feet high,
and throws out, in succession, eight or ten blossoms; whereas
the third species of lily, is yellow, and grows only two feet
high with three, and sometimes only two flowers. In their
various shades of every color, imperceptibly running into each
other, dotted with dark spots, these three species of lily, rival
the rainbow in beauty, and truly was it said by our Saviour,
of this flower, that " Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed
like one of these." They grow in shady, retired places, and
seem to avoid the public gaze; fit emblems of the few of our
race, who love goodness, for its own sake, reserving their all,
for those who best know their real, intrinsic value and worth.

MEDICINAL PLANTS, AND SUCH AS ARE USED IX THE ARTS.

The bark of the yellow oak, is not only used in tannino-
leather, but it affords a beautiful yellow color, which is perman-
ent. It is used much by clothiers for that purpose. The bark
of the butternut is used also by dyers, for coloring every shade
of brown, to almost a black. An extract prepared from this
bark, makes a physic, and its wood, is used by cabinet mak-
ers. The bark from the roots of the box tree is a good tonic
medicine. The bark of the yellow poplar is used in the same
way, and is equally useful and more pleasant to the tast^
The bark of the sesculus flava, (buckeye) is said to be a valu-
ble tonic, and its wood macerated fine and soaked in water, is
used in the manufacture of paper. Formerly large quantities
of ginseng roots were dug, dried, and sent to the eastern cities
for sale, bnt it is so no longer. The roots are gone before the
hand of cultivation. Seneca snake root, the puccoon, or blood
root, and many other roots are still used in medicine. So of
the wild ginger, wild ipecac, lobelia, pleurisy root, sweet flag,
dodder, and many others. The crab apple is in high repute for
a preserve or sweet meat. So of the cranberry, large quanti-
ties of which are yearly gathered in the swamps, along the
11

g2 HISTORY OF OHIO.

summit level, in the northern part of the state, and carried all
over it and offered for sale at high prices, which they readily
bring. Many other useful, wild plants might be mentioned,
such as the senna of two species, one large and tall, growing
in rich grounds, the other low and small and which grows in
our hilly country. They are both used in medicine. As as-
tringents some persons use the bark of the red maple, the bark
and unripe fruit of the persimmon (dios piros virginiana) craw-
foot, beech bark, and beech drops, the bark of the wild cherry
tree, and several other barks and roots. The leaves of hops
are often used both externally, applied warm to the body, and
internally in a tea to prevent putrefaction. This we know to
be a most valuable remedy, in such cases, it having been the
means of lengthening our life, ever since the summer of 1823,
when appalling disease and death swept otT great numbers of
our people in all the Western States.

Besides these, we have a vast number of flowers from ear-
ly spring to late autumn, appearing in succession, day after
day, and month after month, ever new, and always beautiful.
Some persons have naturalized many of these wild flowers.
Mrs. Mary Douglas, and several other lovers of botany in
Chillicothe have introduced these wild flowers into their gar-
dens

PLANTS NATURALIZED AT CINCINNATI.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES. COMMON NAMES.

Eriginia bulbosa, Turkey pea.

Anemone thalictroides. Rue anemone.

Anemone Virginiana, Thimble weed.

Erytheonium albidum, Dogstooth violet, white.
Erytheonium Americanum, Dogstooth violet, yellow.

Trillium sesile, Wake robin, purple.

Trillium pendalum, Wake robin, white.

Trillium grandiflorum, Wake robin, white.

Corydalus cucullaria, Colick weed.

Corydalus glauca, Colick weed.

BOTANY.

83

Delphinium tricolored,
Delphinium exaltatum,
Viola CucuUaria,
Viola pubescens,
Viola striata,
Viola canadensis,
Eneneion biternata,
Leptandra Virginica,
' Monarda didyma,
Monarda oblongata,
Iris versicolor,
Commelina Virginica,
Houstonia cerulea,
Houstonia purpurea,
Pulmonaria Virginica,
Batschia canescens,
Lysamachia ciliata,
Lysamachia quadrifolia,
Lysamachia hybrida,
Dodecatheon integrifolium,
Sabbatica angularis,
Hydrophyllum Virginicum,
Phacelia fimbriata,
Spigelia Marylandica,
Phlox divaricata.
Phlox aristata,
Phlox paniculata,
Phlox pyramidal is,
Phlox maculata.
Phlox reptans,
Polemonium reptans,
Campanula Americana,
Lobelia cardinalis,
Claytonia Virginica,
Ceaonothus Americana,
Gentiana saponaria,
Gentiana ochrolenea,

Larkspur, early flowering.

Larkspur, tall late flowering.

Blue violet.

Yellow violet.

White violet.

Changeable colored.

Wind flower.

Culver's physic. '

Bergamotte.

Bergamotte.

Blue flag.

Day flower.

Dwarf pink.

Dwarf pink.

Blue bells.

False buglos.

Money wirt.

Money wirt.

Money wirt.

False cowslip.

Centaury plant.

Burr flower.

Miami mist.

Pink root.

Early sweet william.

Early prairie sweet willam.

Tall meadow sweet william.

Tall meadow sweet william.

Spotted stem sweet william.

Creeping sWeet william.

Greek valerian.

Bell flower.

Cardinal flower, scarlet.

Spring beauty.

New Jersey tea.

Blue gentian.

Marsh gentian.

84

HISTORY OF OHIO.

Gentiana quinqueflora,
Gentiana crinita,
Ervngium aquaticum,
Tradescantia Virginica,
Allium canadensis,
Pontederia cordata,
Phalano-ium esculentum,
Lilium canadensis,
Lilinm superbum,
Lilium c-itesbei,
Convallaria racemosa,
Convallaria grandiflora,
Melanthium hybridum,
Heloiiins dubia,
Sauri'.rus ceruleum,
Oenothera grandiflora,
Oenothera bienis,
'"'- nr I bienis,
G -ss'i M-r-.-lindic^,
C issi I ch imichrista,
Biptisia cerulea,
Silene Virginica,
Silene regia,
Sedum ternatum,
Spirea lobata,
Spirea aruncus,
Gillenia stipulacea,
Gillenia trifoliata,
Rosa parviflora,
Rosa rubifolia,
Rosa lucida,
Rubus odoratus,
Meconopsis diphylla,
Sanguinaria canadensis,
Saracenia purpurea,
Nympbae odorata,

Marsh gentian.

Fringed gentian.

Button snake root.

Spider wort.

Meadow garlic.

Pickerel weed.

Wild hyacynth.

Meadow lily.

Superb lily. '

Catesby's lily.

Solomon's seal.

Large flowering.

Black flower.

Black flower.

Lizards tail.

Large prim rose.

Evening rose.

Virginia loose strife.

Senna.

Senna.

Indigo weed, blue.

Catch fly scarlet color.

Catch fly meadow pink.

Stone crop.

Pride of the meadow.

Pride of the meadow.

Indian physic.

Indian physic.

Small rose.

Small rose.

Many species.

Rose flowering raspberry.

Celandine.

Blood root.

Side saddle plant.

White pond lily.

EOT ANT.

85

Naphar advena,
Aquilegia canadensis,
Clematis Virginica,
Clematis viorna,
Caltha palustris,
Hepatica acutiloba,
Lynandra grandiflora,
Dracocephalum Virginianum,
Scutellaria cordifolia,
Enchroma cocinea,
Ruellie strepens,
Antirrhinum iinaruia,
Collinsia verna,
Chelone glabra,
Pentstemon levigata,
Martynia proboscoides,
Dentaria laciniata,
Geranium maculatum,
Hibiscus militarus,
Liatris scariosa,
Liatris spicata,
Eupatorium coelestinum,
Eupatorium,
Aster nova anglica,
Aster shortii,
Aster, various species of
Solidago, various species,
Achillea millefolium,
Helianthus, twenty species,
Rudbeckia purpureum,
Rudbeckia, various species,
Coreopsis tinctoria.
Coreopsis,

Silphium perfoliatum,
Habenaria psychoides,
Habenaria incisa,
Cacabatus stellatus.

Yellow water lily.

Wild columbine.

Virgin's flower.

Leather flower.

American cowslip.

Liver leaf.

Liver leaf.

Dragon head.

ScuUcap.

Painted cup.

Painted cup.

Snap dragon.

Snap dragon.

Snake head.

Beard tongue.

Unicorn plant.

Tooth root.

Crowfoot.

Swamp hibiscus.

Blizing star.

Gay feather.

Blue eupatorium.

Various species.

N. England aster many spe.

Star wort.

Star wort.

Golden rod.

Yarrow.

Wild sunflower.

Wild sunflower. i

Wild sunflower.

Sick weed.

Several species.

Ragged cap.

Ragged cap.

Ragged cap.

Campion.

86 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Orchis spectabilis, Gay orchis.

Aplectriura hyemale, Putty root.

Cypripedium spectabile, Mocasin flower,

Cypripedium pubescens, Mocasin yellow flower.

Cypripedium Candidum, Small white,

Asclepias tuberosa, Swallow wort.

Asclepias quadrifolia, Swallow wort.

Asclepias verticilata, Swallow wort.

Apoeinema canabinum, Indian hemp.

Amoonia salixifolia, Indian hemp.

Asarum canadensis, Wild ginger.

The foregoing list of native plants of Ohio, was furnished
me by R. Buchanan of Cincinnati. The most of them have
been cultivated in his own garden. Many of them are found
in the gardens of Mr. Joseph Clark, and of Mrs. G. Lea, and
all of them in the beautiful grounds of N. Longworth, Esquire.
This gentleman's taste for the collection of the elegant and
curious plants of our own region, is deserving of all praise.
Why should we be indebted to other climes, for sickly exotics,
whilst the woods and prairies of our own state, furnish the
most beautiful variety of flowering plants, throughout the sea-
son? They are all perfectly hardy and are cultivated with
but little trouble.

The misseltoe grows on the banks of the Ohio, and near
them. By procuring its seeds in September, it might be
transplanted into the trees of our woods, where it would grow
well, any where almost, in this state.

We see all along the bottoms of the Scioto and the Great
Miami rivers, all the plants that we do along the bottoms of
the Cumberland and Tennessee, excepting the reed cane,
growing still, near these latter rivers, where protected from
cattle.

Such plants as require a very poor soil are rare in Ohio, be-
cause, we have little such soil; so of those that grow in very
high latitudes, or in elevated grounds. Such is the arbor vi-
tae; it is found near the Yellow springs, in Greene county.

BOTANY. 87.

though with the hamamelis, or witchhazle, the alder, and Ca-
nadian yew. The red cedar is found in several places on the
high cliffs, along the larger tributaries of the Scioto near their
heads, in Delaware county. The white cedar or cypress is
found on some few cliffs near the head of the Scioto. It once
grew along the wet, old beds of the Scioto, but that was long
since, and while the mastodon frequented our swamps, which
were then almost impenetrable thickets.

Most of our timber trees, will soon be gone, and no means
are yet resorted to, to restore the forests which we are de-
stroying. In many places even now, woodlands are more
valuable than cleared fields. It is true, that in the northwest
part of the state, we have vast forests yet, but it is equally
true, that their majesty is bowing before the wood chopper's
axe, and will soon be gone. We do not regret the disappear-
ance of the native forests, because by that means, more hu-
man beings can be supported in the State, but in the older
parts of Ohio, means should even now begin to be used to re-
store trees enough for fences, fuel and timber, for the house
builder and joiner. In our forests we are by far better off
than Illinois state, Wisconsin, or Iowa Territories, where wood
is scarce, even now, and coal is equally so, at this early date
of their settlement.

Though fifty years have passed by, since this state began
to be settled by us, yet we have vast forests unfelled in our
hilly region, and in the northwestern corner of the state.
Even along the Ohio river, an European, as he passed along
the stream, would naturally suppose from what he saw of it,
that our interior was occupied by one unbroken forest, tenant-
ed only by wild beasts and wild men.

Mankind in all ages, even before the fall of man, and
in all communities, have first settled along the rivers, and,
their banks are even now, most densely populated. Paris,
London, Vienna, and all the great cities of Europe, rear
their tall and glittering spires on the margins of rivers.
This remark holds good in every region of our globe
where a dense population " do congregate." Canals are

88 HIS TORT OF OHIO.

but artificial rivers, and attract to them a dense population.
Good roads come in competition next, after rivers, either natu-
ral or artificial, in attraction. We are multiplying them, and
thereby, increasing our numbers, our wealth, and our moral
power.

But we return to travel in our narrow path, out of which,
we have taken two or three steps. From the wild woods, we
come back to continue our botanical journey. We next treat
of such plants as have been long cultivated. This we do un-
der the head of

NATURALIZED PLANTS.

The cultivation of the yellow leafed tobacco has been
attended with signal success, in our hilly region. This
kind of tobacco, sells higher than any other, in several
European countries, such as Holland and Germany. It
has sold even in Ohio, sometimes as high as ten dollars
a hundred, in the leaf. It is cured in a particular man-
ner, and grows only on rather a thin soil, such as exists in our
hilly region. It grows on new lands, just cleared of their
woods. A crop of wheat does well on the ground where the
tobacco had grown in the preceding season. Instances like
the following have often been known. With one hundred dol-
lars, a farmer has purchased eighty acres of hilly land, in the
woods, which he, and his family, cleared off, or deadened what
timber he and they did not clear off. He then planted the
whole in yellow leaf tobacco, the first year, except such land
as he reserved, for corn and vegetables. He erected his hous-
es of logs, in which he dried his tobacco, by the aid of fire. In
the winter following, he sold tobacco enough to enable him to
purchase six hundred and forty acres of the most fertile land,
in some other part of the state. In the meantime, he had a
crop of wheat coming forward on the same land where the to-
bacco had grown. The latter crop, which when arrived at
maturity, he sold for money enough to enable him to remove to
his large farm, and to go forward with his improvements there.
In a few years he became a Avealthy and independent farmer.

BOTANY. 89

This yellow leaf tobacco, is cultivated in Fairfield, Hocking,
Perry, Licking, Guernsey, Belmont, Starke, Muskingum, and
many other counties in our hilly region. In the Miami valley
the cultivation of the palma christi has been attended with
great success, and the manufacture of castor oil from it, cold
pressed. It has been found quite profitable to those who made
it. The annual value of this oil, thus made, we do not know,
but we do know, that it is considerable.

The cultivation of the sweet potatoe, along the Ohio river,
and all its tributaries, as high as latitude 40° north, has suc-
ceeded extremely well. They are a very profitable crop. Its
value sometimes is worth three hundred dollars, on an acre.

In Lawrence county, cotton has always been raised, for
family use. We raise the green seed, mostly, such as grows
in Kentucky, below latitude 37° north. This plant is more cul-
tivated on the Wabash as high as Vincennes, but, in so high a
latitude it is not a certain crop, and it has to be topped in Au-
gust to check its further growth. The largest field which we
ever saw, along the Wabash, contained only twenty acres.

Hemp is cultivated in places, and produces very well, but
our people, as well as many others, do not like to handle it.
Our Irish people prefer to it, the potatoe, just as our yankees
do the pumpkin.

Flax seems to be going out of use, and our people cultivate
less of it every year. They prefer cotton to flax, and they
prefer too, the cotton cloths of Rhode Island and Massachu-
setts to their own manufactured cloths. The spinning wheel, the
reel, and the loom are not much used in Ohio, especially the
two former. Our people prefer buying their cloths from the
east, to making them here, and they are right. The production
of the articles of food— meat and bread, for the hungry labor-
ers of the east, best suits our present condition.
12

90' HISTORY OF OHIO.

NATURALIZED TREES, ETC.

Besides our native trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, vegetables,
and grasses, we have imported nearly all those, which are cul-
tivated, in the eastern states. When introduced, from places
lying in our parrallels of latitude, they even improve by the
change, of soil and longitude.

The apple, pear, cherry, peach, quince, &c. do well here,
and produce new varieties, sometimes, which it would be well
to give back, to our eastern friends, as a restored loan, and as
the interest on the principal which we have borrowed from
them. Our western fruits, are delicious, and they are emi-
grating, like their owners, to the far west, where we hope
their fortunes will be made better, by their removal. The
peach, pear and plum tree, are often destroyed, in old ground?,
by a white worm existing in vast numbers about its roots.
A thorough washing of the tree, with hot water, and by digging
away the earth from the roots, early in the spring, and as often
as necessary, pouring on the ground and on the very roots of
the tree, boiling hot water, will certainly kill the worms and
preserve the trees. In Tennessee the same worm, we be-
lieve, destroys the apple tree.

The peach, originally brought from Persia, perhaps, flour-
ishes most, in a southern climate. It does better in west Ten-
nessee, and in Alabama, than in Ohio. The tree grows larger,
lasts longer, and the fruit is larger and better, there also;
whereas our apple tree, and its fruit do best here. We can
exchange with those neighbors, by means of our steamers.
We can carry them, our apples, and bring back their dried
peaches and their cottons.

The potatoe, (which we believe, was found in latitude 40°
south, in South America, which in temperature, is equal to 45°
north latitude,) does not always succeed here as well as it does
farther north, either in quantity or quality. Our summers are
too long for its growth. It is quite disposed to grow awhile,
stop, start again and grow, and start again, producing a rotten
inside; an unpleasant and unhealthy plant. This depends on

BOX ANT. 91

the season; some years it does better, but, on the whole, our
Irish potatoe is unequal to those raised in a colder region, in
Western New York, or Canada.

Our Indian corn is unsurpassed, by all the other corn in the
world. We raise the gourd-seed corn, with twenty four, or
or even with thirty rows on the cob. One bushel and a half
of ears, produce one bushel of shelled corn. It excels all
other corn, in sweetness, and produces two quarts more Whis-
key to the bushel, than the New York corn. This plant grows
only in the richest land, and requires so long a summer, as
rarely to come to perfection, above 41° 30' north latitude.
This corn was originally cultivated in this region, by the Indi-
ans, from whom we derived it. It grows on the most fertile
lands, from lake Erie, to the Mexican gulph. It grows, along
the Mississippi, from Rock Island, downwards, and indeed, in
the whole valley of the Mississippi, below 41° 30' north. It
produces, sometimes in favoraUe seasons, ninety bushels of corn
to the acre, in the Miami and Scioto vallies; but fifty bushels
are perhaps a common crop. The ground is plowed, but the corn
is never hoed. Four boys, and four good horses, can cultivate
one hundred acres of this corn, after it is planted. If hoed, as
in the east, this grain would be better in quality, and the
product would be one third greater, for the hotter culture.

Wheat succeeds well within one half of our territorial
limits. Our country produces from twenty to forty bushels to
the acre, on all good lands well cultivated. It is now, April
1837, worth one dollar a bushel, it sells even higher. Let us
calculate, a farmer's profits, in the Scioto and Miami valleys;
if he raises corn, or wheat, it does not cost him, more than ten
dollars an acre to cultivate, get out and carry his crop to a
market. If a crop of corn, at fifty bushels to the acre, at fifty
cents a bushel, is twenty-five dollars; deduct ten dollars, leaves
fifteen dollars an acre, clear profit. Suppose, that he raises
three hundred acres of corn annually, which amounts to four
thousand five hundred dollars. If he raises wheat, say one
hundred acres, at forty dollars an acre, deducting ten dollars
for expenses, leaves thirty dollars an acre, three thousand dol-

92 HISTORY OF OHIO.

lars more, in all seven thousand five hundred dollars a year,
besides all his pork, beef &c. say, two thousand five hundred
dollars besides supporting his family. So that, a farmer, who
owns a thousand acres of land in the Scioto or Miami valleys,
can lay up, they generally each lay up, or rather lay out, near-
ly or quite ten thousand dollars a year, in buying congress
lands, in Illinois, for their children. These are our wealthiest
farmers who own larj^e farms.

If any farmers are prospering more than ours, then we know
not where to look for them. Farms which produce such a pro-
fit, could be purchased for forty dollars, an acre. It is easy to
see, that they are now worth, twice the sum for which they
might be bought.

GRASSES, NATIVE AND NATURALIZED.

When first settled, Ohio was a great grass country, especi-
ally, along our rivers and in our prairies and barrens. Even
in the woods, in many parts of our country, grasses grew every
where. In prairies, there were grasses, intermingled with
flowers, in endless numbers. There was a clover, called " buf-
faloe clover," but, our native grasses have disappeared, mostly,
and the naturalized, red top, blue grass, herds grass, red clover
and white clover, have conquered and expelled the natives
from our soil. Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Missouri, and
the farthest-west, are still covered with wild grasses; but the
tame grasses will one day banish them along with the Indians,
over the Rocky mountains. The decree has gone forth, and
it is in the course of a speedy execution ;- " That all the west
shall be covered by well cultivated farms,'' all this country
was intended for cultivation, and all those rivers of the far west
will be navigated by the steamer, and the largest cities in the
world, will one day, be in the west, aud exert a vast influence
on the destiny of this nation. This decree is registered and
recorded.

t

BIRDS, RESIDENT AND MIGRATING. 93

BIRDS, RESIDENT AND MIGRATING.

These are nearly the same as those of Pennsylvania and
Maryland, in corresponding parallels of latitude.

OUR CONSTANT RESIDENTS,

Are the turkey ; turkey buzzard ; hawk, three species ;
pheasant; partridge, or quail; blue jay; wood duck, seven
species; sparrow; redbird; wood-pecker, five species. Among
these are the wood-cock and yellow-hammer. The eagle,
large baldheaded; small eagle and grey eagle, raven and
crow. King-fisher; sap-sucker; wren; snow-bird; owls, two
species; prairie hen or grouse, and turtle dove.

The blue-bird is seen in the southern parts of the state,
every pleasant, warm day in the winter.

MIGRATING BIRDS.

The wild goose visits us on the Scioto, early in the autumn,
and tarries with us until spring, living on the corn in the fields,
and feeding on the green, newly sown wheat. Many of them
are domesticated, though they have the air of a wild fowl, and
sometimes join the wild ones, unless restrained by cropping
their wings. This bird lives all winter about Sandusky bay,
and from thence southwardly to Pickaway plains. Several
species of duck appear among us in the spring, as they are
passing northwardly, on their annual journey to the far-north.
The wild pigeon comes in the spring, sometimes in March,
or even earlier, on his journey north, and after paying us a
visit, of about a month, passes on his journey. In September
he returns to see us again, spending six weeks with us,
feasting on the pigeon berry, phytolacca decandra, the new
acorns, and other nuts, and such food as the country produces
for his use.

Formerly the pigeons tarried here all summer, building

94 HISTORY OF OHIO.

their nests, and rearing their young; but the country is too
well settled for thera now; so, like the trapper for beaver, and
the hunter, they are off into the distant forests, where their
food is abundant, and where there is none to disturb them in
their lawful pursuits.

Loons are seen along the Ohio river, but they are seldom
killed. The heron and the crane visit us in the spring, and
tarry here all summer, and rear their young. The sand-
hill crane lives on the Scioto, and tarries there nearly all the
year. The robbin-red-breast, black bird, and Baltimore oriole
visit us early in the spring, and tarry here through the sum-
mer.

Four species of swallow visit us: the barn swallow, the
chimney swallow, the martin and the ground swallow. They
spend the summer with us, until their young are reared, when
they leave us abruptly. The magpie comes in April or May.
We call him bob-of-lincoln. He is not much of a musician,
though that is not his fault, as he labors hard to sing as well
as he can.

We have the yellow bird, resembling the canary bird, ex-
cept in his color. It is undoubtedly of the same family. We
have several species of humming-birds and the goldfinch.

The whip-poor-will visits us not very early in the spring.
The king bird comes as soon as he thinks the bees, hovering
about the flowers, are numerous enough to feed himself and
his young ones. This Head of a Departmext, lives only on
the most industrious classes of insects.

After a long storm from the southwest, many birds of diffe-
rent species are often seen here, of a most beautiful plumage,
which disappear again after a week's fair weather. We do
not even know their names. The pewee comes early and
retires early. Gulls, or stormy petrels are often seen along
the Ohio river, before a southwestern storm. A few years
since, paroquetts, in large flocks lived in the woods, along the
Ohio river, from Miller's bottom downwards, and along the
Scioto river, upwards from its mouth, to where Columbus now
stands. They are still in the woods along the bottoms below

BIRDS, RESIDENT AND MIGRATING. 95

Ghillecothe near the river, where there is the proper food for
them to eat, and birds enough for them to torment by their
sqalling noise. We have the cat-bird of two species, snipes,
and the real ortolan.

We have four species of thrush, but the brown one deserves
our special notice for his singing, and his imitative powers.
He delighted once to live along the Scioto river, among the
great variety of feathered songsters, that then dwelt along
the banks of the Scioto. As we have often, more than twenty
years since, while travelling in the then v/oods along the banks
of the Scioto, stopped awhile to hear him sing, and see him
act his several comedies and tragedies ; it seems no more
than right to give our readers some idea of his several per-
formances on such occasions. This Shakspeare among birds,
seats himself on some tree, where the greatest variety of all
sorts of birds dwell, and makes it his business to mock and
disappoint them. Hence, his common name of mocking-
bird. Having seated himself in a proper place, he listens in
profound silence to the songs of the several sorts of birds
around him. In the vernal season he makes the love call of a
female of some near neighbor, with heart-stirring melody,
until the males come in flocks to caress their loved mate,
when lo! no such lovely bird is there. They find instead of
the lovely fair one, a homely brown thrusli. Having succeed-
ed in imposing on one species, he proceeds to play off similar
" tricks upon other travellers." He continues his play, until
he is satisfied with his own mischief and his neighbors' disap-
pointments.

When the other birds have young ones, he watches their
nests, until the parents have left them in quest of food, when,
seating himself near their domiciles, he imitates the scream
of the hawk or some other bird of prey. If the parents heed
this scream and come home, very well, but if not heeded by
them, he proceeds to imitate the voice of the young ones in
the utmost distress and agony. He utters their shrill cry and
their dying groan, when the aflfrighted and afflicted pa-
rents come flying in the utmost haste and trepidation to re-

96 HISTORY OF OHIO.

lieve their suffering, dying young ones, but behold! no one is
near them, but the innocent, the plain, the honest and candid
Mr. Thrush, who retires as if laughing in his sleeve, at the
trick which he has played off upon the parents.

In the evening, after the birds have reared their young ones,
and when all join to raise their several hymns of praise, the
thrush seats himself in this woodland orchestra, and begins by
singing in succession, the notes and songs of all the birds
around him, beating all of them, using their own notes, and
singing their own songs.

Having thus, as he supposes, carried off the prize in this
musical contest, he prepares for his Jlnale, by taking his seat
on the topmost end of the highest bough of the loftiest tree,
standing on the highest ground in all the grove, and then he
commences to sing his own clear notes, and his own most
delightful song. At times, his wings are expanded, his neck
is extended, every feather on his whole body, quivers with
his exertion of every limb, and his whole soul is exerted to its
utmost power, to produce the most perfect melody that was
ever heard in the woods of Ohio. He continues his delightful
music, until after all the other birds are silent and still, so
that his own song is the only one, then heard in all the grove,
far and wide, all around him, for a long time.

Thus we see, that he can act a principal part in the beggar's
opera, or in the comedy of errors. He can play Falstaff in
the Merry Wives of Windsor, the Ghost in Hamlet, or, Mac-
beth in tragedy, and Avell deserves to be called William
Shakspeare among the birds, not of Stratford upon the Avon,
but of CiiiLLicoTHE upon the Scioto.

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY, DISEASES, CLIMATE, TORNADOES
AND THE WINTERS IN THIS STATE.

In the Autumn of 1806, a fever of the remittent type, made
its appearance, extending from the Ohio river, on the south, to
Lake Erie on the north.

Its symptoms were chills in the forenoon, between ten and

DISEASES, ETC. 97

eleven o'clock, which were succeded by violent fever, afterwards
in an hour and a half The fever continued to rage till about
six o'clock, in the evening. During the exacerbation, great
pain or oppression was felt in the brain, liver, spleen or stomach,
and frequently, in all these organs. The sweating stage took
place about midnight. By daylight, there was a respite, but
not a total exemption from the urgency of these symptoms.

This was the common course of the disease, but there were
occasionally found, distinct intermittents and a few cases of
continued fever. The first cases mentioned aftbrded no oppor-
tunity for interposing tonicks. In the second order, every
common man as well as the physician was acquainted with the
proper, and certain remedy ; and the third form of the epidem-
ic, was most safely left to the healing power of nature.

Such however, was the malignancy of our autumnal diseases,
that from the best information we can procure, the Hockhock-
ing country, (now called Lancaster,) in a circle of five miles
around Lancaster, the one fifth of the inhabitants died, in that
year! From information given us by many in the same circle
around Chillicothe, one sixth part of the inhabitants were swept
off by death.

As a sequel to this epidemic, a most annoying and incorigi-
ble affection of the skin took place; nor have there been want-
ing cases of the same description in any year since the above
mentioned. The emigrants from the Atlantic states could not
be persuaded, that it was not the same disease which in their
country, is denominated itch. But in this opinion they are
certainly mistaken, inasmuch as it resisis all the remedies
which are successfully employed in that disease*

MILK SICKNESS.

Its most prominent symptoms were first, a sense of uncom-
mon lassitude, and a listlessness, and aversion to muscular mo-
tion. A slight pain about the ancles, which seemed gradually
to ascend to the calves of the legs, and in a few hours more, a
13

98 HISTORY OF OHIO*

dull pain, which soon terminated in a spasm, or a cramp of the
stomach. This was quickly followed by violent efforts to vom-
it, which continued for four, five, six or seven days; or until
death closed the scene. If the patient recovered it was only to
receive at no very distant period, another shock, equally terri-
fic and appalling. The geographical range of this fell disease,
was confined mostly to the barrens.

The diagnosticks between this disease, and the Cholera
Morbus, was the obstinate constipation of the bowels from first
to last. Many treatises have been written concerning the dis-
ease, but as yet, our knowledge of either its causes or cure is
imperfect. Where the cattle are kept from wild grass, this dis-
ease is never found. It is now no longer known, only in his-
tory, we believe.

The description of Autumnal diseases, as just given, has been
without variation; except in the violence of the symptoms in
any of the succeeding years, until 1823.

In 1813 and 14, the disease, which prevailed as an awful
epidemic, in these two years, was not peculiar to the Western
country. We mean the disease named in some sections of the
United States — " pneumonia typhoides" — or " typhus pleurisy;"
in other sections, pneumonia ^ biliosa" — but in this country
called, the " cold plague."

Heavy and long continued rains, commenced about the four-
teenth of November 1822, and continued almost daily, until the
first day of the ensuing June.

It was computed by some persons, that the country lying be-
tween the Scioto and Miami rivers, had the twentieth part of
its surface covered, during the months, of March, April and
May, with water. A fever commenced its ravages, and con-
tinued its course, during the months of June, July, August,
September, and during the early part of October. It was of
the remittent and continued type, affecting more or less, many,
perhaps, nineteen twentieths of the people. No intermission
was noticed in the course of twenty-four hours, nor was the
low country of the Scioto and Miami, the only location of this
form of fever. In north latitude between 39° and 40°, this dis-

DISEASES, ETC, 99

ease was found, over a great extent of country, without ex-
cepting the Alleghany ridge, itself. Previous to this year,
pulmonary consumption was rarely seen, and epilepsy was a
rare disease in Ohio. These diseases are now as common as
in the Atlantic states. Dyspepsia has become a very common
disease, and doubtless, has been a sequel, to long continued in-
termitting and remitting fevers, by exhausting the powers of
the liver.

In 1824 there were very few cases of intermittent or remittent
fever, nor has there since been a general epidemic. In 1827,
it was known, that while the river country was healthful, the
small streams had the inhabitants of their banks, affected with
dysentery.

It might be profitable, to our citizens, to mark out the wide
difference between, what is, by common people called dysen-
tery,— and the true dysentery or flux. These diseases of dys-
entery and diarrhoea, are confounded with each other, as being
one and the same, whereas they are as opposite, in their na-
ture, and in their appropriate remedies, as any two diseases?
that affect the human body. The first, consisting of a continu-
ed stricture and constipation of the bowels, from first to last,
and requiring evacuants for their remedy, while the last con-
sists in a relaxation of the intestinal fibres, and requires astrin-
gents for its cure. Much mischief has occured from a want
of discrimination in these diseases. We find accordingly that
upon the approach of cold weather, a congestion and disten-
tion of the liver or spleen, take place, and frequently, a painful
affection of the joints, which is called rheumatism, arising from
the use of astringents in dysentery or flux.

We have only further to add, that since the year of 1827,
the health of our state, has been unparalleled by that of any
other state in the Union, scarcely a case of fever to be seen
among the residents of Ohio.

From 1827 to 1837, south of the summit level, between lake
Erie and the Ohio river, fevers have been very rare. The Asi-
atic cholera was in Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Columbus, and sev-
eral other towns in two summers, while that desolating scourge

100 HISTORY OF OHIO.

prevailed in the United States. We have enjoyed a degree of
health unparalleled in the whole Union during the last teu
years. Our autumns aim .st without a cloud in view, have been
truly dclifrhtful. We see the rosy cheek, the cheerful counte-
nance, the quick, light, elastic step, and hear the sound of in-
dustry in all its life and vigor, in all our growing and prosper-
ous towns. We no longer have a sickly season, every year,
as all new countries have, but in their stead, health, happi-
ness and prosperity prevail. From all we hear, see, and know,
of our country and its climate, we have reason to believe,
and do believe, that Ohio will be one of the healthiest regions
in the world. The forests are cleared otf, to a great degree,
over a large portion of our territory, and the grass and weeds,
in the woods, have been ate down by the cattle. The whole
surface of our soil, even in the woods, has become dry, com-
pared with what it vv'as twenty years since. The whole at-
mosphere is drier than formerly, and the fogs and mists which
once rose from the earth every morning, and fell down upon it
again in the evening in the form of a heavy dew, are no lon-
ger seen, felt, or known among us. Those who wish to find
these things, must travel beyond us to the west. Our roads,
twenty years since, were mostly shaded by a dense forest, and
the mud was abundant in them, even in August. Those for-
ests, are mostly destroyed, and our roads, are dry eight
months in the year. Within a few short years, Ohio will pre-
sent the aspect of an old settled country, traversed by canals
and roads, thronged with travelers and animated by a dense
population. Our winters have very little snow, and what we
have soon disappears before the rays of the sun. While the
people of New York and all the eastern states, even Philadel-
phia, are suffering from deep snows, and intense cold, it is not
uncommon with us to have warm weather, freezing a little in
the night, and thawing during the day, opened by a white frost
in the morning.

Thus our winter proceeds, until early in March, when the
fanner plows his fields, and sows his oats and other spring
grains.

CURRENTS OF AIR. 101

CURRENTS or AIR.

The current which prevails most in all that part of the state
lying south of the summit level between Lake Erie and the
Ohio river, comes from the Mexican Gulph. This current fol-
lows the Mississippi upwards, and the Ohio river and its tribu-
taries, to their sources, where it comes in contact with a cur-
rent of air descending the lakes, from lake Superior and the
Frozen Ocean. These two currents having united their for-
ces, pass down lakes Erie and Ontario, and through the St.
Lawrence to the sea. Where these two currents meet, va-
ries from forty miles south, to as many miles north of the sum-
mit level, between the waters of the Mississippi and those of
the St. Lawrence. At the town of Delaware we have often
seen both these currents, bearing along the clouds. Some-
times one current was uppermost, sometimes the other, as ei-
ther set of clouds happened to be the most loaded with mois-
ture. When those two currents of air impinge on each other,
meeting at an oblique angle they both move with a very great
force, A tornadoe, is the necessary result. Such an one
touched Urbana, and rising, swept across Licking and Knox
counties, a few miles below Kenyon college; then rushing
along eastwardly, touching New Lisbon in Columbiana county,
it passed onward, occasionally touching the earth, until it rose
over the Alleghanies, and we heard of its ravages no farther
in the United States. Across Licking and Knox counties its
width was scarcely one mile, but where it moved, it prostrated
every forest tree, or stripped it of its limbs and left it stand-
ing as a monument of its inexorable wrath. This tornadoe hap-
pened on the 18th of May, 1825.

On the other or northern side of the summit level, before
mentioned, there was such a tornadoe in the year 1788, and it
passed the Maumee river, about five miles below the head of
the rapids, and moved eastwardly quite across the now state of
Ohio, occasionally touching the earth and prostrating the forest
wherever it descended to the ground.

Another effect, resulting from the impinging of these two

102 HISTORY OF OHIO.

currents of air, is the cooling of the waters held in suspension
by either of them, and the consequent descent of the water in
the form of rain, snow, hail, or dew. There is more rain on
the summit level, than there is either north or south of it ; more
frost and snow.

The southern current of air is always warmer than the north-
western one, and those who live where these currents alter-
nately prevail, sometimes changing several times in a day,
feel all the inconveniences resulting from such frequent chan-
ges of temperature. This difference is from three to twenty,
or even more degrees of Fahrenheit. Where these changes
occur in very warm weather, the eft'ect on the human system
is very sensibly felt. Our westwardly wind, in the lower part
of the state, is generally a dry one, and a gentle current of
air.

The effect produced by this wind from the Mexican Gulpb,
IS very sensibly felt by us in winter. It is the principal cause
why our winters in Ohio, are much warmer than they are east
of the mountains. In the winter of 1827-8 we had the south-
western current of air all winter. It came loaded with water,
which fell in torrents, during that winter, and on the eighth of
January, there was the greatest freshet which we had had for
years before. And on the Scioto, we had no ice that winter,
more than three-eighths of an inch in thickness.

During all that winter, while the rain was falling in tor-
rents, iii. Ohio, there was no rain and but little snow on the
Upper Misssissippi, in the Wisconsin country, and in all the
region west of lake Michigan. In the following spring and
summer, there was no rise in the streams of that region, worth
naming. The whole winter there, was fair, almost without
a cloud, and it was excessively cold, more so than common
in that coldest of all countries in the world, for its latitude.
So much for the difference of climate, between Ohio and Wis-
consin Territory.

OUR AVINTERS. 1Q3

OUR WINTERS.

We have been at considerable pains to get as accurate in-
formation as possible, as to our winters, before we came into
the state ; and our own recollection is relied on, for a pe-
riod of twenty-five winters past. We proceed to state our
information, as well as our recollections, as to the winters
since 1785.

1785 mild. 1799 severe. 1813 cold.* 1826 mild.

1786 mild. 1800 severe. 1814 mild. 1827 mild.

1787 mild. 1801 mild. 1815 mild. 1828 mild.

1788 mild. 1802 mild. 1816 mild. 1829 cold.

1789 mild. 1803 mild. 1817 mild. 1830 cold.

1790 mild. 1804 mild. 1818 mild. 1831 cold.

1791 severe. 1805 mild. 1819 mild. 1832 mild.

1792 severe. 1806 mild. 1820 mild. 1833 mild.

1793 mild. 1807 mild. 1821 mild. 1834 mild.

1794 mild. 1808 severe. 1822 mild. 1835 mild.

1795 mild. 1809 severe. 1823 mild. 1836 mild.

1796 severe. 1810 mild. 1824 mild. 1837 mild.

1797 severe. 1811 mild. 1825 mild. 1838 mild.

1798 severe. 1812 mild.

The winter of 1791-2 was severe, and Governor Sargeant
computed the snow that fell in the month of January, at twen-
ty-four inches! On the 23d of January 1792, the thermometer
sunk seven degrees below zero. The winter of 1796-7 is
considered the severest one ever known in this state. On the
morning of the 8th of January, 1797, the thermometer sunk
eighteen degrees below zero. During that winter, the ther-
mometer sunk below zero seven other mornings. The winters
of 1791 and 1792, were quite cold, but not severe, like 1796
and 1797. During these last mentioned years, the Ohio was
frozen over, four weeks, and frost occurred so late as the
twenty-fourth day of May.

In the spring of 1834, we had a frost all over Ohio, Ken-
tucky and Indiana, as late as the sixteenth day of May, which

* Snow twenty-four inches deep at Fort Wayne.

104 HISTORY OF OHIO.

killed the leaves on the trees, the wheat, &c., in Kentucky,
along the Ohio river. It destroyed all the fruit, far and wide,
and extending its ravages beyond the mountains, to Pennsylva-
nia, New Jersey and New York. There was ice at Louisville,
Kentucky, an inch in thickness, two mornings in succession.

November is often one of the most pleasant months in the
year, and such weather often extends nearly through De-
cember. February is frequently a pleasant month. The
quantity of snow that falls in the southern parts of Ohio, is
quite inconsiderable, never enough for any good sleighing.
Hoar frost is often seen on a pleasant winter's morning.

Snow has been known to fall two feet deep at Fort Wayne,
while rain only, fell in the southern parts of Ohio. All the
snows which we do have, in the Scioto valley, below Big Wal-
nut creek, generally follow, a rain, and melt as they fall.
The southwest wind brings the rain, which being turned aside
by the northern current of air, the latter lets fall its light load
of snow upon us.

Northeastern and eastern winds are scarcely ever known
here. From their rage, the Alleghanies interpose a barrier
which effectually defends us from all their violence and fury.
While all the Atlantic cities feel the direful effects of those
storms which sweep across the Atlantic, from Europe, we in
this valley of the Mississippi, feel not even one gentle puff of
air from the east. This whole valley, on such occasions,
smiles in peace. When we have often crossed the Allegha-
nies east and west, we saw little difference in summer in the
forwardness of the crops, in the same latitude; but in winter,
we always found more snow on, east of the mountains, than
Avest of them. And near the eastern base of the moun-
tains they have occasionally, cold currents of air from the Al-
leghanies sent down to cool the courtiers and courtezans, who
visit Washington city every wmter, which we neither need
nor wish to have, in Ohio.

As to humidity, our atmosphere has undergone a wonderful
chancre for the better within the last ten vears.

We have mentioned two several tornadoes which have oc-

CURRENTS OF AIR. 105

Glirred in Ohio, within the last fifty-two years, to which we
add one, that occurred from the west and southwest winds
coming in contact with each other. On the 28th of May.
1807 the wind blew down the Ohio river with violence, in the
morning. One current of air bore its clouds, to the north, an-
other current was carrying its clouds to the east The dif-
ferent currents prevailed at different altitudes; The western
current traversed the southern one at right angles; Before
noon, both currents had united their volume and were moving
towards the east, or up the Ohio river. Soon after this, the
West wind was at the sui*face of the earth. Before two o'clock
P. Mi a narrow whirlwind, or tornadoe, swept over the eas-
tern part of Cincinnati, demolished a few, old, ruinous houses^
threw down some old tops of chimneys, and finally prostrated
several fruit trees, in the vicinity of the town. Similar phe-
nomena were observed over the western country, north and
south of Cincinnati, for a distance of one hundred miles.
These whirlwinds moved along in narrow veins, in the direc-
tion of the AUeghanies until they were stopped in their
course. These two currents of air, the southwest and west-
ern, produce tornadoes as low down as Tennessee and Upper
Alabama. And we have had three such, it appears, within
fifty two years. Two were produced by the northwestern and
southwestern currents of air, coming in contact, and one was
produced by the western and southwestern currents. The
whole three were just about equal to one northeastwardly
storm along the Atlantic coast, such as prevail there every
year. But, inasmuch as the storms do not, and will not visit
us oftener than once in eighteen years, on an average, the au-
thors of geographies in the eastern states visit us with them,
on paper, and represent our peaceful valley, as peculiarly sub-
ject to tornadoes! With what truth, the world may judge
from our statement of facts, which is beyond the reach of all
contradiction.

As to our warm weather, we have about two months more
of it in Ohio, than the people of western New York, Vermont
14

] 06 HISTORY OP OHIO.

and New Hampshire have in any one year. Our house build-
ers work out, on an average, nine months in the year, and
then work indoors, the other months ; or they travel south, and
there spend the winter, at their business, where the weather is
warmer and their wages higher.

Immediately on the shore of lake Erie, the weather in win-
ter, is about three degrees colder than it is twenty miles south
of the ridge, where the lake rivers rise. And it is about ten
decrees colder at Cleveland than at Cincinnati, in winter.
Traveling from the lake southwardly, a very sensible differ-
ence is experienced on reaching the Scioto valley. So in the
heat of summer, in traveling to the lake, a coolness, highly
invigorating is felt by the traveler from our valley. Hence,
a tour to the lake, is advisable in summer, for those who suf-
fer from the heat of the south.

Whether our atmosphere will continue to become more and
more dry, as our forests disappear before us, we cannot posi-
tively say, though we can see no reason why it should not be
the case. All the effects which the cultivation of the whole
valley of the Mississippi, will produce on our climate, cannot
be certainly foreseen, but we believe, that our seasons will be-
come warmer and drier. They will be more healthful in the
states west of us, warmer, drier and more equable in temper-
ature, and possibly, the soil will be less productive, in this
state, than at present.

[To all human appearance, this great valley is intended by
its great, good, and wise Author, for a vast number of people
in which to live, move about, and act, and eventually, to con-
trol forever, the destinies of the most powerful nation on the
globe. After the next census, will be the time to fix on the
course which we and our posterity will forever pursue, in
governing ourselves and the eastern people. Thus far we
have been mere "hewers of wood, and drawers of water" for
the east. As the wheel of time revolves, we, who are now
at the bottom, shall be on its summit. We shall do ourselves
justice, in due time, and be, what we must be, an overwhelm-
ing majority of this nation.]

CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY.

PERIOD FIRST.

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM THE FIRST DISCOVERY AND NAVI-
GATION OF LAKE ERIE, BY THE FRENCH, ITNT 1680, TO THE
SETTLEMENT OF MARIETTA, APRIL 7th, 1788. IT COMPRISES
ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHT YEARS.

The first Europeans who visited this region, were the French.
In 1680, La Salle, a Frenchman, started on an expedition, and
passing up Lake Erie and Lakes St. Clair and Huron and
cruising along Lake Michigan, disembarked near where fort
Chicago now stands. He traversed the intermediate country
between that place and the Illinois river. He descended that
stream to its mouth. Descending the Mississippi, he arrived at
length, at its mouth, after passing through many dangers and
great hardships. Going home to France, he returned by sea, to
the mouth of the Mississippi, and in endeavoring to pass through
the country by land, to Canada, he lost his life, being murder-
ed by one of his own party, somewhere in what is now the
state of Illinois, as near as we can judge from his narrative.
From this period, forward, the French Missionaries, visited the
valley of the Mississippi very frequently, and their government
was engaged in sending persons among the Indians to concili-
ate them; and military men were sent to examine the country,
and select the most eligible sites for fortifications. Whoever
looks at the map of the country traversed, will at once per-
ceive with what prudence they executed their commissions.
Quebec, Montreal, Oswego, Niagara river, Presque-Isle, De-

108 HISTORY OF OHIO.

troit, Mackinaw, the Straits of St. Mary, Chicago, Pittsburgh,
St. Louis, &c. &c. were as well selected for military posts, as
could possibly be done, even at this day, when this country is
well settled and of course, well known.

The first vessel ever launched by Europeans, on the upper
lakes, was the Griffin, built by La Salle, in 1680, and was lost on
its return voyage from Chicago to Niagara river. After its de-
parture it was never heard of, nor is the fate of any of its crew
known. Not a white man dwelt on the borders of that lake, nor
in the Western States. Sixty years had elapsed since the
landing of the pilgrims on Plymouth rock. The western states
were one vast wilderness, inhabited only by savages and wild
animals. The contrast is consoling to all the friends of a hu-
man happiness.

The French intended to keep possession of the Canadas and
of the whole valley of the Mississippi, which they claimed ei-
ther by actual settlement, or by discovery; as well as by their
treaties with the Indians, and confirmed to them, as they said,
by the treaties of Aix La Chapelle &c. with the European
governments. That they intended to erect a great and pow-
erful State in the new world, is evident from the vast expenses
they were at, in building forts at all the proper points of com-
munication; from the great extent of their church establish-
ment; their large endowments for colleges and other schools
of learning. Their extreme anxiety, to keep possession of
this vast territory is seen in every thing they did respecting
it. Professor Silliman in his " Tour between Hartford and
Quebec," justly remarks, that " he knows nothing that has
excited his surprise more in Canada, than the number, extent
and variety of the French institutions, many of them, intrin-
sically of the highest importance, and all of them, according to
their views, possessing that character." " They are the more
extraordinary," he remarks, " when we consider that the most
of them are more than a century old, and at the time of their
foundation, the colony was feeble and almost engaged in war.
It would seem from these facts, as if the French contemplated
the establishment of a per^^anent, ^d eventually, of a great

CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. v 109

empire in America ; and this is the more probable, as most of
these institutions were founded during the ambitious, splendid
and enterprising reign of Louis XIV." We add, that Louis
XV., pursued the same policy towards his American empire
as his predecessor had done. The Marquis Gallisonere, Gov-
ernor General of new France, (as all this western country
was called by them) in the year 1749, sent out an expedition,
commanded by Louis Celeron, for the purpose of depositing
medals at all important places, such as the mouths of the most
considerable streams, and at remarkable places, such as the larg-
est mounds, and other ancient works. Most of these medals,
perhaps all, which were made of lead, containing " a proces ver-
bal,'''' drawn up by order of the Governor General, contained
blanks to be filled up with the date of the time of depositing
them, and the names of the places, rivers, or objects where they
were deposited. I had, for a considerable time, in my possession,
such a medal, which stated it to have been left at the mouth of
Venango river, where that stream empties into the Belle riviere
or river ' Oyo,' as the Ohio was called by them. This medal
was a thin plate of lead, and the lettering was rudely done.
It asserted the claims of Louis XV., to all the country wa-
tered by the " riviere Oyo" and branches, and was deposited
at the mouth of "Venango riviere," Aout 16th, 1749.

Such medals as the above were deposited in many places
over the western country, and many ancient coins, belonging
to the Greeks, Romans, Gauls, Germans, &c., were also left at
many places. It is one hundred and fifty eight years since the
Griffin sailed across Lake Erie.

The French began to erect a line of forts, for the purpose
of connecting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi, as
early as 1719, and continued to extend them into this country,
until they had established them, at all the most important
points. After erecting Fort Du Kane at Pittsburgh, they es-
tablished posts in the direction of the Potomac, but, the Eng-
lish finally conquered Canada, and most of their western posts,
all indeed, along lake Erie, and on the waters of the Ohio, fell
with Canada and were surrendered at the peace of 1763. It was

1 10 HISTORY OF OHIO.

this war, in which the Indians engaged, on the side of the
French, against us, of which Logan speaks, in his address to
Lord Dunmore. It was, indeed, a long and bloody war, in
which, Louis XIV., XV. lost Canada, and all the country wa-
tered by the Ohio river.

From 1764 up to 1774, there was no Indian war, on this
frontier, between the whites and the Indians; and had it not
been for some badly disposed, and bloody minded men, perhaps,
those scenes of cruelty and bloodshed, which we are compell-
ed to notice, though slightly, might possibly have been avoided
altogether. But so it was, and our regrets, cannot alter the
facts, which now form a portion of history, and having been
acted on our territory, belong to Ohio's history.

LORD DUNMORE'S WAR OF 1774.

From the peace made with the Indians by Sir William John-
ston, at the German Flatts, on the Mohawk river, in the 1764,
until the spring of 1774, there was no Indian War on the Ohio
river. On the 27th of April, 1774, Captain Cresap, at the
head of a party of men, at Wheeling in Virginia, heard of two
Indians and some of their families, being up the river hunting,
not many miles off; Cresap and his party followed them, and
killed them, without provocation, in cold blood and in pro-
found peace! After committing these murders, on their return
to Wheeling that night, in their bloody conoes, they heard of
an Indian encampment down the river, at the mouth of Cap-
tina creek, and they immediately went, attacked and murder-
ed all these Indians. After these unprovoked and cruel mur-
ders, a party under Daniel Greathouse, forty seven in num-
ber, we believe, ascended the river above Wheeling, about forty
miles, to Baker's station, which was opposite the mouth of Great
Yellow creek. There keeping his men out of the sight of the
Indians, Captain Greathouse, went over the river, to reconoitre
the ground, and to ascertain how many Indians were there.
He fell in with an Indian woman, who advised him, not to stay
among them, as the Indians were drinking and angry. On re-
ceiving this friendly advise, he returned over to Baker's block

LORD DUNMORe's WAR. Ill

house, and he induced the persons at the station, to entice over
all the Indians, they could that day, and get them drunk. This
diabolical stratagem succeeded, many of the Indians came over,
got drunk and were slain by the party of Greathouse. Hearing
the guns, two Indianc came over to Baker's, to see what the firing
of the guns meant. These were slain as soon as they landed.
By this time, the Indians at their camp, suspecting v/hat was
going on at Baker's, sent over an armed force, but these were
fired upon while on the river, and several of them were kill-
ed. The survivors were compelled to return to their encamp-
ment. A firing of guns then commenced across the river,
but not one of the whites was even wounded. Among the
murdered, was the woman who gave the captain the friendly
advise; and they were all scalped, who were slain! Among
the murdered, at Captina and Yellow creek, was the entire
family of Logan, the friend of the whites.

Knowing that these cruel and unprovoked murders, would
be speedily avenged by the Indians, all the whites along the
whole western frontier, either left the country, instantly, or
retired into their block houses and forts.

An express was sent to the governor of Virginia, at Williams-
burgh, the seat of government, to inform him what had happen-
ed. The colonial legislature were in session, and means were
immediately used to commence a campaign against the Indians,
and penetrate into the heart of their country on the Scioto
river.

The plan of this campaign was soon determined on. Gen-
eral Andrew Lewis was ordered to raise a military force, and
rendezvous at fort Union, now in Greenbriar county, and from
thence, descend the Great Kenhawa to its mouth, on the Ohio
river.

The Earl of Dunmore intended to raise troops in Lower
Virginia, and marching up the Potomac to Cumberland, in
Maryland, cross the Alleghanies, until he struck the Monon-
ghahala, thence, following that stream downwards, reach
Pittsburgh, and from Fort Pitt, to descend the Ohio to Point
Pleasant (as we now call it) and form a junction with Lewis.

112 HtSTORY OF OHIO.

This was the original plan of operations, and, in accordance'
with it, General Lewis raised troops in Boletourte and Augus'
ta counties, on the high grounds, near the head waters of the
Shenandoah, James river, and Great Kenhawa. These coun-
ties were then, on the very frontiers of the colonial govern-
ment of Virginia in which so many celebrated springs exist,
such as "The White Sulphur," "The Warm," "The Sweet
Spring," <k;c., and in a country too, then occupied by sharpshoot-
ers, hunters, and riflemen. Collecting from all parts of this
country, two regiments of volunteers, at camp Union, now in
Greenbriar county. General Lewis, on the 11 th day of Septem-
ber, 1774, marched forward, towards the point of his destination.
His route lay wholly through a trackless forest. All his bag-
gage, his provisions, and even his ammunition, had to be trans-
ported on packhorses, that were clambering about among
the tall cliffs, or winding their way through the danger-
ous defiles, ascending or descending the lofty summits of
the AUeghanies. The country at this time, in its aspect is
one of the most romantic and wild in the whole Union. Its
natural features are majestic and grand. Among these lofty
summits and deep ravines, nature operates on a scale of gran-
deur, simplicity and sublimity, scarcely ever equalled in any
other region, and never surpassed in the world. At the time
of this expedition, only one white man had ever passed along
the dangerous defiles of this route. That man was Cap-
tain Matthew Arbuckle, who was their pilot on this painful
and slow march. During nineteen entire days, this gallant
band pressed forward descending from the heights of the Alle-
ghany mountains, to the mouth of the Kenhawa, a distance of
one hundred and sixty miles. This march was more painful
and difficult than Hannibal's, over the Alps. On the first day
of October, 1774, Lewis reached the place of his destination,
but no Earl Dunmore was there. Despatching two messen-
gers in quest of Governor Dunmore, Lewis and his Virginians
continued at Point Pleasant. On the 9th of October, three
messengers from the Earl arrived at Lewis's camp, and inform-
ed him that the Governor had changed his whole plan — that
the Earl would not meet Lewis at Point Pleasant, but would

LORD DUNMORe's WAR. 113

descend the Ohio to the mouth of the Hockhocking river — as-
cend that, to the Falls, and then strike off to the Pickaway
towns, along the Scioto, whither Dunmore ordered Lewis to
repair and meet him, as soon as possible, there to end this
campaign. On the 10th of October, two of Lewis's soldiers
wefe up the river Ohio, hunting, some two miles above the ar-
my, when a large party of Indians attacked them. One hunt-
ing soldier was instantly killed, but the other fled and safely
arrived in the camp, and gave notice of the near approach of
the enemy. General Lewis instantly gave orders for two de-
tachments to meet and repel the enemy. Colonel Charles
Lewis commanded the detachment of Botetourte militia, and
Colonel Flemming commanded the other detachment, of Au-
gusta militia. Rushing out of their camp, they met the ene-
my, about four hundred yards from it. The enemy instantly
fired upon our men, a whole volley of rifles, and furiously com.
menced the battle. At the first onset, our men faultered, a
moment, and began to retreat, but the reserve came up from
the camp, and the enemy in turn, gave way, apparently, but
in doing so, extended his line of battle from the Ohio to the
Kenhawa, and by that means, completely hemmed in our
men, in the angle formed by the junction of these rivers.
There the enemy posted his warriors behind old logs, trees and
drift wood, and fought with desperation, and without cessation,
from the rising of the e^un, when the battle commenced, until
the sun sank below the horizon, when the enemy drew off his
forces, and retired from the field of battle. In this desperate
action we lost two Colonels, viz : Charles Lewis of the Bote-
tourte volunteers, who was mortally Avounded in the first fire
of the enemy. He was enabled to just reach his tent, where
he immediately expired. And Colonel Fields was also killed
in battle. We lost in killed, five captains, viz: Buford, Mur-
ray, Ward, Wilson, and McClenehan; three lieutenants: Al-
len, Goldsby and Dillon, and many subalterns, besides seventy-
five private soldiers who were killed in this hardly fought bat-
tle. The wounded amounted to one hundred and forty officers
15

114 HISTORT OF OHIO.

and soldiers, many of them severely, who afterwards died of
their wounds. The loss of the enemy was never certainly
known, but thirty-three of their dead bodies were found on or
near the battle ground, and it was not doubted that the enemy
had thrown many of his dead into the rivers, on both of which
his warriors were posted, as we have seen. From the char-
acter of our troops, being all sharpshooters, and backwoods-
men, it is probable that the loss, in killed and wounded was
about equal, on both sides. The numbers of the two armies,
were probably about the same, judging from their extended
line of battle, and the constant firing all day, along ;hat line^
from river to river. The next day after the battle, Lewis for-
tified his encampment, (he should have done so before the ac-
tion, as soon as he arrived there,) with logs on the outside of
it, and by digging an entrenchment. Here, after burying his
dead, he left his wounded men under a strong guard, and
marched up the Ohio river, in obedience to his recent order
from Governor Dunmore. Moving forward, through the dense
forest along the Ohio bottoms, we leave him and his gallant
band of patriotic western Virginians, until we have found the
Ear! of Dunmore, whom we left at Williamsburgh, the then
seat of the colonial grovernment.

The governor, after despatching Lewis into Botetourte and
Augusta counties to raise two regiments of riflemen; himself
raised about one thousand troops among the old Virginians,
east of the Blue ridge, for this expedition. With these men,
he marched, by the old route in which Washington and Brad-
dock had passed the Alleghanies. He marched up the Poto-
mac to Cumberland, thence across, the remaining mountains,
to Fort Pitt. Here, procuring boats, he descended the Ohio
river to Wheeling, where he rested sometime, that is, several
days, and concluded, to change his whole plan. Instead of
meeting Lewis, at Point Pleasant, he determined to descend
the Ohio to the mouth of the Hockhocking, ascend that stream
to its rapids, and then strike off, westwardly, and reach the ob-
ject of his ultimate destination, which was the Shawneetown,
at the southern end of Pickawav Plains. In accordance with

LORD DUNMORE's WAR. 116

this new plan of operations, the Earl and his army in one
hundred canoes of all sizes, and a few boats of larger dimen-
sions, left Wheeling and descended the Ohio to the mouth of
the Hockhocking. Here leaving his water craft, and a guard
to protect his flotilla, he and his army followed up the Hock-
hocking to near where the town of Logan now stands. Here
he left the river, and passed over the summit between the
Hockhocking and Scioto riv6rs, and reached the place of his
destination. Within three miles of the Shawnee town, and a
little east of south of it, Governor Dunmore encamped, in
the woods, then, but now on the farm of George Wolf. Enclo-
sing about twelve acres, with a strong breastwork of trees
and logs, he named his camp Charlotte, in honor of the then,
young Queen of England. In the centre of this encampment
a deep ditch was dug, the earth was thrown up, and logs were
piled up, so as to render this spot of about one acre of ground,
impregnable. In the centre of this citadel the Earl pitched his
marquee for himself and the superior officers of his army.

The enemy sued for peace after the battle at Point Pleasant.
Messengers met him, before he reached the place of his en-
campment, desiring peace, and after his strong camp was
completed, the enemy became more and more importunate, to
effect an object so necessary to his very existence. Dunmore
was determined to grant a peace, but he was also determined
to prevent being taken by surprise. He therefore permitted
only eighteen warriors to enter his outer gate, at a time, where
all their arms had to be deposited with a strong guard there
constantly posted. When all things were arranged for the
purpose, the council was opened by a powerful, and impressive
speech, made by Cornpla^ntter (not Cornstalk), who, in a tone
of voice so loud, as to be heard over the whole encampment,
of twelve acres of ground, by all the army, boldly charged the
whites with being the sole cause of this blood}'' war. Logan,
whose family had been all murdered, the preceding spring,
partly on the Captina, and, partly at Baker's station, was in
the Shawneetown, four miles south of where this is written.
Though he would not attend on Dunraore's council, in person*

116 HISTORY OF OHIO.

yet, being urged by the Indians, who were nnxious to be re-
lieved from Dunmore's army, he sent his speech, in a belt of
wampum, to be delivered to Earl Dunmore, by a faithful
interpreter. Under an oak on the farm of Mr. Wolf, this
splendid effort of heart stirring eloquence was faithfully deli-
vered bv the person who carried the wampum. The oak tree,
under which it was delivered to Lord Dunmore, still stands in
a field, seven miles from Circleville, in a southern direction.
An interpreter delivered it, sentence by sentence, and it was
written as it was delivered. Its authenticity is placed beyond
the shadow of a doubt, and it of right belongs, and forever
will belong to the History of Ohio.

Logan's speech.

I appeal to any white man to say, if he ever entered Logan's
cabin hungry, aud he gave him not meat; if he came naked
and cold, and I clothed him not. During the last long and
bloody war, Logan remained idle, in his cabin, an advocate
for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my coun-
trymen, as they passed me, pointing at me, said, ' Logan is
the friend of the whites.' I had thoughts of living among you
but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap,* last spring,
in cold blood, and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of
Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There
runs not one drop of my blood in the veins of any living crea-
ture. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it; I
have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For
my country I rejoice in the beams of peace. But, do not har-
bor the thought, that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never
felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who
is there to mourn for Logan? not one.

The terms of peace, were soon agreed upon, and a peace was

* Logan was misinformed in part, as to the murder; it was not Captain
Cresap, but Daniel Greathouse who murdered a part of his family, at Baker's
gtation, as we have related.

LORD DUNMORe's WAR. 1 1 7

made. Prisoners were exchanged, and Dunmore returned to
Virginia by the route in which he came.

We now return to Lewis and his army, marching up the
Ohio, on its southern shore, to the mouth of the Hockhocliing.
Having reached this point, Dunmore's flotilla of boats, perogues
and canoes, ferried Lewis and his troops across the Ohio
river, and having halted here long enough to take a hearty
meal, out of the provisions, here left by Dunmore, they rushed
forward up the Hockhocking, along in Dunmore's trail, and
they were rapidly approaching Camp Charlotte. During this
rapid movement, of Lewis, he was met by messenger after
messenger, from the Governor, ordering him to retreat, not to
march forward. To these messages, neither Lewis nor any
of his men, paid any attention. In those days "Virginia nev-
er tired." In addition to the exasperation which the loss of so
many friends, in the late bloody action at the Point, had natu-
rally produced in their minds ; not a few of them had lost
friends and relatives, who had been recently murdered by the
Indians, at different places on the frontiers. They therefore
pressed forward, determined on the destruction of the Picka-
way towns, along the Scioto river; since, now, it was so
entirely within their power. Lewis had now approached
Camp Charlotte within a few miles, (on Thomas J. Winship's
land,) where Dunmore and his principal officers, met Lewis, at
the head of his troops. Here Dunmore in the presence of his
officers, ordered Lewis and his army to retreat, and return to
Point Pleasant. To this order, delivered in person, by the
Governor, Lewis and his exasperated army, most reluctantly
rendered obedience. Having sent Lewis back, Dunmore, tar-
ried here, until his final arrangements were concluded with
the Indians. What all those v,ere, we neither know, nor
have the means of certainly knowing, only by after events.

That Earl Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia,
rendered himself excessively unpopular, by ordering Lewis
back, is certain, and it hastened, his final abandonment of the
colony, when he fled to a British fleet for protection, from his
not very loving people. Whether his object, Mhile at Camp

1 1 8 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Charlotte, was to make the Indians friendly to the British
crown, and unfriendly to the colonists, in case of a war be-
tween the two countries, which so soon followed this campaign,
we can never know, with absolute certainty. We are well
aware though, that General George Washington always did
believe, that Dunmore's object was to engage the Indians to
take up the tomahawk against the colonists, as soon as war ex-
isted between the colonies and England. So believed Chief
Justice Marshall, as we know, from his own lips.

Thus ended, this campaign of Earl Dunmore, in November,
1774, by which, a cessation of hostilities was obtained, and a
few prisoners were exchanged, but this was all. The unpro-
voked, cold blooded murders, at the mouth of Captina creek,
and of the Indians who were encamped at the mouth of Great
Yellow creek, within the now limits of Columbiana county,
Ohio, produced this war, which in the end cost many lives, as
well as much money.

It appears, that the Indians knew the plan of Dunmore's
campaign, and took the best means of defeating it. Their
operations were so secretly managed, that Lewis knew of their
approach only fifteen minutes before they attacked him. By
hemming him into a corner, they intended to destroy Lewis
and his army; and had that been eftected, Lord Dunmore, with
his thousand men, would, in all probability, have been destroy-
ed also CoKNPLANTER intended to prevent the junction of
Lewis and Dunmore. The Virginians, (with what truth we do
not positively now know,) did believe, that Dunmore, while at
Wheeling, received dispatches from his government, in which,
he was instructed to patch up a peace with the Indians, and
make them friendly to England, and unfriendly to the colonists.
Those who thought so, said, hence, the change of his plan, in
not joining Lewis, at Point Pleasant. That Dunmore had a
good understanding with the principal Indian chiefs, before
Lewis reached him near Charlotte, is certain, otherwise he
would not have ordered Lewis back with a force, which might
have been otherwise greatly needed.

Before Dunmore had reached the Ohio river the people about

LORD DUNMORE's WAR. 119

Wheeling, in the early part of the month of June, had sent out
a force under Colonel Augus McDonald of about four hundred
men, who penetrated into the Indian country, as far as the
mouth of the Wappatomica, near where Dresden now is, on the
Muskingum river. Jonathan Zane, Thomas Nicholson and
Taddy Kelly were their pilots. They destroyed the Indian
towns along the Muskingum river, exasperated the Indians
greatly, killed one Indian, and returned as they came, carry-
ing with them, a few prisoners, which were exchanged in the
autumn, at the treaty of Dunmore's camp Charlotte, near Pick-
away Plains.

After his campaign was ended. Earl Dunmore soon abandoned
his colonial government, and went off to England.

Congress declared us an independent nation 4th July 1776,
and in 1778, they sent out a small force under General Mcin-
tosh, for the defence of the western frontiers. This force
arrived at Pittsburgh, and descended the Ohio, thirty miles,
and erected a fort at the mouth of Beaver creek, where Beav-
er is now, and called it 'fort McIntosh'. This little fort, was
well supplied with provisions, and had in it, a six pounder. In
the autumn of that year, Mcintosh was ordered, by Congress,
to penetrate the Indian country and destroy the towns on the
Sandusky river. With one thousand men, he attempted to
obey his orders, but on reaching the Tuscarawas river, near
Zoar he concluded to go no farther, but erect a fort and tarry
there. He erected a fort and called it Lawrens, in honor of
the president of Congress.

Provisioning the fort, and leaving colonel John Gibson and one
hundred and fifty men in it, to stay there until spring, Mcin-
tosh returned to Pittsburgh, with the remainder of his force.
This fort was on the bank of the Tuscarawas, in the present
county of Tuscarawas, near the canal, three miles north of
Galena. The Indians soon learned the existence of this fort,
and in January 1779, they approached it, stole the horses, in
the night, belonging to the garrison, and taking the bells off
them, sent the horses to a distance from the fort, and secreted
themselves beside the path which led through the high prairie

120 HISTORY OF OHIO.

grass near the garrison. Having thus secreted themselves, in
the high weeds and grass, they rattled the horse bells, at the
end of the line of those farthest from the fort, who formed this
ambuscade. The stratagem succeeded perfectly: sixteen men,
from the fort, were sent out for the horses, and of these, four-
teen, were killed by the Indians, the other two, were made prison-
ers, and but only one of them returned, after the peace, or was
ever heard from by his friends.

On the evening of the same day, the Indians, marched
slowly, in single file, across the prairie, in full view of our people
in fort Lawrens. Dressed and painted, in their best war style
they thus marched along, in full view, to the number of eight
hundred and forty seven warriors. Having shown themselves,
they took their position on a high piece of ground, on the oppo-
site side of the river, south of the now town of Bolivar, and
so near the garrison, that they could be heard distinctly, and
easily from the fort. This body of Indians continued to invest
the fort, during six weeks, at the end of which time, they pre-
tended to go off, but, in reality, divided into small parties, they
continued in the vicinity, for the purpose of doing mischief,
more effectually, in which, the;/ but too well succeeded. Colo-
nel Gibson and his men, supposing the Indians to be gone off,
started off Colonel Clark, of the Pennsylvania line, with some
twelve or more invalids, to Fort Mcintosh, but being way-
laid, the most of them were killed by the Indians, about two
miles from the fort. The Colonel and three others, saved their
lives, by running to the garrison. A party from the fort, on
the same evening, made a sortie and recovered the dead bodies
of the invalids, and buried them in front of the gate, at the fort.

Three or four days after this disaster, General Mcin-
tosh, with seven hundred men, arrived, bringing provisions.
Overjoyed at the sight of this relief, Gibson's command,
fired volleys, of firearms in honor of the occasion. The pro-
visions were on packhorses, and these horses taking fright
at the firing of the guns, ran off into the woods, and scat-
tered the provisions through the forest and prairies, far and
wide all around the fort. Thus it was mostly lost or fell into

LOKD DUNMORE's WAR. 1^1

the hands of the Indians. After Mcintosh arrived, he recov-
ered the bodies, or rather skeletons of those who fell, when
the horses were stolen. These bodies had been mangled
by wolves and other wild animals. To revenge themselves
on the wolves, the men made a pit, put the dead bodies of the
soldiers into it, and covered them so as to leave a pit, so slight-
ly covered as not to bear a wolf. On the summit of the pile,
they placed a piece of meat. Next morning, they found seven
wolves in the pit, which after shooting the wolves, they then
covered up and made it the grave of the soldiers and the
wolves.

For two weeks before Mcintosh arrived, the garrison had
been on short allowance of sour flour and bad meat. Two
men had died from eating wild parsnips, and four others nearly
shared their fate, but were saved by medical aid. After the
arrival of the provisions, forty of the men made themselves
sick by eating to excess. Those who had suffered so much,
•and so long, were now relieved, and marched back to Fort
Mcintosh. On the second day of their march, great num-'
bers of their friends met them, bringing provisions, and con-
solation for the sufferers. Major Vernon now took the com-
mand of Fort Lawrens, but abandoned it altogether in the au-
tumn of 1779. We find, though, that this fort was occupied
again, so far as to hold an Indian treaty here, in the winter
of 1785. And the same v.inter George R. Clark, Richard
Butler and Arthur Lee, commissioners, held a treaty at Fort
Mcintosh, 21st January, 1785, which was ratified 2d June,-
1785, as the journal of the old congress shows, unless it be
expunged by order of the United States senate.

There was a campaign against the Indians, in 1782, in the
spring, only six years before the first settlement at Marietta.
This expedition was commanded by Colonel Williamson. In
1772 the Moravian missionaries established a missionary sta-
tion on the upper part of the Muskingum river. They built
several villages, and induced many christian Indians to settle
in the now counties of Tuscarawas and Coshocton. These
16

122 HISTORY OF OHIO.

christian Indians, were finally, either all murdered, or driven
away by Colonel Williamson and his party, in 1782. Anoth-
er expedition immediately afterwards started from Wheel-
ing under Colonel Crawford; it pressed forward to Upper San-
dusky, was finally defeated ; Crawford was taken prisoner and
burnt to death at the stake, within the now limits of the county
which bears his name. Those who wish for a full account of this
last expedition, in all its horrors of detail, may consult Dod-
dridge's notes, Heckewelder's narrative, LoskiePs Moravian
missions, or any similar publication, relative to that perioj.
For ourselves, we wish a moment's respite, from Indian war-
fare, and to say, in conclusion, that there was one expedition
after another, year after year, from about Wheeling, and
along the Ohio river, above that point, into the Indian country,
from the year 1774, up to 1782-3. All these expeditions were
unauthorized by law, they began wrong, were badly conducted,
and ended in nothing beneficial to the white settlements.
These expeditions were undertaken at the expense of indivi-
duals, without the aid of the nation or of any state authority.
There was no good discipline among these militia, who suffer-
ed dreadfully, on their painful marches, without a sufficiency
of food, raiment, or of arms and ammunition. They exaspe-
rated, but did not conquer the enemy. The Indians managed
their affairs pretty much in the same way until the nation final-
ly put an end to the whole business under General Wayne.
For the honor of human nature would that these things had
never been. Having related briefly indeed what was going
forward in the eastern half, of w^hat is now Ohio, ever since
the French were expelled from the country, in 1763, up to
1782 or 3, which was the last of those fatal efforts to estab-
lish our dominion over the Indian nations, during that period;
we now descend the Ohio river to ascertain what had been
doing in that part of Kentucky, adjacent to us.

In 1754, James McBride had traversed some part rf
Kentucky. His flattering account of the country, when he
returned home, induced Daniel Boon, thirteen years af-
terwards to visit the same country, in company with McBride

DIFFERENT LAND CLAIMS. 123

and others The whole company were slain by the Indians,
except Boon, who returned to North Carolina in 1771. Eight
years afterwards, Boon, accompanied by his family and forty
men, from Powel's valley in North Carolina, traversed the wil-
derness and finally settled on Kentucky river, at a place which
they named Boonsborough.

Immediately after the declaration of Independence, Con-
necticut set up a claim, to what is now New Connecticut, in
common parlance ; that is, the north part of Ohio, above latitude
41° north. Virginia claimed Ohio below that line, as being with-
in the limiis of her charter. The United States claimed all
the territory within our limits, as having been conquered by
common exertions and common treasure, which congress wan-
ted with which to pay off the national debt. In the mean-
time, Virginia passed an act, forbidding any one to settle on
this territory, until this dispute should be settled. Congress
contended that all the territory which belonged to the Briti.^h
crown, had passed of right into the possession of the whole na-
tion, as a sovereign. Virginia contended, that to deprive any
one state of any portion of its territory, was to dissolve the
whole Union. Having thus had the best of the argument, with
true Virginia liberality, she consented to give away, the whole
sovereignty to the nation, of all the lands which lay northwest
of Ohio river, on condition, that Virginia should retain the
right of soil of all the country between the Scioto and Little
Miami rivers. With this land, Virginia intended to reward
her soldiers of the revolutionary war. But Virginia requir-
ed other states to do the same, by their soldiers. This sub-
ject at that day, greatly agitated the public mind, but,
finally Virginia by a formal deed, relinquished all her right
and title, to all the country northwest of the Ohio river, ex-
cept as before excepted. Thus congress became the peacea-
ble owner of all this vast region of country.

Congress had an eye, to this country, as a fund with which,
to discharge the national debt of gratitude to our able defend-
ers, in the war of the revolution ; to those who were the na-
tional creditors, for money borrowed of them, or others claim-

\ 24 HISTORT OF OHIO.

ing payment of the nation, for sums due to them. As soon as
the war was fairly ended with England, the country north-
west of the Ohio river became the subject of public discussion,
for the reasons which we have assigned; hence the attention
of the old congress to this country at so early a period. The
verv first thing to be done, was to acquire the country from
the Indians. This was attempted by congress, by appointing
commissioners to treat with them. Such commissioners had
already repeitcdiv been appointed and had met the Indians at
Pittsburgh, Fort Mcintosh, &c., and after this as we shall see,
constant etforts were made by congress to treat with the Indi-
ans. It is hardly necessary to relate all the circumstances
attending these treaties, so we will only mention the several
times of holding them. Those who wish to see all these trea-
ties, may consult the volume of Indian treaties, now lying bcr
fore us, published by congress a few years since.

At a verv early day, in our revolutionary war, Virginia had
promised all her soldiers, who served in that war, lands, wheth-
er they were regulars, militia, or belonged to the navy. As
soon as that contest was closed, the legislature convened at
Richmond, on the twentieth day of October, 1783, and during
that session passed "an Act for surveying the land given by
law to the officers and soldiers on continental and state estab-
lishment, and for the navy." This act passed on the sevenr
teenth day of December 1783. It authorised deputations from
these lines — continental, militia and navy to appoint a survey-
or for each line. This act recognized the officers, deputed by
those lines, by name, and authorized those officers or any
three of them to appoint their surveyors. On the same day,
on which the act passed, Richard C. Anderson, a Colonel in
the army, was appointed principal surveyor for the continental
line of the army, by the officers named in the act, as authoriz-
ed to appoint the surveyor. On the 20th day of July, 1784,
Colonel Anderson opened his office, for entries, at Louisville,
Kentucky. The tract appropriated to these soldiers, in Ken-
tucky, lay between Green and Cumberland rivers. Having-
exhausted that tract, Colonel Anderson closed his office for

INDIAN TREATIES. 125

Kentucky, August 1st, 1787, and opened it for entries of land
in Ohio. Tiiis land lay between the Scioto and Little Miami
rivers. Colonel Anderson died, in October, 1826. The office
was closed until Allen Latham, EsauiRE, his son-in-law, re-
ceived the appointment of principal surveyor, and opened his
office at Chillicothe in July, 1829.

INDIAN TREATIES, BY WHICH THE LANDS IN OHIO WERE

PURCHASED.

By the treaties with the Indians of 1785-6, congress ac-
quired the lands watered by the Muskingum, Scioto, Little and
Great Miami rivers. In 1788, another treaty was made, by
which the country was purchased, from the mouth of the Cuy-
ahoga river to the Wabash, lying south and east of a certain
line, mentioned in the treaty. The Indians were dissatisfied
with this treaty, and it was not relied on by our government.
In 1795, twelve tribes attended on General Wayne and treat-
ed with him, for the sale of a considerable portion of the now
territory, included within our limits. In 1805, seven tribes
sold to the United States, all that part of New Connecticut,
lying west of the Cuyahoga river. In this treaty the Connec-
ticut people joined and paid four thousand dollars to the Indi-
ans, and agreed to pay them twelve thousand dollars more. In
1807, that part of Ohio which lies north of the Maumee, and
east of a meridian line, passing through the mouth of the Au-
glaize rivers was purchased of the Indians. In 1808 a slip of
territory two miles wide, was acquired by treaty, running
from the western boundary of the Western Reserve to the
Maumee river, at the rapids. And in the same treaty another
slip one hundred and twenty feet in width, was acquired also,
running along the bank of the Maumee. These cessions
were intended for roads. By all these several treaties, the
United States acquired four-fifths of this state. That portion
of the ceded tracts above latidude 41° north, extending from
Pennsylvania on the east, to the western limits of Sandusky
and Seneca counties, was given by congress to Connecticut,

126 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and is called, the Western Reserve, or New Connecticut. It
extends one hundred and twenty miles from east to west, and
on an average is fifty miles in width, from north to south. Its
area contains about three million eight hundred thousand acres.
Five hundred thousand acres of this tract, off the west
end, the state of Connecticut gave to certain sufferers
by fire, in the revolutionary war. A part of the ceded
lands, lying along the Ohio river, including the mouths of
the Muskingum and Hockhocking rivers, was sold by
the old congress, to the Ohio Company. This was the
first sale of lands before the present constitution of the Uiu-
ted States was adopted. It was sold for one dollar an acre,
payable in congress notes, at twenty shillings in a pound,
whereas the interest on those notes made them worth twenty-
eight shillings and sixpence on the pound at that time. These
securities were funded under the constitution of the United
States, and became a part of the national debt, from that time
forward until paid off within the few last years. So the Ohio
company made a very bad bargain for themselves with con-
gress . John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, was the next
purchaser of land in Ohio — he bought of the old congress, the
land lying between the mouths of the two Miamies, and extend-
ing northerly, so as to contain six hundred thousand acres.
Symmes gave sixty-six cents an acre for his land.

On the 13th day of July, 1787, congress assumed the juris-
diction of this territory and passed an ordinance for its gov-
ernment, by the provisions of which ordinance, the territory
was to be governed by a Governor, Secretary, and three
Judges. The President appointed these officers. These per-
sons were to make the laws and execute them. This form of
defective government was to continue, until the North Western
Territory contained five thousand free white male inhabitants
over twenty-one years of age, when the people were authoriz-
ed to elect a legislative house of assembly. The house of
representatives of the United States' congress, were to nom-
inate a legislative council, and this legislative council and the
assembly were authorized to appoint a delegate, to congress.

DIFFERENT LAND CLAIMS. 127

This second grade of colonial government was to continue un-
til the population of each part of the North Western Territory
into which it was eventually to be divided, (not less than
three nor more than five states) amounted to sixty thousand.
Then this colonial government was to cease, and such territo-
ry was to become a state, and be admitted into the Union, on
the same footing with the original thirteen states. This act
of the old congress of 1787 contained other provisions of the
greatest value. By that ordinance there M'as never to be either
slavery or involuntary servitude in the territory northwest of
the Ohio river. All the larger streams were declared forever
to be highways, and remain free from all obstructions, to all
who wished to navigate them. They were declared to be
highways, and so to remain forever. These are the most ma-
terial provisions of this ordinance of the old congress.

Virginia had reserved the land lying between the Scioto and
Little Miami rivers, which she gave to her soldiers of the rev-
olution, belonging to the continental army, as a reward for
their services. This we call the Virginia military tract.
And the United States had promised her soldiers who served
during the war of the revolution, lands for their services ; so
congress laid off" a tract for that purpose lying south of New
Connecticut, extending from the Ohio river on the east, to
the Scioto on the west. This is the United States military
tract. There were some refugees, during the revolutionary
war, from Nova Scotio, to whom congress gave a slip of land
extending from the Muskingum opposite Zanesville to the Sci-
oto, at Columbus; it is several miles in width. The remain-
ing part of the state was surveyed by congress and is now
mostly sold. That portion of our state, not until then pur-
chased of the Indians, was ceded to us during Mr. Monroe's
administration, except some small reservations. In the Uni-
ted States' lands, the Virginia military, and in part of Symmes'
purchase, the original owner obtains his patent from the Uni-
ted States' land office. Lands ceded to Ohio, by congress,
on condition of making certain canals, our Governor and Se-
cretary of state give deeds to the purchasers of those lands.

t

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO.

PERIOD SECOND.

THIS PERIOD COMPRISES THE TIME DURING WHICH THE TERRI-
TORIAL GOVERNMENT EXISTED, COMMENCING APRIL 7th^
1788, AND ENDING ON THE ADMISSION OF OHIO INTO THE
UNION, AS A STATE, FEBRUARY 19tH, 1803.

The Ohio company, and John Cleves Symmes, having pur-
chased, the lands, as we have stated, the company having
purchased the tract on the Ohio river, including the mouths of
the Muskingum and Hockhocking rivers ; and Symmes, the
country between the Miamies — the Ohio companv. early in
April, 1788, took possession of their land at the mouth of the
Muskingum, and Symmes, in Ihe autumn of the same or next
year, settled near the mouth of the Great Miami at the North
Bend, where General Harrison, his son-in-law, now resides, on
the same farm.

Under the act of congress of July 13th 1787, Arthur St.
Clair was appointed Governor of the North Western Territory.
Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum and John Armstrong
were appointed Judge?. The latter not accepting the office,
John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop
Sargeant was appointed Secretary.

The Governor and Secretary, and Messrs. Parsons and Var-
num followed Rufus Putnam and associates, to the mouth of
the Muskingum where they had settled on the 7th of April
preceding. These officers landed at Marietta on the 9th of
July 1788. Judge Symmes joined them soon after their arrivaK

FIRST SETTLEMENT. 129

It was on Wednesday morning July 9th 1788, that Arthur
St. Clair, governor of the North Western Territory, arrived at
Fort Harmar. This fort had been previously erected by Gener-
al Harmar, on an elevated piece of ground, opposite, and west
of the mouth of the Muskingum river. On the 15thday of July,
the governor published the ordinance, of congress for the gov-
ernment of the Territory. He published also the commissions
of himself, of the secretary, and those of the Judges, Samuel
H. Parsons and James M. Varnum.

Having assembled the people of Marietta, he addressed them
in a speech of some length, explaining to them, the ordinance
of congress under which they had settled down in a vast wilder-
ness. Three days after the delivery of this speech, St. Clair
sent a letter to the judges, calling their attention to the subject
of organizing the militia. Instead of attending to this all impor-
tant matter, and without even answering the governor's letter,
these Judges on the 27th of July, sent St. Clair, what they
called "a projet" of a law for dividing real estate. This bill
was so loosely drawn up that had it become a law, the non-resi-
dent owners of land, would have been swindled out of all their
lands, by the resident proprietors. This projet was rejected
by the governor. On the 26th day of July, St. Clair by pro-
clamation, created the county of Washington, having within its
limits, about one half of the present state of Ohio. He erected
a court of probates about this time. He divided the militia
into two classes "senior" and "junior" and organized them,
by appointing their officers.

In the senior class, Nathan Cushing, captain ; George Inger-
sol, lieutenant; James Backus, ensign.

In the junior class, Nathan Goodale, Charles Knowls, cap-
tains; Wanton Casey, Samual Stebbins, lieutenants; Joseph
Lincoln, Arnold Colt, ensigns.

The governor proceeded to appoint civil officers, to wit : Ru-
fus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper, and Winthrop Sargeant, jus-
tices of the peace. On the 30th of August, the governor es-
tablished a court of Quarter Sessions, and appointed several
17

1 30 HISTORY OF OHIO.

other justices of the peace, viz: Archibald Gary, Isaac Pierce^
and Thomas Lord, Esquires, giving them power to hold the court
of Quarter Sessions. They were in fact, judges of a court of
common pleas. Return Jonathan Meigs, (our late governor)
was appointed clerk of this court of Quarter Sessions. Ebenezer
Sproat was appointed sheriff of the county of Washington.
William Callis was appointed clerk, of the supreme court,
Ebenezer Sproat was appointed colonel of the militia. Rufus
Putnam was appointed Judge of Probates, and R. J. Meigs,
junior, clerk of that court.

St. Clair by his proclamation, ordered the 25th of Decem-
ber 1788 to be kept as a day of thanksgiving.

On the 2d day of January 1790, St. Clair, at Fort Wash-
ington, now Cincinnati, organized the county of Hamilton, con-
taining within its limits, the western half of this state.

He created the same offices at Cincinnati, that he had at
Marietta; and he filled them as follows, viz.

William Goforth, William Wells, William McMillian, Judges
of the common pleas and Quarter Sessions; Jacob Topping,
Benjamin Stitcs, John S. Gano, justices of the peace ; John
Brovv-n, sheriff; Israel Ludlow, clerk of the court of common
pleas. Israel Ludlow, James Flinn, John S. Gano, Gershom
Gard, captains of the militia. Francis Kennedy, John Ferris,
Luke Foster, Brice Virgin, lieutenants. Scott Traverse,
Ephraim Kibby, Elijah Stites, John Dunlap, ensigns.

On the 5th January 1790, a law was enacted ordaining, that
the courts should be held four times in the year; on the first
Tuesdays in February, May, August and November.

From Fort Washington St. Clair and Winthrop Sargeant,
his secetary, descended the Ohio, and on the 8th day of Jan-
uary they were at the falls of that river, commissioning offi-
cers there, and proceeding as they had done, in the two coun-
ties of Washington and Hamilton. From Clarksville, they
proceeded westward, and at Cahokia, erected the county of
St. Clair, and created and filled all the necessary military and
civil offices, in that county. The dangers of those times may
be learned from an ordinance of the territorial government en-

FIRST SETTLEMENT. 131

acted at the period, which we have under consideration; which
strictly prohibited all the citizens from entertaining any Indi-
an or negro, without informing the military commandant in the
vicinity, of the fact of the stranger being in the citizen's house.
All the males capable of bearing arms, were ordered to con-
stantly carry them, or keep them near by, even while attend-
ing public worship. By neglecting, sometimes, to obey this
order, not a few men lost their lives.

We return to the feeble settlement at the mouth of the Mus-
kingum.

As we have already stated, the Ohio company, began their set-
tlement, at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the 7th day of
April 1788, and named their town Marietta, in honor of the
then queen of France, Maria Antoinette. The settlement
was commenced under the superintendence of General Rufus
Putnam, a son of the Revolutionary General Putnam. The
first settlers were forty seven in number, emigrants from the
states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. That
season, they planted fifty acres of corn, and erected a milita-
ry work of sufficient strength to protect them from the Indi-
ans. During the summer and autumn of that year, they
were joined by about twenty more families. The first settlers
were mostly military officers and soldiers of the revolution, in-
nured to fatigues and hardships, and habituated to dangers and
difficulties of all sorts. They always went to their work, with
their guns near them, and had sentinels posted also near them,
on some high stump of a tree. Such were their watch towers.
On the 11th April 1789, settlements were begun at Belpre,
and Newbury; the first was fifteen miles below Marietta, and
the latter, twenty-five miles below, on the Ohio river. Strong
garrison-houses were erected, in each settlement, to which,
the settlers fled for safety, when attacked by Indians. Con-
siderable numbers lived in these houses. There were three
such houses in Belpre, the largest one was called the Farmers'
castle. Other settlements were made on the Muskingum river
also. Here these first settlers of this state were, fifty years
since, few in number, far distant from any other settlers and

1 32 HISTORY OF OHIO.

shut out, almost, from the civilized world, without a mill, a
road, a bridge or any thing beyond their own immediate
resources.

No steam boat, then navigated the Ohio river; they had no
nearer neighbors than a few settlers, on the Upper Ohio, far
above them; none lower on the river, until they descended to
Limestone, now Maysville, and these far distant neighbors had
enough to do, to defend themselves against the savages. The
means of traveling were not then as they are now, and they
were surrounded by warlike and savage nations. To one who
now sees the growth of any new town, favorably situated, in
Indiana or Illinoi?, the true situation of the new settlers on the
Ohio Company's Purchase in 1788-9 can hardly be conceived.
But we leave them, and descend the Ohio to the mouths of the
two Miamies. On the 10th day of November 1789, Major
Stites, from Brownsville, Pennsylvania, at the head of twenty-
five others, settled near the mouth of the Little Miami river,
and erected a blockhouse. They afterwards laid out a town,
six miles above Cincinnati, and called it Columbia.

Symraes and Stites had become acquainted, in New Jersey,
and united their interests so far that Stites had purchased a
part of Symmes tract, and settled on it, at this early day.
Symmes preferred the North Bend near the Great Miami's
mouth, and settled there.

But, leaving these weak settlements just begun, we are call-
ed off to treat of the Indian war which followed these settle-
ments.

At the very time, that Stites and his twenty-five brave men,
were erecting their blockhouse. Major Doughty was at Fort
Washington, nine miles below the mouth of the Little Miami
river, and six below the town of Columbia.

Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Harmar, a brigadier general, by
brevet, who commanded the first United States regiment of
infantry, had been ordered to this frontier, by the old congress,
and he was here at a very early day. He seems to have been the
highest military officer, originally, on this frontier, about that
time, but his force of regulars, could not have been, scarcely

harmar's campaign. I3f3

one thousand men. Major Doughty was a very efficient officer
under Harmar. It was soon discovered, that the site where
Cincinnati stands, was a very important point, suitable for a
fort. This place was opposite the mouth of Licking river, in
Kentucky, where the Indains crossed the Ohio river, and as-
cended the Licking river, in order, to penetrate into the heart
of Kentucky. And there was a road, which the Indians call-
ed " the old war path," extending from the British garrison, at
Detroit, to the Maumee, up that river, and over on to the Miara-
ies of the Ohio. All the Indian paths from lake Erie, led into
this path, near Springfield, in Clark county, and then extended
to the Ohio river, opposite Licking, so that the place where all
this Indian travel struck the Ohio river, was a very important
point. At such an important place, it was correctly judged
best, to erect a fort, and station a military force to protect Ken-
tucky.

HARMAR'S CAMPAIGN IN 1790.

THE INDIAN WAR IN THE NORTH WESTERN TERRITORY, ENTIRE,
COMMENCING IN 1790, AND ENDING AUGUST 3d, 1795, BY THE
TREATY OF GREENVILLE, MADE BY GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.

Thus we see that Major Doughty erected a fort opposite
the mouth of Licking river, where Mrs. Trollope's bazaar
now stands, and called it Fort Washington. The fort was erect-
ed by the Major, who commanded one hundred and forty men.
In December, 1789, General Harmar joined him with three
hundred men, the whole making four hundred and fortv
men, in Fort Washington, in the month of December 1789.

Next summer, General Josiah Harmar encamped on the
south side of the Ohio river where Covington now is. Gen-
eral Washington, the then President, used all the means in
his power to increase the force under Harmar, but enlistments
were slowly made, and, it was as late as the 30th of Septem-
ber, 1790, before General Harmar was prepared to cross the
river. He had been joined by Colonel John Hardin of Ke»-

134 HISTORY OF OHIO.

tiicky, with his volunteers. Major James Paul, of Uniontown,
Pennsylvania, who commanded a battalion of volunteer mili-
tia, from western Pennsylvania, and Virginia, also joined this
army. General Harmar having completed all his prepara-
tions, crossed the Ohio river, and following the old Indian war
path, visited the Indian villages on the head waters of the
Little Miami. From those towns, he struck across the woods,
on to the Great Miami, where Piqua now is, and marching
forward when he came to where Loramies's station has since
been, three Indians were discovered early in the morning view-
ing his encampment. These were followed by some mounted
men, one Indian was taken prisoner, but the other two escaped.
Next morning, the army crossed the St. Mary's river, and Colo-
nel Hardin and Major Paul, beat up for volunteers, to go to the
Indian town, ahead, supposed to be about forty miles distant.
Six hundred volunteers marched forward under these officers, in
advance of the main army, and arrived at the Indian village
on the second day afterwards. The Indians had mostly fled,
on the approach of Hardin and Paul, but some savages remain-
ed, and exchanged a few shots with our men. The Indians
had burnt their wigwams. This detachment remained in the
Indian town four days before Harmar came up with his bag.
gage, having had to cut a road along which his teams and wag-
gons could travel. After Harmar arrived, he tarried one
week in the deserted town. In the meantime, the Indians
were collecting from all quarters, around him. Every party
sent out from our army, was waylayed and defeated. A par-
ty under Colonel Hardin, fell into an ambuscade and many
of his men were killed. Twenty three out of thirty fell in
that skirmish. General Harmar finally concluded to return to
Fort Washington, and actually marched eight miles on his
return, when he received information that the enemy had taken
possession of their town as soon as he had left it. Harmar
ordered Hardin to return and attack the enemy. This officer
beat up again for volunteers, and a considerable number of
men volunteered their services. Hardin, and his Kentucky
and Pennsylvania volunteers, returned, attacked and drove be-

harmar's campaign. 135

fore him, the enemy, until they had crossed the Maumee, in
their front, and the St. Mary's on their left. Hardin had march-
ed down the St. Mary's on its northern bank, to its junction with
the St. Joseph's. Here Captain William Crawford who com-
manded the Pennsylvania volunteers, crossed the Maumee,
and attacked the Indians who lay on the north bank of the St.
Joseph's, and drove the enemy up that river, several miles, and
returned triumphantly, over to Fort Wayne, or rather where
that town now is.

Colonel Hardin, with his men crossed over the St. Mary's
and followed the Indians up the St. Joseph's on the south side
of that river, but marching carelessly along, on the low lands
adjoining the river, he permitted the Indians to take posses-
sion of the high grounds, south of him, by which means, he
got defeated with great lose, considering his small command.
In these different engagements, Harmar lost one hundred
and eighty men, from the time of his leaving Covington, until
his return to Fort Washington. Some accounts place the
loss even higher than that number. On the whole, though
Harmar boasted of a victory, yet in common parlance it is
called Harmar's defeat. Major Wyllis and Lieutenant Far-
thingham, of the regulars, fell, fighting bravely; and fifty of
their men, were left dead on the field. Of the militia under
Hardin, nine officers were killed, and one hundred private sol-
diers, whereas Captain William Crawford lost very few men.
Why Colonel Hardin left the heights south of him, unoccu-
pied, we never could learn. After this severe action, Hardin
and Crawford joined the main army, and it returned to Fort
Washington.

The effects of this unfortunate expedition, were very soon
severely felt, along the whole line of the Kentucky and Ohio
frontier. All the counties in Kentucky, and Western Virgi-
nia, immediately petitioned General Washington to commit the
entire defence of the frontier to their militia, unmixed with
regulars ; so that these troops might be forthwith drawn out to
punish the exulting foe. Though General Washington return-
ed a conciliating answer to these petitions, presented to him,

136 HISTORY OF OHIO.

by their representatives in congress, yet he did not yield to
them. But he had the good fortune to persuade congress to
authorize hira to raise a regiment of regulars, and two thousand
volunteers for six months ; to appoint, also, a Major General,
and a Brigadier General, to be continued in command so long
as necessary. This was in the session of 1791, which ended
3d of March in that year.

Under this act of congress. General Scott of Kentucky,
was sent out in May, with a body of troops against the Indian
towns on the Wabash. And another expedition was sent to
the same towns in September, of that year, under the com-
mand of General Wilkinson. Some Indian villages were
burnt, their corn destroyed, and some few warriors were kill-
ed; some old men, women and children were captivated, but
all this rather exasperated, than conquered the hostile spirit
of the enemy.

ST. CLAIR'S CAMPAIGN AND DEFEAT.

Under the authority of the act of congress of 1791, Arthur
St. Clair, Governor of the North Western Territory, had been
appointed Major General and Commander-in-chief. He was
empowered to treat with the Indian tribes; to be in fact a
military, as well as civil Governor of the Territory. Presi*
dent Washington did his duty faithfully; he appointed all
the officers, for the campaign, but the nation was poor and
weak, especially in the west. Every exertion was made to
raise an army and provide provisions and arms for it, and to
concentrate it as early as possible in the season, but it was
September before it was ready to march; nor was it even
then completed in any respect as it deserved to be. It assem-
bled at Fort Washington. On the 17th day of September,
1791, the army left Fort Washington, and cut a road through
the wilderness, to where Hamilton now stands. Here a
fort was erected, and called Fort Hamilton. It was on the
east bank of the Great Miami river, about twenty miles with-
in the present limits of this state. Having completed this fort

ST. CLAIlt's CAMPAIGN. 137

and garrisoned it, St. Clair marched some twenty miles north-
ward and erected Fort St. Clair, and marching twenty miles
or more, farther, due north, he established another military
post, and called it Fort Jefferson. It is some six miles south
of the present town of Greenville in Darke county. Having
garrisoned this post, on the 24th day of October 1791, St.
Clair's force^ was reduced to less than two thousand men with
whom he marched, in the direction of the Indian villages on
the Maumee, which Indian towns it was his object to destroyj
This march was slow, over a wet country, covered with a
dense forest, which had to be cleared, for his baggage wag-
gons and artillery trainsi The Indians began to hover about
his army, and skirmishes became more and more frequents
To increase his difficulties, desertions took place daily, and
finally, sixty men deserted in a body, and returned on theil'
way to Cincinnati. To bring back those deserters, and pro-
tect the provisions^ which were behind the army moving for-
ward slowly^ St. Clair despatched Major Hamtramack, with a
sufficient force. By this time, the main army was only four'
teen hundred strong, which moved forward to where, after-
wards Fort Recovery was erected, within the limits of Mer-
cer county, or on the line, between it and Darke county.

Here, on the head waters of the Wabash river, among a
number of small creeks, thirty feet in width, on the third day
of November 1791, Governor St. Clair, who was sick at the
time, encamped with the remaining troops. The right wing
of the army, under the command of General Butler lay in
front of a creek, twelve yards wide, and this force formed the
first line. The second line, seventy yards behind the first,
was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel William Darkei
iThere were two rows of fires between these lines, and there
was snow on the ground. The right flank was supposed to be
protected by a small creek, with high steep banks, and a
small body of troops. The left flankj was covered by a body
of cavalry, and by piquets. The militia crossed the creek,
and advanced about eighty rodsj in front of the main army,
18

138 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and encamped in two lines, and they had two rows of logs on
fire. When the militia crossed the creek in front of the regu-
lars a few Indians appeared, but they precipitately fled, on
the approach of the militia. At this place, St. Clair intended
to have thrown up a breast work, as soon as Hamtramack
returned, with the baggage, while the main body of the army
pressed forward to the Indian towns on the Maumee, leaving
the baggage here, under Hamtramack's care. This he said,
afterwards, was his then intention. About half an hour after
daylight, immediately after the militia were dismissed from
parade and roll call, they were attacked by the enemy, with
the utmost fury. The militia fled, in an instant, and came
running into the regulars' camp, and spread terror and confu-
sion where they ran. These flying militia, rushed quite
through Butler's line, and were hardly stopped by the second
line of regulars. The officers exerted themselves, to the ut-
most, to restore order, which though, was not entirely done.
The Indians pressed close upon the very heels of the flying
militia, and instantly engaged Butler's command, with great
intrepidity and fury. The action forthwith became warm, and
the enemy passing round the first line within fifteen minutes
after the first attack, the whole army was surrounded bv the
Indians. The artillery was posted in the centre of each wing
which the enemy attacked with the greatest violence, mow-
ing down the artillerists, in great numbers. The enemy fired
from the ground, and from every tree around, and were only
seen when flying from covert to covert. At length, the ene-
my boldly marched up to the very mouths of the cannon, and
fought with the daring courage of men, whose trade is war,
and who are impelled to vigorous exertions by all the motives
which operate on the savage mind. It was soon perceived
that while our soldiers were falling every moment before the
bullets of the enemy, yet, hidden, as that enemy was, little
impression was made on the Indians. It was then resolved,
that Lieutenant Colonel Darke, should charge the enemy with
the bayonet, at the head of the second line, which he com-
manded. This charge was made, by nearly all that line,

ST. CLAIR S CAMPAIGN. 139

with the utmost fury, and with so much effect, that the Indi-
ans were driven about thirty rods ; but no sooner had Darke
returned to his position than the Indians were there also; this
was owing to a want of riflemen to press the advantage, which
Darke had obtained by driving off the enemy.

Instantly after this charge, General Butler was mortally
wounded, the right wing was broken, the artillerists were
nearly all killed,-the guns were taken by the enemy, and the
camp was everywhere penetrated by his ferocious warriors.
Major Butler, though his leg was broken by a ball, mounted
his horse, and bravely led his battalion to the charge. Majors
Darke and Clark led theirs also to the charge. They charged
the enemy with the bayonet, drove the Indians out of the
camp, and restored the guns. But while the Indians were
pressed with the bayonet at one point, they kept up their con-
tinual fire from every other point, with fatal effect. Every
charge, when made, drove the enemy back, at the point where
it was made, but, no general effect was produced, on the ene-
my. Instead of keeping their ranks and fighting, the troops
huddled together in crowds, about the fires, and were shot
down, without resistence. The officers did their duty bravely,
and were shot down in great numbers, by the enemy, who
took a sure and fatal aim at them. The Indians always shoot
at the officers.

All this time, St. Clair was so worn down by fatigue and
disease, gout and rheumatism, that he was not able to mount
or dismount his horse, without assistance.

All that now remained to be done, was to bring off the
remains of the army. General St. Clair ordered Lieutenant
Colonel William Darke, with the second regiment to clear
away the enemy from the path in which the army had march-
ed to the spot where they were fighting; and, he ordered
Major Clarke to cover the rear of the army. These orders
were obeyed, and a most disorderly flight commenced, and con-
tinued for about four miles. It was now ten o'clock in the
forenoon. All this time, the carnage was dreadful. Our
soldiers finally threw away their arms, and fled for their lives.

140 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Many were killed in the fight, tomahawked and scalped;
many were captivated and afterwards roasted alive, at the
stake. The elder Caray Maunee, of the Winnebagoes, was
there, and informed us of all the particulars, when we were at
Prairie du Chien, in July, 1829.

After glutting their savage vengeance, by killing many of
our men; and, having taken as many prisoners as they could
well manage, the Indians left off their pursuit, and returned to
the battle ground. There lay the dying and the dead; there
stood the artillery and trains; and there also stood the baggage
wagons. Here, the enemy now glutted his vengeance to the
very utmost, on the dying, the dead, and the living. But, we
leave the horrid picture for some other to fill up, not we.

Oar troops, who remained of the fourteen hundred men, that
morning, at early dawn, fled to fort Jeflferson, a distance of
thirty miles or more.

In this most unfortunate battle, we lost thirty-eight commis-!
sioned officers, who were killed on the battle ground. Six
hundred non-commissioned officers and private soldiers, were
either killed, or missing. Twenty-one commissioned officers
were wounded, not a few of whom died of their wounds. Two
hundred and forty-two non-commissioned officers and privates
were wounded, many of whom died also of their wounds.
Among the dead, were General Butler, and Major Ferguson,
two brave officers, who had served with great distinction,
through the whole of the revolutionary war. General Butler's
death, was justly and severely lamented by the whole nation,
as an irreparable loss. In the list of those who shared his
fate, were many who had participated largely, in the toils,
dangers and glory of the war of the revolution. They fell
nobly doing their duty to their country; they rest in honor,
and deserve our gratitude.

At the head of a list of the wounded, stood the names of
lieutenant Colonels Thomas Gibson and William Darke, Major
Butler and Adjutent General Sargent, all of whom were
veteran officers, of great merit, and who had behaved with
distinguished gallantry in this disastrous batt-le, General St,

ST. glair's campaign. 141

Clair, thought that he had been overwhelmed by numbers, be-
cause he was attacked, on all sides, by the enemy, though
from all the sources of information in our power, we presume
the numbers of the two armies were about equal. The Indi-
an loss it is presumed, bore a small proportion to ours.

We close our account of this disastrous defeat, by saying,
that, the first line of the second regiment, as encamped, was
commanded by General Richard Butler, by Patterson and
Clarke. The second line was commmanded by Gaither, Bed-
inger and Darke. Of the first line, all the officers were either
killed or wounded, except three, and of the artillerists, all
were killed except four privates!

Of the regulars, the following officers were killed, viz:
General Richard Butler, Ferguson, Bradford, Spear, Ford,
Morgan, Bines, Butts, Hart, Kirkwood, McCrea, Thompson,
Phelon, Warren, Balsh, Newman, Kelso, McMickle, Purdy,
Anderson, Lukens, Burgess, Crawford, Moorehead, Cribbs,
Smith, Piatt, Van Swaringen, Tipton, McMath, Reeves, Doyle,
Brooks, Greyton, Cummings, Beatty, Doctors Chase and Beatty.
Wounded officers of the regulars, viz : Lieutenant Colonel
George Gibson, Major Thomas Butler, Captain Price, Colonel
Sargent, Captain Darke, Buchanan, Lysle, Boyd, Trueman,
Malartie, Cobb, Wilson, Ensign Purdy, Lieutenant Colonel
Darke, and others.

Of the militia, killed, viz: Oldham, Lemon, Briggs and
Montgomery. Wounded : Captain Thomas, Captain Madison,
Lieutenant Stagner, Lieutenant Owens, Lieutenant Walters,
and Lieutenant Gano.

The fugitives arrived at Fort Jefferson, about sunset, and
continued their march, that night, at ten o'clock. The ground
was covered with snow, two or three inches deep. They
marched to Fort Washington, by the way of Fort Hamilton.
Before the troops began their march, a large number of the
sentinels of Fort Jefferson deserted and fled, such was their
terror at what they had heard of this dreadful disaster. The
march was a very disorderly one, from Fort Jefferson to Fort
Washington.

142 HISTORY OF OHIO.

There were in the army, at the commencement of the
action, about two hundred and fifty women, of whom, fifty-six
were killed in the battle, and the remainder were made pri-
soners by the enemy, except a small number who reached
Fort Washington. One of the survivors, lived until recently
in Cincinnati, a Mrs. Catharine Miller. This woman ran
ahead of the whole army, in their flight from the field of
battle. Her large quantity of long red hair, floated in the
breeze, which the soldiers followed through the woods, as their
forc-ruTmer that moved rapidly onward, to the place of their
ultimate destination.

On reaching Fort Jefterson, General St. Clair, met Hamtra-
mack, with the first regiment, whom we have mentioned, as
having been ordered to bring back the deserters, and protect
the provisions, and heavy baggage-wagons which had been
left slowly making their way along, in the rear of the army.

A council of war decided that they would not return to the
battle ground, so leaving the wounded in Fort Jefferson, St.
Clair, with a mere remnant of his army, returned to Fort
Washington.

While congress was in session at Philadelphia, early in De-
cember, President Washington received the official account of
this most calamitous battle of the 4th of November, which
information was forthwith communicated by him to the national
legislature. Nothing could have been more unexpected, than
this disaster. The public mind was exasperated, in a high
degree against St. Clair, but for want of officers of a rank
high enough to try him, no court martial could be, or was
called upon his conduct. Late in the session of 1792, con-
gress appointed a committee to inquire into it, but, that civil
committee, acquitted him.

The Indian war now assumed a serious aspect, and the
reputation of the nation required to be retrieved from the dis-
grace it had sustained. The whole western frontier, lay
exposed to fresh inroads of the enemy, now flushed with so
dreadful a victory.

General Washington wished to have congress give him

ST. clair's campaign. 143

authority to raise three additional regiments of foot, and a
squadron of horse, for three years, unless peace should be
sooner made with the Indians. A bill containing these provi-
sions, was introduced into the house of representatives, but it
met with great opposition there. It was objected that the na-
tion had not the money to carry on the war, upon such a scale ;
that while the British held the western posts, we were not
able to protect so large a frontier; that, by withdrawing from
the North Western Territory, and by making the Ohio river
the boundary ; and, by treating with the Indians, a peace
miffht be restored to this frontier.

Such were some of the reasons, assigned by the opposition
to General Washington, in congress. They strove with all
their might, to defeat the bill, for the defence of the North Wes-
tern Territory.

Those who supported the measure, urged the necessity of
self defence and self preservation ; they presented to congress,
a picture of the bleeding frontier — and they proved, that not
less than fifteen hundred Kentuckians, men, women and chil-
dren, who were peaceably, pursuing their avocations, had been,
either slain or carried into captivity by the enemy, within the,
then, last seven years; and it was not doubted, that the fron-
tier settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia, had suffered
quite as much, within the same period of time. The measures
of General Washington they said, had always been conciliato-
ry, towards the savages. It was shown, that Harmar offered
to treat with the savages in the villages of the Maumee river,
but the Indians, at first, refused to treat, and then, asked for
thirty days, to consider, on the subject, which was granted;
This was in the summer of 1790, and at the end of the thirty
days, the savages refused to give any answer, to the proposals
to treat. In that same thirty days, however, while Harmar,
forbore all hostilities, by the express orders of General Wash-
ington, to that effect, the Indians, in the meantime, had either
killed or captured one hundred and twenty persons on our fron-
tiers. Many of the prisoners had been roasted alive by a slow
fire.

144 HISTORY OF OHIO.

The bill was passed and became a law. St. Cliiir resign-
ed his military command, and General Anthony Wayne was
appointed commander-in-chief. This was in the spring of
1793.

WAYNE'S WAR.

Among the several considerations which now operated on
the mind of General Washington at this trying period of our
national history, which we are compelled to consider for a
moment, was the poverty of the nation, loaded with debt, with-
out much commerce, and the general poverty of the people.
The people of the east, looked upon this western war, as a bur-
den, which the western people ought to bear. Hence the duty
on distilleries, owned mostly in the west, which grew out of the
expenses of this Indian war. This tax, led directly to the whis-
ky insurrection, in Western Pennsylvania. And, it need not
be disguised, that the opposition to the present constitution,
laid hold of every thing within their reach, to render General
Washington unpopular. They pretended to fear, so large a
standing army, of five thousand four hundred men ! they saw
too, with alarm, Mrs. Washington's levees, and the pomp of
Colonel Pickering, General Knox, and other heads of Depart-
ments, with salaries of three thousand dollars a year! though
the compensation was so small, that they, and their families
could nol live decently on it. The French revolution too, was
raging, and Genet was busily engaged, in his endeavors to
draw us, into the vortex of European politics. General
Washington was beset on all sides ; French agents and partis-
ans, on the Atlantic border, were fomenting discontent; the
British and their Indians, were desolating our western frontier,
with fire and the tomahawk, and the war whoop waked the
sleep of the cradle.

It was early in this year, we believe, that General Wash-
ington after appointing General Wayne and other officers to
command the western army, and doing all that he had the
power to do, made a tour to the Indians of Western New

Wayne's war. 145

iTork, ill company with Colonel Pickering. Colonel Pickering,
tarried one night at the writer's father's, while General Wash-
ington put up at a near neighbor's, a Mr. Bloom. This was in
Western New York. General Washington and Colonel Pick-^
ering visited all the New York Indians, held councils with
them, and delivered talks and speeches to them; some of
which, we saw, among these Indians in 1828, while we were
on a visit to our old friends still living in the Indian villages.

This visit was made by General Washington, to conciliate
those savages, and to prevent their joining in the war, with the
British Indians, as they had done all along before this period*
Many New York Indians were present at St. Clair's defeat,
and some of them, still went off, and fought against General
Wayne, in 1794, when they were defeated, and mostly killed,
on the Maumee river. In the summer of 1793, Wayne tried
to treat with the Indians. Fort Massac was built, under him,
to prevent an expedition against New Orleans, which Genet
was planning. General Wayne sent out, in succession, Colo-
nel Hardin, aud Major Trueman with a flag of truce, medals,
talks and presents to the Indians in order to make a peace
with them.

These messengers of peace were killed in succession, as
soon as they arrived among the savages. Their medals, and
speeches, sent by them, and all they had with them, were taken
by the Indians who sldw the bearers of them. We saw these
rnedals and speeches in the possession of the elder Caray Mau-
nee, principal chief of the Winnebagoes at Prairie du Chien,
in July 1829.

The medal was a large one, of copper, six inches in diameter,
and purported, no doubt truly, to have been made, at the
expense of a gentlemah of Philadelphia, and by him, sent as
a token of General Washington's friendship, to the Indians.
Every other effort was made by General Wayne, that summer^
to bring about a peace with the savages, but all in vain, and
worse than in vain. But notwithstanding all the efforts to
make a peace, yet, nothing was omitted that could be done, to
19

146 HISTORY OF OHIO.

prepare for a vigorous war against them. Although General
Wayne promptly accepted his appointment, and entered on its
arduous duties, yet, it was found no easy matter to fill up the
minor appointments, even the very next in grade to the Comman-
der-in-chief, of this army. Several were appointed to these offi-
ces who refused to accept them. It was found difficult too, to
enlist soldiers for this hazardous service. Every thing moved
along slowly, and the season was spent in doing very little, to
any good effect. The British commander of the fort at Detroit,
had erected a fort at the head of the Maumee Bay, for the pur-
pose, it would seem, of protecting the Indians, in alliance with
them. Here the Indians resorted for protection ; here they
sold their furs, peltries and skins, received their annuities,
and, we doubt not, that they received here, also, the price paid
for the scalps of our murdered countrymen.

General Wayne was not idle, but urged forward all his
measures, vigorously, prudently, and in the end, effectually.

On the 5th of November 1793, congress met at Philadel-
phia, to whom the President said in his speech at the com-
mencement of that session, " That the reiterated attempts
which had been made to effect a pacification with the Indians,
had issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering
hostility, on the part of the tribes, with whom we were at war."
He alluded to the destruction of Hardin and Trueman, while
on peaceful missions, under the sanction of flags of truce;
and their families were recommended to the attention of con-
gress. Notwithstanding all these efforts of General Wash-
ington-, in favor of this bleeding frontier, congress and the
nation, were too much engaged with other objects to bestow
much attention on this distant war.

The French revolution had turned the heads of many mem-
bers of congress towards that dazzling object. They were of
the opinion that mankind were all to be regenerated by it;
that by some secret magic it would make mankind new beings;
and that the whole world would soon become something more
than its Author ever designed it to be.

The spring and summer of 1793, having been employed, by

Wayne's war. 147

General Wayne, in endeavoring to make peace, and in pre-
paring for war, so that it was September, before he was ready
to move forward into the heart of the Indian country. Gen-
eral Wayne collected his army and marched six miles north of
Fort Jefferson, where he established a camp, and fortified it,
and called it Greenville. The town of Greenville is not
far from where this camp was. General Wayne, having
made this encampment and wintered in it, early the next
spring he marched forward to the ground where St. Clair had
been defeated, on the 4th of November 1791, where he erect-
ed a fortification, and called it Fort Recovery.

Leaving this post he moved forward to the ground where
Harmar had been defeated in 1790, and erected a work of de-
fence and called it Fort Wayne, which name the town now
there, bears. It is situated at the head of the Maumee river,
at the confluence of the St. Joseph's and the St. Mary's riv»
ers.

On the 8th of August 1794, General Anthony Wayne with
his army reached the mouth of the Auglaize, a tributary of the
Maumee, forty five miles, or more below Fort Wayne, and the
same distance, by his computation, above the British post, on
the Maumee. Here, in the forks of these rivers. General
Wayne erected a strong military ^vork, and called it by a very
appropriate name, (as he did all his posts) Fort Defiance.
The General fully informed himself of the strength of the en-
emy, and that the British and Indians, numbered only about
two thousand, whereas his own regulars, were about as nu-
merous as the enemy, besides eleven hundred mounted men,
whom he had with him, from Kentucky, under the command
of General Scott. This gave General Wayne a decided ad-
vantage over the enemj'^, as he thought, and as it proved to be.
But notwithstanding his superiority, in numbers; notwith-
standing the high discipline of his troops, and their patriotic
ardor, for a battle ; yet he offered terms of peace to the ene-
my and waited for the answer. The enemy wanted war,
not peace; so on the 15th day of August, 1794, General
Wayne left Fort Defiance, and marched down the Maumee,

]48 HISTORY OF OHIO,

his rio-ht beinor covered by the river. On the 18th he arrived
lit the head of the rapids. Here he lay on the 19th erecting
fc;ome temporary works to protect his baggage, and to reconoi^
tre the enemy. He found the Indians advantageously posted
in front of the British fort. On the 20th, at 8 o'clock in the
morning of that day, the army advanced in columns; the le-
gion along the bank of the Maumee. General Todd's brigade
of mounted volunteers formed the left flank. General Bar-
bee's mounted brigade of volunteers, marched in the rear of
the army. Major Price's select band moved in front of the
whole army, so as to give timely notice of an attack. Thus
marching forward, five miles where Major Price received a
heavy fire from the Indians.

The enemy had formed in three lines, within supporting dis-
tance of each other, in a windfall, extending from the west bank
of the Maumee, westwardly about two miles, in front, resting
on the Maumee and protected by the British garrison. This
prostrated forest extended five miles west of the river, in
which fallen forest the Indians lay in three lines, two miles in
length resting on the Maumee. They could not have been
better protected from such a mounted force as Wayne's, than
they were by their extended position, of fallen timber. The
first effort of the enemy, thus extended two miles, in length,
was to turn the left flank of our army. At the very first dis-.
charge of a rifle, the legion was formed in two lines, and tho
front was ordered to advance with trailed arms, and rouse the
enemy from his thicket at the point of the bayonet; then, but
not till then, deliver the first fire, and press the enemy so close-
ly as not to give him time to reload his guns. Seeing the
strength of the enemy, and that he was endeavoring to turn
our left flank. General Wayne ordered the second line, to
support the first, already engaged witli the enemy. The le-
gionary cavalry was ordered to press forward upon the enemy
who lay on the river's bank, and where there was no timber in
their way. General Scott was ordered to make a circuit, so
far, as to outflank and turn their right flank. All these orders
were promptly obeyed, but such was the furv of our first

Wayne's war. 149

line that the second line, could scarcely find any thing to do.
The enemy was broken, routed and slain, or driven two miles,
in one hour, through this windfall and thicket, until they were
within pistol shot of the British garrison. Here the battle
ended, and here General Wayne remained in front of the field
of battle, destroying the Indian houses, their corn, and every
thing else, which he found there belonging to them. He
burnt their houses within pistol shot of the British garrison.
There was a correspondence between General Wayne, and
Major Campbell, the British commandant of the fort in which,
the latter very wisely acquiesced in the destruction of the Indi-
ans, and their property, within the range of Major Camp-
bell's guns. On the 28th of August, General Wayne return-
ed by easy marches to Defiance, from whence he came on
the 15th of the same month. He destroyed all the Indian vil-
lages, corn and property, within fifty miles of the Maumee
river.

In this most decisive battle, General Wayne lost, in killed,
wounded and missing, only one hundred and seven men,
officers included. Among the dead, were Captain Campbell,
of the cavalry, and Lieutenant Towlsof the Infantry. They
fell in the first charge. General Wayne bestowed great
praise on the courage and alacrity, displayed by the whole
army. Of his aids, H. De Butts, T. Lewis and William II.
Harrison, General Wayne spoke in the highest terms of ap-
probation. The Indian hostility still continuing, their whole
country was laid waste and desolated. All the fortifications
were soon erected in it, that were needed, to protect it, from
Indian warfare. This great, and decisive victory, saved the
nation from one general war, with all the Indians, who lived,
any where near our frontier lines, between us and Canada,
and between us and Spain. The Indians were just on the
point, of making one general war, when this timely victory
saved all.

This campaign tranquilized the whole Indian frontier from
Florida to the northern lakes.

On the opening of the next session of congress, General

150 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Washington in his speech, before congress, mentioned Wayne's
operations with well merited applause, but congress in their
reply, refused even to allude to them. Mr. Madison then led
the opposition in the house, and though he offered something in
lieu of it, yet, it was couched in such offensive terms, that the
President's friends would not vote for the amendment. The
whiskey insurrection, which grew out of the expenditures to
carry on this war, had soured the minds of some members; and
the wonderful French revolution, which was to make all hon-
est men happy, by shedding their blood, had poisoned the
minds, of still more. No mention was made of Wayne, nor of
his meritorious services, by congress.

Next summer Wayne held a council with all the Indians
living in this territory, and on the third day of August 1795,
at Greenville, he purchased all the territory, not before ceded,
within certain limits, comprehending in all, about four fifths of
the present state of Ohio. The line is called to this day, " the
Greenville treaty line." The Indians were left with about one
fifth part of the territory which is now Ohio, lying in its north-
west corner. Thus ended all the Indian warfare, in Ohio,
worth naming, which we here put together, for the sake of
unity.

After all these great, splendid and meritorious services of
General Wayne, congress took no notice of him, not so much
as to allow, even his name to be mentioned on their journal !
On his way home, in Pennsylvania, he died, almost unattend-
ed, at a wretched hovel of an inn, in the then paltry village of
Presque Isle. He was there interred, without a stone to tell
where he was buried. Years afterwards, his son Isaac
Wayne accompanied by a few of his old friends and neighbors,
transferred his bones, to the place of his nativity where they
now rest in peace.

That General Anthony Wayne was a man, of most splendid
talents, both natural and acquired, no one can doubt for a
moment, who reads his history. Every action of his life, from
youth to age, shows this fact; and no panegyric of ours can
render it more plain or make his character shine brighter.

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 151

Political demagogues, might treat him with contumely and
base ingratitude, but they cannot obliterate a single syllable,
which records his brilliant actions. His fame will never fade,
but grow more fresh and green to the end of time. Every son
and daughter of Ohio, Kentucky, and of all the West, will for-
ever cherish, in their hearts, the ever dear memory of Antho-
ny Wayne. Forty two years have passed away since his
decease and this is the first full account that the writer has
seen of his services on this theatre of his feats, in arms.
Ohio has paid the debt which we owe him, in part with others,
so far as calling a large county after him goes ; and we have
twenty-three towns or townships named after him.

He lives in the recollection of his countrymen to lead fu-
ture patriot warriors to glorious victory. Death has purified
his fame, and placed it beyond the reach of calumny. Party
politicians, those meteors may rise and fall, flash and expire,
in a moment ; but the sun of Wayne's glory will never set in
our western horizon, of Mississippi's wide valley, until the
archangel's trump shall call his body from the grave to life
everlasting.

Having, for the sake of unity, related the most important
events of the old Indian war, on this frontier, we now go back
to the infant colony, on the Ohio company's lands, and inform
the reader what had been passing there during this period.
During the whole Indian war, the settlers kept constantly on
the alert, from four to six rangers, who were called " spies,"
whose duty it was, to scour the woods, and if any Indians
were discovered in the vicinity, to give the alarm; that being
done, the alarm gun was fired at the fort, and every person
hastened into the garrison. The gate was closed and every
preperation was instantly made to receive their enemies.
The settlement at Belpre lost several individuals who ventur-.
ed too far into the woods, when no Indian signs had been recent-
ly discovered in the neighborhood.

In 1793, Major Nathan Goodale, a native of Massachu-
setts, and an officer of the old continental army, went out into
the forest to haul some timber with an ox team. He was

152 HISTORY OF OHIO.

taken prisoner by the Indians, and carried ofF into captivity^
The supper was long iiept waiting for him on the table by his
anxious wife and children, but he never returned to eat it.
His team returned home, but of him nothing certain was ever
heard for a long time. From an examination of the ground
where Major Goodale was taken prisoner, it appeared that two
large Indians, had secreted themselves behind a pile of brush
wood; that these Indians sprang upon the Major and binding
his hands with cords, they led him off into the forest. The tracks
of two Indians with mocasins on, and those of the Major with
shoes on, between the Indians' tracks, showed the manner in
which he was led off into captivity. He was taken to Upper
Sandusky, where he died of a fever some six weeks after he
was taken prisoner. His neighbours followed his tracks six
miles and then gave up the pursuit.

Captain King, originally from Rhode Island, was shot and
killed while cutting wood. He left a wife and two childreni
James Davis was killed and scalped about a mile from the
garrison, at the mouth of Congress creek. Benoni Hurlbut,
one of the spies, was killed at the mouth of the Little Hock-
ing in 1791, while returning from a scout.

These were the principal losses of the Belpre settlement.
Major Goodale was the principal man at Belpre, a brave, enter-
prising man, whose destruction was justly and deeply lamen-
ted by all who knew him. He had passed through the war of
the revolution, whose dangers he had shared, and whose lau-
rels adorned his brow. He left a widow, two sons and five
daughters, orphan children, to mourn his loss, and who do hon-
or to his memory.

The Newberry settlement, experienced some losses, and was
harrassed continually. One woman and two children were
killed. One child was tomahawked in the mother's arms, but
survived. The woman and children were going to a party at
work in a field, near the garrison, to carry them food. Pursuit
was instantly made, but the murderers escaped unhurt.

In 1790 a settlement was began at Big Bottom on the Mus-
kingum river, about thirty-five miles above Marietta. On the

:>:.■

First settlement of ohio* 163

Sd day of* January 1791, the settlement at the Big Bottom was
attacked by the Indians; fourteen persons were killed and five
persons were carried into captivity. Among the slain, at Big
Bottom, January 2d 1791, were a woman and two children;
the remainder were young men. The Indians, up to this time,
had often visited the settlement in a friendly manner, and the
Indian war had been confined to parts distant from this settle-
ment. The settlers were of}' their guard. The Indians from
the summit of a neighboring hill, had watched our people all
day, and just at the twilight of the evening, commenced their
attack. One party visited a cabin in a friendly manner while
another party visited the block house. The cabin was occu'
pied by four men of the name of Choat. The Indians entered
the cabin, beckoned to the men to keep silent, bound them with
cords and made them prisoners. Another party of the Indians
had reached the block house, where the occupants were at sup'
per who had their arms standing in a corner of the room. A
large Mohawk opened the door, while his companions fired upon
the astonished men at their supper table. A woman assailed
the bio- Mohawk with an axe, and cleaved the flesh from the side
of his scull down to his shoulder. She was killed, and all the
persons in the room as the Indians supposed, shared her fale.
After the slaughter was over, the Indians plundered the house.
Under the beds in a corner of the room, they found a boy)
fourteen or fifteen years old. Him they made prisoner and
carried him off to Detroit, with them. Another cabin was oc-
cupied by two men of the name of Ballard, who hearing the
guns, rushed out of the house, and made their escape to the
settlement at Wolf creek which had been begun simultaneously
with the one at Big Bottom. Reaching that settlement, the
Ballards gave the alarm, so that being prepared for their re-
ception, when they appeared there early next morning, the
Indians made no attack on the Wolf creek settlement. The
Indians next attacked the settlement at Waterford, but were
beaten off without loss of lives, though the Indians destroyed
their cattle, In 1794, Abel Sherman was killed at Waterford,
20

154 HISTORY OF OHIO.

a settlement some twenty miles above Marietta. In 1795j
Sherman Waterman was killed, on little Wt^lf creek.

The settlement at Marietta, suffered, some in the loss of
cattle that were shot by arrows. Sometimes the cattle returned
home with Indian arrows sticking in them. Robert Warth,
was killed, in open day, in 1792, while cutting wood, in a field,
near fort Harmar, and Mathew Kerr wa- killed in a canoe while
crossing the mouth ot' Wolf creek. William Rogers, one of the
spies, while returning from a scout, in company with another
ranger, by the name of Henderson, was shot and killed, whereas
Henderson escaped unhurt, with a bullet hole through his
blanket, which hung loosely upon him. He escaped by outrunn-
ing his pursuers.

In June 1792, Return J. Meigs, afterwards Governor
of the state, and Postmaster General, of the United States,
had a very narrow escape, when attacked by two Ind-
ians. In company with young Mr. Meigs, were a Mr. Symonds,
and a black boy, who had been hoeing in a corn field. The
Indians had secreted themselves behind the path, near the
Muskingum, on its west bank, where they had the river to
cross. At a turn in the road our laborers havino- their backs
towards the Indians, were fired upon. Symonds was shot
in the shoulder, when Meigs rushed on the largest Indian
with his tomahawk raised to throw it. Meigs rushed upon him
and attempted to fire his gun at the savage, which missed fire.
Mr. Meigs then partly knocked down the Indian, and escaped
by plunging into the river and swimming it. The Indian
threw his tomahawk at Meigs, •\vhich grazed its object. Sy-
monds plunged into the river, and floated down to the
fort, though one arm was useless in swimming. He was
taken up by the men of fort Harmar, andeventually recover-
ed of his wound. The black boy, twelve or fourteen years
old, attempted to escape, but was tomahawked, killed and
scalped by the Indians. Mr. Meig.= faved his life by his daunt-
less attack of the Indian, and when his gun missed fire, by
knocking down his antagonist, and then out running the other
Indian.

FIRST SETTLEMENT OP OHIO. 1 55

These Indians were immediately pursued, by the spies, but
gaining the adjacent hill, they escaped by flight.

During all these murderous attacks, very few of the Indians
lost their lives. Henderson, the spy, killed one of three Indi-
ans, in a company, on the Little Muskingum; and one was killed
on Duck creek, about three miles from Marietta. Hamilton
Kerr, a son of Mr. Kerr who was killed at the mouth of Duck
creek, killed an Indian, also.

Although signs of Indians were often discovered near the
settlements, and although, the Indians were pursued instantly
afterwards, yet, being well acquainted with the country, they
generally escaped unhurt. Another reason why the Indians
escaped, is found in the fact, that Indians select their bravest,
best warriors for such enterprises.-

John Armstrong, in April 1793, lived on the Virginia side
of the Ohio river, opposite the upper end of Blannerhassett's
Island. He owned the floating mill, which ground the grain
raised on both sides of the river, any where near him. A par-
ty of Indians, about twenty in number, crossed the Ohio, from
the mouth of the Little Hocking, twelve miles below Arm-
strong's, secreted their canoes under the willows on the south-
ern side of the river, and reaching the second bank, traveled
up the stream, until they were in sight of Armstrong's house,
and there lay c.^ncealed through the day. In the night, they
approached the house, watching it, during nearly all the night,
until the family were all asleep, when they made an attack
upon it, and killed Mrs. Armstrong, and three of her children.
Mr. Armstrong made his escape, and two of his sons, who slept
in the mill, were unmolested by the savages. Having killed Mrs.
Armstrong and her three youngest children, they carried off,
captive, three older children; Elizabeth aged about eleven or
twelve years, John about ten 3^ears old, and Jeremiah aged eight
years. Having regained the hill from which they came, and
marching westwardly, a mile or two, the Indians halted, formed
a circle, around their three prisoners, and lighted their pipes.
Speech after speech was made, in a low tone of voice, which
the children did not then, understand, but which was after-

156 HISTOEY OF OHIO.

wards explained to them by cue of the Indians then present.
The Indians were apprehensive of being pursued by the peo-
ple of Belpre, early in the morning, as soon as Armstrong's
mill should be visited; and it was contended, that one of the
children, was too young, to travel fast enough, to keep up with
the party. It was suggested, that now was the time to kill
him. One Indian, however, who had led the child, seeing him
jump over the logs, in his way, and otiierwise, showing great
activity and sprightliness, interposed his good offices, and even
offered to carry Jeremiah on his back, should the child grow
tired, on their march. This offer, saved his life, and, marching
rapidly forward, they found their secreted canoes, crossed the
river in them, and running them into the mouth of the Little
Hocking, they there secreted them, ascended the bank, and
gave the Indian yell, in token of success.

Hastening forward, they crossed over the high grounds,
between the Little and Great Hocking and ascending the lat-
ter, to, not far from where Lancaster now stands, they reached
their encampment. Here they had left a young man, by the
name of Cox, whom the same party had previously taken pris-
oner, a few miles above Armstrong's, on the same side of the
Ohio. He belonged to the Marietta settlement, and he and
his brother had killed a deer, just above Parkersburgh, and one
of them had returned to Marietta for a horse, on which to car-
ry in their deer. When attacked, he had the deer, on his horse,
carrying it home, when one of the young men was killed, by
the Indians; but the other, with the horse and venison, was car-
carried off by this same party of ravages.

These Indians with their four prisoners, moved forward, from
near where Lancaster is now, to Lower Sandusky. After run-
ning the gauntlet, they were adopted into the Indian nation, as
their children. Young Cox, made his escape from captivity
in about six months after he was made a prisoner.

Elizabeth Armstrong was placed in the family of Simon Gir-
ty, on the Maumee river. She v.as afterwards rescued from
the Indians, at Detroit, went over into Canada, and there mar-
ried a Mr. Dolson, on the river Thames. At Dolson's ferry,

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 157

she lived a life of piety, and died lamented, a few years since.
Her biography has been published by the Methodists, to whom
she belonged.

John lived, some four years in an Indian family, at Browns-
town, but finally left the Indians, and now resides in Licking
county, Ohio. Jeremiah was recovered by his elder brother
from Billy Wyandot, with whom he then lived. He now keeps
a tavern, in Columbus. The two boys, had not their relatives
taken them from the Indians, by force, at the end four years',
captivity, never would have left the savages, so enamoured
were they, of the Indian's mode of living.

In the meantime, from the 7th of April 1788 to the 3d of
August 1795, during these Indian depredations and wars, the
settlements on the Ohio Company's lands, increased gradually
in numbers, and even in 1790, these settlements could muster
four hundred and forty seven men, one hundred and three of
whom, had families. As these heads of families were all young
people, they had many children, who have made respectable
citzens of the state, in which they were born.

At the commencement of the Indian war, these settlements,
at times, suifered severely for the want of provisions. The
war broke out before the settlers had cleared land enough on
which, to raise their bread, which had to be procured at Pitts-
burgh. It was a very hazardous business to navigate the Ohio
river. Often were the boats taken by the enemy, and every
one on board, destroyed by the Indians. And if the settlers
attempted to clear new fields, they did it at the peril of their
lives. Guarded by sentinels and carrying their arms, they
hoed their corn fields. These dangers very nearly produced
a famine, but, by the kind interposition of a benevolent Provi-
dence, many of these men were preserved, to see Ohio, become
a great, populous, powerful, and wealthy state; outnumbering,
in population, all the states from whence they came. Sur-
rounded as they were by numerous savage nations; settled as
they had, in a spot far from the abodes of civilization, they
were preserved from destruction, and formed a nucleus, around
which, has grown up, this great and flourishing state, of one

158 HISTORY OF OHIO.

million six hundred thousand people, within the short space of
fifty years.

In the session of congress of 1800, the North Western
Territory was divided into two territories. Ours, now con-
stituting the states of Ohio and Michigan, retained the old
name; but what are now, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin, was
erected into a territory and called Indiana. The former, (or
this territory) contained eighty thousand square miles of surface,
whereas Indiana as it then was, contained one hundred and eigh-
ty thousand square miles. St. Clair continued to be the Gover-
nor of this territory, but William H. Harrison, our then delegate
to congress was appointed the first Governor of Indiana territory.
Winthrop Sargeant, our first territorial Secretary, on being ap-
pointed Governor of Mississippi Territory, resigned his office
here, and we had Charles Willing Byrd, William Henry Har-
rison and Francis Dunlevy, in succession as Secretaries. The
Judges, too, were changed — John Armstrong never served,
though appointed at first, with Messrs Varnum and Parsons.
John Cleves Symmes was appointed in the room of Armstrong
and retained his seat to the end of the territorial government.

When Indiana was erected into a territory Return J. Meigs
became one of its Judges.

After Wayne's decisive victory, on the Maumee, in July
1794, the savages ceased to murder the whites. Spreading
themselves over the territory, thoy hunted where they pleased,
and often exchanged their furs, skins, fish, Avild meats, sugar
and honey, for our powder, lead, pork, bread and blankets.
They became perfectly friendly to our people, or those who
were not so, went over into Canada and settled there. From
the British, they received annuities, as allies, and held them-
selves in readiness to attack us, in case of a war between us
and England.

At the end of the territorial government, the Indians own-
ed about one fifth part of our territory, lying in its northwest-
ern angle. At that time, only a small portion of our lands
had been surveyed by the United States. And our settle-
ments were weak, and the people were mostly poor. They

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 159

did not want food after the war was over, as the country pro-
duced a never failing abundance. It is hardly possible for any
one, who now, for the first time, sees this country, to imagine
one half the hardships to which the settlers were then subject-
ed; but " the times have changed, and we have changed with
them."

The Indian war commenced, and the Governor was called
off into that, as we have seen, until after he resigned the mil-
itary command. During that period very little was done in
the way of civil government.

In 1791, some French immigrants settled on the Ohio river
at a place, which they appropriately called Gallipolis. They
had been swindled out of about one hundred thousand crowns
in silver, by a few arch knaves, who, visiting Paris, pretended
to own a large tract of land, immediately adjoining on the
west of "the Ohio company's land." There was, some
few years since, one of the deeds of the pretended " Scioto
land company" in existence among these innocent Frenchmen,
and we saw it at Gallipolis, signed, Joel Barlow ! These
people lived at Gallipolis during the old Indian war, and suf-
fered some from the Indinns as well as from sickness, and ma-
ny privations in a far wilderness. In consideration of losses
by the swindlers, congress gave these settlers, twenty-four thou-
sand acres of beautiful land at the "French grant," in Scioto
county, and sold them all they wanted elsewhere, at a low price.
Many of these immigrants, finding themselves imposed on, by
the swindlers calling themselves the " Scioto land company"
went off to Vincennes, Kaskaskia, St. Genevieve and St. Louis,
and settled there. Some went to Philadelphia, and other places,
so that those who remained, and petitioned congress for relief,
succeeded very well in tarrying at their town on the Ohio
river.

As we have already stated, on the 2d of January 1790,
Hamilton county had been organized by the territorial gov-
ernment, and the same authority made what is now Cincinnati,
the seat of justice for that county. During the next seven
years no new county was organized, but so many persons af-

160 HISTORY OF OHIO.

ter the Indian war was ended, settled along the Ohio river,
opposite the white settlements above, opposite, and below
Maysville, in Kentucky, that a county was organized where
they had settled, and it was called Adams. This was done
on the 10th day of July 1797. Settlers during the same pe-
riod, had been crossing the Ohio, and settling on its west side,
opposite Wheeling and Brooke county, in Virginia, this terri-
tory was organized into a county, and called Jefferson county.

This was done on the 29th day of July 1797. In the mean
time, the Scioto country had attracted the attention of the
Virginians, and they had surveyed a great deal of their milita-
ry lands, between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers. Gene-
ral Nathaniel Massie, acting as the deputy of Colonel Rich-
ard Anderson, the Surveyor General of this tract, was busily
engaged in surveying and locating military warrants, during
the very time of the Indian war, and immediately afterwards-
In 1796 General Massie, assisted by Duncan McArthur (late
governor of the state, and a general in the army of the Unit-
ed States) laid out a town in a dense forest on the west side
of the Scioto river, and called it Chillicothe. The territo-
rial Government organized a county on the Scioto, and called
it Ross. This act passed on the 20th day of August 1798,
and it made Chillicothe its seat of justice.

By this time many settlers had come into the state in many
parts of it. In 1796 New Connecticut began to be settled.
As early as 1796, a settlement was made at the mouth of
Coneaut creek. Cleveland was laid out — the lands began to
be surveyed in New Connecticut. The whole of that region
was organized into a county, and called Trumbull. This act
passed on the 6th day of December 1800. The Hocking
country had been settling for some time, and on the 9th of
December, Fairfield county was organized, and Lancaster was
made its seat of justice. So dense and extensive had the pop->
ulation become, opposite Wheeling and Wellsburgh, in Vir-
ginia, that Jefferson county was divided, and the county of
Belmont (it should be Beaumont) was organized and St Clairs-

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF OHIO^ 161

ville made its seat of justice. This act became a law on the
7th of September 1801.

During all the period from July 1788 to 1799, the popula-
tion had only increased so as to enable the people to elect
their house of representatives. During that period there was
contest after contest between the judges and the governor.
The people were dissatisfied with all parties, and they looked
forward with anxiety to the time, when their numbers would be
sufficient to enable them to have a voice in making their own
laws. Having ascertained that they had five thousand free
white males over the age of twenty-one years, in the whole
North Western Territory, Governor St. Clair, on the 29th day
of October 1798, issued his proclamation, directing the electors
to elect representatives to a general assembly. This meeting
of the representatives he ordered to be held at Cincinnati, on
the 22d day of January 1799.

On the third Moiiday of December 1798, the people
cheerfully obeyed this proclamation, and elected their repre-
sentatives, who met when and where they were ordered to do.

The representatives so as aforesaid, assembled at Cincinnati,
on the 22d of January, 1799, performed their duty, by nomi-
nating ten persons to the president, from whom he selected
five, who were, in due season, appointed members of the legis-
lative council, or upper house of assembly. This meeting of
the people's representatives, on the 22d of January, liaving
nominated ten persons, as councilors, the governor prorogued
the meeting to the 16th day of the next September, 1799, at
at which time, he ordered them to appear at Cincinnati, then
and there to hold a General Assembly, for enacting laws for
the future government of the people of the territory.

During all the preceding period of the North Western Ter-
ritory's existence, the people had been governed by laws made
by the governor and judges, or by proclamations of the gover-
nor. St. Clair claimed the right, under the act of congress
which created the territory, to organize counties, to create
offices and fill them, to license keepers of taverns and ferries^
21

162 HISTORY OF OHIO.

license attorneys at law, and commission all the military and
civil officers. For every license and every commission he
exacted large fees from those who received them. The peo-
ple were excessively dissatisfied, at what they called, selling
all the offices, to different individuals. The first license to
keep a ferry, was granted to Robert Benham of Cincinnati, to
be kept at that place, across the Ohio river. The governor
created the office of attorney general, for the whole territory,
and appointed his son, Arthur St. Clair, junior, to that office.
This officer, and the clerk of the supreme court, went around
the territory, from county to county, holding courts. But we
hasten to an event, which the people of that day hailed with
pleasure.

THE FIRST TERKITORIAL LEGISLATURE,

Began its session at Cincinnati on Monday the 16th day of
September, 1799. The lecfislative council consisted of Jacob
Burnet of Cincinnati, Henry Vanderburgh of Vincenncs, now
in Indiana, David Vance of Vanceville, in.Jefferson county, and
Robert Oliver of Marietta.

Henry Vanderburg was elected president of the council,
William C. Schenk, secretary.

George Howard, doorkeeper, and Abraham Gary, sergeant
at arms.

The first house of representatives, under the Territoral gov-
ernment consisted of William Goforth, William McMillan, John
Smith, John Ludlow, Robert Benham, Aaron Cadwell and Isaac
Martin from Hamilton county.

From Ross county, Thomas Worthington, Samuel Finley,
Elias Langham, Edward Tiffin.

Wayne county, now state of Michigan, Solomon SibleV)
Charles F. Chobert de Joncaire and Jacob Visger.

Adams county, Joseph Darlington, Nathaniel Massie.

Knox county, now Illinois, Shadrack Bond.

Jefferson county, in Ohio, James Pritchard.

Washington county. Return Jonathan Meigs.

FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 163

They elected Edward Tiffin Speaker; John Reilly, clerk;
Joshua Rowland, door keeper, and Abraham Gary, Serjeant at
arms.

This was the first legislature, elected by the people, for the
old North Western Territor}'-, now embracing the states of Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan ; and Wisconsin Territory.

Being fully organized, both Houses were addressed by Gov-
ernor St. Clair, on the 25th day of September 1799, in a speech,
in which he brought forward all his peculiar views of govern-
ing the territory. After adverting to the several objects
which he recommended to their attention, he closed his speech
by saying, " A large field of business has been here opened to
your view, gentlemen, and it calls for a patient, but I hope not
a painful exercise of your faculities, and it may be added to,
in the course of the session by occasional messages. (The
governor was fond of them.) The providing for, and the regu-
lating the lives and morals of the present and of the rising
generation, for the repression of vice, and immorality, and for
the protection of virtue and innocence, for the security of pro-
perty, and the punishment of crimes, is a sublime employment.
Every aid in my power will be afforded, and I hope we shall
bear in mind, that the character and deportment of the
people, and their happiness both here and hereafter, depend
very much upon the genius and spirit of their laws."

Ae. St. Clair.

His excellency withdrew and the two houses separated.

On the next day, Jacob Burnet was appointed to prepare a
respectful answer to the governor's speech. On the 28th, Mr.
Burnet had prepared and introduced his answer to the gov-
ernor, and it was instantly agreed to and signed by their
speaker.

Being sent to the House they concurred in it, and it was deliv-
ered to St. Clair, who instantly replied to it. Joseph Carpen-
ter, was appointed on the 30th day of September, public printer,
and he was the first one, ever appointed to that office north-
west of the Ohio river.

On the third day of October, both houses met, and elected

164 HISTORY OF OHIO.

a delegate to congress. William Henry Harrison, received
eleven votes, and was elected. Arthur St. Clair junior, receiv-
ed ten votes for the same office. This was St. Clair's son.

Harrison being the secretary of the territory at the time,
resigned that office, and the governor took charge of his official
papers, until a successor was appointed. Any act, which pass-
ed both houses, was sent to the governor, for his approbation.
If he approved, it was returned by him, to the house in which
it originated, where it was signed by the committee of enroll-
ment, the great seal of the territory was affixed to it, and
then it was deposited with the governor, for safe keeping.

But if the act was not approved by the governor, he kept it
in his possession until at the end of the session, he assigned
his reasons for not approving it. In this way, St. Clair retain-
ed the act regulating marriages, one regulating taverns, one
to create the office of county surveyor, one to take the census
of the eastern division of the territory, (all east of the Scioto
river,) and all the acts for erecting new counties, or changing
the lines of old ones. St. Clair, in true military style, said;
in his proroguing speech, " it appears to mc, that the erecting
new counties, is the proper business of the executive." In as-
signing his reasons for not approving the erection of the county
of Clark, St. Clair expressed his doubts whether the people in it
were able to support a county. And he expressed his belief
that nearly every man in the county had signed the petition
for it, and their number was only about one hundred. This
territorial legislature, which commenced its session on the
16th day of September, continued to sit until the 19th of De-
cember, when the governor, in true British style, prorogued
them. During this term, of about three months, they passed
about thirty public acts, many of them long and complicated
ones. From these first laws of the territory, we have derived
many of our present ones. Hence the value of Chase's stat-
utes, in which volumes they are collected, and to which, we
respectfully refer the reader. Near the close of the session,
this general assembly, prepared an address to the people of
the territory, It was drawn up by Return J- Meigs, of the

FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 165

house ; after passing both branches of the legislature, it was
signed by the president of the council, and speaker of the
house, and countersigned by the clerk. Jacob Burnet who
was a member of the council from Hamilton county, was the
most efficient member of this first legislature, northwest of the
Ohio river. He drafted the rules by which this legislature
were governed, the address to the governor, and the address
to the president of the United States. He drafted most of
the complicated laws which passed both houses. The amount
of his labors, are truly wonderful, when we compare them
with the labors of members of our legislature. The amount of
useful legislative labors, which were performed by Mr. Bur-
net, during this session, was greater than is now performed
by some whole general assemblies of the present times.
These acts of the old territorial legislature, have had their
effect on our system of laws, to the period in which this is

written.

Jacob Burnet was born in Newark, New Jersey, educated at

Princeton, in Nassau Hall where he regularly graduated. He
studied law one year with Richard Stockton, Esquire ; and the
remainder of his time devoted to the study of his profession,
preparatory to his admission to the bar, was spent with Elisha
Boudinot, Esquire. Having completed his classical and legal
studies, and on being admitted to the bar, as a lawyer, he im-
migrated into the North Western Territory, and settled at
Cincinnati, in 1796. He immediately rose into eminence in
his profession. He attended the supreme court at Cincinnati,
Marietta and Detroit, in each year. The judges, and their
officers, to wit: Daniel Symmes their clerk, Arthur St. Clair
the attorney general, and Mr. Burnet and other lawyers, tra-
versed the country, then a dense forest, without a house, after
they had left each town more than twenty miles. These
judges, and their officers, traveled on horseback, from court
to court, carrying with them, blankets, horse-feed and food for
themselves. They camped out at night, in the woods, and
there was neither tavern, bridge, ferry nor even a road, in
their route. Starting at Cincinnati, they wended their way in

1 66 HISTORY OF OHIO.

October, to Marietta. Returning from thence to Cincinnati,
they penetrated through the forests and swamps of the north-
west, to Detroit. Having held this court, they returned to
Cincinnati.

After being a member of the legislature of this state repeat-
edly, Jacob Burnet was elected a judge of the supreme court
of this state, in 1821-2. This station he filled with distin-
guished ability. From this station, he was transferred to the
United States senate, where he exhibited the same traits of
character, for which he has always been remarkable — clear-
ness, and depth of understanding, sound reasoning, equable and
happy temperament ; in fine, for real wisdom, great learning
and singleness of purpose.

After this first session of the territorial legislature, the seat
of government was removed to Chillicothe, where it remained
while the territory existed. Here the state constitution was
framed, and the state government continued here until 1810,
when the " sweepers" removed it to Zanesville. During the
remaining period from 1799 to 1803, the territorial legislature
annually met, but made not many laws, owing to the extraor-
dinary powers conferred on the governor, by the act of con-
gress of July 13th 1787. The governor was obstinate, and
the people disliked him. How far his defeat, while at the
head of the North Western Terrritorial army, contributed to
his want of popularity we do not know. That doubtless had
its effects on the public mind. •

Settlers slowly came into the country, extending their settle-
ments into the interior, and preparing, in that way, for a
change in the form of government. During the time of our
territorial pupillage, congress passed an act dividing this coun-
try by the Scioto river; all east of that line was to be a terri-
tory by itself Of the western division, the Wabash was its
western boundary. St. Clair was accused of getting that act
passed, so that he might be the governor of the eastern di-
vision during his lifetime. The people informally sent Thomas
Worthington to congress to get it repealed. Governor Wor-
thington was successful and got the obnoxious act repealed.

FIRST TERRITOrvlAL LEGISLATURE. 167

We are aware that St. Clair was not the only one, if one,
who procured the passage of that act, but, it is not worth the
trouble of giving their names. It was promptly repealed,
through the agency of Thomas Worthington. During the two
or three years between the first territorial legislature and the
formation of our constitution, most of the business, usually
now done by our general assembly, was done by the governor
of the territory. He erected new counties, fixed county seats,
and commissioned all the higher officers. He was an active
stirring man, and often went over the mountains, but when
he returned he issued all sorts of proclamations announcing
new acts of legislation, enacted by himself. No man was
fonder of exercising all the powers that he had, and no man
was less liked than he was by those whom he governed. But
worse than all the other acts of his, he granted large tracts
of land in the now state of Illinois, to his near relatives.
These acts being utterly void were of no value to the gran-
tees. But we forbear, he is no more.

During this period, New Connecticut began to be settled,
but the state was, except here and there a little spot, one vast
wilderness, with few roads, and still fewer bridges, mills,
churches or school houses.

What few mails reached the territory were carried on horse
back, and they were so carried until after the late war; in
1815, carriages began to be used in conveying the mails and
passengers. There being no bridges across the water courses,
the mails were not only often thoroughly wetted, but the hor-
ses that carried them were drowned, with those who rode
them. Only twenty years have passed away since such ac-
cidents often occurred in this state.

Many articles, such as iron and salt, during the territorial
times, were excessively dear and not easily nor abundantly
obtained at any price. For a farmer to send an ox team one
hundred miles for a load of salt, to the Scioto salt works,
where he gave three or four dollars a bushel for the article,
and be on his road one month, knee deep in mud, it could not
be expected of him to sell it for less than six or seven dollars a

168 HISTORY OF OHIO.

bushel on his return home, to his neighbors. When the car-
riage of iron cost two hundred dollars a ton from Baltimore to
Ohio, that article was dear. As to foreign cloths, they were
dispensed with by the mass of the people. The homemade
hunting shirt, a cap and mocasins, were not very uncommon
in the western country. Those times are passed away and
with them all these articles of dress. Our people now dress
as well, if not even better, than those of any other state.
And as a whole they are quite as able to do so. They work
hard and earn the clothes, and use the right to wear them.

At the early day we speak of, our houses were logs, not
always laid very close together. Before our people had time to
clear fields that would produce a harvest, the woods furnished
nuts on which their hogs fed and fattened. The wild grasses
fed the cattle and horses abundantly, winter and summer.
Better beef or sweeter pork, never was tasted, than the wild
grasses and the nuts fattened, in almost all parts of this now
state of Ohio. Many of our old settlers, mourn the loss of
that breed of hogs, which ran wild in the woods, and lived
on nuts, acorns and wild roots. The beef too, of that period,
the old settlers think, was sweeter and more like wild animals'
flesh than ours now is. In this opinion we agree with them.
The honey of those days, was made by wild bees. The Indians
abundantly procured it, and often sold it to our people. Our su-
gar was made from the maple tree, and not a few of us even
now, prefer it, to that which, at a low price, we now procure
from Louisiana. Wild turkeys were abundant all over the
woods, and were so easily taken, that they sold in market for
only twelve and a half cents each. A good deer sold for one
dollar, or even less. Hogs were almost as easily raised as the
deer, and thousands were never seen by their owner until with
his gun he went out to kill them.

The friendships of those days were pure and disinterested;
and no small portion of the pure friendship, now existing ra
this state, among the people, is found among the old settlers
and their posterity. Even in these days of party feeling,
this ancient friendship breaks down, all party distinctions and

ilRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. 169

elects the old settler to congress, or the legislature. In the
congressional district where we live, and in which there is a
majority of one thousand six hundred and upwards, opposed
to this administration, yet Jeremiah McLene of the other par-
ty, was repeatedly elected to congress, in this same district.
General McLene was an old settler, and the warm friend of
all the people of the district, of all parties. So of Major Wil-
liam Oliver of Cincinnati, he was recently elected over an
opponent where the numerical strength of the political par^
ties in the county would seem to indicate a very different
result. These are the remains of that pure and disinteres-
ted friendship, of our Ohio "olden times."

As we have already stated; St. Clair was unpopular, and
the people were tired of his arbitrary way of doing business.
By the census of 1800, we had forty^two thousand inhabi-
tants and our people seriously applied to congress for admis-
sion into the Union, as a state. To this application serious
opposition was made, but DeWitt Clinton, in the United
States senate, contended powerfully and effectually for us.
In the other house, we had good friends, and our application
prevailed there also. This law was enacted on the 30th day
of April 1802.

From the landing of Rufus Putnam and associates at Mari-
etta, it was more than fourteen years to the passage of this act of
congress. The people eagerly seized the occasion, to elect
delegates to a convention to frame a constitution. At Chilli-
cothe, on the first day of November 1802, the convention
met, elected Edward Tiffin president, and Thomas Scott sec-
retary. On the 29th day of its session, having finished
their labors, the convention adjourned without day.

Our constitution was never submitted to the people, for
either their approval or disapproval.

But it was submitted to congress for their approbation, and

on the 19th day of February 1803, that body passed an act

entitled " An act to provide for the due execution of the laws

of the United States, within the state of Ohio." By this act

22

170 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Ohio was admitted into the Union, and became a sovereign
state.

We go back and make a few remarks on the act of the 30th
April 1802.

In the act of congress which enabled the people of that portion
of what remained of the North Western Territory, to form a sepa-
rate state government, after leaving out, what is now the state
of Michigan, congress offered certain inducements, to the peo-
ple to comply with, certain requisitions, after the state was
formed, and admitted into the Union, as a component member
of the confederacy. Congress offered the people, one thirty-
sixth part of their whole territory for the use of schools. They
offered them also, certain lands, on which they supposed salt-
water might be procured; they offered them five per cent, of all
the net proceeds of sales of lands, owned by congress; three
per cent, of which, was to be laid out, in making roads, in the
state, and two per cent, on a road to be made from Cumber-
land, in Maryland, to the state. These were the principal
offers, which congress held out to the people, but, congress
required of the people of the territory a constitution, which
should be founded on republican principles; which should adopt
as part of their constitution, the ordinances of 1786, 1787, so
far as was consistent with their being a separate state. The
state constitution, was to be in strict accordance with the con-
stitution of the United States. The state was prohibited from
levying any tax, on the lands of the United States, lying in
Ohio, before they were sold, and for five years afterwards.
Lands for a college in the Ohio company's purchase ; and a town-
ship, in Symmes's purchase, had been given before this time,
granted to the purchasers of those lands, wherewith to endow an
academy. Such were the offers, and such the requisitions of
the act of the 30th April 1802. We slate the substance.
And the convention when met, accepted these conditions, and
complied with them. In twenty nine days, after they assem-
bled, the convention finished their labors, and adjourned,
making Chillicothe, the seat of government for the new state,
during a certain period. Not wishing to stop our narrative,

REMARKS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 171

we throw the constitution, into the appendix, and proceed with
a few remarks, on its history, its provisions, and defects,

REMAKES ON THE CONSTITUTION OP OHIO.

. The framers of this constitution, were as well qualified, per-
haps, even better qualified, for their task, than any other men,
in the then territory. But, they were generally, young
men, who had been little engaged in legislation. They did
not, and they could not, take a very wide survey of human
societies. And, besides, government is not like some machine
framed after a model. It is nothing more than a bundle of
habits; but not, as a fourth of July orator would make it, a nose-
gay. It is a rule of action, laid down by the supreme power
of a state, commanding some things and forbidding others.
Good government, consists, not so much in laying down good
rules, as, in constantly practising, on those rules, until good
habits are firmly fixed, and invariably adhered to, by the peo-
ple. In older countries, mere accident, expediency for the
moment, or dire necessity, have set up governments, or given
them some new direction, which time, experience, and custom
have finally sanctioned, and made permanent. A system of gov-
' ernment, is not like a building, which may be constructed entire-
ly according to a previous plan. It must be improved by skill
and care, and may be grievously injured by neglect, or even
destroyed by violence. Governments cannot be infused into
communities, by any sudden act of the lawgiver, nor do they
always follow the conviction of their propriety. Many causes
have more power over the human mind, than any written laws,
and it is extremely difficult, nay, impossible, to foresee, what .
any new form of government, will produce, until it is reduced
to practical experiment. For persons, not actually living
under any form of government, to pronounce authoritively con-
cerning its operation, would be like a fly, sitting on the outside
of our capitol, at Columbus, and seeing only an inch around
him, to applaud or condemn, William Ludlow's bombast, over
the outside doors, the taste, with which, the whole structure

172 HISTORY OF OHIO.

is erected, and the councils of state, assembled within doors.
These truths are applicable to all men, and for a few survey-
ors, lawyers, farmers and school masters, assembled in conven-
tion, to forsee all future emergencies ; or, that any people should
be so reasonable as to forego all their inveterate habits of
. thinking, acting and feeling, for the purpose of giving any new
form of government, afair experiment, ought not to be expected;
or, if we do expect it, that will be found a vain expectation.

Our system was borrowed from various sources and the
several parts, show clearly from whence the framers sever-
ally emigrated; from New England, Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia.

Time and experience have shown clearly, that there are
some provisions, which not being inserted in the instrument,
their absence calls loudly for their speedy insertion, by a new
convention.

And what is surprising, is the fact that no efforts have yet
been made, to obtain, the greatest and principal amendment,
imperiously demanded, if we wish for permanency of a repub-
lican form of government, in Ohio.

Our general assembly have too much power, and, in times
of peace, they assemble quite too frequently, and sit too long.
Whole millions have been wasted, in useless legislation. With-
out more restraints, on the lawmaking power; without an
absolute prohibition, against electing their own members to
offices; this constitution, cannot last long, because, our repub-
lican from of government, can only last, while the people are in
love with it. Take from it, the affections of the people, and,
like a mist, in a clear morning, it is gone, in an hour. We
will not attempt to point out all the evils, which this power, in
the general assembly, has produced. A volume, would barely
enumerate them. During the term, for which any member
is elected, he ought to be ineligible to any other office.

Owing to their ill will towards Governor St. Clair, the
members of the convention, made our governor a mere cypher.
He can pardon criminals, appoint the adjutant general, sign
commissions, and fill temporary vacancies, but he has no voice

REMARKS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 173

in making the laws, no veto power, nor has he the power, to
interfere in appointing any of our officers. That the veto
power, may be shamefully abused, by an executive officer, the
people, know, but, when used only as Washington used it, and
as the King of England always uses it, it can do no harm, and
may do great good. It ought to have been, often used, in this
state. Unconstitutional acts, have been passed, in every pe-
riod of our short history. Acts have been passed, worded
exactly like former ones, without repealing the former ones.
Criminal laws have been repealed (a whole criminal code),
without any saving clause, as to crimes committed under
them, so that the greatest criminals have escaped punish-
ment. Laws have been amended and made worse, merely for
the sake of making a good sized volume, and as a mere excuse
for members of assembly staying at the seat of government,
and drawing their three dollars a day. In all such cases, a
power of prorogation, in the governor, or of rejecting such
acts, as unconstitutional, as inexpedient, or unnecessary,
would have saved to the people, at least, large sums of
money.

Our officers, now appointed by the general assembly, ought
to be nominated by the governor, and appointed, by, and with,
the advice of the senate ; excluding from such appointment,
all members of the general assembly, during the term for
which they were elected. As salaries are raised, and the
love of office waxes warmer, members of assembly will wear a
less shameless front, in seeking offices, from themselves. The
governor can execute the laws, and he commands the militia,
in a time of war. It is his duty, to do any other act which the
general assembly direct him to do, but it is hardly to be
expected, that the governor will be allowed to appoint any one,
to any office of importance, unless that appointment is to be
given to some member of the general assembly. A session of
four weeks in one year, or of twelve weeks once in three years,
in time of peace, for our legislature, would be a vast improve-
ment, in our constitution. And the power of changing gene-

174 HISTORY OF OHIO.

ral laws, should not be permitted to them, unless there was a
majority of the whole people, calling for the change.

The judges of the supreme court, should never sit, any
where, except as a court in bank, and then only once a year, in
each judicial circuit.

Whoever shall be instrumental in procuring these amend-
ments to our constitution, will deserve the everlasting gratitude
of the people of this state.

But, these highly desirable amendments, may be long wish-
ed for, rather than expected; at least very soon. Ever since
the existence of this American Union, the political current
has run in one, and the same channel. Every tendency has
been towards a perfect democracy. Every new state consti-
tution which has been framed, as new states have been from
time to time admitted into the confederacy; and every amend-
ment to any older constitution, have exhibited this feature
more and more, until the constitution of Michigan, has
approached to the very edge of the crater; it admits aliens to
vote, as soon as they are disgorged from the jails, workhouses,
penitentiaries, and prisons of Europe, and landed on the soil
of Michigan.

The love of liberty is a natural impulse; but to be true lib-
erty, it should be regulated by wholesome restraints. We
may do as we please, so long as we injure no one. As much
liberty as we can bear, use, and not abuse, is genuine liberty.
Beyond this point, it is licentiousness, not liberty.

The love of liberty, properly managed, and mildly treated,
has an affinity to law, and is calculated to pour a healthful
stream through the whole body politic, renovating every limb,
and eradicating every symptom of paralysis, which misgovern-
ment produces. All we need in this state, are the amend-
ments to the constitution which have been glanced at, to ren-
der this state government a wise and good one. Without
these amendments, we may become, wealthy, numerous and
powerful. Our ponds may become swamps, and finally good
meadows. Our forests may be cleared away, and farms,
towns, villages and cities may appear, as if by magic, in those

REMARKS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 175

parts, which these forests now shade. Our iron ores, by means
of the coal, reposing always near them, may be manufactured
into all the articles, into which iron is converted. Canals
may be made by the side of every river, and pass near every
man's door. Rail road^ may be made, in all directions, all
over the state. Lake Erie and the Ohio river may be naviga-
ted by ten thousand of our steamers, and every port be throng-
ed with them, and the millions who own them. Steamers,
canal boats and rail road cars, may, as they certainly will,
throw the people and their property into masses, in cities and
towns. In fine, the whole state may be made to resemble in
appearance, a garden — a perfect paradise, and yet, unless
good government is maintained, those who live under it, may
be truly miserable.

Germany is a perfect garden, and yet hundreds of thousands
are flying from it, as they would from the direst pestilence.

Let us hope, that some honest patriot may show himself in
our general assembly, who will urge that body to place these
amendments before the people for their approbation, and, Ohio
may obtain a constitution, at no distant day, which will guar-
antee to us, what, until then, we cannot have, a well grounded
hope of better officers, better laws, and less danger of being
ruined by unprincipled demagogues. As it now is, during
many a session of the legislature, all well informed men, live
in fear, of some new efforts being made, to almost ruin the state.
As the state increases in wealth; as the legislature becomes
more and more selfish, or rather as that selfishness has more
opportunities of gratifying its depraved appetite for legal plun-
der; the longer such tremendous powers remain in the gene-
ral assembly, the more difficult will it become, to wrest such
powers from so dangerous a body. The more apparent the
duty of all good men becomes, to unite, in such measures as
will lead to reform, before it is forever too late to obtain it.
Place the amendments before the people, article by article, to
be voted for and against, and we should stand some chance of
having a better constitution.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE
GOVERNMENT.

PERIOD THIRD.

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM 1803 TO 1812.

The first general assembly under the constitution, met at
Chillicothe, on Tuesday JNIarch 1st 1803. Michael Bald-
win was elected speaker of the house of representatives, and,
Nathaniel Massie speaker of the senate. This general as-
sembly proceeded to appoint, all the officers, necessary to carry
on the business of governing the state. The offices were filled
as follows, viz:

Secretary of state, William Creighton, junior.

Auditor of state, Colonel Thomas Gibson.

Treasurer, William McFarland.

Judges of the supreme court. Return J. Meigs, junior, Sam-
uel Huntington rtnd William Sprigg.

President Judges of the first, second and third districts,
Francis Dunlevy, Wyllys Silliman and Calvin Pease.

United States Senators, Thomas Worthington, John Smith.

First Governor elected by the- people, Edward Tiffin, who
appointed the first adjutant general, Samuel Finley.

First member of congress, Jeremiah Morrow, was elected
by the people.

First United States District Judge, Charles Willing Byrd.

The first legislature proceeded to enact such laws, as seemed
to be needed. They proceeded to organize seven new coun-

ORGANIZATtON. I7t

ties, viz: Gallia, Scioto, Geauga, Butler, Warren, Greene and
Montgomery.

Those parts of the state had suffered much for want of an
organization into counties. St. Clair had uniformly refused to
have these counties erected, and he had the power to pre-
vent it.

Next year, 1804, Muskingum and Highland counties were
organized. These new counties, show where the country had
been filling up with people. Every thing; moved forward as
well as could be expected, considering our remote situation
from the older states. Mills, though poor ones, were erected,
bridges were built, roads were cut out, though not worked on
much as yet.

Some general remarks seem necessary here, on the man-
iierSj and situation of the people of that time. The presi-
dent judge and the lawyers traveled their circuits, holding
courts. When arrived at the shiretown, the lawyers and judges
Were all, generally, thrown together, into one room, in a log
tavern, and slept under the roof, and some of them very near
it. The food was generally, cooked out of doors. And the
court house not unfrequently was some log cabin in the woods,
without a floor in it.

We have seen a constable with a grand jury, sitting under a
tree, arid the constable keeping off the crowd, so as to prevent
their hearing the testimony of witnesses before the jury.
Another constable was guarding a petit jury under some oth-
er treC) while they were deliberating on their verdict. And
when a new county was organized, the newly elected officers^
such as sheriff, clerk, judges, juries, &c., had to be instructed
in their duties by the president judge and the state's attorney;
These things are all in our recollection, fresh and distinctly
fcmembered. The people were quite uncouth in their aspect,
but not so unhappy as one would suppose. The greatest diffi-
culty which the people had to contend with, was sickness, in
many parts of the country. The farmer kept many dogs to
guard his sheep, hogs, fowls and himself. His fences were
23

178 HISTORY OF OHIO.

very high ones, and his dogs were always ready to defend
their master's family and property. Hogs became so numer-
ous in the woods, that many of them became wild, and multi-
plied until the war of 1812 gave their flesh a value, and they
were killed. Cattle and horses multiplied greatly in the
meantime, and the people had begun to drive them over the
mountains, at an early day, to a market. The people lived
in log houses, raised Indian corn for their bread, and as to
meat they found wild turkeys and deer in abundance in the
woods. Domestic fowls and hogs multiplied wonderfully, in
a country where there was so little winter for which to provide.
And as for pleasure-carriages, we do not believe there was one
in the state when it was first organized. Not a few persons,
wore moccasins, instead of shoes, and leather made of deer
skins for coats or hunting shirts and pantaloons. Thus dress-
ed, equipped with a large knife, and a good rifle gun, the men
went about their daily business. When the state was first or-
ganized, we do not believe that there was even one bridge in
the state. The roads were few and it was no easy, matter for
a stranger to follow them. For ourselves we preferred follow-
ing the pocket compass or the sun, to most of the roads, in the
Virginia Military tract; and this even ten years after the or-
ganization of the state government. Travelers carried their
provisions with them, when starting from any of the towns
into the then wilderness, now thickly settled parts of the state.
Judges and lawyers rode from court to court, through the for-
est, and carried their provisions or starved on their route.
Though they generally got into some settlement before night
fall, yet not always, as we shall long remember. When the
streams were swelled with rain, they swam every stream in
their way.

The people of that day were greatly attached to president
Jefferson and DeWitt Clinton, because they had favored the
admission of Ohio into the Union. The then administration
of the general government were almost worshiped by our peo-
ple, and were greatly caressed in return, by the objects of
their reverence. We were then weak, and not feared; but

burr's expedition, 179

now we have become great and powerful. So we are oppress-
ed in al! the ways in which littleness seated on high, can reach
us. But we will stand our ground on our own legs, on oar
own soil, relying on our own vast resources. It is, however,
honor enough for any common man to be a good and worthy
citizen of Ohio, travel where he may, in the Union. We may
well contemn all the attempts now made and making to oppress
and degrade us. This state of things cannot last long, before
Ohio has a voice, and an influence at Washington. No presi-
dent or attorney general will dare, then, to treat with con-
tempt our citizens, and our members of congress.

During this third period of our history, but two events
drew much public attention to them after our state had be-
come properly organized. Of these events we shall treat in
their order of time.

burh's expedition in 1806.

The first event, which agitated the public mind, in this
state, after its constitution took effect, and was carried into
complete operation, was Burr's expedition. Early in the spring
of 1806, rumors of all sorts began to spread throughout this
and the adjoining states of an expedition of some sort, about to
be set on foot, by Colonel Aaron Burr and his associates.
These rumors were circulated through the western country
by letter writers in the east, at first, but they soon found their
way into the newspapers of that period. In the summer. Burr
himself appeared among us awhile, then went to Lexington,
Frankfort, and we believe to Nashville, Tennessee and to the
Hermitage. The papers were filled with conjectures, as to
the Colonel's intentions, views, and ultimate objects. John
Smith, one of our senators in congress, was suspected of being
in the horrid plot, whatever it might be, as he had been, all
along, on friendly terms with Burr, while the latter presided
in the United States senate! Affidavits of conversations with
Colonel Burr, were gotten up against him. Many of these
willing witnesses, we knew, and would not believe them, even

180 HISTORY OF OHIO.

under oath, then, or at any other time, during their lives,
John Smith was beset, on all sides, for his supposed friendship
to the late Vice President. He wrote to Burr, then at Frank-
fort, Kentucky, inquiring " what his real objects were in vis-
iting the western country?" Burr, answered, and as he said
in that answer it would be, so it was; the only one that he
ever vouchsafed to give any one, relative to his business in
the western country. He said, in substance, " that, he had
purchased a large tract of land in Louisiana, on the Washita
river, and he wished to engage emigrants, to settle on it.
That the position would be a good one for mercantile and agri-
cultural purposes. That these, and these oqly, were his
objects."

Early in the autumn, perhaps, sooner. Burr's associates, be^
gan to build boats, along the navigable waters connected with
the Ohio, and Mississippi rivers, Provisions were purchased,
such as pork, beef and flour, with which to load these boats.
The administration of the general government, sent express
after express to the west, in order to save the country, from
the ruin, which these boat loads of provisions, and nearly
seventy men, without arms, could do by descending the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers, possibly, even to New Orleans!

The legislature of Ohio, full of patriotic devotion, to Mr.
Jefferson's administration, passed a long and complicated act,
to detect and punish the boat builders and all connected with
them. This was in their session of 1806-7.

To look back upon this farce, now, is like reading an ac-
count of the Massachusetts witchcraft; or of the plots during
the reign of Charles 11. of England. Sergeant Dunbar is a
fine parallel of Titus Oates.

At the session of the United States' courts for Ohio, at
Chillicothe, in the winter of 1807, a vast concourse of people
attended, expecting many indictments would be found against
all who belonged to the expedition, especially if they had been
in the state! and of all, too, who had built boats or sold provi-
sions to load them. Michael Baldwin, a great wit, then our
marshal, seeing a citizen of Ashtabula county, iq attendanco

burr's expedition. 181

on eourt, in expectation of an indictment against hiini, for some
connection with Burr, (never known wiiat it was) contrived to
convey the idea, to this man, that a bill was actually found
against him, and that he, the marshal, was actually on the
point of arresting the culprit. The terrified man fled, as he
supposed, from justice, v^ith great speed, seventy miles, to
Zanesville.

Burr's boats started from Blannerhassett's island, in the
Ohio river, early in January, 1807, and Blannerhassett, his
family, and Burr's friends descended peaceably down, vv^e
believe to Natchez, in the Mississippi Territory. His other
boats, along both rivers, descended likewise, towards the same
point of destination.

Before this time, the president had called on this state for
troops, to repel the threatened — (we know not what to call it)
A great many troops had eagerly come forward, and offered
their services to the government, and were joyfully accepted
and enrolled, and held in readiness for instant action.

In January 1807, Burr himself had descended to Natchez,
and there was summoned to appear before the supreme court,
of the Mississippi Territory. Having heard that his agents
were arrested at New Orleans, and along the river, he did not
obey the summons, but fled from Natchez in disguise. He was
arrested, we believe on the Tombigbee river, wending his
way, on horseback, across the country, to Georgia. The man
who arrested him, had never seen him before, but knew him
by his brilliant eye, which shone like a diamond, beneath an
old, broad-brimmed, flapped hat, under which Colonel Burr sat,
warming himself, by the fire, at a small inn.

Colonel Burr was tried before Chief Justice Marshall, at
Richmond, Virginia, in the summer of 1807, on two indict-
ments, to wit: one for treason against the United States; the
other for setting on foot, an expedition against the Spanish
provinces. On both indictments Burr was acquitted, but he
was recognized, we believe, in the sum of five thousand dollars,
to appear at Chillicothe, before the United States court to an-
swer to any indictment to be found agaihst him, in Ohio. Not

182 HISTORY OF OHIO.

choosing to appear there, he paid the forfeiture, and went off
to Europe. There he wandered about from one monarch's
court to another, until 1811, when he returned to his native
country. During the remainder of his life, almost twenty-five
years, he lived in retirement, until he recently died, and was
buried, by the students of the college, of Nassau Hall, Prince-
ton, New Jersey, in their burying-ground, with every mark of
respect. There he was born and educated, and there his mor-
tal remains rest.

Whatever his projects were, whether for conquest or settle
ment, they were defeated almost as soon as they were form-
ed. Late events on this same theatre do not hold out the
same terror to ambitious men, who would conquer adjoining
provinces, that Burr's fate did, in 1806-7. But Burr is now in
his grave.

"No farther seek his merits to disclose,
"Nor draw his frailties from their dread abode,
"There they alike, in trembling hope repose ;
" In the bosom of his father and his God."

Gray.

SWEEPING RESOLUTION OF 1810.

The next subject which during three or four years, produ-
ced a great excitement, in the minds of our population, was iii
its day, called, the " Sweeping Resolution." Our legislature
had passed an act, giving justices of the peace, jurisdiction with-
out the aid of a jury in the first instance, in the collection of
debts, in all cases, where the demand did not exceed fifty dol-
lars. Inasmuch as the constitution of the United States, gives
a jury in all such cases, where the amount claimed, is twen-
ty dollars; and inasmuch too, as any thing in our laws or con-
stitution, contrary to the provisions of the national constitu-
tion is utterly void, and of no effect ; the judges of all our
courts, declared this act of our legislature void and of no
effect. This independence of our judges inflamed the legisla-
ture to a high degree. So they proceeded to punish these hon-
est and conscientious officers of justice. The house of rep-

SWEEPING RESOLUTION. 183

resentatives impeached the judges, and having a majority of
two thirds in the senate they proceeded against them in due
form and removed them from office. Judges Sprigg, Tod and
Pease were successively removed in the years preceding
1809-10 for this cause, and in this way. All things seemed
to bend before the arbitrary will of the omnipotent general
assembly; but in the autumn of 1809 the people did not elect
" sweepers" enough to the senate to enable the house to car-
ry an impeachment through the senate. There were fourteen
" sweepers" and ten conservatives. Maturing their plan of
operations and having determined at all events, " constitution
or no constitution," as one of them said, on the floor of the
house, to remove not only all who opposed their will, but all
other civil officers in the state, they moved forward to the
work. They set up a new doctrine, " that in a short time it
would be seven years, since the constitution went into opera-
tion and certainly all civil officers ought to go out of office
every seven years, and so have the field entirely cleared oiF
for new aspirants to office." In accordance with these " repub-
lican ideas," (if they could be believed,) on the 27th day of
December, 1809, Samuel Dunlap, a representative from Jef-
ferson county, presented a resolution to the house in these
words, to wit : " Resolved, that all civil officers, of govern-
ment, within this state whether elected to office by the legis-
lature, or by the people, to fill vacancies, shall hold their offi-
ces no longer than their predecessors would have done.
Resolved, also, that a committee of three members be appoin-
ted to prepare a bill defining the manner of commissioning
such officers." These resolutions were made the order of the
day, for the next Monday. But on that day, January 1st 1810,
they were farther postponed to the next Thursday. On that
day they were discussed., and postponed to January the 7th. On
that day these resolutions were enlarged greatly and passed.
On their passage they read as follows, viz: "Whereas it is pro-
vided by the eighth section of the third article of the con-
stitution of this state, that the judges of the supreme court,
the presidents and associate judges of the court of common

184 HISTORY OF OHIOi

pleas, shall be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of
the general assembly, and shall hold their offices for seven
years, if so long they behave well; and whereas the first gen-
eral assembly of this state did appoint judges of the supreme
court, presidents and associate judges of the court of com-
mon pleas, many of whose offices have become vacant at dif-
ferent times, and elections have been had to fill vacancies;
and whereas the original term of office is about to expire, and
it becomes necessary, for the general assembly ^br to provide
for that event:

Therefore, Resolved, by the general assembly of the state of
Ohio, That the constitution of the state having limited and
defined the term of office, which the judges of the supreme
court, the presidents and judges of the court of common pleas,
the secretary of state, the auditor and treasurer of state ; and
also the mode of filling vacaucies by the legislature, it can-
not of right, be construed to extend beyond the end of the
original terra for which the first officers were appointed."

In the house, the vote stood twenty-seven to eighteen.
Those who voted in the affirmative were, Corwin, G. Clark,
Crumbacker, J. Dunlap, S. Dunlap, Dillon, Ellis, Ford, Mur-
ray, Gosset, Gardner, Gass, Heaton, Hughs, Humphrey, Ijams,
Johnson, Marvin, Pritchard, Pollock, Purviance, Shopard,
Sharp, Swearengen, Tatman, Vore and Edward Tiffin, speaker.

In the negative, voted, Blair, Elliot, Harbaugh, Jackson,
Looker, Lowry, Ludlow, Marple, McColloch, McKinney, New-
port, Putnam, Pool, Shields, SpafTord, Shelby and Wheedon.

When passed, the resolution was sent to the senate, through
v.hich it finally passed, on the 18th January 1810.

In that body, the vote stood fourteen for it, and ten against
it, as fallows, viz : In the affirmative. Abbot, Barrere, Bryan,
Burton, Cadwell, Cone, Elliot, Irvin, Kinney, Kirker, McLaugh-
lin, Price, Smith and Wood.

In the negative, voted. Bigger, Bureau, Cooper, Curry,
Foos, Jewett, Henry Massie, McConnel, Schofield, and McAr-
thur.

Thus, by a mere resolution, the general assembly, swept off"

SWEEPING RESOLUTION. 185

out of office, every civil officer in the state! After a pause un-
til the 10th day of February, the legislature proceeded then
to fill in part the vacancies, thus made. On that day, they
elected Thomas Scott, William W. Irvin and Ethan Allen
Brown, judges of the supreme court. They then next elected,
Francis Dunlevy, John Thompson and Benjamin Ruggles,
president judges of the first, second and third judicial circuits
into which the state was then divided. Resting awhile from
their labours, on the 15th day of February, they proceeded to
elect associate judges for the twenty-six counties, (all indeed)
then in the state. During the same session they elected a
secretary of state, and auditor and treasurer of state. They
made provision for electing, as soon as possible, by the people,
all justices of the peace, in all the townships in Ohio. A few
remarks on this highhanded, unconstitutional measure seem
to be called for, here. As to vacancies in offices, such as
judges, the constitution provides that they shall be filled by the
general assembly, but when so filled it expressly declares them
to be elected for seven years.

The motives which induced this flagrant proceeding in the
breasts of some of the actors were pure enough, but we fear,
quite too many of these men wanted offices, either for them-
selves or for some friend, and were quite regardless as to the
means which they used to obtain them: Mere demagogues,
like the mastiff" at his master's door in a cold night, that
makes such an ado, that his master finally opens his door to
assist his faithful sentinel in driving off" the robber who assails
him, when Caesar slips quickly in at the opened door, and lies
down quietly in a warm place, near the fire, where he is per-
mitted to sleep until morning.

Many of the counties had not been organized one half seven
years, and the judges, in not a few instances, had not served
two years. In some such cases, both sets of judges attemp-
ted to act officially. The whole state was thrown into utter
confusion for a time, but finally, one and all became convin-
ced that the " sweeping resolution" was all wrong. All aban-
24

1 86 HISTORY OF OHIO.

doned it, and no man has since that stormy period, ever advo-
cated the proceeding. It will never be reacted in Ohio.
Knowing all the actors, personally, with whom we never had
any altercation about this or any other matter, we have had
no private ill will to gratify, in saying what we have above.
Nor was it our own wish to be thus particular in stating all
the material facts connected with this matter, but the surviv-
ing actors insisted on a full statement, and we have complied
with their wishes.

At this same session, the legislature removed the seat of
government from Chillicothe to Zanesville.

Congress had granted a township of land for "an academy"
in their contract with John Cleves Symmes, for the sale to him
of the Lower Miami country. According to that grant, the
township was to have been in the centre of the ceded lands.
The legislature, at this session, located the Miami University,
as they called it, on a township which they selected entirely out
of the tract of land, in the centre of which, by the original
grant, it was to have been located. All the acts of this ses-
sion, were equally violent and unconstitutional — "for madness
ruled the hour."

They proceeded to appoint, commissioners to fix on a site for
a permanent seat of government of this state.

Next session, these commissioners, James Findlay, Joseph
Darlington, Wyllys Sillinian, Reason Beall, and William
McFarland, reported in favor, we believe of Dublin, a town on
the Scioto river, some fourteen miles above Columbus. The
year, 1810-11 passed quietly off, but at their next session, the
legislature, accepted the proposals of Colonel James John-
son, Alexander McLaughlin, John Kerr and Lyne Starling,
Esquires, who owned the land where Columbus is. The gene-
ral assembly fixed the seat of government where it now is and
will there remain. At this session of 1811-12 the legisla
ture passed an act, removing the seat of government, back
to Chillicothe, until 1816-17, after which time it was to be
where it now is, at Columbus. In the meantime the public
buildings were to be erected, on land then a dense forest.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

PERIOD FOURTH.

THIS PERIOD COMPRISES THE WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN OF

1812, IN OHIO.

Though peace had been made on parchment between the
United States, and England, in. 1783, yet that peace, could
scarcely be said, to have extended to this North Western Terri-
tory. The war with the Indians, continued from the 27th of
April 1774, until the peace of Greenville, August 3d 1795.
The British, constantly occupied their Indian posts within the
limits of our territory until the first of June 1796. The Cana-
dian Indian Department, continued to pay regular annuities
to their savage allies, who lived within the limits of this Union,
up to a very recent period ; perhaps, they do, up to the moment,
when this is written.

This conduct of our Canadian neighbors, kept up a hard
feeling between us, and the English; and besides, that nation
was constantly doing some act, which showed their ill will to-
wards the United States. They were continually preying on
our defenceless commerce, but not content with plundering our
property on the high seas, under various pretexts, they impress-
ed our sailors, into their naval service. This practice of
impressment, kept up, and even increased the angry feelings
of our nation, towards England. General Harrison, the gov-
ernor of the Indiana Territory, had, in November 1811, fought
a severe battle with the Indians, at Tippecanoe, and every
thing portended war, between this nation and England, when,

188 HISTORY OF OHIO.

in June 1812, war was actually declared, by congress, against
Great Britain. In order to harrass the enemy, wo suppose,
on the land, to punish him for plundering us, on the ocean;
Mr. Madison's administration took steps to raise an army, dur-
ing the session of congress commencing in December 1811 and
continued until the summer of 1812. During that protracted
session, congress authorised the increase of the regular army to
thirty-five thousand troops, and they authorised the raising of a
large force of volunteers, for twelve months. Early in the spring
of 1812, Governor William Hull, of Michigan, was ordered into
Ohio, to raise troops, with whom it would seem, he intended
to cross over into Canada, opposite Detroit, and march down-
wards towards Quebec.

Canada, Upper and Lower, consists of a vast country, lying
northwest of the United States, bounded by either lakes or
their outlets, which separate those provinces from us. The
settlements along these waters are narrow, and their popula-
tion thin. These settlements extend fifteen hundred miles, in
length, from the sea to Lake Superior. Had the war, on our
part been conducted with the ability, that any common man, in
private life, of the requisite geographical knowledge would
have conducted it, we should have siezed, at once, on Kings-
ton and Montreal. All the country above these points, in that
case, would have fallen into our hands, as a matter of course.
But so it was. General Hull was sent into Ohio to raise troops
wherewith to attack, the weak settlements along lake Erie, on
the Canadian side of it, and march, downwards in the direction
of Fort Niagara. We propose to be brief indeed, on the
war of 1812, for more reasons than we need give.

But little of that war, comparatively speaking, was car-
ried on in Ohio, and its events are so recent, and so well known-
that we must be brief. That it was badly conducted by the
then administration, is certain, for two reasons; the men at the
helm, in Washington, were ignorant of the geographical situa-
tion of the country; and they knew little of the art of war.
There were, at that time, two parties east of the mountains, ia
the nation; one party accused the other, of appointing iaeffi-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189

cient officers, merely because they happened to belong to their
own party; and, the opposition were accused of throwing every
impediment which they could, in the way of the, then, admin-
istration. Both these accusations were, but quite too well
founded. Governor Hull, had served in the war of the revolu-
tion, as an aid, and in some minor appointments, perhaps, but,
was never made to command, but, to execute, the commands
of others. When young, he could have executed what an able
general should have ordered him to do; but at the time of his
appointment, on this frontier, he was too old, to belong to an
army in any situation. All the little military knowledge, he
ever had, was antiquated and useless, and even worse than
useless, because he relied on it. The higher appointments,
made by Mr. Madison, in the army of 1812, were mostly of the
same stamp, such as Hull, Pinkney, Dearborn, Winchester,
&;c. &c. &c. They were too old, and they had not kept pace,
with the age, in which they lived. Hence, all they did, was
useless. They were directed by Dr. Eustis another worn-out,
revolutionary, subaltern officer. Such disasters attended on
all the movements, of these worn-out generals, that millions
believed them, traitors. We have never, for a moment, believ-
ed them to be such, but, they were utterly incompetent for
any of the duties of the field, at the time of their appointments.
Ohio at the commencement of the war, had so few opposers of
the administration in it, that they could not be, even called
a party.

Under the aforesaid act of congress. Return J. Meigs, then
governor of Ohio, raised three regiments of volunteers, for
twelve months. This was in April and May 1812. After
electing their officers, at Dayton perhaps, where three regi-
ments had rendezvoused; they were numbered first, second
and third. The first, was commanded by Duncan McArthur,
its Colopel; the second, by Colonel James Findlay; and
the third, by Colonel Lewis Cass. Early in June, these troops
marched up the Great Miami, to Staunton, where they were
paid off' — they then marched over to Urbana, where they were
joined by Boyd's, or as it was called, the 4th regiment of regular

1 90 HFSTORT OF OHIO,

troops, who had been in the battle of Tippecanoe, in the autumn
before. The latter regiment was commanded bv Colonel
Miller.

By about the middle of June, this little army, of about twen-
ty-five hundred men, left Urbana, under the command of gov-
ernor Hull, and proceeding northward, they encamped a short
time, about twenty-four miles north of Urbana, and erected a
block house, and called it McArthur's block house. This was
done by the first regiment. After resting here a short time,
they moved forward again, and got into a swamp, and, from
necessity, encamped in it, and erected a block house there,
which they called " Necessity." The second regiment, under
Findlay, had got ahead of McArthur's regiment, and had
encamped, and erected a block house, and called it Fort Find-
lay. The town of Findlay the shire town of Hancock county,
stands, where this block house was erected. After the armj^
reached McArthur's block house, until they struck the Mau-
mee, where Perrysburgh now is, the whole country was covered
with a dense forest, which had to be cleared away for the wag-
ons and heavy baggage to pass along, in the rear of the array.
These block houses were stations erected where the provi-
sions could be stored, not wanted for immediate use. Like
taverns, on our roads, they served as stations for travelers to
stop at, as they were passing and repassing between the armj'^,
and the settled parts of the country. And as the armv moved
forward, the first block house, was erected twenty miles north
of Urbana, the next in a swamp, some fifteen miles or more
further north; and Fort Findlay was about fifteen or twenty
miles north of Necessity. From thence through the " black
swamp," it is about thirty-six miles, or less, due north, in a
right line, to the Maumee, at Perrysburgh. Through this
swamp, the army marched, followed by one hundred and six
heavy wagons, thirteen of which, stuck fast in the mud and
there remained scattered along in the route of the army, and
served as guides, to show, where Hull's army had passed along
on its march.

The army reached the Maumee on the thirtieth day of June,

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191

only fifteen days after they had left Dayton. Within this time,
they bad marched one hundred and twenty miles, built block
houses, at suitable points on their route ; cut their roads through
a dense forest; and marched through, about forty miles of
swamp, knee deep, at every step, to the men. Doctor Eu.stis,
the secretary of war, had despatched a special messenger, to
General Hull, conveying a letter dated the 18th day of June, the
same day which the President signed the act declaring war.
This messenger, with a letter specially sent to Governor
Hull, by the secretary of war, overtook the army in the black
swamp, on the 26th day of June. In this letter, the secretary
forgot to mention, as a trifling circumstance, the declaration
of war, but, hinted that something of that sort, might bo
expected, soon. Four days after the reception of this letter,
General Hull reached the lower end of the rapids, of the Mau-
mee, and passed over the river in boats. He chartered a lake
vessel to carry his most valuable baggage and effects, from the
Maumee, to Detroit. In this vessel, he put his trunk, coniaiii-
ing all his official papers, and a full account of his strength; the
names of all his officers, payrolls of his army, and every thing-
which could be of much value to the enemy, and ordered this
vessel off, past Maiden, the British garrison, which it miist
pass, in order to arrive at Detroit. This vessel, thus freight-
ed, under the command of a Lieutenant and thirty men, fell
necessarily into the possession of the enemy, at Maiden. Any
man of sense must have known such would be the result, of
such folly.

The British legation, at Washington city, had sent express-
es with the news of war to all their posts on the upper lakes,
whereas the first news of the war that our army received, was
through a common newspaper, which reached them through
the common mail .route. The army arrived at Detroit on the
5th of July, and being quite fatigued, after their toilsome
march, they rested several days. On the 2d of July, General
Hull received a letter from the Secretary of war, informing
him that war was declared. On the 9th he received another
letter, from the Secretary, directing him, if consistent with

192 HISTORY OF OHIO.

the safety of his post to take Maiden, and extend his con-
quests around him. Hull, in reply, said that his force was in-
sufficient to make the attempt. On the next day he reitera-
ted the same opinion in another letter to Doctor Eustis, and
then on the twelfth of July, without receiving any addi-
tional force, and his baggage-wagons had not then yet arri-
ved, only in part; early in the day, he crossed over the
river into Canada, and issued a most boastful proclamation,
in which he invited the Canadians to join his standard. He
continued at Sandwich, where he had landed, three days, re-
conoitering the country, and collecting provisions. On the
15th a party under Cass attempted to cross the Ducks, a
stream, four miles from Maiden. They crossed the creek,
drove the enemy from the bridge and the ford, and returned
again to Sandwich.

On the first of August, General Hull learned that the Brit-
ish had taken Mackinaw on the 17th of July, and were on
their way to attack him. ?uackinaw was under the command
of Lieutenant Hanks, and fifty-six men, who had no knowledge
of the war, until they were summoned to surrender the fort,
to the enemy. The force which took Mackinaw, amounted to
about six hundred soldiers, from Maiden, besides Indians. This
news of the loss of Mackinaw, filled the mind of General Hull
with consternation. He saw nothing to prevent the approach
of all the savacfes of the northwest. Bv this time, Hull's artil-
lery had reached him and he had provisions sufficient for about
fifteen days. On the 7th day of August, Hull issued an order
for the army to recross the river into Detroit. This order was
so unexpected by the army that it fell upon it like a thunder
bolt. All confidence in the commander-in-chief, was lost, in
an instant, and the men with difficulty obeyed their own offi-
cers. However on the 8th they recro>sed the river, and took
post at Detroit. On the 14th, General Brock, the British
commander-in-chief, took a position opposite Detroit, and be-
gan to fortify it by erecting batteries. On the next day he
summoned Hull to surrender, which he utterly refused to do,
in reply. Brock opened his battaries and threw bombs during

WAR. WITH GREAT BRITAIN. l93

the night, for the purpose of diverting Hull's attention from
what Brock was then doing. In the morning it was discovered
that the enemy had landed at Springwells. Having thus
landed in safety, and without opposition at 10 o'clock A. M.,
he marched in columns twelve deep, to attack the American
garrison. The fort, or as our soldiers used to call it, " the
sheep pen," was so situated, that the enemy could approach
within two hundred yards of it, before the guns of the garri-
son could injure them. A detachment of the American force
however, was sent out, and judiciously posted to prevent
the advance of the enemy. But at the very moment, when
every American in the army, except its commander, was rea^
dy and anxious to begin the mortal combat, with an enemy of
inferior numbers, consisting mostly of either raw militia, or of
Indians; what were the emotions of our army, when they
were ordered into the fort, and to lay down their arms? They
reluctantly obeyed, and a white flag was raised, on the fort.
Without shedding a drop of blood — -without firing a single gun,
the fort, with all its cannon, taken with Burgoyne, at Sarato-
ga, from the British, with a vast amount of powder, lead, can-
non balls, and all the munitions of war— ^all — all were surren-
dered, unconditionally surrendered, to the enemy. The enemy
himself, must have doubted his own senses on that occasion.
Let us see, twentyfive hundred men with all their arms; twen^
ty-five pieces of iron cannon, and eight brass ones; forty
barrels -_' powder, all were surrendered without firing a gun,
to about one thousand militia and a few Indians ! It was even
so done by General HuU^ Madison's commander-in-chief of
the North Western army.

Colonels McArthur and Cass, with about four hundred of
the very best troops, in the arnly, had been despatched (just
at the very moment, they would be most needed) under
the pretence of guarding the wagons, with the provisions,
which Governor Meigs of Ohio, was forwarding to the army.
These troops under McArthur and Ca&s had marched about
forty miles into the country, among the whortleberry hills of
25

194 HISTORY OF OHIO*

Michigan and then marched back again, without seeing any
provisions, until they had arrived vi'ithin about nine miles of
Detroit, on their return. Here they were refreshing them-
selves, on the products of some bee-hives and a fat steer, which
they had just killed. Here they were met by a flag of truce
borne by a british officer, and a file of men, from whom they
learned that they were prisoners of war! They marched for-
ward to Detroit, laid down their arms on the pavement, and
were marched into the fort, which was then so crowded that
there was scarcely room for them to lie down in it.

Captain Brush who was guarding the provisions was inclu-
ded in the capitulation, as well as the provisions themselves;
and as if that were not enough, all the troops who were
then marching to join Hull's army, we presume, amounting to
ten thousand in all, were also surrendered. These, however,
never gave themselves up, but returned home.

Thus ended this expedition. The militia were allowed to
return home on their parol of honor not to serve in the war
until exchanged. They were landed on our shore along lake
Erie, at different points. The company from Circleville, com-
manded by captain Bartholomew Fryatt, lieutenant Richard
Douglas, and ensign Pinney, were landed at the mouth of Hu-
ron river from an open boat, in which seventy-two of the com-
pany, had come from Detroit. From thence they made their
way home through Mansfield, Mt. Vernon, Newark and Lan-
caster, on their route. Other companies landed at Cleveland
and so came across the state to their homes, on the Scioto
river.

General Hull and the regular officers, and soldiers were
reserved for the triumphant entry of the British officers, mto
Montreal and Quebec. Thither they were taken, and Hull
himself, seated in an old, ragged, open carriage, was drawn
through the streets of Montreal, and thus exhibited as a raree
show, to the natives there assembled. But the heart sickens
at the recital; and we dismiss Hull, and his expedition, with
the single remark, that he was afterwards tried for his con-
duct by a court martial on three charges, viz: First, for

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 195

treason; second, coward ise, and third, unofficer like conduct.
He was found guilty of the two last, condemned to death, and
pardoned by the President, who had appointed such an inef^
ficient creature to his high station of commander-in-chief of
the North. Western army. He was broke though, and we do
not regret to state, is long since dead. We now return to
Ohio.

Before the surrender of Hull's army, the then Governor of
Kentucky, Charles Scott, had invited general Harrison, gover-
nor of Indiana territory, to visit Frankfort to consult on the
subject of defending the northwestern frontier. This was early
in July, before Hull's disaster. Governor Harrison had visited
Governor Scott, and finally on the 25th of August, 1812,
having accepted the appointment of major general of the
Kentucky militia, escorted by lieutenant colonel Martin D.
Hardin, of Allen's regiment, by riding all night, reached
Cincinnati, at 8 o'clock in the morning of the 27th of that
month. On the 30th of August he left Cincinnati, and fol-
lowing the regiments, which he was about to command, and
who were marching to Piqua, he overtook them forty miles on
their route, below Dayton, on the morning of the thirty-first.
These troops as he passed them from rear to front gave their
General three hearty cheers of welcome. On the 1st of Sep-
tember, these troops reached Dayton. As they were marching
between Dayton and Piqua, Harrison was overtaken by an
express from the war department, informing him that he was
on the 22d of August, appointed a brigadier general in the Uni-
ted States army, to command all the troops in Indiana and
Illinois territories. Until he could hear from the government
after the fall of Hull's army was known, and acted on, Harri-
son declined accepting this commission. On the 3d of Septem-
ber the troops arrived at Piqua. Harrison now learned that
Fort Wayne was about to be besieged by the Indians, he
therefore despatched colonel Allen's regiment, and three com-!
panics from his other regiments with instructions to make for-
ced marches for the relief of the garrison. A regiment of
Ohio volunteers seven hundred strong, he ordered forward to

1 96 HIST0R7 OF OHIO.

Shane's crossing of the Sta. Mary's. Early on the 6th of Sep.
tember, he ordered forward all the remaining troops. On the
8th they overtook Allen's regiment at Girtystown on the Sta.
Mary's. On the 19th a reconoitering party of twenty men was
sent forward. The enemy learning the near approach of our
army, abandoned all their positions around the fort and fled off
in dismay. Before this time, twenty days, General James
Winchester of Tennessee, an old revolutionary officer, had
been appointed a brigadier general, and while he was in Lex-
ington, Kentucky, on his way to join Hull's army, he was or-
dered to take the command, temporarily, of all the troops in
Ohio. To him, therefore. Governor William Henry Harri-
son, resigned that portion of his assumed command, if we may
so call it. However, Winchester's command lasted but a few
days, for on the 17th September, 1812, Harrison was appoin,
ted CoMMANDER-iN'CHiEF, of all the troops, in the North Wes-
tern Territory. He was ordered, as soon as practicable to
retake Detroit.

On taking command of the troops, he found them in their
summer clothes, without a sock or a mitten for winter. Many
of them were without shoes. In this case, the General ap-
plied to the government, but through fear of their not attend-
ing to this matter, Harrison addressed a letter, which was re-
published all over Kentucky and Ohio, calling on the weaU
thier citizens to contribute these articles forthwith to their
patriotic defenders. This call was attended to and these arti-
cles saved many from being frost bitten. In this address the
eloquent General asked, " can any citizen sleep easy in his
bed of down, while the centinel who defends him, stands in a
Canadian climate, clad only in a linen hunting shirt?" Af.
ter his appointment, Harrison pushed forward to Defiance, at
the mouth of the Auglaize. Leaving this post under the com-
mand of Winchester, we find him, at Franklinton on the 13th
of October. Here he established his head quarters.

But it is necessary that we should go back, and learn what
else had been doing in this state, by others, besides those with
Harrison. «

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 197

In March 1812, Colonel John Miller was ordered to raise a
regiment of infantry in Ohio. He sent his subaltern officers
into different parts of the state to enlist soldiers; this was early
in May. In July, these recruits rendezvoused at Chillicothe,
but, they amounted to only one hundred and forty men. These
troops were placed under the command of captain Angus Lewis
Langham, lieutenant George W. Jackson and ensign John E.
Morgan, and were ordered off to the frontiers. They marched
to Piqua, where leaving ensign Morgan, with about forty pri-
vates, to guard that place, and erect suitable works of defence,
Captain Langham joined Winchester at Defiance.

Just about this time, Fort Wayne was attacked by the Indi-
ans, and Colonel John Johnston, the Indian agent, at Piqua
having lost a brother, in the attack on that fort, was induced
to ask for the force, which ensign Morgan commanded, to be
stationed at the agency house. These men, under Morgan
erected two block houses, at Piqua. Johnston in the meantime
was engaged in holding councils with the Indians, in order to
prevent their joining the common enemy.

GENERAL TUPPER's EXPEDITION.

In July 1812, General Edward W. Tupper, of Gallia county,
had raised about one thousand men, for six months duty. They
were mostly volunteers and infantry, but they were accom-
panied by Woraeldorf's troop of cavalry, of Gallia county.
This force was mostly raised i'n what are now Gallia, Law-
rence and Jackson counties.

They marched under the orders of General Winchester through
Chillicothe and Urbana and on to the Maumee river. Hav-
ing reached the Maumee in August, we believe, of that year,
an Indian or two, had been discovered, about their camp. Gen-
eral Winchester ordered Tupper to follow the enemy, and dis-
cover his camp, if one was near. For this purpose, Tupper
ordered out, a small party to reconoitre the country. This
party pursued the Indians some six miles or more, and return-
ed without Ending any enemy. Winchester was offended, and

198 HISTORY OF OHIO.

ordered Tupper to send out a larger force, but, the troops with
their half starved horses, and without a sufficiency of ammuni-
tion, refused to go. Winchester, in a rage, ordered Tupper him-
self to go with all his mounted men. Obeying this order, as
he was just about to march, a Kentucky officer, came to him
and offered to join the party, in any situation, which Tupper
should assign him. Tupper appointed him, his aid, but, soon
afterwards, taking Tupper aside, he showed him Winchester's
orders, appointing this Kentuckian, to command the reconoitcr-
ing party! This conduct so irritated Tupper and his troops,
that they applied to the commander-in-chief to be allowed to
serve under him. This was sometime afterwards, as soon as Gen-
eral Harrison had assumed the command of all the Northwestern
army. Tupper moved down the Maumee near to the lower end
of the rapids, where they usually cro.ssed, at a fording place.
The Indians in large numbers showed themselves, on the side
of the river opposite Tupper's camp. He attempted to cross
the river with his troops in the night. The current was rapid,
his horses and men were feeble, being half starved, and the
rocky bottom was slippery. The current swept away some of
the horses and infantry into the deep water. Seeing this, dis-
heartened those who were left behind on the eastern bank of
the river so that only a small number of men crossed over the
Maumee. Those who had crossed, had wetted their airmiuni-
tion, and finally all returned back into their camp before day.
The Indians were hovering about the camp, and a few were
killed on both sides.

Finally, all the British Indians, along the river, anywhere
near by, collected all their forces, and attacked Tupper and
his troops on all sides. The enemy had, from one thousand to
twelve hundred men, whereas, from sickness, and various casu-
alties, our force, amounted to only about eight hundred men,
and they were badly supplied with provisions and ammunition.
However, they fought bravely, drove off the enemy, and killed
and wounded a large number of his warriors. Their own loss
was trifling, losing only twenty or thirty in all, in the action.

The enemy acknowledged the loss of upwards of fifty kill-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 199

ed; one hundred and fifty wounded. It is highly probable that
their loss was at least, three hundred. Our troops were all
sharpshooters, and real backwoodsmen, who were well accus-
tomed to the use of the rifle, in the woods, where they dwelt,
when at home. The fate of the enemy would have been much
more disastrous, had not our new recruits, half starved^ as they
were, while pursuing the flying enemy fallen in with a drove
of fat hogs, in a corn field. Leaving the pursuit of the enemy,
they killed many hogs, until attacked by the Indians, and los-
ing four men killed, they turned on the enemy, and drove him
over the river. The British returned to Detroit, and our
troops returned to fort McArthur.

bAssisineway expedition.

On the 25th of November 1812, General Harrison ordered
a detachment of six hundred men, mostly mounted, to march
from the head quarters, at Franklinton, to attack and destroy
the Indian towns, on the Missisineway river, one of the head
waters of the Wabash river. The expedition consisted of Sim-
eral's regiment,of Kentucky volunteer dragoons of six months
men; Major James V. Ball's squadron of United States dra-
goons; Captain Elliot's company of the 19th regiment of infan-
try ; a small company of volunteer riflemen, from about Greens-
burg, Pennsylvania, commanded by Captain Alexander; the
Pittsburgh Blues, volunteer light infantry, commanded by Cap-
tain James Butler; Captain Markley's troop of horse, from
Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Lee's de-
tatchment of Michigan militia ; and Captain Garrard's troop
of horse, from Lexington, Kentucky. All these troops amount-
ed to six hundred men, Avho were mounted; and they were
commanded, by Lieutenant Colonel John B. Campbell, of the
United States 19th regiment^ and James V. Ball, a Major of
the United States dragoons. Marching from Franklinton, this
expedition passed through Xenia to Dayton, where they were
delayed some days, before they could procure the horses neces-
sary for them in addition to those they had already. They

900 HTSTORT or OHIO.

bate drew tfaeir proviskcis ibr ten dsiTs, uriiidi they tmiii
aloDf vith them tduKiugii the forests, in tbeir rixite. TiMQr
bete tooydrew eftch nmi an )U3», whkh beiof nade of oa;^ irocK
or pot mettle, in some eastetn state, hiv4e into many iiafnieMs,
as soon as ueed» by the !S>cktdier«, in the Imii^oi CMintry. Hav-
iojg^ drawn thw hor»^ ans and piovtsious^ Rm* ten days;, they
marched from Dayton« and passing near where Greenrtllo now
is they finally reached the Missi^iuevray. This stteam they
followed downwards. Having arrived vrtthiu twenty miles of
the Indian town, located highest on the stream. Colonel Omip-
bell, called a council of war, to ast the advice of his odkers.
what line of conduct it was b^:t for the expedition, now t)0 pur^
suet This was on the eveniog of the third day firom Green-
rUle, Tbeir advice was, to ttvai>ch all that night, and take the
enemy by ^rprise. The march continued all night, and. had
not some Kentuckian given an Indian yell, when the [ndian
Tillage was entered very early in the next utoming, the ene-
my would haTe been taken by surprise. As it was. however,
eight warriors were killed, and ftatv twx\ uven. w«iK>a and
children were taken prisoners. This, was the first of a succes-
sion of villages.

MoQceytown, in Delaware county. Indiana, b near the place,
where this, then, Indian town was. Pressing flvward. they de-
$t^v\^■^ed three other Indian towns lower down the river and re-
turned to the site of the first destroyed town. They had lost c nly
a ten- men, and had killed manv of the enemy, and had taken
forty or fifty prisoners. On this spot, where the first tsxru had
been destroyed, early on the morning of the 18th of Doceiuber,
they were attacked by several hundred Indians. The dra-
goons met the enemy, and dislodged his WTirriors. firom the cov-
ert, where he had assailed them, in the edge of a Rarest, behind
some old follen timbers. Driving hini troni his position, our
troope killed many fodians, and drove off his forces into the
woods- Forty dead bodies of the enemy were toiind. on the
battle grwitvd, the remainder were carried otf by him. We lost
twehrc killed and about three times that number were wound-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 201

ed. Our dragoons lost a large number of horses, which the
enemy shot, in the battle.

The objects of the expedition, having been accomplished, the
troops returned, by easy marches, to New Lexington, where
leaving the wounded, Campbell returned without molestation
from the enemy, to Greenville, where he arrived on the even-
ing of the 24th of December 1S12. The roads were in as hor-
rible a condition as frost, snow, mud and ice could make them,
as the weather changed from the time of the commencement
to the completion of the expedition. Their horses were almost
starved, the soldiers were one and all, more or less frost bitten,
so far as their noses, ears and toes were concerned, in the pro-
cess. They were badly supplied with provisions and even
ammunition was wanting. The expedition returned early in
January.

In this expedition, among the killed, at Monceytown, was
the brave Captain Pierce of Zanesville, who fought bravely
and fell on the morning of the 18th of December. Lieutenant
Waltz was also slain. He belonged to Markley's troop of cav-
alry. These officers were deeply lamented, by all who knew
them. They had given evidence of capacity, as well as pru-
dence and valor.

This expedition was commenced and carried on during the
same time, that Bonaparte, was retreating from Moscow. The
weather was so severe in Ohio and Indiana, when our troops
were on their return, that they suffered severely. Not toes
and ears only, were frost bitten, but the very soles of the sol-
diers' feet suffered. Not less than one hundred and eighty
men, of this expedition, were thus frost bitten. We had
forgotten, inadvertantly, to mention the wounded, they were,
captain Trotter, lieutenants, Hedges, Basey and Hickman.

The object, of this expedition, was to prevent the enemy
from having a place of safety, from whence, he could issue, and
interrupt the intercourse between our settlements and Fort
Wayne, then occupied by our troops. It was to drive him far-
ther off on to the St. Joseph's of Michigan, so that he could
26

202 HISTORY OF OHIO.

not waylay our parties, as they were passing and repassing,
between our settlements and troops, then concentrating on the
Maumee river. These, in short, were the reasons, (and very
Bound ones, too,) which General Harrison assigned in his letter
to the secretary of war, dated 15th November 1812, for send-
ing out this expedition. The result answered his expectations

in full.

Having determined on a winter's campaign, for the recove-
ry of Detroit and Michigan Territory, it was the commanding
General's intention, to occupy a line of posts, from Fort
Wayne, to the foot of the Maumee rapids, inclusive. For this
purpose, Winchester occupied Forts Wayne and Defiance.
With this view, Perkins's brigade, in part, had been marched
forward to Lower Sandusky. This brigade was from the north-
ern counties of Ohio. They repaired an old stockade, which
had been erected to protect an old United States store-house
there. This was done early in December. By the tenth of
that month, a battalion of Pennsylvanians arrived at Upper-
Sandusky, under the command of Lieutenant Hukill, bring-
ino- twenty-one pieces of artillery from Pittsburgh. General
Harrison, immediately thereafter, sent a regiment, of the
same troops, to the same place. He also ordered there, some
companies of Virginians, and on the twentieth he arrived there
in person, and there established his head quarters. It was
there, that he received Campbell's official account of the Mis-
sisineway expedition. This news and other circumstances
necessarily drew the General into the interior, to Chillicothe, to
consult with Governor Meigs, about the means to be used, to
keep open a communication between the Upper Miami, and
the Maumee river, and to hasten forward, men and provisions.
In expectation of information from General Winchester, that
he had descended the Maumee to its rapids, and taken
post there, by General Harrison's orders, the army at Upper
Sandusky, was now employed in cutting roads, erecting
bridges, and moving forward, towards the Maumee, the can-
non, provisions, and heavy baggage. General Harrison, re-
turning from the interior to head quarters, hearing nothing

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 203

from Winchester, ordered Charles S. Tod, a judge advocate in
the army, to reach Winchester, ascertain his position, and
what he was doing, to deliver, also, the orders of Harrison to
him. Tod, our late minister to Colombia, taking along with
him, two or three gentlemen of Michigan, and as many Wyan-
dot Indians, proceeded directly across the country, through
" the black swamp," with secrecy and despatch, eluding all
the scouts of the enemy, and reached Winchester in safety.
He then delivered his orders from General Harrison to Win-
chester: " that as soon as he had twenty days provisions, to
move forward to the rapids ; to erect block houses, as if he in-
tended to winter there ; to build sleds as if to bring on provi-
sions from the interior, for the support of his army, during the
winter."

On the 10th of January, 1813, General Winchester, with
his little army arrived at the rapids, having previously sent for-
ward a detachment of six hundred and seventy men under
General Payne, to attack a body of troops belonging to the
enemy, which he understood were posted where Toledo now
stands on Swan creek.

Having descended the Mauraee below the old British garri-
son, at the foot of the rapids. General Payne ordered some
spies forward to reconnoiter the ground where he understood
the enemy was posted, but finding no enemy there, these spies
returned to the detachment, to which they belonged. The
whole command under Payne now returned to Winchester, at a
place, opposite the middle of the rapids. On the northern bank
of the Maumee, Winchester, posted himself. His position was
just above Wayne's battle ground, and precisely opposite, the
spot where Hull's road struck the rapids. On an eminence
surrounded by woods, and beyond them, prairies, the encamp-
ment was of an oval form, and well chosen. A few Indians
were discovered by our army, routed and driven off, on the
tenth. On the 11th of January, Winchester sent a despatch,
to General Harrison, informing him, of all he had done, but,
being sent, by some men who were taking back some of Tup-
per's worn out horses, the message, went to Fort McArthur,

204 HISTORY OF OHIO.

where Tupper lay, and finally, reached Harrison, at the rapids,
from whence it had been forwarded, several weeks before its
reception. Winchester erected a large store house, in his en-
campment, and, filled it with corn, from the fields aroimd him.
He also contrived the means of shelling and pounding it,
whereby he supplied his troops with good wholesome bread,
such as they were used to, and were fond of eating at home.
On the 13th of January, Winchester received information,
through two Frenchman, that the Indians, threatened to burn
Frenchtown,on the river Raisin, twenty-six miles from Detroit.
These people claimed the protection of the Americans. On
the 14th the citizens of Frenchtown, repeated their urgent
request. On the 16th the two messengers, repeated the pit-
eous request, urging the necessity of protecting them, other-
wise, as our army advanced towards them, their town would
be burnt, and themselves all massacred. These messengers
stated the enemy's force to be, two companies of Canadians, and
two hundred Indians, but they feared more would soon be there.
These different messengers created a great ferment in the
minds of our troops. They could without a murmur, bear
great sufferings for their country, but such appeals from these
Canadians, who pyossessed so much friendship for us, these Ken-
tuckians could not longer bear. So a council of war was call-
ed, to deliberate on the matter. This council of war decided
by an overwhelming majority, that a strong detachment should
forthwith, be sent forward to protect these Canadians. In ac-
cordance with this decision, Winchester, ordered Colonel Lew-
is, with five hundred and fifty men, to march to the river
Raisin. This march was commenced on the morning of the
17th of January 1813.

Within a few hours after Lewis had marched out of the
camp, he was followed by Colonel Allen, with one hundred
and ten more troops. The latter came up with Lewis, late
that evening, at Presque Isle, where he had encamped for the
night, twenty miles from Winchester's head quarters. Here
Lewis was informed, by an express from the river Raisin, that
four hundred Indians were there, and that Elliot was moment-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 205

ly expected there with a force, with which, he intended to at-
tack Winchester on the Maumee. Despatcliing a messenger
with this news, to the head quarters at the rapids, he early
next morning, marched for Freiichtown, intending to reach
that place before Elliot's arrival. The village which he was
marching to defend, was located precisely half way between
Presque Isle and Maiden, eighteen miles, from each place.
Lewis's march was either on the ice of Maumee bay, or on that
of lake Erie. Six miles from Frenchtown he was discovered
by a few Indians who gave the alarm to the main body of the
enemy. Our army now halted and prepared to leave the lake
and march to the town. They took some refreshments, then
forming three lines, they passed through a piece of woods and
moved forward through an open prairie, in order of battle.
Colonel Allen commanded the right line composed of the com-
panies under captains McCracken, Bledsoe and Matson.
The left line, composed of the companies under captains Ham-
ilton, Williams and Kelly was commanded by major Graves.
The centre consisted of the companies of captains Hightower,
Collier and Sebree, commanded by major Madison, nephew of
the then President of the United States. In front of these
three lines, as a guard, marched the coiflpanies of Hickman,
Graves and James, commanded by Captain Ballard, acting as
major. Thus marching forward, they reached Frenchtown.
When within eighty rods of the town they saw the enemy in
motion among the houses, and behind the fences around the
gardens. Him they drove thence, from all his coverts and
hiding places, into a wood. Here he made a stand with his
howitzer and small arms, but all in vain. Our troops drove
him out of the woods, a distance of two miles, every step un-
der a charge, for the last hour. It was now dark. The ac-
tion had commenced at three o'clock in the afternoon. Return-
ing to the village, of which they took peaceable possession,
and occupied it unmolested, until morning. In this warmly
contested action, every officer, and every soldier did his duty.
Our loss was twelve killed and fifty-five wounded. Among
the latter, were captains Hickman, Matson and Ballard.

206 HISTORY OF OHIO.

The enemy left fifteen dead in the open field, but as the
principal fighting took place in the woods, about dark — and
from appearances, next day, on that portion of the battle
ground, from which the enemy had carried off his killed and
wounded, his loss must have been very severe. The enemy
was commanded by major Reynolds of the regular British
army. He had one thousand regulars and four hundred Indi-
ans under him, in this contest.

Our troops were now located in a village where they had
all the necessaries of life, and many of its comforts. The
wounded were well accommodated and faithfully nursed.

Lewis informed Winchester of his success on the night af-
ter the battle, the express reaching the rapids before daylight
next morning. This news inflamed the minds of our troops at
the rapids, with a determination to march forward and sus-
tain the advanced corps, now though victorious, evidently in
peril, from its vicinity to the British head quarters, only eigh-
teen miles distant from Frenchtown. General Winchester,
with two hundred and fifty men, which were all that could be
spared from the rapids, on the evening of the 19th of January,
marched directly towards Frenchtown where he arrived on
the evening of the 20th. On the right of Lewis's encamp-
ment, in an open lot of ground, Winchester on his arrival
posted his two hundred and fifty men. Lewis had encamped
where he was protected from small arms by garden pickets.

On the south side of the river, three hundred yards distant
from his army, lying on the north side of the river, Winches-
ter took up his quarters for the night. That same evening,
the 20th, a Frenchman came from Maiden to Winchester,
and informed him that a large force amounting to three thou-
sand men was on the point of leaving the enemy's head quar-
ters, for Frenchtown. To this news, Winchester paid no at-
tention. A most fatal security prevailed in our army ; many
of the soldiers wandered about the town, until a late hour at
night. On the next night, guards were stationed as usual,
but no guard was placed on the road leading to Maiden. On
this road, unmolested and unobserved by our troops, the ene-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 207

my approached that night, within three hundred yards of our
army, and posted himself with his artillery, behind a ravine,
which run across the plain on the right of our troops. A few
minutes after the reveille was beat next morning, our army
heard three guns, in quick succession, after each other, which
were fired by our sentinels. Instantly afterwards, the enemy
opened a fire upon our troops, three hundred yards distant from
them. Their artillery discharged balls, bombs and grape shot.
As soon as the enemy approached Lewis' command near
enough, he opened, from behind his pickets, a well directed
fire of musketry upon him. The Indians of the enemy,
opened their yells on the right and left flanks of the British
army. Lewis soon repulsed all that approached him. Win-
chester's force encamped in an open field, unprotected, sooi
gave way, and being surrounded by Indians, that portion of
our troops were panic stricken, and so fled in dismay and
confusion over the river. Even a reinforcement which Lew-
is, from behind his pickets, had sent to assist them, was car-
ried along with it. Attempts were now made by Winchester
and tw« colonels, to rally these flying troops on the south side
of the river, but in vain. The Indians had gained their left
flank and taken possession of the woods in their rear. This
detachment in their terror and confusion attempted to pass
through a long narrow road, which led out of the town. The
savages posting themselves on both sides of this lane behind
its fences, shot down not a few of our troops in this road.
More than one hundred of our men, gained the woods on their
right where they were instantly surrounded by Indians, shot
down, scalped and tomahawked. Horrible destruction over-
whelmed the fugitives on all sides. Captain Simpson was
shot and tomahawked at the entrance into the lane. Colonel
Allen, though severely wounded in the thigh, attempted sev-
eral times to rally his men. Wounded as he was, he had es-
caped two miles, where exhausted with the loss of blood, and
worn down with fatigue, he seated himself on a log. An In-
dian warrior approached, and ordered to surrender.. An-
etfaer Indian approached with a hostile appearance, whom

208 HISTORY OF OHIO.

the Colonel instantly killed. A third Indian then came near
him and shot him dead. Captain Mead was killed at the com-
mencement of the action. A party under lieutenant Gar-
rett consisting of fifteen or twenty men, retreated a mile and a
half, where they were surrendered and massacred, all but the
lieutenant himself.

The snow was deep, our men were completely exhausted in
the latter part of the action, and so fell an easy prey to a
merciless enemy. General Winchester and colonel Lewis were
taken prisoners at a bridge about three-fourths of a mile from
the town. Stripping them of their coats, they were carried
to colonel Proctor by their captors.

All this time, amidst all this desolation and death, Madison
and Graves maintained their position behind their pickets,
with more than Spartan valor. Proctor finding it useless lon-
ger to assail this little band of heroes, withdrew his forces
from before it, and posted himself in some woods, beyond the
reach of our rifles. As soon as Proctor ascertained that Win-
chester was taken prisoner, he determined to get possession of
Madison, Graves and their men behind the pickets, without
further contest. Winchester instantly agreed to surrender
these brave men. Major Overton, his aid, accompanied by
Proctor himself, and several British officers, carried a flag of
truce and an order from Winchester, directed to Madison and
Graves to surrender themselves and men to the enemy. Af-
ter some threats from Proctor, and some little altercation be-
tween them, the British commander agreed to receive a sur-
render on the following terms : " that private property should
be respected — that sleds should be provided next morning to
convey the wounded to Amherstburgh near Maiden — that in
the meantime they should be protected by a guard — and final-
ly, that the side arms of the officers should be restored to them
at Maiden." Reduced to half a keg of cartridges, surround-
ed by three times their own number of enemies, without any
hope of being reinforced from any quarter, it would have
been madness in them to refuse such terms, and Madison and
Graves did surrender on these terms, and relied on British hon-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 209

or to see them observed. Proctor and the army under him, at
noon, marched off to Maiden, leaving only Reynolds, and
two or three other officers, as a guard to protect the sick and
the wounded!

Next morning about daylight, instead of sleds^ two
hundred Indians arrived from Maiden. They soon deter-
mined to murder all the wounded. Raising their frantic yells,
painted black, they began to plunder the houses of the inhab-
itants. They next broke into the houses where the wounded
were, plundered, tomahawked and scalped theni without mercy.
Soon afterwards, the houses of Jean B; Jerome and Gabriel
Godfrey, which contained nearly all the wounded, were set on
fire. In these houses were consumed most of the wounded
prisoners. Several who were able to crawl, endeavored to es-
cape at the windowsj but they were tomahawked and pushed
back into the houses and consumed in the flames. Others were
killed in the streets and thrown into the burning houses and
there consumed in the fire. Many were killed in the streets,
horridly mangled and there left by the savages. We might
fill several pages with these horrid details, all going to prove,
beyond all doubt, that Proctor, Elliot and the British officers
ordered these horrid murders of the wounded prisoners. But
what is more sickening still to the human heart, is the fact,
that the British government, as soon as well informed of these
butcheries in cold blood, of our countrymen, promoted colonel
Proctor, on their account, to be a major general, in their regular
army. What shall we say of such a government? Language
cannot express our horror, our scorn, and indignation, on this
occasion.

In this action we lost in killed, massacred and missing, two
hundred and ninety men. The British captured five hundred
a.nd forty-seven prisoners ; the Indians, forty-five, and thirty-
three escaped to the rapids. When the action commenced, we
had eight hundred and fifty effective men, the enemy had two
thousand. He lost, as near as we could learn, between three
and four hundred men.
27

210 HISTORY OF OHIO.

These Kentuckians thus slaughtered, belonged to the best
families in Kentucky, and the news of their untimely fate
clothed all the people of that state, in mourning. Mrs. Hen-
ry Clay, lost a brother, who was taken prisoner, wounded, kill-
ed, tomahawked and scalped by the savages — Nathaniel G. S.
Hart, inspector general of the army.

For a disaster so dreadful, who is to be blamed? Not gen-
eral Harrison, because he never ordered such a rash move-
ment of Winchester's force, nor even authorized, or counte-
nanced it. Indeed, Harrison had no knowledge of the move-
ment until Winchester's express informed him of Lewis' move-
ment at Lower Sandusky, sixty or seventy miles distant from
the rapids. Harrison despatched three hundred men, however,
and a piece of artillery, to the rapids. The roads were so bad
that the cannon did not reach the rapids until after the fatal dis-
aster. On the morning of the 19th, at four o'clock, another ex-
press arrived from the rapids and confirmed the former report
that Lewis had marched to the River Raisin. A regiment and
a battalion lay at Lower Sandusky, and this regiment was in-
stantly marched off to the rapids. The General immediately
marched himself, thither across the Black Swamp. He travel-
ed forty miles in a day, leading his horse frequently and jump-
ing from bog to bog. He traveled thus all night, and reached the
rapids on the morning of the twelfth. General Winchester with
all his disposeable force, had left there in the night preceding
Harrison's arrival. Nothing now could be done but wait for
the arrival of the regiment, which was on its march from Lower
Sandusky. Harrison now clearly foresaw Winchester's inevi-
table fate. He had thrown himself into the very jaws of the
enemy, beyond the reach of succor; but all that Harrison
could do, was done by him.

On the evening of the 22nd, Perkins's regiment and a battal-
ion of other militia arrived at the rapids. The news of Win-
chester's defeat, also reached the rapids, late on the same even-
ing. Harrison now called a council of his officers, to take into
consideration what steps should then be taken? The unani-
mous opinion of this council was in favor of falling back eigh-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 2ll

teen miles to Portage river. This advise was instantly car-
ried into effect.

Being fully informed of the extent of Winchester's disaster,
General Harrison immediately thereafter, despatched Doctor
McKeehan, with medicines and gold, to Maiden, to admin-
ister relief to the wounded and sick prisoners, now con-
fined, with the other captives, in an open, muddy, wood yard ;
without fire, at Maiden. Harrison gave the Doctor an open
letter, addressed to any British officer, with whom he should
fall in with, on his route. Doctor McKeehan was accompanied,
in his cariole, by a Frenchman, as his guide. Bearing about
him, his commission of surgeon of our army, a quantity of me-
dicines, a considerable sum of money, in gold, his open letter
and a flag of truce, as an emblem, of the holy errand, upon
which he was sent; he and his guide, proceeded on their
way towards Maiden. As he journey'ed onwards, he was at-
tacked by the enemy, his companion slain, and himself woun-
ded, and made prisoner. In this condition he reached Maiden.
Proctor took from him, his gold, medicines, horse, cariole,
and flag of truce! Loading his prisoner, with heavy irons,
Proctor confined the doctor, in a dungeon. From Maiden,
Proctor sent him in irons to Niagara; from thence he was trans-
ported in irons, from dungeon to dungeon, all the way to Que-'
bee!! Are we describing the conduct of the savages on the
Niger? of the Upper Nile? or of some barbarous nation in the
heart of central Africa? No reader, we are stating, without
coloring, the treatment of Doctor , McKeehan, sent on the
holiest errand that any man could be sent, to a British army,
belonging to a nation, who professes to be, " the bulwark of
our religion!" A nation, professing more humanity and reli-
gion, than any other, in the world ! But - at the same time, a
nation, who for its numbers has shed more human blood than,
any other; a nation more cruel, more wicked; and who has done
less good in the world, than almost any other nation; who has
enslaved more men, and now holds them in bondage, than any
other nation, now or ever in existence.

The Christianity of the British government is shown, by

212 HISTORY OF OHIO.

supporting episcopacy in England, presbyterianism in Scot-
land; the Roman catholics in Canada; and idolatry in India!
The British government boasts of their efforts to send mission-
aries to the heathen! For every sixpence which they have
thus expended a thousand pounds have been spent bv them, in
shedding human blood, and in enslaving mankind. And, this
nation, thus steeped in human gore, dyed deep in infamy of
all sorts, now employs itself in reading moral lectures to us, on
the impropriety of our holding slaves. [See the Appendix— III.]

Doctor McKeehan, was finally released from his imprison-
ment in the succeeding May, but, his bodily constitution was
entirely destroyed, by the treatment which he had received.
He returned to his own country, but death, has long since re-
leased, the sufferer from his pains.

The sufferings of this Northwestern army at this time, may
be fairly estimated, from the contents of a letter of a Pittsburgh
volunteer to his friend : " On the 2nd day of our march, a
courier arrived from General Harrison, ordering the artillery to
advance with all possible speed. This was impossible from tho
snow, it being a perfect swamp, all the way. On the same
evening a messenger informed us, that the General had
retreated eighteen miles in rear of the rapids, to Portage river.
As many men as could be spared determined forthwith to rein-
force him there.

"Our company determined to advance. Early next morn-
ing at 2 o'clock A. M. our tents were struck, and in half an
hour, we were on our way advancing. I will candidly confess
that on that day, I regreted being a soldier. On that day, we
marched thirty miles, in an incessant rain. And I fear that
you will doubt my veracity, when I tell you, that for eight
miles of that thirty, it took us over the knees, and often up to
the middle. The black swamp, four miles from Portage river,
and four miles in extent, would have been considered impassa-
ble, by any men, not determined to surmount every obstacle.
The water on the ice, was about six inches deep — the ice was
very rotten, often breaking through four or five feet. That
night we encamped, on the best ground we could find, but it

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 213

was very wet. It was next to impossible, to raise fires. We
had no tents, no axes, our clothes perfectly wetted through,
and we had little to eat. From a brigade of packhorses, near
us, we got some flour; we killed a hog, from a drove ; our bread
we baked in the ashes, and our meat was broiled on the coals.
This was the sweetest meal, I ever ?ite. .Two logs rolled close
together, to keep us out of the water, was my bed."

From the Ohio river, to lake Erie, and from the Sandusky,
the Maumee river, inclusive (the ice excepted) the Pittsburgh
volunteer's description, is not a bad one of the roads, where
troops, pack horses, wagons and artillery were in motion, that
winter, except some few days, before and after new year's
day.

Still determined on regaining Detroit, that winter if possible ;
after urging forward to join him at the mouth of Portage river,
all the troops at Upper and Lower Sandusky, and their bag-
gage; about the first of February, 1813, Harrison was with
all his force, again at the Maumee rapids. As it was the
General's intention to make the ground at the rapids, his
grand depot of troops, stores, artillery, &c., he ordered cap-
tain Wood, of the Engineers to fortify that position. The
county whose seat of justice is near these rapids now bears
his name — Wood. The fort was afterwards named Meigs, in
honor of governor Meigs. About the 20th of February, the
term for which two brigades of Ohio militia had enlisted ex-
pired. They had behaved very well, and their officers ad-
dressed a parting letter to general Harrison highly compli-
mentary. Their names follow -. Edward W. Tupper, briga-
dier general ; Simon Perkins, brigadier general ; Charles Mil-
ler, colonel ; John Andrews, lieutenant colonel ; William
Raven, colonel; Robert Safford, lieutenant colonel; N.
Beasly, major; James Galloway, major; Solomon Bentley
major; George Darrow, major: W. W. Cotgreave, major;
Jacob Frederick, major.

These officers and their troops, had guarded the northeast-
ern frontier, from early in the summer of 1812, after Hull's
defeat. They had cut all the roads, and transported all the

214 HISTORY OF OHIO,

artillery on them to Fort Meigs, through a swamp, in fact of
one hundred and forty miles in width. They had been aided
in the winter, by some few volunteers from Pennsylvania,
Kentucky and Virginia.

These troops left the rapids on the 20th February. Before
this time the General saw the impossibility of reaching De-
troit that winter, and abandoned the idea of so doing. Leav-
ing the troops, in the garrison, he hastily departed into the in-
terior, by way of the Sanduskeys, Delawq,re, Franklintoa and
Chillicothe to Cincinnati. He everywhere as he moved along,
urged forward to Fort Meigs, troops, provisions, and all the
munition of war. At Chillicothe, he found Colonel John Mil-
ler, and one hundred and twenty regulars under him, of the
19th regiment. These, the General ordered to Fort Meigs by
way of the Anglaize route. He found but one company of
Kentuckians at Newport, but two or three other companies
soon reaching that place, he mounted the whole of them on
pack horses, and ordered them to Fort Meigs. Going forward
himself, he ordejcd Major Ball, and his dragoons who had beon
cantoned at Lebanon ever since their return from the Missisin-
eway expedition, to march to the same point. Harrison him-
self, marched to Amanda on the Anglaize. Here he found colo-
nel Miller and his regulars, just arrived from Chillicothe, and
colonel Mills of the militia, with one hundred and fifty men who
had been building and had completed a fleet of boats. Into
these boats the General and these troops and boat builders en-
tered, and in this way, reached Fort Meigs on the 11th of
April, 1813. The waters were high, out of their banks, and
the navigation difficult and dangerous. Our General arrived,
however, in safety. Tarrying near the fort in the boats, over
night, and ascertaining that the fort was not invested by the
enemy, he and his detachment entered the fort early in the
morning of the 12th of April. Ball's dragoons and the moun-
ted Kentuckians, had reached the fort before the General.
Colonel Leftwich and his Virginians had entirely gone oQ]
and only two hundred and fifty of the Pennsylvanians. remain-
ed until the General should return. Leftwich, under whose

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 215

command, Harrison had left the garrison, instead of obeying
his orders to assist with all his power, Wood, the engineer,
had done nothing, except to tell the men " they were not
obliged to labor!" He even burnt for firewood the timber
on hand intended for pickets! Harrison now learned from a
messenger from the River Raisin, that the enemy would leave
Maiden, on the 7th of April, to invest our fort with a large
force, well provided with all the munitions of war.

THE SEIGE OP FORT MEIGS.

Learning this fact, every effort was now made to complete the
defences of the fort, and prepare for the approaching attack.
The intervals of guard and fatigue duty, were employed in
practising the troops, and in performing military evolutions.
Information arrived, that Tecumseh had reached Maiden,
from the Wabash, with six hundred warriors.

The savages began to hover around the fort, and on the 28th
the British army, appeared in Maumee Bay, ascending it in
many small vessels accompanied by a large number of open
boats. The Indians marched along upon the land, ascending
towards the garrison.

Tecumseh, Walk-in-the-watbe and Splitlog commanded
three thousand savages ; and the British regulars and Canadi-
ans amounted to one thousand men. The whole force, was
commanded by the newly-made major general Proctor.

Harrison was extremely anxious to send a messenger to
general Green Clay, who he knew must be not far off, by this
time, coming from Kentucky, and moving forward to strength-
en this post. Captain William Oliver of Cincinnati, offer-
ed his services as the messenger, whose services were gladly
accepted. Accompanied by one white man, and one Indian,
and escorted a short distance by eighty dragoons, Captain
Oliver made his way towards the object of his destination
with sure but rapid footsteps.

We leave him and go back to the fort, and there find Har-
rison addressing all his command, duly assembled in martial

216 HISTORY OF OHIO.

array in front of their General. This popular address was
answered by shouts of applause and devotion.

Instantly the enemy's gun-boats were seen disgorging
their troops, guns and munitions of war, on the site of the old
British fort Miami on the southeast side of the upper end of
Maumee bay. Having performed this service, they took in
and conveyed over the Maumee river, on to its eastern shore
their red allies, who forthwith invested our garrison, yelling
hideously all around it.

Next morning the General issued a patriotic general order,
Avhich was read to the troops. One third of the whole garri-
son, was ordered into the trenches, all the time night and day.
These were relieved every three hours. Captains Gkatiot
and Wood were the engineers who planned and superintended
the construction of these defences. All was now animation.
The enemy was constructing his batteries; our men were
laboring on their defences. Around our fort was a space some
hundred yards or more in width clear of trees. Not liking to
venture on this open space, the savages went beyond it, and
climed up the trees, from whence they killed several and
wounded still more of our men. Sorties to shoot down these
aerial combatants, as so many squirrels,were frequent, and an
occasional grape shot took effect on them. The Indian yell,
and the constant blaze of their rifles, produced an excellent
effect in our camp and the men labored constantly and with
great effect on the defences. On the 30th the enemy's batte-
ries were completed, and his artillery fixed on them, under a
heavy fire from our fort not without effect. On the mornino-
of the 1st of May, it was discovered by our officers, that the
batteries of the enemy were completed, mounted with guns,
and at 10 in the forenoon, he was seen to be loading his pie-
ces, and preparing for his grand attack on our fort.

By this time our troops had completed their grand traverse
twelve feet high, on a twenty feet base, and three hundred
yards long, running along on elevated ground through the mid-
dle of the fort, calculated to ward off the balls of the enemy.
The tents in front of this traverse which had previously hid-

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 217

den this defence from the enemy's view, were by order of the
General, all removed within fifteen minutes, behind it, leaving
the mere bank of earth, for the enemy to open bis batteries
upon. John Bull, however, was determined to fire away his
ammunition from these batteries of his, at our fort ; so he fired
away during about three days in succession, to no effect
upon us.

Presuming that the enemy would change his position of at-
tack to the east side of- the river where he could do us some
real injury, our people had prepared such a defence. On the
morning of the 3d of May, the enemy opened upon our fort,
such a battery, on which he had mounted three pieces of can-
non and a howitzer. They were placed on our left up a ravine
in some bushes. A few eighteen pound shot drove off this
force, and totally silenced their guns, for a while at least.

On the 4th it rained hard all day. A new battery was dis-
covered, though, on the east side of the Maumee. A traverse
was instantly made to defend our fort from its artillery. Sev-
eral men were killed and wounded, on both sides. A British
officer was killed with a rifle ball by'lieutenant Gwynne. The
Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers now reduced by death
to about one hundred men, were the only disposable force in
the garrison; so large were the works, compared with the
troops in the fort. These were reserved for any sudden emer-
gency, and lay in the centre of the garrison near the General.
About midnight, the officer of the day informed the General
that some persons were at the gate who wished to see him.
Harrison arose and going to the sallying port on the river,
there found major Trimble of Kentucky, captain William Ol-
iver of Ohio and several privates. They were received with
great joy. They had descended the river in a skiff and had
left general Clay at the head of the rapids. He wa.s moving
downwards in his open boats, and would be at the fort between
three and four o'clock in the morning. This was the report of
captain Oliver, the safely returned messenger, who had so
cheerfully volunteered his services on this occasion.
28

218 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Now was Harrison's time to raise the siege, by attacking
the enemy on both sides of the river, and taking his batteries.
This was the instant determination of the General, and he
despatched captain Hamilton of Ohio, to general Clay, order-
ing him to land from six to eight hundred men, on the west
bank of the river; to attack the enemy's batteries, spike his
guns, cut their carriages in pieces, and destroy his property.
Having done this, to ascend the river to their boats, and cross
over the Mauraee, and join those in the fort. The residue of
the brigade was ordered to land on the east side of the river,
and enter the fort. The regular troops under colonel Miller,
and the Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers, were ordered
to hold themselves in readiness, for a sortie, to attack the ene-
my's batteries, on the east side of the river at the same moment,
in which, the attack was made on the western side of the
Maumee.

The conception of these simultaneous attacks, was a noble
one, and now let us see, how it was executed.

The day of the 5th of May dawned, the sun arose and shone
until 8 o'clock in the forenoon, before Clay and his brigade
appeared to the garrison. The night was dark, and the pilot
refused to proceed in the darkness. Hamilton met Clay, about
the middle of the rapids, and delivered his orders to him. Clay
selected Dudley, his oldest colonel, for the command of the
detachment, who were to attack the British garrison, and eight
hundred men, volunteered to serve under him. They landed
on the western shore, marched furiously to the batteries of the
enemy; slew, or drove off, all his troops, at these batteries,
spiked all the guns, cut their carriages into small pieces, pull-
ed down all the poles on which the red cross of St. George was
flying, and then abandoned themselves to a real frolic.

Here, we leave them and go over to Clay and his remaining
troops. Six boats contained all the remainder of the brigade,
after Dudley had left it. In the foremost one, near the shore
on which fort Meigs was. Clay was seen approaching the fort,
assailed by a host of savages on that flank. Four boats' crews,
by winds and waves, were compelled to land and fight their

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 219

way to the fort. General Clay, did the same. Harrison sent
out Major Alexander of the Pennsylvania volunteers, to aid and
protect the Kentuckians. The Indians increased in numbers
on this flank, and finally, crawled along from stump to stump,
to within, one hundred and fifty yards of the fort. Boswell
(newly arrived,) Alexander and Herring, were ordered to charge
them, which they did, with alacrity. The savages were driv-
en off, and Clay, and his four hundred men safely entered the
fort. All this was done before Dudley reached the British
works. And at the moment when Dudley and his detachment
began their attack on the enemy's batteries, Colonel John Mil-
ler with two hundred and fifty men, consisting of United States
regulars, Pennsyvlania and Virginia volunteers and Sebree's
Kentucky militia, in all, two hundred and fifty men, being
ready, and drawn up in a ravine near the east end of the fort,
marched rapidly, ascending the hill along the ravine until with-
in two hundred yards of the enemy's batteries, they came into
an open, level plain. Here they were fired upon, by three com-
panies of British regulars, on their right; two companies of
Canadian militia; and Tecumseh and his warriors, on their
left. In front, the enemy's three pieces of cannon, a howitzer
and two hundred men, poured down upon our troops, a storm of
lead and iron. Assailed by four times their own numbers, they
were compelled, at the end of one hundred yards, to close up
their lines. Then with the fury of the tornado, and the storm,
they swept away all opposition. They spiked and rendered
useless the enemy's guns and mortar, drove off, killed, wound-
ed or captivated all this hostile force.

Miller and his men returned to the garrison. On both sides
of the river, the sorties were victorious. So the noble concep-
tion of Harrison, had been nobly executed, on both sides of the
Maumee.

After this last sortie, a British officer, major Chambers,
bearing a flag of truce, was seen crossing the river from the
enemy's side of the Maumee, and he landed on the beach under
our fort. Major Hukill the general's aid, was sent to receive
him. The officer told his errand; that he came to demand the

220 HISTORY OF OHIO.

surrender of the garrison. Major Hukill told him, that such
a demand was useless. But the officer insisted on seeing the
general; so blindfolding him, major Hukill conducted him into
the presence of General Harrison. The whole conversation
on that occasion was reduced to writing on the spot. Its au-
thenticity is placed beyond a doubt.

The conversation between Major Chambers and General
Harrison was as follows viz :

Major Chambers. General Proctor has directed me to de-
mand the surrender of this post. He wishes to spare the effu-
sion of blood.

Gkntiral Harrisojjt. The demand under present circum-
stances, is a most extraordinary one. As general Proctor did
not send me a summons to surrender on his first arrival, I had
supposed that he believed me determined to do my duty. His
present message indicates an opinion of me that I am at a loss
to account for.

Major Chambers. General Proctor could never think of
saying any thing that would wound your feelings. The char-
acter of general Harrison as an officer, is well known. Gen-
eral Proctor's force is very respectable, and there is with him
a larger body of Indians, than ever was assembled before.

General Harrison. I believe I have a very correct idea
of general Proctor's force; it is not such as to create the least
apprehension, for the result, whatever shape he may be pleased
to give it, hereafter. Assure the General however, that this
post will never be surrendered to him, on any terms. Should it
fall into his hands, it will be in a manner, calculated to do him
more honor, and give him higher claims, on the gratitude of
his government than any capitulation could possibly do.

Immediately afterwards, Chambers returned as he came,
over the river, to Proctor.

We return to Dudley and his detachment, at the enemy's
batteries, which they had taken, and then had given them-
selves up to exultation, at their success. The enemy had
^retreated entirely beyond Dudley's sight or hearing, and had
then poncentrated his forces, red and white. While a few Indit

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 221

ans, near Dudley, drew the attention of his men, a large detach-
ment, three times Dudley's number approached him, at the bat-
teries, and, and rushing on our exulting troops, in a few min-
utes, killed forty or fifty Kentuckians ; wounded some seventy-
five and captured five hundred and fifty prisoners. One hun-
dred and fifty, on our extreme left of this detachment, escaped
to their boats, crossed the river, and reached fort Meigs in safe-
ty, carrying their wounded along with them.

The enemy now found himself in a very crippled condition.
His guns and mortars were rendered useless; and he had lost
more in killed, wounded and prisoners, than the besieged.
Proctor agreed to an exchange of prisoners, and also to account
for the difterence hereafter, Harrison having taken more pris-
oners than Proctor.

Our loss during the siege, was as follows : killed eighty-one ;
wounded one hundred and eighty nine; total killed and wound-
ed, two hundred and seventy. Sixty four, were killed ha the
sorties, and one hundred and twenty-four wounded. The
remainder, eighty-one, were killed and wounded within the
fort. Dudley's detachment is not included in this estimate.
Proctor finding himself completely baffled, in all his attempts
to take this garrison, set himself seriously to work, to draw off
his forces, in the best order he could do. During the succeed-
ing three days and an half, he labored with this view, and on
the 9th day of May, 1813, at noon, annoyed seriously, by our
artillery, he sailed down the bay, and soon disappeared from
the view of our garrison.

General Harrison, satisfied that Proctor would not return
very soon, left the fort and went to Lower Sandusky, where
he arrived on the 12th day of May. Here he found governor
Meigs, and a large force of Ohio militia, who had come to
relieve fort Meigs. Passing onwards, through Upper San-
dusky and Delaware, to Franklinton, he found the entire
road covered with Ohio militia, all pressing forward to raise
the siege of Fort Meigs. Not one of these militia being
needed at that time, the General, on the 16th at Franklinton
issued a general order, dismissing these troops. The order

222 HISTORY OP OHIO

was drawn up, in highly complimentary terms to their zeal

and patriotism, as follows :

" Head Quarters,

Franklinton, May 16th, 1813
" The commanding general has observed with the warmest
gratitude, the astonishing exertions which have been made by
his excellency, governor Meigs, and the generals and other
militia officers of this state, in collecting and equiping a body
of troops for the relief of camp Meigs. But the efforts of these
men would have been unavailing, had they not been seconded
by the patriotic ardor of every description of citizens, which
has induced them to leave their homes, at a most critical sea-
son of the year, regardless of every consideration, but that of
renderinor service to their country. The General found the
road from Lower Sandusky to this place, literally covered with
men, and amongst them many who had shared in the toils and
dangers of the revolutionary war, and on whom, of course,
there existed no legal claims for military services. The Gen-
eral has every reason to believe, that similar efforts have been
made in Kentucky. He offers to all those brave men from
both states, his sincere acknowledgments; and is happy to in-
form them, that there is at present no necessity for their lon-
ger continuance in the field. The enemy has fled with pre-
cipitation from camp Meigs, and that fort is in a much better
situation to resist an attack, than when the last siege was

commenced.

" By order of the general,

" R. Graham, Aid."

Against this order, loud complaints were made, by those
who had come forward to see some fighting. But, the secre-
tary of war, by a confidential order to the General, had for-
bidden his calling out any more militia, until we had full and
free possession of lake Erie. The same order commanded
him to employ and rely on regular troops. It also forbid any
further attempts to retake Detroit, until Perry's fleet com-
manded the lake. These injunctions were to be obeyed by
Harrison, not divulged j so he bore all the complaints of the

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 223

militia, in silence. He was ordered, also, to aid all he could,
in fitting out a force, now in a state of great forwardness, with
which, to contend on the lake, for the supremacy on this in-
land sea.

Keeping all these orders in view, he moved rapidly to Chil-
licothe, and finally to Cincinnati, encouraging the recruiting
service, looking into the quarter master's and commissary's
departments, as he went forward. At Newport, the General
found the 24th regiment of United States infantry, from
Nashville, Tennessee. These, he instantly ordered off to
Franklinton, and they marched there. The General himself
following them, to the same place, sent for deputations from
our friendly Indians. When they arrived, he held many long
talks with them.

General Clay, now in command of Fort Meigs, informed
Harrison, that the enemy was preparing to invest that fort
with a large force. The 24th regiment had already marched
some days previous, to Sandusky. These the General followed,
and overtook below Upper Sandusky. From these troops,
three hundred of the stoutest men were selected, to make a
forced march, to relieve Fort Meigs. The swamp was dry
on the surface, but not enough so, to bear a man's weight ; so
down he went knee deep, and now the difficulty was to draw
out his feet, the earth being dry on the surface. The General
pressed forward without halting night or day, and arrived at
the garrison on the 28th at nightfall. Colonel Anderson,
colonel Gaines, and their Tennessee detachment, reached the
garrison within a few hours after the General.

No enemy appeared, but, towards the latter part of June,
the General learned, that one hundred Indians had left the
river Raisin in canoes for Lower Sandusky. Nothing required
his presence any longer at Fort Meigs. On the 1st of July, Har-
rison left the fort and went to Lower Sandusky. Here, on the
2nd, Colonel Ball with a squadron of horse met Harrison,
according to his orders. With these, Harrison immediately
marched for Cleveland. The secretary of war had ordered
boats built at the mouth of the Cuyahoga in which to trans-

224 HISTORY OF OHIO.

port the army over the lake. These boat builders were com-
manded by major, now general Jesup of the United States
army. Cleveland, too, at that time, had in its hospital
seventy-five wounded soldiers. A company of volunteers
from Chillicothe, was there, and acted as boat builders and
nurses to Dudley's wounded men. Harrison, while here, inter-
changed communications with Perry at Erie, and received
orders from the secretary of war to call out the militia. He
returned on to the Sandusky river, and learned that Proctor
was on the point of landing on our coast, a force of five thou-
sand men. July 20th, the enemy ascended Maumee bay in
a large number of boats and landed on our shore. That night
Captain McCune of the Ohio militia, (and from Muskingum
county, we believe,) was despatched by Clay to Harrison-,
informing him of Proctor's landing. Harrison was at Lower
Sandusky at this time.

Where this town now stands, there was an old picketing on
a piece of land, secured to us for a garrison and Indian trading
house, by General Wayne's treaty of 1795. It was a small
work, large enough for two hundred men, not more. This
little stockade was called fort Stevenson, at the time, Harrison
lay there. The defence of this little stockade was committed
to major George Croghan, a youth of twenty-one years of age,
and to Captain Hunter, lieutenants Baylor, Johnson and
Meeks; ensigns Ship and Duncan, and one hundred and sixty
privates. They were all young, athletic, bold and intrepid
men. The remainder of Harri.son's force were marched to the
Seneca old town, some miles, on the river above fort Stevenson.
The latter force consisted of only one hundred and forty men.
Harrison's own positition, was chosen as the best, about which,
to collect the troops, momentarily expected from the interior.
It was a good point from whence reinforcements might be des-
patched, either down the river, or up it, and to protect the vast
amount of property collected at Upper Sandusky. Captain
McCune was ordered to inform General Clay, that in case, his
garrison was seriously invested by the enemy, every effort
would be made to reheve him j but, to beware of being taken by

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 225

surprise. Captain McCune returned on the 25th. He arrived
near the garrison towards day, after encountering many Indian
encampments. By good management, address, and the fleetness
of his horse, he reached the fort in safety. During the next
three days, the enemy resorted to all sorts of stratagems to
draw out our garrison. Not succeeding in any of these, and
remembering his former discomfiture, while investing this post,
on the 28th of July, he embarked on board his vessels, and
sailed out of the Maumee, for Sandusky bay. While the Brit-
ish sailed down the lake, Tecumseh and his warriors, went
across the swamp in the direction of Sandusky river. They
numbered four thousand, and filled the woods with their par-
ties, between the Maumee and Sandusky rivers. On the 29th
the Indians swarmed like bees in the woods, about Harrison's
camp, and all along the Sandusky river. At night he received
intelligence from Clay, that the enemy had left him. Calling
a council of war, general Harrison, propounded to it this
question, " is fort Stevenson tenable?" The council decided,
"it was not tenable." In pursuance of this decision, Harri-
son sent orders to major Croghan to abandon the fort, destroy
the public property and retreat to Seneca, provided the enemy
were about to invest his fort with heavy cannon. This order
was carried by a Mr. Connor and two Indians, who lost their
way, and did not reach the fort until the next day at 11 o'clock
in the forenoon. Croghan was of the opinion that he could
not retreat with his force, without the total destruction of his
^ommand, and in his answer, which he expected the enemy
would take from the bearer, he informed the General, that he
had determined to maintain his position. This despatch reach-
ed the General in safety. Not perfectly understanding all the
motives which dictated such an answer, refusing to obey a po-
sitive order of the commanding general, Harrison sent an es-
cort under colonel Ball of the dragoons, to arrest and bring to
head quarters, major Croghan. In the meantime colonel
Wells was put in command of Fort Stevenson. This detach-
ment of dragoons, sent on this errand, near Sandusky, fell in
29

226 HISTORY OF OHIO.

with twelve Indians, and killed eleven out of the twelve. Cap-
tain James Ryan, now of Chillicothe, then a subaltern officer
of the Pittsburgh volunteers, killed one of these savages, by
one blow of his heavy broadsword. The savage had his tom-
ahawk upraised and was just about to throw it at Ryan, when
himself was laid low, never to rise again.

Colonel Wells assumed the command for a very short time,
inasmuch as Croghan, on his reaching head quarters, instant-
ly removed every sha<le of suspicion that he had intended to
disobey the General. .Tarrying, therefore, all night with Har-
rison, who treated him with the greatest kindness; next mor-
ning he was escorted back in safety, and placed in command
as before.

CROGHAN's defence of fort STEVENSON.

On the 31st of July a reconoitering party from the lake,
twenty miles distant, saw the enemy enter Sandusky bay.
August 1st, at noon, this party passed Croghan, on its way to
Seneca, and informed him that the enemy had entered Sandus-
ky bav, and was then ascending it with his gun boats.

Within three hours after the reception of this intelligence,
Croghan and his troops saw the enemy with his gun boats,
cannon, and all his means of annoyance, on the spot, ready to
commence the storming of their little stockade. The enemy
had come to inve!=t this post, with one thousand British and as
many Indians. The former were commanded by general Proc-
tor himself; the latter by Dixon. Out of the most pure regard
for our troops in Fort Stevenson, (if Proctor could be believed)
he sent on his arrival, major Chambers of the regulars, and
Dixon of the Indian department, to summons the garrison to
surrender. Croghan sent ensign Ship, with a flng to meet
these gentlemen. Chambers and Dixon, "besought Ship, to
spare the effusion of blood — what a pity, said they, that you
and Croghan, such fine young men, should be butchered by
savages." Ship replied, that "when they took the garri-
son, none would be left to be butchered by an enemy." At

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 227

that moment, an Indian came forward in his most hostile array,
pretending to wish to tomahawk Ship, when Dixon shaking with
pretended terrors, urged the ensign "to get into his garrison
as soon as possible, unless he would consent to a surrender,
and thereby save the lives of the troops in the garrison."

The enemy now opened his fire upon the f )rt, from his guns in
the boats and his mortar on the shore. He continued to fire all
night, with little intermission and with still less effect. His
guns Avere sixpounders. Croghan had one sixpounder and
that was all the artillery he had in the fort. He contrived
to move his gun from one part of his works to another, so as
to induce a belief that he had many guns. So the night pass-
ed off". Tecumseh with two thousand warriors lay beside the
road leading to Seneca, and Upper Sandusky, expecting a rein-
forcement from that quarter to save the garrison. To inter-
cept such a force, and destroy it, was his grand object. In
this, he was sorely disappointed, as no such force was sent. Du-
ring this first night, the enemy had landed from his boats, ihree
sixpounders and a mortar, and had placed them within two
hundred and forty yards of the fort, in a grove of woods. Du-
ring this same night, Croghan discovered that the enemy seem-
ed to aim most of his shots at the northwest corner of the stock-
ade, and he supposed that when the British attempted to storm
his fort, the place of attack would be at that angle. So he order-
ed captain Hunter to place their only gun in a position so that it
would rake the ditch, in case the enemy attempted to scale the
works at that angle. In secresy, and with uncommon indus-
try and personal exertions, captain Hunter obeyed the order.
The morning of the 2d of A-jgust dawned on our heroic band
of young patriots. The enemy fired all day, but at four in
the afternoon, he concentrated all the fire of all his guns at
the northwestern angle of the fort. Seeing this, Croghan or-
dered Serjeant Weaver and six privates of the Pittsburgh vol-
unteers, to place there, with all possible expedition, bags of
sand and flour. This was done in a manner so effectually that,
that angle received no material injury, from the enemy's guns.
The sixpounder was entrusted to the management of the

228 HISTORY OF OHIO.

same sergeant, and his six men. Late in the evening when
all was enveloped in smoke, the enemy proceeded to make the
assault. Two feints were made on Hunter's lines, but in the
meantime three hundred and fifty men of the enemy, advan-
ced in the smoke, to within sixty feet of the northwestern
ano-le. A severe fire of musketry from the fort, put them in
confusion for a moment, when lieutenant colonel Short, who
headed this column of the enemy, urged forward his men to
the edge of the ditch, calling on them to follow him, and
" to give no quarters" he leaped into the ditch. The masked
port hole was now opened, and the sixpounder within thirty
feet of the assailants, was fired on them. The lieutenant
colonel Short, and fifty others, were instantly killed or wound-
ed. Death and desolation filled the ditch. Captain Hunter
repelled Warburton and Chambers v/ith a constant stream of
lead from his rifles. They were assailing his line, but now
ceased to do so, and drew off. During the assault which last-
ed thirty minutes, the enemy constantly fired his mortar and
five of his sixpounders. Immediately after this assault the
enemy drew off out of the reach of our guns. It was now
dark. The wounded in the ditch were in a desperate condi-
tion. They called for " water, water, water." The enemy
dare not undertake to relieve them — so Croghan, and his
brave men handed over water to them, in buckets, to relieve
their thirst. Our men dug a hole through, and under the pick-
ets, and encouraged as many as were able to crawl, to creep
into the fort. Compare this treatment, reader, with Proctor's
SLEDS at the river Raisin, on Washington's birth day, in this
same year!

At three o'clock this night, the enemy made a most disorder-
ly and shameful retreat, down the bay. In tKeir hurry, ter-
ror and confusion, they left a sail boat full of the most valua-
ble property. They left strewed around our fort, seventy
stands of arms and several valuable braces of pistols. They
anticipated a visit from general Harrison with his artillery
early next morning; so they were off in a hurry.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 229

Our loss in this brilliant affair, Was one killed, and seven
were very slightly wounded.

The total loss of the enemy could not have been less than
one hundred and fifty killed and wounded.

One British officer, major Muir, was wounded in the head,
knocked down for dead in the ditch, lay there awhile, come to
himself, and finally crawled off to his friends. For us it was
well enough that he escaped at that time, inasmuch as he was
never sane afterwards.

He got the command of two hundred troops, and was passing
down lake Ontario, next year, 1814, in two vessels. Chased
by our squadron of ships, towards the lower end of the lake,
he ordered the two vessels to be run on an island, and he and his
men hid in the bushes, but had forgotten their arms! So they
were all captured, major Muir and his two hundred men.
Not a drop of blood was shed on either side.

It remains for us to say, that for so brilliant an action, con-
gress with their characteristic alacrity on such occasions, have
at the end of twenty three years, voted swords to the officers,
Croghan, Hunter, Ship, &c., &c., &c. It is true that before
the swords were given, all but Croghan and Hunter, were
dead. Hunter, one of the bravest and most efficient captains
ever in the regular army to which he belonged, was disban-
ded at the close of the war.

The ladies of Chillicothe, as soon as they heard of Crog-
han's gallant defence, voted him a sword. In Niles' Register
of that time, the reader will find their address to Croghan, and
his answer.

The enemy had now returned to Maiden; our troops from
the interior were pouring into Upper Sandusky. From Picka-
way county Colonel James Renick with two hundred and fif-
ty mounted volunteers, an advanced detachment came ; seven
hundred following them, from the same county. Harrison had
called on governor Meigs for six months men, but hearing of
the invasion of Ohio, a second time this year, Meigs called out
the entire mass of militia for forty days. On the 4th of Au-
gust, early in the morning, colonel Henry Brush of Chillico-

230 HISTORY OF OHIO.

the, delivered a letter from governor Meigs to general Harrison
at Seneca, informing him of the arrival at Upper Sandusky, of
the entire mass of militia, in the Scioto valley, and of vast
numbers from all parts of the state ; and that they now expected
to be employed in active service or they would not be likely to
obey another call. The General went to Upper Sandusky to
confer with Meigs, and inform him of the orders of the war
department, not to employ militia at all, if regulars could be
procured, but if not, then only militia enough to make up the
deficiency of seven thousand regulars. Two thousand men
for six months, was all that Harrison felt authorised to employ
from Ohio. These Meigs selected, but for forty days only.
That being done, Harrison was compelled to dismiss them as
of no use, except to consume the provisions. Many of the
militia officers thus necessarily dismissed, assembled and pass-
ed inflammatory resolutions against the General, for obeying his
orders. The officers of the regular army answered them in
the same way, by resolutions.

From the land, we now turn our attention' awhile, to our own
sea, lake Erie. Lieutenants Perry and Elliot, had been order-
ed to lake Erie with several hundred sailors, early in the sum-
mer of 1812, and they were not idle. They had seized and
captured at different times, several British vessels, and they
had destroyed such vessels as they could not carry into our
harbors. Ship carpenters had been busily engaged, in build-
ing vessels of war, at Erie in Pennsylvania. Several ships
were fitted up, which had been employed, as merchant vessels,
and severals others were built, expressly for warlike purposes.
Finally, nine vessels were gotten ready for service, carrying,
in all, fifty-four guns. General McArthur, had sent twenty-
five active seamen, from fort Meigs, to join Perry's fleet. The
war, on the ocean had driven these sailors from the Atlantic
frontier; they had joined our army and now volunteered their
services to Perry, and materially contributed to his success,
as their naval commander cheerfully acknowledged. McAr-
thnr had taken possession of fort Meigs, general Clay being
sick, had resigned the command temporarily to McArthur.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 231

While Perry's fleet lay off the mouth of Sandusky bay, Har-
rison had furnished one hundred and fifty marines to Perry.
The British fleet, under Commodore Barclay, consisted of six
ships, carrying sixty-three guns.

perry's victory on lake ERIE.

After various manoeuvres, these fleets, met and fought a bat-
tle, on lake Erie, within the territorial limits of Ohio, on the
10th day of September, 1813, at the head of the lake. The line
of battle was formed, about eleven o'clock, in the forenoon, and
fifteen minutes before twelve, the Queen Charlotte, the British
Commodore's flag ship, opened a most tremendous fire, with
grape and cannister shot, upon the Lawrence, the flag ship of
commodore Perry. It was fifteen minutes, almost, before Per-
ry could bring his guns to bear on the enemy.

At length. Perry got his guns to bear upon the Queen Char-
lotte, and making signals for the rest of his squadron to engage,
he continued for two hours, to contend with two of the enemy's
vessels; each of them, was equal to his own. During all this
time, such was the wind that his other vessels could afford
him no aid, so he fought, single handed and alone, against
these two vessels of Barclay. By this time, the Lawrence,
had become a perfect wreck, and all the men, on board this
vessel, had been either killed, or wounded, except three or
four individuals. Surrounded by ruin, by the dying and the
dead, Perry, accompanied by his brother, and two or three
others, left the Lawrence, in an open boat, and got on board
the Niagara, his next best vessel. He brought her into action,
running into the midst of the enemy's line, and very politely,
poured a broadside, into each of the enemy's vessels, as ho
passed it; the Detroit, Queen Charlotte, and Lady Provost,
on the one side, and the Chippeway, and Little Belt, on the
other. He finally paid his addresses to the Lady Provost so
warmly, that her Ladyship's men, deserted her deck, and ran
below. The remainder of Perry's squadron, next followed
the example of their brave commander, and one and all got into

232 HISTORY OF OHIO.

the action, and it become general, warm and animated. Witt-
in three hours of its commencement, this engagement, termin-
ated, in favor of" free trade and sailors' rights." Perry writ-
ing, in the same style in which he fought, informed general
Harrison, that, '• We have met the enemy, and they are ours."
The victory was an entire one. Perry capturing all the ships
of the enemy, and six hundred prisoners, which outnumbered
our entire force, at the commencement of the action. He took
also, six more cannons than he had, of his own. This was one
of the best fought battles, recorded in history. Barclay fought
bravely, manfully and well, but Perry fought better, and suc-
ceeded, in capturing an entire squadron from the enemy.

The killed and wounded, in this battle, was great, on both
sides; Barclay lost his only remaining arm, the other having
been shot away, in the battle of the Nile. And he lost, two
hundred killed and wounded, besides six hundred prisoners.
Perry lost twenty seven killed, and ninety six wounded.

This most decisive victory, opened a passage into Canada,
which Hull had so ingloriously surrendered.

The news of Perry's victory, reached Harrison, at Fort
Meigs, at the Maumce rapids, and, after this event, every pre-
paration was instantly made, to assail the enemy, in his own
country. Perry's victory was achieved on the ever memora-
ble, 10th of September 1813. As soon as possible, Perry made
preparation, to convey Harrison, Shelby and their intrepid sol-
diers, to Maiden. On the 28th of September, our troops were
landed at the point below Maiden, but Proctor, brave, when
defenseless prisoners, were to be slain, robbed or ill treated,
had fled, without firing a gun; he and his Indian allies. Proc-
tor had fled up the river Thames, as fast as he could, and, had
reached the Moravian village, where his army halted. Before
he deserted Maiden, he burnt the fortress, and public store
houses there. On the 29th, Harrison left Maiden, entered,
and took possession of Detroit. On the 2nd of October Harri-
son and Shelby, with thirty-five hundred selected soldiers,
marched, from Detroit, in quest of Proctor. They followed him,
up the Thames, eighty miles, to the Moravian village, where.

War with great Britain. ^S

on tho 5th of October, they found the enemy encamped. The
American army was instantly formed in the order of battle, and
the armies engaged with the utmost fury. The battle ended in
the entire destruction of Proctor's army. But, as many readers
may wish to know more of the particulars, we will recapitulate
a few events, preceding as well as during this battle. On the
2nd day of October 1813, Harrison and Shelby at the head of
more than three thousand men left Detroit, and after reaching,
followed up the Thames. They halted for the first night, at the
end of twenty-six miles. Early the next morning, the army was
in motion pressing forward until they fell in with a British
guard, which Proctor had left behind him to destroy the bridges.
This force was captured at once. On the next day, Harrison
and his army were detained some time, by a deep creek, across
which, the enemy had posted some Indians, after partly de-
stroying the bridge. To repair this bridge, and to repel the
enemy, Harrison ordered forward Major Ball with the artillery,
and colonel Richard M. Johnson with his dragoons/ These
orders were instantly obeyed. The enemy was dislodged
and driven off, with considerable loss, and the bridge, being
repaired, the army moved forward again rapidly. Here, our
army captured two thousand stands of arms, which they found
in a magazine. Here too, the enemy had towed up such
vessels as could ascend the river, and on the approach of our
army, this flotilla was set on fire by the enemy. On the next
day, October 5th, moving forward, our army took considerable
public property from the enemy, on the spot where their flying
foe, had encamped on the night preceding. Colonel Johnson's
dragoons were ordered forward to reconnoiter the ground and find
the enemy. Soon afterwards, Johnson returned to camp, hav-
ing found the enemy drawn up in battle array. The British
were drawn up on a strip of ground, narrow in front; their left
resting on the river, and their right, resting on a morass, be-
yond which, in a thick forest of undergrowth, lay Tecumseh
and his savage warriors, more than two thousand strong. On
this narrow strip, where the British were posted with their
30

234 HISTORY OF OHIO.

artillery, there were many beech trees. The ground was
extremely well chosen, by the enemy, and the armies were
about equal in numbers.

Harrison now formed his troops in order of battle. General
Trotter's brigade formed the first line, while Desha's division,
was formed on the left. General King's brigade formed the
second line, and Chiles' was kept in reserve. Both of them
were commanded by major general Hexrv. Governor Shelbv
commanded Desha's and Trotter's brigades. This was the
first order of battle, but, seeing the morass, in front of the In-
dians, and that while the British artillery were pouring their
grape and canister, in front, on our troops, the Indians would
be firing from their inaccessible covert on our left; Harrison
ordered the dragoons, in front, to attack the enemy where
Proctor had carelessly thinned his ranks. The dragoons mov-
ed forward, impetuously, upon whom the enemy's guns poured
showers of grape and canister shot. For a moment, the horses
faultered, but recovermg from this momentay panic, the dra-
goons marched forward, with irresistible fury, broke through
the enemy's line, then wheeling about, dealt death on all sides,
upon the enemy. In a moment, all was over. The enemy
was conquered, one and all, except Proctor and about two
hundred horse, who had fled before the battle had scarcely
joined. Flying, Proctor left his carriage and official papers in
it. With the utmost precipitancy he fled in the direction of
Niagara, whither he went, and never returned again to the
place of his shameful defeat.

Having driven off, captured or killed all Proctor's white
troops, the Indians were next assailed, with bullets in their
thick underbrush. The bullets fell thick as hail-stones among
them. Many were killed, and among them Tecumseh was
pierced, in a moment, with several balls. Drawing off their
forces, they fled into the thick woods nearly five miles before
they halted. No one followed, or could follow them, on horse-
back. In this battle the British lost nineteen, killed, and
fifty wounded. Proctor and two hundred dragoons, ran away,
and six hundred officers and soldiers were taken prisoners.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 235

The Indians left one hundred and fifty dead, on the battle
ground. Harrison's loss, was about fifty, in all ; seventeen of
these were Kentuckians, and Ohio lost the remainder. Among
the dead, was Colonel Whitely, an officer of the revolution, but
now serving as a volunteer common soldier.

Hull's artillery was recaptured, which had originally been
taken from the British with Burgoyne, at Saratoga.

Proctor was pursued afcer the battle but he out-ran his ene-
mies, and escaped, as we have already stated.

The numbers of the two armies were about equal, but from
their position, the enemy had all the advantage. It is not a
very uncommon thing for this signal and brilliant victory to be
misrepresented, as having been achieved by superior numbers!
It was not so, the British had the greatest number of troops in
the battle. Harrison marched from Detroit, with about thirty-
five hundred men, but, he had left, on the way, or held in
reserve, one thousand men, so that, but twenty-five hundred
only, were in the battle. Proctor had with him, one thousand
regulars, and Tecumseh had under him, twenty-five hundred In-
dians, who were most brave, and efficient warriors. The truth
is, certain presons, feel unwilling to admit any fact, which does
the western people justice. Having deserved none themselves,
they feel unwilling to award praise to others.

Give us, Harrison's, Perry's and Jackson's victories, achiev-
ed by western people, and what was done, on the Niagara fron-
tier, by western officers and western soldiers; and those who
were so scrupulous about passing boundary lines, where there
was any danger in crossing them, may claim all they ever did,
in that war. But, for eastern writers of history, to misrepre-
sent, as they too often do, every thing western, merely, because
the West deserves so much commendation, and the East so lit-
tle, will answer the authors no good purpose.

The West can write about battles, as well as fight them, and
inasmuch, as we are all one people, and as it is our interest, as
well as our duty, to cultivate harmony and good will between all
portions of our Union, we have suggested what we have, above,
especially to such, as send their books, into the West for sale.

236 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Their praise we neither need, nor desire to have. Those in
the east, who undertake to bestow it, upon us in the west, are
rather too bungling at the business, to please any one, in the
Valley of the Mississippi.

But a few remarks upon the preceding battle, and this war,
for "free trade and sailors' rights," and we will gladly leave off
describing battles, campaigns and carnage.

In ihis action Tecumseh, as we have said, was killed, which
circumstance has given rise to almost innumerable fictions —
why, we hardly can tell, but it is so. The writer's opportu-
nities for knowing the truth, is equal to any person's now liv-
ing. He was personally, very well acquainted with that cel-
ebrated warrior. He accompanied Tecumseh, Elsquataway,
Fourlegs and Caraymaunee, on their tour among the six na-
tions of New York, in 1809, and acted as their interpreter
among those Indians. In 1829, at Prairie Du Chien, the two
latter Indians, both then civil chiefs, of the Winnebagoes,
were with the writer, who was then acting as commissioner of
Indian affairs in the United States service. From the state-
ments of these constant companions of Tecumseh, during
nearly twenty years of his life, we proceed to state, that Te-
cumseh lay with his warriors at the commencement of the
battle i'n a forest of thick underbrush, on the left of the Amer-
ican army. That these Indians were at no period of the bat-
tle, out of their thick underbrush; that Nawcaw saw no officer
between them and the American army; that Tecumseh fell
the very first fire of the Kentucky dragoons, pierced by thirty
bullets, and was carried four or five miles into the thick woods,
and there buried by the warriors, who told the story of his
fate> This account was repeated to me three several times,
word for word, and neither of the relaters ever knew the fic-
tions to which Tecumseh's death has given rise. Some of
these fictions originated in the mischievous design of ridicul-
ing the person who is said to have killed this savage, and
who, bye the bye, killed no one that day, at least, either
red or white. We mean no personal reflection on any
one for not killing Tecumseh. We could easily write this

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 237

warrior's whole history, as he often requested us to do.
By those who neither knew him, nor any other wild Indians,
he is often represented as being something very uncommon;
whereas all his movements originated with the Canadian Indi-
an department. In obedience to their orders, he visited near-
ly all the Indian nations of North America, stirring them all
up, against the Americans. He told the Onondagoes, through
the writer, as his interpreter, " that he had visited the Florida
Indians, and even the Indians so far to the north that snow
covered the ground in midsummer." He was a warrior, and
Elsquataway acted as a prophet, dissuading the Indians from
drinking ardent spirits. As to real talent he possessed no
more of it than any one of thousands of his people, in the
northwest. Being much with the British officers, he had en^
larged his ideas very much, as I^eokuk has his also, in the
same way. All the principal men of the Winnebagoes had
learned a great deal from the English officers. In their man-
ners, these Indians at table, were most perfect gentlemen, and
they knew enough to behave so any where. Whether the ridic-
ulous stories about Tecumseh's death will continue to be told,
we do not know, but we have done our duty by stating facts.
Upon one incident, the death of Tecumseh in the battle of
the Thames, we cannot resist the impulse to make a further
remark upon the capriciousness of that species of fame, which
is ephemeral. General Harrison who planned this well fought
and successful battle, has never been applauded for what he
so richly merited; while an individual, a subordinate, who
merely did his duty, as every other officer and solder did, has
been applauded to the very echo, for killing an Indian! If
that had been true, he deserved no more credit than any one
common soldier in the engagement. A few Mohawks, and
some other Indian chiefs and warriors belonging to the Cana-
dian Indians, about lake Ontario, were mixed with the British
regulars in the front line of the enemy. Some of these sava-
ges were killed in the action, and the remainder of these In-
dians on horse back, fled with Proctor. The Indian found dead,
belonged to these Indians, not to the Winnebagoes or Shaw-

238 HISTORY OF OHIO.

nese, who in this battle lay in ambush, beyond a morass, on
the left of the American army.

Having followed the movements of our citizen soldierp,
in this war, every where within the limits of our state, during
the period it was carried on here, it may not be improper, nor
uninteresting to follow such of them as were acting as soldiers,
in the army, during that war, beyond our limits. Of the reg-
ular United States troops, raised in Ohio, colonel J. Miller
commanded the nineteenth regiment. This, and the seven-
teenth regiment, ncft being full, the two were consolidated and
called the seventeenth regiment.

The twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh regiments were
raised in Ohio, but from the same cause, they were consolida-
ted, and called the nineteenth regiment. Colonel George
Paul commanded it.

Portions of these regiments were in all the battles on the
Niag-ara frontier in 1814. In the attack on Fort Erie, bv the
British, on the 15th of August, 1814, major William Trimble
of this state, commanded a part of the nineteenth regiment,
then in the Fort. The attack was made on the garrison, by a
superior force, commanded by able and efficient officers. Ma-
jor Trimble ordered three general charges, during the attack,
which were executed with precision, energy and effect — each
time repelling the enemy, at the point of the bayonet, and
saving the garrison from capture. Major Trimble, conceiving
himself injured in General Gaines' report of the battle, him-
self addressed a letter to the secretary of war, in which he
said, "This detachment of the 19th of Infantry, fought most
desperately. Lieutenants Charles L. Cass, John M'Elvain,
and ensign Cisna, in every situation, showed the greatest ac-
tivity, zeal and intrepid bravery. Without them, the fort
would have been lost. The army, in that case would have
been surrendered and put to the sword. Two of these officers
were not even mentioned, and the third one was only mention-
ed as being wounded."

From the date of this letter, major Trimble, lieutenants
Cass, John M'Elvain, and ensign Cisna were brevetted.

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 239

General Gaines was himself severely wounded soon af-
terwards, which caused this oversight in his report to the se-
cretary of war. He did them full justice afterwards, and their
country fully appreciated their good conduct in the battle.

Colonel John M'Elvain, is now in private life, and resides
at Columbus. Captain Charles L. Cass is also in private life,
and resides on his farm, not far above Zanesville, on the Mus-
kingum river.

Our officers and soldiers were in all the battles, on the
Niagara river, in 1814, and in every instance, they behaved
well. Not a few of them, were killed in battle, or returned
home badly wounded, and died in Ohio. They have mostly
now descended down to the grave. They bled for their coun-
try, and are entitled to our esteem and veneration. Ohio will
forever cherish the remembrance of their feats in arms, as be-
longing to our history. These patriots live in their example,
to lead others to success and victory. Their deeds will be han-
ded down to posterity, in the poet's song, on the historian's
page, and the painter's canvas. Trimble and Cisna are long
since dead. The former was a United States senator, from
Ohio, when he died. Captain Cisna died at Piketon, where
his family now dwell.

We cannot dismiss our picture of the late war in Ohio, with-
out saying a few words respecting our principal figure on the
canvas. We ask our reader's attention to them.

General William Henry Harrison every where appears on
the whole field of his operations. The commissary's and quar-
ter master's departments, the recruiting service, all, all the ma-
chinery of war, is moved by him. His zeal, prudence, sleep-
less activity, untiring energy and heroic daring over-
came all difficulties and surmounted all obstacles. To look
back upon the amount of labor of all sorts, performed by him,
in that portion of his life, astonishes us. Few men could have
carried on the correspondence, which he was compelled to do,
in the same period of time. He wrote constantly to govern-
ors of states, officers of the army, and the secretary of war.
He traversed all the stamps of the northwest, constantly, al-

240 HISTORY OF OHIO.

roost. He visited the principal depots of provisions, and of
troops, in Ohio. He traveled between the distant points,
which he often visited, but when he went, he traveled night
and day. Sometimes going on foot, leading his horse, and
jumping from bog to bog, he made his way through the wil-
derness of swamps. While on tiresome, rapid, and long
marches, with his troops, in the wilderness^ his cheerfulness
and buoyancy of spirits, cheered all hearts. A cheerful re-
mark from any soldier, in such cases, produced a hearty laugh
from his general, who reechoed the remark, with applause.
Marching through the mud, the soldiers often sung some rude
song of their own manufacture, the General sometimes joined
in the chorus, and drove off all the gloom which hovered around
them. No commander was ever more beloved, or better obey-
ed. Thoutrh his orders were given more like requests, some-
times, than absolute commands, yet they were always obeyed
instantly and implicitly, by all under his command. His care
of his troops more resembled that of father, than a military
commander. No father was ever kinder in his manner of con-
veying his advice, his reproofs or applauses. We do not know
of even one soldier's being executed, in his army. In the coun-
ty where this was written, a private soldier was arrested
for desertion, and found at home, here, while the army was
marching towards the frontier, and this was the third offense
of the same kind. The detachment halted, the soldier was
brought forsvard to his company, and the general informed of
all the circumstances, and asked, if the soldier should be pun-
ished? The general came near, looked carefully at the man,
and said, " no, he regrets what he has done, I will forgive him,
for he will never be guilty again." Joining his company, this
soldier, Morris was finally killed, charging the enemy at Fort
Erie, in August 1814.

General Harrison's education is good. He graduated at
William and Mary college, in Virginia, after which he studi-
ed medicine, in Philadelphia. These early advantages were
not lost on him. He is a beautiful writer, and a most elo-
quent orator. His despatches, general orders and addresses

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 241

were always extremely well written. On any sudden and
great emergency, such as the sudden appearance of Proctor
and his red allies, at Camp Meigs, in April, 1813, Harrison's
short address to his troops, produced a most powerful effect,
when he pointed to Wayne's battle ground directly across the
Maumee, reminding them of what valor and patriotism had
done there, in 1794.

His knowledge of medicine, was of great importance to him,
of which he availed himself, in his intercourse with his troops.
Their health always had his strict attention. Their food,
clothing, care of themselves, and every little circumstance,
connected with their personal welfare, were always objects of
importance, in the estimation of their commander-in-chief.

He enjoyed one great advantage, in being well known to
the entire people, in the country where he commanded. They
all knew him, and confided in him as their friend, and as their
defender. Farmers parted with their property, at his demand,
and even gave it freely, when he called for it.

Though a military man, from the time he was twenty-one
or two years old, yet, he ever advocated the subordination of
the military to the civil powers. His attachment to our con-
stitution and the republican system is unbounded. This he
has shown in all the stations which he has held, whether dele-
gate or member of congress from Ohio, governor of Indiana,
or minister to Colombia. At the head of our armies he was
defending this form of government and the liberties of his
country.

A man of the common size, erect, as in youth, and though,
sixty-four years old, yet active, quick to move and to think,
and ready to meet any emergency, as at thirty years of age.
He enjoys perfect health of body and mind. His temper was
always mild, even, and entirely under his control. He was
never seen to be in anger. His disinterestedness is clearly
proven by his comparative poverty. In his dress, and in all
his expenses he is plain and economical; but not parisimonious.
Although he has held many offices, out of which a modem
31

242 HISTORY OF OHIO.

patriot would make millions, general Harrison has never laid
up, even one dollar. He owns the farm, which his father-in-
law^ judge Symmes, gave him at the North Bend, but that is
all he owns.

His benevolence is bounded only by his menns; and, could
he have his wishes gratified, every human being would be vir-
tuous, good and perfectly happy.

The war may be said to have ended in Ohio, on the 5th day
of October, 1813, and all that was done afterwards, was merely
guarding this frontier, by general Duncan McArthur, who
was appointed a brigadier general, in the regular United States
army, and took the command here. Governor Meigs, had
been appointed Postmaster general, and settled in Washington
city. Harrison resigned his commission, and was elected to
congress, by the Cincinnati district. McArthur, made an ex-
pedition into Upper Canada, in the summer and autumn of
1814, disarmed the militia, and destoyed some public property
there. The peace was declared in the spring of 1815, and,
all has been peace, ever since, in Ohio. And so may it for-
ever remain, in peace and prosperity. The immediate effects
of this war, on Ohio, are summed up, in a few sentences.

The war brought many people, into the state, who finally set-
tled down in it, and thus added to oiir numbers. The soldiers,
who traversed the country, and were finally discharged, at
Chillicothe, in the spring of 1815, continued in the country.
The embargo, and the war, drove many families from the At-
lantic frontier to Ohio. Large sums of money were disbursed
here, and all sorts of provisions and even labor commanded
high prices. Farmers entered many tracts of land, and paid
the first payment, on them. The conclusion of the Indian war,
in 1795, left among us, the remains of Wayne's army: so the
war of 1812, added to our numbers in the same manner.
Those who traversed so fine a country, saw it, were pleased
with it, and tarried in it. But, as the last war, brought more
men and more money to support the war, into the country,
than the first war did, so the last event, effected more, for this

WAH WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 243

state than the former one had done. At the conclusion of
Wayne's war, we had scarcely five thousand inhabitants, per-
haps, not even that number. At the conclusion of the war of
1812, our numbers were probably three hundred thousand.
The population increased, after this war, not rapidly, yet stea-
dily, for two or three years, until, by a succession of unto-
ward events, the state became stationary, for several years.
But we will reserve our remarks on that portion of our civil
history, for a separate article.

As a national affair, the war, which we have been consider-
ing, so far as Ohio was concerned in carrying it on, was con-
ducted as well as could have been expected. Her citizens
had no sailors impressed on the high seas, nor any ships or
goods seized there, by England, yet our people never murmur-
ed that it was an eastern war, and ought to be borne by
eastern men. Our citizens never objected to crossing an im-
maginary line, under any poor, frivolous excuse, but on the
contrary, they complained that they were not led into the
heart of the enemy's country instantly, and allowed to end
the war on this frontier, at once and forever. Our citizen
soldiers, patiently underwent all the hardships of warfare,
without a complaint, and they cheerfully obeyed their officers,
who were elected by themselves. The officers treated them
as their neighbors and friends, even standing guard while
their soldiers slept. Western members of congress served as
privates in western campaigns. McArthur, Cass, and all the
officers stood as sentinels, often, as if they had been privates.
Desertions were rare, and not a volunteer was punished with
death, for any crime, nor ever deserved it. There was no
party opposed to the war, in Kentucky, Ohio, or Indiana. So
far as these states are concerned, now, they are as true and
faithful citizens to the nation as can be desired. We have
stated facts within our own entire recollection, and cannot
be wrong. Impartial truth is all we aim at in our relation of
events.

By the war of 1812, the nation might have been indirectly
benefited, by gaining some little notice abroad. It might have

244 HISTORY OF OHIO.

roused up the nation from a sort of torpor of the body politic,
but impressment was left where we found it, unprovided for
by treaty stipulations.

It is quite possible the governments of both countries got
heartily sick of the war, and so made peace. On the part of
Great Britain, it was certainly a poor, and very small busi-
ness, and if continued, would have issued eventually greatly
to her injury. England can never have any interest in quar-
reling with us whose trade is all she needs, and which war
interrupts and if persisted in, and continued very long, would
finally destroy. War long continued with England would
make us a manufacturing nation, and independent of England.
We have no interest in quarrelling with our old stepmother,
whose language we speak, and whose institutions we have
copied, and bid fair to extend and perpetuate over all North
America.

To all human appearance, this nation is eventually destin-
ed to be the most powerful one that now is, ever was, or ever
will be on the globe. At our present rate of national increase,
in numbers, wealth and power, in one century to come, this
nation will consist of more than one hundred millions of peo-
ple, who will occupy the surface of all North America; whose
commerce will encircle the globe, and whose power will be felt
on every sea, and in every country of the whole earth. May
her mercy and benevolence be coextensive with her power;
protecting the weak, warring only on the unjust, and enlight-
ning the ignorant. May she carry all the useful arts to every
portion of mankind, and spread the benign principles of the
gospel in all lands. Thus our nation may, if she will, become
a blessing to all mankind.

GENERAL EVENTS.

PERIOD FIFTH.

THIS PERIOD COMPRISES THE HISTORY OP OHIO FROM 1815 TO

1825.

During the period of which we are about to treat, there was
a stagnation of business of all sorts. To relieve the pressure
in the midst of it, congress reduced the price of their lands in
the west, from two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents
an acre. This reduction was extremely injurious to land own-
ers, many of whom held large tracts, on which they had long
paid taxes, until the taxes themselves, amounted to more than
the lands were worth. The productions of the lands, meat
and bread, no longer found a market near the place of their
production. A want of good roads, either by land or water,
on which our home productions could be transported, added to
our far inland situation, operated severely on industry of all
sorts, and palsied every manly effort, either of body or of
mind, in Ohio. This stagnation of business, and this torpor
of the body politic were increased, and greatly aggravated by
the failure of a great number of little country banks. These
had sprung up like mushrooms, in a night, during the war,
when every article, which the farmer could spare, sold readily
for cash at a high price. The eastern merchants, to whom we
were greatly indebted, refused our western bank paper, ex-
cept at a ruinous discount, in payment either of old debts or
for goods. Our specie had been transported on pack horses
over the Alleghanies. The vaults of our banks were emptied
of their silver and gold, and all our banks either stopped

246 HISTORY OF OHIO.

' payment, or ceased to do business. The farmer was discour-
aged from raising much more, than what he really needed for
his own immediate use ; the trader feared to take bank paper,
that might be of no value, before he could use it; and his old
customers could no longer purchase any goods except mere
necessaries of life. The people living in the towns, became
idle, lazy, and of course, dissipated. Amidst this gloom, the
national government brought suits in court on all the bonds
due to them, for the internal duties on distilleries, &c., &c.,
and against the collectors of the revenue. United States
Jands had been sold to settlers on a credit, and these were
forfeited for non-payment.

Universal ruin stared all in the face, and it seemed for
awhile, as if the people of the west would retrogade into a
state of barbarism.

Congress had chartered a national bank, but although this
measure operated for a moment, auspiciously by throwing in-
to circulation a sound currency, yet inasmuch as the balance
of trade was greatly against the west, we received no lasting
benefit from it.

Three-fourths of the state, all south of the summit which
separates the waters of the Mississippi from those of the St.
Lawrence, carried their produce to New Orleans for sale.
This trade was very little better than no trade, only as it ten-
ded to keep men out of absolute idleness. The arks, or as
they were called " New Orleans boats," cost about two hun-
dred dollars each, where they were built, and as they were of
little value at New Orleans, and could not be used by their
owners, only for descending the river, the entire cost of the
boats was lost. The hands employed in this long, tedious and
expensive voyage, provided they escaped death by the yellow
fever, or by some robber, were compelled to return home by
land through the Indian country. In the interior where these
boats were built along the Ohio, and its branches, after build-
ing the boats and loading them with flour, pork, lard whisky,
cider, apples, fowls, &c., the freshet must come before they
could depart on their perilous voyage. And it might hap-

GLOOMY TIMES* 24"?

pen, and often did happen, that all the streams in the state of
Ohio were up, at nearly the same time. The flood came, and
with it departed such an amount of produce, that the market
was glutted. The best flour has been sold for three dollars a
barrel, and pork for four or live dollars a barrel, in New Or-
leans, which amounted to a total loss of the cargo. Or the
boat sunk on its voyage, and not merely were the boat and
cargo lost, but every man on board it perished. If those who
left their property for sale in New Orleans, lost only all they
thus stored in the agent's warehouse, and were not called on
for a considerable amount, as the difference of value between
the expenses of selling and what the sale produced to the own-
er he was truly fortunate, in those times. Or if a man, who
had purchased and paid for twenty thousand dollars' worth of
produce in Ohio, and had succeeded in making what was then
considered a good sale of his property, in New Orleans — we
say if such a man should have been taken sick at an inn,
where he lodged, (and he was sure to be, if he put up at one of
them) and should die there, among strangers, with his twenty -
five thousand dollars, about his person, not a dollar was ever
returned to his family, but in its stead a bill of several hun-
dred dollars for funeral expenses, was forwarded to his widow,
parents, relatives or friends, who generally paid the host all
he demanded. Numerous cases of this sort, fell out within
our entire recollection of them, and all their attendant cif^
cumstances.

Although taxes were levied on lands, for the support of the
state government yet they were but poorly paid. And the
sales, for taxes were so loosely, carelessly made, by the col-
lectors, that a tax title to land was good for nothing. The
more of them one had, the poorer he would be, in the same
pr(^rtion.

At an early date of the state government, all the lands iii
the state, which had been sold by the United States over five
years w'ere divided, into three rates, first, second and third
rates, and taxed accordingly, without any reference to their
rdal vahie. Bottom lartds, ak>ng the streams, and I'ich prairte

248 HISTORY OF OHIO.

lands, were first rate, and paid the highest tax. These lands
might be worth very little from many cirsumstances, such as
their liability to be overflowed by freshets, and they might be
distant from any town, &c., so that even third rate lands
might be by far, more valuable than the first rate lands. For
mere cultivation, the second rate lands, lying generally on
what was denominated second bottoms, were better adapted
to produce grain, than those of the first class. Besides, the
county officers did pretty much as they pleased in their re-
turnSy and first rate lands in one county might be estimated as
second, or even third rate lands, in a county adjoining. This
system of taxation was very erroneous, and unequal in its op-
eration, doing great injustice, and productive of discontent
among the land owners.

It is easily seen that a system of taxation so loosely framed,
and so unjustly too, couW not be very well enforced. The
money raised by it so far as the members of the general assem-
bly were to be paid out of it, was grudged by the tax payers.
Not a few of these givers of law, were extremely illiterate;
so much so, that some of them could neither write nor reeid
their own names.

The poorer sort of people were mere squatters on the pub-
lic lands, or tenants on the lands of the more wealthy land
owners. These men were all voters, and they not unfre-
quently obtained seats in the legislature. They paid no tax-
es themselves, but they levied heavy burdens on others. We
need not wonder that taxes so levied and in part (and no
small part either) for such a purpose, were badly paid.

From these causes, and those causes heretofore enumerated,
the state treasury at length became totally exhausted. All
the salaries of the state officers, were in arrear, and all these
officers, and even the members of the general assembly were
paid in audited bills on the treasury. Governor Brown, though
faithfully exerting every power he had, actually failed to bor-
row twenty thousand dollars on the credit of the now great,
populous and wealthy state of Ohio. Yes, reader, such was
the fact, only a very few short years since. Several unskill-

GLOOMY TIMES. Sti^

ful, or possibly fraudulent attempts, had been made previous,
fo these times, to raise a revenue by incorporating no small
number of banks. These had failed, as every man of sense
knew they must fail — and as they always will fail to produce
much revenue to the state treasury, under any circumstances.

And at the period of our lowest depression, as to credit, no
money scarcely of any sort, had a circulation among us.

Pork sold for one dollar p€r hundred pounds, Indian corn for
twelve and a half cents a bushel, wheat for twenty-five cents,
and every other article of produce was equally cheap where
they were produced. And there was not a demand even at
these prices, for all the farmer could easily spare.

These times, we can all remember, and, as matters of mere
historical fact, we can now look back upon them, with pride
and exultation, while we look around us, on the contrast,
every where seen, felt and fully realized. Amidst all these
gloomy circumstances, there were a few men, in the state, who
looked through them, towards better days. The first impulse,
which roused into activity, the sleeping energies of the Wes-
tern people, was Fulton's steam boat. The first one, built on
the western waters, was constructed by Robert Fulton, at Pitts-
burgh, and departed from that place, in December 1812, and
arrived at New Orleans, on the 24th of the same month. It
was called the Orleans. The second was called the Comet,
built bv Samuel Smith, and went to Louisville, in the summer
of 1813. Third, The Vesuvius, was built by Fulton, and de-
scended to New Orleans, in the spring of 1814. Fourth, The
Enterprise, built at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, was owned and
constructed by Daniel French, on his patent. This boat made
two voyages to Louisville, in the summer of 1814, under the
command of captain Israel Gregg. Fifth, The Aetna was
built at Pittsburgh, 1815, by Fulton and company. This busi-
ness of building steam boats, increased annually, until in 1819,
forty one steamers, had been constructed on the western waters.
The improvements in every part of the machinery, by this time,
had so far succeeded, and those who managed them, had, by
32

250

HISTORY OF OHIO.

actual experience, so far perfected themselves, in their business
that the public attention had been turned towards steam boat
navig ition.

A new era, may be said to have commenced, which, in its
beneficial effects, has produced a great deal of real good, to
all the western people. There are no'.v, four hundred steam-
ers navigating our western rivers!!

The inventor of the steam boat, was Robert Fulton, a
native of Pennsylvania. By occupation, he was orginally, a
portrait painter. He inherited nothing from his parents except
bis genius, but, he was so fortunate, as to marry into a distin-
guished family, in the state of New York. That family, was
not only v/ealthy, but talented and influential; it was the Liv-
ingstox family. Although, the power and uses of steam,
had long been known, to a great degree, in Europe; and al-
though, Bolton, Watt and Arkwright had successfully applied
it, to a great many useful purposes, yet, until Robert Fulton,
brought this power into useful operation, in propelling vessels,
nothing practical was effected by it, in navigation. Fulton
expended a fortune, on his invention, and died not worth a dol-
lar, leaving behind him, a family of orphans. He even lost
his life, in trying an experiment, on a vessel of war, which con-
gress had employed him to construct. His fate, and his ser-
vices as well as Clinton's, under any modern European gov-
ernment, would have entitled their heirs to a competency, dur-
ing their lives, in consideration of the services of their fathers,
to the country, which had been so signally benefited by their
labors. What has the republic done for Fulton's and Clinton's
heirs? Nothing, absolutely nothing.

To the western states, whose lakes and rivers, are unrival-
ed, in the whole world, for their length, size, and usefulness,
aided by this invention; the steam boat is an inestimable bless-
ing. It diminishes space and time. And a voyage may now
be made, in two weeks, from New Orleans, to Cincinnati or St.
Louis, which would before the steamer was in use, have taken
three months to perfDrra. And four hundred tons may be trans-
ported in one vessel, now, whereas t'ahty tons, Was all that a

Fulton's steamer. 251

common keel boat, could carry upwards, in its long, tedious and
dangerous voyage.

The vast advantages, to be derived from the use of the
steamer, are not yet fully unfolded. It seems designed to jjene-
trate, all the great rivers, of the world ; those of both contin-
ents; to penetrate Africa, to its centre, as well as Asia and
South America. It seems peculiarly fitted for all the islands of
the Pacific, and finally, to be one in number, of the vast amount
of means, now u^ing, to promote commercial intercourse
between all mankind; to spread far and wide, all the usefjl arts
of life, of science, of civilization, of hammity ; and all the lights
of our holy religion. While we sit writing here, England is
making efTu-ts to bring into successful operation, the steamer,
on the Euphrates and the Red sea. The Niger, the Nile, the
Ganges, the Indus, the Buri-ampooter, the Amazon, the La
Plata, the Tocantius, the Magdalena, the Columbia and Orino-
ko, may yet be navigated, as much, as now are the Mississip-
pi, the St. Lawrence, the Hudson, Delaware, Potomac, Ohio
and Missouri. That time is rapidly approaching, indeed, the
steamer will one day, be seen, in every harbor, visit every
island, coast and country of the whole earth. Give the war-
rior, who desolates whole countries, and destroys millions of
his fellow men, his bloody fame, but give us a fame as pure,
and as well deserved as Robert Fulton's, and we would ask
no more. Unstained with blood, vice or crime, the fame of
Fulton, shining brighter and brighter, shall live forever.

During all that period, whose now departed, gloomy ghosts
we have made walk, in sad procession, before the reader, not a
few of us, in this state, corresponded with our old friend DeWitt
Clinton of New York. All our difficulties were correctly stat-
ed to him. On his part, he counselled us as a father would have
advised his children. As to funds, he suggested to us, that our
school lands and salt reservations, might be sold and they would
produce funds enough with which to begin our canals. He
suggested to us, " that from our peculiar location, as a state,
Ohio might by means of roads and canals, become the centre of
travel to and from the Valley of the Mississippi, That canals

252 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and roads, passing through our coal aud iron regions, would
render those mines very valuable, then almost useless. That
our rich soil and its productions, would, by means of these
improvements, render us wealthy, enterprising and prosper-
ous." Having originally advocated our admission into the
Union; having been our warm friend, always, even in our
darkest days, gave him peculiar claims to our confidence. He
stood before the nation, as the principal supporter of Internal
Improvements. He was their earliest advocate, whose success-
ful career, drew all eyes towards him.

Assailed at home, by a combination of little men, who envi-
ed his greatness, he nevertheless, moved forward in his course,
with giant strides, conquering all opposition until he had uni-
ted the western lakes, with the Atlantic ocean. The people
of Ohio saw, with wonder and admiration, the progress of
what, was truly considered, at that day, a stupendous work.
The completion, of the " Clinton canal," (as all, but New
Yorkers, will forever call it,) dispelled all doubts, about the
practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio river.
The great question was solved. In effect, it was doxe.

Before this time, Ohio always professed to believe, in the
practicability of the New York canal. When Clinton and his
early associates, in the winter of 1812, perhaps, applied to
the states, for aid in making tho great New York canal, Ohio,
even then, answered, " that she believed in the practicability
of making such a canal, and that New York, and her Clinton
could effect it; but, that Ohio, had no money to spare, yet
she would cheerfully do all she could in aid of that project,
in congress, by her votes and influence." To all the appli-
cations of New York, to congress; to the several states, and
territories, on this subject, only one, truly friendly answer was
returned to them; and, with pride and pleasure we record it;
that answer was given by the General Assembly of Ohio.

Governor Clinton, never forgot that answer, nor did his
friends in New York forget it. From that time to this, Clin-
ton''s friends, in congress, from New York, have, generally,
been friendly to us, whereas, his enemies of that stato, have,

SCHOOL LANDS. 2I8

as uniformly been our enemies, on every question, when their
votes could injure us, in the national legislature.

SCHOOL LANDS, AND COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION.

The congress of the United States, by several acts, usually
denominated " the compact," gave the people, of all the terri-
tory northwest of Ohio river, one thirty sixth part of the land,
for the support of common schools. No small portion of these
lands, was occupied, at an early day, by persons, who settled
on them, without any other title to them, than what mere occu-
pancy gave them. These occupants, made no very valuable
improvements, on these lands, but they contrived, in time, to
obtain various acts of our general assembly, in favor of such
squatters. Such acts increased in number every year, until
they, not only had cost the state, large sums of money for legis-
lating about them, but some entire sessions were mostly spent,
in such unprofitable legislation.

In the meantime, scarcely a dollar was ever paid over to the
people, for whose benefit these lands had been given, by con-
gress.

Members of the legislature, not unfrequently, got acts pass-
ed and leases granted, either to themselves, to their relations
or, to their warm partisans. One senator contrived to get, by
such acts, seven entire sections of land into, either his own, or
his childrens' possession!!

From 1803 to 1820, our general assembly spent its sessions
mostly, in passing acts relating to these lands ; in amending our
militia laws; and in revising those relating to justices' courts.
Every four or five years, all the laws were amended, or as
one member of assembly well remarked in his place, "were
made worse." At a low estimate, this perverse legislation, cost
the people, one million of dollars. The laws were changed so
frequently, that none but the passers of them, for whose bene-
fit they were generally made, knew what laws were really in
force. New laws were often made, as soon as the old ones
stpok effect.

254 HISTORY OF OHIO.

During these seventeen years, there were, a few persons, iu
different parts of the state, who opposed this course of legisla-
tion. And here we introduce to the reader, Ephraim Cutler, of
Washington county, near Marietta, who was one of the framers
of our state constitution. He had succeeded in his motion, so to
amend the original draft of that instrument, as to make it the
imperative duty of the general assembly, to support " religion,
morality and knowledge, as essentially necessary to good gov-
ernment." And the constitution goes on to declare " that schools
and the means of instruction, shall forever be encouraged by
legislative provision." This provision, remained a dead letter
until, in December 1819, Judge Cutler, its author, being then
a member, of the general assembly, introduced a resolution for
thit purpose, and was appointed chairman of a committee, on
schools. He introduced a bill, into the house of representa-
tives, for regulating and supporting common schools. This
bill, after being much injured, by amendments, passed the low-
er branch of the legislature, but, was either not passed in the
senate, or so modified, as to render it useless. This state of
things continued, until, in December 1821, the house of repre-
sentatives, appointed five of its members, to wit: Caleb Atwa-
ter, Lloyd Talbot, James Shields, Roswell Mills and Josiah
Barber, a committee, on schools and school land.''. To that com-
mittee, was referred a great number of petitions from the occu-
pants of school lands, in almost every part of the state. This
committee devoted nearly all its time, to the subjects submit-
ted to its charge. All the acts of the legislature, relative to
the school land were carefully examined, and this committee
came to the conclusion, that, inasmuch as the legislature were
the mere trustee of the fund set apart by congress, for the sup-
port of common schools, not a few of these acts were void, because
they were destructive to the interests of the people, whose
children were to be educated by this grant. The trustree, the
committee believed, had the power to so manage this fund as to
increase its value; but, the trustee had no power to destroy the
fund. The committee, saw all the difficulties which surround-
ied the object of their charge; as well as the delicacy of their

SCHOOL LANDS. 255

own situation, sitting as members with those who had pos-
session of more or less of the school lands. They weighed, in
their minds, all these things, and finally, adopted a plan, and
the only one, which appeared to them feasible, which was, to
recommend the adoption of a joint resolution, authorizing the
governor, to appoint seven commissioners of schools and school
lands, whose duty it should be, to devise a system of law, for
the support and regulation of common schools. Their chairman,
who writes these lines, immediately after this decision, drew up,
and presented to the house of representatives, the following

EEPORT.

The committee to whom was referred so much of the Gov-
ernor's message, as relates to schools and school lands, have
had those subjects under their consideration, and now beg leave
to Report,

That in the opinion of the committee, the education of our
youth, is the first care and highest duty of every parent,
patriot and statesman. It is education, which polishes the
manners, invigorates the mind and improves the heart. If
it has been encouraged even by despotic governments, how
much stronger are the motives held out to induce the republi-
can statesman to promote this object of primary importance?
Shall Louis XVIII. of France, support from the national treasu-
ry, learned professors, in every branch of science and learn-
ing, in all the celebrated schools in his kingdom; and will the
legislature of this young, rising and respectable state, neglect
to provide for the education of her youth? The committee pre-
sume not.

It will be recollected by the house, that many of the best
scholars, patriots, warriors, philosophers and statesmen, whom
this nation has produced — men who have shone as lights in
the world ; who have been blessings to their own country and
the world at large ; who have been applauded by the whole
civilized world, for their learning, their genius, their patriot-
ism and their virtues in public and private life, were many of

25R HISTORY OF OHIO.

them, when young, poor and destitute as to property, and yet
through their own exertions, under the genial influence of the
republican institutions of our elder sister states, were enabled
to raise themselves from the lowest circumstances, to the
heights of fame and usefulness.

The name of the illustrious Franklin- will occur to every
mind. Are there no Franklins, no Monroes, no Wirts in the
log cabins of Ohio, who possess not even a cent of property^
who have no knowledge of the rudiments of a common education,
and are deprived of a father's advice and protection, and even
without the benefit of a mothers prayers? Is it not the duty of
the legislature, to lay, in season, a foundation on which to
build up the cause of education? Ought not a system of edu-
cation to be founded, which should embrace with equal affec-
tion, the children of the poor and the rich?

It has been said that " a little learning is a dangerous thing."
This may be true in monarchical governments, where the ex-
tremes of wealth and poverty, power and weakness exist, but
never can be true, in a republic like ours. Where universal
suffrage is the birth right of every citizen, learning enough to
enable the elector to become acquainted with his own rights
and his ruler's duty, is necessary for him to possess. In a mor-
al point of view, learning enough to enable every rational be-
ing to fully understand his duty to himself, his neighbor and
his Creator, is absolutely necessary. Without education and
morality, can a republic exist for any length of time? The
committee presume not.

A great philosopher has said that "knowledge is power."
It is that power, which transforms the savage into the civili-
zed man, surrounds him with a thousand comforts, unattainable,
through any other medium, and exhibits man as he ought to
be, at the head of this lower creation, and the image of his
Maker. It is an acquaintance with letters, which enables man
to hold a correspondence, and become acquainted with his
fellow man, however distant they may be from each other.
Through this medium, all the ideas of the warrior, the states-
man, the poet, the philosopher and the patriot are conveyed

SCHOOL REPORT. Sjlt

from age to age and from country to country. Through this
medium, the treasures of learning and science are brought
down to us, from the remotest ages past. Through this same
medium, these treasures accumulating, as they are borne along
down the stream of time, will be conveyed to the remotest
ages yet to come.

Gratitude, to those who have gone before us, for their la-
bors in the fields of learning and science, duty to ourselves
and to those who are to come after us, call on us for a system
of education for confimon schools, so framed, that genius, to
whomsoever given, by the allwise and beneficent Author of
our existence, may be drawn forth from its abode however ex-
alted or however humble that may be, to enlighten mankind
by a divine radiance.

" Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
" The dark unfalhomed caves of ocean bear,
" Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,-
" And waste its sweetness on the desert air."

Is it not the duty of the legislature to explore the recesses
of the ocean of distress and poverty, and to draw forth the
gems of genius and place them before the public eye ? Ought
not the field of learning to be so far extended as to enclose
within its limits, those beautiful wild flowers of genius which
are now wasting their sweetness on the desert air?

But it may be asked, how shall we effect this desirable
object? Where are our means of doing it? The committee
answer, that nearly one thirty-sixth part of our territory has
been granted by congress, (for a fair equivalent it is true)
to the state, in trust for the support of common schools. Had
this fund, been properly managed, the committee are of the
opinion, that a great permanent one would have been created,
the interest of which would have done much towards the sup-
port of common schools. The committee deeply regret, that
the school lands have been, in many instances, leased out,
for different periods of time, to persons who, in numerous in-
33

258 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Stances seem to have forgotten that these lands were granted
to the state (for a fair equivalent by congress,) for the support
of education, and for the benefit of the rising generation*

From all the committee have been able to learn, it would
seem that more money had been expended by the state in leg-
islating concerning these lands, than they have yet or ever will
produce, unless some other method of managing them be de-
vised than any hitherto pursued. The committee refer the
house to acts concerning these lands on the statute book, and
to the fact, that in numerous instances, the lessees are destroy-
ing all the valuable timber growing on these lands. The com-
mittee are impressed with the belief, that unless these lands
are soon sold, and the proceeds thence to be derived, in-
vested in the stock of the United States, or in some other
permanent and productive stock, no good and much evil, will
accrue to the state from the grant of these lands by congress.
Shall we proceed on, legislating, session after session, for the
sole benefit of lessees of school lands, at the expense of the
state? Or shall we apply to the general government for au-
thority to sell out these lands as fast as the leases expire or
are forfeited by the lessees? Or shall we entirely surrender
these lands to present occupants, with a view to avoid in fu-
ture the perpetual importunity of these troublesome petition-
ers? The committee are of the opinion that in order to col-
lect information on the subjects committed to their considera-
tion, commissioners ought to be appointed to report to the next
general assembly, a bill to establish and regulate common
schools, accompanied by such information on the subject, as
they may be able to collect.

Should the general assembly authorize the the Governor to
appoint such commissioners, a judicious selection would doubt-
less be made, with a reference to the local interests of the
state, as well as to the cause of learning among us.

Such commissioners ought to take into their consideration,
the propriety or impropriety of obtaining leave of the gener-
al government, of making such a disposition of the scboci

SCHOOL REPORT. 259

lands of the state, by sale or otherwise, as may best comport
with the original intention of the grantors.

It is our sincere wish to excite into activity, the learning,
the talents and patriotism of the state, so that the attention of
our constituents may be immediately turned towards the sub-
jects committed to us.

The following resolution is respectfully submitted to the
consideration of the house:

Resolved, by the general assembly of the state of Ohio,
That the Governor be authorized to appoint seven commission-
ers whose duty it shall be to collect, digest and report to the
next general assembly, a system of education for common
schools, and also, to take into consideration, the state of the
fund set apart by congress for the support of common schools,
and to report thereon to the next general assembly.

This Report and this resolution bemg read, at the clerk's
table, were ordered to be printed, and on the 30th day of
January 1822, they passed the house, without a dissenting
vote. The joint resolution, for the appointment of commis-
sioners, passed the senate, January 31st, 1822, without oppo-
sition.

In the month of May, following, Allen Trimble, Esquire,
the then governor of the state, appointed seven commissioners
of schools and school lands, to wit: Caleb Atwater, the Rev.
John Collins, Rev. James Hoge, D. D., N. Guilford, the Honor-
able Ephraim Cutler, Honorable Josiah Barber, and James M.
Bell, Esquire. The reason why seven persons were appoint-
ed, was because there were seven differrent sorts of school
lands in the state, viz: section number sixteen in every town-
ship of congress lands; the Virginia military lands; United
States military lands; Symmes' purchase, in the Miami coun-
try, the Ohio company's purchase, on the Ohio river; the
refugee lands, extending from Columbus to Zanesville; and,
the Connecticut Western Reserve land.

Caleb Atwater was appointed for congress lands ; John Col-
lins, for the Virginia military lands; James Hoge, for the refu-
gee lands; James M. Bell, for the ,United States military

260 HISTORY OF OHIO.

district; Ephraim Cutler for the Ohio company's lands, N.
Guilford for Symmes' purchase, and Josiah Barber for Connec-
ticut Western Reserve school lands.

All the persons appointed commissioners, accepted of their
offices, as it appears, by referring to governor Trimble's mes-
sage to the legislature, in December 1822. Five of these
commissioners, to wit: Caleb Atwater, John Collins, James
Hoge, Ephraim Cutler and Josiah Barber, entered on the
duties of their appointment, and assembled at Columbus, the
seat of government, in June 1822. They organized their
board, appointed Caleb Atwater their chairman, and, inas-
much, as N. Guilford, and James M. Bell, did not appear, nor
act, the five, who were present and acting, informally appoin-
ted Caleb Atwater, to perform the duty, assigned to N. Guil-
ford; and, James Hoge, was appointed to supply the place of
James M. Bell.

This board, thus organized, ordered their chairman, to ad-
dress a circular letter, to all such persons as had the charge
of the school lands, in the state, soliciting information, as to
those lands; what was their value, how they were managed,
how, and by whom occupied, and finally, all the information,
necessary to be possessed, by the commissioners.

Each commissioner, agreed to exert himself in obtaining all
the information, in his power, relating to these lands. After
an active session of seven days, the board adjourned, to meet
again in August then next.

Five hundred letters were addressed to persons in various
parts of the state, and fearing that unless the postage were
paid, these letters would not be attended to by those to whom
they were addressed, the author of them paid the postage.
His time was devoted almost wholly to this business, until ia
August following, the board met again at Columbus. At this
i]fieeting which lasted seven days, the chairman was directed
to prepare three pamphlets for the press: first, a pamphlet,
showing the actual condition of the school lands; second, a
bill proposing a system gf law, regulating commc«tj schools; and

SCHOOL REPORT. 261

thirdly, an explanatory one, of the school system to be pro-
posed.

The chairman was directed to collect all the school systems,
in use, in all the states; and to consult, by letter, or otherwise,
all our most distinguished statesmen, scholars, teachers and
jurists, on this matter. In pursuance of this order, he opened
a correspondence with not a few such men, in all the old, and
many of the new states. This correspondence occupied near-
ly all his time, during the three following months of Septem-
ber, October, and November, until early in December 1822,
the board again assembled at Columbus. During all this
time, not, a dollar had been advanced by the state, to this
board, nor was there a dollar in the state treasury to spare for
any object.

Two of the commissioners, had been elected members of the
general assembly, to wit: Ephraim Cutler and Josiah Barber.
The other three, Messrs. Atwater, Collins and Hoge devoted
up their whole time to this service. Occupying a room, in a
public house, it became a centre of attraction, for all the lov-
ers of learning, who visited the seat of government, during
that session of the state legislature. In this legislature, were
many influential men who were opposed to a school system;
to a sale of the school lands; and, to internal improvements.
Calling occasionally, at the commissioners' room, these ene-
mies of all improvement, discovered the commissioners discuss-
ing the merits of the different school systems, which they had
collected. These opposers, as it now appears, with the inten-
tion of swindling the commissioners out of what would be justly
due to them for their expenditures of time and mone)^, request-
ed the chairman to let them see what the postage on his offi-
cial correspondence amounted to, and they would pay it.
This being acceded to, and that being found to be seventy dol-
lars, these legislators so framed a report, in the senate that it
would appear, that all the services had been finished and paid
for, nine weeks before the commissioners concluded their
session ! ! !

The board proceeded in their labors, day after day, and

262 HISTORY OF OHIO.

week after week, and prepared for the press and printed, the
three pamphlets aforesaid, at the expense of printing and pa-
per, paid for by the chairman, and never fully remunerated to
this day, by the state! Fifteen hundred copies of each, or
four thousand five hundred copies, after an absence from
home on that business, of eighty-two days were printed,
and done up in handsome covers. They were circulated
over the whole state in the spring, summer and autumn
of 1823.

On the assembling of the legislature in December, as soon
as that body were properly organized the report of the com-
missioners was presented to the general asembly which they
accepted, thanking, but not paying any thing for their labors and
expenditures. This session had a majority in both houses, op-
posed to the school system and the sale of the school lands, and
all that was done by them, was to quarrel about these subjects.
They finally broke up in a row and went home. During the
next summer and autumn, the contest about the sale of the
school lands, the school system, the canal, and an equitable
mode of taxation, was warm and animated, but the friends of
all these measures, triumphed over all opposition, at the polls
in the October election of 1824. Large majorities were elec-
ted in both houses, friendly to these highly beneficial meas-
ures. These measures were carried through the general assem-
bly, and the greatest revolution, politically, was effected that
our history offers to the reader. That legislature was the
ablest in point of talents and moral worth that we ever had
in the state.

They gave us a system of education for common schools;
changed the mode of taxation; created a board of fund com-
missioners who were authorized to issue stock and borrow mo-
ney on it, wherewith to make our canals. They passed many
other wise, morally healthful and useful acts. These measures
effected more for us than all others, ever originatinor with the
people, and carried out into execution by the legislature.

Our domestic policy thus established, has never varied since

ORIGIN OF OUR CANALS. 263

that time, and this new state has as fixed a policy as any oth-
er state in the Union.

PREPARATORY MEASURES LEADING TO THE OHIO CANALS, BE-
GUN JULY 4th, 1825. COMJVTENCEMENT OP THE CANALS, AND

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit to ohio.

But we are anticipating a great era in our civil history.
As we have stated already, great efforts had been made by
our writers to produce a total change in our civil policy. Not
less than seventy writers for our newspapers, had urged the
necessity on the people, of having a good system of education
introduced into our common schools; of changing the mode of
taxation, into an equitable, honest and just one; of opening
and rendering permanent a navigable water communication
between lake Erie and the Ohio river. There was a perfect
coincidence of views between the friends of these three great
measures. The tide of public opinion began to move in the
direction favorable to all these improvements.

There had been an act of the general assembly already
passed some two years or more, before this time, relating to
the subject of a canal. Private individuals had endeavored to
get a charter for a company to make such a canal, but all
had failed. In October, 1821, Micajah T. Williams of Cin-
cinnati, had been re-elected by the people of the county of
Hamilton, to a seat in the house of representatives. Imme-
diately at the commencement of the session of the legislature
in December, Mr. Williams, began to sound the minds of mem-
bers on the subject of a canal. At an early day, December
6th 1821, he laid a resolution on the clerk's table for appoint-
ing a committee of five members to take into consideration so
much of the governor's message as related to the subject of
canals. The resolution passed, and Messrs. Williams, Howe,
Thomas Worthington, W. H. Moore and John Shelby, were
appointed on the committee.

Within fifteen minutes after the passage of this resolution,

264

HISTORY OF OHIO.

Mr. Atwater, a member from Pickaway county, laid on the ta-
ble a resolution for appointing a committee of five members
on schools and school lands, which resolution also passed, and
a committee was appointed accordingly. This fact is brought
forward here, to show the entire harmony between those who
were endeavoring to bring about the great revolution in our
civil policy, which has succeeded the wretched state of things
before the canal, school and equitable mode of taxation, sys-
tems, were introduced among us.

Mr. Williams and his committee, of whom he was the soul,
attended strictly to their duty. They had considerable diffi-
culty from various sources to contend with, but by address,
care, prudence and discretion, he and his committee overcame
all opposition. On the third day of January, 1822, he presen-
ted to the house an able and elaborate report recommending
the passage of a law, authorizing an examination into the prac-
ticability of connecting lake Erie with the Ohio river, by a
canaL He introduced a bill immediately after his report was
read, which embraced the views which his report recommended.

To this bill, in all its stages on its passage through the house,
there was a steady hostility kept up by about thirteen mem-
bers, whose names will forever stand on the journal of that
house, in large capitals. We name them not. On Monday
January 21st 1822, Mr. Williams's bill passed the house on its
third reading. And it became a law, on its engrossment and
third reading in the senate on the 31st of January 1822. On
the same day, and hour, the joint resolution for appointing
seven commissioners of schools and school lands passed the
senate. The same messenger from the senate to the house
announced the final passage of both in the senate, in the same
message.

Thus it appears that both these measures originated in the
house of representatives on the 6th day of December, and
that both became laws on the 31st of January thereafter; they
originated within fifteen minutes of each other, and they pass-
ed into laws simultaneously.

By the passage of the act, for that purpose, a certain num-

ORIGIN OF OUR CANALS. 265

ber of commissioners were appointed, whose duty it was to em-
ploy an engineer to examine the country and report on the
practicability of making a canal from lake Erie to the Ohio
river. Those commissioners employed the Honorable James
Geddes of Onondaga county, New York, as an engineer, who
arrived at Columbus, the seat of government, in the month
of June 1822. He had already entered on his arduous labors.

On his way he had examined the Cuyahoga summit. In
the spring, summer and autumn of 1822, Mr. Geddes exam-
ined the country for a canal a distance in length amounting to
nine hundred miles. Our engineers, Samuel Forrer and oth-
erSj leveled eight hundred miles with one instrument. All
this was done in less than eight months.

The commissioners themselves assisted in the examination,
and devoted nearly all their time to this service. These
commissioners continued the examination of the different ca-
nal routes during the whole season, for such works, in the
years 1823-4, and finally, early in the year 1825, determin-
ed, on the route commencing at Cleveland and ending at
Portsmouth on the Ohio river. They also determined on mak-
ing a canal from Cincinnati to Dayton, on the Great Miami
river. In the mean time a board of canal fund commissioners
had been created by law, and a stock had been created, and
these fund commissioners had borrowed money in New York
city sufficient to begin the excavation of the canals, and
carry on the work the first year. All this being done, and
having also appointed David S. Bates Esquire, of Rochester
New York, chief engineer, and as many assistants as necessa-
ry; in fine, every other preparation being made, the canal
commissioners, and all our constituted authorities — our whole
people indeed, invited DeWitt Clinton, governor of New
York to be present at the commencement of making our
canals.

34

266 HISTORY OF OHIO.

DEwiTT Clinton's visit to ohio.

Governor Clinton, attended by his aids, colonel Jones and
colonel Reed, colonel Solomon Van Renselaer of Albany, who
had traversed the state when a wilderness, as an officer un-
der general Wayne; Messrs. Rathbone and Lord, who had
loaned us the ramey with which to commence the canal, and
judge Conkling, United States district judge, of the state of
New York, started from Albany, New York, and landed at
Cleveland Ohio, in June 1825. They arrived at Newark
near the Licking summit, on the third day of July on a beau-
tiful afternoon. Here were assembled to meet, welcome and
receive these distinguished friends of Ohio, the governor of
Ohio, Jeremiah Morrow, the good, able and patriotic chief
magistrate of a state which he had long faithfully served in
many high trusts; our secretary of state ; the state auditor;
the treasurer; all our members of congress; nearly all our
members of the legislature ; the millitary to a great number
of all arms, dressed in their best attire, with all their arms.
And there were present also nearly all those who had so long
and so faithfully written, printed and published so much on
the subject of a canal. The whole number amounted to ma-
ny thousands.

As soon as governor Clinton's carriage appeared on the
public square, all these thousands rent the air with their loud
huzzas of welcome, to DeWitt Clixton, " the fnther of in-
ternal improvements." Four companies of artillery fired one
hundred guns, in honor of the state's guest. Of this great as-
semblage, many of them were personally known to governor
Clinton, and all of them were his personal friends, with many
of whom he had all along corresponded on the subject which
had brought them together. The meeting of so many old
friends on an occasion so dear to all their hearts, was deep-
ly affecting to all present.

On the 4th day of July 1825, forty-nine years after the dec-
laration of independence, this great work of connecting lake
Erie with the Ohio river, by a navigable canal, was comraea'

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit. 267

ced, by the sons of those who achieved the independence of
their country. With the citizens of Ohio, this day will be
forever held doubly sacred.

The day was as fair as heart could desire, and the summit
where the first shovel full of earth was to be excavated, was
three miles or more westwardly of Newark. The underbrush
was cleared off from an acre or more in the woods, near the
summit, where under many wide spreading beech trees, tables
and seats were placed for the assemblage to dine. Got-
LEiB Steinman of Lancaster, made these preparations and
furnished a dinner fjr all this large company.

At an early hour in the morning of the 4 th, the whole as-
semblage moved from Newark, on to the ground which had been
prepared for them. Governor Clinton, governor Morrow, and
the state officers went to the ground on the summit, and ex-
cavated each a few shovel fulls of earth. After this ceremony
was performed, these officers retired to a rude platform, un.
der a shade, where, being seated, Thomas Ewing Esquire, our
late United States senator, delivered an address on the occa-
sion, to the people and to governor Clinton. This address was
replied to by governor Clinton, who was repeatedly interrup-
ted by the loud huzzas of the thousands there assembled. As
soon as his address was finished, one burst of universal ap-
plause from all present, followed it. One hundred guns told
the world that the canal was begun. At these demonstra-
tions of respect and gratitude, spontaneously given, governor
Clinton wept. Surrounded as he always had been, by the poli-
ticians of his own state, such tokens had never before been
tendered him. They overcame his feelings for a moment,
and he shed tears. This was a foretaste of the applause which
posterity will certainly forever bestow on his gigantic labors
for their benefit. So long as the Hudson, Erie and Ohio are
connected by canals, so long will his memory be blessed.

The addresses having been delivered, the company sat down
to dine in the shade of wide spreading beeches. The Gov-
ernors of Ohio and New York occupied the highest places at
the table, and the state officers of both states sat next to them.

268 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Toasts were drank, in honor of the day, and of the particular
occasion, which had called this vast assemblage, together, bat
when governor Clinton's health was drank, all the guns were
fired, and the small arms also. In addition to the hundred guns
from the cannon, and all the small arms, the air was rent, by
thousands of voices, huzzaing for the state's guesl.

On the 5th of July, Governor Clinton was escorted to Lan-
caster, where he tarried over night. On the ne.\t day, he and
a great concourse who followed and accompanied him, went to
Columbus, the seat of the state government. Here, on the
next day, in the capitol, in the presence of all the state officers
and of a large assemblage of both sexes, governor Morrow
delivered an address to governor Clinton, which the latter an-
swered in an appropriate and eloquent manner. A public dinner
ended the proceedings of the day. Escorted from Columbus, to
Springfield, by a large number of gentlemen, either in carriages
or on horse back, governor Clinton was received by the peo-
ple of the town last named as he had been, by those of Colum-
bus. The Governor of New York was addressd by Charlks
Anthoxy Esquire, in behalf of the citizens of Springfield. On
the next day after partaking of a public dinner, the two Gov-
ernors and their escort, moved forward twenty-five miles to
Dayton. Here on the next day, surrounded by a vast crowd
of citizens, governor Clinton was addressed in behalf of the citi-
zens assembled, by the Honorable Joseph H. Cbane, a member
of congress. There was a public dinner here, after the address
and its answer. On the next day, the two Governors went to
Hamilton. Here were an address by the peoples' member of
congress John Wood Esquire, and a public dinner, given by the
citizens. From Hamilton, the cavalcade moved forward to
the city of Cincinnati. Here a dinner had been gotten up for
Hexrt Clay of Kentucky. This the governors of Ohio and
New York attended as invited guests.

At the period of which we are speaking, there was no canal
around the falls of the Ohio, and there were two parties, near
those rapids, or one party on each side of the river, in favor
of their own side of the Ohio, for a canal along it, to overcome

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit. 269

the rapids, called the " Falls." We have said there were par-
ties, and we might have added two chartered companies, one
by Kentucky and the other by Indiana, were disputing about
which side of the river, was best adapted to a canal. These
companies, deputed agents, who strongly insisted on governor
Clinton's visiting the Falls and settling the dispute about the
best location for this canal. To this invitation, Clinton yielded
and assented to visit Louisville^ by water, in company with gov-
ernor Morrow. The latter appointing general Schenk, Joseph S,
Benham Esquire and Robert T. Lytle Esquire his aids de camp,
he accompanied governor Clinton to the Falls. Here after a
patient and careful examination of the ground on both sides of
the river, Clinton gave his decided preference to the Louisville
side of the Ohio. To this decision all parties in the end assent-
ed, and on that side, since then, a canal has been made.

From Lousiville, the Governors ascended the Ohio river to
Cincinnati where, by the appointment of that city, in the first
Presbyterian church, Joseph S. Benham Esquire, in a house
overflowing with citizens, delivered an address to governor Clin-
ton. This address and its answer by Clinton were admii-ed
for their classical eloquence, pure patriotism, and their heart
stirring effect, on all who heard them. A most splendid pub-
lic dinner, was next offered by the city and partaken of, by the
state's guest.

From this city the governors went to Middletown, on the
Great Miami, where amidst a vast concourse of people, the
Miami canal was commenced by the Governors. An address
to governor Clinton and to the citizens was delivered by Joseph
n. Crane Esquire. And there was a public dinner, at Mid-
dletown.

Governor Clinton was escorted from the Miami country to
the Scioto river, at Chillicothe, thence passing through Cir-
oleville, Lancaster, Somerset, Zanesville, Cambridge and
other towns eastwardly; he visited Pittsburgh, where he was
received in Pennsylvania, with distinguished attention. In addi-
tion to all other tokens of respect, which that city tendered to
him, a large and beautiful steamer was launched in bis presence,

270 HISTORY OP OHIO.

named DeWitt Clinton; adorned with his bust, a most per-
fect Ukeness of the Governor of New York. He then passed
rapidly across Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New York city.

During all the time, while Mr. Clinton was in this state,
from the first moment he touched our soil, at Cleveland, until
he left the state, neither he nor his aids, ever paid a single
cent, for whatever they needed. They were every where
treated as Ohio's invited guests. From one shire town to ano-
ther, Clinton was attended by all its county officers, and the
most distinguished citizens of each county, to its line; where
the governor was received by a similar escort, from the ad-
joining county, and, by them conducted to the next city or
town. In this manner, he passed across the state. As soon
as he appeared in sight of any town, the bolls of all its
churches and public buildings rang their merriest peals; the
cannon roared its hundred guns, and a vast crowd of citizens
huzzaed, " Welcome, welcome to the Father of Internal Im-
provements!"

The grave and the gay, the man of grey hairs and the
ruddy-faced youth; matrons and maidens, and even lisping
infants, joined to tell his worth, and on his virtues dwell ; to hail
his approach and welcome his arrival. Every street, where
he passed, was thronged with multitudes, and the windows were
filled with the beautiful ladies of Ohio waving their snowy white
handkerchiefs, and casting flowers on the pavement where he
was to pass on it. Every town where he went, gave him a
public dinner.

He, on his part, visited all the public institutions, wherever
he went. He visited also every family with which he was
personally acquainted, and these were many. To all who ap-
proached him, he was kind and conciliating. Even the children
went, in crowds to see him, with whom he shook hands, and not
unfrequently addressed them. They all knew his history; that
he had always been Ohio's friend, and had now come on a visit
to see us and our country, from motives of kindness towards us.

The moral effect, of this visit, on the citizens of this state,
was great, and that effect and its consequences, on the pros-

GOVERNOR Clinton's visit. 27:1

perity of our people, have induced us to detail circumstances,
otherwise not worthy of a place in our work. Our citizens were
apprehensive, that is many of them, that the state was not
able to make our canals, without involving us in a debt, which
would forever oppress us. To all such persons, Mr. Clinton,
stated, that the money could be borrowed for six per cent inter-
est, or even less, on a credit, until the canals would pay for
themselves.

He farther stated it as his opinion, "that when our canals were
made, even if they had cost five millions of dollars, they would
be worth three times that sumj that the increased price of our
productions, in twenty years would be worth five millions of
dollars; that the money saved on the transportation of goods,
to our people, during the same period, would be five millions
of dollars, and that the canals would finally by their tolls, re-
fund their entire cost, principal and interest.^' These state-
ments, coming from such a source, satisfied the minds of thous-
ands, who were doubtless opposed originally, to our canals.
And there were many who lived quite distant from the canal
routes, and felt fearful, that they would be called on to pay
heavy taxes for what would never benefit themselves. To such
he said, "that the general prosperity would reach them, and that
the contemplated canals would make others, in almost endless
progression. That our canals would be bonds of union, bind-
ing the states together." And he called on all our people, "to
elevate their views, to that period, when Ohio, from her very
position, in the nation; from her soil, more fertile than any
other; from her mild and genial climate; and finally, from our
very constitution, which forever excludes slavery, and the enter*
prise and energy of our people, such as no other people ever
possessed;" from these considerations he ai-gued and convincedj
our whole people, that our canals should then be prosecuted to
completion.

DeWitt Clinton, in his person, was large and robust, and^
take him all in all, was the best looking man, that this nation
ever produced. For our people to behold such a man, standing
before them; a man, who in despite of a constant oppogition to

272 HISTORY OF OHIO.

him, from men, however contemptible in themselves, yet men
who carried along with them the rabble of New York, under
the name of republicanism; to see such a man standing among
us, after he had triumphed over all opposition, at home, and
had come here, to see the commencement of our canals, and to
encourage our people in their undertaking, was exhilerating to
the minds of our citizens. Its moral effect was greater, and
possibly of more importance than is now generally supposed.

Had the Governor lived, until our Ohio and Erie canal had
been finished, arrangements would have been made, to an-
nounce the completion in the city of New York, as soon as sound
could carry the news there, from Portsmouth, on the Ohio river.
This was to have been done by placing cannon so near each
other, all they way from place to place that the sound of each
gun, would be heard by those who were stationed at the next
gun. Governor Clinton's death frustrated the design, inasmuch
as the state of New York, then fell under the dominion of her
own, and our worst political enemies.

Mr. Clinton's labors have been so beneficial to this state,
that his history belongs to ours. No sooner was his death an-
nounced in the capitol of New York, the legislature being
then in session, than one of his worst enemies, then a member
of assembly, from Albany, perhaps, siezed that very moment,
to introduce resolutions into the house, expressive of a sorrow
for the event, which he certainly did not feel. He next intro-
duced a bill for the relief of Mr. Clinton's family, granting, by
the great and wealthy state of New York, the pitiful sum of ten
thousand dollars! The bill passed into a law, the money was
invested in the stock of insurance companies, in the city of
NeAv York. By the great fire in that city, the companies fail-
ed, and the family were left without a dollar in the world.

When the news of Mr. Clinton's death reached Washington,
congress was in session, and the members from New York,
had a meeting on that occasion, at which general Stephen
Van Renselaer presided. The principal speaker at that meet-
ing, had a seat in the United States senate. Among other
things brought forward by this speaker, for the purpose of de-

GOVERNOR CLINTON. 273

grading tlie great man who was dead, was a remark, that the
speaker "almost envied Mr. Clinton his grave!" Had any-
other person accused the speaker of being actuated by such
malice, the accusation would not have been generally believed
to be true. But what adds to the poignancy of our feelings,
is the fact, that the body of Mr. Clinton lies uncovered in aa
old vault ; his coffin is so decayed that it has fallen down, and
has left the body uncovered and exposed to view ! so that the
envy of the speaker, is now appeased or ought to be ; his wish
in that respect, having been gratified.

CIVIL HISTORY.

PERIOD SIXTH.

THIS PERIOD EXTENDS FROM JULY 4tH, 1825 UNTIL 1837.

The original intention of the legislature which passed the
act of February 4th 1825, was to make the Ohio and Erie ca-
nal, extending from lake Erie to the Ohio river, and the south-
ern end of Miami and Maumee canal, from Cincinnati to Day-
ton. And provided congress made provisions for assisting us
in continuing the last named canal to lake Erie, running al-
most wholly through United States lands, our legislature in-
tended in such case to complete that canal to lake Erie, as
they now are doing.

The Ohio and Erie canal could scarcely be said to have
been completed until 1831-2, nor the Miami and Maumee ca-
nal from the Ohio river to Dayton until the locks at Cincinnati
were finished in 1834.

The commissioners named in the act of January 31st 1822,
were Benjamin Tappan, Alfred Kelley, Thomas Worthington,
Ethan A. Brown, Jeremiah Morrow, Isaac Minor and Ebene-
zer Buckingham junior. This board appointed the acting
commissioners, engineers, &c. Jeremiah Morrow having been
elected governor of the state, resigned his office of commis-
sioner; and in February 1823, Micajah T. Williams was ap-
pointed in his place. After the canals were fairly under way
Messrs. Kelley and Williams were appointed acting commis-
sioners, under whose superintendence these canals were con-
structed.

CANALS. 275

CANALS.

The total disbursements on canals up to December 1st, 1832,
amounted to five millions one hundred and sixty-three thousand
seven hundred and twenty-five dollars and twenty-four cents.
The aggregate length of navigable canals constructed and
owned by the state at that time, amounted to four hundred
miles, comprising one hundred and eighty-four lift locks over
coming a total amount of ascent and descent of one thousand
five hundred and forty-seven feet; nine guard locks; twenty-
two aqueducts; two hundred and fourteen culverts; one hun-
dred and eighty-two of which are of- stone masonry, sixty of
wood; nine dams for crossing streams, and twelve feeder
dams. The main trunks of the Ohio and Miami canals have
each a minimum breadth of forty feet at the water line, and
twenty-six feet at bottom with four feet depth of water.
A large proportion of both, particularly of the Ohio canal, is
of much larger dimensions, having a breadth at the water line
varying from sixty to one hundred feet, and a depth of from five
to twelve feet. In many places, it even exceeds, for considera-
ble distances, these dimensions, both in breadth and depth.
It has been a standing rule in the construction of the ca-
nals, to increase their dimensions beyond the minimum, in all
places where it could be done without materially enhancing
the cost.

The walls of the locks are of solid stone masonry, resting
on floors composed of timbers laid crosswise of the pit, cover-
ed with planks three inches in thickness, both in the cham-
bers and under the walls, and between the walls with an ad-
ditional floor of two inch plank well joined, and secured with
spikes to the timbers on which they rest.

The face of the walls are of cut stone, laid in regular
range work, and in lime mortar, the whole wall grouted with
the same material. The breadth of the locks is fifteen feet
between the walls, and the length of the chambers, being the
space between the upper and lower gates, ninety feet — ad-

276 HISTORY OF OHIO.

mitting boats seventy-eight feet in length, and fourteen feet
ten inches in breadth, to pass freely through.

Aqueducts are constructed with wooden trunks, supported
by piers of stone masonry, which, on the Ohio canal, with the
exception of two small structures in the Cuyahoga valley, is
of the same character as that used in the locks. The mason-
ry of the others is of uncut, or hammer dresssed stone.

The stone culverts on the Ohio canal, with the exception of
a few of a small class, erected soon after the commencement
of the work, are composed of arches, formed of stone, cut in reg-
ular segments, and laid in range work, with wing and parapet
walls of cut stone. Those on the Miami canal, and a few on
the Ohio canal, are composed of rough or uncut stone.

Wood culverts are used for land drains, and to pass small
spring runs under the canal, in situations where they will al-
ways be kept under water, so as not to be liable to decay.

Large aqueducts and culverts, as well as dams, are found-
ed on piles, except where rock or other secure foundations
could be had.

Where it has been found necessary to erect locks, in situa-
tions where the earth at the bottom of the pit was composed
of light alluvion, mud, or quicksand, bearing piles have in
some instances been used to form a secure and firm founda-
tion. But mature reflection, confirmed by numerous experi-
ments, has produced the conviction that a more secure, as well
as more cheap foundation can be obtained by excavating the
pit to an extra depth, and covering it with a stratum of coarse
gravel of from one to two feet in thickness, wrought into
puddle, in which the floor timbers are to be imbedded. This
plan has therefore, in most instances, been adopted.

The Ohio and Erie canal, extending from the Ohio river at
Portsmouth, to Cleveland on lake Erie, was finished in 1831-2.
It is three hundred and nine miles long.

This main canal has many other canals connected with it.
The side cut, leading from Lockburn to Columbus is eleven
miles in length. Ascending the main canal to Carrolton, a side
cut canal, now finished to Lancaster, is making to the falls of

CANALS. 277

Hocking, and will be extended to Athens, and even to the Ohio
river, perhaps, if practicable. This canal will be from seventy
to one hundred miles in length.

In Licking county is a canal made, from the main trunk to
Granville. Still ascending to Dresden where we find the
main canal is connected with the Muskingum river, by a dam
and lock. By a series of dams, short canals and locks, along
the last mentioned river, now in a state of forwardness as to
completion, this water communication will be finished to the
Ohio, at the mouth of the Muskingum at Marietta.

The next canal, connected with the main one, as we ascend
it, --is the Walhonding canal, at Roscoe. This is making
now, that is, about thirty miles of it, are soon to be finished.
Ascending to Bolivar, in Tuscarawas county, (three miles or
more from Zoar,) at the mouth of Sandy creek, a canal is
making and will be finished, one hundred miles Jong. This
canal connects Bolivar with the town of Beaver, on the Ohio riv-
er, thirty miles below Pittsburgh. Starting from near Beaver,
another canal is rapidly making to mtersect the main canal at or
near Akron. The former passes by New Lisbon, the latter, by
Warren, in Trumbull county. These last named canals are
about equal in length and in their cost. Their length is one
hundred miles, each, and their cost, one million of dollars each,
or upwards. Though owned by private companies, in part, •
now, the state will soon be the sole oAvner of them.

THE MIAMI AND MAUMEE CANAL,

. Extends from Cincinnati to Piqua, passing Middletown,
Dayton &c. It is now finished the distance of one hundred
miles and is rapidly extending northwards towards lake Erie.
It is navigated about one hundred miles. Thirty miles of this
canal extending from Piqua towards lake Erie, are now mak-
ing, and an equal or greater distance, is extending from the
mouth of Maumee bay at the lake, up the Maumee river.
This canal will, when completed, be the longest one in this
state. Where it touches the eastern line of Indiana, it will be

278 HISTORY OF OHIO.

connected with the great Wabash canal, extending to Evans-
ville on the Ohio river.

The importance of this canal, passing through the Miami
and Wabash valleys, down the Maumee valley to Manhattan,
on lake Erie, is apparent to any one who looks at the maps of
Ohio and Indiana. That branch of it, which passes along the
Wabash river, will do a vast deal of business for Indiana and Illi-
nois states. It passes through the richest soil of both states.
Our branch of this canal, passes through the Miami valley, the
best cultivated portion of Ohio. The northern end of it, from
lake Erie to Indiana line, will be sixty feet wide, six feet deep,
with a double set of locks, so as to admit lake vessels, up into
the heart of the country. Ohio has in possession, either in land
or money, ample funds to complete this splendid canal. The
amount of tonnage carried on it will, one day, be great, and
exceed, perhaps, that carried on any other, in the western
states. Side cut canals auxiliary to this, will be numerous,
though but one is now making from the main trunk to Leba-
non.

Other canals, from the Ohio and Erie canal are in contem-
plation and will finally be made, connecting lake Erie with
it. One from Sandusky city to Lockburn; another from the
mouth of Black river to connect the main canal with it, and sev-
eral others.

To make all these additions, we have on hand two millions
and a half of dollars; we have a small tax, annually levied on
all the personal and real estate of Ohio, we have the industry,
the enterprise, energy, and wealth of individuals, the canal
tolls and the credit of this state.

We had forgotten a canal now making from Cincinnati up
White water into Indiana. This canal will throw into the
Ohio river at an important point, the productions of the richest
part of our neighboring state. It will be of great value to Cin-
cinnati, and invaluable to a portion of Indiana. It is called,

ROADS. 279

THE CINCINNATI AND WHITE WATER CANAL.

It is estimated to cost, four hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
Its length is twenty five miles, and connects with the White
water canal of Indiana at the state line, half a mile south of
the town of Harrison. It passes down the east side of the White
water river to near its mouth, thence crossing the Miami river
a little above the town of Cleves, it enters the Ohio valley
through a deep cut at NorthBend of one fourth of a mile in
length, thence along the the bank of the Ohio river, to Cin-
cinnati.

ROADS.

The Cumberland road, extending west from Bridgeport, oppos-
ite Wheeling, is making by the United States. It will, when
completed, reach all the capitals of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and
strike the Mississippi river, either at Alton, or, opposite St.
Louis, in Missouri. This road is completed from Bridgeport to
fourteen miles west of Columbus. The labor now doing on it,
is performing immediately east of Springfield. It ought to be
finished, in this state, to Indiana line, within three years, or
by 1840. As soon as any portion of it is finished, the state
receives it from the general government, and places gates on
it, and collects tolls, wherewith to keep it in repair.

RAIL ROADS.

The first rail road made in this state, was finished in 1836
by the people of Toledo, a town some two years old then, situ-
ated near the mouth of Maumee bay. The road extends west-
wardly into Michigan and is some thirty miles in length.
There is a rail road, about to be made from Cincinnati, to
Springfield. This road follows the Ohio river up to the Little
Miami river, and there turns northwardly up its valley, toXe*
nia, and passing the Yellow Springs, reaches Springfield. Its
length must be about ninety miles. The state will own one
half of the road, individuals and the city of Cincinnati, the

280 HISTORT OF OHIO.

other half. This road will, no doubt, be extended to lake Erie,
at Sandusky city, within a few short years.

There is a rail road about to be made, from Painesville, to
the Ohio river. There are many charters for other rail roads,
which will never be made. So we fear, we might say of sev-
eral turnpikes, for want of enterprise and public spirit where
they should be made by the people in their vicinity.

TURNPIKE ROADS.

The first one made in this state, extended from Warren io
Trumbull county to lake Erie.

There is a clay turnpike from Ohio City, in the direction of
Columbus, but, except in dry weather, we cannot praise it
greatly.

The same remarks apply to the road from Columbus to San-
dusky city, one hundred and six miles in length. There is a
charter for a turnpike, from Cincinnati to Zanesville, through
Chillicothe, Lancaster, &c. There is a sort of a road, from
Sandusky to Perrysburgh.

There is a turnpike in progress, actually making from Cincin-
nati to Springfield, through Lebanon, Waynesville and Xenia.
So far as it is finished it is an excellent road.

There is another road from Cincinnati, along the Ohio river
and up the Little Miami, twenty odd miles, completed in- a
substantial manner.

There are two other excellent roads from Cincinnati, extend-
ing northwardly into the interior.

All the canals, rail roads and turnpikes actually begun, will
be finished by 1843. And these canals and roads will have
cost fifteen millions of dollars. We shall then have eight hun-
dred miles of canals, and one thousand miles of rail roads, and
turnpikes, including the Cumberland road. Tolls will be col-
lected on all of them. On the Cumberland road, sufficient
tolls will be paid to keep it in repair. Some of the roads, will
do more than that, but, the capital expended on roads, gener-
ally, may be considered as gone forever. Few roads will

ROADS. 281

ever do more than keep themselves in repair. Canals will
pay for their construction, at some future day, roads never will
do it. We have neither the room, nor the wish to prove our
proposition, but from information which we have received all
over the Union, as to roads, we are satisfied that our Ohio
roads will never refund a cent of the capital, expended on
them.

If the Baltimore turnpike from Baltimore to Cumberland
can do no more than keep itself in repair, no road in this state
can even do that, without more travel than we have, and higher
tolls than travelers will pay. The state has done wrong, to
subscribe to the stock in our roads, until we had more money
than we knew what to do with. However, it is done, and can-
not be undone.

The Cumberland road must soon be made wider, to accom-
modate the increased travel upon it. Allowing the western
country to contain now eight millions of people, and that our
increase be one million a year (a low estimate) in 1850 there
will be twenty-one millions in the country west of the moun-
tains. These twenty-one millions will visit every year, (that
is our business men) the eleven millions east of the mountains.
And the ten or eleven millions in the east, will also travel
westward more or less. No small portion of all this travel
will pass over our territory in Ohio. To accommodate all this
traveling population, we must have more, wider and better
roads and canals. In constructing them, we should have spe-
cial regard to the increase of travel and business to be done
on them, even within a very few years.

If our roads and canals are too narrow for our population
thirteen years hence, how can they accommodate the travelers
on them, fifty years hence, when nine new states will be and
must be admitted into the Union, on this side the Rocky moun-
tains; and those states be the largest states as to territory, in
in the whole Confederacy ? This hint is intended for those
who are in authority. Even this state, in 1850, will contain
three, but more probably four millions of people. Our roads
36

282 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and canals are scarcely sufficient for the people, whose busi-
ness must be done on these great highways of the nation.

We have said nothing of our vastly increased amount of
"agricultural products at that time, which will pass along these
highways to a market; nor of the increased wants of the east-
ern people for the prime necessaries of life, as their soil wears
out, and fails to produce food enough for those who live on that
sterile, narrow strip of land, called the old thirteen states.
Their food must eventually come from this western country,
or from Europe ; probably from both, within a very few years to
come. Our board of canal commissioners should elevate their
views as they look through the vista of futurity, and project
all our public highways for fifty years' growth of the West.

Should a war come with England again, these highways
would save millions of dollars to the nation.

Should a war happen between this nation and England six
years hence, forty thousand volunteers could easily be raised
in Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. After the troops from Ken-
tucky had reached the Ohio river, at the proper points, they
and all their munitions of war, could be carried to lake Erie
in five days. All their provisions, horses and cannon would be
conveyed along these highways, free of toll. In this view
our improvements are invaluable, not only to us, but to the
whole nation. But no future Proctor will ever land on the
soil of this state, and no army of ours will ever again suffer
for food, for raiment, or ammunition, on the soil of Ohio.

Should the south be invaded, our four hundred steamers
in the West, would soon convey an overwhelming force to
meet, and either conquer, or drive the enemy into the sea.
The days of our infancy in the West are passed away, and
gone forever. Our youth is ripening into manhood, when the
West will be the seat of an empire, such as the world does not
contain now, either in numbers, wealth or power. The re-
verse of our now situation in Ohio, must one day, be our lot .
Now when New Hampshire, New Jersey, South Carolina and
Georgia, have four secretaries at Washington, ahd we, twt> tH-
ferior clerks!

COMMON ROADS. 283

In the valley of the Mississippi, the sun of our prosperity
has risen and will assuredly continue to ascend until he shines
in all his meridian splendor. The seat of the last, the great-
est, the most glorious, wealthy and powerful empire in the
world, must be located in the Mississippi valley. The hand
of time which will strike out of existence other empires, and
sink them into oblivion, shall only roll up the curtain which
hangs before them, and show the world all the splendors of
this. We must have patience, and wait a short period, and
" this day of small things'''^ shall be forgotten, or remembered
only with pride and exultation at the then contrast. Let us
elevate our views, discard all narrow ones, all low aims,
and prepare for the destiny which awaits us, as well as our
posterity, forever.

COMMON ROADS AND HIGHWAYS.

Many of these are very good during about eight months
in the year. From Columbus to Chillicothe is such a road,
but it needs more bridges across the streams, and should be
thrown up in the form of a turnpike, so that no water would
stand on it. The difficulty of procuring stone to cover it, is
a misfortune, which at present we cannot remedy. We have
not in this region any good hard limestone near us. In this
respect the Miami country enjoys a privilege which we do not
possess. Our country is alluvial and all the stone we have
fit for the purpose is in the beds of our streams brought to us
from near their head waters. These pebbles will one day be
used by those who come after us. All our common roads are
not what they should be, and what we hope they will be at a fu-
ture day. Every man in the state is taxed annually, two days
work on our roads. We have a small amount from the United
States on the sales of their lands, and a tax on our property, in
aid of our poll tax, appropriated yearly for road purposes. More
labor is necessary to be beneficially expended on our roads.
The best common roads are now, perhaps, in New Connecticut.

284 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Their roads in that part of Ohio are straight, and much labor
is expended on them by the people.

The United States ought to make a road from Lower San-
dusky to Detroit- The one which they have pretended to
make is of little value.

The Black Swajip, should we have another war with our old
enemy, in the first campaign, would tell congress what they had
neglected to do. During this period of peace, is the time to
make this road, and unless all former experience is lost on the
nation, appropriations will soon be made annually, to make
this road what it should be, a permanent, good, substantial
highway. The black swamp has already cost the nation a
million of dollars, besides many brave men who perished from
the sickness which they caught by wading through it. Pitts-
burgh and Greensburgh in Pennsylvania, and Petersburgh in
Virginia, will long remember those who thus perished and were
buried in this black swamp. Ohio lost in the same way, and
in the same swamp, not a few of her best soldiers.

BRIDGES.

Our best ones and the greatest number of them, are on the
national road. All of them are good, and some of them are
excellent. Across the Stillwater at Cambridge, the Muskin-
gum at Zanesville, and the Scioto at Columbus, there are
bridges which may vie with any others in the west. Across
the Scioto at Circleville and Chillicothe, are excellent bridges,
which the people in their vicinity have erected. At Dayton
and Hamilton are good bridges across the Great Miami. The
best bridged stream in the state is the Great Beaver in New
Connecticut. We need in the state, ten thousand additional
bridges. We need wider and better roads and canals; such
as will accommodate ten times as many travelers as now pass
along them.

STATE OF LEARNING. 285

THE STATE OF LEARNING IN OHIO.

One of our difficulties, which we must meet, is, and for
thirty years to come, will be, the certainty of large numbers
of immigrants, settling among us from all parts of Europe.
These, when they arrive among us, are, and always will be,
entirely ignorant of our institutions. These are to be instruct-
ed, and moulded into the mass of our people. Their children
are to be educated. Thus far, whenever these foreigners have
settled down in any town, they have made very good, peacea-
ble and quiet citizens. Their children have, many of them,
soon learned to read and speak our language. In Cincinnati
where most pains have been taken to teach them, they have
made very commendable progress in learning, for the time they
have been at school, it is cheaper, for those who own proper-
ty, to educate all the children of the state, than to punish
them for the crimes, which they will commit, if left to grow
up in ignorance and vice. In this view of the subject, if we
rise no higher, in our motives, every man of property, will
cheerfully bestow some of his time, as well as his money, on
this subject, so desirable and praise worthy. With a continual
eye to this object, our legislature might soon have an income
arising from stocks in our canals and roads, sufficient to edu-
cate every child in the state. Let us hope that our means
may keep pace with our wants.

There ought to be a Board of Education, who should have
the superintendence of all our colleges, academies and com-
mon schools. This board should be selected without reference
to any party in religion or politics; to be appointed by the
governor, and not liable to be removed from office. The su-
perintendence of such a board, would be extremely useful to
our colleges, in a variety of ways. Their visits to the several
literary institutions, would produce an excellent effect on the
teachers and scholars, and diffuse among the great mass of the
people, a healthful, moral action.

As things now are, in this state, too many of our litera-
ry institutions, seem to bo so many elements of sectarian

286 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Views, in religious matters. This is not as it should be; or if
so, then the state should set up institutions, not under any par-
ticular sect of Christians, and foster only such as were found-
ed on the broadest basis of Christianity, without any reference
to any of the various sects, into which Christianity is divided,
and subdivided. We would not exclude clergymen from being
instructors of youth, nor confine learning entirely to them.

To be an instructor of youth, requires as much tact as it
does to be a divine, a physician or a lawyer. And the learn-
ing it requires, to be an instructor in our higher literary insti-
tutions, is certainly more than is requisite for one who would
follow almost any other profession.

At the present time, Cincinnati has v/ithin its corporate
limits, more and better means of affording instruction, than
any other place in this state. Its medical school may be said
to be the only one, in the state, of the kind; and if any one
seeks to acquire a thorough knowledge of the modern lan-
guages, Cincinnati possesses the amplest means of aifording
such instruction.

And if any young man wishes to acquire a knowledge of
any one of the learned professions, Cincinnati is certainly the
best place of obtaining it, in the Valley of the Mississippi.
And if any one wishes to learn any mechanical art, Cincinnati
is the very place to learn it. The field is larger and better
cultivated too, than any other, in Ohio, in which the arts
grow and flourish. And this will necessarily continue to be
the best place in the West, for a long time, in which to acquire
knowledge. Perhaps we might except female instruction, to
Avhich Columbus, Dayton, Chillicothe, Zanesville and Circle-
ville, have paid great attention.

The greatest difficulty in our way, is not the want of per-
sons competent to teach, but a want of discernment in parents
to properly appreciate and reward competent instructors
for their labor. So long as the business of an instructor, is
not considered in its true light, as one of the highest, noblest,
and most useful employments on earth; so long, too, as the
compensation is very low, so long shall we labor under all the

STATE OF LEARNING. 287

disadvantages of our present depressed state of learning.
That our schools, of all sorts, should not be equal to those in
the Eastern states, whose, age, wealth and experience sur-
pass ours, is not surprising. Ours is a new country, yet, and
we have not had the time, to mature our institutions, of all
sorts. It affords us some consolation, though, to see a gradual
improvement, slow, indeed, but steadily, moving forward, to its
ultimate usefulness. And we must not despise the "day of
small things," but hope rather, that the pace will be quicken-
ed, when the sun of science rises higher above the horizon.
A board of education and funds at its command, would be of
immense value to us ; and let us hope that the day is not far
distant, when such a board may be created and funds be set
apart for its benificent uses.

It has often been pressed upon individual members of the
legislature, to introduce a bill, for the purpose of organizing a
board of education. It should form a part of the constitution
itself, because, without education, no real good government
can exist any where. Even monarchs have found it for their
interest to have their subjects well educated. The kings of
England, France and Prussia have done a great deal to pro-
mote learning among their people, and they are still doing
much, in that way. All the protestant princes of Europe are
doing not a little, to promote education. We have done some-
thing, in this state, but more needs doing, daily, by our rulers
and by our people, to instruct all our citizens, in all that is
useful for them to know. With our increased numbers, more
statesmen will be needed to govern us; more lawyers, physi-
cians and divines will be required, to maintain the rights of
individuals; to heal the sick, and afford moral and religious
instruction to our increased numbers of people. The present
statesmen and professional men, were educated mostly, in the
East, where they were born. These men, will not live always,
nor is it probable that there will long be, an influx of educated
young men from the East, into this state ; such will soon begiu
to travel farther west before they settle down. We shall be
compelled, very soon, to rely on our own resources, for profes-

288

HISTORY OF OHIO.

sioiial men, and unless our colleges are equal to eastern ones,
there will be a falling off, in learning at the bar, in the desk,
and in the halls of legislation. As the state increases in num-
bers and wealth, more, not less, learning will be required.
It requires something more than a mere superficial education,
to carry on the business of this great and growing common-
wealth. We fear that one reason, why our western young
men who attend our higher schools, obtain no more education,
while actually at school, is owing to a want of application to
their studies, such as eastern colleges require. That youth
should not have all the wisdom of age, is not surprising, but
that they should not feel willing to submit to hard study, to
labor and diligence, would be their own and their country's
misfortune. They will soon take our places, and govern the
country; if well, they will be benefited by it, and if not, they
will suffer for it, not their fathers, who will be in their graves.
The world will be theirs who take it, not by sloth, but by la-
bor, toil, diligence, activity and vigorous exertion.

Let us hope that our sons and daughters may surpass, not
fall behind their parents, in all that is manly, good and fair
so that in every age, Ohio will shine brighter and brighter, as
a star of the first magnitude in the constellation of the Union.
So DeWitt Clinton predicted in his speech in the United
States senate, when we were admitted into the Union,- and so
may it be.

COLLEGES, ACEADEMIES AND COMMON SCHOOLS.
KENYON COLLEGE

Was founded chiefly through the instrumentality of Philan^
der Chase, D. D., L. L. D., the first bishop of the Protestant
Episcopal church in Ohio.

It was first established as a theological seminary for the edu-
cation of pious young men for the ministry in that church.
Funds for this purpose were obtained in England in the year
1824, and in the same year an act of incorporation was grant-

KENTON COLLEGE. 289

ed by the legislature. A supplementary act was past the fol-
lowing year, by which the institution obtained the power of
conferring degrees in the arts and sciences under the name
and style of the " President and Professors of Kenyon Col-
lege." In the same year the convention of the Diocese fixed
the site of the college and seminary in Knox county, on a
tract of eight thousand acres of land, purchased of William
Hogg Esquire, of Brownsville, Pennsylvania, who generously
abated some thousand dollars from the price, in favor of the
College. Upon these lands, under the laborious and active su-
pervision of Bishop Chase, a village was immediately laid out,
which received the name of Gambier, from Lord Gambler, a
distinguished benefactor of the institution, in England. Valua-
ble mills weie soon erected, and a college building of stone,
on a magnificent plan, was partially completed. In 1831,
however, the want of funds caused a temporary suspension of
the work.

At the convention held in September of that year. Bishop
Chase having resigned the presidency of the college, and the
charge of the Diocese, Bishop Mcllvaine was elected his suc-
cessor, but did not enter upon the duties of his office until
the winter of 1832. His first object, was the procuring of
means to relieve the pecuniary embarrassments of the insti-
tution, and to enable it to complete its buildings. In this he
was so far successful as to enable it to complete the college
edifice, erect a large and commodious building for the use of
the junior preparatory department, furnish dwelling houses for
the professors, and put up several other valuable and neces-
sary buildings. It still, however, feels the want of more ex-
tensive accommodations for its students and officers.

The institution is situated in Knox county, five miles East
of Mount Vernon, being nearly in the centre of the State.
It now owns, and has entirely under its control a tract of four
thousand acres of very valuable land, in the centre of which
the college is placed. Its location is elevated and beautiful,
commanding a view of Vernon river, and its rich bottoms for
37

290 HISTORY OF OHIO.

several miles. The advantage?, derived to the college from
its position in the centre of its own domain and having the
exclusive control of its immediate vicinity, must be obvious to
every one. The institution now embraces four departments:
a theological and a collegiate department, and a senior and
a junior preparatory department — the latter is called "Milnor
Hall." The course of study in the seminary and college, is
essentially the same as that adopted in eaf^tern institutions of
the first rank. The senior preparatory department while aux-
iliary to the college, is also conducted on the plan of a high
school. Milnor Hall is intended for boys under the age of
fifteen years, who board with their instructors, and lodge in
the same building. The number of students has always been
equal to the extent of the accommodations which could be
furnished, and the prosperity of the institution is now greater
than at any former period. It numbers in all its departments,
two hundred and six students, and has fourteen professors
and instructors.

THE MIAMI UNIVERSITY

Is located at Oxford in Butler county. We have already
told the reader how it happened to be here located by the
legislature. It is endowed by the township of land where it
is placed. It has a president and professors, and, about one
hundred and fifty students attend its sessions. In its numbers
it stands next to Woodward college. We need further infor-
mation concerning it.

THE OHIO UNIVERSITY,

Situated on the Ohio company's grant at Athens, is endow-
ed by two townships of land adjoining the institution. There
are collegiate institutions at Marietta, Granville, New Athens,
Hudson and Worthington. They languish for the want of
funds to sustain them.

At Cincinnati are several colleges; some of thera well en-

COLLEGE OF TEACHERS. 291

dowed, and al! of them well conducted. Of tliese we will re-
mark, that the Lajve Seminaky, a presbyterian theological
school is located on Walnut hill, near the city. Its officers
are extremely well qualified for their stations, and President
Beecher and Professor Stowe stand high in the public esti-
mation. We regret our want of information, as to its library,
funds, number of students and other facts which we do not
possess.

THE WESTERN LITERARY INSTITUTE AND COLLEGE OF PROFES-
SIONAL TEACHERS.

Improvements in the modes of Instruction, is the object of
this Institution, and for this purpose the members have endeav-
ored to open a communication, with all similar associations, and
also with such individuals of either sex as feel the importance
of the subject to such a degree as would induce them to hold
a correspondence, either to communicate or obtain information,
or for the general encouragement of so important an under-
taking.

A few years ago the teachers of Cincinnati organized a socie-
ty for mutual improvements. Its first anniversary was cele-
brated on the 20th of June 1831, at which time the Rev. B.
H. Bishop, D. D. President of the Miami University, delivered
an excellent address on the importance of demanding and
encouraging faithful and well qualified teachers. This asso-
ciition, however, not extending beyond the boundaries of the
city, was necessarily restricted in its operations, and its bene-
volent designs, even there, were almo-t entirely paralized y
jealousies, local prejudices and conflicting interests. Under
these discouragements some of its founders were for abandon-
ing the objects altogether, believing it could never be rendered
productive of any valuable results. But Mr. Albert Picket, sen-
ior, a veteran in the profession of teaching, unwilling to abandon
his object, devised a plan, which would not cnly sustain the
sinking cause, but greatly augment its usefulness and respec-
tability.

292 HISTORY OF OHIO.

He very wisely concluded, that if a literary institution were
formed which should be composed of all the instructors of youth
and other friends of education in the West, who should annu-
ally meet in convention, all the members would be apt to unite
in the promotion of the great object in view, while all local
schemes and selfish policy would be rendered powerless ot be
forgotten. This idea he communicated to some of his friends,
and as it received their hearty approval, circulars of invitation
were immediately sent, as far as information could be obtained,
to all engaged in teaching, whether in colleges, academies or
schools, to meet in Cincinnati on Wednesday, October 3rd 1832.
At which time, a respectable number convened. A resolution
was passed for the establishment of the present College. A
constitution was prepared and unanimously adopted.

Thus commenced the western College of professional teach-
ers; the most popular and useful literary institution in the wes-
tern country, if not, in the Union, and which has already ac-
complished wonders in the advancement of the cause of gene-
ral education in the West.

Should this Institution continue to flourish, the advantages
to be derived from it, .will at &ome future day, be great. It
brings together the presidents and professors of our Colleges
and Universities and the teachers of Academies and Primary
Schools. They form a mutual acquaintance and learn to
respect each others'* character, merit and usefulness. And the
time will come, when there will exist between them, a mutual
dependence, which will be productive of mutual benefits. The
Colleges and Universities will then furnish efficient teachers
for the Schools and Academies, and they in return, when effi-
ciently taught, will furnish a great number of pupils for the Col-
leges and Universities. In consequence of our young men beinf
early initiated and established in regular habits of study and in
the love of useful knowledge; where there is now one pupil who
wishes for the advantages of a collegiate education, there will
then be many.

In order to give the reader some idea of the subjects discuss-
ed by the members of this institution, we select what follows,

COLLEGE OF TEACHERS. 293

from their published works. We give the names of the authors,
the subjects discussed, and the time when delivered.

Rev. B. P. Aydelott. On introducing the Bible into schools,
1836.

Professor Bascom, Philosophy of letters as a question of
moral interest, 1832.

Rev. L. Beecher, D. D. Importance of making the business
of teaching a profession, 1833.

Professor Biggs. Domestic education, 1835>

Rev. B. H. Bishop, D. D. Difficulties in the government
of Colleges, 1836.

Professor Bradford. Modern language, 1832. The kind
of education adapted to the West, 1833.

Mr. Mann Butler, A. M. Qualifications of teachers, 1832,

Rev. Alexander Campbell. Union of moral and intellectual
culture, 1836.

John D. Craig. On the superficial modes of teaching, 1836.

Daniel Drake, M. D. Physical education, 1833. Philoso-
phy of family school and college education, 1834.

F. E. Goddard. History of mathematical science, 1832.

Hon. T. S.Grimke. Importance of rejecting the classics and
mathematics from a general course of education, 1834.

John P. Harrison. M. D. On popular education, 1836.

Nathaniel Holly, A. M. Importance of preserving the inno-
cence and purity of the infant mind, and uniting therewith, a
thorough and liberal education, 1832. On the necessity of uni-
versal education, 1833. On the plan of study as proposed by
the Hon. T. S. Grimke, 1835. On the best method of animating
the community on the subject of general education, 1836.

W. Hopwood, A. M. On the best method of teaching lan-
guages, 1834.

A. Kinmont, A. M. On the study and nature of ancient
languages, 1832. On the study of character, 1833. On the
study of the classics, 1834. On fictitious reading, 1836.

Samuel Lewis Esq. On common schools, 1835. On the
causes of fluctuation in the common schools, the evils and their
remedies, 1836.

294 HISTORY OF OHIO.

O. S. Lenard, Esquire. On arousing the public on education,
1836.

E. D. Mansfield, Esquire. On the study of the mathematics,
1834. On the qualifications of teachers 1836.

Rev. W. H. McGufiey, A. M. The study of theBible on intel-
lectual and moral improvement, 1834. Reciprocal duties of
parents and teachers, 1835. On conducting examinations in
schools, Academies &c. 1836.

Rev. S. H. Montgomery. Importance of education, 1836.

Mr. Thomas Maylin. Nature and objects of education, 1832.

M. W. Morrison. On common schools, 1831.

Mr. Robert Munfort. Duty of parents and teachers, 1832.

Professor Niles. On the number of pupils for one teacher,
1832. On the government of public literary institutions, 1834.

Professor Nixon. Natural and moral influence of music, 1834.

Rev. B. O. Peers. Intellectual education, particularly in its
early stages., 1 833,

Albert Picket, Esquire. Objects of this institution, 1834.
General duties of teachers, 1835. Opening address, 1836.

Professor Post. Expediency of studying the classics, 1834.

Bishop Purcell. Philosophy of the human mind, 1836.

Joseph Ray. Utility of cabinets of natural science, 1836.

Professor Scott. Importance of a more practical education,
1835.

Doctor Thomas Simm. Claims of Phrenology on teachers.

Rev. E. Slack. Physical science in general, 1832. Appli-
cation of principles to practice in physical science, 1834. Agri-
culture as a branch of education, 1836. On fictitious reading,
1836.

Professor Stowe. Discipline of the intellectual power, 1833.
Education of Immigrants, 1835.

D. L. Talbott. Best method of teaching composition, 1835.

Timothv Walker Esquire. Object of education in the United
States, 1833.

Rev. J. L. Wilson, D. D. Universal education, 1836.
Milo G. Williams. Manual labor in schools, 1836.

STATE OF LEARNING. 295

THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO,

Is the best institution of the kind west of the Alleghanies.
Its charter was originally procured by Dr. Daniel Drake on
his sole application. Its funds, library, anatomical apparatus
and buildings are respectable, and its number of students, one
hundred or upwards.

Cincinnati college has languished, but is now rising, un-
der an able board of trustees, and under the supervision of
Williara H* McGuffey D. D., its worthy and talented president.

woodward college of CINCINNATI.

The number of scholars in the Woodward college, is nearly
two hundred. Its income from all sources amounts to four
thousand two hundred and forty-eight dollars annually. In
seven years, the funds of this institution will produce from
six to eight (housand dollars annually. It originated in the
enlightened benevolence of William Woodward, of Cincinnati.

His first grant of land for his endowment, was made on the
1st of November, 1826, to Samuel Lewis and Osmond Cogs-
well, perpetual Trustees. The site of the building was a sub-
sequent donation by the same gentleman. It was first char-
tered as "The Woodward Free Grammar School." This title
was afterwards changed into that of " The Woodward High
School," and with the alteration of the name, there was also
a change in the character of the institution. The course of
study was raised in consequence of the establishment of com-
mon schools. These latter, while they supplied the place,
filled by the former under its organization, as originally con-
templated, seemed to call for an institution of a higher grade.

As a high school, its course of study has been gradually ex-
tended till it embraces every subject usually taught in our
colleges, besides the modern languages and book keeping as
parts of a mercantile education. In the winter of 1835-6,
the trustees applied to the legislature for collegiate powers;

296 HISTORY OF OHIO.

which were accordingly granted under the title of " The
Woodward College of Cincinnati." To this last step the
board was induced by several considerations. The city had
become so large as to require such an institution, — the Wood-
ward high school was a college in almost every thing but the
name, — the public sentiment is decidedly in favor of diplo-
mas; without the power of confering these, the advanced stu-
dents would continue to leave this school for others having such
privileges, — and to name no more, those whose circumstances
would not permit them to go elsewhere, would be deprived of
the advantages of graduation. For these reasons, we now
have established " The Woodward College of Cincinnati."

Trustees

William Green, Esquire, President; Osmond Cogswell,
Esquire, Secretary; John P. Foote, Esquire; Oliver Lovell,
Esquire; *Samuel Lewis, Esquire.

Faculty,

Rev. B. P. Aydelott, M. D., President and Professor of
moral and political philosophy ; Joseph Ray, M. D., Professor
of mathematics, natural philosophy, and chemistry; Mr. T. O.
Prescott, Tutor in languages; Mr. F. W. Prescott, Principal
of the preparatory department ; Mr. H. W. Aydelott, Assis-
tant in the preparatory department.

The Eye Infirmary, under Dr. Drake, is a valuable insti-
tution.

The Roman catholic college, under the name of the Athe-
naeum, we presume is better endowed than any other literary
or scientific institution in this state. We have no data, ex-

*Mr. Lewis and Mr. Cogswell are trustees for life, with the power of ap-
pointing their successors with the same privileges; the other trustees are
chosen, one each year, by the city council. In case of the failure of an
appointment in either class of Trustees, it will thenceforward forever bo
made by the court of common pleas of Hamilton county.

SELECT SCHOOLS. 297

Cept what we see in and about its lofty and splendid edifices,
from which to give our readers any idea of its present state.
The society under whose entire control it now is,exerts a great
influence in the city. And from the number of people in the
city and vicinity under the charge of the " Society of Jesus"
estimated variously from twelve to twenty thousand, two thou-
sand children are probably here educated by this order.

I

SELECT SCHOOLS IN CINCINNATI.

These vary as to numbers, in different seasons of the year.
We presume, though they may be fairly estimated at one hun-
dred. In these schools is taught every branch of science and
literature.

Among the female academies, that of the Messrs. Pickets,
stands deservedly high. Mr. Carlo DeHaro teaches the Span-
ish, Italian and French languages.

Mr. A. Kinmont excels in teaching all branches of the
mathematics, and indeed, every branch of literature. Dr.
Daniel Drake, teaches, with great success, botany and all
the branches of natural history, as well as every thing else,
which a physician or surgeon needs to learn. The same re-
marks equally apply to Landon C. Rives, M. D. brother of our
late minister to France, from Virginia.

The teachers in this city, as a Avhole, are superior to those
of ony other city or town in the western states. They may
be equaled, but certainly not surpassed by the teachers of
any other city on this continent. Their manner of instruc-
tion can never be improved. Without any punishment, they
acquire the unbounded confidence of the pupil, soon after it
enters the school. The facility and clearness, with which
these talented teachers convey instruction, are truly remark-
able. And as one whole, these teachers deserve higher wa-
ges. Few of them do more than merely live well, without
being able to lay up much, for sickness and old age. It
should be otherwise .
38

298 HisTORr OF omo.

PUBLIC COMMON SCHOOLS IX CINCINNATI IN 1837.

These are under the government of trustees and visitors.
who are Peyton S. Symmes, President; George Graham, jun-
ior; Elam P. Langdon; James R. Baldridge; William Wood.

These visitors examine and employ the teachers, carefully
inspect the schools, adopt rules for their government, and
finally, do every other act proper and necessary to be done, in
execution of their high trust. Thus far they have acted wise-
ly and efficiently in the management of these noble institu-
tions.

The city council have a board of education, whose business
it is to raise the funds wherewith to build school houses, pay
the teachers, and keep the buildings in repair. They have
erected ten large edifices, at an expense of about one hun-
dred thousand dollars. This sum includes the cost of the lots
on which these splendid buildings are erected. Each of these
buildings is divided into four rooms thirty-six feet in breadth
by thirty-eight feet in length, two in each story, besides the
basement rooms. The building is two lofty stories in height,
above the basement story. In these buildings forty schools
are taught, by about eighty instructors. The number of
schools for males and females is equal, in which, about two
thousand five hundred children are instructed during the
whole year, except two vacations of two weeks each. The
wages of the teachers are seven hundred dollars annually,
for principals, and three hundred, for assistant male teachers;
and only two hundred and fifty dollars for female principals, and
two hundred for assistant female teachers! All these sums are
paid by the city, for the instruction of the children who have
no parents, or those whose parents are poor.

So much we can say, for the benevolence, wisdom and char-
ity of Cincinnati.

The instructors of these public schools are all well educa-
ted. The principals of the male schools, are graduates of
eastern colleges, and the female teachers are educated ia
the best manner. The teachers in their department, are per-

immigrants' friend society. 299

feet gentlemen and ladies. Their constant examples before
their pupils, the moral as well as literary instruction, which
they convey to their schools, are productive of the happiest
effects. Pupils are admitted when six years old, and they
can be instructed until, they are fourteen years old, and all
this instruction costs nothing to them, or their parents and
guardians.

Among the teachers in the higher department of females,
Mrs. Wing and Miss Eustis, are preeminent for their educa-
tion and polite accomplishments. We mean no disparage-
ment to other teachers, because they are all good, and de-
serve higher wages than they now obtain.

immigrants' friend society.

There is also another institution of learning in this city,
tinder the patronage of the immigrants' friend society of the
valley of the Mississippi. The object of this society is to ed-
ucate the children of foreigners in the English language; to
instruct them in the scriptures, and the nature of our free in-
stitutions. This object commends itself to the understand-
ing of every thinking patriot when he looks at the fact, that
the great mass of this foreign population are inaccessible to
us, through the medium of our language, because we have
otherwise no means of diffusing useful information among
them. It is their object also to remove their misapprehen-
sions, and correct their errors. The members of this insti-
tution extend the hand of kindness to this portion of our popu-
lation, and establish schools for the education of their chil-
dren, 90 that they may be prepared for the reception of use-
ful knowledge, and become good substantial Americans. Al-
though this society is yet in its infancy, yet it is truly in a
flourishing condition. They have one school in Cincinnati
numbering two h'lndred pupils in daily attendance. They
have also, a school recently established in Louisville, and one
in New Albany, bv their general agent the Reverend J. J.
Lehmanowsky. He makes it his business to raise funds, and

300 HISTORY OF OHIO.

establish schools, in any town where there is a sufficient foreign
population to need them, throughout the whole Mississippi val-
ley. At Cincinnati F. C. F. Salomon, A. M., is the Princi-
pal.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Executive Committee,

Honorable Bellamy Storer, President ; John Myre, Vice
President ; H. K. Wills, Recording Secretary ; Professor C. G.
Stowe, Corresponding Secretary; Jacob Guelick, Esq. Curtis
M. Doolittle, C. P. Barnes, William Neff, Dr. John Allen, D,
W. Tolfard, Otis Aldrich.

Treasurer,
Alfred W. Bentley.

General Agent,

Reverend John J. Lehmanowsky.

The general assembly of the state, have incorporated the
above named society and placed their school in Cincinnati,
on the same footing with the public common schools, which
are supported by the public funds.

We have twenty-two incorporated academies in the state,
some of which are flourishing.

COMMON SCHOOLS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE STATE.

Every township is divided into school districts, which are
governed by a board of directors, elected by the people.
School houses are built by a tax levied on the people, and
the public money is paid over to the teachers in proportion to
the number of scholars who attend the schools. The system
is a wise one, and the funds to support common schools now

STATE OF THE MECHANIC ARTS. 301

amounts to nearly two millions of dollars. A part of this
fund is employed by the state, and another part of it is loan-
ed to individuals. The interest of this fund, in both cases, is
guaranteed by the state to be punctually paid. By care and
good management, this fund may be increased to five millions
of dollars within a few years. In many instances, the schools
throughout the state are very well conducted, but in other
cases they are not managed as they should be. On the Avhole,
though, better school houses every where appear, and the
teachers are better ones than we had a {ew years since. This
is encouraging.

STATE OF THE MECHANIC ARTS.

These are improving rapidly. The construction of our ca-
nals taught our people the art of cutting stone and laying
them; the art of bridge building, and of erecting dams on our
streams. Had our canals done us no other benefit, this would
have been of great advantage to us. So of the construction
of the Cumberland road across this state. The able engineers
which the government has sent here, have taught our people
how to construct roads.

In the construction of houses of all sorts, our house build-
ers have greatly improved of late years.

In Cincinnati these builders of houses, vie with their eas-
tern instructors, in all that is useful or ornamental in their
art. Our cabinet furniture, too, now equals that made in the
eastern cities, from whence our mechanics came. The brick-
maker, brick layer, house carpenter and joiner, sometimes
unite, buy some lots in a new town, and all join and build
row after row, of elegant houses and stores. The merchant
and mechanic follow them, and fill the houses with goods,
families and mechanic tools. The farmers settle around them,
and town and country flourish as if by enchantment, where
the forest stood a very few years before.

302 HISTORY OF OHIO.

THE OHIO JIECHAiVICS INSTITUTE,

Was established in Cincinnati, in October 1828, for the pur-
pose of aiding, in the diffusion of scientific information, among
all classes of the community.

John P. Foote, Esquire and others, got up a public meeting
of the citizens, who framed a constitution and adopted it, thus
organizing a society. Operations commenced under this con-
stitution, and a course of lectures was delivered. Two class-
es were established, one in Geometry, and, another in Arith-
metic.

In 1829, a class in Mathematics was formed, which has con-
tinued to this time. Lectures were delivered, and application
was made to the legislature, for an act of incorporation. This
was granted on the application of John D. Craig, John P. Foote,
Thomas Reilly, Luman Watson, William C. Anderson, David
T. Disney, George Graham junior, Calvin Fletcher, Clement
Dare, William Greene, Tunis Brewer, Jeffry Seymour, Israel
Schoolcy and Elisha Brigham. The object of the society was
the advancement of the best interests of the mechanic, the
artisan and manufacturer, by the more general diffusion of use-
ful knowledge, among the aforesaid classes of citizens.

During the three last years, three lectures in each week,
have been delivered in the lecture rooms of the Institute.

The library consists of about fifteen hundred Volumes of well
selected books, which have been presented to the institution
by individuals. The members of the Institute contribute,
each, annually, three dollars.

The society have an annual Fair, for the exhibition of such
articles as our mechanics and manufacturers may feel disposed
to exhibit. The Fair held in May 1838, at the Bazaar, was
attended by all the intelligent citizens of Cincinnati. The
articles exhibited, did honor to the ingenuity and skill of those
who produced them. We saw, and felt proud of the producers
and their productions. This institution deserves the patron-
age of the whole people and we hope will receive it.

The classes in the Institute are established by voluntary

STATE OF RELIGION. 303

association of young men, who forni their own by-laws and
adopt a course of mutual instruction; receiving aid from pro-
fessional teachers, many of whom have been very zealous in pro-
moting the objects of the Institution.

During the surnmer seasons, courses of lectures in natural
philosophy are delivered in the Institute to young ladies.

A class of fifty is now attending Doctor Craig's course.

THE STATE OF RELIGION AND THE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS SECTS.

An experiment is now making which will ascertain wheth-
er religion can be sustained without the support of the gov-
ernment. Our constitution utterly forbids any preference to
be given to any one religious sect. It permits religious soci-
eties to be incorporated, so that they can build churches and
own the land where they stand ; it also recognises any con-
tract entered into by any society with a clergyman for his
support and maintenance. But these things are all the gov-
ernment does, unless it be that religious people are protected
by law, while they are worshiping their Creator, as it does
any other persons while peaceably assembled together for any
lawful business. Should any one suppose, however, that our
western people are not as religious as those who have an estab-
lished religion, supported by, and connected with the civil gov-
ernment, he would do them great injustice. Our people believe
that religion is a matter between God and his creature, with
which, the civil ruler has no right to interfere. Most of
the mmisters who are in some sense permanently settled,
perform much more labour than ministers do in the eastern
states. Doubtless there are conveniences and inconvenien-
ces, pleasures and the reverse, connected with the situation
of a western, or an eastern minister. Our balances will not
weigh these very correctly, so we do not attempt it. Our
eastern brethren are wonderfully deceived in one thing respect-
ing us. They often state in their meetings, papers, magazines,
&;c., that we are destitute of preachers.

According to our population we have two ministers here,

304

HISTORY OF OHIO.

of some sort, to where they have one there.* Ours are
itinerants, each one officiating in several neighborhoods.
This is owing to our great number of religious sects. We
speak of Ohio. We have swarms of missionaries from the
Atlantic cities, and from our own, consisting of Cumber-
land Presbyterians, Campbellites, Catholics, &c., all in mo-
tion, to build up their various sects; but they all move forward
in peace, and in a good degree of harmony. We see no evils
growing out of all these sects, except it be, that the people
are not able to support all this host of ministers. Fewer of
them, and those well qualified for their missions, would be a
vast improvement. If the people were divided into one half
the sects to which they now belong, and would be contented
with one half the preachers we now have laboring among
us; and if the other half of our preachers, would travel
farther west, and officiate there, a great deal of good might
be done, by this improvement, in our religious matters. The
people of the east, need not mourn over our destitute state,
as to preaching, because we have ten sermons to their
one, in proportion to our numbers. There is scarcely a day
in the year but there is preaching of some sort, in every town
of any size in the state. We by no means, say that we have
too much preaching, but we do say that there is no want of
it in Ohio.

That there is a prejudice against all preachers in this
and all other states, is certainly true, but so far as we are
acquainted with them, and we know them well, we are
compiled to say, that our clergymen in Ohio, especially
those who have lived here ever since our first settlement, de-
serve unqualified praise for their zeal, and good works. No
men in this state have been so useful in building up society,
in making us a moral and truly religious people. Their dis-
interestedness and benevolence, their kindness, forbearance
and charity, zeal, industry and perseverance in well doing,

*The Presbyterians and protestant episcopalians need more ministers, and
have many churches without being able to supply them at present. Our re-
marks do npt apply to ihera.

RELIGIOUS SECTS. 305

merit and receive the respect, gratitude and affection, of all
good menv They have labored zealously, faithfully and long,
and their pay has been but trifling. But they have generally
been blessed, in their children, whose good conduct, prosperi-
ty and success in life, are the consolation and support of these
aged servants of the most high God. We name them not,
though we know them all. They have always been the true
friends of liberty, and they would be the very last men in the
nation to wish to overturn our free institutions. Persecuted
they may be, but it must be, either by those who know them
not, or by those who would overturn all good government,
good morals and true religion. The religion of Jesus is friend-
ly to liberty, but because, in the rude and barbarous ages of
Europe, there were hypocrites in the church, who made mer-
chandize of this religion, that is no reason why its Author
should be persecuted, more than it would be, to refuse to re-
ceive the true coin because there were counterfeits in circu-
lation. Christianity is friendly to free government, and with-
out this religion, there can be no good government.

RELIGIOUS SECTS.

These are composed of Presbyterians, Methodists, Protestant
Episcopalians, Baptists, Catholics, Dunkards, Congregational-
istSjSeceders, Unionists, Friends, or Quakers, Cumberland Pres-
byterians, Swedenborgians, Jews,Newlightsor Halcyons, Asso-
ciate Reformed, United brethren in Christ, Radical Methodists,
Universalists, Campbellites, German Lutherans, Unitarians,
Shakers, and Mormonites. We have several shades of differ-
ence, even among several of the above named religious sects,
such as high and low Churchmen, among several sects, but they
all live together in a good degree of harmony, often assisting
each other, in the erection of churches, and, in permitting min-
isters of other denominations, to officiate in their churches.
This tolerant spirit, is highly commendable, and is rather gain-
ing, than losing ground, among us.
39

306

HISTORY OF OHIO.

We suspect that a greater proportion of our population be-
long to some church, than any other people in the Union.
This is more the case with the people in the Scioto and Miami
countries, than in any other part of the state, perhaps, but it is
so, generally, in all parts of it. As to talent and learning,
we have at all times, had a good degree of them in the pulpit.
Our ministers, like our lawyers, speak with a great deal of
animation, otherwise, they would not be western people. They
speak extempore, mostly, but not a few of them, speak accu-
rately, so that every sentence might be printed, and it would
read very well. On the whole, we feel quite proud of our
ministers as such, as Christiana, as citizens and as men.

The Presbyterians have in the state, about twenty presby-
teries as follows, viz:

No. of
Fresbyterios. minislers^

No. of
churches

Commuoi-
canls.

Names of the staled derts of these Preibylwiet.

Steubenville

16

31

3218

Charles C. Beatty.

Beaver,

18

37

2515

Robert Dilworth-

Grand river,

15

35

1721*

De.\ter Witter.

Portage,

27

23

1857

William Hanford.

Huron,

19

24

1025

Xenophon Betts.

Trumbull,

12

18

3246

Wells Andrews.

Cleveland,

27

39

1785

Daniel W. Lathrop.

St. Joseph,

11

12

364

Phanuel W. Warriner-

Monroe,

9

21

1310

'Ira M. Weed.

Athens,

9

19

1134

Addison Kingsbury.

Columbus,

12

15

1124

James Hoge, D D. L L D,

Lancaster,

21

31

2622

James Culbertson,

Wooster,

9

26

2069

William Cox,

Richland,

10

21

1528

James Rowland.

Chillicothe,

22

28

2892

Henry Van Deman.

Miami,

18

23

1250

James Coe.

Cincinnati,

27

29

1858

Thomis J. Biggs.

Marion,

8

19

1348

John P. Vandyke,

Oxford,

14

26

1083

John W. Scott Professor, in
Oxford college.

304 477 33,949.
Thiadenomination of christians, have besides the above three

RELIGIOUS SECTS. 307

hundred aiid eight ordained ministers, twenty licensed preach-
ers, besides thirteen candidates, for the ministry. Let us see,
three hundred and eight ministers, and four hundred and
seventy-seven churches, or sixty nine more churches, than
preachers.

The Methodist Episcopalians are far more numerous, than
any other christians, as the following statement, derived from
the very best authority shows. Number of church members,
seventy-seven thousand and thirty six; two hundred and ninety
four traveling preachers; five hundred and sixty local preach-
ers, four hundred and ninety churches, in the state, fifteen dis-
trict, and these are divided, into one hundred and thirty nine
circuits and stations. They liave erected, at different places,
fifty six parsonage houses for the accommodation of the itini-
rant ministers.

This denomination, own a large commodious. Book room in
Cincinnati, eighty feet, by forty-two, four stories in height, erect-
ed on the corner of Eighth and Main streets. From this western
book establishment, they distribute many thousand dollars worth
of books, annually, into Ohio, and all the states and territories,
west of the Alleghanies. The present agents, of this valuable
establishment, are John F. Wright and L. Swarmsted. They
publish at this establishment, a religious periodical, called
" The Western Christian Advocate." And to this paper, there
are now, eleven thousand subscribers. C. Elliot and L. L.
Hamline are the editors of this paper.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

Names of the churches ; places where located, in 1834, to
wit :

Trinity Church, Columbus, Trinity Church, Newark,

St. James' " Zmesville, St. Luke's " Marietta

St. Paul's « Chillicothe, Trinity " Cleveland,

St. Peter's " Ashtabula, St. Paul's " Norwalk,

St. James " B )ardman, St. Paul's, « Mt. Vernon

Christ Church, Windsor, Christ « Dayton,

308

HISTORY OF OHIO.

a

a

All Saints Church, Portsmouth, Harcourt Church, Gambier,
St. Thomas' •■' St.ClairsvilIe,St. James' " Batavia,
St. Mark's " Mill-Creek, St. John's « Cuyahoga Falls
St. Matthew's Church, Perry, St. James' « Hanovor,
Christ Church, Cincinnati. St. Michael's" Unionville
Cincinnati, St. John's « Ohio City,
Worthington, St. Timothy's « Massillon,
Piqua, St. John's *' Lancaster,

Steubenville, St. Paul's
Cross-Creek, St. Jude's
Medina, Trinity

Delaware, Christ
Morristown, St. James'
Berkshire, St. Matthew's" Ashtabula,
St. Stephen's Church Grafton, St. Andrew's " Elyria,
St. Matthew's " Hamilton, Trinity « Jefferson,

St.Phillip'sChurch,Circleville, St. Paul's « Greenville
Trinity " Troy, St. John's « Wakeman.'

St. Luke's « Granville.

Intimately connected Avith Christianity, and one of its legiti-
mate offspring, is the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, located at our
seat of government.

St. Paul's
St. John's
St. James'
St. Paul's
St. James'
St. Paul's
St. Peter's "
St. Peter's «
Grace "

Utica,

IMontville,

Lyme,

LiverpooL

Painesville,

THE ASYLtDI FOE THE DEAF A^TD DUMB,

Is located in Columbus. Here the Deaf and Dumb are
received, and that mental and moral cultivation is bestowed
on them, which raises them to the occupations of society, and
the enjoyments of social life, of which they were naturally
deprived. It is one of those benevolent institutions, to which
this age has given birth, and which does honor to human
nature.

This Asylum has been in operation nearly nine years. It
owes its origin to the philaathropy of the State legislature.
The present n'jmber of pupils is thirty-five; twenty-seven of
whom, are supported by the bounty of the State. It is ap

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 309

additional misfortune to many of this class of persons, not only
to be deaf and dumb, but poor.

The Asylum is managed by a board of Trustees, appointed
by the Legislature. It is at present under the immediate
superintendence of a Principal, and two Assistants. The
expense attending a year's residence at the Asylum, is seven-
ty-five dollars. This sum covers all expenses at the institution,
except those for clothing. Pupils remain at school four or five
years, during which time they study Arithmetic, Geography,
History, &c., and become able to do business for themselves.
The system of instruction is that of the Abbe L'Epee, and per-
fected by his celebrated successor. Abbe Sicard. The eye is
the avenue through which the instructor communicates with
the minds of his pupils. Signs are substituted for sounds; and
they are found sufficiently copious and expressive, to teach
written langague, or any branch of education.

There is now erected in the vicinity of Columbus, a build-
ing for the accommodation of the pupils. Its dimensions on the
ground are eighty feet by fifty. There is some land belonging
to the Asylum, on which it is expected the male pupils will
labor.

In this Institution, the unfortunate Deaf and Dumb children
of our state will for a time find an " asylum," and will, through
its means, have light shed on their darkened minds. H. N,
Hubbell, A. M., is the Principal.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.

EXPORTS.

We export, wheat, maize, or indian corn, hemp, flour, bran,
salt pork, beef, bacon, feathers, hops, iron in hoUowware, and
bars and pigs of iron; cider, apples, hay, whiskey, mill stones,
grind stones, earthen ware, glass, cordage, cattle, horses, hogs,
sheep, wool, boards, shingles, coal, woolen and cotton cloths,
janes, gun powder, printing types, cabinet ware, beer, fowls,
,butter,cheese, boardsjplauks, steam boats, frames for houses,

310 HISTORY OF OHIO.

bricks, hewn stone, boots, shoes, books, paper, rags, thread,
twine, tobacco, of all sorts, manufactured or not manufactur-
ed, plows, shovels, spades, potatoes, grass seed, ale, porter,
domestic maple sugar, molasses, axes, hoes, saddles, bridles,
bristles, tallow, staves, printing types and printing presses.
The two last articles are made at Cincinnati in abundance for
our supply, and enough, for the West.

RE3IAEKS.

Of the above enumerated articles of commerce, horses, cat-
tle, hogs, sheep, beef, pork, lard, bacon, wheat, flour, Indian
corn, and whiskey, form our principal ones, of value, and pro-
duce, at least, a great many millions of dollars, annually,
equahng, and more than equaling in value, all our imports.
This balance of trade, in our favouu at this early day, of our
existence as a state, is but the mere dawning of a brighter
day, when all our territory shall be filled up with such a popu-
lation, as will naturally find their way to Ohio. Large quan-
tities of pork and flour, are exported from the Scioto Valley to
Montreal, Quebec, and the Islands below the mouth of the St.
Lawrence bay. These are sent to feed the getters out of lum-
ber, in the British North American provinces. For thes^?, we
receive cash, in payment. English goods landed at New
York, pay for pork in Ohio. The money comes from New
York and returns there, or buys lands in the west.

OUR IMPORTS,

Consist of the productions of every country on the globe;
and of the manufactures of every manufacturing town in
Europe. The cloths of England, Scotland, Ireland, France
and Germany, find their way into Ohio, and are worn by our
citizens. England, sends us her earthern wares, her cloths,
Liverpool china, her cutlery, needles and pins. France sends,
us her silks, printed calicoes, watches, wines, brandies, prints,
and procelains. Switzerland sends to us watches and jewelry.

TRADE AND COMMERCE.. 311

Germany, her cloths, and glass. Holland sends her gins, pins,
and delf wares. Italy sends us her figs, currants, raisins,
olive oil, gewgaws and beggars. Sweeden and Russia, send
their iron, cordage, and furs. Africa furnishes us ivory for
the handles of our knives, and for combs. Central America
sends her mahogany wood to make our tables, chairs and
bureaus.

We use the teas of China, her porcelains and silks. We
have the wares of Japan, the coffee of Java and of Mocha — of
Brazil, of Cuba, and the West Indian isles — -their sugar also.
We have the spices of the East Indian islands, and the cocoa nuts
of the islands of the Austral Asians — their tortoise shell, and
their pine apples. — We use the oil and bones of the whales of
the arctic oceans, about each pole.

We use the furs of the Northwest coasts of America. We
use the skins, and fur of the seals of the far southern islands
of the Pacific ocean, and the tins of Banda, and of England.
We have in our Cincinnati Museums, specimens of nearly
every mineral, and of every animal in the woz-ld.

Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama furnish us with cotton
and sugar. We import lead from Galena and Du Buque — furs,
skins and peltries from the Rocky Mountains, and send them
our productions in return.

We- import the manufactures of our own eastern states — ■
glass, and the manufactures of iron from Pittsburgh — shoes
and leather from all the cities, east of us— their cotton and
woolen goods— their fishes, and all sorts of manufactured ar-
ticles, either of wood, iron or steel. Paints, dye stuffs, drugs
and medicines are imported. We feed our eastern brethren,
and they clothe us, and they send us medicines to keep us hi
health, or cure us, when sick, so that we can furnish them
with meat and bread to eat, and horses to ride on, or be drawn
along by, in their carriages, on their roads.

We build steamers for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama,
and they send us sugar and cotton in return. We send cabi-
net ware to the west, northwest and south-.— so of whiskey,
flour, pork, dried fruits, &c.

312 HISTORY OF OHIO.

This trade and commerce — this interchange of productiona
keep up, a constant intercourse between men, render them ac-
tive, enterprising and industrious, promote their health, com-
fort and happiness. This constant intercourse, is a bond of
union, which may no one, ever burst asunder. Mutual inter-
course produces mutual dependence, mutual profit and mutual
friendship. May these forever be continued to us and our
posterity, to our eastern brethren, and their descendants.

This constant intercourse, trade and commerce, will require
all the energies, of ourselves, and of all our neighbors to be in
constant exercise to improve all the means of transportation,
now in operation; to create new modes of conveyance;
new roads, new canals and rail roads, passing through the
state, and to and from it, so as to make Ohio, what it should
be, the point at which, all the travel to and from the western
states, should centre.

Our trade should be extended more and more, north and
south; to Montreal, and especially, to New Orleans and
Texas. The northern trade will build up our cities located
along Lake Erie, and the southern trade, render wealthy and
populous, our towns along the Ohio river. Canada needs our
beef, pork and flour, and we want British goods, British sove-
reigns and guineas.

The amount of our productions for exportation, will for a
long time to come, increase annually, as our numbers increase;
and new markets should be sought for them.

Foreign goods can frequently be purchased in Montreal
cheaper than in New York city, and our merchants should
visit Montreal, in the autumn, and ascertain where they can
buy the best and the cheapest goods.

Canada will forever, to a certain extent, be a good mart for
our agricultural productions. So will Western New York be
one for our grain.

All the lower Mississippi country will always purchase
their flour and provisions, from the people north of them.
Texas will soon open a market for our flour and manufactured

TRADE AND COMMERCE. 313

articles. This trade will be more and more valuable as that
country fills up with people.

Why do our merchants when from home in quest of goods
buy in New York, domestic goods, which are produced in
Rhode Island and Massachusetts? The New Yorker purcha-
ses them at the east and puts his profits on them. Why should
Ohio pay these profits? The article of fish, a great amount
of which we consume annually, should always be bought in
Boston or even farther eastward. The savings in the pur-
chase of these things in Massachusetts and Rhode Island,
would in a few years, amount to a million of dollars. Why
not add this million to our wealth? Why not go to Montreal
and obtain our English cloths, and order them home, aftd
then rapidly proceed to Boston and Providence and procure
their productions, and return to Ohio, through New York,
Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and there complete the assort-
ments?

Our trade to the south is very important to us, and is daily
increasing in amount and value. Our cotton, sugar, coffee
and spice are brought to us from the south. When we have
more houses established in New Orleans, Tampico, Cuba and
St. Domingo, more of our productions will there be sold, con-
sumed and paid for, in the productions of those regions. Steam-
ers, such as navigate lake Erie, rigged with tall masts, carry-
ing sails would best suit the navigation of the Gulf of Mexico.
The people of Ohio can build and navigate them from island
to island, and from port to port ; extending our commerce, and
enriching our citizens. Our coffee, our cotton and sugar
should be purchased by us on the spot, where they are pro-
duced.

Our commerce on the upper lakes should be increased an-
nually, and those seas covered with our sails.

The fisheries on those lakes, ought to contribute at least a
million of dollars' worth of fish annually to this state.

All these extensions of our trade and navigation will in-
crease our manufactures, and open new outlets, for our agri-
40

314 HISTORY OF OHIO.

cultural products. They will extend and increase the num-*
ber of our yards, for building ships. They will demand more
iron, more founderies, for making machinery for steamers,
and more men to labor in the?e factories. These men will
need clothes to cover them, and food to support them and their
families.

The trade, navigation and fisheries of the Upper lakes,
ought, at no distant day, to support one million of our citizens
living on the shore, and near it, of lake Erie. Another mil-'
lion might easily be supported by the trade, navigation and
manufactures connected with the western rivers. Ten millions
more could easily find a support, and full and profitable em-
ployment, in the interior of this state, on their farms, in their
shops, offices, stores and factories of all sorts. The valley of
the Mississippi, the largest one on the globe, contains ample
space in addition to the Upper lakes, for us, in which, to move
about and act. In this large theatre, we should be the actors.
On these boards the people of the East may be as they please,
either the actors or the audience.

Laying aside the figure, their productions will be very dif-
ferent from ours, and will not compete with us, in any rrtarket.
Ours, consisting of food for the planter and his laborer's, of
hay and horses to eat it, of cotton bagging, and gins to clean
his cotton, of boilers and steam engines, with which to manu-
facture his sugar^ will not compete with Maine, with her ice
and tripes packed in it, of fishes, either fresh or salted, of
lumber, such as boards spars and staves.

Massachusetts and Rhode Island may cafry their cloths
and their fishes, and Connecticut her wooden clocks, but Ohia
will not be in their way.

BANKS IN OHIO.

315

Name, place, and date.

Loans and
discounts.

Commercial Bank, Cincinnati, Jan. 4, 1836
Fianklin Bank, do. do.

Lafayette Bank, do. do.

Ohio Life and Trust Co., do. January, 1836

Miami Kxporting Co., do. Oct, 17, 1836

Total of Cincinnati banks,

On or near the Ohio river :

Columbiana Bank, New Lisbon,
Far. and Mech. Bk. Steubenville, Jan. 6, 1836
Belmont Bank, St. CJairsville, Jan. 5, 1836
Bank of Marietta, Marietta, do.

Scioto Bank, Portsmouth, January 7, 1836

Valley of the Muskingum:

Far. Bank of Canton, Canton, Jan. 4, 1836
Bank of Ma ssi lion, Massillon, do.
Bank of Wooster, Wooster, do.

Bank of Zanesville, Zaiiesville, Jan. 8, 1836
Bank of Muskingum, Putnam, Jan. 1, 1836

Valley of the Scioto:

Franklin Bank of Columbus, Columbus,
Clinton Bank, Columbus, January 4, 1836
Bank of Circleville, Circleville, Jan. 1, 1836
Lancaster Bank, Lancaster, Jan. 25, 1836
Bk. of Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 4, 1 83P
Bk. of Chillicothe, Chillicothe Dec. 23, 183.'^

Valley of the Miami:

Urbana Banking Co. Urbana, Jan. 5, 1836
Bank of Xenia, Xenia, December 8, 1835
Dayton Bank, Dayton, December 21, 1835
Bank of Hamilton, Hamilton, Jan. 12, 1836

On or near Lake Erie :

Western Reserve Bank, Warren, Jan. 9, 1836
Bank of Geauga, Painesville, Dec. 7, 1835
Com. Bk. of L. Erie, Cleveland, Jan. 15, 1836
Bank of Cleveland, do., Jan. 4, 1836
Bank of Norwalk, Norwalk, Nov. 30, 1836
Bank of Sandusky, Sandusky, Jan. 1, 1836

',103,46
1,19.5,414
1,987,571
1,515,952

Due from
■ banks.

7,80i,398
591,742

Total of 31 banks and 1 branch

8,394,140

98,009
376,758
316,088
145,184
306,450

214,803
247,152
21.3,046
34.3,204
239,378

696,491
557,139
4 '4,460
602,729
369,259
704,526

252,294
122,833
285,685
192,015

279,878
197,629
611,910
411,2.57

272,587
214,810

501,847
142,861
140,033
357,116

Specie.

,141,8.57
86,68!

1,228,538

96,331

110,417

43,364

27,886

10J,727

95,820

8J,64.

4,09.

85,320

100,351

46,030
261,017
75,199
72,291
3-2,709
245,494

43,691

16,.389

118,946

49,926

56,654

90,755
57,385
74,429
86,291

666,787
204,628
105,650

268,984

1,246,049
li9,.531

1,365,580

41,629
56,754
43,536
26,412
38,308

56,124
64,431
53,403
54,728
32,068

132,662

124,879
51,158
70,417
45,815

176,446

38,.398
68,129
81,261
53,107

3.5,530
31,759
75,387
56,747
38,S67
16,371

17079714,3,318,7082,924,906

316 HISTORT OF OHIO.

STATE OF AGRICUIiTUEE, PRICE OF LANDS, PROVISIONS AND LABOR.

The state of agriculture has improved greatly within a few
years past. There are farms in the vicinity of all our larger
towns, in a good state of cultivation, and our farmers every
where, either have already, or soon will have good substan-
tial houses, barns and out houses. These are not only com-
modious and substantial but sometimes even elegant. In New
Connecticut, almost every farmer has an elegant dwelling
house. In that part of the state, we see more framed than
brick houses; in some parts, though, brick houses predominate,
In the remainder of the state, brick is preferred as the cheap-
est, most durable and best. The materials for brick are near
the spot when they are needed; the wood to make fuel, and
burn them, needs to be cleared off, and the farmer and his
sons can make the brick without hiring any of the work done.
Within a very few years, after the farmer had settled down
in the woods, we generally see around him a well fenced, well
cultivated farm, with good buildings, and a good orchard com-
ing forward. In a few more years his children will be grown
up, married and settled on farms of new land like the one on
which they were brought up. Thus the forest recedes before us,
and a highly cultivated country smiles far and wide around us.

Farmers in parts of New Connecticut, in Washington coun-
ty, and along the upper part of the Scioto country have, du-
ring twenty years past, turned their attention to dairies and
the manufacture of cheese. The business has been profitable,
but enongh is not made yet for our own consumption.

The apple tree flourishes in all parts of the state, and cider
is so abundant some years, as to sell for only one dollar a
barrel. Many apples are carried down the Ohio river to New
Orleans, and the lower country.

The price of land varies from one dollar and twenty-five
cents, to one hundred dollars an acre.

The price of labor is fifty per cent, higher than in the Atr
lantic states, and provisions are about fifty per cent, cheaper
than there.

STATE OF AGRICULTURE, ETC. 317

Mechanics of all sorts get higher wages, and where they
settle in towns, as they mostly do, they get rich in few years,
if they are industrious, and well understand their business.

Laborers by the day, month or job, can always get employ-
ment, high wages and prompt payment, in cash, on our public
works — our roads and canals. It will continue to be so for
ages, because this state will never cease to improve the coun-
try by canals and roads. Every dollar laid out thus, by the
state, will pay an interest that will forever make it the duty
of the state, to proceed in her internal improvements. So
that any young man in the East, who wishes to become a good
substantial farmer, may come to Ohio, get employment, buy
a farm, pay for it, own and improve it, and be an independent
citizen of this great and growing state.

Manures have been but little used yet, in this state. Such
is the natural fertility of the soil, that farmers have neglect-
ed to make use of their manure. Compost is unknown to our
farmers, and plaster of Paris is, as yet, but little used. That
many parts of Ohio would be the better for manure we doubt
not, nor do we doubt but that when the lands are more worn
by cultivation, that manure will be used by farmers. The
best soil is doubtless one that contains sand enough in its com-
position to prevent its baking or becoming hard' after a rain,
and which also contains clay enough in it, to retain sufficient
moisture. That our hilly region, whose soil is composed of
such materials as these, possesses within itself a mineral rich-
ness, scarcely equaled any where else, is certain; hence, all
our hilly region has deceived every one, almost, who saw it
covered with a forest. Such lands are coming into high re-
pute for farms; and whole counties, once deemed poor," are set-
tling rapidly, and will continue to do so for a long time to
come. Their soil is as good for grain, especially wheat, as
any portions of the state, formerly supposed to be preferable.

318 HISTORY OF OHIO.

THE EAISrS'G OF HOGS, HORSES AXD CATTLE.

In these branches of a farmer's business, our people have
very well succeeded. In a country which produces so easily
and so abundantly, all tlie grains and grasses, on which such
animals subsist — where there is so little winter for which to
provide — where the snow lies only a few days, at a time, and
then is not over three or four inches in depth, all the domes-
tic animals can be supported with ease, on the abundance of
food which this country furnishes. Formerly, vast droves of
hogs were driven every year over the mountains, but since
our canals are made — since the steam boat moves on the Ohio,
Mississippi and the lake, our people kill their hogs at home,
salt them and carry them off in barrels, either to New Or-
leans, or to Cleveland, thence, to Montreal and Quebec, or
to New York. Horses are still sent off in droves to market*
either to the east or to the south.

So of our cattle, they are fattened and driven, sometimes,
all the way to Boston to market. The value of all these ex-
ports we do not know, nor have we the means of knowing,
but it amounts to millions of dollars annually, for our cattle,
hogs, horses, mules and sheep. Great pains have been taken
to improve the breeds of all these animals, and companies
have repeatedly sent all the way to England to get belter
hogs, horses and cattle. The evident improvement of the
whole breed, shows that those who have done these things, are
public benefactors.

THE STATE OF THE PRESS.

In 1435, John Gutenburgh of Mentz, was carrying on a law
suit, in Strasburgh, with a burgher of the place last mention-
ed, one Drizen, about a copying machine, which Gutenburgh
had invented.

That copying machine was a prixtiivg press, which has
done more for mankind than any other invention. By this
machine of Gutenburgh's, mind can move minds, and render

STATE OF TH£ PRESS. 319

earth, air, fire, water, aye, even immense tracts of space, far
as the telescope can discernj tributary to man^s comfort,
knowledge and happiness. Aided by Guteriburgh's copying
machine, every new idea, useful to mankind, soon crosses
every sea and every ocean, and finally, pervades every part
of our habitable globe. It was this copying machine that
enabled Martin Luther to spread his doctrines over Christen-
dom, and to assert the rights of conscience, and the liberty of
speaking and writing our opinions, upon all matters in religion,
science, politics and literature- This machine has prostrated
error, wherever it has had free scope. It is the friend of
genuine libertyj of justice, of human happiness and human
glory. Through the aid of this machine, the scriptures have
been spread, are spreading, and will continue to do so, until
the light of the gospel shall shine on all lands, enlighten all
nations, and render all men happier and better. Happy will
it be for mankind, if the Press continues to be unshackled, as
it now is, in this country. May those who use it, never de-
scend to licentiousness — to the servility of panders, for the
men in power, nor become the tools of aspiring demagogues,
either in church or state. The Press multiplies copies of
books, and renders them cheap,* and accessible to all read-
ers. Ideas beget ideas, which are the parents of others, ia
endless progression. One invention leads to other inventions,
enabling man to overcome time and space, and turn to his
use and benefit all the elements. He conquers the whole
world, rendering useful to him earth, ocean, air, and every
plant and every animal. He is enabled to make the very
stars in the deepest vault of the far blue heavens useful to
him. And whether he travels back, down the long lapse of
ages past, or rise on the wings of his enraptured imagination,
and fly into the most distant regions of futurity, his wander-
ings may be all recorded by a pen, and by the Press circula-
ted all over the world, and their remembrance be perpetuated
forever.

*Two hundred years ago a New Testament cost two hundred doUaiS— it
costs now ten cents.

320 HISTORY OF OHIO.

In this way, he may be said to overcome death itself, be-
cause his thoughts are immortal. They live to ennoble, to
animate, and bless mankind. The spirit of an author will for-
ever hover around, and take possession of the inmost souls of
his readers. Kingdoms, states, and empires, may rise, flour-
ish, decline, fall, and be almost forgotten, in the dim distance
of oblivious eld, while the inspirations of the man of genius
remain green, flourishing, and entire, unimpaired and indes-
tructible.

May those who conduct the Press, elevate their ideas into
pure regions of thought, and fly, always there. To them, in
a very special manner, are committed the future destinies of
mankind. They are the lights of the world — shining, not for
themselves, but for the whole human family. By the aid of
these lights, all can see their several paths through life. As
these lights increase in number and brightness, men will see
clearer, farther, and better all around them, all over the world,
until time shall end. Until then, may the Press be free, pure,
and useful.

The first newspaper ever printed northwest of the Ohio
river, was issued at Cincinnati on the 9th of November, 1793,
by William Maxwell. It was entitled " The Centinei, op
THE Northwestern Territory" — its motto, " Open to all
parties, but influenced by none.^^ This paper, after changing
its name and owner, in 1796, was continued until 1800.

In the autumn of 1810 The Western Spy was commenced
by Captain Joseph Carpenter and Ephraim Morgan. It con-
tinued to be published by them until the death of Captain Car-
penter, in February 1814. It passed through various owners'
hands until its title was changed into the National Republican,
which name it still bears. It is printed by James H. Looker
and edited by Charles R. Ramsay Esquire. It is published
weekly, tri-weekly and daily.

The two oldest papers in Cincinnati are published at
large establishments, and have a considerable influence on the
public mind. Soon after the state constitution went into ope-
ration, John W. Brown established a paper at Cincinnati: It

BENEVOLENT SOCIESIES. 321

was printed by his son, Samuel J. Brown, called the Liberty-
Hall. It is now the Gazette and Liberty Hall, edited by
Charles Hammond, Esquire. It is the oldest and largest news-
paper establishment in the state. It is published daily, tri-
weekly and weekly.

To trace the rise of each newspaper establishment in every
town of any importance in the State, would be needless; but
we content ourselves with a few remarks. At Columbus the
seat of Government, Philo H. Olmsted, publi5.hed the " Wes-
tern Intelligencer," commenced in March, 1813. Without
changing its owner, it became the "Columbus Gazette" in
1818, and is now the "Ohio State Journal," published by
Scott & Wright. There had been before this time two news-
papers established in Ghillicothe, where the ancestor of the
poet Wyllis, and Joseph S. Collins, now of Washington city,
published a paper, under the old Territorial Government.

All the first papers printed in Ohio were small ones, and
badly printed. The most of the presses and types first used in
Ohio, were old cast off ones, in the east, with a few new job
types to each establishment. The change within the last
twenty years, in all respects, as it regards the art of Printing
in this state, is highly gratifying to our state pride. We have
now, at least, one hundred newspapers, published weekly, in
the state. Many of them are as large as any in the east —
nine of them are daily ones — several twice a week; — and we
have twenty establishments for printing books, in which they
are printed handsomely, as well as bound well. Our printing
presses are made in Ohio, and the types are cast here. Our
papers are not only handsomely printed on good paper, which
is also made in the state, but they are edited very ably, espe-
cially when the interests of Ohio are endangered from any
quarter. On all such occasions, those who stand on the watch-
towers of liberty will ably do their duty to their fellow-citizens
of Ohio.

41

322 HISTORY OF OHIO.

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES.

During this last period of our History, there have sprung
up, into existence, three societies which have state societies
and state officers, with branches of them, in many, if not most
of the counties. From their influence and importance, our
duty in the station which we have assumed, does not permit us
to let them pass by us, without a few remarks. Not belonging
to any one of them, and having never supported or opposed
them, we feel no personal interest in them. We are perfectly
aware of the delicacy of the subjects, which we are about to
notice, but our duty, must be so far done, as to state, that we
have organized iu Ohio, first, an Ohio Temperance Society,
which meets annually, at the seat of Government. It has been
in operation several years, and, it had a paper devoted to its
views. It has changed already, to a considerable extent, a
custom of keeping spiritous liquors in every family, which
were formerly urged upon friends, when they called to pay
visits. It has, to a great degree, banished distilled spirits from
the table at dinner. This society has operated on the higher
classes of the community, and banished spirits from some, indeed
many steam boats, canal boats and public inns. Thus much
it has done. It has been conducted wisely, and has prospered.
It is no longer fashionable to drink spirits as it once was, and
lawyers and physicians rarely drink any thing, stronger than
water. In some towns, little has been effected by the society,
but, on the whole, a reformation is eft'ected. Many have refor-
med who once drank to excess, and thousands of the rising
generation, are saved from ruin by being educated not to taste
distilled liquors. The subject has been discussed in all law-
ful ways, but has found no opposition to its full, fair and free
discussion.

Could the practice of distilling grain be altogether abolished,
a vast amount of money, time, and labor, would be saved, and
much human misery would be prevented. The money, time
and labor would be turned to some useful purposes. As soon

ANtl-SLAVERY SOCIETr. 323

as a temperate legislature is elected, in any one of the states
penal enactments may be passed, to punish, as a crime, the
drinking of spirits, or at least the sale of them in such state.

THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY,

Is a National Society ; Ohio has a slate branch of it, and
the counties have auxiliaries. Having very few free Hacks, in
the state for it to operate upon, little has been done here by it.
In other words, having nothing to do, it has done nothing.

Bdt another state society and its numerous branches, have
excited highly, the public mind, and called forth expressions,
on both sides of the question in dispute, not always in strict
accordance with truth and propriety; This is the Abolition?
or Anti Slavery Society. The first society of this kind,
the parent of all others, in this Union, was established in Phi-
ladelphia, about fifty years since, and Doctor Benjamin Frank-
lin was its first president. Its object was to protect and
defend those who were unjustly held in slavery. Washington,
Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and, the most distinguished men in
Virginia, highly approved of it under their own hands, in letters
addressed by them to its thrice illustrious founder. This society
wisely moved forward operating beneficially, and opposed by
none. But some few years since, things took a different
turn, in which Ohio had nothing to do, and it belongs not to our
history. Finally, a few societies were founded here, mostly, we
believe, by persons immigrating into this, from slave-holding
states. A few remarks on the origin of this society in Ohio,
its views, tendency and persecutions seem to us to belong to
our history and cannot be dispensed with by its author. We
do not make facts, but merely relate events, which we would
sometimes rejoice were they otherwise. Thus situated, and
compelled to speak, what we believe to be the truth, offend
whom it may, we proceed in our remarks, on the society, and
likewise, on its sensitive and bitter opponents. This society
is of very recent origin in this state, dating no further back
than February 1834.

324 HISTORY OF OHiO,

Its objects so far as we know them, are to prevent slavery
from spreading into this state; to induce great numbers who
own slaves in the states south of us, to set them free, and,
send them to Africa. These slave-holders live in Ohio, but
own slaves in the south. These are the objects of the socicr
ty. The friends of the society disavow all interference with
slaves and slave-holders out of this state. These are views
not inconsistent with our duty to our neighbors. The tenden-
cy of the doctrines, of the society, when kept within the pale
of prudence, and so long as the society originally founded by
Franklin and the friends in Philadelphia is followed as an ex-
ample, Washington, Jefferson and the patriots of their day, if
now living would not raise any objection to them. The anti-
slavery society in Ohio, in May 1837, contained 213 auxiliary
societies, and 17,253 members. Its persecutions have consist-
ed in being interrupted in their meetings, sometimes, and in
having their press distroyed in Cincinnati by a mob. These
outrages will not be repeated. To sustain themselves in their
controversy, both parties, to the question, for slavery or anti-
slavery, have boldly appealed to the bible, as the authority on
•which they rely. They have brought forward the example and
precepts of our Savior and his apostles. Sitting in judgment
on the case we proceed to examine the law and the testimony,
impartially, fully and fairly, before we enter any final judg-
ment. First, then, as to our Savior's example and precepts.
He was by birth, a Jew, and his mother, brothers, sisters and
all those with whom he associated as near and dear to him, were
Jews. Both parties, have said, that there were no slaves in
Judea at that time! This is not true. The entire nation was
in a slavery of the worst kind, that any whole nation could
endure! they were all slaves, and they were taxed and oppresr
sed by the Romans, whose legions were every where stationed,
and used as instruments of oppression by the civil officers.
Their rulers, civil and military, were all appointed to office, by
the Roman emperor at Rome. The Jews had, in fact two gov-
ernments to support, at the same time; their own ecclesiasti-
cal government, and that of the conquerors. Well, thus situa-

ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 325

ted, what did our Savior say? He said, "render unto Caesar,
the things that are Caesar's, and "unto God, the things that
are God's." And why did he so teach the Jews? He shall
answer that question for us. "My kingdom is not of this
world." He intended to show, that his religion ought not to
connect itself, in anywise, with the state.. Any nation who
connects these two things, religion and politics, may have ever
so much religion, but it is not Christianity, but the reverse of it.
Our Saviour, though, laid down this law as an universal rule
of action, forever to govern the world : " Do unto others as ye
would they should do unto you."

We next open Paul's letter to the Ephesians, and thence
read " servants be obedient unto them that are your master?,
according to the flesh, in fear and trembling; in singleness of
heart as unto Christ." We Avill next read what he says to the
masters of these servants : " And ye masters, do ye the same
thing unto them, forbearing threatening, knowing that your
master, is also in heaven, neither is there respect of persons
with him."

We next read what the same apostle says in his letter to the
Colossians: " servants obey in all things, your masters according
to the flesh, not with eye service, but as unto God." To masters
,he says: "Masters, give unto your servants that which is just
and equal, knowing that ye have a Master in heaven." We
next proceed to read what Peter says in his first letter 2nd
chapter, 18th verse and onward ; " Servants be subject to your
masters, with all fear ; not only the good and gentle, but also
the froward. For this is thank worthy, if a man for con-
science towards God, endure grief, suffering, wrongfully."

Two inferences from these authorities present themselves on
a first view; first, that slavery is at best, a hard and painful
condition; secondly, but nevertheless, provided a master gov-
erns his slaves, equitably, justly, and on christian principles,
he may be a good christian, inherit eternal life, and not be
condemned, merely for holding slaves. And, we may add,
4hat the duties of servants and masters, are clearly pointed out
;^y the apostles. Peter's letter was addressed to the strangers

326 HISTORY OF OHIO.

thoughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia [Minor,] and
Bythinia. These provinces, were the great slave marts, the
Pennsylvania Avenues, the Georgetovvns and Alexandnas of
the ancient world. But, we have not yet done with Paul's
conduct, precepts and example, as the}' respected masters and
servants. Paul had left his Ephesian church in tears, when
they fell on his neck and kissed him, and had gone to Jerusalem
where he had been arrested and condemned for being a christian,
from which judgement, he appealed to Caesar himself, Paul
being a Roman citizen. He had sailed to Rome, to await his
trial, and was in jail. Onesimus, a servant of Philemon,
ran off from his master, and had arrived at Rome likewise. Here
while Paul was in prison, this servant was converted by the apos-
tle's preaching. To Paul, Onesimus confessed his faults, and
that he had grievously wronged his master.

We do not find the wrongs specifically set forth, but there
were wrongs done to the master by Onesimus. Paul being
in jail, had great need of the services of Onesimus, but learn-
ing the exact circumstances, from the servant of his flight
from his master, and the Avrongs done him; the apostle wrote
a letter to Philemon by Onesimus, and sent him back to his
old master. Tychicus, who was about to travel the same
route, as far as Colosse, became a fellow traveler, and the
two, jointly carried a letter from Paul, to the Colossians.
These epistles thus sent, we proceed to examine. To the
Colossians, the apostle writes, as he had to Ephesus, in relation
to masters and servants, holding the same language, almost
word for word. He reminds Philemon of the new rela-
tion which now subsists between him and his servant; that
now they are brothers. Does Paul threaten Philemon with
everlasting perdition, unless he instantly emancipates his
slave? No, he does not threaten him at all, but he prefers
a request, though, very pressingly too, thai Philemon would
set his servant free, and that if he did so, to charge Paul, in
account with him, all the sums out of which, Onesimus had, in
any wise wronged him, and he, Paul, would pay them, on de-
mand. This example of the apostle of the Gentiles, should

ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY. 327

never be lost on us in Ohio, in all similar casesj These pre-
cepts of Christ and his apostles, these admonitions to masters
and servants, in all the passages above quoted or referred to,
leave us in no doubt as to our duty, in such cases.

All our preceding remarks are intended, in part at least, for
immediate abolitionists. But we now proceed to say some
things for the serious consideration of their opponents. They
have said a thousand times over aud over, "that in the funda-
mental law of this nation, our constitution, the right to own
slaves is secured to them." Being thus secured they add,
"that being so inserted in that instrument, their right is of too
sacred a nature, to be at all, discussed, in public or private."
We now proceed to examine this allegation in their declara-
tion, and their proofs under it — the constitution. That in-
strument does not profess to be perfect in itself, and therefore
contains provisions, for its amendment by the people, to pro-
mote whose happiness, it professes to have first been made.
This amendment can never be made without discussion, with-
out public meetings, without consultation, and without the aid
of the press. The liberty of speech and of the press is se-
cured to us, one and all, by the same constitution. But the
friends of slavery say that their right to hold slaves is of too
sacred a nature to admit of being discussed in public or pri-
vate, orally or through the press. Let us look at this most ex-
traordinary proposition. We all profess to believe that the
Bible contains the law of God, and that itself is the word of
God. We all know that the law of God, that the word of God,
and even the attributes of the Deity himself, are discussed
every day in the year, in public, orally and through the press;
and yet no man dare deny our right to discuss all these mat-
ters in all these ways. Is our constitution more sacred than
the Bible? more sacred than the Deity himself? The proposi-
tion is so preposterous, that we need say no more on that sub-
ject, perhaps, but let us state the case once more, in a plain
way. The slaves themselves, either have not, or they have
immortal souls and are really human beings! First, if the
slaves have no souls, then they are on a par with horses, hogs,

328 HISTORY OF OHIO.

mules and cattle. In that case a public meeting got up to fonn
a society, an "Ohio agricultural society," to go and purchase
these brutes with the intention of turning them into the prai-
ries of Illinois, to feed, would be considered lawful and praise
worthy, and no mob would assail the meeting with stones and
brick bats. But suppose, secondly, that these slaves are hu-
man beings, and have immortal souls to save. Have philan-
thropists no right to assemble 'quietly and consult on the best
means of saving from perdition, these millions of human be-
ings? They certainly have such a right and may exercise it
when, where, and as they please, under our constitution, with-
out a single obstacle being thrown in their way, by any man
or combination of men, under the whole heavens. Where
would the world have been now, had not the liberty of speech
and of the press been freely and fearlessly used to enlighten
mankind? We answer that they would be groping still in
papal darkness, monkish ignorance and superstition. They
would be now bowing in reverence before idols, or on their
knees before the shin bone of some worthless saint! Yes, so
we should be at this day, but for free discussion, and the press
of John Guttenburgh, of Mentz. Away then, with doc-
trines and practices which tend to throw us back into the
gloom of the dark ages. Those who oppose all discussion of this
or any other matter, ought to know, that the liberty of speak-
ing and writing, and publishing our opinions freely, are using
means to pull away from beneath it, the main pillar on which
our whole fabric of civil and relio-ious liberty rests. Thus un-
dermined and deprived of its only supporting pillar, the whole
splendid dome will fall on us all who sit beneath its spacious
roof, and we shall be crushed by its weight.

Another suggestion is presented to those who raise riots and
mobs, to prevent discussion. Such persons ought to know,
that when the Creator made man, he gave him two facul-
ties of the soul, among others: '-a natural love of justice,"
and "a sympathy with the afflicted." Yes, He gave man an-
other faculty, that of a love of himself, and a disposition to de-
fend and protect himself. These are all faculties of every

ANTI-SLAVERT SOCIETY. 329

human soul, and all these faculties rise up against persecution
and oppression. Every riot, mob and disturbance of peacea-
ble people assembled for deliberation on slavery or anti-slavery,
add to the number of the friends of anti-slavery in this state.
Nominally we have now very few more than seventeen thou-
sand members of this anti-slavery society; but let one man be
killed by a mob, as E. P. Lovejoy was, at Alton, Illinois, for
belonging to this society; printing or circulating its books,
newspapers or pamphlets: or if another press is destroyed in
Ohio by a mob, because used or owned by this anti-slavery so-
ciety, and we know that thirty thousand new members would
instantly join this society in Ohio. A few more such mobs
following afterwards, and this state government in all its
branches, would be in the hands of the anti-slavery society.
So beware.

We care comparatively little about the liberty of the slave,
but we do seriously care about preserving our own freedom;
and our citizens are determined to preserve it against all sorts
of violence, come from whence that violence may — whether
from domestic or foreign foes. If any man or combination of
men, assail any public meeting (peaceably assembled, and
conducting its proceedings) with missile weapons, he or they
who thus assail the meeting, would be tried for the offence,
sentenced to a dungeon and be in one, within two hours after
the commission of the crime. This is Ohio now, and so may
it remain forever, under the dominion of the laws and the
constitution.

Drawing a circle around Columbus, as a centre, large
enough to contain one hundred thousand people within
the territory included in the bounds of the circle, and
there are within such a circle but two anti-slavery societies,
with less than seventy members in both of them! Why
are there so few members among such a population? We an-
swer, these societies and their members meet as often as they
please, where they please, stay there as long as they please,
and say and do, write print and publish what they please, and
42

330 HISTORY OF OHIO.

no one interferes either with them or with what they do. So
far as this state is concerned, the great mass of this society
are the most quiet, peaceable and unoffending christians, be-
loved and respected by all who know them.

There is a sensitiveness among the friends of slavery,
which we cannot understand. Any discussion on this subject
in Ohio cannot reach their slaves and render them uneasy.
That is absolutely impossible. What then can be the reason
of all this madness, about this discussion? It may be that,
possibly, although our discussions might never reach the slave.=,
yet they might reach the masters of them, and induce them
to push slavery south, and below Virginia and Kentucky, and
thereby prevent Ohio from draining these states of all their
young men; the life, the enterprise and energy of those
states. These friends of slavery in the south, and friends to
us, may naturally suppose, that had Rufus Putnam and his
associates settled on the soil of Virginia, on the 7th of April
1788, and had that state been then a vast wilderness, filled
with Indians and wild beasts, and the settlers being under
precisely the same law which following as a cloud by day and
a pillar of fire by night, they journeyed into this vast forest;
that instead of Ohio, had Virginia been the region in which
they had settled, that vast state with its rich mines of iron
ore, of coal and of gold! with its vast water power descending
from the Alleghanies in never failing abundance, in a million
of streams; with its towering forests so near the sea coast; its
pure mountain air, the purest which ever was breathed by
human beings; with its broad, deep and splendid rivers,
unrivaled by any others in the world; with its lofty moun-
tains and low vales, and with an extent of latitude, aided by
altitude or depression equal to eight degrees of latitude;
our or)po=ers of the anti-slavery society may suppose, we say,
that had Rufus Putnam and his pilgrims settled in Virginia,
on the same day on which they did in Ohio, and under the
same law, which he and they followed here, prohibiting slave-
ry forever in that state, Virginia would now contain five mil-

ANTI-SLAVERT SOCIETY. 331

lions of white freemen ; and in the next fifty years, Virginia
would contain twenty millions of happy human beings.

As a state, it is our interest, in Ohio, to have slavery continu-
ed in the slave-holding states, for a century yet, otherwise our
growth would be checked. The broad and deep streams of
wealth, numbers, enterprise, youth, vigor, and the very life
blood of the slave holding states, now rolling into Ohio like
mighty floods, would be stnyed; and even roll back to their
sources, rendering those states, not merely our equals, but
even our superiors, in numbers, wealth and political power.
No. We have adopted a policy which, for a century yet, requires
slavery in the states south of us, to be continued, until they
become deserts, (that is none of our business) while we have
twelve millions of people in Ohio; until, indeed, this whole
state, becomes one vast, lovely paradise: all cultivated, inter-
sected every where, by roads and canals; covered with cities
and their splendid domes. No; let slavery be continued
where it is, during the next century, at least. Bat, let that
subject, be freely discussed, though, by whoever pleases to dis-
cuss it, either in Ohio or elsewhere. Let the law reign, and
our people be free forever. No; never will we whisper a word,
that any old Virginia nabob shall hear, advising him to abolish
slavery in that most splendid of all countries in the world,
wherein to build up manufactures, and make that state more
populous than Great Britain is at this time.

The secret of our growth, in all that is desirable, must be
kept a profound secret among ourselves. With such views
of this subject, where is the patriotic citizen of this most pros-
perous of all states ever founded, on the surface of this earth,
who would wish to stay its growth or, even check its prosperi-
ty? No; let slavery be continued for a century at least, and
our descendants will go and settle in the now slave holdingr
states, as forests, and make them, what they will not be until
then.

332 HISTORY OF OHIO.

CrXCINiVATI ORPHAN ASYLUM.

This institution, situated on Elm street, was founded in June
1833; and designed for the reception of destitute orphan chil-
dren.

An act was passed by the legislature, in the session of 1832-
33, incorporating the Asylum, with an endowment often acres
of land, situated near Mill Creek. There was on the land, a
small building to be occupied by the orphans. And one thou-
sand dollars were paid out of the Township treasury for the sup-
port of the orphans. This site being unhealthful, an exchange
was made with the City council for the ground on which the
present building stands, which was erected by subscriptions
collected from the citizens of Cincinnati. The one thousand
dollars from the township treasury were withdrawn according to
the charter in 1836, and one fourth part of the duties collected
in Hamilton county, from the sales at auction, was appropria-
ted in its stead, until the year 1840.

Its present income, is the auction fund as above, and a sum
received from the trustees of the townships for the maintenance
of destitute children, placed by them in the Asylum, together
with such subscription as the managers collect from its patrons.

Twelve female managers are elected triennially by sub-
scribers, to regulate all the interior concerns, and govern the
institution; but the township trustees, appointed by the charter,
make all the contracts for the sale, or purchase, of real estate.

The building is of sufficient extent to accommodate from two
hundred and fifty, to three hundred children. About seventy
orphans are now maintained, clothed and educated in the
Asylum. June 11th 1838.

Mrs. Clarissa H. Davies, is the President, Mrs. Louisa
Staughton, relict of the late learned, talented, and benevoleat
Doctor Staughton of Cincinnati is the Corresponding secretary
of this truly christian institution. Mrs. Staughton, Mrs. Da-
vies, Mrs. Bate?, Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Baum, Mrs. Vail, Mrs. Butler,
Mrs, Urner, Mrs. Carlisle, Mrs. Hammond, Mrs. Burnet and
Mrs. Mitchell have set an eiample in founding this asyluxn.

ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES.

333

which we hope will be followed in all our future cities, in every
part of the state.

ORGANIZATION OP COUNTIES.

The state of Ohio is divided into seventy -four counties. The
date of their organization, number of civil townships, superficial
contents and the respective county seats of each, are as follows :

COUNTIES.

When
organized.

Square
MUes.

No. of
Townships,

COUNTY SEATS.

Adams,

1797

550

10

West Union.

Allen,

1831

543

Lima.

Ashtabula,

1811

700

27

JeflTerson.

Athens,

1805

740

19

Athens.

Belmont,

1801

536

16

St. Clairsville.

Brown,

1818

470

14

Georgetown.

Butler,

1803

480

13

Hamilton.

Carroll,

1833

13

CarroUton.

Champaign,

1805

417

12

Urbana.

Clark,

1818

412

10

Springfield.

Clermont,

1800

515

12

Batavia.

Clinton,

1810

400

8

Wilmington.

Columbiana,

1803

21

New Lisbon.

Coshocton,

1811

562

21

Coshocton.

Crawford,

1826

594

12

Bucyrus.

Cuyahoga,

1810

475

19

Cleveland.

Darke,

1817

660

10

Greeneville.

Delaware,

1808

610

23

Delaware.

Fairfield,

1800

540

14

Lancaster.

Fayette,

1810

415

7

Washington.

Franklin,

1803

520

18

Columbus.

Gallia,

1803

500

15

Gallipolis.

Geauga,

1805

600

23

Chardon.

Greene,

1803

400

8

Xenia.

Guernsey,

1810

621

19

Cambridge.

Hamilton,

1790

400

14

CINCINNATI

Hancock,

1828

576

5

Findlay.

Hardin,

1833

570

Kenton.

334

HfSTORT OF OHIO.

COUNTIES.

When
oiganiied.

Square
Miles.

No. of
Towmhips

COl'NTV SEATS.

Harrison,

1813

13

Cadiz

Henry,

724

2

Highland,

1805

555

11

Hillsborough.

Hocking,

1818

432

9

Logan.

Holmes,

1825

422

14

Millersburg.

Huron,

1815

800

29

Norwalk.

Jackson,

1816

490

13

Jackson.

Jefferson,

1797

400

13

Steubenville.

Knox,

1808

618

24

Mount Vernon.

Lawrence,

1817

439

13

Burlington.

Licking,

1808

666

25

Newark.

Logan,

1818

424

9

Bellefountaine.

Lorain,

1824

580

19

Elyria.

Madison,

1810

480

10

London.

Marion,

1824

527

15

Marion.

Medina,

1818

475

14

Medina.

Meigs,

1819

400

12

Chester.

Mercer, .

1824

576

4

St. Marys.

Miami,

1807

410

12

Troy.

Monroe,

1815

563

18

Woodsfield.

Montgomery,

1803

480

12

Dayton.

Morgan,

1819

500

15

M'Connelsville.

Muskingum,

1804

665

23

Zanesville.

Paulding,

432

3

Perry,

1818

402

12

Somerset.

Pickaway,

1810

470

14

Circleville.

Pike,

1815

421

9

Piketon.

Portage,

1807

750

30

Ravenna.

Preble,

1808

432

12

Eaton.

Putnam,

1834

576

2

Kalida.

Richland,

1813

900

25

Mansfield.

Ross,

1798

650

16

Chillicothe.

Sandusky,

1820

600

10

Lower Sandusky

Scioto,

1803

700

14

Portsmouth.

Seneea,

1824

540

11

Tiffin.

Shelby,

1819

418

10

Sidney.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

393

Stark,

1809

19

Canton.

Trumbull,

1800

875

34

Warren.

Tuscarawas,

1808

19

New Philadelphia.

Union,

1820

450

9

Marysville.

Vanwert,

432

Warren,

1803

400

9

Lebanon.

Washington,

1788

713

19

Marietta.

Wayne,

1811

660

20

Wooster.

Williams,

1824

600

10

Defiance.

Wood,

1820

750

7

Perrysburgh.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

CoLTTMBUs is the seat of the state government. It is situat-
ed on a high bank, on the east side of the Scioto, about ninety
miles from its mouth. Including its immediate vicinity, it con-
tains about seven thousand inhabitants, who are among the
most intelligent, active and enterprising people in the state.
Its buildings are, many of them large, commodious and hand-
some. The state house is not such an one, as Ohio ought to
have, at this day, nor are the other public buildings, for the
public offices, what they should be.

The penitentiary is a large, handsome building, of stone,
built mostly by the convicts, who are confined in it.

The United Slates have a good court house for their courts,
and the county of Franklin holds its courts in it, also, having
assisted in building it.

The state has erected a large building, for the Asylum for
the Deaf and Dumb, in sight of the town. This is a very use-
ful institution, for those, who are Deaf and Dumb. The legis-
lature patronizes it.

A hospital for the insane is now being built near Columbus,
by the state.

The German Lutherans have a collegiate institution here,
which needs patronage, and deserves it. It is under the charge
of the reverend Wm. Smith, D D.

Columbus was surveyed off", into lots, streets &c. early in the

336 HISTORY OF OHIO.

year 1812, and the first sale of the lots in it, commenced on the
same day, that president Madison signed the act for declaring
war against Great Britain; on the 18th of June, 1812.

It is now a city, and the Honorable Jarvis Pike, was its first
Mayor. Lyne Starling, Esquire, is the only original proprie-
tor of this city, now living in it.

The citizejis have paid great attention to the education of
their children, especially their daughters. Their professional
men ; clergymen, physicians and lawyers stand high, and de-
servedly so, in the estimation of all who know them. The state
officers, too, are very faithful and attentive to their duties;
and the same remark may truly be applied to such of the Uni-
ted States officers, as are located at this point. The governor
of the state is compelled to be here, but we have erected for
him, no house to live in, and what is worse, his salary is insuffi-
cient to support him here, or any where else, during the time for
which he is elected. This is wrong, all wrong.

But we hasten to Cincinnati, the fairest city of the West.
Having often mentioned it, and its position, in this work, we
need not repeat what every reader ought to remember.

It contains, including its immediate vicinity, on both sides
of the Ohio, at this time, about fifty thousand inhabitants.
This beautiful city, like all the towns, in this state, is laid out,
on the plan of Philadelphia; all the streets crossing each other
at right angles. Many of the buildings are large, commodious
and elegant, among which are about forty churches, a court
house, and other county, and city buildings. A whole volume
would scarcely describe Cincinnati, and its many and useful
institutions; its colleges and other schools; its banking institu-
tions; its learned associations, of all sorts; its public inns,* its
museum, owned by J. Dorfeuille, in which, whoever wishes to

*Galt House Cincinnati. — This house is eligibly situated at the coiner
of Main and Sixth streets. It has been lately purchased by William E. Marsh,
and veiy muoh improved by a large addition, furnished with entire new furni-
ture. The house consists of forty single lodging rooms, and fifteen large rooms
for families. It has the necessary parlors for ladies and gentlemen. Travelers
will find it a pleaaajit and convenient hotel.

CITIES AND TOWNS. 337

Study the natural history of the western states, can find more,
to aid his researches, than in any other, one town, in the world.
Here are in this city, five hundred stores of goods of all sorts,
from every habitable country in the world. They contain the
productions of every clime, and of every art, tastefully display-
ed to attract attention. As a whole, perhaps, no other people,
in the world, are better clothed and fed than than these fifty
thousand citizens. None are more healthful or happier, and
none more intelligent, better informed, better bred, more kind,
benevolent and polite to strangers and to each other.

Like all the western people, the Cincinnatians are a stirring
people. Through the day, they all dilligently attend to their
several callings, but when evening sets in, the streets are
thronored with pedestrians. The museum is opened and light-
ed up, into a blaze of brilliant light, and thronged with well
dressed people of both sexes and all ages, who sometimes, lis-
ten to a discourse on natural History, or some other entertain-
ing and useful subject. The churches are lighted up, and dis-
courses are there delivered, to full audiences. All the public
places are thronged to a late hour, when all retire to rest, and
all is silence, until morning, then all is in motion again through
the day.

There is a city police, who arrest criminals, and there are
courts and juries here who punish crimes, speedily and justly.
But, mercy is often mingled with justice, where circumstances
seem to call for it. Of their courts and juries, we are com-
pelled to speak well, because they richly deserve praise.

The professional men, the lawyers, physicians and clergymen
are learned, wise and good.

The Ohio river here, is a beautiful sheet of water, in front
of the city, on whose surface, the large steamers move, or lie
at the landing, thirty at once, sometimes. The Dayton canal
here enters the Ohio river by several locks, creating an excel-
lent water power, and another canal extending from the inte-
rior of Indiana will soon be completed to this point.

The city, standing, as it does, on a high bank of diluvial sand
43

338 HISTORY OF OHIO.

of great depth, is watered by waterworJis, similar to the Fair-
mjunt waterworks, at Philadelphi i. The works are moved by
steam power. The water is thrown into a reservoir, on a high
hill, in the eastern part of the city, from whence, in pipes, it is
conducted to all parts of the town, on to the very roofs of the
hjuses, if necessary.

Fortv-nine years since, not a human being dwelt on the site
of Cincinnati. " The old Indian war path," from the British
garrisan at Detroit, crossed the Ohio here, but no one lived
here; not even Indians. The deer, bison, bear and elk were
occasionally hunted on this site, until major Doughty erected
Fort Washington, on the ground now occupied by the bazaar of
the truth loving and most amiable Lady Trollope, in the mofith
of November 1789, since which time, it has been occupied by
our people.

Lancaster, is the shire town of Fairfield county. It sfarwjs
on the eastern side of the Hockhocking river. Before Lancas-
ter was laid out, travelers, who passed along Zane's trace,
through the, then, vast forests of Ohio, called this spot, "the place,
where they crossed the Hocking, near the standing rock."
We refer the reader to our Geology of the state, for an account
of the sindstone of this region. Lancaster was laid out in
1800, and now contains about three thousand people. The
houses, three hunired in number, are large, durable and
handsome ones. The country about it, is excellent for its soil,
good water, good freestone, standing in lofty piles, here and
there, intersected by mist excellent land, for grass, grain and
vegetables. A turnpike is making from Zanesville to Mays-
ville through this town, east and west, and a canal is made,
connecting Lnnc ister, with the Ohio and Erie canal, which is
now being extended down the Hocking valley, to Athens. AH
these things are doing by the state, and will soon be done. The
town is the centre of a considerable inland trade, which is in-
creasing. The people of Lancaster are an industrious, well
informed commmitv, who have always stood high with the peo-
ple of the state. This town is rapidly growing up, and will
soon contain ten thousand people.

CfTIES AND TOWNS. 339

Chillicothe. — This town was laid out in the thick woods,
in the summer of 1798 by general Nathaniel Massie, assisted
by general Duncan McArthur. The- latter erected the first
white man's dwelling in the town which was made of the baiks
of trees from the thick forest here then growing. This town,
as we have seen, was once the seat of the state and territori-
al government, and here* the constitution was framed, during
the month of November 1802, seven years after this town was
laid out. Its streets are wide and straight, crossing each other
at right angles and the town faces the Scioto, which bounds it
on the north. It contains about five thousand people, many of
whom are among the wealthiest in the state. It enjoys many
advantages, such as lying on the Ohio and Erie canal, and all
the roads seem to centre here from all points of the compass.
And these roads are in a state of improvement rapidly at pre-
sent. The land along the Scioto river, along Paint creek and
Deer creek, is excellent. Here the Scioto enters the hilly re-
gion, and Chillicothe has around it, a highly romantic country,
with all the varieties of hill and dale, of woods and highly
cultivated farms, of Ixnd and water, of the slow moving Scio-
to and the canal with its boats and its commerce, with the
stage's horn, and the canal boat's bugle to arrest our attention.

The state of society here is highly cultivated, and even fa-
cimting, none more so any where in the Union. The ladies
of Chillicothe have always been admired for their beauty, ele-
gnnce of manners, education and pure patriotism. It was
here, that these ladies voted a sword to m^-jor Croghan, in the
last war, for his gallant deeds in battle when defending Fort
Stevenson. Female education is greatly promoted by Chilli-
cotheans, and their sons are not neglected in this respect.
From its wealth, its position, its fertile soil around it, its canal
and water power, Chillicothe must become an important in-
land town, a place of wealth and commerce.

Its professional men of all sorts, are now, and always have
been highly respectable f)r their talents, learning, industry
and strict moral prin^iioles. The citizens of this town are as
active, enterprising and useful as any others in the state.

340 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Many of its citizens have at different periods, filled the very-
highest places of trust within the gift of Ohio. Three of them
have been governors of the state, and several of them have
been members of both houses of congress, and Chillicothe
now has a United States senator and a member of the house
of representatives.

The people of this town have always had a great influence
in all matters of any importance to the state. They have de-
served all the confidence thus reposed in them by their fellow
citizens.

CiECLEviLLE, is on the Ohio and Erie canal, twenty-six
miles below Columbus, and nineteen above Chillicothe. The
canal here crosses the Scioto river by an aqueduct about thir-
ty rods in length. This town now contains about three thou-
sand people, and is fast increasing, in buildings, population
and mercantile business. In this vicinity are the Pickaway
plains, famed in all times past, for their fertility; and Picka-
way county contains more level, rich land, than ajiy other one
in the state.

There is a bridge across the Scioto here, which cost twenty
thousand dollars.

In this county, more pork and flour are produced from their
own grain, than in any other county of its size, in the Union.
The farmers are becoming wealthy, and are buying large
quantities of land, in newer countries. We have four church-
es and about twelve schools. One or two for young ladies de-
serve great praise, and receive it. The town is fast increasing
in size and business of all sorts.

Delaware, is twenty-four miles north of Columbus, and is a
thriving town. It is older than the last named town, but, not
having any connection by water, with the main canal, as Co-
lumbus has, by its nagivable feeder, Delaware has not grown
up, like our canal towns. However its day must come yet, as
the country all about it, is good, and will one day, be well set-
tled and well cultivated, inasmuch as lands are cheap and good,
in Delawajre county:. So of Maeion, above Delaware, on tb^

CITIES AND TOWNS. 34 J

turnpike from Columbus to Sandusky city. The country all
around Marion is excellent and will be well improved within a
few years.

Springfield, the shire town of Clark county, is romantical-
ly situated on the United States road, forty three miles west
of Columbus, and seventy two north westwardly from Cincin-
nati. It contains three thousand people and increases rapidly,
in all respects.

Zanesville, is situated seventy six miles from the Ohio river,
following the meandering of the Muskingum river, on which
the town stands. If we include Putnam and West Zanesville in
our estimate, we may be allowed to say, that Zanesville now
contains, seven thousand people. The old congress granted
three sections of land, containing six hundred and forty
acres each, to Ebenezer Zane, for marking a road from Wheeling
across, what is now OhioState, by the way of Zanesville. Zane
marked the road, and for his pay, located one section, at Zanes-
ville, and laid out a town on it; another section was located near
"the standinor rock" and Lancaster was located on that section.
The other section was located opposite Chillicothe, on the
north side of the Scioto river. Humphrey Fullerton bought the
last named section of Zane, and his widow owns it now. The
town of Zanesville was laid out in 1799, and a few cabins built.
The mail had been carried along this " bridle path," about two
j'eare before that period, on horse back, and so continued to be
carried until about twenty years since.

The natural, as well as artificial advantages of Zanesville?
are great. The Muskingum here creates a great water power
in its rapids. Fossil coal is here in abundance, and the iron
ore is equally so. Salt water, too, is in never failing
abundance, here or in the vicinity. The United States road
passes the Muskingum here, and manufactures of many kinds
here flourish greatly.

The state has made a slack water navigation, from Zanesville
to Dresden, on the canal, and the same power is employing its
energies to complete this slackwater navigation to the Ohio
dver. This will be effected within four or five years. So

342 HISTOY OF OHIO.

that, with its salt water, its iron ore, and above all, its stirring,
active, restless, enterprising population of seven thousand, in
number, Zanesville bids fair to become, at no distant day, one
of the largest manufacturing towns in the western states, con-
taining seventy thousand people. The clays in this vicinity,
equal any now used in England, France or Germany, for earth-
enware, and we should not De disappointed, if Zanesville should
be the very first town on this continent to firmly establish the
manufacture of the real Liverpool ware, on the banks of the
Muskingum river. The naturalist would find many things to
interest him here; and the best place, which we know, wherein,
to study our geology and mineralogy, is Zanesville. There is
an Athenaeum and a well endowed school here, and there is a
taste for science widely diff'used among the people of this vici-
nity. Freestone, limestone, and water lime, are here in abun-
dance, and finally, if Zanesville does not become, a great town,
for an inland one, we do not see the cause of such a failure.

All the elements of prosperity are here, and the very people
to use them to advantage, arc already here, as a nucleus around
which, a great manufacturing town will grow up.

Cleveland, has been often alluded to already, in this work,
and we connot easily forget so important a town. It is so, from
its position, from its natural advantages, and from its intelligent
active, wealthy and enterprising population. Taking both
sides of the river into view, Cleveland now contains, twelve
thousand people, but in 1825, it contained only six hundred.
It is delightfully situated on a high sandy bank of Lake Erie,
seventy feet above the lake, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga
river and on both sides of the Erie and Ohio canal. In the
summer season, while its port is crowded with its mercantile
marine, of lake vessels, steamers and canal boats, Cleveland
is a busy, bustling city. If we look off on the lake we see
many a sail, spread to the breeze, on this beautiful inland water.

This town will soon run up to fifty thousand people, and for-
ever, continue to be, an important inland city. The people
here, have all the elements of prosperity, in or near the
town; freestone for building, liraestone,cedar and gypsum on

CITIES AND TOWNS. 343

the lake islands; iron ore and coal, in Tuscarawas county, on
the canal; pine forests, in Canada, across the lake ; water power
in abundance, in the river and in the canal; and a population
as stirring, enterprising and industrious as any in the world.

Toledo, is near Lake Erie, on the Maumee river, and on
what soon will be, the splendid Maumee canal. It was nothing
three years since, but it now contains, three thousand people,
who have made a rail road, thirty miles in length, leading in
the direction of Lake Michigan at its southern end. This will
necessarily become, one of our largest inland towns. It stands
on the land for which we so long and so righteously con-
tended with Michigan, who had not even a shadow of a claim
to it, founded in justice,

DAYTON.

Of our other important towns, Dayton, at the mouth of the
M-id river, on the great Miami, claims a prominent and con-
spicuous place, in our volume. It now contains, about seven
thousand people, as good, as industrious and enterpiising as
any we have, in our state. The Dayton canal is now rapidly
progressing towards the lake, along the Maumee river, al-
though only one hundred miles of it are entirely finished, yet
the remainder soon will be completed. The soil, far and wide,
around Daytion, is as fertile as it can be, and there is a water
power, in the Mad river and in the canal, very valuable. Day-
ton must always be an important town. Manufactures flourish.
There are now, in Dayton, two cotton factories, three grist
mills, two saw mills, one silk mill, and all sorts of factories,
where water power is employed by ingenious mechanics. And
the country all around Dayton is full of mills and factories.

Newark, in Licking county, on the Ohio and Erie canal, is
located in a densely settled and most fertile country. The
town itself contains now scarcely three thousand people, but
from its position, on the canal, surrounded by a fertile country
whose abundant produce, will always come here, Newark
must always be a very important point for inland trade and

344

HIST0R7 OF OHIO.

manufactures. It has, somehow, been badly treated: it has no
bank, and the travel was taken from it, by locating the United
States road, a few miles south of it. However, justice must be
done to it soon, by the state, and by itself, as the people here
Want neither industry, capital nor energy. In this state we
have no better citizens than are here, and the iron ore and
coal, not far off, will not be overlooked by the people. The
county is well watered, the land is excellent, and the farmers
wealthy.

Mount Vernon is a delightful town, on Vernon river^ and
it is the shire town of Knox county. Here the land is excel-
lent, the farmers are rich, and their farms are well cultivated.
Mount Vernon is in the exact centre of the state. Kenyon
college is at Gambler, five miles from Mount Vernon. This
town will one day become a very important one, when a canal
shall be made along Vernon river to the Ohio canal. That
very improvement, alone, would make this town, a place of
considerable business, with a population of seven thousand
people.

Steubenville. — The shire town of Jefferson county, stands
on the Ohio river, some thirty eight miles in a direct line,
from Pittsburgh. Its population is only about three thous-
and, but they are increasing. It has always been a manufac-
turing town, and always will be one. The people here have
been badly represented, quite too often, in the legislature.
They have often opposed the policy of the state, like Belmont
county, and they now feel the direful effects of such represen-
tation.

The same may be said of New Lisbon, but that town is now, ra-
pidly rising, beside its canal, now progressing to a completion.

Warren has always voted wisely, for internal improvements,
but some how, has not been well treated by the state ; but that
time is past, a canal is now making past Warren, which will
rise up into considerable importance, in the old county of Trum-
bull, so well settled and improved, by as good a population, as
we have in the state.

Portage county contains three or four towns, along the Cuya-

CITIES AND TOWNS. 345

hoga river, which we have noticed under head of rivers. This
county, eventually, will be one of the most populous in the state.

All along the Erie and Ohio canal, towns are sprincrinw into
life, and no description, can be correct, one month, which was
so, one month before. And a volume could not describe them
and our work forbids even the attempt to do so.

Portsmouth was laid out in 1805, on the northern elevated
bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Scioto river, in latitude
38° 43' north, by Henry Massie, Esquire. The Ohio and Erie
canal terminates here, three hundred and nine miles in length.
The bottom on which it stands, is sufficiently spacious for a
population of fifty, or even of one hundred thousand inhabi-
tants, though at present it contains only about three thousand.
The surface of the town is four hundred and seventy feet
above the ocean, and ninety-four, below the surface of lake Erie.
To persons passing along on the Ohio river, the aspect of the
town, with its factories, large, substantial and handsome stores,
dwelling houses and churches, produces a pleasing effect. A
splendid new court house and jail, four churches, a market
house, thirty stores, two large taverns, and several boarding
houses, a printing office, and a banking house, are among the
buildings of Portsmouth. Within twenty five miles of this
place on the southeast, and east of it, are twenty-five blast
furnaces for the manufacture of iron. Besides these, there
are six water forges. There is also a rolling mill in the town
itself, owned by Thomas Gaylord and company.

The iron thus manufactured, near Portsmouth, is worth
now, two millions of dollars annually, and is increasing rapid-
ly, in amount and value. Goods are sold here, annually to the
amount of four hundred thousand dollars, besides a large
amount of commission business. The total value of the produc-
tions of Scioto county, annually, is about one million of dollars.
These productions have been constantly and rapidly increas-
ing, especially during the last four years. This town must soon
be among our largest manufacturing and mercantile cities of
the western states, and so continue to be forever. It is now im-
44

346 HISTORY OF OHIO.

proving rapiJly, like Circleville, while from the depression of
business, other towns improve slowly, or are uot improving at
the present time.

Xexia, in Green county, is among our older towns. Its lo-
cation is on elevated ground, and the country around it is
well watered, high, dry and healthful. Xenia is the seat of
justice for the county. It contains some fifteen hundred in-
habitants, who live well, work hard, and are healthy, moral,
prosperous and happy. Located on no large river, nor near
any canal, this town, almost as old as the state, is not as large
as it otherwise would be. Cut a rail road will pass through
it, and a turnpike road likewise, when Xenia will become a
larger town. The count)' of Greene is one of the best water-
ed ones for farmers, in the state. Its soil is excellent. Fruit
trees do well, and cattle, sheep and horses, are easily raised
bv the farmers, in great numbers. The wheat is excellent^
which this county produces, so of the grass and corn. Oa
the whole, we know of no portion of this state, more desira-
ble to live in, than this. For pure springs, clear pellucid
streams, and healthfulness of climate, this county vies with
our very best ones in the state. The people who live in it, are a
friendly, industrious and intelligent population. Major James
Galloway, whose name is honorably mentioned in our history
of the late war, belonged to Xenia, and his troops went front
here, and in this county. For love of country, and devotion
to our institutions, the people of this region have none more
ardent to contend with in the race of patriotism. The exer-
ti'ins now making to improve their condition will effect their
object. When the rail road is made, the owner of produce
cnn take it to Cincinnati, sell it, get his pay for it and be at
home again to supper. Now it takes him six days, at no small
expense for carriage in wagons.

Bit we are aware that this article is devoted rather more
to topography than is consistent with our work, and that this
subject is better treated in the Ohio Gazetteer, just published"
by Warren Jenkins, Esquire. To that volume we respectful-
ly refer all our readers. Our principal reason for touching^

CITIES AND TOWNS. 347

this subject is the connection which exists between these
towns, their citizens and the events, described in our history.
From in and about these towns went our soldiers to war with
England. And the people of these towns have governed the
state, and still have a great influence on its destiny.

fn our older towns where there are not so many new buildinors
erecting in them, and so many improvements making, a
?:tranger might believe them to be much older than they are.
In each city or town, there are a court house and jail, and
buildings for the county offices — for the clerk of the courts,
for the auditor, sheriff, treasurer, recorder and sometimes for
the county commissioners and state's attorney. All these are
commodious and hnndsome structures. The streets are paved
and there is a handsome market house in many, and indeed,
all the cites and towns mentioned by us. The churches are
numerous, and sometimes spacious and even handsome build-
insrs. The side walks are well paved and there are many
other marks of older towns than they are. The stores are or-
namented with goods, tastefully displayed, to attract attention.
These towns have two or more market days in the week,
when the crowd of citizens and market people, present a busv,
bustling aspect. The long row of wagons, carts and dr'ivs,
reminds one of an eastern city, on a market morning. This
is Ohio now, happily contrasting with the past, only a few
• J^^enrs since. Our towns have grown up rather too rapidly
for the country around them, and marketing of all sorts is ra-
ther dear, for so new a country, whose soil is so fertile. Our
farmers, obtain such high prices for all they produce, thit
their wives and daughters, neither spin nor weave much cloth,
so thev go to the store for their clothes. Cows are n-^t kept
in very large numbers, and but little cheese is made in most
of the counties. Butter, ton, is rather scarce and dear.
Fowls are becomingf dear — one dollar a dozen! Eggs once
but four cents a dozen, are now six and even eight cents a
dozen. Other articles are equally dear. In one particular
our towns are doing well in cultivating our ov/n native trees,
shrubs, plants and flowers. The soil and climate suit them,

348 HISTORY OF OHIO.

and Ihey are handsomer, more thrifty and in all respects
preferable to any exotics. Our three species of sumac are
handsome shrubs which never grow too large for a shade near
the house.

Among the flowers, natives of this state, the Phlox family
of many species, of every color almost, coming one after an-
other, in the season, from spring to autumn, are becoming fa-
vorites. Among the most singular ones, the black flower
claims attention. But, the time would fail us, as well as the
reader's patience, to tell of all the trees and plants now being
naturalized and transplanted into our gardens, court yards,
^ide walks and pleasure grounds. Under the head of Botany,
the reader can see what Cincinnati has done in this way.
Since this taste for cultivating our own native plants has be-
gun to prevail among us, our towns have assumed a better ap-
pearance. Our prairie flowers will soon be gone, and lost to
the world, unless they are domesticated. Many of them are
among the most beautiful and curious in the world. Let us
hope that they may be saved from destruction.

Most of the towns have reading rooms, where a traveler
can read all the principal newspapers and periodicals. Libra-
ries are increasing in number as well as in size, every where
in the state, and useful knowledge is spreading. "The
school master is" not " abroad" in this state, but at home, at
his daily task, teaching the youth of our towns, at their homes,,
or in our schools.

THE NIDIBER OF OUR POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS AND
RE5IAEK3 ON ITS PROBABLE INCREASE IN FUTURE.

By estimation, in 1791, 3,000 people.

Official, 1800, 42,15G

Do. 1810, 230,760

Do. 1820, 586,000

Do. 1830, 937,679

By estimition, 1837, 1,600,000

By the same ratio of increase, we shall have 2,000,000 in

1S40.

POPULATION. 349

At the conclusion of Wayne's War, many of his soldiers set-
tled in the country. Before that time, from 1787 to 1791, the
increase in numbers was almost nothing; but that war ending
in 1795, the population increased rapidly, as will be seen. So,
immediately after the conclusion of the war with England, the
increase was rapid; but from 1817 up to the time of commencing
our works of internal improvement, in 1825, the increase was
comparatively at a stand. The demand for labor, its high price,
the low prices of food, with the prospect of being enabled to
purchase good farms for what could, by each, be earned in a
year or two, by laboring on our canals, induced thousands to
immigrate from the East to this country, where there was so
little winter to provide for in the summer, by the farmer. These
were inducements sufficient to draw into our State vast numbers
of young laboring men, who wished to see more of the world,
and find a home for themselves and for their posterity. Our
population at present, we have reason for believing, increases
at the rate of one hundred thousand, a year. In November
1836, we gave two hundred and five thousand votes for Pre-
sident, showing an increase in four years of forty thousand
votes. The excitement was not great, as it was clearly fore-
seen what the resultmust be, between voting for William
Henry Harrison and Martin Van Buren, so far as this
state was concerned.

It may be supposed, that when our wild lands are all sold,
our population will not increase in the same ratio as it has
done hitherto. It may be supposed, too, that emigration to the
West, from Ohio, will be great; but we think that such is the
fertihty of our soil, such the mineral treasures found in our
hilly region, and the call for labor on our Roads and Canals,
for which we shall continue, for ages to come, to pay out mil-
lions of dollars annually, that vast numbers will be drawn from
all the eastern states, into this. In a country where industry
of all sorts is better rewarded than in any other; where pro-
visions must always be cheaper and more abundant than in
states which purchase their provisions of us, and then transport
them a distance, and there sell them, making a profit on their

350 HISTORY OF OHIO.

»

business. There are other considerations, not to be overlook,
ed in this estimate — we have no slaves in this State; and in^
stead of being disgraceful, labor is honored by all, here. To
laboring men, this will always continue to be an inducement
to come here, from all the eastern states. Although our in-
stitutions, of all sorts, are not yet what we wish them to be,
nor what they will be, yet they are decidedly better than they
are in any of our western states. Our country, as it respects
health, is no longer new — it is as healthful as New England,
perhaps even more so, at present.

As to emigration from this state, it has all along been
one of the most emigrating states in the Union. A majority
of the people in Indiana, went there from Ohio. So of Illinois.
On no route through the settled parts of those states, could we
now travel, without meeting, every where, old friends and ac-
quaintances from Ohio. We saw them there every where, when
in their settlements in 1829. Men, with small farms here, emi-
grate, and soon own large ones where they go; but, when the
farm is sold here, it is transferred to some man immediately
from some eastern state, who comes here to better his condi-
tion. Eastern men can get along here, very well; but our
Ohio people do best in Indiana and Illinois. Their previous
training has fitted them to endure and overcome all the hard-
ships incident to a new country — such as a want of mills,
roads, schools, good physicians, and the thousand advantages of
an older settlement: but sufl^ering, as they must, from the sick-
ness, want of good society, without a school for their children,
without a physician to heal them when sick, and without a
minister of religion to console them amidst their multitude of
afflictions of all sorts, we envy not our old friends, in newer
countries than this. We wish them well, and pray for their suc-
cess, in their new abodes. May God bless them! Many are
the tears which they have shed, when they remembered Ohio,
and our thousand comforts, compared with their present condi-
tion. We have seen them here, and we have seen them where
they are; and our tears flowed for them and their children.
To speculate upon our future increase in population, may

POPULATION. 351

6e condemned. We care not; because the future is revealed
to U55, provided Providence permit it to be so. We certainly
possess within our territory all the means of greatness — in our
people, their habits of industry and enterprise; in our relative
position in the Union; in our mild climate; our fertile soil;
in our internal improvements, going onward with a giant's
strides; in our freedom from domestic slavery; in our State pride
and patriotism; in our love of liberty and abhorrence of slavery;
in the ample provision which we have made, are making, and
will make, to educate the rising generation; in our healthful-
ness, physically and morally; in our mineral wealth, greater
than any other country on earth, of its size, can boast. We
envy not those who possess the silvery heights of Potosi, the
mines of Golconda and Peru, while we possess the soil of Ohio?
the mines of Ohio, the free institutions of Ohio, the people of
Ohio, and Ohio's temperate and healthful climate. We see
nothing, now, to prevent us from having a population of two
millions in 1840, three millions in 1850, and of five millions hi
1860. Ohio has all the elements necessary to sustain twelve
millions of people; and that number is not a large estimate for
1937. That Ohio is eventually destined to be the very first
state in this Union, in numbers, wealth and power, we caftnot
doubt. We envy not any of our eastern states — nor do we
doubt, that the wealthy men there, may wish to keep their labor-
ing people where they are, to work for a mere trifle for them;
but why those who are poor, and have feet and hands, and can
use them, should tarry where they are, we do marvel, while they
can walk here with their legs, and when here, can acquire
with their hands, independent fortunes for themselves and,
their children.

We have said that many considerations naturally attracted
eastern people to this country, as a home for themselves and
their posterity. We alluded more especially to New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and all the states east of them. But, even the
Virginians are coming here in considerable numbers; and as to
the Marylanders, we call them Ohio people now. They are,
always were, and always will be, our natural friends, in peace

352 HISTORT OF OHIO.

and war, in prosperity and adversity. Maryland has always
stood by us, as friends, whom we esteem, admire, and love.
The Kentuckians are bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh
— ■we are one people. And do what they will to prevent it,
at home, the young Virginians who travel will visit us; and
having seen us, they will tarry here. The young men of
Virginia, having seen us, our Canals and River, our Lake and
our Roads, all covered with moving, active, and enterprising
people, — having seen all our people, in their towns, or on their
farms — all employed, all engaged in active industry of some
sort, naturally forsake dull, old Virginia, now " tired" out, and
settle down here. The political power is departing from the
East to the West— even now, a majority of the nation live in
the Valley of the Mississippi. What then, will be the relative
strength of the East and the West twenty-three years hence?
And what will it be one hundred years hence, when the old
Northwestern Territory alone, will contain thirty millions of
people?

GENERAL CHARACTER OP THE PEOPLE.

The act of congress of 1787, justly considered as the Mag-
na Charta of Ohio, and all of the states northwest of the Ohio
river, ordained that there never should be here, slavery, or in-
voluntary servitude. That act widely promulgated, all over
the world, arrested the special attention of all the genuine
lovers of liberty and haters of slavery, in all lands. Hence
we have had flowing towards us, a flood of immigrants who
love liberty. Made up of such ingredients, it is easy to con-
ceive, that with the addition of the young, the enterprising,
athletic, bold, daring and ambitious, of all states and all coun-
tries, the whole mass would be such as never was found any
where else in the world. The result of their labors, thus far, is
seen, in this volume and we challenge all history to produce its
parallel. In vain do we look into the tomes of history, or listen
to the tales of gray tradition, in order to find any other state,
now, or ever in existence, that, in fifty years, increased from.

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 353

three thousand souls to one million six hundred thousand. Du-
ring this very period, we have had two wars to pass through, pro-
secuted by England, with all her means of annoyance ; and
she was assisted, too, by hordes of the wildest, most cruel, most
brave, and warlike savages on the globe. We had, too, an
immense forest to clear off — a sickly climate, originally, to
contend with, as all settlers in any other new country have.

It may be said that congress has done much for us. We
answer, not much. All the lands which congress have grant-
ed to us, to the very last acre, have been paid for, either di-
rectly or indirectly. Being weak, when admitted into the
Union, we made as good a bargain as we could with congress;
but still a very poor bargain, by agreeing not to tax congress
lands. It was on our part a most wretched bargain. " But
congress gave us some lands to assist us in making our ca-
nals." Yes, congress gave us five hundred thousand acres of
land, which congress could not sell at any price, on condition
that we made a canal through congress lands ; and by means
of our improvements, the remaining lands of the United States
have sold for six dollars and upwards, on an average, an acre,
which congress could not otherwise have sold, to this day, for
six cents ail acre. We feel grateful that we have had many
votes for western measures, in congress, at different times,
from all the states except New Hampshire and Maine, and the
New York Bucktails. Ohio has, in return, been friendly to
her friends, in congress.

In the west, our young men take precedence, of the older
men, whereas in our eastern Atlantic cities, the younger law-
yers and physicians, complain, with what propriety, we do not
pretend to know, that the older men of their professions, keep
all the business in their own hands. Should these young men
visit Ohio, they would find every thing reversed. They would
see placed on the bench, very young men, generally, presi-
ding there; and the older and more experienced lawyers,
standing before them, at the bar! And as soon as a judge be-
comes qualified for his station, some younger man, who per-
45

354 HISTORY OF OHIO.

haps, has never plead ten causes of any importance— before
he has had two years practice, before he has had scarce-
ly any acquaintance with men and their dealings, he is
placed on the bench as a president judge, instead of a
man of greater and better qualifications. And this last
one, will be displaced by some younger aspirant in his
turn. So of the young physician, who comes forward at once,
and occupies, often, the place of his older, and better qualifi-
ed predecessor. In older states, though the snows of fifty
winters may have whitened the head, it is not, therefore, in-
ferred, that the heart is chilled by them. The wise men' ov
THE EAST, do not supposc that there is any period in human
life, in which we cannot make new acquisitions in knowledge;
in which we cannot be useful, innocent and happy. There
seems to be a set of ascetics in the West, who think that as
soon as a few gray hairs appear in any man's head, he ought
to be excluded from all business, public and private: that he
ought to withdraw himself from society; become idle, dull, in-
sipid, and wholly useless to mankind. Is there any period of
human life, in which men of learning, science and tase, should
be secluded from the society of the good, innocent and virtu-
ous, of both sexes? To men like Franklin, Jefferson, Jay,
Clinton, Marshall, and a thousand others, whom we could easi-
ly name ; MEN to whom business and books, science and lit-
erature; all the pleasures of taste, friendship and society, have
furnished all that refines and strengthens the mind; renovates
and expands all the affections of the heart; old age exhibits
no diminution of either talent or happiness. Such men, when
they cease to be statesmen, do not the less love mankind, the
lef=s rej-)ice in human happiness, nor the less parti:ipate in it.
Too many in our country, think and act as if there was a law
of the mind, which limits its pleasures and powers to some
particular period of human life. There is no such period.
His physical powers may be diminished, his senses somewhat
blunted, but the impressions which they have so long convey-
ed to him, remain vivid ; and the treasures which they have
conveyed to him are laid up, "where no moth can corrupt,

CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 355

and no thief can break through and steal them," The ob-
jects of his early affections, may have been taken from him
.by death; but, if they were wise, virtuous and innocent hu-
man beings, they have only preceded him a few years, to his
and their ultimate, eternal home; and they must have left with
him, ten thousand tender recollections, that will become dear-
er and dearer; and hopes that will shine brighter and brighter,
every day, during his life time. Such a man from his age, pro-
found learning, knowledge of mankind, disinterestedness and
sincerity, broad and liberal views, experience of all kinds;
business-talents, and other qualifications, is fitter for any high
civil station, than at any earlier period of his life.

However, the present course of things in this respect, will
be changed, within a few years, when the state becomes more
fully settl-ed. From the very nature of circumstances, we in
Ohio, are now exactly half way between the highest, and low-
est states of society. In the very wisest society, age is hon-
ored— so it is equally in the savage state, but here, either ve-
ry young men, or new comers among us, take the lead in eve-
ry thing. Time, experience and good sense, will eventually
cure the evil of which we may now so justly complain.

In a country where every man is a sovereign, means should
be used to make that sovereign a wise and good one. Good
masters make good servants. Too much pains cannot be ta-
ken by our legislature, and all our influential men, to diffuse
the lights of knowledge, morality and religion, among the
great mass of the people. That we have, considering our
age as a state, considering our remote interior situation, and
all the hardships in the way when Ohio was originally settled;
located as the early immigrants were, in a vast wilderness,
where savages, fierce and barbarous roamed among wild beasts
— that we have prospered, we say, more than any other peo-
ple ever did in the world, is most certain; but our exertions to
improve our condition, are by no means to be relaxed. It will
require increased activity every moment, to keep pace with
the age in which we live; and as our means of doing good in-
crease, the increased numbers of our people will require in

356 HISTORY OF OHIO.

creased activity to instruct them, and point out to them the
roads which lead to prosperity, comfort and happiness — to el-
evate their views, and finally to make Ohio, what it ought to
be, the first state in this Union, in numbers, knowledge, wealth
and political power. Having attained that elevated point, it
will then be our duty to use our power and influence so as to
wrong no one, to do justice, and make it the interest of all
our neighbors to be our friends. Our position in the nation is
peculiarly felicitous, as to soil, climate and productions, and
it will be our own fault if we are not the happiest people in
the Union.

STATE LIBRARY.

The state library was established in the year 1817. It was
commenced with only about five hundred volumes, but, through
the liberality and fostering care of the legislature of the state,
it now contains more than five thousand volumes of books,
most of which are of a choice kind, and selected with great
judgment and taste. It embraces nearly all of the American,
and some of the most approved Foreign Periodicals; and a
great variety of such historical and miscellaneous works as
are anxiously sought by a reading community. The legisla-
ture has usually made a small annual appropriation for the
purchase of books; and these appropriations have, by a judi-
cious application, already rendered the state library a pleasing
resort for all men of reading and science, from different sec^
tions of the state, who make a temporary stay at Columbus.

The law portion of the state library affords great conveni-
ences to gentlemen of the legal profession; and the annual
purchases of new works, have usually embraced many of the
most valuable of the reports of the different states, and the
most learned treatises on the science of law and Americaa
jurisprudence.

STATE OFFICERS. 357

©FFICERS OF THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT.

APPOINTED IN 1788, UNDER THE ORDINANCE OP CONGRESS.

Arthur St. Glair, Governor.

Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, John Cleves
Symmes, Judges,.

Winthrop Sargeant, Secretary. William H. Harrison was
subsequently appointed secretary of the territory ; he was af-
terwards elected delegate to congress.

Governors of the state,

AFTER THE ADOPTION ,OF THE CONSTITUTION.

Edward Tiffin, elected and sworn 3d March, - - 1803

Thomas Kirker,* (acting governor part of the year,) 1808

Samuel Huntington, elected and sworn in - - 1808

Return J. Meigs, do. do. - - 1810

Othniel Looker,* (acting governor part of the year,) 1814

Thomas Worthington, elected - - - - 1814

Ethan Allen Brown, do. - - - - . 1818

Allen Trimble,* (acting governor part of the year,) 1822

Jeremiah Morrow, elected ----- 1822

Allen Trimble, elected ----- 1826

Duncaii McArthur, do, - - - - - 1830

Robert Lucas, do. ----<- - 1832

Joseph Vance, do. - i- <• " - 1836

Secretaries of state.

William Creighton, junior, elected - - - - 1803

Jeremiah McLene, do. - - >• - 1808

Moses H. Kirby, do. - - - - 1831

Benjamin Hinkson, do. - - - - 1834

Carter B. Harlan, do. - - - 1835

*Those marked with a star, were presidents of the senate, who were, by
the constitution, governors for short periods only.

358 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Auditors of state.

Thomas Gibson, elected 1803

Benjamin Hough, do. _ - . - _ 1808

Ralph Osborn, do. - - - - - 1815

John A. Bryan, do. . - - . - 1833

Treasurers of state.

William McFarland, elected _ . . - 1803

Hiram M. Curry, do. - - . - 1817

Samuel Sullivan, do. - . - . 1820

Henry Brown, do. . - - _ 1823
James Whitehill, do.

Tlie names of the respective state librarians arc as follows:

John L. Harper, Librarian from 1817 to 1818

John M'Elvain, " 1818 to 1820

David S. Broderick, " 1820 to 1824

Zachariah Mills, " 1824 to the present time.

Judges of the Supreme Court.

Return J. Meigs, William W. Irvin, Elijah Hayward,
Samuel Huntington, Ethan Allen Brown. John M. Goodenow,

William Sprigg, Calvin Pease, Reuben Wood,

George Tod, John M'Lean, John C. Wright,

Daniel Symmes, Jessup N. Couch, Joshua Collett,

Thomas Scott, Charles R. Sherman, Ebenezer Lane,

Thomas Morris, Peter Hitchcock,

President Judges.

The names of the President Judges, from the organization
of the government, are as follows:

Francis Dunlevy, Orris Parish, Frederick Grimke,

Wyllis Silliman, J. H. Hallack, John M. Goodenow,

Calvin P.ease, Alexander Harper, Matthew Burchard^

^

STATE OFFICERS.

359

William Wilson, Ezra Osborn, Ezra Dean,

John Thompson, George P. Torrence, Joseph R. Swan,

Benjamin Riiggles, John M'Dowell, John W. Price.

Joseph A. Crane, Gustavus Swan^ Joshua Collett,

Peter Hitchcock, Ebehezer Lane, Reuben Wood,

George Tod,

Benjamin Tappan,

Members of the convention,

WHO FORMED THE STATE CONSTITUTION, ADOPTED IN CONVENTION AT CHILU-
COTHEj NOVEMBER 2Jth, 180 2.

Edward Tiffin, Pres. Francis Dunlavy,
Bazaleel Wells, Jeremiah Morrow,

Michael Baldwin, John Kitchell,
Samuel Huntington, John Paul,
Elijah Woods, George Humphreys,

John Smith, James Caldwell,

Thomas Kirker, David Abbott,
Joseph Darlington, Adam Betz,

Thomas Scott, Secretary of the

Rudolph Bear,
Charles W. Byrd,
John M'Intire,
James Grubb,
James Sargeant,
Philip Gatch,
Henry Abrams.

Convention i

The following embraces the names of all the Senators, and
all the members of the House of Represeatatives who have
from time to time been elected, and have represented this
State in the Congress of the United States to 1836.

SENATORS OF CONGRESS,

T. Worthington,

John Smith,
Edward Tiffin,
Return J, Meigs,
S. Griswold,
Alexander Campbell
Jeremiah Morrow,

In. Out.

(1803-1807
11810-1814

03-08

07-09

08-10

09-09

09-13

13-19

In. Out.
Joseph Kerr, 1814-1815

Benjamin Ruggles, 15-33

William A. Trimble, 19-22

Ethan A. Brown, 22-25

William H. Harrison, 25-28

Jacob Burnet, 28-31

Thomas Ewing, 31-37

Thomas Morris, 33-39

360

HISTORY OF OHIO.

EEPRESENTATIVES OF CONGRESS.

In. Out.

TO TT u • 1799-1800
W. H. Harrison, 1816-1819

00-01

William M'Millan,
Paul Fearing,
Jeremiah Morrow,

(13-

William Creighton, )o7_'

John Alexander,
Benjamin Beall,
James Caldwell,
James Kilbourne,
John M'Lean,
David Clendenen,

Levi Barber,

01-03

03-13

13-17
33

13-17

13-15

13-17

13-17

13-16

15-17
(17-19
(21-23

Philemon Beecher. ;2S-29

John W. Campbell, 17-27

Samuel Herrick, 17-21

Peter Hitchcock, 17-19

Henry Brush, 19-21

Thomas R. Ross, 19-25

John Sloan, 19-29

David Chambers, 21-23

Joseph Vance, 21-25

Mordecai Bartley 23-31

James W. Gazlay, 23-25

Duncan M' Arthur, 23-25

William M'Lean 23-29

John Patterson, 23-25

Samuel F. Vinton, 23-37

Elisha ^Vhittlesey, 23-37

William Wilson, 23-27

John C. Wright, 23-29

James Findlay, 35-37

In. Out.
David Jennings, 1825-1826

John Thompson, )20-S7

John Woods, 25-29

Thomas Shannon, 26-27

John Davenport 27-29

William Russel, 27-33

William Stanberry, 27-33

Francis Muhlenberg, 28-28

Joseph H. Crane, 29-37

JohnM. Goodenow, 29-31

William W. Irvin, 29-33

William Kennon. l35_37

James Shields, 29-31

Eleutherus Cooke, 31-33

Thomas Corwin, 31-37
Humphrey H. Leavitt, 31-34

William Allen, 33-35

James M. Bell, 33-35

John Chaney, 33-37

Thomas L. Hamer, 33-37

Benjamin Jones, 33-37

Robert T. Lytic, 33-35

Jeremiah M'Lene, 33-37

Robert Mitchell, 33-35

William Patterson, 33-37

Jonathan Sloane, 33-37

David Spangler, 33-37

Taylor Webster, 33-37

Daniel Kilgore, 34-37

Bellamy Storer, 35-37

William K. Bond, 35-37

Sampson Mason, 35-37

Ehas Howell. 35-37

MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY. 361;

Members of the General assembly, who passed the first effi-
cient act, for making our canals. The session commenced De-
cember 3rd, 1821,

MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY.

From the counties of

Adams, George R. Fitzgerald.

Ashtabula, Robert Harper.

Athens, Elijah Hatch,

Belmont and Monroe, Wm. Dunn, Alexander Armstrong and

Thomas Shannon.
Brown, George Edwards.

Butler, James Shields, Robert Anderson and Joel Collins.
Clark, John Dougherty.
Champaign, Aaron L. Hunt.
Clermont, Gideon Minor,
Clinton, James Harris,
Columbiana, Wm. Blackburn, Peter Musser and Daniel Har-

baugh,
Coshocton, James Robinson.
Cuyahoga, Josiah Barber.
Delaware, Joseph Eaton.
Darke and Shelby, Jacob Miller.
Fairfield, Robert F- Slaughter and George Sanderson.
Fayette, James Carothers.
Franklin, John R. Parish.
Greene, William M. Townsley.
Guernsey, Lloyd Talbott,
Hamilton, Clayton Webb, M. T. Williams, J. C. Short and S.

R. Miller.
Harrison, John Patterson.
Highland, Richard Collins.
Huron and Sandusky, David Abbott.
Jefferson, James Wilson and Samuel McNary.
Knox, Royal D.Simons.

362 HISTORY OF OHIO.

Licking, William W. Gault.

Logan and Wood, John Shel "y.

Madison and Union, William Lewis.

Meig?, Gallia and Jackson, David Boggs and George House.

Miami, Thomas W. Furnas.

Montgomery, George Grove and Samuel Archer.

Morginand Washington, William M.Dawes and Timothy
Buell.

Muskingum, William H. Moore and Alexander Harper.

Perry, Roswell Mills.

Pickaway and Hocking, Caleb Atwater and Valentine KefTer,

Portage and Medina, Jonathan Sloane, and James Moore.

Preble, Daniel Saylor.

Richlan.l, James Hedges.

Ross, Thomas Worthington, Archibald M'Lean, William Vance.

Scioto, Pike and Lawrence, William Kendall and Caleb Hitch-
cock.

Stark, John Myers,

Trumbull, Thomas Howe.

Tuscarawas, George Richardson.

Warren, John Bigger and Thomas Corwin.

Wayne, Benjamin Jones.

ME3IBERS OF SENATE.

From the counties of

Fairfield, Elnathan Scofield.

Hamilton, Eprhaim Brown.

Butler, James Heaton.

Warren, Nathaniel M'Lean.

Green and Clinton, William R. Cole.

Franklin, Delaware, Madison and Union, Joseph Foos.

Licking and Perry, John Spencer.

Wayne, Thomas M'Millan.

Portage and Medina, Jonathan Fostef.

Harrison, James Roberts.

VOTE ON CANALS. 363

Meigs, Gallia and Jackson, Daniel Womeldorf.

Scioto, Pike and Lawrence, Robert Lucas.

Trumbull, Eli Baldwin.

Brown, Nathaniel Beasly

Stark, Michael Ozwalt.

Cuyahoga, Huron and Sandusky, Alfred Kelly.

Jefferson, David Sloan.

Montgomery, William Blodget.

Columbiana, Gideon Hughes.

Belmont, David Jennings.

Adam?, Thomas Kirker.

Champaign, Clark, Logan and Wood, James Cooley.

Pickaway and Hocking, John Barr.

Geauga and Ashtabula, Samuel W, Phelps. k

Richland and Knox, John Shaw.

Muskingum, Thomas Ijams.

Washington, Athens and Morgan, Sardine Stone,

Clermont, Thomas Morris.

Highland and Fayette, Allen Trimble.

Ross, Duncan M' Arthur.

Guernsey, Tuscarawas and Coshocton, William M'Gowan.

Preble, Miami, Darke and Shelby, Walter Bueil, (one year.)

Members of the General Assembly of 1824-5 who passed the
necessary laws for making our canals; for adopting a system
of education for common schools, and changing the mode of
taxation.

The yeas and nays are also given, as follows, to wit :

Assembly.

Yeas. Messrs. Isaac Atkinson, John Bigger, Jacob BHck-
ensderfer, William Cary, Leonard Case, William Collings, Isaac
Cook, William Coolman, Matthias Corwin, John Cotton, Samuel
Coulter, Edmond Dorr, John Dougherty, Jeremiah Everett,
Richard Fallis, Thomas Flood, Jacob Frederick, Thomas Gatch,
John M. Gray, Thomas Hanna, Robert Harper. Batteal Harri-

364 HISTORl OF OHIO.

son, David Higgins, Homer Hine, George B. Holt, Andrew V.
Hopkins, Thomas Irwin, Thomas King, Joseph Kj'le, James
W. Lathrop^ Philip Lewis, John Liest, Jacob Lindsey, John
Lucas-, Alexander M'Connell, John M'Corkle, Samuel APHenry,
John Means, David Mitchell, Edward L. Morgan, Elias Murray,
Joseph Olds, Thomas L. Pierce, Thomas Rigdon, James Robi-
son, of Coshocton, James Robison, of Wayne, Joseph W. Ross,
Almon Ruggles, Thomas Shannon, James Shields, Robert F.
Slaughter, Stephen C. Smith, Adam Swan, John Turner, Wil-
liam Wiley, George W. Williams, Thomas Worthington, M. T.
Williams, Speaker — 58.

Nats. Messrs William Blackburn, Ephraim Brown, George
Brown, John Cochran, John Davenport, George Edwards, Wil-
liam Hamilton, James Hedges, John Hubbard, William Lowry,
William E, Russell, John Shelby, Jacob Ward — 13.

Senate.

Yeas, Messrs John Augustine, Edward Avery, Z. A. Beatty,
D. H. Beardsley, Ebenezer Buckingham, junior, Samuel Cald-
well, Jacob Catterlin, Jacob Claypool, Joel Collins, David
Crouse, Ephraim Cutler, Owen T. Fishback, George Fithian,
Joseph Foos, Nathan Guilford, Samuel H. Hale, David F. Hea-
ton, David Jennings, Thomas Kirker, Henry Laffer, Robert
Lucas, William Manning, George Newcomb, Aaron Norton,
David Shelby, Matthew Simpson, David Sloane, William Stan-
bery, Clayton Webb, Samuel Wheeler, Daniel Womeldorf,
Jabez Wright, Robert Young, Allen Trimble, Speaker — 34,

Nats. Messrs William Gass, Daniel Harbaugh — 2.

APPENDIX.

No. I.

m CONGRESS, JULY 13, 1787.

AN ORDINANCE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OP THE TERRITORY OF THE
UNITED STATES, NORTHWEST OP THE RIVER OHIO.

Be IT ORDAINED, by the United States in Congress assembled,
That the said territory, for the purposes of temporary govern-
inent, be one district; subject, however, to be divided into two,
districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Con-
gress, make it expedient.

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that the estates
Ijoth of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said
territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed
among their children, and the descendants of a deceased child,
in equal parts; the descendants of deceased child or grand-
child, to take the share of their deceased parent, in equal parts,
among them; and where there shall be no children or descend-
ants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree ;
and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or
sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts, among them,
their deceased parent's share; and there shall in no case be a
distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood ; saving
in all cases to the widow of the intestate, her third part of the
real estate for life, aad one third part of the personal estate;
and this law relative to descents and dower, shall remain in

366 APPENDIX.

full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And
until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter
mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or be-
queathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or
her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attest-
ed bv three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by
lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and deliv-
ered by the person, being of full age in whom the estate may
be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly
proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execu-
tion thereof duly proved, and be recorded within one year after
proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for
that purpose; and personal property may be transferred by deliv-
ery, saving however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants,
and other settlers on the Kaskaskias, St. Vincents, and the neigh-
boring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citi-
zens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among
them relative to the descent and conveyance of property.

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that there shall
be appointed fi'om time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose
commission shall continue in force for the term of three years,
unless sooner revoked by Congress ; he shall reside In the dis-
trict, and have a freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres
of land, while in the exercise of his office. There shall be
appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, whose
commission shall continue, in force for four years, unless sooner
revoked ; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold
estate therein, in live hundred acres of land, while in the exer-
cise of his office ; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve the
acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records
of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his exe-
cutive department; and transmit authentic copies of such acts
and proceedings, every six months, to the secretary of Congress.
There shall be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any
two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law
jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein,
a freehold estate in five hundred acres of land, while in the

APPENDIX. 3G7

exercise of their offices ; and Iheir commissions shall continue
in force during good behavior.

The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt
and publish in the district, such laws of the original states,
criminal and civil, as may be necessary, and best suited to the
circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress, from
time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district until the
organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapprov-
ed of by Congress; but afterwards, the legislature shall have
authority to alter them as they shall think fit.

The governor for the time being, shall be commander-in-
chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the
same, below the rank of general officers. All general officers
shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress.

Previous to the origanization of the general assembly, the
governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers,
in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the
preservation of the peace and good order in the same. Af-
ter the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and
duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated
and defined by the said assembly; but all magistrates and civil
officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the con-
tinuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the
governor.

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be
adopted or made, shall have force in all parts of the district,
and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the gov-
ernor, shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed
from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out
the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have
been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, how-
ever to such alteratioris as may thereafter be made by the
Legislature.

So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants,
of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the Gov-
ernor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to
elect representatives from their counties or townships, to repre-

368 APPENDIX.

sent them in the general assembly ; provided, that for every five
hundred free male inhabitants there shall be one representative,
and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabit-
ants, shall the right of representation increase, until the number
of representatives shall amount to twenty-five, after which the
number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by
the Legislature : provided, that no person be eligible or qualified
to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of
one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the
district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three
years, and in either case shall likewise hold in his own right,
in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same ; pro-
vided also, that a free-hold in fifty acres of land in the district,
having been a citizen of one of the states, and being resident
in the district, or the like free-hold and two years residence in
the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector
of a representative.

The representative thus elected, shall serve for the term of
two years, and in case of death of a representative or removal
from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or
township for which he was a member, to elect another in his
stead, to serve for the residue of the term.

The general assembly, or legislature shall consist of the
governor, legislative council, and a house of representatives.
The legislative council shall consist of five members, to con-
tinue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress,
any three of whom to be a quorum, and the members of the
council, shall be nominated and appointed in the following man-
ner, to wit: as soon as representatives shall be elected, the
governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet to-
gether, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, resi-
dents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five
hundred acres of land, and return their names to congress;
five of whom congress shall appoint and commission to serve
as aforesaid; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in council,
by death or removal from office, the house of representatives
shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each va-

APPENDIX. 369

cancy, and return their names to congress, one of whom, con-
gress shall appoint and commission for the residue of the term;
and every five years, four months at least before the expiration
of the time of service of the members of council, the said
house shall nominate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and re-
turn their names to congress, five of whom congress shall ap-
point and commission to serve as members of council five
years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative
council, and house of representatives, shall have authority to
make laws in all cases for the good government of the district,
not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance
established and declared. And all bills having passed by a
majority in the house, and by a majority in the coun-
cil, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no
bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without
his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, pro-
rogue, and dissolve the general assembly, when in his opin-
ion it shall be expedient.

The Governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and
such other officers as congress shall appoint in the district,
shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity, and of office — the
governor before the president of congress, and all other offi-
cers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be
formed in the district, the council and house, assembled in one
room, shall have authority by joint ballot to elect a delegate
to Congress, who shall have a seat in congress, with the right
of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary govern-
ment.

And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and
religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these repub-
lics, their laws and constitutions, are erected, to fix and es-
tablish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions
and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in
the said territory; to provide also for the establishment of
states, and permanent government therein, and for their ad-
mission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing
47

370 APPENDIX.

with the original states, at as early periods as may be consis-
tent with the general interest:

// is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority afore-
said, that the following articles shall be considered as articles
of compact between the original states and the people and
states in the said territory, and forever remain unalterable, un-
less by common consent, to wit;

Article I. No person demeaning himself in a peaceable
and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his
mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said territory.

Article II. The inhabitants of said territory shall always
be entitled to the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus, and of
the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation of the peo-
ple in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings according to
the course of the common law; all persons shall be bailable
unless for capital offences, where the proof shall be evident,
or the presumption great; all fines shall be moderate, and no
cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted; no man shall
be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of
his peers, or the law of the land; and should the public exi-
gencies make it necessary, for the common preservation to take
any person's property, or to demand his particular services^
full co;ppensation shall be made for the same; and in the just
preservation of rights and property, it is understood and de-
clared that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in
said territory, that shall in any manner whatever, interfere
with or affect private contracts or engagements, bonafide, and
without fraud previously formed.

Article III Religion, morality, and knowledge, being ne-
cessary to good government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever be encoura-
ged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards
the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from
them without their consent; and in their property, rights and
liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in
just and lawful wars, authorized by congress; but laws found-
ed in justice and humanity, shall, from time to time, be made,

APPENDIX. 371

for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving
peace and friendship with them.

Article IV. The said territory, and the states which may
be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this confed-
eracy of the United States of America, subject to the articles
of confederation, and to such alteration therein, as shall be

constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of
the United States in congress assembled, conf )rmable thereto.
The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory, shall be sub-
ject to pav a pUrt of the federal debts contracted, and a pro-
portional part of the expenses of the government to be ap-
portioned on them, by congress, according to the same com-
mon rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shal!
be made on the other ptates; and the taxes for paying their
proportion, shall be laid and levied, by the authority and di-
rection of the legislatures of the districts, or new states, as
in the original states, within the time agreed upon by the Uni-
ted States in congress assembled. The legislatures of those
districts or new states, shall never interfere with the primary
disposal of the soil by the United States in congress assem-
bled, nor with any regulations congress may find necessary
for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers.
No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United
States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed
higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into
the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places be-
tween the same shall be common highways and forever free,
as well to the inhabitants of the said territory, as to the citi-
zens of the United Slates, and those of any other states that
may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, im-
post, or duty therefor.

Article V. There shall be formed in said territory, not
less than three, nor more than five states, and the boundaries
as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of session and consent
to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to
wit: The western state in said territory shall be bounded by
the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash rivers; a direct line

3t9 APPENDIX.

drawn, from the Wabash aud Post Vincents due north to the
territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by
the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Missis-
sippi. The middle state shall be bounded by the said direct
line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio,
by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great
Miami to the said territorial line, and by the said territorial
line. The eastern state shall be bounded by the last men-
tioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said ter-
ritorial line; provided, however, and it is further understood
and declared, that the boundaries of these three states shall
be subject so far to be altered, that if congress shall hereafter
find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or
two states in that part of the territory which lies north of an
east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or ex-
treme of lake Michigan: and whenever any of the states
shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such states
shall be admitted by its delegates, into the congress of the
United States, on an equal footing with the original states, in
all respects whatsoever; and shall be at liberty to form a per-
manent constitution and state government: Provided, the con-
stitution and government so to be formed, shall be republican,
and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles:
and so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of
the confederacy, such admission shall be had at an earlier pe-
riod, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants
in the state than sixty thousand.

Article VJ. There shall be neither slavery nor involunta-
ry servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in punish-
ment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly con-
victed: Provided, always, that any person escaping into the
same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any
one of the original states, such fugitive may be lawfully re-
claimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor
or service as aforesaid.

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that the resolu-
tions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this

APPENDIX. 373

ordinance, be and the same are hereby repealed and declared
null and void.

REMARKS ON THE PRECEDING ACT OF CONGRESS.

In March, 1784, Virginia ceded to the United States the
territory northwest of the river Ohio, and stipulated that the
citizens thereof should " have their possession and title con-
firmed to them, and be protected in their rights and liberties."
Soon after the cession was made. Congress referred the sub-
ject to a committee, consisting of Jefferson of Virginia, Chase
of Maryland, and Howell, of Rhode Island. This committee
reported an ordinance of fundamental law for the government
of the Territory, and of the States to be formed out of it; one
provision of which was, " That after the year 1800 of the
Christian era, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude in any of the States, otherwise than in punishment of
crimes, whereof the party shall have been convicted to have
been personally guilty. "—A motion was made to strike out
this clause : " And on the question, shall the words moved to
be struck out, stand ? " the yeas and nays being required by
Mr. Howell:
New Hampshire, ^ . Mr Foster, ay. }

Blanchard, ay. j ^'
Massachusetts . . Mr. Gerry, ay. )

Patridge, ay. ^ ^'
Rhode Island . . Mr. Ellery, ay. )

Howcli, ay.^ ^^'
Connecticut . . Mr. Sherman, ay. )

Wadsworth,ay.^ •''
New York . . . . Mr. De Witt, ay. J

Paine, ay. ) ^^'
New Jersey, .... Mr. Dick, ay. (1.)
Pennsylvania . . . Mifflin, ay. )

Montgomery, ay. > ay.

Hardy, ay. )

Maryland . . Mr. M'Henry, no. )

btone, no. )

(1) To eotitle a State to a vote, she must have at least two members pre-

374 APPENDIX.

Virginia . . . . Mr, Jefferson, no. ^

Hardy, no. ^ no
Mercer, na. j

North Carolina . . . Mr. Spaight, no

Williamson ay ^
South Carolina . . . Mr. Read, no. i

Beresford, no. \ "°'
So the question was lost, and the words were struck out. " (2.)

"March 16, 1785, a motion was made by Mr. Kmrr, and
seconded by Mr. Ellery, that the following proposition be com-
mitted:

" That there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi-
tude in any of the States described in the resolve of con-
gress of the 23d of April, 1784, otherwise than in the punish-
ment of crimes whereof the party shall have been personally
guilty: and that this regulation shall be an article of compact,
and remain a fundamental principle of the Constitutions be-
tween the thirteen original states, and each of the states describ-
ed in the said resolve of the 23d April, 1784."

On the question of commitment. New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania and Maryland, voted in the affirmative: Virginia, (3^
North Carolina and. South Carolina in the negative. So it
was resolved in the affirmative.

On the 7th of July, 1786, Congress resolved that the stipula-
tion contained in the cession of Virginia, respecting the division
into separate States of the territory northwest of the Ohio river,
would be attended with great inconvenience, and recommend-
ed Virginia to revise and alter the terms of cession, which was
afterwards done.

September 29, 1785, Congress took into consideration an
ordinance for the government of the Western Territory report-
ed by a committee consisting of Johnson of Connecticut, Pick-
ney, of South Carolina, Smith, of New York, Dane, of Massa-
chusetts, and McHenry, of Maryland : and, after considering

(2) Seven, or a majority of the whole number of States, (Uiirteen,) were
wanted to carry a question.

(3) Grayson voted in tlie affirmative; Hardy and Lee in the negative.

APPENDIX. 375

it from time to time, it was recommenderl to a committee con-
sisting of Carrington and R. H. Lee, of Virginii, D;ine, of Mas-
sachusetts, Kean, of South Caio'ina, and Smith, of New Yorii,
whose report was read the first time, July 11, 1787. This
ordinance is similar, in its leading and fundamental provisions,
to that reported in 1784 by the committee of which Mr Jeffer-
son (4) was chairman, and, like that, contained a prohibition
of slavery in the following words: "There shall be neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory; other-
wise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted." On the 13th of July, 1787, this
ordinance was adopted by Congress, with the concurrence not
only of every State, but every individual member of every
State present, except one, Mr. Yates of New York.

On the 27th of December, 1788, Virginia passed a resolution
offering to cede, and on the 3d of December, 1789, passed an
act in which she " forever ceded and relinquished to Congress
and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right
and exclusive jurisdiction as well of soil as of persons residing
or to reside therein, pursuant to the tenor and effect of the 8th
section of the first article of the Constitution of the Govern-
ment of the United States," a tract of country not exceeding
ten miles square, for the permanent seat of Government of the
United States. The cession of Maryland, for similar purpose,
was made December 23, 1789, and is absolute and without
restriction or limitation.

This statement of facts shows, — 1st, That Virginia ceded
to the United States an extensive territory, separated from her
only by a river, and bordering on her for about one thousand
miles. Kentucky being then a part of Virginia. 2d, That Con-
gress had, after having had the subject under consideration
for more than three years, abolished slavery in it by the
extraordinary concurrence of all its members who voted, except

(4) To Mr. JefFersoii is theiefore justly due the credit of the ordinance for
the government of the Northwest Territory, and not Mr. Dane, as claimed for
himby his New England friends.

376 APPENDIX.

one. 3d, That the measure originated with Thomas Jefferson,
the favorite son of Virginia and of the nation, and who was
assisted by Chase, a prominent son and distinguished jurist of
Maryland. And 4th, That with the knowledge of these facts,
and immediately after their occurrence, Virginia and Maryland
ceded the district of Columbia to the United States, without
restriction as to the prohibition of slavery, or indeed without
imposing as many restrictions as Virginia did when she ceded
the northwest territory.

Seeing, then, what Congress had done in abolishing slavery
in what had been a part of Virginia, and in which territory
there were a considerable number of slaves, how can it be said
that Virginia and Maryland would not have ced«d the district
of Columbia, if they had supposed Congress would ever abolish
slavery in it? or that the doing so now, at the expiration of
near half a century, can be conceived to violate any implied
faith to those two states?

I will only add, in conclusion, what a strange contrast the
proceedings of 1787 present to those of 1837 ! Then the aboli-
tion of slavery in an extensive territory, bordering on the slave-
holding states, met with no opposition. No fears were then en-
tertained that such an act would endanger the Union, or tend
to disturb the quiet of any portion of it. It was not then de-
nounced as the first step of Congress to abolish slavery in the
slaveholding states. JNo; slavery was then considered by all
as an evil ; now it is pronounced by some a blessing. What
strange perversion! What strange delusion! Especially in
this enlightened and liberal age, when there is abroad an ameli-
orating spirit, more powerful in its effects in the moral and poli-
tical world than the steam-engine is in the mechanical.

APPENDIX. 377

No. II,
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO.

We, the people of the Eastern Division of the Territory of the
United States, northwest of the River Ohio, having the
right of admission into the General Government, as a mem-
ber of the Union, consistent with the Constitution of the
United States, the ordinance of Congress of one thousand
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the law of Congress,
entitled "An Act to enable the people of the Eastern Divis-
ion of the Territory of the United States northwest of the
river Ohio, to form a Constitution and State Government,
and for the admission of such State into tlie Union, on an
equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes;
in order to establish justice, promote the welfare and secure
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do
ordain and establish the following Constitution or form of
Government; and do mutually agree with each other to form
ourselves into a free and independent State, by the name of
the State of Ohio.

ARTICLE I.

Seo. 1. The Legislative authority of this State shall be
vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Sen-
ate and House of Representatives, both to be elected by the
people.

Sec. 2. Within one year after the first meeting of the Gen-
eral Assembly, and within every subsequent term of four years,
an enumeration of all the white male inhabitants above twen-
ty-one years of age, shall be made in such manner a"s shall be
directed by law. The number of representatives shall, at
the several periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by
the legislature and apportioned among the several counties,
according to the number of white male inhabitants above twen-
ty-one years of age in each, and shall never be less than twen-
48

378 APPENDIX.

ty-four nor greater thin thirty-six, until the number of white
mile inhabitants above twenty-one years of age sh ill be twen-
ty-two thousand; and after that event, at such ratio thxt the
whole number of rej)resentatives shall never be less than thir-
ty-six, nor exceed seventy-two.

Sbc. 3. The Representatives shill be chosen annually, by
the citizens of each county respectively, on the second Tues-
day of October.

Sec. 4. No person shall be a representative, who shall not
have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of
the United States and an inhabitant of this state; shall also
have resided within the limits of the county in which he shall
be chjsen, one year next preceding his election, unless he
shiU have been absent on the public business of the United
States orof this state; and shall have paid a state or county tax.

Sec. 5. The senators shall be chosen biennially, by the
qualified voters for representatives; and on their being con-
vened in consequence of the first election, they shall be divi-
ded, by lot, from their respective counties or districts, as
near as can be, into two classes; the seats of the senators of
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first
year, and of the second class at the expiration of the second
year; so that one half thereof, as near as possible, may be annu-
allv chosen forever thereafter.

Sec. 6. The number of senators shall, at the several pe-
riods of making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by
the legislature, and aprportioned among the several counties or
districts, to be established by law, according to the number of
white male inhabitants of the age of twenty-one years in each,
and shall never be less than one-third, nor more than one half
of the number of representatives.

Sec. 7. No person shall be a senator who has not arrived
at the age of thirty years, and is a citizen of the United
States; shall have resided two years in the county or district
immediately preceding the election, unless he shall have been
absent on the public business of the United States, or of this
state; and shall, moreover, have paid a state or county tax-

APPENDIX. 379

Sec. 8. The senate and house of representatives, when
assembled, shall each choose a speaker and its other ofPcers
be jidges of the qu;ilificntions and elections of its members,
and sit upon its own adjnurnments: two thirds of each house
shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller num-
ber may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance
of absent members.

Sec. 9. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-
ings, and publish them: the yeas and nays of the members,
on any question, shall at the desire of any two of them, be
entered on the journals.

Sec. 10. Any two members of either house shall have lib-
erty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or resolution
which they may think injurious to the public or any individual,
and have the reasons of their dissent entered on the journals.

Sec. 11. Each house may determine the rules of its pro-
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and
with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member, but not
a second time for the same cause; and shall have all other
powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and
in'lepen:lent state.

Sec. 12. When vacancies happisn in either house, the
Governor, or the person exercisingr the power of the Governor,
shall isssue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Sec. 13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases
■except treason, felony or breach of the pence, be privileged
from arrest during the session of the gonerril assembly, and in
going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or
debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any
other place.

Sec. 14. Each house may punish by imprisonment, d'l-
rlng their session, any person not a member who shall be guil-
ty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or contemptu-
ous behavior in their presence; pro 'ded such imprisonment
shall not, at any one time, exceed twentv-four hour-.

Sec. 15. The doors of e k h house, and of committees of
rte whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as the

380 APPENDIX.

opinion of the house require sccrecv. Neither house shall,
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two hous-
es shall be sitting.

Sec. 16. Bills may originate in either house, but may be
altered, amended or rejected by the other.

Sec. 17. Every bill shall be read on three different days in
each house, unless in case of urgency, three-fourths of the
house where such bill is so depending, shall deem it expedi-
ent to dispense with this rule : and every bill having passed
both houses, shall be signed by the speakers of their respec-
tive houses.

Sec. 18. The style of the laws of this state shall be,

*•' Be it enacted hy the general assembly of the state of Ohioy

Sec. 19. The legislature of the state shall not allow the
following officers of Government greater annual salaries than
as follows, until the year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
to wit: The Governor, not more than one thousand dollars;
the Judges of the supreme court, not more than one thousand
dollars each; the Presidents of the courts of common pleas,
not more than eight hundred dollars each; the Secretary of
State, not more than five hundred dollars; the Auditor of pub-
lic accounts, not more than seven hundred and fifty dollars;
the Treasurer, not more than four hundred and fifty dollars;
no member of the legislature shall receive more than two dol-
lars per day, during his attendance on the legislature, nor
more for every twenty-five miles he shall travel in going to,
and returning from, the general assembly.

Sec. 20. No senator or representative shall, during the
time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to
any civil office under this state, which shall have been crea-
ted, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased
durinof such time.

Sec 21. No moneys shall be drawn from the treasury, but
in consequence of appropriations made by law.

Sec. 22. An accurate statement of the receipts and ex-

APPENEIX. 381

penditures of the public mone}^, shall be attached to, and pub-
lished with the laws annually.

Sec. 23. The house of representatives shall have the
sole power of impeaching, but a majority of all the members
must concur in an impeachment: all impeachments shall be
tried by the senate; and when sitting for that purpose, the
senators shall be upon oath or affirmation, to do justice accord-
ing to law and evidence: no person shall be convicted with-
out the concurrence of two-thirds of all the senators.

Sec. 24. The Governor, and, all other civil officers under
this state, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemea-
nor in office; but judgment in such case shall not extend fur-
ther than removal from office, and disqualification to hold any
office of honor, profit or trust, under this state. The party,
whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable
to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to
law.

Sec. 25. The first session of the general assembly shall
commence on the first Tuesday of March next; and forever
after, the general assembly shall meet on the first Monday of
December, in every year, and at no other period, unless direc-
ted by law, or provided for by this constitution.

Sec. 26. No judge of any court of law or equity, secreta-
ry of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court of
record, sheriif or collector, member of either house of con-
gress, or person holding any office under the authority of this
state, (provided that appointments in the Militia or justices of
the peace, shall not be considered lucrative offices,) shall be
eligible as a candidate for, or have a seat in, the general as-
sembly.

Sec. 27. No person shall be appointed to any office within
any county, who shall not have been a citizen inhabitant
therein, one year next before his appointment, if the county
shall have been so long erected, then within the limits of the
county or counties out of which it shall have been taken.

Sec. 28. No person, who heretofore hath been, or hereaf-
ter may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall have

382 APPENDIX.

a seat in either house of the general assembly, until such per-
son shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all
sums for which he may be accountable or liable.

ABTICLE II.

Sec. 1. The supreme executive power of tl is state shall
be vested in a. Governor.

Sec. 2. The Governor shall be chosen by the electors of
the members of the general assembly, on the second Tuesday
of October, at the same places, and in the same manner, that
they shall respectively vote for members thereof. The re-
turns of election for Governor, shall be sealed up and trans-
mitted to the seat of government,, by the returning officers, di-
rected to the speaker of the senate; who shall open and pub-
lish them, in the presence of a majority of the members of
each house of the general assembly: the person having the
highest number of votes shall be governor; but if two or more
shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be cho-
sen governor by joint ballot of both houses of the general as-
sembly. Contested elections for governor, shall be determin-
ed by both houses of the general assembly, in such manner as
?h ill be prescribed by law.

Sec. 3. The first governor shall hold his office until the
first Monday of December, one thousand eight hundred and
five, until another governor shall be elected and qualified to
office; and forever after, the governor shall hold his office for
the term of two years, and until another governor shall be
elected and qualified; but he shall not be eligible more than
six years in any term of eight years. He shall be at least
thirty years of age, and have been a citizen of the United
States twelve years, and an inhabitant of this state four years
next preceding his election.

Sec. 4. He shall, from time to time, give to the general
assembly information of the state of the government, and re-
commend to their consideration such measures as he shall
deem expedient.

APPENDIX. 383

Sec. 5, He shall have the power to grant reprieves and
pardons after conviction, except in cases of impeachment.

Sec. 6. The governor, shall, at stated times, receive for
his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased
nor diminished, during the term for which he shall have been
elected.

Sec. 7. He may require information, in writing, from the
officers in the executive department, upon any subject rela-
ting to the duties of their respective offices, and shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed.

Sec. 8. When any officer, the right of whose appointment
is, by this Constitution, vested in the general assembly, shall,
during the recess, die, or his office by any means become va-
cant, the governor shall have the power to fill such vacancy,
by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the
next session of the legislature.

Sec. 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the
general assembly by Proclamation, and shall state to them,
when assembled, the purposes for which they shall have been
convened.

Sec. 10. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
nav)"^ of this state and of the militia, except when they shall
be called into the service of the United States.

Sec. 11. In case of disagreement between the two houses,
with respect to the time of adjournment the g'overnor shall
have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as
he thinks proper : Provided, It be not a period beyond the an-
nual meeting of the legislature.

Sec. 12. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation or
removal of the governor from office, the speaker of the sen-
ate shall exercise the office, of governor, until he be acquit-
ted, or another governor shall be duly qualified. In case of
the impeachment of the speaker of the senate, or his death, or
removal from office, resignation or absence from the state, the
speaker, of the house of representatives shall succeed to the
office, and exercise the duties thereof, until a governor shall
be elected and qualified.

384

APPENEIX.

Sec. 13. No member of congres?, or person holding any
office under the United States, or this state, shall execute the
office of governor.

Sec. 14, There shall be a seal of this state, which shall he
kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and shall be
called « THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF OHIO."
Sec. 15. All grants and commissions shall be in the name
and by the authority of the State of Ohio, sealed with the seal
signed by the governor, and countersigned by the secretary.
Sec. 16. A secretary of state shall be appointed by a joint
ballot of the senate and house of representatives, who shall
continue in office three years, if he shall so long behave him-
self well: he shall keep a fair register of all the official acts and
proceedings of the governor; and shall, when required, lay the
same, and all papers, minutes and vouchers relative thereto,
before either branch of the Legislature ; and shall preform such
other duties as shall be assigned him by law.

ARTICLE III.

Sec. 1. The Judicial power of this State, both as to matters
of law and equity, shall be vested in a Supreme Court, in
Courts of Common Pleas for each county, in Justices of the
Peace, and in such other courts as the legislature may, from
time to time, establish.

Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three Judges, any
two of whom shall be a quorum. They shall have original and
appellate jurisdiction, both in common law and chancery, in
such cases as shall he directed by law . Provided, That nothing
herein contained, shall prevent the general assembly from
adding another Judge to the Supreme Court after the term of
five years, in which case the Judges may divide the state into
two circuits, within which, any two of the Judges may hold a
court.

Sec 3. The several Courts of Common Pleas, shall consist
of a President and Associate Judges. The state shall be divi-
ded, by law, into three circuits : there shall be appointed in

APPENDIX. 3$fi

each circuit a President of the Courts, who, during his continu-
ance in office, shall reside therein. There shall be appointed
in each county, not more than three, nor less than two As-
sociate Judges, who, during their continuance in office, shall
reside therein. The President and Associate Judores, in their
respective counties, any three of whom shall be a quorum, shall
compose the Court of Common Pleas; which court shall have
common law and chancery jurisdiction in all such cases, as
shall be directed by law: Provided, That nothing herein con-
tained shall be construed to prevent the legislature from in-
creasing the number of circuits and presidents, after the term
of five years.

Sec. 4. The Judges of the Supreme Court and Courts of
Common Pleas, shall have complete criminal jurisdiction, in
such cases, and in such manner, as may be pointed out by law.

Sec. 5. The Court of Common Pleas in each county, shall
have jurisdiction of all probate and testamentary matters,
granting administration, the appointment of guardians; and
such other cases as shall be prescribed by law.

Sec. 6. The Judges of the Court of Common Pleas shall,
within their respective counties, have the same powers with
the Judges of the Supreme Court, to issue writs of certiorari to
the Justices of the Peace, and to cause their proceedings to be
brought before them, and the like right and justice to be done.

Sec. 7. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall, by virtue
of their offices, be conservators of the peace throughout the
state. The Presidents of the Courts of Common Pleas shall,
by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace in their
respective circuits; and the Judges of the Courts of Common
Pleas shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the
peace in their respective counties.

Sec. 8. The Judges of the Supreme Court, the Presidents and
the Associate Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas, shall be
appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the general as-
sembly, and shall hold their offices for the term of seven years,
if so long they behave well. The Judges of the Supreme
49

386 APPENDIX.

Court and the Presidents of the Courts of Common Pleaf, sbill
at stated times, receive for their services an adequate compen-
sation, to be fixed by law, which sh ill not be diminished du-
ring their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees
or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or
trust under the authority of this state or the United States.

Sec. 9. Each Court shill appoint its own clerk for the term
of seven year?; but no person shill be appointed clerk, except
pro tempore, whi sbill not produce to the Co;irt appointing
him, a certificate from a majority of the Judges of the Supreme
Court, th it they j idge him to be well qualified to execute the
duties of the office of clerk to any court of the same dignity
with that for which he offers himself. They shall be remova-
ble for breach of good behavior, at any time, by the Judges of
the respective Courts.

Sec. 10. The S'lpreme Court shall be held once a year, in
each county, and the Courts of Common Pleas shall be holden
in each county, at such times, and places as shall be prescribed
by law.

Sec. 11. a complete number of Justices of the Peace shall
be elected bv the qualified electors in each township in the
several counties, and shall continue in office three years whose
powers and duties shall, from time to time, be regulated and
defined by law.

Sec. 12. The style of all process shall be, " The State of
Ohio:^'' all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by
the authority of the State of Ohio; and all indictments shall
conclude against the peace and dignity of the same.

ARTICLE IV.

Sec. 1. In all elections, all white male inhabitants above
the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the State one
year next preceding the election, and who have paid, or are
charged, with a state or county tax, shall enjoy the right of
an elector; but no person shall be entitled to vote, except in

APPENDIX. 387*

the connty or district in which he shall actually reside, at the
time of the election.

Sec. 2. All elections shall be by ballot.

Sec. 3. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony or
breach of the peace, be privileged from arresi, during their at-
tendance at elections, and in going to, and returning from, the
same.

Sec. 4. The Legislature shall have full power to exclude
from the previlege of electing or being elected, any person
convicted of bribery, perjury, or any other infimous crime.

Sec. 5. Nothing contained in this article, shall be so constru-
ed as to prevent white mile persons above the age of twenty-
one years, who are compelled to labor on the roads of their
respective townships or counties, and who have resided one
year in the state, from having the right of an elector.

article v.

Sec. 1. Captains and subalterns in the militia, sh^ll be
elected by those persons in their respective company districts
subject to military duty.

Sec. 2. Mijors shall be elected by the captains and subal-
terns of the battalion.

Sec. 3. Calonels shall be elected by the mnjors, captains
and subalterns of the regiment.

Sec. 4. Brigadiers general shall be elected by commissioned
officers of their respective brigades.

Sec. 5. Mijors general and quartermasters general, shall
be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of the legislature.

Sec; 6. The governor shall appoint the adjutant general.
The majors general shall appoint their aids and other division
staff officers. The brigadiers general shall appoint their brig-
ade majors and other brigade staff officers. The commanding
officers of regiments shall appoint their adjutants, quartermas-
ters and other regimental staff officers; and the captains and
subalterns shall appoint their non-commissioned officers and mu-
sicians.

• 388 APPENDIX.

Sec. 7. The captains and subalterns of the artillery and
cavalrv, shall be elected by the persons enrolled in their re-
spective corps; and the mnjors and colonels shall be appointed
in such manner as shall be directed by law. The colonel,
shall appoint their regimental staff; and the captains and subal-
terns their non-commissioned officers and musicians.

ARTICLE VI,

Sec. 1. There shall be elected in each county, one sheriff
and one coroner, by the citizens thereof, who are qualified to
vote for members of the assembly: they shall be elected at the
time and place of holding elections for members of assembly:
thev shall continue in office two years, if they shall so long
behave well, and until successors be chosen and duly qualified:
Provided, That no per.son shall be eligible as sheriff for a long-
er terra than four years in any term of six years.

Sec. 2. The state treasurer and auditor shall be triennially
appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the legislature.

Sec. 3. All town and township offices shall be chosen an-
nually, by the inhabitants thereof, duly qualified to vote for
members of assembly, at such time and place as ma}- be direc-
ted by law.

Sec. 4. The appointment of all civil officers, not otherwise
directed by this constitution, shall be made in such manner as
may be directed by law.

ARTICLE VII.

Sec. 1. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to
any office of trust or profit, under the authority of this state,
shall, before the entering on the execution thereof, take an
oath or affirmation to support the constitution of the United
States and of this state, and also an oath of office.

Sec. 2. Any elector, who shall receive any gift or reward for
his vote, in meat, drink, money or otherwise, shall suffer such
punishment as the law shall direct; and any person who shall

APPENDIX. 389

directly or indirectly, give, promise or bestow, any such re-
ward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable, for two
years, to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be
subject to such other punishment as shall be directed by law.
Sec. 3. No new county shall be established by the general
assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or either
of them, from which it shall be taken, to less contents than
four hundred square miles; nor shall any county be laid off, of
less contents. Every new county, as to the right of suffrage
and representation, shall be considered as a part of the county
or counties from which it was taken, until entitled by numbers
to the right of representation.

Sbc. 4. Chillicothe shall be the seat of government until
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight. No money
shall be raised until the year one thousand eight hundred and
nine, by the legislature of this state, for the purpose of erect-
ing public buildings for the accommodation of the legislature.

Sec. 5. That after the year one thousand eight hundred and
six, whenever two thirds of the general assembly shall think it
necessary to amend or change this constitution, they shall re-
commend to the electors, at the next election for members to
the general assembly, to vote for or against a convention ; and
if it shall appear that a majority of the citizens of the state,
votingfor representatives have voted for a convention, the gen-
eral assembly shall, at their next session, call a convention, to
consist of as many members as there be in the general assem-
bly; to be chosen in the same manner at the same place, and
by the same electors that choose the general assembly; who
shall meet within three months after the said election, for the
purpose of revising, amending or changing the constitution.
Bat no alteration of this constitution shall ever take place, so
as to introduce slavery or involuntary servitude into this state.

Sec. 6. That the limits and boundaries of this state be as-
certained, it is declared, that they are as hereafter mention-
ed; that it is to say: bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania
line, on the south by the Ohio river to the mouth of the Great
Miami river, on the west by the line drawn due north from the

390 APPENDIX.

mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north hy an
east and west line drawn through the southern extreme of Lake
Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line
aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall in-
tersect Lake Erie on the territorial line, and thence with the
same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid:
Provided always, And it is hereby fully understood and declar-
ed by this convention that if the southerly bend or extreme of
Lake Michigan should extend so far south that a line drawn
due east from it should not intersect Lake Erie, or if it should
intersect the said Lake Erie, cast of the mouth of the Miami
river of the Lake, then and in that case, with the assent of
the congress of the United State?, the northern boundary of
this state shall be established, by and extend to, a direct line
running from a southern extremity of Lnke Michigan to the
most northerly cape of the Miami Bay, after intersecting the
due north line from the mouth of the Great Miami river as
aforesaid, thence northeast to the territorial line, and by the
said territorial line, to the Pennsylvania line.

ARTICLE VIII.

That the general, great and essential principles of liberty
and free government may be recognized and forever ultimate-
ly established, we declare,

Sec. 1. That all men are born equally free and indepen-
dent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable
rights; amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and
liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pur-
suing and obtaining happiness and safety; and every free re-
publican government, being founded on their sole authority,
and organized for the great purpose of protecting their rights
and liberties, and securing their independence; to effect these
ends, they have at all times a complete power to alter, reform
or abolish their government, whenever they may deem it ne-
cessary.

Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary

APPENDIX. 391

servitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of
crimes, whereof the party shill have been duly convicted;
nr>r shall any mile person arrived at the age of twentv-one
years, or female person arrived at the age of eighteen years,
be held to serve any person as a servant under the pretence
of indenture or otherwise, unless such person shall enter into
such indenture while in a state of perfect freedom, and on
condition of a bona j/?ic consideration, received or to be re-
ceived, for their service, except as before excepted. Nor shall
any indenture of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and ex-
ecuted out of the state, or if made in the state where the
term of service exceeds one year, be of the least validity, ex-
cept those given in the case of apprenticeships.

Sec. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right
to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of con-
science; that no human authority can in any case whatever,
control or interfere with the rights of conscience; that no man
shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of
worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; and
that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any re-
ligious society or mode of worship, and no religious test shall
be required as a qualificatiim to any office of trust or profit.
But religion, morality and knowledge, being essentially neces-
sary to good government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encour
aged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights
of conscience.

Sec. 4. Private property ought and shall ever be held
inviolate, but always subservient to the public welfare, provi-
ded a compensation in money be made to the owner.

Sec. 5. That the people shall be secure in their persons,
houses, papers and possessions, from unwarrantable searches
and seizures; and that general warrants wherebv an officer
may be commanded to search suspected places, without proba-
ble evidence of the fact committed, or to seize any person or
persons not named, whose offences, are not particularly de-

392 APPENDIX.

scribed, and without oath or affirmation, are dangerous to lib-
erty, and shall not be granted.

Sec. 6, That the printing presses shall be open and free
to every citizen who wishes to examine the proceedings of
any branch of government, or the conduct of any public offi-
cer; and no law shall ever restrain the right thereof. Every
citizen has a right to speak, write or print, upon any subject,
as he thinks proper, being liable for the abuse of that liberty.
In prosecution for any publication respecting the official con-
duct of men in a public capacity, or where the matter publish-
ed is proper for public information, the truth thereof may al-
ways be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels,
the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the
facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases.

Sec. 7. That all courts shall be open; and every person,
for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputa-
tion, shall have remedy by the due course of law, and right
and justice administered without denial or delay.

Sec. 8. That the right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.

Sec. 9. That no power of suspending laws shall be exer-
cised unless bv the legislature.

Sse. 10. That no person arrested or confined in jail, shall
be treated with unnecessary rigor, or be put to answer any
criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment or impeach-
ment.

Sec. 11. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused
hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel; to de-
mand the nature and cause of the accusation against him ; and
to have a copy thereof to meet the witnesses face to face: to
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
and in prosecutions by indictment or presentment, a speedy
public trial, by an impartial jury of the county or district in
which the offence shall have been committed; and shall not
be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor shall he be
twice put in jeopardy for the same offence.

Sec. 12. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient
sureties, unless for capital offences, where i\'e proof is evi-

APPENDIX. 393

dent or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ
of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case
of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

Sec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive
fines shall not be imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishment
inflicted.

Sec. 14. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature
of the offence. No wise legislature will affix the same punish-
ment to the crime of theft, forgery, and the like, which they
do to murder and treason. When the same undistinguished
severity is exerted against all offences, the people are led to
forget the real distinction in the crimes themselves, and to
commit the most flagrant, with as little compunction as they
do the slightest offences. For the same reasons, a multitude
of sanguinary laws are both impolitic and unjust: the true de-
sign of all punishments being to reform, not to exterminate,
mankind.

Sec. 15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strono-
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison, after
delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor or credit-
ors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

Sec. 16. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the
validity of contracts, shall ever be made; and no conviction
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate.

Sec. 17. That no person shall be liable to be transported
out of this state, for any offence committed within the state.

Sec. 18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental
principles of civil government, is absolutely necessary to pre-
serve the blessings of liberty.

Sec. 19. That the people have a right to assemble togeth-
er, in a peacable manner, to consult for their common good, to
instruct their representatives, and to apply to the legislature
for a redress of grievances.

Sec. 20, That the people have a right to bear arms for
the defence of themselves and the state: and as standing
armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall
50

394 APPEMix.

not be kept up; tnid th it the rnilitary shall be kept undei
strict subordination to the civil power.

Sec. 21. Thit no person in this state, except such as afe
employed in the army or navy of the United States, or militia
in actual service, shall be subject to corporal punishment un-
der the military law.

Skc. 22. That no soldier, in time of peace, be quartered
in any h'juse without the consent of the owner; nor in time of
war, but in the nnnner prescribed by law.

Sec. 23. That ihc levying taxes by the poll is grievous
and oppressive; therefore, the legislature shall never levy a
poll tax fir county or state purposes.

Sec. 24. Th:it no hereditary emolument'^, privileges or
htjnors, shall ever be granted or conferred by this state.

Sec. 25. That no law shall be passed to prevent the poor
in the several counties and townships within this state, from
an equal participi ion in the schools, academies, colleges and
universities within this state, which are endowed, in whole or
ill part, from the revenue arising from donations made by the
United > tates, for the support of schools and colleges; and the
doors of the said schools, academies and universities, shall be
open for the reception of scholar;^, students and teachers, of
every grade without any distinction or preference whatever,
contrary to the intent for which said donations were made.

Sec. 28. That laws shall be passed by the legislature,
which shall secure to each and every denomination of re-
ligious societies, in each surveyed township which now is, or
may hereafter be, formed in the state, an equal participation,
according to their number of adherents, of the profits arising
from the land granted by congre.ss for the support of religion,
agreeably to the ordinance or act of congress, making the ap-
propriation.

Se '. 27. That every association of persons, when regular-
ly formed, within this state, and having given themselves a
name, may, on application to the legislature, be entitled to re-
ceive letters of incorporation, to enable them to hold estates,

APPENDIX. 395

real and personal, for the support of their schools, academies,
collegeF, universities, and for other purposes.

Sec. 2S. T.) guard ag linst the transgressions of the hicrh
powers, which we hive delegated, we declare that all powers,
not hereby delegated, remain with the people.

SCHEDULE.

Sec. 1. That no evils or inconveniences may arise from
the change of a territorial government to a permmant state
government, it is declared by this convention, th it all rights,
suits, actions, prosecutions, claims and contracts, both as it re-
spects individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue, as if no
change had taken place in this government.

Sec. 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, due and owing
to the territory of the United States, northwest of the river
Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state. All bonds executed
to the governor, or any other officer in his official cnpacity, in
the territory, shall pass over to the governor or other officers of
the state, and their successors in office, for the use of the state,
or by him or them to be respectively assigned over to the use
of those concerned, as the case may be.

Sec. 3. The governor, secretary and judges, and all other
officers under the territorial government, shill continie in the
exercise of the duties of their respective departments, until
the snid officers are superceded under the authority of this
constitution.

Sec. 4. All laws, and parts of laws, now in force in this
territory, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall continue
and remain in full effect, until repealed b.v the legislature, ex-
cept so much of the act, entitled "an act regulating the admis-
sion and practice of attorneys and counsellors at law,'' and of
the act made amendatory thereto, as relates to the term of time
which the applicant shall have studied law, his residence with-
in the territory, and the term of time which he shall have
practiced as an attorney at law, before he can be admitted
to the degree of a counsellor at law.

C96 APPENDIX.

Sec. 5. The Governor of the state shall make use of his
private seal, until a state seal be procured.

Sec. 6. The president of the convention, shall issue writs
of election to the sheriffs of the several counties, requiring
them to proceed to the election of a governor, members, of the
general assembly, sheriffs and coroners, at the respective elec-
tion districts in each county, on the second Tuesday of Jan-
uary next; which elections shall be conducted in the manner
prescribed by the existing election laws of this territory: and
the members of the general assembly, then elected, shall con-
tinue to exercise the duties of their respective offices until the
next annual or biennial election thereafter, as prescribed by
this constitution, and no longer.

Sec. 7. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as direc-
ted in the second section of the first article of this constitution
— the county of Hamilton shall be entitled to four senators and
eight representatives; the county of Clermont, one senator
and two representatives; the county of Adams, one senator
and three representatives; the county of Ross, two senators
and four representatives; the county of Fairfield, one senator
and two representatives; the county of Washington, two sena-
tors and three representatives; the county of Belmont, one
senator and two representatives; the county of Jefferson, two
senators and four representatives; and the county of Trumbull,
one senator and two representatives.

Done in convention at Chillicothe, the twenty-ninth day of
November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred and two, and of the independence of the United States
of America, the twenty-seventh.

In the testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
our names.

EDWARD TIFFIN, President,

Attest. Thomas Scott, Secretary.

APPENDIX. 397

No. III.

EXTRACT FROM A BRITISH PAPER SPEAKING OP US. *

'' Base hypocrite ! You boast of liberty while one sixth part
of you are slaves. Look at your twelve southern provinces
with two and a half millions of enslaved citizens bearing all
the shades of color from the Caucasian to the Ethiopean. On
the return of each 4th of July, rail and descant on mitres and
crosiers and sceptres, and denounce royalty, in all its forms,
while above, and beneath, and around about the orator of the
day, stand forth in characters of blood the distinct mottoes of
your land. Down with discussion! lynch law triumphant!

SLAVERY for EVEr! HaIL COLUMBIA HAPPY LANd!

" Ornament your halls with scourges, wet with the blood of the
sons of freedom, who dare to advocate the natural rights of
man. Snuff the sweet savor of the tar cauldron, and delight
your eyes, with the gibbet reared aloft in terror of those who
would not bend the knee to the dark spirit of slavery.

"And then join in the gentlemanly mob to protect liberty
and law, by taking special care of the press and the mail, as
the wolf would care for and protect the lamb.

"And finally by way of admonition to our American brethren
we would say, " Spare, O, spare, the name of liberty from fur-
ther pollution until you have removed from your capitol, the
greatest slave market in Christendom. — Abolish your internal
slave trade. Undo the heavy burden, cut assunder the bonds
that make men chattels; in a word, become what you dare not
contemplate — a nation of freemen. Then, and not till then,
■will the genius of liberty, breathe her ambrosial breath upon
your land. "

remarks.

It may be thought by some persons, that our remarks on Eng-
land and Englishmen are quite too severe, on the page, to

* See Page 212.

39:8 APPENDIX.

which this appendix refers. Doctor McKeehan's capture and
imprisonment, sent as he was, to administer relief, to our sick
and wounded men, in Proctor's wood yard, is the most shnme.
less, barbarous and cowardly transaction, recorded in history.

Previous to Doctor McKeehan's mission, that is, on the
22nd of January 1813, Proctor pledged his honor, to protect
the wounded prisoners until the next morning, when he would
send sleds to convey them from Frenchtown to Amherstburgh.
The next morning at early day light, two hundred Indian war-
riors coming from Maiden, killed and burned the wounded, in
the houses of the citizens where they lay. These were Proc-
tor's SLEDS, these two hundred warriors! In recounting such
transactions, we have said what we have in the text, for say-
ing which, we offer no apology and never will make any. We
loathe the British government, not the good people of England.

But, to those who think our remarks ill-timed, during a pro-
found peace, between us and England, we bring forward, an ex-
tract, honestly copied from an English paper, in which ihe
reader can see, how we are spoken of in England during this
same peace.

This extract, ran through all the papers from John O'Groat'g
house to Lands End. The piece from which it was copied, was
applauded to the echo, by all parties, in every part of Great
Britian. With this explanation, we dismiss the subject.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Joseph Vance, 3

Governor of Ohio.
Carter B. Harlan,

Secretary of State.
John A. Bryan, 3

Auditor of State .
James Whitehill,

Treasurer of State.
Z. Mills, 2
for State Library.
Jacob Madeira,

State Printer.
M. H. Kirby,

Prosecuting Att''y.
Charles H. Bliss,
James Irons, M. D.
Saml. Parsons M.D.
Wm. L. Casey,
Wra. Niel, Esq,
L. Kilbourn,
Hon. A. Buttles,
John L. Doran, Esq
Col. John Bgler,
A. Chittenden,
F. S'e v?-rt,
P. H. Olmsted,
M. L. SuUivant,
John Young,
A. V. Taylor,
M. E. Pierpont,

COLUMBUS.

Warren Jenkins,
J. M. Espy,
Hon. Gust. Swan,
A. J. Hibbs,
J. M. Kerr,
W. Bamborough,
James Fleming,
John P. Elliot,
A. W. McCoy,
Jacob Gander,
Abm. S. Keller,

James Kilbourn,
Wm. Champ,
Lyne Starling,
Levi Pinney,
Wm. T.Martin, Esq,
W. B.vshaw,
L. Starlinjj, Jr,
Miskell Saunders,
Edmund Shaw,
J. M. C. Hasseltine,
William Miller,

J. Patterson, U.S. Bi. Wm. G. Grahim,

H. N. Hubbell,
A. Curtis, M. D.
W. Sullivant,
Joseph Sullivant,
J. Hunter,

N. H. Swayne,
U. S. Dist. Attorney.
Lincoln Goodale,
Jeremiah Armstrotijj,
Jeremiah Miner,

Andrew McElvain,^ Archibald Kasson,
Jacob Crist^ G. M, Robinson,

R. W. McCoy,
W. A. Gill & Co.
Chas. S. Decker,
Henry Howard,
Wm. Hance,

W.H. Hunter, M.C.
John McElvain,
B. Latham, P. M.
Wm. Keith,
N, Medbury,

Ferguson (feSpilman, J. E. Jeffords,
Absalom Doherty, J. L. Miner, Esq,
Frederick Bentz, R. Brotherlin,
L Jones, M. D. G. Washington, Esq.

Wm, Lusk, James Spurling,

400

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

crVCEVHATI.

Isaac G. Burnet Esq.
N. C. Read, Esq.
J. M. Foote.
John C. Gilpin,
O. M. Spencer,
O. M. Spencer, Jr.
D. Drake, M. D.
Morgan Neville Esq.
Hartwell, Lawrence

&Co.
J. &. J. Graham,
J. Mist,

C. McMicken,
Elim P. Langdon,
James D. Langdon,
L. C. Rives, M. D.
Thomas Palmer,
Hon. D. K. Este,

D. Gano, Esq,

E. C. Harper,
Wm. Woodruff,

C. R. Ramsay, E«q.

C. Hammond, Esq.
Carlo De Haro,
Abm. N. Newton,
J. B. Ricords,

S. W. Davies, Esq.
Mayor,

D. E. A. Strong,
D. Corwin,
Wm. Young,

L. M. Gwynne, Esq.
S. R. Miller, Esq.
John Geyer,
Samuel Shaffer,

D. T. Disney, B. Storer, Esq.

J. Dorfeuille, E. B. Reeder,

J. W. Mason, S. Fosdick, Sheriff.

H. E. Spencer, Esq. Hon. G. P.Torrence.
C. P. Barnes, C. Stetson,

Henry Starr, Esq. Samuel Morrison,
Rev. E. Slack, Jesse Williams,

Rev. J. F. Wright, John C. Thorp,
Lane Semi. Library, Gen. R. T. Lytle,
N. Guilford, Esq. John Gross,

John McGuigan,
Geo. Shields,
John Wilson,
John Allen, M. D.
N. Holley, A. M.
A. Kinmont, A. M.
E. Morgan, & Son,
Joshua Jones,
R. Buchanan,
A. Randall,

John B. Enness,
Wood R. Beach,
Thomas Fosset,
C. A. Jones, Esq
S. V. Clevenger,
Charles Fox, Esq.
P. L. F. Salomon,
Jeremiah Morrow,

late Gov. of Ohio.
Gen.W. H. Harrison,
T. J. Strait, Esq.

E. Haines, Esq.

U. S. Sur. General. A. D. Coombs,

Rev. R. Punshon, W. T. Horton,

John S. Williams,

Joseph Wolf,
J. A. James,
J. H. Cromwell,
R. Hodges, Esq.
J. F. Eve & Co.

H. V. Horton,
A. H. Ernest,
W.J. Ferris,
Wm. Palmer,
Wm. McLean, Esq.
Wm. Schillinger,

Harvey Hall, Esq. E. Wright,

Wm. Stephenson, S. J. Brown, Esq.

E. Singer,
J. B. Covert,
M. T. Williams, 2
Jacob Burnet, Esq.

J. S. Armstrong,
Capt. George Porter,
M. Dawson, Esq.
J. L. Talbott, A. M.

subscribers' names.

401

J. W. Picket, A.M.
A. Picket,- L. L. D.
James Wise,
Josiah Fobes,
J. L. Djdge, M.D.
James H. Looker,
A. N. Riddle, Esq.
G. Ye itnnn, Esq.
Sml. Findlav, Esq.
George W. Rice,
J. M. McCallocii,
Jj'iin B irg03ne,
Wm. E. Mii-sh,
j; Delafiald, Esq.
George Burnet,
Geo. Grah im, Jr.

II. B lid win,
W. D. Herrick,
Wm. B. Thrall, Esq.
M ijor Bright,
James Leiby,
Thomas Moore,
James Huston,
J. P. Strong,
A. Cradlebaugh,
Enoch Lamb,
Charles Scott,
Samuel S. Bcnnet,
Joseph Olds, Esq.
G. W. Doan, Esq.
E. B. Oids, M. D.
M. S. Butler,
John Carolus,
Samuel Jones,
W. R. Rhinehcart,

G. Luckey,
V. Worthington,Esq
R. M. Ross,
J. L. Snider,
W. H. Wetherill,
Samuel Reed,
Thomas Dawson,
Otis Aldrich,
E.D.Mansfield, Esq.
P. S. Symmes Esq.
A. W. Bentley,
John Owen,
O. S. Leavitt,
C. D. Bradford,
G. C. Perry, Esq.

CIRCLEVILLE.

T. J. Winship.
H, Lawrence, Esq.
P. R. & E. Stover,
David Denny,
J. M. Julian,
Joseph Kinnear,
Hon. D. Kinnear,
Hon. T. Renick, 2
Daniel Kroninger,
Charles Shoemaker,
Henry Cook,
Jonathan Dresback,
P. W. Tyler,
H. Dresback,
B. W. Rockwell,
Patrick Elsey,
Rev. N. Badger,
T. W. Morris, Esq.
Henry Haller,

J. S. Benham, Esq.
Joseph Gest, Esq.
Rowland Ellis,
B. Alfred,

M. N. McLean Esq.
Ebenezer Martin,
Hon. Wm. Burke,

Post Master.
J. W. Ely,
Calvin Fletcher,
Col. C, S. Clarkson,
Wm. M. Corry, Esq.
J. A. Wiseman, Esq.
John Creagh,
Glezen & Shepard,

Reuben Merriam,
John Arndt,
Isaac Lightbody,
J. R. Haller,
Henry Foresmin,
Rev. F. Putnam,
James Carlisle,
William Miller,
William P. Darst,
Mathew McCrea,
William Bell,
John Myers,
P. K. Hull, M. D.
Jacob Valentine,
B. W. Horr,
S. Swindell,
Wm. McColloch,
J. G. Doddridge,
H. B. Wilson,

402

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

John Walke,
James Waters,
J. H. Keith, Esq.

President Judge.
D. Kinncar,
Levi Timmons,
F.F.Wittich,
Peter Parcels, Esq.
A. Huston, Esq.
Geo. Botkin, Esq.
Jacob D. Lutz,
Samuel Price,
Matthias Myers,
M. H. Alkire, Esq.
Joseph Hoselton,
Tames G- Duncan,
-Augustus Nears,
John H. Butler,
Franklin Huston,
G. M. Peters,
M. Littleton^

Rev. E. Stevenson,
William Martin,
S. P. Currey,
Z. R. Martin,
Joseph Johnston,
Hanson Rock,
G. C. Gephart,
William N. Lackey,
William Munch,
David Hopkins,
William Dailey,
Alexander Dixon,
Gen. J. E. Morgan,
S. H. Ridgeway,
G. E. W^olfley, "
M. Brown, M. D.
Samuel A. Moore,
Richard Jenkins,
J. B. Kent.
J. H. Sunderman,
John Winstead,

Jacob Hilliard,

A. E. Force,
James Bell, Esq.

B. S. Olds, M. D.
Richard Jones,
Jacob Bope,

N. S. Gregg,
John D. Jones,
Jonathan G. Corney,
John Barnhill,
S. W. Lindsey,
Wm. Renick, Jr.
B. F. Gard, M. D.
Samuel Rogers,
Rev. J. A. Roup,
Joseph T. Knox,
Josiah Renick,
E. A. Baldwin,
M. H. Leffingwell,
Wm. Winstead.

W. Creighton, Jr.
John McCoy,
John Madeira, 3.
B. O. Carpenter,
Hon. Wm. Allen,
S. & W. Ross.
John Coates, M. D.

D. T. Day,

E. P. Pratt,
Thomas James,

J. T. Worthington,
H. McNaraur, Esq.
J. L. Taylor, Fsq.

CHILLICOTHB,

Wm. Welch,
M. Scott Cook,
W. Y. Emmet,
A. McDonald,
Nathaniel Sawyier,
Allen Latham, Esq.
James Miller,
David Cryder,
T. J. Graham,
John F. Cole,
Joseph Sill, Esq.
Peter Douglas,
R. Douglas, Esq.

Mary Douglas,
Luke Douglas,
Albert Douglas,
N.W.Thatcher,M.D.
Daniel Thompson,
W^ra. H. Price, Esq.
Wm. Bond, M. C.
A. D. Sproat,
Joseph Stewart,
Leo Bullock,
Jonas S. Parker,
John Tarlton, Esq.
Wm. Bullock,

SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.

403

David Collins,

E. P. Kendrick,

Post Master.
J. S. Atwood,

F. Campbell,
John A. Fulton,
Capt. James Ryan,
Wm. Ross,

B. G. Leonard, Esq.

T. T. Scott, Esq. G. Scott,

Rev. G. C. Crum, Pros. Attorney.

John S, Anderson, M. Norton,

Col. J. Swearingen, Col. John McDonald,

Hezekiah Amberg, J. & H. M. McLand-

C. W. Handy, M. D. burgh,

W. H. Skerret,Esq. D. McColister,

James T. Claypool, John Liggett.

W. T. McCIintick,

LANCASTER.

C. A. JoUey,
Amos Hunter,
G. Steinman,
George Myers,

Gen. G, Sanderson, Samuel Carpenter,

Hon. Wra. W. Irvin, Christian King,

Col. Wm. Sumner, Flora King,

Jesse D, Hunter, William King,

M. Garaghty, Esq. H. Stanberry, Esq. C. O. Silliman,Esq.

G. Carpenter, J. Reeves, Jr. M. Z. Kreider, M. D.

Hon. T. Ew'mg, D. Tallmadge,

Wm. J. Reese, Esq, H. H, Hunter, Esq,

S. F, McCracken.

John Glover, Esq.
Samuel R. Nurse,
A. Curtis,
S. G. Jones,
G. J. Leet,
James Lodwick,
Adonijah Crain,
Thomas Kendall,
R. P. K. Tomlin,
Henry Buchanon,
Edw. Hamilton, Esq

PORTSMOUTH.

J. W. Ross,
Bernard Kepner,
John McDowell,
James W. Davis,
James Noel,
C. O. Tracy, Esq,
John Watson,
James Grimes,
James Salsbury,
Louis A. Zimmer,
Thomas Wildbahn,

J. C. McCabe,
C. McCoy,
John Renshaw,
Wm. Jones,
John Clugsten,
M. Gregory,

County Auditor.
David Pollock,
S. M. Tracy Esq.
Wm.B. Russell,
Stephen Kendall.

Georgetown. H. L. Penn, James Pilson,
Xenia. Gen. John Sexton,
Zanesville. D, D. Spear.
Mount sterling. John N. Ingram.

n

ov

f£B ■- 7 1929

Lf.i?ox Library

Bmtrraft Collrctuin.
Piu-diascd in 1833.

^